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Fruit of the Holy Spirit
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Fruit of the Holy Spirit - wikipedia Fruit of the Holy Spirit Not to be confused with Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit . Stained glass window at Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin , depicting the Fruit of the Holy Spirit along with role models representing them , i.e. the Good Shepherd representing love , an angel holding a scroll of Gloria in excelsis Deo representing joy and Jesus Christ , Job representing longsuffering , Jonathan faith , Ruth gentleness and goodness , Moses meekness , and John the Baptist temperance . Executed by Hardman & Co. in the 1870s . The Fruit of the Holy Spirit is a biblical term that sums up nine attributes of a person or community living in accord with the Holy Spirit , according to chapter 5 of the Epistle to the Galatians : `` But the fruit of the Spirit is love , joy , peace , patience , kindness , goodness , faithfulness , gentleness , and self - control . '' The fruit is contrasted with the works of the flesh which immediately precede it in this chapter . Catholic tradition follows the Vulgate version of Galatians in listing 12 fruits : charity , joy , peace , patience , benignity ( kindness ) , goodness , longanimity ( generosity ) , mildness ( gentleness ) , faith , modesty , continency ( self - control ) , and chastity . This tradition was defended by Thomas Aquinas in his work Summa Theologica . Contents 1 Early Commentary 2 Love ( Greek : agape , Latin : caritas ) 3 Joy ( Greek : chara , Latin : gaudium ) 4 Peace ( Greek : eirene , Latin : pax ) 5 Patience ( Greek : makrothumia , Latin : longanimitas ) 6 Kindness ( Greek : chrestotes , Latin : benignitas ) 7 Goodness ( Greek : agathosune , Latin : bonitas ) 8 Faithfulness ( Greek : pistis , Latin : fides ) 9 Gentleness ( Greek : prautes , Latin : modestia ) 10 Self - control ( Greek : egkrateia , Latin : continentia ) 11 See also 12 Bibliography 12.1 Citations 12.2 Sources Early commentary ( edit ) Aquinas pointed out that numbered among the fruits of the Holy Spirit are certain virtues , such as charity , meekness , faith , and chastity . Augustine defined virtue as `` a good habit consonant with our nature . '' Though traditionally discussed as nine attributes of the Fruit of the Spirit , the original Greek term translated as `` fruit '' is singular . Aquinas explained , `` Consequently fruit is mentioned there in the singular , on account of its being generically one , though divided into many species which are spoken of as so many fruits . '' Augustine 's commentary on Galatians 5 : 25 - 26 , says , `` the Apostle had no intention of teaching us how many ( either works of the flesh , or fruits of the Spirit ) there are ; but to show how the former should be avoided , and the latter sought after . '' Love ( Greek : agapē , latin : caritas ) ( edit ) Main article : Agape Agape ( love ) denotes an undefeatable benevolence and unconquerable goodwill that always seeks the highest in others , no matter their behavior . It is a love that gives freely without asking anything in return , and does not consider the worth of its object . Agape is more a love by choice than philos , which is love by chance ; and it refers to the will rather than the emotion . Agape describes the unconditional love God has for the world . Paul describes love in 1 Corinthians 13 : 4 -- 8 : Love is patient , love is kind . It does not envy , it does not boast , it is not proud . 5 It does not dishonor others , it is not self - seeking , it is not easily angered , it keeps no record of wrongs . Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth . It always protects , always trusts , always hopes , always perseveres . Love never fails . But where there are prophecies , they will cease ; where there are tongues , they will be stilled ; where there is knowledge , it will pass away . According to Strong 's Greek Lexicon , the word ἀγάπη ( G26 ) ( Transliteration : agapē ) means love , i.e. affection or benevolence ; specially ( plural ) a love - feast : -- ( feast of ) charity ( - ably ) , dear , love . Pronunciation : ag - ah ' - pay Part of Speech : feminine noun Root Word ( Etymology ) : From ἀγαπάω ( G25 ) Outline of Biblical Usage : affection , good will , love , benevolence , brotherly love love feasts The Greek word ἀγάπη ( agapē ) occurs 117 times in 106 verses in the Greek concordance of the NASB . Joy ( Greek : chara , latin : gaudium ) ( edit ) The joy referred to here is deeper than mere happiness , is rooted in God and comes from Him . Since it comes from God , it is more serene and stable than worldly happiness , which is merely emotional and lasts only for a time . According to Strong 's Greek Lexicon , the Greek word listed in the verse is χαρά ( G5479 ) , meaning ' joy ' , ' gladness ' , or ' a source of joy ' . The Greek χαρά ( chara ) occurs 59 times in 57 verses in the Greek concordance of the NASB . Original Word : χαρά , ᾶς , ἡ From χαίρω ( G5463 ) Part of Speech : Noun , Feminine Transliteration : chara Phonetic Spelling : ( khar - ah ' ) Joy ( Noun and Verb ) , Joyfulness , Joyfully , Joyous : `` joy , delight '' ( akin to chairo , `` to rejoice '' ) , is found frequently in Matthew and Luke , and especially in John , once in Mark ( Mar 4 : 16 , RV , `` joy , '' AV , `` gladness '' ) ; it is absent from 1 Cor . ( though the verb is used three times ) , but is frequent in 2 Cor. , where the noun is used five times ( for 2Cr 7 : 4 , RV , see Note below ) , and the verb eight times , suggestive of the Apostle 's relief in comparison with the circumstances of the 1st Epistle ; in Col 1 : 11 , AV , `` joyfulness , '' RV , `` joy . '' The word is sometimes used , by metonymy , of the occasion or cause of `` joy , '' Luk 2 : 10 ( lit. , `` I announce to you a great joy '' ) ; in 2Cr 1 : 15 , in some mss. , for charis , `` benefit ; '' Phl 4 : 1 , where the readers are called the Apostle 's `` joy ; '' so 1Th 2 : 19 , 20 ; Hbr 12 : 2 , of the object of Christ 's `` joy ; '' Jam 1 : 2 , where it is connected with falling into trials ; perhaps also in Mat 25 : 21 , 23 , where some regard it as signifying , concretely , the circumstances attending cooperation in the authority of the Lord . Note : In Hbr 12 : 11 , `` joyous '' represents the phrase meta , `` with , '' followed by chara , lit. , `` with joy . '' So in Hbr 10 : 34 , `` joyfully ; '' in 2Cr 7 : 4 the noun is used with the Middle Voice of huperperisseuo , `` to abound more exceedingly , '' and translated `` ( I overflow ) with joy , '' RV ( AV , `` I am exceeding joyful '' ) . Peace ( Greek : eirene , latin : pax ) ( edit ) The Greek word εἰρήνη ( Strong 's G1515 ) ( eirēnē ) ( transliteration : i - ray ' - nay ) , probably derived from a primary verb εἴρω eírō ( to join ) , means peace ( literally or figuratively ) ; by implication , prosperity : -- one , peace , quietness , rest , + set at one again . The word `` peace '' comes from the Greek word eirene , the Greek equivalent for the Hebrew word shalom , which expresses the idea of wholeness , completeness , or tranquility in the soul that is unaffected by the outward circumstances or pressures . The word eirene strongly suggests the rule of order in place of chaos . The Greek εἰρήνη ( eirēnē ) occurs 92 times in 86 verses in the Greek concordance of the KJV . The KJV translates Strong 's G1515 in the following manner : peace ( 89x ) , one ( 1x ) , rest ( 1x ) , quietness ( 1x ) . The outline of Biblical usage is as follows : a state of national tranquillity exemption from the rage and havoc of war peace between individuals , i.e. harmony , concord security , safety , prosperity , felicity , ( because peace and harmony make and keep things safe and prosperous ) of the Messiah 's peace the way that leads to peace ( salvation ) of Christianity , the tranquil state of a soul assured of its salvation through Christ , and so fearing nothing from God and content with its earthly lot , of whatsoever sort that is the blessed state of devout and upright men after death Jesus is described as the Prince of Peace , who brings peace to the hearts of those who desire it . He says in John 14 : 27 : `` Peace I leave with you , My peace I give to you ; not as the world gives do I give to you . Let not your heart be troubled , neither let it be afraid '' . In Matthew 5 : 9 he says , `` Blessed are the peacemakers , for they will be called sons of God . '' Patience ( Greek : makrothumia , latin : longanimitas ) ( edit ) Generally the Greek world applied this word to a man who could avenge himself but did not . This word is often used in the Greek Scriptures in reference to God and his attitude to man . Exodus 34 : 6 describes the Lord as `` slow to anger and rich in kindness and fidelity . '' Patience , which in some translations is `` longsuffering '' or `` endurance '' , is defined in Strong 's by two Greek words , makrothumia and hupomone . The first , pronounced ( mak - roth - oo - mee - ah ) comes from makros , `` long '' , and thumos , `` temper '' . The word denotes lenience , forbearance , fortitude , patient endurance , longsuffering . Also included in makrothumia is the ability to endure persecution and ill - treatment . It describes a person who has the power to exercise revenge but instead exercises restraint . ( Strong 's # 3115 ) The latter , hupomone , ( hoop - om - on - ay ) is translated `` endurance '' : Constancy , perseverance , continuance , bearing up , steadfastness , holding out , patient endurance . The word combines hupo , `` under '' , and mone , `` to remain '' . It describes the capacity to continue to bear up under difficult circumstances , not with a passive complacency , but with a hopeful fortitude that actively resists weariness and defeat , ( Strong 's # 5281 ) with hupomone ( Greek ὑπομονή ) being further understood as that which would be `` as opposed to cowardice or despondency '' `` With lowliness and meekness , with longsuffering , forbearing one another in love '' . Kindness ( Greek : chrestotes , latin : benignitas ) ( edit ) In Greek , old wine was called `` chrestos '' which meant that it was mellow or smooth . Christ used this word in Matthew 11 : 30 , `` For my yoke is easy , and my burden light . '' In contrast , kindness is acting for the good of people regardless of what they do , properly , `` useable , i.e. well - fit for use ( for what is really needed ) ; kindness that is also serviceable '' . Strong 's # 5544 : Kindness is goodness in action , sweetness of disposition , gentleness in dealing with others , benevolence , kindness , affability . The word describes the ability to act for the welfare of those taxing your patience . The Holy Spirit removes abrasive qualities from the character of one under His control . ( emphasis added ) The word kindness comes from the Greek word chrestotes ( khray - stot - ace ) , which meant to show kindness or to be friendly to others and often depicted rulers , governors , or people who were kind , mild , and benevolent to their subjects . Anyone who demonstrated this quality of chrestotes was considered to be compassionate , considerate , sympathetic , humane , kind , or gentle . The apostle Paul uses this word to depict God 's incomprehensible kindness for people who are unsaved ( see Romans 11 : 22 ; Ephesians 2 : 7 ; Titus 3 : 4 ) . One scholar has noted that when the word chrestotes is applied to interpersonal relationships , it conveys the idea of being adaptable to others . Rather than harshly require everyone else to adapt to his own needs and desires , when chrestotes is working in a believer , he seeks to become adaptable to the needs of those who are around him . ( Sparkling Gems from the Greek , Rick Renner ) Kindness is doing something and not expecting anything in return . Kindness is respect and helping others without waiting for someone to help one back . It implies kindness no matter what . We should live `` in purity , understanding , patience and kindness ; in the Holy Spirit and in sincere love ; in truthful speech and in the power of God ; with weapons of righteousness in the right hand and in the left '' . Goodness ( Greek : agathosune , latin : bonitas ) ( edit ) The state or quality of being good Moral excellence ; virtue ; Kindly feeling , kindness , generosity , joy in being good The best part of anything ; Essence ; Strength ; General character recognized in quality or conduct . Popular English Bibles ( e.g. NIV , NASB , NLT ) translate the single Greek word chrestotes into two English words : kindness and goodness . `` Wherefore also we pray always for you , that our God would count you worthy of this calling , and fulfill all the good pleasure of his goodness , and the work of faith with power '' . `` For the fruit of the Spirit is in all goodness and righteousness and truth '' , with agathosune being `` found only in Biblical and ecclesiastical writings , uprightness of heart and life '' Faithfulness ( Greek : pistis , latin : fides ) ( edit ) The root of pistis ( `` faith '' ) is peithô that is to persuade or be persuaded which supplies the core - meaning of faith as being `` divine persuasion '' , received from God , and never generated by man . It is defined as the following : objectively , trustworthy ; subjectively , trustful : -- believe ( - ing , - r ) , faithful ( - ly ) , sure , true . Greek : πιστός Transliteration : pistos Pronunciation : pē - sto 's Part of Speech : adjective Root Word ( Etymology ) : From πείθω The Greek πιστός ( pistos ) occurs 67 times in 62 verses in the Greek concordance of the KJV : faithful ( 53x ) , believe ( 6x ) , believing ( 2x ) , true ( 2x ) , faithfully ( 1x ) , believer ( 1x ) , sure ( 1x ) . Outline of Biblical Usage trusty , faithful of persons who show themselves faithful in the transaction of business , the execution of commands , or the discharge of official duties one who kept his plighted faith , worthy of trust that can be relied on easily persuaded believing , confiding , trusting in the NT one who trusts in God 's promises one who is convinced that Jesus has been raised from the dead one who has become convinced that Jesus is the Messiah and author of salvation Examples : `` O Lord , thou art my God ; I will exalt thee , I will praise thy name ; for thou hast done wonderful things ; thy counsels of old are faithfulness and truth '' . `` I pray that out of his glorious riches he may strengthen you with power through his Spirit in your inner being , so that Christ may dwell in your hearts through faith '' . The writer of the Letter to the Hebrews describes it this way : `` Let us fix our eyes on Jesus , the author and perfecter of our faith , who for the joy set before him endured the cross , scorning its shame , and sat down at the right hand of the throne of God '' . Gentleness ( Greek : prautes , latin : modestia ) ( edit ) Gentleness , in the Greek , prautes , commonly known as meekness , which is `` a divinely - balanced virtue that can only operate through faith ( cf . ; ) . . The New Spirit Filled Life Bible defines gentleness as `` a disposition that is even - tempered , tranquil , balanced in spirit , unpretentious , and that has the passions under control . The word is best translated ' meekness , ' not as an indication of weakness , but of power and strength under control . The person who possesses this quality pardons injuries , corrects faults , and rules his own spirit well '' . `` Brothers and sisters , if someone is caught in a sin , you who live by the Spirit should restore that person gently . But watch yourselves , or you also may be tempted '' . `` Be completely humble and gentle ; be patient , bearing with one another in love '' . Self - control ( Greek : egkrateia , latin : continentia ) ( edit ) The Greek word used in Galatians 5 : 23 is `` egkrateia '' , meaning `` strong , having mastery , able to control one 's thoughts and actions . '' `` ... make every effort to add to your faith goodness ; and to goodness , knowledge ; and to knowledge , self - control ; and to self - control , perseverance ; and to perseverance , godliness ; and to godliness , mutual affection ; and to mutual affection , love '' . See also ( edit ) Gifts of the Holy Spirit seven virtues Related Bible parts : Galatians 5 , Philippians 4 Bibliography ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CO . DUBLIN , DUBLIN , CHRISTCHURCH PLACE , CHRIST CHURCH CATHEDRAL ( CI ) '' . Dictionary of Irish Architects 1720 -- 1940 . Irish Architectural Archive . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Galatians 5 : 22 - 23 Jump up ^ Galatians 5 : 22 - 23 : Fructus autem Spiritus est caritas , gaudium , pax , patientia , benignitas , bonitas , longanimitas , mansuetudo , fides , modestia , continentia , castitas . Adversus hujusmodi non est lex . Jump up ^ Cross , F.L. ; Livingstone , E.A. , eds. ( 1998 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 644 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 211655 - X . ^ Jump up to : Thomas Aquinas . Summa Theologica , Second and Revised Edition , Fathers of the English Dominican Province , 1920 Jump up ^ Waldron , Martin Augustine . `` Virtue . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 15 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1912 . 5 May 2015 Jump up ^ Quoted from the New International Version : 1 Corinthians 13 : 4 -- 8 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( Strong G1515 ) Jump up ^ Renner , Rick . Sparkling Gems from the Greek. , Teach All Nations , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9725454 - 7 - 1 Jump up ^ John 14 : 27 Jump up ^ Matthew 5 : 7 ^ Jump up to : Pope , Charles . `` A Brief Treatise on the Fruits of the Holy Spirit '' , Archdiocese of Washington , January 27 , 2013 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Thayer 's Greek Lexicon - STRONGS NT 3115 : μακροθυμία Jump up ^ Eph4 : 2 Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Strong 's Greek Concordance 5544 . chréstotés Jump up ^ Romans 11 : 22 Jump up ^ Ephesians 2 : 7 Jump up ^ Titus 3 : 4 Jump up ^ 2Cor 6 : 6 - 7 Jump up ^ 2 Thessalonians 1 : 11 Jump up ^ Ephesians 5 : 9 Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Strong 's Greek Concordance 19 . agathosune Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Strong 's Greek Concordance 4102 . pistis Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Strong 's Greek Concordance 3982 . peithó Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Jump up ^ ( 9 ) Jump up ^ Isaiah 25 : 1 Jump up ^ Heb 12 : 2 Jump up ^ ( 10 ) Strong 's Greek Concordance 4240 . prautés : gentleness Jump up ^ Graham , Billy . `` The Holy Spirit : Activating God 's Power in Your Life '' , Thomas Nelson Inc , 2011 ISBN 9781418515690 Sources ( edit ) George A. Kennedy , New Testament Interpretation Through Rhetorical Criticism , George A. Kennedy ( University of North Carolina Press : 1984 ) Longman , Robert Jr . `` Self - Control '' . Web : 19 Oct 2010 . Spirit Home Classic Sermons on the Fruit of the Spirit , ( Warren Wiersbe ed . ) , Kregel Academic , 2002 . ISBN 9780825496387 Portals Access related topics Christianity portal Bible portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fruit_of_the_Holy_Spirit&oldid=850327147 '' Categories : Spiritual gifts Christian ethics in the Bible Holy Spirit Christian terminology Pauline Christianity Fruit of the Holy Spirit Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 04 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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but the fruit of the spirit is love joy peace patience
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Vijay Shankar (cricketer)
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Vijay Shankar ( cricketer ) - Wikipedia Vijay Shankar ( cricketer ) Vijay Shankar Full name Vijay Shankar ( 1991 - 01 - 26 ) 26 January 1991 ( age 27 ) Tirunelveli , Tamil Nadu , India Batting Right handed Bowling Right - arm medium Role All - rounder International information National side India T20I debut 6 March 2018 v Sri Lanka Last T20I 18 March 2018 v Bangladesh T20I shirt no . 59 Domestic team information Years Team 2012 -- present Tamil Nadu 2014 Chennai Super Kings 2016 -- 2017 Sunrisers Hyderabad 2018 -- present Delhi Daredevils Career statistics Competition FC LA T20 Matches 32 37 34 Runs scored 1,671 750 437 Batting average 49.14 32.60 23.00 100s / 50s 5 / 10 0 / 5 0 / 2 Top score 111 72 69 Balls bowled 2307 943 279 Wickets 27 25 12 Bowling average 42.81 30.44 32.75 5 wickets in innings 0 0 0 10 wickets in match 0 n / a n / a Best bowling 4 / 52 3 / 24 2 / 12 Catches / stumpings 22 / - 10 / - 23 / - Source : ESPNcricinfo , 21 November 2017 Vijay Shankar ( born 26 January 1991 ) is an Indian cricketer who plays for Tamil Nadu cricket team . He is an all - rounder who bats right - handed and bowls right - arm medium pace . In the Indian Premier League , he played one match for the Chennai Super Kings in 2014 and four for Sunrisers Hyderabad in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Domestic career 2 Indian Premier League 3 International career 4 References 5 External links Domestic career ( edit ) Playing for Tamil Nadu , he won two man of the match awards in the knockout stage of 2014 -- 15 Ranji Trophy . In the quarterfinal against Vidarbha , he scored 111 and 82 for which he was named man of the match . The match was drawn but Tamil Nadu progressed to the next round on first - innings lead . Against Maharashtra in the semifinal , he scored 91 and picked 2 / 47 to win his second man of the match award . This game was also drawn and Tamil Nadu progressed to the final on first - innings lead . In the final against Karnataka , he scored 5 & 103 and picked 1 / 92 . However , Karnataka registered an innings victory to take the title . Indian Premier League ( edit ) In the Indian Premier League , he played one match for the Chennai Super Kings in 2014 and four for Sunrisers Hyderabad in 2017 . His highest batting score was 63 not out against Gujarat Lions on 13 May 2017 . In January 2018 , he was bought by the Delhi Daredevils in the 2018 IPL auction . International career ( edit ) On 20 November 2017 , he was named as Bhuvneshwar Kumar 's replacement in India 's Test squad for their series against Sri Lanka , but he did not play . In February 2018 , he was named in India 's Twenty20 International ( T20I ) squad for the 2018 Nidahas Trophy . He made his T20I debut for India against Sri Lanka in the 2018 Nidahas Trophy on 6 March 2018 . He took his first wicket in T20Is in his second match dismissing Mushfiqur Rahim via Umpire Decision Review System . In the second match of the 2018 Nidahas Trophy , he took two wickets for 32 runs , with India winning by 6 wickets , and he was named the player of the match . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Final , Ranji Trophy at Mumbai , Mar 8 - 12 2015 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pepsi Indian Premier League , 37th match : Chennai Super Kings v Rajasthan Royals at Ranchi , May 13 , 2014 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All you need to know about Vijay Shankar '' . The Hindu . 21 November 2017 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 53rd match ( D / N ) , Indian Premier League at Kanpur , May 13 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of sold and unsold players '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bhuvneshwar , Dhawan released from India Test squad '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 20 November 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rohit Sharma to lead India in Nidahas Trophy 2018 '' . BCCI Press Release . 25 February 2018 . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Match ( N ) , Nidahas Twenty20 Tri-Series at Colombo , Mar 6 2018 , 7.00 PM '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dhawan , Unadkat brush aside Bangladesh '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 9 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Match ( N ) , Nidahas Twenty20 Tri-Series at Colombo , Mar 8 2018 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Vijay Shankar at ESPNcricinfo Vijay Shankar at CricketArchive ( subscription required ) hide Tamil Nadu cricket team -- current squad 5 Aparajith 99 Ashwin 67 Balaji Crist Indrajith 19 D Karthik Kaushik M. Mohammed Mukund ( c ) Prasanna Rangarajan Parameswaran Sathish R Shah Shankar Srinivas 00 Vijay Coach : Raman hide Delhi Daredevils -- current squad 2 Morris Dala 20 Roy Kalra 11 Shami 54 Christian 18 Mishra 19 J Yadav Ojha ( † ) Boult 23 Gambhir 41 Iyer ( c ) Tewatia 777 Pant ( † ) 88 Nadeem Harshal 32 Maxwell Avesh 100 Shaw Lamichhane 82 Munro Rabada Ghosh Gurkeerat Shankar Abhishek Sharma Mentor : Rahul Dravid Head Coach : Ricky Ponting Batting coach : Pravin Amre Batting coach : Sridharan Sriram Bowling coach : T.A. Sekhar Team Manager : Sunil Valson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vijay_Shankar_(cricketer)&oldid=839776302 '' Categories : 1991 births Living people Indian cricketers India Twenty20 International cricketers India Blue cricketers Tamil Nadu cricketers Chennai Super Kings cricketers People from Tirunelveli Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2016 Use Indian English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia മലയാളം मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 5 May 2018 , at 16 : 06 . About Wikipedia
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vijay shankar in which team in ipl 2018
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Duplex (telecommunications)
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Duplex ( telecommunications ) - wikipedia Duplex ( telecommunications ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A duplex communication system is a point - to - point system composed of two or more connected parties or devices that can communicate with one another in both directions . Duplex systems are employed in many communications networks , either to allow for a communication `` two - way street '' between two connected parties or to provide a `` reverse path '' for the monitoring and remote adjustment of equipment in the field . There are two types of duplex communication systems : full - duplex ( FDX ) and half - duplex ( HDX ) . In a full - duplex system , both parties can communicate with each other simultaneously . An example of a full - duplex device is a telephone ; the parties at both ends of a call can speak and be heard by the other party simultaneously . The earphone reproduces the speech of the remote party as the microphone transmits the speech of the local party , because there is a two - way communication channel between them , or more strictly speaking , because there are two communication channels between them . In a half - duplex system , both parties can communicate with each other , but not simultaneously ; the communication is one direction at a time . An example of a half - duplex device is a walkie - talkie two - way radio that has a `` push - to - talk '' button ; when the local user wants to speak to the remote person they push this button , which turns on the transmitter but turns off the receiver , so they can not hear the remote person . To listen to the other person they release the button , which turns on the receiver but turns off the transmitter . Systems that do not need the duplex capability may instead use simplex communication , in which one device transmits and the others can only `` listen '' . Examples are broadcast radio and television , garage door openers , baby monitors , wireless microphones , and surveillance cameras . In these devices the communication is only in one direction . Contents 1 Half duplex 2 Full duplex 3 Full - duplex emulation 3.1 Time - division duplexing 3.2 Frequency - division duplexing 3.3 Echo cancellation 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Half duplex ( edit ) A simple illustration of a half - duplex communication system A half - duplex ( HDX ) system provides communication in both directions , but only one direction at a time ( not simultaneously ) . Typically , once a party begins receiving a signal , it must wait for the transmitter to stop transmitting , before replying . An example of a half - duplex system is a two - party system such as a walkie - talkie , wherein one must use `` over '' or another previously designated keyword to indicate the end of transmission , and ensure that only one party transmits at a time , because both parties transmit and receive on the same frequency . A good analogy for a half - duplex system would be a one - lane road with traffic controllers at each end , such as a two - lane bridge under re-construction . Traffic can flow in both directions , but only one direction at a time , regulated by the traffic controllers . Half - duplex systems are usually used to conserve bandwidth , since only a single communication channel is needed , which is shared alternately between the two directions . For example , a walkie - talkie requires only a single frequency for bidirectional communication , while a cell phone , which is a full - duplex device , requires two frequencies to carry the two simultaneous voice channels , one in each direction . In automatically run communications systems , such as two - way data - links , the time allocations for communications in a half - duplex system can be firmly controlled by the hardware . Thus , there is no waste of the channel for switching . For example , station A on one end of the data link could be allowed to transmit for exactly one second , then station B on the other end could be allowed to transmit for exactly one second , and then the cycle repeats . In half - duplex systems , if more than one party transmits at the same time , a collision occurs , resulting in lost messages . Full duplex ( edit ) A simple illustration of a full - duplex communication system . Full - duplex is not common in handheld radios as shown here due to the cost and complexity of common duplexing methods , but is used in telephones , cellphones and cordless phones . A full - duplex ( FDX ) system , or sometimes called double - duplex , allows communication in both directions , and , unlike half - duplex , allows this to happen simultaneously . Land - line telephone networks are full - duplex , since they allow both callers to speak and be heard at the same time , with the transition from four to two wires being achieved by a hybrid coil in a telephone hybrid . Modern cell phones are also full - duplex . A good analogy for a full - duplex system is a two - lane road with one lane for each direction . Moreover , in most full - duplex mode systems carrying computer data , transmitted data does not appear to be sent until it has been received and an acknowledgment is sent back by the other party . In this way , such systems implement reliable transmission methods . Two - way radios can be designed as full - duplex systems , transmitting on one frequency and receiving on another ; this is also called frequency - division duplex . Frequency - division duplex systems can extend their range by using sets of simple repeater stations because the communications transmitted on any single frequency always travel in the same direction . Full - duplex Ethernet connections work by making simultaneous use of two physical twisted pairs inside the same jacket , which are directly connected to each networked device : one pair is for receiving packets , while the other pair is for sending packets . This effectively makes the cable itself a collision - free environment and doubles the maximum total transmission capacity supported by each Ethernet connection . Full - duplex has also several benefits over the use of half - duplex . First , there are no collisions so time is not wasted by having to retransmit frames . Second , full transmission capacity is available in both directions because the send and receive functions are separate . Third , since there is only one transmitter on each twisted pair , stations ( nodes ) do not need to wait for others to complete their transmissions . Some computer - based systems of the 1960s and 1970s required full - duplex facilities , even for half - duplex operation , since their poll - and - response schemes could not tolerate the slight delays in reversing the direction of transmission in a half - duplex line . Full - duplex emulation ( edit ) Where channel access methods are used in point - to - multipoint networks ( such as cellular networks ) for dividing forward and reverse communication channels on the same physical communications medium , they are known as duplexing methods , such as time - division duplexing and frequency - division duplexing . Time - division duplexing ( edit ) Time - division duplexing ( TDD ) is the application of time - division multiplexing to separate outward and return signals . It emulates full duplex communication over a half duplex communication link . Time - division duplexing has a strong advantage in the case where there is asymmetry of the uplink and downlink data rates . As the amount of uplink data increases , more communication capacity can be dynamically allocated , and as the traffic load becomes lighter , capacity can be taken away . The same applies in the downlink direction . For radio systems that are n't moving quickly , another advantage is that the uplink and downlink radio paths are likely to be very similar . This means that techniques such as beamforming work well with TDD systems . Examples of time - division duplexing systems are : UMTS 3G supplementary air interfaces TD - CDMA for indoor mobile telecommunications . The Chinese TD - LTE 4 - G , TD - SCDMA 3 - G mobile communications air interface . DECT wireless telephony Half - duplex packet switched networks based on carrier sense multiple access , for example 2 - wire or hubbed Ethernet , Wireless local area networks and Bluetooth , can be considered as time - division duplexing systems , albeit not TDMA with fixed frame - lengths . IEEE 802.16 WiMAX PACTOR ISDN BRI U interface , variants using the time - compression multiplex ( TCM ) line system G. fast , a digital subscriber line ( DSL ) standard under development by the ITU - T Frequency - division duplexing ( edit ) Frequency - division duplexing ( FDD ) means that the transmitter and receiver operate at different carrier frequencies . The method is frequently used in ham radio operation , where an operator is attempting to use a repeater station . The repeater station must be able to send and receive a transmission at the same time , and does so by slightly altering the frequency at which it sends and receives . This mode of operation is referred to as duplex mode or offset mode . Uplink and downlink sub-bands are said to be separated by the frequency offset . Frequency - division duplexing can be efficient in the case of symmetric traffic . In this case , time - division duplexing tends to waste bandwidth during the switch - over from transmitting to receiving , has greater inherent latency , and may require more complex circuitry . Another advantage of frequency - division duplexing is that it makes radio planning easier and more efficient , since base stations do not `` hear '' each other ( as they transmit and receive in different sub-bands ) and therefore will normally not interfere with each other . Conversely , with time - division duplexing systems , care must be taken to keep guard times between neighboring base stations ( which decreases spectral efficiency ) or to synchronize base stations , so that they will transmit and receive at the same time ( which increases network complexity and therefore cost , and reduces bandwidth allocation flexibility as all base stations and sectors will be forced to use the same uplink / downlink ratio ) Examples of frequency - division duplexing systems are : ADSL and VDSL Most cellular systems , including the UMTS / WCDMA use frequency - division duplexing mode and the cdma2000 system . IEEE 802.16 WiMax also uses frequency - division duplexing mode . Echo cancellation ( edit ) Full - duplex audio systems like telephones can create echo , which needs to be removed . Echo occurs when the sound coming out of the speaker , originating from the far end , re-enters the microphone and is sent back to the far end . The sound then reappears at the original source end , but delayed . This feedback path may be acoustic , through the air , or it may be mechanically coupled , for example in a telephone handset . Echo cancellation is a signal - processing operation that subtracts the far - end signal from the microphone signal before it is sent back over the network . Echo cancellation is important technology allowing modems to achieve good full - duplex performance . The V. 32 , V. 34 , V. 56 , and V. 90 modem standards require echo cancellation . Echo cancelers are available as both software and hardware implementations . They can be independent components in a communications system or integrated into the communication system 's central processing unit . Devices that do not eliminate echo sometimes will not produce good full - duplex performance . See also ( edit ) Duplex mismatch Four - wire circuit Multiplexing Duplexer Communications channel Crossband operation Push to talk Simplex communication Radio resource management Double - track railway References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cell phone Frequencies '' . HowStuffWorks . Jump up ^ Greenstein , Shane ; Stango , Victor ( 2006 ) . Standards and Public Policy . Cambridge University Press . pp. 129 -- 132 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 46075 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Tanenbaum , Andrew S. ( 2003 ) . Computer Networks . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 038488 - 7 . Riihonen , Taneli ( 2014 ) . Design and Analysis of Duplexing Modes and Forwarding Protocols for OFDM ( A ) Relay Links . Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS , 81 / 2014 . ISBN 978 - 952 - 60 - 5715 - 6 . Channel access methods and Media access control Channel - based FDMA OFDMA WDMA SC - FDMA TDMA MF - TDMA STDMA CDMA W - CDMA TD - CDMA TD - SCDMA DS - CDMA FH - CDMA MC - CDMA SDMA HC - SDMA PDMA PAMA Packet - based Collision recovery ALOHA Slotted ALOHA R - ALOHA AX. 25 CSMA / CD Collision avoidance MACA MACAW CSMA CSMA / CA DCF PCF HCF CSMA / CARP Collision - free Token ring Token bus MS - ALOHA Delay & disruption tolerant MANET VANET DTN Dynamic Source Routing Duplexing methods TDD FDD Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber - optic communication Optical fiber Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duplex_(telecommunications)&oldid=850527871 '' Categories : Channel access methods Communication circuits Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 13 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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in which mode the communication channel is used in both directions at the same time
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"A duplex communication system is a point-to-point system composed of two or more connected parties or devices that can communicate with one another in both directions. Duplex systems are employed in many communications networks, either to allow for a communication \"two-way street\" between two connected parties or to provide a \"reverse path\" for the monitoring and remote adjustment of equipment in the field. There are two types of duplex communication systems: full-duplex (FDX) and half-duplex (HDX).\n"
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"A duplex"
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Aftershock
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Aftershock - wikipedia Aftershock Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the geological event . For other uses of the term , see Aftershock ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Earthquakes Types Foreshock Aftershock Blind thrust Doublet Interplate Intraplate Megathrust Remotely triggered Slow Submarine Supershear Tsunami Earthquake swarm Causes Fault movement Volcanism Induced seismicity Characteristics Epicenter Hypocenter Shadow zone Seismic waves P - wave S - wave Measurement Seismic scales Seismometer Prediction Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction Forecasting Other topics Shear wave splitting Adams -- Williamson equation Flinn -- Engdahl regions Earthquake engineering Seismite Seismology Earth Sciences Portal Category Related topics An aftershock is a smaller earthquake that occurs after a previous large earthquake , in the same area of the main shock . If an aftershock is larger than the main shock , the aftershock is redesignated as the main shock and the original main shock is redesignated as a foreshock . Aftershocks are formed as the crust around the displaced fault plane adjusts to the effects of the main shock . Contents ( hide ) 1 Distribution of aftershocks 2 Aftershock size and frequency with time 2.1 Omori 's law 2.2 Båth 's law 2.3 Gutenberg -- Richter law 3 Effect of aftershocks 4 Foreshocks 5 Modeling 6 Psychology 7 References 8 External links Distribution of aftershocks ( edit ) Most aftershocks are located over the full area of fault rupture and either occur along the fault plane itself or along other faults within the volume affected by the strain associated with the main shock . Typically , aftershocks are found up to a distance equal to the rupture length away from the fault plane . The pattern of aftershocks helps confirm the size of area that slipped during the main shock . In the case of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the 2008 Sichuan earthquake the aftershock distribution shows in both cases that the epicenter ( where the rupture initiated ) lies to one end of the final area of slip , implying strongly asymmetric rupture propagation . Aftershock size and frequency with time ( edit ) Aftershocks rates and magnitudes follow several well - established empirical laws . Omori 's law ( edit ) The frequency of aftershocks decreases roughly with the reciprocal of time after the main shock . This empirical relation was first described by Fusakichi Omori in 1894 and is known as Omori 's law . It is expressed as n ( t ) = k ( c + t ) ( \ displaystyle n ( t ) = ( \ frac ( k ) ( ( c + t ) ) ) ) where k and c are constants , which vary between earthquake sequences . A modified version of Omori 's law , now commonly used , was proposed by Utsu in 1961 . n ( t ) = k ( c + t ) p ( \ displaystyle n ( t ) = ( \ frac ( k ) ( ( c + t ) ^ ( p ) ) ) ) where p is a third constant which modifies the decay rate and typically falls in the range 0.7 -- 1.5 . According to these equations , the rate of aftershocks decreases quickly with time . The rate of aftershocks is proportional to the inverse of time since the mainshock and this relationship can be used to estimate the probability of future aftershock occurrence . Thus whatever the probability of an aftershock are on the first day , the second day will have 1 / 2 the probability of the first day and the tenth day will have approximately 1 / 10 the probability of the first day ( when p is equal to 1 ) . These patterns describe only the statistical behavior of aftershocks ; the actual times , numbers and locations of the aftershocks are stochastic , while tending to follow these patterns . As this is an empirical law , values of the parameters are obtained by fitting to data after a mainshock has occurred , and they imply no specific physical mechanism in any given case . Båth 's law ( edit ) The other main law describing aftershocks is known as Båth 's Law and this states that the difference in magnitude between a main shock and its largest aftershock is approximately constant , independent of the main shock magnitude , typically 1.1 -- 1.2 on the Moment magnitude scale . Gutenberg -- Richter law ( edit ) Gutenberg -- Richter law for b = 1 Magnitude of the Central Italy earthquake of August 2016 ( red dot ) and aftershocks ( which continued to occur after the period shown here ) Main article : Gutenberg -- Richter law Aftershock sequences also typically follow the Gutenberg -- Richter law of size scaling , which refers to the relationship between the magnitude and total number of earthquakes in a region in a given time period . N = 10 a − b M ( \ displaystyle \ ! \ , N = 10 ^ ( a-bM ) ) Where : N ( \ displaystyle N ) is the number of events greater or equal to M ( \ displaystyle M ) M ( \ displaystyle M ) is magnitude a ( \ displaystyle a ) and b ( \ displaystyle b ) are constants In summary , there are more small aftershocks and fewer large aftershocks . Effect of aftershocks ( edit ) Aftershocks are dangerous because they are usually unpredictable , can be of a large magnitude , and can collapse buildings that are damaged from the main shock . Bigger earthquakes have more and larger aftershocks and the sequences can last for years or even longer especially when a large event occurs in a seismically quiet area ; see , for example , the New Madrid Seismic Zone , where events still follow Omori 's law from the main shocks of 1811 -- 1812 . An aftershock sequence is deemed to have ended when the rate of seismicity drops back to a background level ; i.e. , no further decay in the number of events with time can be detected . Land movement around the New Madrid is reported to be no more than 0.2 mm ( 0.0079 in ) a year , in contrast to the San Andreas Fault which averages up to 37 mm ( 1.5 in ) a year across California . Aftershocks on the San Andreas are now believed to top out at 10 years while earthquakes in New Madrid are considered aftershocks nearly 200 years after the 1812 New Madrid earthquake . Foreshocks ( edit ) Main article : Foreshock Some scientists have tried to use foreshocks to help predict upcoming earthquakes , having one of their few successes with the 1975 Haicheng earthquake in China . On the East Pacific Rise however , transform faults show quite predictable foreshock behaviour before the main seismic event . Reviews of data of past events and their foreshocks showed that they have a low number of aftershocks and high foreshock rates compared to continental strike - slip faults . Modeling ( edit ) Seismologists use tools such as the Epidemic - Type Aftershock Sequence model ( ETAS ) to study cascading aftershocks . Psychology ( edit ) Following a large earthquake and aftershocks , many people have reported feeling `` phantom earthquakes '' when in fact no earthquake was taking place . This condition , known as `` earthquake sickness '' is thought to be related to motion sickness , and usually goes away as seismic activity tails off . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Omori , F. ( 1894 ) . `` On the aftershocks of earthquakes '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the College of Science , Imperial University of Tokyo . 7 : 111 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Utsu , T. ( 1961 ) . `` A statistical study of the occurrence of aftershocks '' . Geophysical Magazine . 30 : 521 -- 605 . Jump up ^ Utsu , T. ; Ogata , Y. ; Matsu'ura , R.S. ( 1995 ) . `` The centenary of the Omori formula for a decay law of aftershock activity '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Physics of the Earth . 43 : 1 -- 33 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Quigley , M. `` New Science update on 2011 Christchirch Earthquake for press and public : Seismic fearmongering or time to jump ship '' . Christchurch Earthquake Journal . Archived from the original on 29 January 2012 . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Richter , Charles F. , Elementary seismology ( San Francisco , California , USA : W.H. Freeman & Co. , 1958 ) , page 69 . Jump up ^ Båth , Markus ( 1965 ) . `` Lateral inhomogeneities in the upper mantle '' . Tectonophysics. 2 : 483 -- 514 . Bibcode : 1965Tectp ... 2 ... 483B . doi : 10.1016 / 0040 - 1951 ( 65 ) 90003 - X . Jump up ^ Elizabeth K. Gardner ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) . `` New Madrid fault system may be shutting down '' . physorg.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Robert E. `` Present - Day Crustal Movements and the Mechanics of Cyclic Deformation '' . The San Andreas Fault System , California . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquakes Actually Aftershocks Of 19th Century Quakes ; Repercussions Of 1811 And 1812 New Madrid Quakes Continue To Be Felt '' . Science Daily . Archived from the original on 8 November 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ McGuire JJ , Boettcher MS , Jordan TH ( 2005 ) . `` Foreshock sequences and short - term earthquake predictability on East Pacific Rise transform faults '' . Nature . 434 ( 7032 ) : 445 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2005Natur. 434 ... 457M . PMID 15791246 . doi : 10.1038 / nature03377 . Jump up ^ For example : Helmstetter , Agnès ; Sornette , Didier ( October 2003 ) . `` Predictability in the Epidemic - Type Aftershock Sequence model of interacting triggered seismicity '' . Journal of Geophysical Research : Solid Earth . 108 ( B10 ) : 2482ff . Bibcode : 2003JGRB ... 108.2482 H. arXiv : cond - mat / 0208597 . doi : 10.1029 / 2003JB002485 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . As part of an effort to develop a systematic methodology for earthquake forecasting , we use a simple model of seismicity based on interacting events which may trigger a cascade of earthquakes , known as the Epidemic - Type Aftershock Sequence model ( ETAS ) . Jump up ^ Japanese researchers diagnose hundreds of cases of ' earthquake sickness ' , Daily Telegraph , 20 June 2016 Jump up ^ After the earthquake : why the brain gives phantom quakes , The Guardian , 6 November 2016 External links ( edit ) Earthquake Aftershocks Not What They Seemed at Live Science Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aftershock&oldid=803838765 '' Categories : Seismology Types of earthquake Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 23 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when does an aftershock happen after an earthquake
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MAPP gas
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MAPP gas - wikipedia MAPP gas Jump to : navigation , search A set of MAPP and oxygen cylinders used for oxy - fuel welding and cutting . `` MAPP gas '' is a trademarked name , belonging to The Linde Group , and previously belonging to the Dow Chemical Company , for a fuel gas based on a stabilized mixture of methylacetylene ( propyne ) and propadiene . The name comes from the original chemical composition , methylacetylene - propadiene propane . `` MAPP gas '' is also widely used as a generic name for UN 1060 stabilised methylacetylene - propadiene ( unstabilised methylacetylene - propadiene is known as MAPD ) . MAPP gas is widely regarded as a safer and easier - to - use substitute for acetylene . In early 2008 , true MAPP gas production ended in North America when production was discontinued at the only remaining plant in North America that still manufactured it . However , many current products labeled `` MAPP '' are , in fact , MAPP substitutes . These versions are composed almost entirely of propylene with minuscule impurities of propane ( < 0.5 % ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 MAPP gas use 2 MAPP gas physical properties 3 Thermal properties 4 Safety 5 See also 6 References MAPP gas use ( edit ) Genuine MAPP gas can be used in combination with oxygen for heating , soldering , brazing and even welding due to its high flame temperature of 2925 ° C ( 5300 ° F ) in oxygen . Although acetylene has a higher flame temperature ( 3160 ° C , 5720 ° F ) , MAPP has the advantage that it requires neither dilution nor special container fillers during transport , allowing a greater volume of fuel gas to be transported at the same given weight , and it is much safer in use . The MAPP / oxygen flame is not entirely appropriate for welding steel , due to the high concentration of hydrogen in the flame - higher than acetylene , but lower than any of the other petroleum fuel gases . The hydrogen infuses into the molten steel and renders the welds brittle . For small - scale welding with MAPP this is not a serious problem , as the hydrogen escapes readily , and MAPP / oxygen can in practice be used for welding small steel parts . MAPP / oxygen was advantageously used in underwater cutting , which requires high gas pressures ( under such pressures acetylene polymerizes explosively , making it dangerous to use ) . However , underwater oxy / fuel gas cutting of any kind has been replaced by exothermic cutting due to the much faster cut rate and greater safety . MAPP gas is also used in combustion with air for brazing and soldering , where it has a slight advantage over competing propane fuel due to its higher combustion temperature of 2,020 ° C ( 3,670 ° F ) in air . The biggest disadvantage of MAPP gas is cost ; it is typically one - and - a-half times as expensive as propane at the refinery , and up to four times as expensive to the consumer . It is no longer used much in any large - scale industry - for larger scale users acetylene / oxygen is more economic than MAPP / oxygen when high flame temperatures are needed , and propane / air is more economic when big overall heats are needed . However , for the small - scale user the MAPP / oxygen flame is still highly desirable , having higher flame temperatures and energy densities than any flame other than acetylene / oxygen , but without the dangers and inconveniences of acetylene / oxygen . Jewellers , glassbead makers , and many others find it very useful . Plumbers , refrigeration and HVAC engineers and other tradesmen also value the high heat capacity of the MAPP / air flame ; MAPP was until recently widely used , supplied in small to medium size containers . MAPP gas physical properties ( edit ) MAPP is colorless in both liquid and gas form . The gas has a pronounced acetylene - like or fishy odor at concentrations above 100 ppm , due to the addition of substituted amines as a polymerization inhibitor . Low molecular weight alkynes have strong odors . MAPP gas is toxic if inhaled at high concentrations . The composition of the supplied gas has varied widely , with the gases as supplied by different repackagers / resellers at any one time varying , as well as the general composition varying over time , but a typical composition for an early Dow gas might be : methylacetylene ( propyne ) 48 % , propadiene 23 % , propane 27 % . For a later Dow / Petromont gas propyne 30 % , propadiene 14 % , propylene 43 % , propane 7 % , C H ( isobutane , butane ) 6 % might be more typical . Thermal properties ( edit ) MAPP has an energy content of 2100 BTU / lb ( 1.357 kWh / kg ) while acetylene 's energy content is 2500 BTU / lb ( 1.615 kWh / kg ) . Safety ( edit ) People can be exposed to MAPP gas or its substitutes in the workplace by inhaling the gas or skin / eye contact with the liquid . The Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) has set the legal limit for MAPP gas exposure in the workplace as 1000 ppm ( 1800 mg / m ) over an 8 - hour workday . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) has set a recommended exposure limit ( REL ) of 1000 ppm ( 1800 mg / m ) over an 8 - hour workday and 1250 ppm ( 2250 mg / m ) for short - term exposure . At levels of 3400 ppm , 10 % of the lower explosive limit , MAPP gas is immediately dangerous to life and health . See also ( edit ) Methylacetylene - propadiene gas Brazing Oxy - fuel welding Forge welding Arc Welding References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See for example , `` MAP - Pro '' from BernzOmatic ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Exothermic cutting '' uses the heat of burning steel wire to cut metals and even non-metals ( e.g. , concrete ) . Typically , the wire is ignited electrically and combustion is sustained via a flow of compressed oxygen . See : U.S. Navy Underwater Cutting & Welding Manual , NAVSEA S0300 - BB - MAN - 010 ( 1 June 2002 ) , Chapter 2 , especially sections 2.3 ( Exothermic electrodes ) and 2.4 ( Seeler Enterprises LU - 001 Exothermic Cutting Tool ( Kerie Cable ) ) , pages 53 - 74 ( pages 2 - 22 to 2 - 43 of original document ) . Available on - line at : http://www.maritime.org/doc/pdf/cut_weld.pdf . Jump up ^ Self , Charles R. ( 1982 ) . Do Your Own Professional Welding . Blue Ridge Summit , PA : Tab Books Inc . ISBN 0 - 8306 - 0068 - X . Jump up ^ `` CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Methyl acetylene - propadiene mixture '' . www.cdc.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MAPP_gas&oldid=836152841 '' Categories : Brazing and soldering Fuel gas Hidden categories : All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 23 : 56 . About Wikipedia
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how hot does a mapp gas torch burn
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"Genuine MAPP gas can be used in combination with oxygen for heating, soldering, brazing and even welding due to its high flame temperature of 2925 °C (5300 °F) in oxygen. Although acetylene has a higher flame temperature (3160 °C, 5720 °F), MAPP has the advantage that it requires neither dilution nor special container fillers during transport, allowing a greater volume of fuel gas to be transported at the same given weight, and it is much safer in use."
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"2925 °C (5300 °F)"
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Erosion
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Erosion - wikipedia Erosion Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Erosion ( disambiguation ) . An actively eroding rill on an intensively - farmed field in eastern Germany In earth science , erosion is the action of surface processes ( such as water flow or wind ) that remove soil , rock , or dissolved material from one location on the Earth 's crust , and then transport it away to another location . The particulate breakdown of rock or soil into clastic sediment is referred to as physical or mechanical erosion ; this contrasts with chemical erosion , where soil or rock material is removed from an area by its dissolving into a solvent ( typically water ) , followed by the flow away of that solution . Eroded sediment or solutes may be transported just a few millimetres , or for thousands of kilometres . Natural rates of erosion are controlled by the action of geological weathering geomorphic drivers , such as rainfall ; bedrock wear in rivers ; coastal erosion by the sea and waves ; glacial plucking , abrasion , and scour ; areal flooding ; wind abrasion ; groundwater processes ; and mass movement processes in steep landscapes like landslides and debris flows . The rates at which such processes act control how fast a surface is eroded . Typically , physical erosion proceeds fastest on steeply sloping surfaces , and rates may also be sensitive to some climatically - controlled properties including amounts of water supplied ( e.g. , by rain ) , storminess , wind speed , wave fetch , or atmospheric temperature ( especially for some ice - related processes ) . Feedbacks are also possible between rates of erosion and the amount of eroded material that is already carried by , for example , a river or glacier . Processes of erosion that produce sediment or solutes from a place contrast with those of deposition , which control the arrival and emplacement of material at a new location . While erosion is a natural process , human activities have increased by 10 - 40 times the rate at which erosion is occurring globally . At well - known agriculture sites such as the Appalachian Mountains , intensive farming practices have caused erosion up to 100x the speed of the natural rate of erosion in the region . Excessive ( or accelerated ) erosion causes both `` on - site '' and `` off - site '' problems . On - site impacts include decreases in agricultural productivity and ( on natural landscapes ) ecological collapse , both because of loss of the nutrient - rich upper soil layers . In some cases , the eventual end result is desertification . Off - site effects include sedimentation of waterways and eutrophication of water bodies , as well as sediment - related damage to roads and houses . Water and wind erosion are the two primary causes of land degradation ; combined , they are responsible for about 84 % of the global extent of degraded land , making excessive erosion one of the most significant environmental problems worldwide . Intensive agriculture , deforestation , roads , anthropogenic climate change and urban sprawl are amongst the most significant human activities in regard to their effect on stimulating erosion . However , there are many prevention and remediation practices that can curtail or limit erosion of vulnerable soils . A natural arch produced by the wind erosion of differentially weathered rock in Jebel Kharaz , Jordan . A wave - like sea cliff produced by coastal erosion , in Jinshitan Coastal National Geopark , Dalian , Liaoning Province , China . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical processes 1.1 Rainfall and surface runoff 1.2 Rivers and streams 1.3 Coastal erosion 1.4 Chemical erosion 1.5 Glaciers 1.6 Floods 1.7 Wind erosion 1.8 Mass movement 2 Factors affecting erosion rates 2.1 Climate 2.2 Vegetative cover 2.3 Topography 2.4 Tectonics 2.5 Development 3 Erosion of Earth systems 3.1 Mountain ranges 3.2 Soils 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Physical processes ( edit ) Rainfall and surface runoff ( edit ) Soil and water being splashed by the impact of a single raindrop . Rainfall , and the surface runoff which may result from rainfall , produces four main types of soil erosion : splash erosion , sheet erosion , rill erosion , and gully erosion . Splash erosion is generally seen as the first and least severe stage in the soil erosion process , which is followed by sheet erosion , then rill erosion and finally gully erosion ( the most severe of the four ) . In splash erosion , the impact of a falling raindrop creates a small crater in the soil , ejecting soil particles . The distance these soil particles travel can be as much as 0.6 m ( two feet ) vertically and 1.5 m ( five feet ) horizontally on level ground . If the soil is saturated , or if the rainfall rate is greater than the rate at which water can infiltrate into the soil , surface runoff occurs . If the runoff has sufficient flow energy , it will transport loosened soil particles ( sediment ) down the slope . Sheet erosion is the transport of loosened soil particles by overland flow . A spoil tip covered in rills and gullies due to erosion processes caused by rainfall : Rummu , Estonia Rill erosion refers to the development of small , ephemeral concentrated flow paths which function as both sediment source and sediment delivery systems for erosion on hillslopes . Generally , where water erosion rates on disturbed upland areas are greatest , rills are active . Flow depths in rills are typically of the order of a few centimetres ( about an inch ) or less and along - channel slopes may be quite steep . This means that rills exhibit hydraulic physics very different from water flowing through the deeper , wider channels of streams and rivers . Gully erosion occurs when runoff water accumulates and rapidly flows in narrow channels during or immediately after heavy rains or melting snow , removing soil to a considerable depth . Rivers and streams ( edit ) For more details on water 's erosive ability , see Hydraulic action . Dobbingstone Burn , Scotland , showing two different types of erosion affecting the same place . Valley erosion is occurring due to the flow of the stream , and the boulders and stones ( and much of the soil ) that are lying on the stream 's banks are glacial till that was left behind as ice age glaciers flowed over the terrain . Soil erosion from a stream Valley or stream erosion occurs with continued water flow along a linear feature . The erosion is both downward , deepening the valley , and headward , extending the valley into the hillside , creating head cuts and steep banks . In the earliest stage of stream erosion , the erosive activity is dominantly vertical , the valleys have a typical V cross-section and the stream gradient is relatively steep . When some base level is reached , the erosive activity switches to lateral erosion , which widens the valley floor and creates a narrow floodplain . The stream gradient becomes nearly flat , and lateral deposition of sediments becomes important as the stream meanders across the valley floor . In all stages of stream erosion , by far the most erosion occurs during times of flood , when more and faster - moving water is available to carry a larger sediment load . In such processes , it is not the water alone that erodes : suspended abrasive particles , pebbles and boulders can also act erosively as they traverse a surface , in a process known as traction . Bank erosion is the wearing away of the banks of a stream or river . This is distinguished from changes on the bed of the watercourse , which is referred to as scour . Erosion and changes in the form of river banks may be measured by inserting metal rods into the bank and marking the position of the bank surface along the rods at different times . Thermal erosion is the result of melting and weakening permafrost due to moving water . It can occur both along rivers and at the coast . Rapid river channel migration observed in the Lena River of Siberia is due to thermal erosion , as these portions of the banks are composed of permafrost - cemented non-cohesive materials . Much of this erosion occurs as the weakened banks fail in large slumps . Thermal erosion also affects the Arctic coast , where wave action and near - shore temperatures combine to undercut permafrost bluffs along the shoreline and cause them to fail . Annual erosion rates along a 100 - kilometre ( 62 - mile ) segment of the Beaufort Sea shoreline averaged 5.6 metres ( 18 feet ) per year from 1955 to 2002 . Coastal erosion ( edit ) Main article : Coastal erosion See also : Beach evolution Wave cut platform caused by erosion of cliffs by the sea , at Southerndown in South Wales . Erosion of the boulder clay ( of Pleistocene age ) along cliffs of Filey Bay , Yorkshire , England . Shoreline erosion , which occurs on both exposed and sheltered coasts , primarily occurs through the action of currents and waves but sea level ( tidal ) change can also play a role . Hydraulic action takes place when air in a joint is suddenly compressed by a wave closing the entrance of the joint . This then cracks it . Wave pounding is when the sheer energy of the wave hitting the cliff or rock breaks pieces off . Abrasion or corrasion is caused by waves launching seaload at the cliff . It is the most effective and rapid form of shoreline erosion ( not to be confused with corrosion ) . Corrosion is the dissolving of rock by carbonic acid in sea water . Limestone cliffs are particularly vulnerable to this kind of erosion . Attrition is where particles / seaload carried by the waves are worn down as they hit each other and the cliffs . This then makes the material easier to wash away . The material ends up as shingle and sand . Another significant source of erosion , particularly on carbonate coastlines , is the boring , scraping and grinding of organisms , a process termed bioerosion . Sediment is transported along the coast in the direction of the prevailing current ( longshore drift ) . When the upcurrent amount of sediment is less than the amount being carried away , erosion occurs . When the upcurrent amount of sediment is greater , sand or gravel banks will tend to form as a result of deposition . These banks may slowly migrate along the coast in the direction of the longshore drift , alternately protecting and exposing parts of the coastline . Where there is a bend in the coastline , quite often a buildup of eroded material occurs forming a long narrow bank ( a spit ) . Armoured beaches and submerged offshore sandbanks may also protect parts of a coastline from erosion . Over the years , as the shoals gradually shift , the erosion may be redirected to attack different parts of the shore . Chemical erosion ( edit ) Chemical erosion is the loss of matter in a landscape in the form of solutes . Chemical erosion is usually calculated from the solutes found in streams . Anders Rapp pioneered the study of chemical erosion in his work about Kärkevagge published in 1960 . Glaciers ( edit ) Glacial moraines above Lake Louise , in Alberta , Canada . Glaciers erode predominantly by three different processes : abrasion / scouring , plucking , and ice thrusting . In an abrasion process , debris in the basal ice scrapes along the bed , polishing and gouging the underlying rocks , similar to sandpaper on wood . Scientists have shown that , in addition to the role of temperature played in valley - deepening , other glaciological processes , such as erosion also control cross-valley variations . In a homogeneous bedrock erosion pattern , curved channel cross section beneath the ice is created . Though the glacier continues to incise vertically , the shape of the channel beneath the ice eventually remain constant , reaching a U-shaped parabolic steady - state shape as we now see in glaciated valleys . Scientists also provide numerical estimate of the time required for the ultimate formation of a steady - shaped U-shaped valley - approximately 100,000 years . In a weak bedrock ( containing material more erodible than the surrounding rocks ) erosion pattern , on the contrary , the amount of overdeepening is limited because ice velocities and erosion rates are reduced . Glaciers can also cause pieces of bedrock to crack off in the process of plucking . In ice thrusting , the glacier freezes to its bed , then as it surges forward , it moves large sheets of frozen sediment at the base along with the glacier . This method produced some of the many thousands of lake basins that dot the edge of the Canadian Shield . Differences in the height of mountain ranges are not only being the result tectonic forces , such as rock uplift , but also local climate variations . Scientists use global analysis of topography to show that glacial erosion controls the maximum height of mountains , as the relief between mountain peaks and the snow line are generally confined to altitudes less than 1500 m . The erosion caused by glaciers worldwide erodes mountains so effectively that the term glacial buzzsaw has become widely used , which describes the limiting effect of glaciers on the height of mountain ranges . As mountains grow higher , they generally allow for more glacial activity ( especially in the accumulation zone above the glacial equilibrium line altitude ) , which causes increased rates of erosion of the mountain , decreasing mass faster than isostatic rebound can add to the mountain . This provides a good example of a negative feedback loop . Ongoing research is showing that while glaciers tend to decrease mountain size , in some areas , glaciers can actually reduce the rate of erosion , acting as a glacial armour . Ice can not only erode mountains , but also protect them from erosion . Depending on glacier regime , even steep alpine lands can be preserved through time with the help of ice . Scientists have proved this theory by sampling eight summits of northwestern Svalbard using Be10 and Al26 , showing that northwestern Svalbard transformed from a glacier - erosion state under relatively mild glacial maxima temperature , to a glacier - armour state occupied by cold - based , protective ice during much colder glacial maxima temperatures as the Quaternary ice age progressed . These processes , combined with erosion and transport by the water network beneath the glacier , leave behind glacial landforms such as moraines , drumlins , ground moraine ( till ) , kames , kame deltas , moulins , and glacial erratics in their wake , typically at the terminus or during glacier retreat . The best - developed glacial valley morphology appears to be restricted to landscapes with low rock uplift rates ( less than or equal to 2 mm per year ) and high relief , leading to long - turnover times . Where rock uplift rates exceed 2 mm per year , glacial valley morphology has generally been significantly modified in postglacial time . Interplay of glacial erosion and tectonic forcing governs the morphologic impact of glaciations on active orogens , by both influencing their height , and by altering the patterns of erosion during subsequent glacial periods via a link between rock uplift and valley cross-sectional shape . Floods ( edit ) At extremely high flows , kolks , or vortices are formed by large volumes of rapidly rushing water . Kolks cause extreme local erosion , plucking bedrock and creating pothole - type geographical features called Rock - cut basins . Examples can be seen in the flood regions result from glacial Lake Missoula , which created the channeled scablands in the Columbia Basin region of eastern Washington . Wind erosion ( edit ) Árbol de Piedra , a rock formation in the Altiplano , Bolivia sculpted by wind erosion . Main article : Aeolian processes Wind erosion is a major geomorphological force , especially in arid and semi-arid regions . It is also a major source of land degradation , evaporation , desertification , harmful airborne dust , and crop damage -- especially after being increased far above natural rates by human activities such as deforestation , urbanization , and agriculture . Wind erosion is of two primary varieties : deflation , where the wind picks up and carries away loose particles ; and abrasion , where surfaces are worn down as they are struck by airborne particles carried by wind . Deflation is divided into three categories : ( 1 ) surface creep , where larger , heavier particles slide or roll along the ground ; ( 2 ) saltation , where particles are lifted a short height into the air , and bounce and saltate across the surface of the soil ; and ( 3 ) suspension , where very small and light particles are lifted into the air by the wind , and are often carried for long distances . Saltation is responsible for the majority ( 50 - 70 % ) of wind erosion , followed by suspension ( 30 - 40 % ) , and then surface creep ( 5 - 25 % ) . Wind erosion is much more severe in arid areas and during times of drought . For example , in the Great Plains , it is estimated that soil loss due to wind erosion can be as much as 6100 times greater in drought years than in wet years . Mass movement ( edit ) Wadi in Makhtesh Ramon , Israel , showing gravity collapse erosion on its banks . Mass movement is the downward and outward movement of rock and sediments on a sloped surface , mainly due to the force of gravity . Mass movement is an important part of the erosional process , and is often the first stage in the breakdown and transport of weathered materials in mountainous areas . It moves material from higher elevations to lower elevations where other eroding agents such as streams and glaciers can then pick up the material and move it to even lower elevations . Mass - movement processes are always occurring continuously on all slopes ; some mass - movement processes act very slowly ; others occur very suddenly , often with disastrous results . Any perceptible down - slope movement of rock or sediment is often referred to in general terms as a landslide . However , landslides can be classified in a much more detailed way that reflects the mechanisms responsible for the movement and the velocity at which the movement occurs . One of the visible topographical manifestations of a very slow form of such activity is a scree slope . Slumping happens on steep hillsides , occurring along distinct fracture zones , often within materials like clay that , once released , may move quite rapidly downhill . They will often show a spoon - shaped isostatic depression , in which the material has begun to slide downhill . In some cases , the slump is caused by water beneath the slope weakening it . In many cases it is simply the result of poor engineering along highways where it is a regular occurrence . Surface creep is the slow movement of soil and rock debris by gravity which is usually not perceptible except through extended observation . However , the term can also describe the rolling of dislodged soil particles 0.5 to 1.0 mm ( 0.02 to 0.04 in ) in diameter by wind along the soil surface . Factors affecting erosion rates ( edit ) Climate ( edit ) See also : Climatic geomorphology The amount and intensity of precipitation is the main climatic factor governing soil erosion by water . The relationship is particularly strong if heavy rainfall occurs at times when , or in locations where , the soil 's surface is not well protected by vegetation . This might be during periods when agricultural activities leave the soil bare , or in semi-arid regions where vegetation is naturally sparse . Wind erosion requires strong winds , particularly during times of drought when vegetation is sparse and soil is dry ( and so is more erodible ) . Other climatic factors such as average temperature and temperature range may also affect erosion , via their effects on vegetation and soil properties . In general , given similar vegetation and ecosystems , areas with more precipitation ( especially high - intensity rainfall ) , more wind , or more storms are expected to have more erosion . In some areas of the world ( e.g. the mid-western USA ) , rainfall intensity is the primary determinant of erosivity ( for a definition of erosivity check , ) with higher intensity rainfall generally resulting in more soil erosion by water . The size and velocity of rain drops is also an important factor . Larger and higher - velocity rain drops have greater kinetic energy , and thus their impact will displace soil particles by larger distances than smaller , slower - moving rain drops . In other regions of the world ( e.g. western Europe ) , runoff and erosion result from relatively low intensities of stratiform rainfall falling onto previously saturated soil . In such situations , rainfall amount rather than intensity is the main factor determining the severity of soil erosion by water . In Taiwan , where typhoon frequency increased significantly in the 21st century , a strong link has been drawn between the increase in storm frequency with an increase in sediment load in rivers and reservoirs , highlighting the impacts climate change can have on erosion . Vegetative cover ( edit ) See also : Vegetation and slope stability Vegetation acts as an interface between the atmosphere and the soil . It increases the permeability of the soil to rainwater , thus decreasing runoff . It shelters the soil from winds , which results in decreased wind erosion , as well as advantageous changes in microclimate . The roots of the plants bind the soil together , and interweave with other roots , forming a more solid mass that is less susceptible to both water and wind erosion . The removal of vegetation increases the rate of surface erosion . Topography ( edit ) The topography of the land determines the velocity at which surface runoff will flow , which in turn determines the erosivity of the runoff . Longer , steeper slopes ( especially those without adequate vegetative cover ) are more susceptible to very high rates of erosion during heavy rains than shorter , less steep slopes . Steeper terrain is also more prone to mudslides , landslides , and other forms of gravitational erosion processes . Tectonics ( edit ) Main article : Erosion and tectonics Tectonic processes control rates and distributions of erosion at the Earth 's surface . If tectonic action causes part of the Earth 's surface ( e.g. , a mountain range ) to be raised or lowered relative to surrounding areas , this must necessarily change the gradient of the land surface . Because erosion rates are almost always sensitive to local slope ( see above ) , this will change the rates of erosion in the uplifted area . Active tectonics also brings fresh , unweathered rock towards the surface , where it is exposed to the action of erosion . However , erosion can also affect tectonic processes . The removal by erosion of large amounts of rock from a particular region , and its deposition elsewhere , can result in a lightening of the load on the lower crust and mantle . Because tectonic processes are driven by gradients in the stress field developed in the crust , this unloading can in turn cause tectonic or isostatic uplift in the region . In some cases , it has been hypothesised that these twin feedbacks can act to localise and enhance zones of very rapid exhumation of deep crustal rocks beneath places on the Earth 's surface with extremely high erosion rates , for example , beneath the extremely steep terrain of Nanga Parbat in the western Himalayas . Such a place has been called a `` tectonic aneurysm '' . Development ( edit ) Human land development , in forms including agricultural and urban development , is considered a significant factor in erosion and sediment transport . In Taiwan , increases in sediment load in the northern , central , and southern regions of the island can be tracked with the timeline of development for each region throughout the 20th century . Erosion of Earth systems ( edit ) Mountain ranges ( edit ) See also : denudation and planation This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2015 ) Mountain ranges are known to take many millions of years to erode to the degree they effectively cease to exist . Scholars Pitman and Golovchenko estimate that it takes probably more than 450 million years to erode a mountain mass similar to the Himalaya into an almost - flat peneplain if there are no major sea - level changes . Erosion of mountains massifs can create a pattern of equally high summits called summit accordance . It has been argued that extension during post-orogenic collapse is a more effective mechanism of lowering the height of orogenic mountains than erosion . Examples of heavily eroded mountain ranges include the Timanides of Northern Russia . Erosion of this orogen has produced sediments that are now found in the East European Platform , including the Cambrian Sablya Formation near Lake Ladoga . Studies of these sediments indicate that it is likely that the erosion of the orogen began in the Cambrian and then intensified in the Ordovician . Soils ( edit ) Further information : soil erosion and pedogenesis If the rate of erosion is higher than the rate of soil formation the soils are being destroyed by erosion . Where soil is not destroyed by erosion , erosion can in some cases prevent the formation of soil features that form slowly . Inceptisols are common soils that form in areas of fast erosion . While erosion of soils is a natural process , human activities have increased by 10 - 40 times the rate at which erosion is occurring globally . Excessive ( or accelerated ) erosion causes both `` on - site '' and `` off - site '' problems . On - site impacts include decreases in agricultural productivity and ( on natural landscapes ) ecological collapse , both because of loss of the nutrient - rich upper soil layers . In some cases , the eventual end result is desertification . Off - site effects include sedimentation of waterways and eutrophication of water bodies , as well as sediment - related damage to roads and houses . Water and wind erosion are the two primary causes of land degradation ; combined , they are responsible for about 84 % of the global extent of degraded land , making excessive erosion one of the most significant environmental problems . See also ( edit ) Badland Biorhexistasy Bridge scour Cellular confinement Coastal sediment supply Food security Geomorphology Groundwater sapping Highly erodible land Ice jacking Lessivage Marine terrace Riparian strips River anticlines Sediment transport Sinkhole Space weathering Sphericity scale TERON ( Tillage erosion ) Vetiver System Weathering References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Erosion '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2015 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Cheraghi , M. , S. Jomaa , G.C. Sander , and D.A. Barry ( 2016 ) , Hysteretic sediment fluxes in rainfall - driven soil erosion : Particle size effects , Water Resour . Res. , 52 , doi : 10.1002 / 2016WR019314 file ( http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016WR019314/full link ) Jump up ^ Hallet , Bernard ( 1981 ) . `` Glacial Abrasion and Sliding : Their Dependence on the Debris Concentration In Basal Ice '' . Annals of Glaciology. 2 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 28 . Bibcode : 1981AnGla ... 2 ... 23H . 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Jump up ^ Wiggs , Giles F.S. ( 2011 ) . `` Geomorphological hazards in drylands '' . In Thomas , David S.G. Arid Zone Geomorphology : Process , Form and Change in Drylands . John Wiley & Sons . p. 588 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 71076 - 0 . Jump up ^ Van Beek , Rens ( 2008 ) . `` Hillside processes : mass wasting , slope stability , and erosion '' . In Norris , Joanne E. et al. Slope Stability and Erosion Control : Ecotechnological Solutions . Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 6675 - 7 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Gray , Donald H. & Sotir , Robbin B. ( 1996 ) . `` Surficial erosion and mass movement '' . Biotechnical and Soil Bioengineering Slope Stabilization : A Practical Guide for Erosion Control . John Wiley & Sons . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 04978 - 4 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Nichols , Gary ( 2009 ) . Sedimentology and Stratigraphy . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 9379 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Britannica Library '' . library.eb.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Zorn , Matija ; Komac , Blaž ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . Bobrowsky , Peter T. , ed . Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards . Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series . Springer Netherlands . pp. 289 -- 290 . ISBN 9789048186990 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 4399 - 4_121 . ^ Jump up to : Blanco - Canqui , Humberto ; Rattan , Lal ( 2008 ) . `` Water erosion '' . Principles of soil conservation and management . Dordrecht : Springer . pp. 21 -- 53 . ISBN 9781402087097 . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , David R. ; Huang , Michelle Y. - F. ; Huang , Alice Y. - L. ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Regional soil erosion in response to land use and increased typhoon frequency and intensity , Taiwan '' . Quaternary Research . 81 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 20 . Bibcode : 2014QuRes ... 81 ... 15M . ISSN 0033 - 5894 . doi : 10.1016 / j. yqres. 2013.10. 005 . Jump up ^ Gyssels , G. ; Poesen , J. ; Bochet , E. ; Li , Y. ( 2005 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Impact of plant roots on the resistance of soils to erosion by water : a review '' . Progress in Physical Geography. 29 ( 2 ) : 189 -- 217 . ISSN 0309 - 1333 . doi : 10.1191 / 0309133305pp443ra . Jump up ^ Styczen , M.E. & Morgan , R.P.C. ( 1995 ) . `` Engineering properties of vegetation '' . In Morgan , R.P.C. & Rickson , R. Jane . Slope Stabilization and Erosion Control : A Bioengineering Approach . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 419 - 15630 - 7 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Whisenant , Steve G. ( 2008 ) . `` Terrestrial systems '' . In Perrow Michael R. & Davy , Anthony J. Handbook of Ecological Restoration : Principles of Restoration . Cambridge University Press . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 04983 - 2 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Wainwright , John & Brazier , Richard E. ( 2011 ) . `` Slope systems '' . In Thomas , David S.G. Arid Zone Geomorphology : Process , Form and Change in Drylands . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 71076 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Burbank , Douglas W. ; Anderson , Robert S. ( 2011 ) . `` Tectonic and surface uplift rates '' . Tectonic Geomorphology . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 270 -- 271 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 4504 - 9 . Jump up ^ Zeitler , P.K. et al. ( 2001 ) , Erosion , Himalayan Geodynamics , and the Geomorphology of Metamorphism , GSA Today , 11 , 4 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Chen , Jie ( 2007 - 01 - 16 ) . `` Rapid urbanization in China : A real challenge to soil protection and food security '' . CATENA . Influences of rapid urbanization and industrialization on soil resource and its quality in China . 69 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 15 . doi : 10.1016 / j. catena. 2006.04. 019 . Jump up ^ Pitman , W.C. ; Golovchenko , X . ( 1991 ) . `` The effect of sea level changes on the morphology of mountain belts '' . Journal of Geophysical Research : Solid Earth . 96 ( B4 ) : 6879 -- 6891 . Bibcode : 1991JGR ... 96.6879 P. ISSN 0148 - 0227 . doi : 10.1029 / 91JB00250 . Jump up ^ Beckinsale , Robert P. ; Chorley , Richard J. ( 2003 ) ( 1991 ) . `` Chapter Seven : American Polycyclic Geomorphology '' . The History of the Study of Landforms . Volume Three . Taylor & Francis e-Library . pp. 235 -- 236 . Jump up ^ Dewey , J.F. ; Ryan , P.D. ; Andersen , T.B. ( 1993 ) . `` Orogenic uplift and collapse , crustal thickness , fabrics and metamorphic phase changes : the role of eclogites '' . Geological Society , London , Special Publications . 76 ( 1 ) : 325 -- 343 . Bibcode : 1993GSLSP ... 76 ... 325D . doi : 10.1144 / gsl. sp. 1993.076. 01.16 . Jump up ^ Orlov , S.Yu. ; Kuznetsov , N.B. ; Miller , E.D. ; Soboleva , A.A. ; Udoratina , O.V. ( 2011 ) . `` Age Constraints for the Pre -- Uralide -- Timanide Orogenic Event Inferred from the Study of Detrital Zircons '' ( PDF ) . Doklady Earth Sciences . 440 ( 1 ) : 1216 -- 1221 . Bibcode : 2011DokES. 440.1216 O . doi : 10.1134 / s1028334x11090078 . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Lupia - Palmieri , Elvidio ( 2004 ) . `` Erosion '' . In Goudie , A.S. Encyclopedia of Geomorphology . p. 336 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Earl B. ( 2014 ) . Soils in natural landscapes . CRC Press . p. 108 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4665 - 9436 - 4 . Jump up ^ Blanco , Humberto & Lal , Rattan ( 2010 ) . `` Soil and water conservation '' . Principles of Soil Conservation and Management . Springer . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 8529 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Further reading ( edit ) Boardman , John ; Poesen , Jean , eds. ( 2007 ) . Soil Erosion in Europe . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9780470859117 . Montgomery , David ( October 2 , 2008 ) . Dirt : The Erosion of Civilizations ( 1st ed . ) . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25806 - 8 . Montgomery , D.R. ( 8 August 2007 ) . `` Soil erosion and agricultural sustainability '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 104 ( 33 ) : 13268 -- 13272 . Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 10413268M . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0611508104 . Vanoni , Vito A. , ed. ( 1975 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The nature of sedimentation problems '' . Sedimentation Engineering . ASCE Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7844 - 0823 - 0 . Mainguet , Monique ; Dumay , Frédéric ( April 2011 ) . Fighting wind erosion . One aspect of the combat against desertification . Les dossiers thématiques du CSFD . CSFD / Agropolis International . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutErosionat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity The Soil Erosion Site International Erosion Control Association Soil Erosion Data in the European Soil Portal USDA National Soil Erosion Laboratory The Soil and Water Conservation Society ( hide ) River morphology Large - scale features Drainage basin Drainage system ( geomorphology ) Estuary Strahler number ( stream order ) River valley River delta River sinuosity Alluvial rivers Anabranch Avulsion ( river ) Bar ( river morphology ) Braided river Channel pattern Cut bank Floodplain Meander Meander cutoff Mouth bar Oxbow lake Point bar Riffle Rapids Riparian zone River bifurcation River channel migration River mouth Slip - off slope Stream pool Thalweg Bedrock river Canyon Knickpoint Plunge pool Bedforms Ait Antidune Dune Current ripple Regional processes Aggradation Base level Degradation ( geology ) Erosion and tectonics River rejuvenation Mechanics Deposition ( geology ) Water erosion Exner equation Hack 's law Helicoidal flow Playfair 's law Sediment transport Portal LCCN : sh85044667 GND : 4015366 - 6 NDL : 00571149 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erosion&oldid=807110796 '' Categories : Erosion Soil science Agronomy Intensive farming Soil erosion Desertification Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles to be expanded from November 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Basa Banyumasan Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 23 : 49 . 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You've Really Got a Hold on Me
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You 've Really Got a Hold on Me - wikipedia You 've Really Got a Hold on Me This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' Single by The Miracles from the album The Fabulous Miracles A-side `` Happy Landing '' B - side `` You 've Really Got A Hold on Me '' Released November 9 , 1962 Format 7 '' single Recorded Hitsville USA ( Studio A ) ; October 16 , 1962 Genre Soul Length 3 : 02 Label Tamla T 54073 Songwriter ( s ) Smokey Robinson Producer ( s ) Smokey Robinson The Miracles singles chronology `` I 'll Try Something New '' ( 1962 ) `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' ( 1962 ) `` A Love She Can Count On '' ( 1963 ) `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' is a song written by Smokey Robinson which became a 1962 Top 10 hit single for The Miracles on Motown 's Tamla label . One of the Miracles ' most covered tunes , this million - selling song received a 1998 Grammy Hall of Fame Award . It has also been selected as one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . It was covered by English rock group the Beatles on their second album , With the Beatles and many other musicians . Contents 1 Composition 2 Recording 3 Originally a `` B '' Side 3.1 Soundtracks and film appearances 3.2 Personnel 3.3 Chart performance 4 Covers 4.1 The Beatles 4.1. 1 Personnel 4.2 Other versions 5 References Composition ( edit ) `` You 've Really Got a Hold On Me '' was written by Smokey Robinson while in New York in 1962 on business for Motown ; he heard Sam Cooke 's `` Bring It On Home to Me '' , which was in the charts at the time , and -- influenced by it -- wrote the song in his hotel room . Recording ( edit ) The song was recorded in Motown 's Studio A on October 16 , 1962 with Robinson on lead vocals , and Miracles ' second tenor Bobby Rogers on harmony co-lead . Robinson was the producer , and he had Eddie Willis and Miracle Marv Tarplin share the guitar parts . Originally a `` B '' side ( edit ) The song was released on the Tamla label on November 9 , 1962 as the B side to `` Happy Landing '' . `` Happy Landing '' charted regionally ; however , the nation 's Dee - Jays flipped the record over , because they liked `` Hold On Me '' better . With `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' as the A side , the single reached the Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 Pop chart , peaking at number eight , and was a number - one smash on the Billboard R&B singles chart during the winter of 1962 - 63 . The Miracles ' original version is a 1998 Grammy Hall of Fame inductee . It was also the group 's second single to sell over a million copies , after `` Shop Around '' . It was included on the album The Fabulous Miracles over three months after its release . Soundtracks and film appearances ( edit ) The Miracles can be seen performing the song live on stage at the Apollo Theatre in New York ( 1963 ) on the Motown / Universal DVD release : Smokey Robinson & The Miracles : The Definitive Performances 1963 - 1987 . This filmed performance , according to the DVD 's liner notes , is the only known recorded live footage of the group with original Miracles member Claudette ( Mrs. Smokey ) Robinson . They also performed it live at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium the following year ( 1964 ) for the American International Pictures concert film , T.A.M.I. Show . It was also chosen for the soundtrack of the award - winning 1964 Ivan Dixon film , Nothing But a Man , and many others ( see below ) . Smokey Robinson himself also performed a rewritten version of it on Sesame Street alongside a grabby , feminine - looking Muppet letter `` U '' , who would n't stop trying to grab Smokey , with such lyrics as `` U stands for uptight / That 's how I 'm feelin ' / Bein ' grabbed by a letter is / Unappealin ' '' . The Miracles performed the song on a 1964 telecast of the ABC television series Shindig ! , and in 1983 , the group also performed it , 21 years after they originally recorded it , on the Emmy - winning NBC Television special , Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever . Nothing But a Man ( 1964 ) T.A.M.I. Show ( 1964 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) `` The Wanderers '' ( 1979 ) Alien Nation ( 1988 ) Roseanne ( 1988 ) Mermaids ( 1990 ) Breaking the Rules ( 1992 ) Striptease ( 1996 ) Strike ! ( 1998 ) Friends ( 2000 ) Flipped ( film ) ( 2010 ) Reference : IMDb Personnel ( edit ) The Miracles Smokey Robinson -- lead vocal Claudette Rogers Robinson -- backing vocal Pete Moore -- backing vocal Ronnie White -- backing vocal Bobby Rogers -- co-lead vocal and backing vocal Marv Tarplin -- guitar Other instruments by The Funk Brothers Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1962 - 1963 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 8 U.S. Billboard Hot R&B Sides Covers ( edit ) The Beatles ( edit ) `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' Song by The Beatles from the album With the Beatles Released November 22 , 1963 Recorded July 18 , 1963 , EMI Studios , London Genre Rhythm and blues Length 3 : 01 Label Parlophone Songwriter ( s ) Smokey Robinson Producer ( s ) George Martin `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' ( sic ) was the first track recorded for the Beatles ' second United Kingdom LP , With the Beatles , and features John Lennon and George Harrison on lead vocals with Paul McCartney on harmony vocals . The Beatles acquired an imported copy by the Miracles and included it in their repertoire early in 1963 . In a 1968 interview , Smokey Robinson reported that he liked their cover . The Beatles recorded the song on July 18 , 1963 . This session took place while Please Please Me was still at number one in the album charts four months after its release , and in the midst of a rigorous touring schedule that also had to include BBC sessions for radio and television . It was completed in seven takes , four of which were complete . The group then recorded four edit pieces . The final version was an edit of takes 7 , 10 and 11 . The Beatles also recorded `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' on four occasions for BBC radio in 1963 . One of these , from July 30 , 1963 was included on the Live at the BBC collection . A live version recorded in Stockholm , Sweden in October 1963 was released in 1995 on Anthology 1 . The song was performed once again in 1969 , during the Let It Be recording sessions , and featured in the 1970 documentary film , Let It Be . Personnel ( edit ) John Lennon -- rhythm guitar , lead vocals George Harrison -- lead guitar , lead vocals Paul McCartney -- bass guitar , harmony vocals Ringo Starr -- drums George Martin -- piano Other versions ( edit ) `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' has been covered extensively since its release : The Supremes did a version which was produced by Berry Gordy with Hal Davis and Marc Gordon doing the mixing , and appeared on their 1964 album A Bit of Liverpool . Group member Mary Wilson sang in close unison with Diana Ross 's lead in their version. The Temptations ' version , produced by Smokey Robinson , was included on their 1965 album The Temptations Sing Smokey . Eddie Kendricks sang lead vocal with David Ruffin providing harmony co-lead vocal on verses 1 and 2 ; Paul Williams provided vocals on close harmony on the final verse . The Zombies covered the song in their 1965 debut LP Begin Here . Barbara McNair recorded an unreleased version in 1968 , and in 1969 the Jackson 5 , with Michael Jackson singing lead , recorded an unreleased track that was originally intended for their first album Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 . Laura Nyro recorded the song in 1971 on her album , Gonna Take a Miracle . Michael Jackson also recorded a solo version in 1973 ; however this remained unreleased until 1984 's Farewell My Summer Love . These versions were among the first recorded that did not have dueling unison leads . The Small Faces covered the song for their album From the Beginning in 1967 . Eddie Money covered this song on his 1977 debut album . Bernard Edwards covered the song on his solo album Glad To Be Here in 1983 . Country music artist Mickey Gilley covered the song in 1984 . Produced by Jim Ed Norman , and released by Epic Records , Gilley 's version peaked at # 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and # 1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada . Mike and the Mechanics covered the song for their album Beggar on a Beach of Gold in 1995 . Cyndi Lauper covered the song for her 2003 studio album At Last . She & Him covered the song on their debut album Volume One in 2008 . Rod Stewart covered it as well for his album Soulbook in 2009 . Phil Collins covered the song for his album Going Back in 2010 . Haley Reinhart covered the song in an American Idol performance in 2011 . Smokey Robinson himself also performed a rewritten version of it on Sesame Street in 1985 alongside a grabby feminine looking Muppet red letter `` U '' , with such lyrics as `` U stands for uptight / That 's how I 'm feelin ' / Bein ' grabbed by a letter is / Unappealin ' '' . Jinkx Monsoon covered the song in their album The Ginger Snapped in 2018 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Smokey Robinson interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) ^ Jump up to : Bill Dahl ( 28 Feb 2011 ) . Motown : The Golden Years . Krause Publications . p. 130 . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ The Miracles -- Depend On Me : The Early Albums liner notes , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 404 . Jump up ^ Coryton , Demitri ; Joseph Murrells . Hits Of The Sixties : The Million Sellers . ^ Jump up to : `` With The Beatles '' . Albumlinernotes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles Bible : You Really Got A Hold On Me '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mark Ribowsky ( 27 Apr 2010 ) . The Supremes : A Saga of Motown Dreams , Success , and Betrayal . Da Capo Press . p. 176 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Kristina Juarbe ( 2011 - 12 - 03 ) , Diana Ross and the Supremes - You 've Really Got a Hold on Me , retrieved 2018 - 08 - 24 Jump up ^ Mark Deming . `` Begin Here - The Zombies Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Florin Mihalache ( 2012 - 06 - 26 ) , The Jackson 5 - You 've Really Got a Hold On Me ( Audio HQ ) HD , retrieved 2018 - 08 - 24 Jump up ^ `` Classic Sesame Street - U Really Got a Hold On Me '' . YouTube . 2006 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . The Miracles Smokey Robinson Ronnie White Pete Moore Bobby Rogers Claudette Robinson Marv Tarplin Billy Griffin Donald Griffin Carl Cotton Mark Scott Dave Finley Sydney Justin Alphonse Franklin Tee Turner Pre-Miracles : Emerson `` Sonny '' Rogers James Grice Clarence Dawson Production Berry Gordy Smokey Robinson Pete Moore Studio albums Hi ... We 're The Miracles ( 1961 ) Cookin ' with The Miracles ( 1961 ) I 'll Try Something New ( 1962 ) The Fabulous Miracles ( 1963 ) The Miracles Doin ' Mickey 's Monkey ( 1963 ) I Like It Like That ( 1964 ) Going to a Go - Go ( 1965 ) Away We a Go - Go ( 1966 ) Make It Happen ( The Tears of a Clown ) ( 1967 ) Special Occasion ( 1968 ) Time Out For Smokey Robinson & the Miracles ( 1969 ) Four in Blue ( 1969 ) What Love Has Joined Together ( 1970 ) A Pocket Full Of Miracles ( 1970 ) One Dozen Roses ( 1971 ) Flying High Together ( 1972 ) Renaissance ( 1973 ) Do It Baby ( 1974 ) City of Angels ( 1975 ) Live albums The Miracles Recorded Live on Stage ( 1963 ) Smokey Robinson & The Miracles LIVE ! ( 1969 ) Smokey Robinson & The Miracles : 1957 - 1972 ( 1972 ) Other albums Christmas with The Miracles ( 1963 ) Compilations Greatest Hits : From the Beginning ( 1965 ) Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 ( 1968 ) Anthology ( 1974 ) Anthology ' 86 ( 1986 ) Anthology : The Best of Smokey Robinson & The Miracles ( 1995 ) The Ultimate Collection ( 1998 ) Ooo Baby Baby : The Anthology ( 2002 ) Depend On Me : The Early Albums ( 2009 ) Singles ( US / UK Top Twenty singles ) `` Shop Around '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' / `` Happy Landing '' `` Mickey 's Monkey '' `` Ooo Baby Baby '' `` The Tracks of My Tears '' `` My Girl Has Gone '' `` Going to a Go - Go '' `` ( Come ' Round Here ) I 'm the One You Need '' `` The Love I Saw in You Was Just a Mirage '' `` I Second That Emotion '' `` If You Can Want '' `` Baby , Baby Do n't Cry '' `` The Tears of a Clown '' `` I Do n't Blame You At All '' `` Do It Baby '' `` Love Machine '' Videography The Definitive Performances ( 1963 -- 1987 ) ( 2006 ) Discography Albums Songs Related articles Motown Records List of cover versions of The Miracles songs Book : The Miracles The Miracles singles discography 1950s `` Got a Job '' ( 1958 ) `` Your Love ( Is All I Need ) '' ( 1958 ) `` I Cry '' ( 1958 ) `` I Need a Change '' ( 1959 ) `` It '' ( 1959 ) `` Bad Girl '' ( 1959 ) `` The Feeling Is So Fine '' ( 1959 ) / `` ( You Can ) Depend on Me '' ( 1959 ) 1960s `` Way Over There '' ( 1960 ) `` Shop Around '' ( 1960 ) / `` Who 's Lovin ' You '' ( 1960 ) `` Ai n't It Baby '' ( 1961 ) `` Mighty Good Lovin ' '' ( 1961 ) / Broken Hearted '' ( 1961 ) `` Everybody 's Gotta Pay Some Dues '' ( 1961 ) `` What 's So Good About Goodbye '' ( 1961 ) / `` I 've Been Good to You '' ( 1961 ) `` I 'll Try Something New '' ( 1962 ) `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' ( 1962 ) / `` Happy Landing '' ( 1962 ) `` A Love She Can Count On '' ( 1963 ) / `` I Can Take a Hint '' ( 1963 ) `` Mickey 's Monkey '' ( 1963 ) `` I Gotta Dance to Keep From Crying '' ( 1963 ) `` The Christmas Song '' ( 1963 ) `` ( You Ca n't Let the Boy Overpower ) The Man in You '' ( 1964 ) `` I Like It Like That '' ( 1964 ) `` That 's What Love Is Made Of '' ( 1964 ) `` Come On Do The Jerk '' ( 1964 ) `` Ooo Baby Baby '' ( 1965 ) `` The Tracks of My Tears '' ( 1965 ) / `` A Fork in the Road '' ( 1965 ) `` My Girl Has Gone '' ( 1965 ) `` Going to a Go - Go '' ( 1965 ) / `` Choosey Beggar '' ( 1965 ) `` Whole Lot of Shakin ' in My Heart ( Since I Met You ) '' ( 1966 ) `` ( Come ' Round Here ) I 'm the One You Need '' ( 1966 ) `` The Love I Saw in You Was Just a Mirage '' ( 1967 ) `` More Love '' ( 1967 ) `` I Second That Emotion '' ( 1967 ) `` If You Can Want '' ( 1968 ) `` Yester Love '' ( 1968 ) `` Special Occasion '' ( 1968 ) `` Baby , Baby Do n't Cry '' ( 1969 ) `` Here I Go Again '' ( 1969 ) / `` Doggone Right '' ( 1969 ) `` Abraham , Martin and John '' ( 1969 ) `` Point It Out '' ( 1969 ) / `` Darling Dear '' ( 1969 ) 1970s `` Who 's Gonna Take the Blame '' ( 1970 ) `` The Tears of a Clown '' ( 1970 ) `` I Do n't Blame You At All '' ( 1970 ) `` Crazy About the La La '' ( 1971 ) `` Satisfaction '' ( 1971 ) `` We 've Come Too Far to End It Now '' ( 1972 ) `` I Ca n't Stand to See You Cry '' ( 1972 ) `` Do n't Let It End ( ' Til You Let It Begin ) '' ( 1973 ) `` Give Me Just Another Day '' ( 1973 ) `` Do It Baby '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Cha Love It '' ( 1974 ) `` Gemini '' ( 1975 ) `` Love Machine '' ( 1975 ) `` Night Life '' ( 1976 ) `` Spy for Brotherhood '' ( 1977 ) `` I Can Touch the Sky '' ( 1977 ) `` Mean Machine '' ( 1978 ) Book : The Miracles With the Beatles Songs Side one `` It Wo n't Be Long '' `` All I 've Got to Do '' `` All My Loving '' `` Do n't Bother Me '' `` Little Child '' `` Till There Was You '' `` Please Mr. Postman '' Side two `` Roll Over Beethoven '' `` Hold Me Tight '' `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` I Wanna Be Your Man '' `` Devil in Her Heart '' `` Not a Second Time '' `` Money '' Non-album single `` She Loves You '' `` I 'll Get You '' `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' `` This Boy '' Outtakes `` What Goes On '' Related articles The Beatles discography Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters Mickey Gilley Albums Too Good to Stop Now Invitation Only Notable singles `` Lotta Lovin ' '' `` Room Full of Roses '' `` I Overlooked an Orchid '' `` City Lights '' `` Window Up Above '' `` Bouquet of Roses '' `` Overnight Sensation '' `` Do n't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` She 's Pulling Me Back Again '' `` Honky Tonk Memories '' `` Chains of Song '' `` The Power of Positive Drinkin ' '' `` Here Comes the Hurt Again '' `` The Song We Made Love To '' `` Just Long Enough to Say Goodbye '' `` My Silver Lining '' `` True Love Ways '' `` Stand by Me '' `` That 's All That Matters '' `` A Headache Tomorrow ( Or a Heartache Tonight ) '' `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Lonely Nights '' `` Tears of the Lonely '' `` Put Your Dreams Away '' `` Talk to Me '' `` Fool for Your Love '' `` Your Love Shines Through '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Too Good to Stop Now '' `` I 'm the One Mama Warned You About '' `` You 've Got Something on Your Mind '' `` Your Memory Ai n't What It Used to Be '' `` Doo - Wah Days '' `` Full Grown Fool '' `` She Reminded Me of You '' `` There I 've Said It Again '' Guest singles `` Paradise Tonight '' ( with Charly McClain ) Related articles Discography Jerry Lee Lewis Jimmy Swaggart Barbi Benton Ray Charles Gilley 's Club Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27ve_Really_Got_a_Hold_on_Me&oldid=856319257 '' Categories : The Miracles songs Songs written by Smokey Robinson Tamla Records singles Parlophone singles 1962 singles 1963 singles 1979 singles 1980 singles 1984 singles The Beatles songs The Supremes songs Eddie Money songs Cher songs She & Him songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Song recordings produced by Jim Ed Norman Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients RPM Top Singles number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Mickey Gilley songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Epic Records singles Song recordings produced by Berry Gordy Song recordings produced by Smokey Robinson 1962 songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 11 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who wrote the song you really got a hold on me
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"\"You've Really Got a Hold on Me\" is a song written by Smokey Robinson which became a 1962 Top 10 hit single for The Miracles on Motown's Tamla label. One of the Miracles' most covered tunes, this million-selling song received a 1998 Grammy Hall of Fame Award. It has also been selected as one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. It was covered by English rock group the Beatles on their second album, With the Beatles and many other musicians.\n"
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"Smokey Robinson"
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List of Star Wars filming locations
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List of Star Wars filming locations - wikipedia List of Star Wars filming locations Jump to : navigation , search Map showing Star Wars shooting locations and film studios Scenery left over from the filming of Tatooine scenes in Onk Jmel , Tunisia Multiple global locations were used for filming locations during the production of the Star Wars films to provide the setting for alien planets in the Star Wars Universe . Most locations were used to shoot principal photography with actors ; more recently as digital filmmaking has become more common , some prequel trilogy locations were shot with no actors present and digitally composited into the films to provide a backdrop of a story setting . Listed below are locations used for filming of the following Star Wars films : Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope ( 1977 ) Star Wars Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Star Wars Episode VI : Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Star Wars Episode VII : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Star Wars Episode VIII : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) In addition to filming locations , a list of film studios is also included for reference . Contents ( hide ) 1 Maps 2 Location filming 3 Studios 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Maps ( edit ) Death Valley Redwood National Park Yuma Desert Tunisia locations Europe locations UK locations Phang Nga Guilin Tikal Laamu Atoll Iceland locations Wadi Rum Fox Studios Salar de Uyuni Locations around the world Eyjafjallajökull Reynisfjara Mount Etna Palace of Caserta Hardangerjøkulen Seville Grindelwald Balbianello Skellig Michael Dubrovnik Locations in continental Europe Tozeur Nefta Matmata Ksar Ouled Soltane Ksar Hadada Ajim Locations in Tunisia Ealing Studios Leavesden Studios Shepperton Studios Whippendell Woods Studios and locations in the UK Location filming ( edit ) Image Location Country Episode Setting Notes Ksar Hadada , Ghoumrassen Tunisia Tatooine : Mos Espa slave quarters Ksar Ouled Soltane Tunisia Tatooine : Mos Espa slave quarters 30 km south of Tataouine Onk Jemal , Tozeur 33 ° 59 ′ 39 '' N 7 ° 50 ′ 34 '' E / 33.994030 ° N 7.842748 ° E / 33.994030 ; 7.842748 Tunisia Tatooine : Mos Espa street set Location of the lightsaber duel between Qui - Gon Jinn & Darth Maul ; Mos Espa ; Palace of Caserta Italy I , II Naboo Royal Palace Whippendell Woods , Cassiobury Park , Watford UK Naboo forest scene First meeting of Qui - Gon Jinn and Obi - Wan Kenobi with Jar Jar Binks . Plaza de España in Seville Spain II Naboo : City of Theed Villa del Balbianello Italy II Naboo lakeside Used for Anakin and Padmé 's wedding scene overlooking Lake Como Matmata Tunisia II , IV Tatooine : Lars Homestead Used for courtyard shots and Lars dinner scene . The homestead also featured in Attack of the Clones Phang Nga Bay , near Phuket Thailand III Kashyyyk Aerial footage of limestone karst mountains which was later composited into the film for the approach over the Battle of Kashyyyk Guilin China III Kashyyyk Footage of limestone karst mountains which was later composited into the film for the backdrop of Kashyyyk Mount Etna Italy III Mustafar The volcano erupted during filming of Episode III and Lucasfilm sent camera crews to shoot several angles of the eruption ; footage was later composited into the background of the scenes set on Mustafar including the lightsaber duel of Obi - Wan Kenobi and Anakin Skywalker . Grindelwald Switzerland III Alderaan Footage of mountain scenery which was later composited into the film for the backdrop of the planet Alderaan Chott el Djerid , near Nefta 33 ° 50 ′ 34 '' N 7 ° 46 ′ 45 '' E / 33.842850 ° N 7.779055 ° E / 33.842850 ; 7.779055 Tunisia IV Tatooine desert and Lars homestead Area west of Nefta : chott used for the Lars homestead La Grande Dune , near Nefta Tunisia IV Tatooine desert Sand dunes west of Nefta used to film the landing area of the escape pod of C - 3PO and R2 - D2 Tikal Guatemala IV Yavin IV Rebel Base Exterior panoramic shots over the Yavin IV jungle towards the Massassi Temple RAF Cardington , Bedfordshire UK IV , R1 Yavin IV Rebel Base Interior of disused WWII airship sheds were used for the Rebel Base hangar scenes inside the Massassi Temple on the Fourth Moon of Yavin IV ; Shed 1 was used in Ep. IV and Shed 2 was used for Rogue One . Death Valley National Park United States IV Tatooine desert Several Tatooine scenes : Mesquite Flat Sand Dunes - scene where R2D2 goes his separate way after he and C3P0 crash their escape pod on Tatooine ( spliced with footage shot in Tunisia ) Artists Palette & Golden Canyon - Canyon where R2D2 is abducted by Jawas ( spliced with footage shot at Sidi Bouhlel , Tunisia ) Artist 's Drive - Where the miniature Sandcrawler was filmed for the shot of R2D2 being carried up to it by Jawas Desolation Canyon - Canyon where Tusken Raiders mount Bantha before Luke Skywalker is attacked ( spliced with Sidi Bouhlel footage ) Dante 's View - panoramic establishing shot of Mos Eisley ( spliced with Sidi Bouhlel footage of Luke and Obi - Wan standing on rocky outcrop ) Ajim , Island of Djerba Tunisia IV Tatooine : Mos Eisley Spaceport Scenes shot in the town include the exterior of the Mos Eisley Cantina . An old mosque outside the town ( 33 ° 44 ′ 27 '' N 10 ° 44 ′ 05 '' E / 33.740855 ° N 10.734859 ° E / 33.740855 ; 10.734859 ) was used for exterior shots of Obi - Wan Kenobi 's house . Sidi Jemour , Island of Djerba Tunisia IV Tatooine : Tosche Station Location for the deleted exterior scenes with Luke and Biggs Darklighter ; also used as a backdrop in the Special Edition for the scene showing Luke 's landspeeder heading towards Mos Eisley Shubiel Gorge , Sidi Bouhlel ( or Sidi Bou Helal ) , near Tozeur 34 ° 02 ′ 11 '' N 8 ° 16 ′ 49 '' E / 34.036255 ° N 8.280333 ° E / 34.036255 ; 8.280333 Tunisia IV Tatooine canyon Several Tatooine scenes : Canyon where R2D2 is abducted by Jawas ( spliced with footage shot at Death Valley , USA ) Canyon where Tusken Raiders attack Luke Skywalker ( spliced with Death Valley footage ) Scene of wrecked Sandcrawler after attack by Imperial stormtroopers Also features in The Phantom Menace . Hardangerjøkulen Glacier Norway V Hoth Exterior scenes during the battle of Hoth Twenty - Mule Team Canyon , Death Valley , California USA VI Tatooine : Road to Jabba 's Palace Two Tatooine scenes : C - 3P0 and R2D2 walk up to the Palace of Jabba the Hutt on Tatooine . `` Lost scene '' of Luke Skywalker working on a new lightsaber in a cave overlooking the Millennium Falcon and his X-wing , followed by R2D2 and C3PO starting their trek to Jabba 's palace . Buttercup Valley , Yuma Desert United States VI Tatooine exteriors Location used for the Great Pit of Carkoon scene Additional footage for the special edition of A New Hope of stormtroopers finding evidence of droids was shot here and cut in with original shots from La Grande Dune , Tunisia Del Norte County , CA USA VI Endor Forest scenes on the moon of Endor Rub ' al Khali UAE VII Jakku Desert scenes on the planet Jakku Derwentwater , Cumbria UK VII Takodana Lakeside setting of Maz Kanata 's Castle on Takodana ; some Lakeland Fells in the background are altered with CGI Thirlmere , Cumbria UK VII Takodana Low - level X-Wing flight sequences over Takodana ; the background was apparently flipped horizontally Puzzlewood , Forest of Dean UK VII Takodana Forest scenes on the surface of Takodana RAF Greenham Common , Berkshire UK VII , VIII D'Qar Disused missile silos formed the backdrop for the Resistance Base Eyjafjallajökull Iceland VII Starkiller Base Snow scenes on the surface of Starkiller Base Skellig Michael Ireland VII , VIII Ahch - To : Luke 's refuge Final scenes : Rey meeting Luke Skywalker for the first time VIII : Scenes of Luke 's hideout and Rey 's Jedi training Canary Wharf UK R1 Imperial Base London 's Canary Wharf tube station was used as the setting for the Imperial security complex on Scarif . The Norman Foster - designed station 's escalators and glass safety doors are particularly noticeable in the film . Laamu Atoll Maldives R1 Planet Scarif The Laamu Atoll makes up 82 of the 1,192 Maldivian islands . The atoll 's Gan , which is one of the Maldives ' largest islands , stood in for planet Scarif . Reynisfjara Iceland R1 Planet Eadu A 20 - minute drive from Vík í Mýrdal , Reynisfjara served as the setting for the planet Eadu . Wadi Rum Jordan R1 Planet Jedha Wadi Rum is a popular desert location , also used in The Martian . This location earned the Royal Film Commission -- Jordan the Location Managers Guild Award for best Film Commission in 2017 . Bovingdon Airfield , Hertfordshire UK R1 Scarif Battle scenes on the surface of Scarif Salar de Uyuni Bolivia VIII Crait This salt flat served as filmed the Battle of Crait Dubrovnik Croatia VIII Cantonica The city served for the city of Canto Bight Studios ( edit ) Image Location Country Episode Setting Notes Ealing Studios UK II Elstree Studios UK II , III , R1 , IV , V , VI The largest Stage 6 was built specifically for The Empire Strikes Back in 1979 ( since demolished ) Leavesden Studios UK Pinewood Studios UK R1 , VII , VIII Shepperton Studios UK III , IV Yavin Stage H was used for the final awards ceremony at the end of Episode IV Fox Studios , Sydney Australia II , III See also ( edit ) Star Wars portal Film portal Behind - the - scenes documentaries : The Making of Star Wars SP FX : The Empire Strikes Back Classic Creatures : Return of the Jedi From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga Empire of Dreams Star Wars : The Legacy Revealed References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Daniel Jacobs and Peter Morris ( 2001 ) . `` Jedi Stomping Ground '' . Tunisia ( 6th ed . ) . London : Rough Guides . p. 319 . ISBN 9781858287485 . Retrieved 22 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Matt ( 2005 ) . `` Star Wars : The Phantom Menace '' . The science behind the fiction : building sci - fi moviescapes . Burlington , Mass. : Focal Press . p. 75 . ISBN 9780240807720 . Jump up ^ `` The Park on TV '' . Cassiobury Park website . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars trek : Whippendell Woods - November 2001 '' . Star Wars Locations . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Symington , Andy ( 2004 ) . `` Sevilla '' . Andalucia ( 4 . ed . ) . Bath : Footprint Handbooks . p. 76 . ISBN 9781903471876 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones film locations '' . The Worldwide Guide to Film Locations . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Carvin , Andy ( 25 January 2006 ) . `` The real Star Wars ? '' . ASAP . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 13 October 2011 . Retrieved 22 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Phuket : the ultimate movie location '' . The Phuket Observer . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Simon Foster , Candice Lee ( 2012 ) . `` 12 . Guilin '' . Frommer 's China . John Wiley & Sons . p. 598 . ISBN 9781118223529 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : Episode III Revenge of the Sith DVD documentary Within a Minute , ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith press text booklet '' ( PDF ) . Lucasfilm Ltd. 31 March 2005 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Thomas . `` Giving Swiss film locations some direction '' . SwissInfo.ch . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hearn 2005 , p. 116 Jump up ^ `` The Dunes '' . Star Wars locations . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hearn 2005 , p. 109 Jump up ^ `` Star Wars trek : Tikal , Guatemala '' . Star Wars Locations. April 2004 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cardington Sheds to make a Star Wars comeback '' . Bedfordshire on Sunday . 23 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Rebecca ( 20 December 2016 ) . `` 11 things you may not have known about Rogue One : A Star Wars Story '' . Metro . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars trek : Death Valley - April 2001 '' . Star Wars Locations . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sidi Jemour '' . Star Wars Locations . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Kenworthy , Colin . `` Colin 's Canyon Quiz '' . Star Wars Locations . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Lundgren , Anthony Ham , Miles Roddis , Kari ( 2008 ) . Norway ( 4th ed . ) . Footscray , Vic. : Lonely Planet . p. 190 . ISBN 9781741045796 . Jump up ^ Hearn 2005 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Duke , Brad ( 2005 ) . `` 18 . Life Among the Aliens '' . Harrison Ford : the films . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . p. 103 . ISBN 9780786420162 . Jump up ^ David West Reynolds and Scott Chernoff ( March 2000 ) . `` Star Wars Insider '' ( 48 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Return of the Jedi Official Collectors Edition '' . Paradise Press . 1983 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ali , Lorraine ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` The harsh reality of building a ' Star Wars ' fantasy in Abu Dhabi '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hashim , Shakeel . `` See the real life filming locations of Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . News Corp Australia . News.Com.Au . Archived from the original on 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abbit , Beth ( 14 December 2015 ) . `` Watch : Fascinating video pinpointing exactly where Star Wars scenes were filmed in the Lake District '' . Manchester Evening News . Archived from the original on 9 October 2016 . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Puzzlewood ' magical ' location for filming '' . BBC News . 17 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Close up photos of the Star Wars : Episode VII Greenham Common set Making Star Wars '' . makingstarwars.net . Archived from the original on 1 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Carey , Meredith . `` 6 Star Wars ' Rogue One ' Filming Locations You Can Visit Right Now '' . Conde Nast Traveller . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RFC bags ' Outstanding Film Commission ' Award '' . Jordan Times . 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` When Star Wars went to the Maldives - and brought its idyllic beaches back to Britain '' . RadioTimes . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Sources Howard , Marcus Hearn ; foreword by Ron ( 2005 ) . The Cinema of George Lucas . New York : Abrams . ISBN 0810949687 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Film locations of Star Wars . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Star Wars tourism . Star Wars Locations and their GPS coordinates - Article featuring every filming location , Lat / Long coordinates and scene comparisons Star Wars Locations - fan site devoted to Star Wars filming locations Star Wars filming locations category on Wookieepedia Star Wars filming locations category on 501st Legion Spanish Garrison Filming locations on the Internet Movie Database : Episode I : The Phantom Menace Episode II : Attack of the Clones Episode III : Revenge of the Sith Episode IV : A New Hope Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back Episode VI : Return of the Jedi Episode VII : The Force Awakens George Lucas 's filming locations on Movie-Locations.com ( hide ) Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Force Awakens The Last Jedi Anthology Rogue One Solo Other The Clone Wars Television Series Droids Ewoks Clone Wars The Clone Wars cast episodes Rebels characters episodes Forces of Destiny Detours ( unaired ) Films Holiday Special Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure Ewoks : The Battle for Endor Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast Characters Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Music Soundtracks Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi Ewoks Episode I : The Phantom Menace Episode II : Attack of the Clones Episode III : Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Rogue One The Last Jedi Themes `` Star Wars ( Main Title ) '' `` The Imperial March '' `` Ewok Celebration '' `` Duel of the Fates '' `` Battle of the Heroes '' Outside media Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets Droid Tales The Resistance Rises The Freemaker Adventures Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Television specials The Making of Star Wars SP FX : The Empire Strikes Back From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga Other Radio dramatizations Video games list Shadows of the Empire Knights of the Old Republic The Force Unleashed The Old Republic Art Books non-fiction Comics list Expanded universe characters Cultural impact 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Parodies Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Star_Wars_filming_locations&oldid=832119779 '' Categories : Filming locations by franchise Star Wars lists Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 23 : 29 . 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The Golden Girls
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The Golden Girls - wikipedia The Golden Girls Jump to : navigation , search For the 1995 Hong Kong film , see The Golden Girls ( film ) . For other uses , see Golden Girl . The Golden Girls Genre Sitcom Created by Susan Harris Starring Beatrice Arthur Betty White Rue McClanahan Estelle Getty Theme music composer Andrew Gold Opening theme `` Thank You for Being a Friend '' by Cynthia Fee Ending theme `` Thank You for Being a Friend '' Instrumental Composer ( s ) George Tipton Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 180 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Susan Harris Paul Junger Witt Tony Thomas Camera setup Videotape Multi-camera Running time 22 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) Witt / Thomas / Harris Productions Touchstone Television Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network NBC Picture format 480i ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) Audio format Stereo Original release September 14 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 14 ) -- May 9 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 09 ) Chronology Followed by The Golden Palace Related shows Empty Nest Nurses The Golden Girls is an American sitcom created by Susan Harris that originally aired on NBC from September 14 , 1985 , to May 9 , 1992 , with a total of 180 half - hour episodes spanning over seven seasons . The show stars Beatrice Arthur , Betty White , Rue McClanahan , and Estelle Getty , as four older women who share a home in Miami , Florida . It was produced by Witt / Thomas / Harris Productions , in association with Touchstone Television , and Paul Junger Witt . Tony Thomas , and Harris served as the original executive producers . The Golden Girls received critical acclaim throughout most of its run and won several awards , including the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series twice . It also won three Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy . Each of the four stars received an Emmy Award ( from multiple nominations during the series ' run ) , making it one of only three sitcoms in the award 's history to achieve this . The series also ranked among the top - 10 highest - rated programs for six of its seven seasons . In 2013 , TV Guide ranked The Golden Girls number 54 on its list of the 60 Best Series of All Time . In 2014 , the Writers Guild of America placed the sitcom at number 69 in their list of the `` 101 Best Written TV Series of All Time '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 1.1 Pilot 1.2 Finale 2 Episodes 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 4 Production 4.1 Creation 4.2 Casting 4.3 Writing and taping 4.4 Exterior and interior sets 4.5 Format 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Awards and nominations 6 Distribution 6.1 Syndication 7 Home media release 8 Spin - offs 8.1 The Golden Palace 8.2 Empty Nest 8.3 Nurses 9 Adaptations 9.1 Stage 9.2 Foreign versions 10 Restaurant 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Premise ( edit ) The series revolves around four old , single women ( three widows and one divorcee ) sharing a house in Miami , Florida . The owner of the house is a widow named Blanche Devereaux ( McClanahan ) , who was joined by fellow widow Rose Nylund ( White ) and divorcée Dorothy Zbornak ( Arthur ) , after they both responded to a room - for - rent ad on the bulletin board of a local grocery store a year before the start of the series . In the pilot episode , the three were joined by Dorothy 's 80 - year - old mother , Sophia Petrillo ( Getty ) , after the retirement home where she lived burned down . Pilot ( edit ) The first episode featured a gay character named Coco ( played by Charles Levin ) , who worked as a cook for the women , but the role was eliminated from the series before the second episode . The writers observed that in many of the proposed scripts , the main interaction between the women occurred in the kitchen while preparing and eating food , and decided that a separate cook would distract from that friendship . In addition , the character of Sophia had originally been planned as an occasional guest star , but Estelle Getty had tested so strongly with preview audiences that the producers decided to make Sophia a regular character , which made Coco obsolete . Finale ( edit ) After six consecutive seasons in the top 10 , and the seventh season at number 30 , The Golden Girls came to an end when Bea Arthur chose to leave the series . In the hour - long series finale , which aired in May 1992 , Dorothy meets and marries Blanche 's Uncle Lucas ( Leslie Nielsen ) , and moves to Hollingsworth Manor in Atlanta , Georgia . Sophia was to join her , but in the end , Sophia stays behind with the other women in Miami , leading into the spin - off series , The Golden Palace . In the hour - long series finale , which aired in May 1992 , Dorothy meets and marries Blanche 's Uncle Lucas ( Leslie Nielsen ) , and moves to Hollingsworth Manor in Atlanta , Georgia . Sophia was to join her , but in the end , Sophia stays behind with the other women in Miami . The series finale was watched by 27.2 million viewers . As of 2016 , it was the 17th-most watched television finale . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Golden Girls episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 25 September 14 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 14 ) May 10 , 1986 ( 1986 - 05 - 10 ) 7 21.8 ( Tied with Dynasty ) 26 September 27 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 1987 ( 1987 - 05 - 16 ) 5 24.5 25 September 19 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 19 ) May 7 , 1988 ( 1988 - 05 - 07 ) 21.8 26 October 8 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 08 ) May 13 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 13 ) 6 21.4 5 26 September 23 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 23 ) May 5 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 05 ) 6 20.1 6 26 September 22 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 22 ) May 4 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 04 ) 10 16.5 ( Tied with Designing Women ) 7 26 September 21 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 21 ) May 9 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 09 ) 30 13.1 ( Tied with In the Heat of the Night ) Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Main characters in the final scene from the season - two episode `` Big Daddy 's Little Lady '' ( from left ) : Estelle Getty as Sophia , Rue McClanahan as Blanche , Betty White as Rose , and Beatrice Arthur as Dorothy Beatrice Arthur as Dorothy Zbornak , a substitute teacher : Born in Brooklyn , New York City , to Sicilian immigrants Sophia and Salvadore Petrillo , Dorothy became pregnant while still in high school , resulting in a marriage to Stanley Zbornak ( Herb Edelman ) to legitimize the baby . Stan and Dorothy eventually moved to Miami , but divorced after 38 years when Stan left her for a young flight attendant . The marriage produced two children , Kate , in her early 20s , and Michael , who was inconsistently aged between his mid-20s and late 30s ( Michael was purportedly the cause of the shotgun wedding ) . In the series ' finale episode , Dorothy marries Blanche 's uncle , Lucas Hollingsworth , and relocates to Atlanta . Arthur also played Dorothy 's grandmother , Sophia 's mother , in a flashback episode to when they lived in Brooklyn . Betty White as Rose Nylund , a Norwegian American from the small farming town of St. Olaf , Minnesota : Known for her humorously peculiar stories of life growing up in her hometown , Rose was happily married to Charlie Nylund , with whom she had four children ; 3 daughters : Kiersten , Bridgette , and Janella , and 1 son : Adam . Upon Charlie 's death , she moved to Miami . She eventually found work at a grief counseling center , though she later ended up as the assistant to a consumer reporter ( Enrique Mas ) at a local TV station . In later seasons , Rose became romantically involved with college professor Miles Webber . During season six , Miles was placed into the Witness Protection Program , but returned later in the season . Their relationship continued throughout the series , and shortly into the sequel series , The Golden Palace . In season one , Rose is stated to be 55 . Rue McClanahan as Blanche Devereaux , a Southern belle employed at an art museum : Born into a wealthy family , Blanche grew up as the apple of her father 's eye on a plantation outside of Atlanta , Georgia , prior to her relocation to Miami , where she lived with her husband , George , until his death . Their marriage produced six children ; two daughters : Janet and Rebecca ; and four sons : Doug , Biff , Skippy , and Matthew . A widow , Blanche was portrayed as man - hungry , and she clearly had the most male admirers -- and stories detailing various sexual encounters -- over the course of the series . Estelle Getty as Sophia Petrillo , Dorothy 's mother : Born in Sicily , Sophia moved to New York after fleeing an arranged marriage to Guido Spirelli . She later married Salvadore Petrillo , with whom she had three children : Dorothy , Gloria , and Phil , a cross-dresser , who later dies of a heart attack ( episode `` Ebbtide 's Revenge '' ) . Initially a resident in the Shady Pines Retirement Home after having a stroke prior to the start of the series , she moved in with Blanche , Rose , and Dorothy following a fire at the institution . During the series ' run , Sophia married Max Weinstock , but they soon separated . Throughout the series , she held a few part - time jobs , mostly involving food , including fast - food worker and entrepreneur of spaghetti sauce and homemade sandwiches . Recurring ( edit ) Herbert Edelman , as Stanley Zbornak , is Dorothy 's cheating , freeloading ex-husband who first appears in the second episode of season one , and appears in 26 episodes total throughout the series . He also appears in a later episode of The Golden Palace , in which he fakes his death due to troubles with the Internal Revenue Service . Harold Gould as Miles Webber ( or Nicholas Carbone , Samuel Plankmaker ) is Rose 's professor boyfriend , who appears in 14 episodes , starting in season five . Gould also guest - starred in episode three in the first season as Arnie Peterson , Rose 's first serious boyfriend after her husband Charlie 's death . He also appears in two episodes of The Golden Palace . Debra Engle , as Blanche 's daughter Rebecca Devereaux , has a baby girl named Aurora by artificial insemination and appears in three episodes ( seasons five and six ) . Shawn Schepps played Rebecca in season three , when Rebecca returns from a modeling career in Paris , overweight and engaged to a verbally abusive man ( Joe Regalbuto ) . She ( Debra ) also appears in the series finale of The Golden Palace , in which she is called upon by Blanche for an ovum . Monte Markham as Blanche 's brother Clayton Hollingsworth is in two episodes . First when he comes out in season four and later to introduce his boyfriend ( Michael Ayr ) in season six . Sheree North as Virginia Hollingsworth , Blanche 's sister , appears in two episodes , first in season one , then again in season five . Sid Melton as Salvadore Petrillo , Sophia 's late husband , is usually seen in dreams or flashback sequences ; he appears in eight episodes . He also appears as Don the Fool , a waiter at a medieval restaurant in season six . Nancy Walker as Angela , Dorothy 's aunt and Sophia 's sister , with whom Sophia frequently fought ; she appears in two episodes in season two . Bill Dana as Sophia 's brother and Dorothy 's uncle Angelo , who appears in seven episodes ( seasons three - seven ) . Dana also appears as Sophia 's father in a season - four episode . Doris Belack as Gloria Petrillo , Dorothy 's younger sister in season one , is married to a wealthy man in California and wants Sophia to move in with her . She later loses all of her money and returns in season seven for a two - part episode played by Dena Dietrich , and upsets Dorothy , as she becomes romantically involved with Dorothy 's ex-husband , Stan . Scott Jacoby as Dorothy 's aimless musician son Michael Zbornak appears in three episodes from seasons two , four , and five . Lynnie Greene ( credited as Lynn Greene ) as a younger Dorothy is in flashbacks in four episodes . Steve Landesberg as Stan 's psychiatrist , Dr. Richard Halperin , appears in three episodes in season seven . Production ( edit ) Creation ( edit ) `` I was running all over the house grabbing anybody who would listen . I kept reading scenes to them and saying , ' God , this is brilliant ( ... ) There 's nothing trendy about this show . There are no tricks . It 's a classic . '' -- NBC executive Warren Littlefield about reading the pilot script Ideas for a comedy series about older women emerged during the filming of a television special at NBC 's Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank , California , in August 1984 . Produced to introduce the network 's 1984 -- 85 season schedule , two actresses appearing on NBC shows , Selma Diamond of Night Court and Doris Roberts of Remington Steele , appeared in a skit promoting the upcoming show Miami Vice as Miami Nice , a parody about old people living in Miami . NBC senior vice president Warren Littlefield was among the executive producers in the audience who were amused by their performance , and he envisioned a series based on the geriatric humor the two were portraying . Shortly afterward , he met with producers Paul Junger Witt and Tony Thomas , who were pitching a show about a female lawyer . Though Littlefield nixed their idea , he asked if they would be interested in delivering a pilot script for Miami Nice instead . Their regular writer declined , so Witt asked his wife , Susan Harris , who had been planning to retire after the conclusion of their ABC series Soap . Fortunately , she found the concept interesting , as `` it was a demographic that had never been addressed , '' and she soon began work on it . Though her vision of a sitcom about women in their 60s differed from NBC 's request for a comedy about women around 40 years old , Littlefield was impressed when he received her pilot script and subsequently approved production of it . The Cosby Show director Jay Sandrich , who had previously worked with Harris , Witt , and Thomas on Soap , agreed to direct . The pilot included a gay houseboy , Coco ( Charles Levin ) , who lived with the girls . Levin had been suggested by then - NBC president Brandon Tartikoff based on Levin 's groundbreaking portrayal of a recurring gay character , Eddie Gregg , on NBC 's Emmy - winning drama Hill Street Blues . After the pilot , the character of Coco was eliminated from the series . Casting ( edit ) Rue McClanahan in 2007 The part of Sophia Petrillo was the first of the four roles to be cast . Estelle Getty auditioned and won the role of the feisty mother of character Dorothy Zbornak . This was due , in part , to the rave reviews she garnered in her Off - Broadway role reprisal for the 1984 Los Angeles run of Torch Song Trilogy . Afterwards , Getty had returned to New York but gained permission from her manager to return to California in early 1985 . Getty figured it would be her last chance to find television or film work . She would return home to New York if she was unsuccessful . Casting director Judith Weiner had seen Torch Song Trilogy and thought Getty was terrific in it . She was also impressed by Getty 's audition for the role of the mother of Stephen Keaton ( played by actor Michael Gross ) for a guest episode of Family Ties . Although Getty was impressive , the show 's producers went with another actress . Getty came to Weiner 's mind soon after when it became time to begin casting of The Golden Girls . Getty , who went through a three - hour transformation to become Sophia , wore heavy make - up , thick glasses , and a white wig to look the part . The character of Sophia was thought by the creators to enhance the idea that three retirement - aged women could be young . Disney 's Michael Eisner explains , `` Estelle Getty made our three women into girls . And that was , to me , what made it seem like it could be a contemporary , young show . '' As surprising as it may sound , Estelle Getty continuously battled her stage fright . During an interview in 1988 , Getty commented on her phobia and expressed how working with major stars , such as Arthur and White , made her even more nervous . At times , she even froze on camera while filming . Hired to film the pilot , director Jay Sandrich also became instrumental in helping to cast the roles of Blanche Devereaux and Rose Nylund . Both Rue McClanahan and Betty White came into consideration as the series Mama 's Family , in which the two co-starred , had been canceled by NBC . Originally , producers wanted to cast McClanahan as Rose and White as Blanche . The thinking for this was based on roles they previously played ; White portrayed man - hungry Sue Ann Nivens on The Mary Tyler Moore Show , while McClanahan co-starred as sweet but scatter - brained Vivian Harmon in Maude . Eager not to be typecast , they took the suggestion of Sandrich and switched roles last - minute . Though Harris had created the character of Dorothy with a `` Bea Arthur type '' in mind , Littlefield and the producers initially envisioned actress Elaine Stritch for the part . Stritch 's audition flopped , however , and under the impression that Arthur did not want to participate , Harris asked McClanahan if she could persuade Arthur , with whom she worked previously on the CBS sitcom Maude , to take the role . Arthur flipped upon reading the script , but felt hesitant about McClanahan 's approach , as she did not `` want to play ( their Maude characters ) Maude and Vivian meet Sue Ann Nivens . '' She reconsidered , however , after hearing that McClanahan and White had switched roles . Bea Arthur and Betty White worked well together in shared mutual respect but they did not pursue a personal friendship with one another outside of The Golden Girls set . However , both were close to Rue McClanahan off camera . Arthur and White were consummate professionals and thoroughly enjoyed their experiences on the show despite having only a work relationship with one another . Betty White has always expressed nothing but love and admiration for Bea Arthur . Only after Arthur 's death in 2009 did she reveal the fundamental personality clash between Arthur and herself . White 's positive , perky demeanor would sometimes irritate Arthur . Writing and taping ( edit ) The show was the second television series to be produced by the Walt Disney Company under the Touchstone Television label , and was subsequently distributed by Buena Vista International , Inc. ( which holds as the ownership stake in Disney Channel Southeast Asia , now Disney -- ABC Television Group ) . Creator Susan Harris went on to contribute another four episodes to the first season , but became less involved with the sitcom throughout its run ; she continued reading all scripts , though , and remained familiar with most of the storylines . Kathy Speer and Terry Grossman were the first head writers of the series and wrote for the show 's first four seasons . As head writers , Speer and Grossman , along with Mort Nathan and Barry Fanaro , who won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing the first season , gave general ideas to lower staff writers , and personally wrote a handful of scripts each season . In 1989 , Marc Sotkin , previously a writer on Laverne & Shirley and a producer on fellow Witt / Thomas series It 's a Living , assumed head - writing responsibilities , and guided the show ( to varying degrees ) during what were its final three seasons . Richard Vaczy and Tracy Gamble , previously writers on 227 and My Two Dads , also assumed the roles of producers and head writers . Beginning in 1990 , Marc Cherry served as writer and producer , years before going on to create Desperate Housewives , which ran on ABC from 2004 to 2012 . Mitchell Hurwitz also served as writer for the show in its last two seasons . Hurwitz later went on to create Arrested Development for Fox and later revived for Netflix . Exterior and interior sets ( edit ) The house 's address was mentioned as being 6151 Richmond Street , Miami . The outside model used in the shots of the house beginning in the third season and lasting through the end of the series was part of the backstage studio tour ride at Disney 's Hollywood Studios . This façade -- along with the Empty Nest house -- was among those destroyed in mid-2003 , as Disney bulldozed the houses of `` Residential Street '' to make room for its `` Lights , Motors , Action ! '' attraction . A hurricane that damaged the sets earlier also contributed to this decision . The façade was based on a real house at 245 N. Saltair Avenue in Brentwood , California . This residence was used for outside shots during the first two seasons . The kitchen set seen on The Golden Girls was originally used on an earlier Witt / Thomas / Harris series , It Takes Two , which aired on ABC from 1982 to 1983 . However , the exterior backdrop seen through the kitchen window changed from the view of Chicago high - rises to palm trees and bushes for the Miami setting . Format ( edit ) The Golden Girls was shot on videotape in front of a live studio audience . Many episodes of the series followed a similar format or theme . For example , one or more of the women would become involved in some sort of problem , often involving other family members , men , or an ethical dilemma . At some point , they would gather around the kitchen table and discuss the problem , sometimes late at night and often while eating cheesecake or some other dessert . One of the other girls then told a story from her own life , which somehow related to the problem ( though Rose occasionally regaled a nonsense story that had nothing to do with the situation , and Sophia told outrageous made - up stories ) . Some episodes featured flashbacks to previous episodes , flashbacks to events not shown in previous episodes , or to events that occurred before the series began . Though the writing was mostly comical , dramatic moments and sentimental endings were included in several episodes . One of the actresses on the show , Bea Arthur , actually hated cheesecake . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) During the NBC upfronts , the preview screening of the show got a standing ovation . The show immediately received a full order of 12 episodes . An immediate runaway hit , The Golden Girls became an NBC staple on Saturday nights . The show was the anchor of NBC 's Saturday line - up , and almost always won its time slot , as ABC and CBS struggled to find shows to compete against it , the most notable being ABC 's Lucille Ball sitcom Life With Lucy in the beginning of the 1986 -- 87 season . The Golden Girls was part of a series of Brandon Tartikoff shows that put an end to NBC 's ratings slump , along with The Cosby Show , 227 , Night Court , Miami Vice , and L.A. Law . The show dealt with many topical issues , such as coming out and same - sex marriage , elder care and homelessness , AIDS and discrimination against people with HIV , US immigration policy , death and assisted suicide . Writer and producer Linda Bloodworth - Thomason created a sitcom with this kind of image as a `` four women '' show , which became Designing Women on CBS . Designing Women began competing against The Golden Girls in the same time slot , however The Golden Girls always got the higher rating , resulting in CBS pushing Designing Women to Mondays . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The Golden Girls The Golden Girls Disney Legends plaque at Walt Disney Studios During its original run , The Golden Girls received 68 Emmy nominations , 11 Emmy awards , four Golden Globe Awards , and two Viewers for Quality Television awards . All the lead actresses won Emmy Awards for their performances on the show . The Golden Girls is one of three shows , along with All in the Family and Will and Grace where all the principal actors have won at least one Emmy Award . As a tribute to the success of The Golden Girls , all four actresses were later named Disney Legends . Distribution ( edit ) Syndication ( edit ) In 1990 , American syndicated reruns began airing , distributed by Buena Vista Television ( now Disney - ABC Domestic Television ) , the syndication arm of Disney , whose Touchstone Television division produced the series . In March 1997 , the Lifetime cable network acquired the exclusive rights to repeat the episodes of The Golden Girls in the US for over a decade , until March 1 , 2009 . Many episodes were edited to allow more commercials and for content . Both the Hallmark Channel and WE tv picked up the reruns in March 2009 . As of February 2013 , We TV 's rights expired and Viacom networks ' TV Land , home to Betty White 's last series Hot in Cleveland , purchased them , as did Logo TV . In Australia , the show airs every day on Fox Classics . In Canada , Corus Entertainment 's digital specialty channel , DejaView , airs reruns of The Golden Girls . In Southeast Asia , Rewind Networks began airing reruns of The Golden Girls on its HD channel , HITS , in 2013 . Every episode of The Golden Girls was made available to stream on Hulu on February 13 , 2017 . Home Media release ( edit ) Buena Vista Home Entertainment has released all seven seasons of The Golden Girls on DVD in Region 1 and Region 4 with the first four being released in Region 2 . On November 9 , 2010 , the studio released a complete series box set titled The Golden Girls : 25th Anniversary Complete Collection . The 21 - disc collection features all 180 episodes of the series as well as all special features contained on the previously released season sets ; it is encased in special collectible packaging , a replica of Sophia 's purse . On November 15 , 2005 , Warner Home Video released The Golden Girls : A Lifetime Intimate Portrait Series on DVD which contains a separate biography of Arthur , White , McClanahan and Getty , revealing each woman 's background , rise to stardom and private life , which originally aired on Lifetime network . Spin - offs ( edit ) Upon the success of The Golden Girls creator Susan Harris later devised Empty Nest as a spin - off from The Golden Girls with some character crossovers . Nurses was later spun off from Empty Nest , and the shows occasionally had special episodes in which characters from one show made appearances in the others . The Golden Palace ( edit ) Main article : The Golden Palace After the original series ended , White , McClanahan , and Getty reprised their characters in the CBS series The Golden Palace , which ran from September 1992 to May 1993 , and also starred Cheech Marin and Don Cheadle ( Bea Arthur guest - starred once , reprising her role as Dorothy ) . The show never approached the popularity or acclaim of the original , and ranked 57th in the annual ratings . Reportedly , a second season was approved before being canceled the day before the network announced its fall schedule . Lifetime , which held the rights to The Golden Girls at the time , aired reruns of The Golden Palace in the summer of 2005 , and again in December of that year . This was the first time since 1993 that The Golden Palace was seen on American television . Until April 2006 , Lifetime played the series as a virtual season eight , airing the series in between the conclusion of the final season and the syndicated roll - over to season one . Empty Nest ( edit ) Main article : Empty Nest ( TV series ) Estelle Getty at the 41st annual Primetime Emmy Awards in 1989 Capitalizing on the popularity of The Golden Girls , creator Susan Harris decided to develop a spin - off , centering on the empty nest syndrome . The initial pilot was aired as the 1987 Golden Girls episode `` Empty Nests '' and starred Paul Dooley and Rita Moreno as George and Renee Corliss , a married couple living next to the Golden Girls characters , who face empty nest syndrome after their teenage daughter moves out . When that idea was not well received , Harris retooled the series as a vehicle for Richard Mulligan , and the following year Empty Nest debuted , starring Mulligan as pediatrician Harry Weston , a widower whose two adult daughters moved back home . Characters from both shows made occasional guest appearances on the other show , with the four girls guesting on Empty Nest and Mulligan , Dinah Manoff , Kristy McNichol , David Leisure , and Park Overall appearing on The Golden Girls in their Empty Nest roles . After the end of The Golden Palace , Getty joined the cast of Empty Nest , making frequent appearances as Sophia in the show 's final two seasons . Mulligan and Manoff were alumni from one of Susan Harris ' earlier shows , Soap . Nurses ( edit ) Main article : Nurses ( TV series ) Empty Nest launched its own spin - off in 1991 set in Miami in the same hospital where Dr. Weston worked . The series starred Stephanie Hodge and a set of other young female and male nurses . As one of the few times in television history that three shows from the same producer , set in the same city , aired back - to - back - to - back on a single network in the same night , the three shows occasionally took advantage of their unique circumstances to create storylines that carried through all three series , such as `` Hurricane Saturday '' . Starring actress Hodge left the show after two seasons . David Rasche joined the cast at the start of the second season and Loni Anderson was added as the new hospital administrator for the third season . Adaptations ( edit ) Stage ( edit ) The Golden Girls : Live ! was an off - Broadway show that opened in the summer of 2003 in New York City at Rose 's Turn theater in the West Village , and ran until November of that year . The production ended because the producers failed to secure the rights and received a cease and desist order by the creators of the original television show . Featuring an all - male cast in drag , The Golden Girls : Live ! consisted of two back - to - back episodes of the sitcom : `` Break - In '' ( season one , episode eight ) and `` Is n't It Romantic ? '' ( season two , episode five ) . Foreign versions ( edit ) Chile : Los Años Dorados : In 2015 a Chilean remake called Los Años Dorados ( The Golden Years ) was produced by UCVTV in agreement with Disney , starring famous Chilean actresses Gloria Münchmeyer , Carmen Barros , Ana Reeves , and Consuelo Holzapfel , who live their retirement in the city of Viña del Mar . It was a success for the channel , so there are plans to do the second season in 2016 . Greece : Chrysa Koritsia : In 2008 , Greek broadcaster ET1 premiered a Greek remake entitled Chrysa Koritsia ( Greek : Xρυσά κορίτσια , Gold ( en ) Girls ) , which features the four women in Greece . Each of the characters has been hellenized to suit the culture and modern setting . Names were only slightly changed , but more for cultural reasons , as Sophia ( whose first name was unchanged , as it is Greek ) , Bela ( Blanche ) , Dora ( Dorothy ) , Fifi ( Rose ) , and Panos ( Stan ) . The series began airing in mid-January , and features many similar plots to the original . ET1 aired a rerun of the show in the summer of 2008 and managed to take a place in the top - 10 ratings chart , presented by AGB Nielsen Media Research . The Greek edition features Mirka Papakonstantinou as Dora , Dina Konsta as Sofia , Eleni Gerasimidou as Fifi , and Ivonni Maltezou as Bela . Netherlands : Golden Girls : A Dutch remake for the RTL 4 network stars Loes Luca as Barbara ( Blanche ) , Beppie Melissen as Els ( Dorothy ) , Cecile Heuer as Milly ( Rose ) , and Pleuni Touw as Toos ( Sophia ) . The show premiered in fall 2012 , using essentially the same plots as the U.S. version , along with a Dutch - language version of the original theme song , `` Thank You for Being a Friend '' . Philippines : 50 Carats , O Di Ba ? A Philippine version of The Golden Girls ( spin - off ) aired during the early ' 90 's by IBC 13 starred Nida Blanca , Charito Solis , and Gloria Romero . Russia : Bolshie Devochki : A Russian remake was broadcast in 2006 , entitled Bolshie Devochki ( Russian : Большие Девочки ) , which in English can literally be translated to : Big Girls . The series featured renowned Russian actresses Galina Petrova as Irina ( Dorothy ) , Olga Ostroumova as Nadejda ( Blanche ) , Valentina Telechkina as Margarita ( Rose ) , and Elena Millioti as Sofya ( Sophia ) . However , the concept never caught on with the Russian viewers and the show was canceled after only 32 episodes . Spain : Juntas pero no revueltas / Las chicas de oro : In 1996 , TVE launched a Spanish remake entitled Juntas pero no revueltas ( Together , but not mixed ) with Mercedes Sampietro as Julia ( Dorothy ) , Mónica Randall as Nuri ( Blanche ) , Kiti Manver as Rosa ( Rose ) , and Amparo Baró as Benigna ( Sophia ) . Low ratings made it disappear after one season . In 2010 , another remake with the title Las chicas de oro ( The Golden Girls ) was announced , again on TVE , this time produced by José Luis Moreno and with Concha Velasco as Doroti ( Dorothy ) , Carmen Maura as Rosa ( Rose ) , Lola Herrera as Blanca ( Blanche ) , and Alicia Hermida as Sofía ( Sophia ) . The series premiered on September 13 , 2010 with success . However , after only 26 episodes , the series was eventually discontinued after the end of the first season after receiving generally bad reviews and following dropping ratings . United Kingdom : Brighton Belles : In 1993 , ITV premiered Brighton Belles , a British version of the American sitcom . The show , starring Sheila Hancock , Wendy Craig , Sheila Gish , and Jean Boht was nearly identical to Girls except for character name changes and actor portrayals . The 10 - episode series was canceled after six weeks due to low ratings , with the final four episodes airing more than a year later . Restaurant ( edit ) In 2017 a Golden Girls themed eatery Rue La Rue Cafe owned by Rue McLanahan 's close friend Michael La Rue , who inherited many of the star 's personal belongings and in turn decorated the restaurant with them , opened in the Washington Heights section of the New York City borough of Manhattan . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' L.A. Law ' and ' Golden Girls ' Win Series Emmys '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . September 21 , 1987 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Margulies , Lee ( September 21 , 1987 ) . `` ' L.A. Law ' Wins Emmy as Best Drama Series : ' Golden Girls ' Chosen as TV 's Top Comedy ; Gless , Willis , McClanahan Take Acting Honors '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Margulies , Lee ( September 22 , 1986 ) . `` ' Cagney , Lacey ' Shares Top Emmys With ' Golden Girls ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Galician , Mary - Lou ; Merskin , Debra L. ( 2007 ) . Critical Thinking About Sex , Love , and Romance In the Mass Media : Media Literacy Applications . Psychology Press . p. 109 . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 5615 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ `` ' 101 Best Written TV Series Of All Time ' From WGA / TV Guide : Complete List '' . Deadline Hollywood . June 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bosman , Julie ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` The Grandchildren of ' The Golden Girls ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Du Brow , Rick ( April 28 , 1992 ) . `` ' Golden Girl ' Getty Will Miss Her TV ' Daughter ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kovalchik , Kara. `` 7 Things You Might Not Know About The Golden Girls From Mental Floss '' . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morin , Natalie . `` These Are the Most - Watched TV Series Finales of All Time '' . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1691 -- 1693 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Fonseca , Nicholas ( April 24 , 2009 ) . `` Golden Girls : A 20th Anniversary Oral History '' . Entertainment Weekly . EW.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Tony ( September 30 , 1985 ) . `` The Real Mr. T '' . New York : 42 . ISSN 0028 - 7369 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fitzharris , Dustin ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` Catching Up with the Golden Girls ' Susan Harris '' . Out . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Prague , Jacke ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` Crackle 's Creator Conversation : Soap 's Susan Harris '' . Crackle . Crackle.com . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2010 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian . `` TV Legends Revealed # 35 '' . Legends Revealed . Retrieved January 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Colucci , Jim ( 2006 ) . The Q Guide to the Golden Girls . Alyson Books . pp. 8 , 43 -- 55 . ^ Jump up to : Bloom , Ken ; Vlastnik , Frank ; Lithgow , John ( 2007 ) . Sitcoms : The 101 Greatest TV Comedies of All Time . Black Dog Publishing . p. 137 . ISBN 1 - 57912 - 752 - 5 . Jump up ^ Colucci , Jim . Golden Girls Forever . HarperCollins Publishers Inc , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kinosian , Janet ( February 1 , 1988 ) . Making Up Is Hard to Do . Orange Coast . p. 157 . ISSN 0279 - 0483 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Girls '' . Archive of American Television . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 20 Fun Facts About ' The Golden Girls ' '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` CNN Official Interview : Betty White : Bea Arthur was not fond of me '' . CNN . May 4 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Studios '' . The TV IV . August 30 , 2007 . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mills , Nancy ( October 30 , 1987 ) . `` ' Golden Girls ' Polishes Its Scripts : Daily Revisions Geared to Sharpen Story and Hone Those Laugh Lines '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Terrace , Vincent ( 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of Television Shows , 1925 Through 2010 . McFarland . p. 2528 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 8641 - 0 . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 34 ° 03 ′ 58 '' N 118 ° 26 ′ 51 '' W / 34.066 ° N 118.4474 ° W / 34.066 ; - 118.4474 Jump up ^ Rosewarne , Lauren ( 2012 ) . Periods in Pop Culture : Menstruation in Film and Television . Lexington Books . p. 188 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 7000 - 7 . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DeCaro , Frank ( 2011 ) . The Dead Celebrity Cookbook : A Resurrection of Recipes from More Than 145 Stars of Stage and Screen . Health Communications Inc. p. 352 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7573 - 1596 - 1 . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Huryk , Harry ( July 1 , 2007 ) . The Golden Girls - The Ultimate Viewing Guide . Lulu.com . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4116 - 8528 - 4 . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 30 Things You Never Knew About ' The Golden Girls ' '' . ABC News . 2015 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Stacey Wilson . `` The Golden Girls Creators On Finding a New Generation of Fans '' . Vulture . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ' Golden Girls ' Tops Ratings '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . September 17 , 1985 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gays and Closets -- a TV Controversy '' . Los Angeles Times . April 21 , 1991 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Golden Girls ' And Gay Marriage : Classic Sitcom Showed Support 20 Years Before Obama '' . The Huffington Post . May 10 , 2012 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Legends '' . Disney.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Girls '' . TV Land . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Preview 2 : The Golden Girls Arrive on Logo April 13th '' . Logotv.com . March 6 , 2013 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Girls '' . Hulu . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Girls -- 25th Anniversary Complete Collection '' ( Press release ) . Walt Disney Studios . September 7 , 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ The Golden Girls : A Lifetime Intimate Portrait Series ( DVD ) . Warner Home Video . November 15 , 2005 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DuBrow , Rick ( September 10 , 1991 ) . `` ' Golden Girls ' Creator Adds Shows '' . Los Angeles Times . LATimes.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ( September 25 , 1992 ) . `` TV Weekend ; 3 of the Golden Girls in a New Home '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Morris , Etta ( June 7 , 1987 ) . `` The Golden Girls Has Been A Delight From Its Inception '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Howard ( October 8 , 1988 ) . `` Empty Nest Looks Like Good Place to Nestle Down '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Leonard ( 8 December 2003 ) . `` ' Golden Girls : Live ! ' Sent to Shady Pines '' . backstage.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Gerson ( July 29 , 2010 ) . `` Golden Girls Hits Spain '' . The Advocate . Advocate.com . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Girls Intro ( Dutch ) '' . YouTube . October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Francisco , Butch ( November 15 , 2001 ) . `` A rivalry that never was '' . Philstar.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Большие Девочки '' ( in Russian ) . amedia.ru . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TVE comienza a rodar ' Juntas , pero no revueltas ' , su versión de ' Las chicas de oro ' '' . El País . elpais.com . June 9 , 1995 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . in Spanish Jump up ^ `` TVE presenta el remake : ' Volvemos a la sitcom pero con valor seguro ' '' . vertele.com . July 27 , 2010 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . in Spanish Jump up ^ `` '' Las Chicas de Oro '' relucen en su estreno con 4 millones `` . vertele.com . September 14 , 2010 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . in Spanish Jump up ^ `` ' Las Chicas de Oro ' españolas ni son renovadas ni lo merecían '' . vertele.com . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . in Spanish Jump up ^ Viner , Brian ( August 30 , 2000 ) . `` Heard the one about the US sense of humour ? '' . The Independent . London : Independent.co.uk . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.amny.com/eat-and-drink/golden-girls-cafe-rue-la-rue-has-soft-opening-in-washington-heights-1.13075453 Bibliography ( edit ) Colucci , Jim ( 2016 ) . Golden Girls Forever : An Unauthorized Look Behind the Lanai . New York : Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 242290 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Golden Girls The Golden Girls on IMDb The Golden Girls at TV.com The Golden Girls at epguides.com @ ccess The Golden Girls Wiki Encyclopedia of Television The Golden Girls - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television The Golden Girls Characters Dorothy Zbornak Rose Nylund Blanche Devereaux Sophia Petrillo Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Spin - offs Empty Nest ( 1988 -- 95 ) Nurses ( 1991 -- 94 ) The Golden Palace ( 1992 -- 93 ) International adaptations Bnot HaZahav ( Israel ) Brighton Belles ( UK ) Related Awards and nominations The Golden Girls : Their Greatest Moments `` Thank You for Being a Friend '' Hurricane Saturday Full Moon Over Miami Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series 1950s The Red Skelton Show ( season 1 , 1952 ) I Love Lucy ( season 2 , 1953 ) I Love Lucy ( season 3 , 1954 ) Make Room for Daddy ( season 2 , 1955 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 1 , 1956 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 2 , 1957 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 3 , 1958 ) The Jack Benny Program , season 9 ( 1959 ) 1960s The Art Carney Special ( 1960 ) The Jack Benny Program , season 11 ( 1961 ) The Bob Newhart Show ( season 1 , 1962 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 2 ( 1963 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 3 ( 1964 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 4 ( 1965 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 5 ( 1966 ) The Monkees ( season 1 , 1967 ) Get Smart , season 3 ( 1968 ) Get Smart , season 4 ( 1969 ) 1970s My World and Welcome to It ( season 1 , 1970 ) All in the Family , season 1 ( 1971 ) All in the Family , season 2 ( 1972 ) All in the Family , season 3 ( 1973 ) M * A * S * H , season 2 ( 1974 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 5 ( 1975 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 6 ( 1976 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 7 ( 1977 ) All in the Family , season 8 ( 1978 ) Taxi , season 1 ( 1979 ) 1980s Taxi , season 2 ( 1980 ) Taxi , season 3 ( 1981 ) Barney Miller , season 8 ( 1982 ) Cheers , season 1 ( 1983 ) Cheers , season 2 ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls , season 2 ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years , season 1 ( 1988 ) Cheers , season 7 ( 1989 ) 1990s Murphy Brown ( season 2 , 1990 ) Cheers , season 9 ( 1991 ) Murphy Brown ( season 4 , 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Frasier , season 3 ( 1996 ) Frasier , season 4 ( 1997 ) Frasier , season 5 ( 1998 ) Ally McBeal , season 2 ( 1999 ) 2000s Will & Grace , season 2 ( 2000 ) Sex and the City , season 3 ( 2001 ) Friends , season 8 ( 2002 ) Everybody Loves Raymond , season 7 ( 2003 ) Arrested Development , season 1 ( 2004 ) Everybody Loves Raymond , season 9 ( 2005 ) The Office , season 2 ( 2006 ) 30 Rock , season 1 ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 ( 2008 ) 30 Rock , season 3 ( 2009 ) 2010s Modern Family , season 1 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 ( 2011 ) Modern Family , season 3 ( 2012 ) Modern Family , season 4 ( 2013 ) Modern Family , season 5 ( 2014 ) Veep , season 4 ( 2015 ) Veep , season 5 ( 2016 ) Veep , season 6 ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Governor & J.J. 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( 2008 ) Gary Unmarried ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) $ h * ! My Dad Says ( 2011 ) 2 Broke Girls ( 2012 ) The New Normal ( 2013 ) Super Fun Night ( 2014 ) Jane the Virgin ( 2015 ) Scream Queens ( 2016 ) Man with a Plan ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Golden_Girls&oldid=806895328 '' Categories : The Golden Girls 1985 American television series debuts 1992 American television series endings 1980s American television series 1980s American comedy television series 1990s American comedy television series American television sitcoms Best Musical or Comedy Series Golden Globe winners English - language television programs NBC network shows Television series by ABC Studios Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television shows set in Miami Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series winners Television series about suburbia Works about old age Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Use mdy dates from February 2015 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2017 Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 20 : 25 . 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who is the oldest golden girl in real life
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Ethnic groups in Ivory Coast
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Ethnic groups in Ivory Coast - wikipedia Ethnic groups in Ivory Coast Jump to : navigation , search The ethnic composition of Ivory Coast is complex with more than 60 ethnic groups represented . The Akan group , which primarily occupies the eastern and central regions of the country , accounts for about 42.1 percent of the population . The Baoulé are the single largest subgroup of the Akan people , accounting for about 20 percent of the total population . The Voltaiques ( Gur ) account for about 17.6 % of the population . The Northern Mandes from the northwest region of the country make up about 16.5 % of the population . The Krou people in the southwest account for about 11 percent ; the Bété are the largest subgroup . The Southern Mandes from the western regions account for about 10 % of the population . Non-Africans include about 14,000 French and 130,000 Lebanese expatriates . References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ . Ethnic groups in the Ivory Coast Abbé Abron Adjoukrou Anyi Aowin Attie Avikam Baoulé Bété Djimini Dyula Evalue Fula Gio Hausa Krahn Lobi M'Bato Mandinka Mossi Senufo Tchaman Wassa Yoruba Ivory Coast articles History Gyaaman Ashanti Empire French West Africa 1960 -- 99 1999 coup d'état First Civil War Second Civil War ( 2010 -- 11 Ivorian crisis ) 2017 mutiny Geography Cities Climate Departments Districts Regions Rivers Sub-prefectures Wildlife Politics Constitution Elections Foreign relations Military Political parties President Vice-President Prime Minister Economy Agriculture Companies Energy Franc ( currency ) Mining Telecommunications Tourism Transport airports Society Culture Demographics Education Ethnic groups Flag Health Languages Media Music Olympics Public holidays Religion Outline Index Portal Ethnic groups in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_Ivory_Coast&oldid=777743288 '' Categories : Ethnic groups in Ivory Coast Lists of ethnic groups Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies Talk About Wikipedia Languages Add links This page was last edited on 29 April 2017 , at 00 : 05 . About Wikipedia
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member of ethnic group living in ghana and eastern ivory coast
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Lies of the Heart
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Lies of the Heart - Wikipedia Lies of the Heart Jump to : navigation , search Doli Armaano Ki Genre Indian soap opera Drama Created by Spellbound Productions Walkwater Media Ltd . Written by Pearl Grey Shanti Bhushan Directed by Sandeep Vijay , Niraj Pandey Inder Das Starring Neha Marda Varun Sharma Siddharth Arora Vibhav Roy Vikram Chatterjee Aadesh Chaudhary Manasi Salvi Gaurav Chopra Opening theme Doli Armaano Ki Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons 02 No. of episodes 482 Production Producer ( s ) Pearl Grey Location ( s ) Jhansi Mumbai Running time 25 mins approx Production company ( s ) Spellbound Productions Walkwater Media Ltd . Release Original network Zee TV Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release December 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 02 ) -- September 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) External links Official website Doli Armaano Ki , ( International title : Lies of the Heart ) , was an Indian television drama series . which premiered on 2 December 2013 , and ran until 25 September 2015 . It aired on Zee TV Monday through Friday . The series has been revoiced in English , and will air on Zee World on DSTv channel 166 , and revoiced in Tamil as Kalyana Kanavugal ( lit . Marriage Dreams ) and will air on Polimer TV . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 International broadcast 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) It is the story of Urmi , a young girl who gets married to Samrat , an arrogant , male chauvinist and abusive husband . As the story progresses Urmi and Samrat have a child , Shaurya . Moving further Urmi walks out of her marriage with Samrat due to his infidelity and ends up as a successful independent woman . Later , Ishaan , who has been Urmi 's friend , confidant and lawyer , falls in love with her and they get married . Samrat , the abusive husband , comes back to take revenge on Urmi . In the process , Ishaan is killed while saving Samrat and later Samrat ends his life due to guilt . Moving 15 years forward , Shaurya is an upright honest reporter who runs a news agency . Diya works with Shaurya in the same agency . On a work assignment Diya is raped . Hereon begins the journey of Urmi , Shaurya and Diya . Over the years Urmi , with her courage , integrity and determination to fight for the right has become one of the most iconic characters on Zee TV . With this leap Urmi passes the baton she has been carrying to Shaurya . The story henceforth focuses on Shaurya and Diya and how Shaurya helps Diya , stand up for her , fights for her , supports her and eventually falls in love with her . Diya on her part fights for her rights , lives her life with her head held high and also eventually falls in love with Shaurya . Cast ( edit ) Season 1 Neha Marda as Urmi Ishaan Sinha / Urmi Samrat Singh Rathore Siddharth Arora / Vibhav Roy as Ishaan Anirudh Sinha Mohit Malik as Samrat Singh Rathore Parvati Sehgal as Tani Samrat Singh Rathore Avinash Wadhawan as Anirudh Sinha Kamya Punjabi as Damini Anirudh Sinha Ayesha Singh as Ratti Sinha Shashwita Sharma as Sandhiya Sinha Geeta Tyagi as Shashikala Rudra Singh Rathore Hemant Thatte as Gaurav Devi Singh Anjali Mukhi as Saroj Devi Singh Sameeksha Sud as Asha Gaurav Singh Jayant Rawal as Devi Singh Mitansh Gera as Shaurya Samrat Singh Rathore / Shaurya Ishaan Sinha Shruti Kanwar as Radha Vikram Chatterjee as Yash Singhania Gaurav Rana as Diwakar Rudra Singh Rathore Vibhuti Thakur as Kanchan Diwakar Singh Rathore Jetendra as Rudra Singh Rathore Anupam Shyam as Garjan Singh Rathore Amita Udgata as Gayatri Singh Guddi Maruti as Bua Snigdha Srivastava as Trisha ( Urmi 's cousin sister ) Manisha Thakkar as Rashmi Singh Rathore / Rashmi Gaurav Singh Mehendi Jain as Anushka Devi Singh Aadesh Chaudhary / Harsh Vashisht as Amrit Singh Chauhan Ragini Gakhar as Aditi Amrit Singh Chauhan Krishnam Sharma as Rahul Karan Mishra as Deepak Ayush Mehra as Ravi Darshan Tiwari Swati Nanda as Sanaya Mohit Shrivastava as Prathanesh Sharma Himani Shivpuri as Sushma Darshan Tiwari Raju Kher as Darshan Tiwari Keith Sequeira as James ( Blackmailer ) Neetha Shetty as Kiran ( Samrat 's love interest ) Season 2 Manasi Salvi as Urmi Ishaan Sinha / Urmi Samrat Singh Rathode Kunal Karan Kapoor as Shaurya Ishaan Sinha / Shaurya Samrat Singh Rathode Neha Sargam as Diya Shaurya Sinha / Diya Shaurya Singh Rathode Kapil Arya as Karan Shashank Sethi as Cheeku Gaurav Chopra as Akash Kumar Avinash Wadhawan as Anirudh Sinha Kamya Punjabi as Damini Anirudh Sinha Nalini Negi as Ishaani Ishaan Sinha Mohit Shrivastava as Prathanesh Sharma Shahab Khan as Diya 's Father International broadcast ( edit ) In Pakistan , it airs on Urdu One References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Vibhuti Thakur & Gaurav Rana in Doli Armaano Ki -- Times Of India '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 2013 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Geeta Tyagi in Doli Armaano Ki -- Times Of India '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 2013 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Zee TV announces the launch of ' Doli Armanon Ki ' Jump up ^ `` ZEE TV axes ' Punar Vivah ' for ' Doli Armaano Ki ' BizAsia UK The UK 's only Asian media news site '' . Media247.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Doli Armaanon Ki : Episode Guide '' . ZeeTV . Zee TV . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doli Armaanon Ki : Telly actors perform at Urmi - Samrat wedding '' . Times of India . 2013 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Programs currently broadcast by Zee TV Soap operas Aap Ke Aa Jane Se Bhootu Kaliren Kumkum Bhagya Kundali Bhagya Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey Piyaa Albela Woh Apna Sa Zindagi Ki Mahek Ishq Subhan Allah Reality shows Dance India Dance Weekend shows Fear Files Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lies_of_the_Heart&oldid=842332736 '' Categories : 2013 Indian television series debuts Zee TV television series Indian television soap operas Indian drama television series Hindi - language television programs Hidden categories : Use Indian English from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from May 2015 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 19 : 30 . About Wikipedia
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diya in lies of the heart real name
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"Neha Sargam as Diya Shaurya Sinha / Diya Shaurya Singh Rathode"
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"Neha Sargam"
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Big Daddy (1999 film)
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Big Daddy ( 1999 film ) - wikipedia Big Daddy ( 1999 film ) Big Daddy Theatrical release poster Directed by Dennis Dugan Produced by Allen Covert Jack Giarraputo Screenplay by Steve Franks Tim Herlihy Adam Sandler Story by Steve Franks Starring Adam Sandler Joey Lauren Adams Jon Stewart Rob Schneider Cole Sprouse Dylan Sprouse Leslie Mann Music by Teddy Castellucci Cinematography Theo van de Sande Edited by Jeff Gourson Production company Out of the Blue ... Entertainment Jack Giarraputo Productions Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date June 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 06 - 25 ) Running time 93 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $34.2 million Box office $234.8 million Big Daddy is a 1999 American comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan and starring Adam Sandler , Joey Lauren Adams and the Sprouse twins . The film was produced by Robert Simonds and released on June 25 , 1999 , by Columbia Pictures , where it opened # 1 at the box office with a $41,536,370 first weekend . It was Sandler 's last film before starting his production company , Happy Madison Productions , his first film distributed by Columbia Pictures , and his highest - grossing film domestically until Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Accolades 4 Soundtrack 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Immature and lazy 32 - year - old young bachelor Sonny Koufax lives in New York City , and refuses to take on adult responsibility . Despite having a law degree , he refuses to take the bar exam , works one day a week as a toll booth attendant and lives off a large compensation payout from a minor accident . His girlfriend , Vanessa , threatens to break up with him unless he grows up . His roommate , Kevin Gerrity , proposes to his podiatrist girlfriend Corinne Maloney before he leaves for China to work at his law firm , and she accepts . Sonny constantly teases Corinne , especially about her former job at Hooters . The next day , Sonny wakes up to find a five - year - old boy named Julian McGrath abandoned at their apartment . A written explanation says that Julian 's mother is no longer able to care for him and that Kevin is his biological father . Sonny assures Kevin that he will look after Julian until Kevin returns from China . In order to win Vanessa back , Sonny introduces her to Julian . However , he discovers that she is now dating Sid , an elderly man who is more motivated and intelligent and has a `` five - year plan . '' Posing as Kevin , Sonny takes Julian to his social worker Arthur Brooks , telling him that Julian should return to his mother . However , Brooks informs Sonny that Julian 's mother died of cancer . Sonny then decides to raise Julian his own way . As such , the boy renames himself `` Frankenstein '' and also helps Sonny find a new girlfriend in Corinne 's lawyer sister Layla . Brooks finds a foster home for Julian and leaves messages for Sonny , but is suspicious when Sonny does not answer . At a meeting at Julian 's school , the teacher is shocked by the terrible habits Sonny has allowed Julian to develop , causing Sonny to rethink his parenting methods . He turns himself and Julian around , but then Brooks arrives to find out Sonny impersonated Kevin and Julian is taken away . In court , numerous people including Corinne testify on Sonny 's behalf and tell the judge he is a suitable father . Julian also testifies and provides information regarding his heritage . As a final straw , Sonny calls himself to the stand and asks his Florida lawyer father Lenny , who is present , to interrogate him . Despite Lenny 's fervent belief that Sonny is not father material , Sonny convinces Lenny that he will try his best at being a father . Impressed by Sonny 's sincerity , Lenny vouches for him . Nonetheless , the unconvinced judge orders Sonny 's arrest . Kevin , having pieced the necessary information together , confesses to being Julian 's biological father and insists they drop the charges . Sonny remains friends with Julian and hands him off to Kevin , watching them bond . One year later , Sonny has turned his life around : he is a successful lawyer , is married to Layla , and they have a child of their own . At Sonny 's surprise birthday party at a Hooters restaurant attended by Kevin , Corinne , Julian and others ; Sonny sees Vanessa working as a waitress , with Sid working as a cook , revealing his `` five - year - plan '' has gone awry . Everyone celebrates Sonny 's birthday . Cast ( edit ) Adam Sandler as Sonny Koufax Cole and Dylan Sprouse as Julian McGrath Joey Lauren Adams as Layla Maloney Jon Stewart as Kevin Gerrity Leslie Mann as Corinne Maloney Rob Schneider as Nazo Jonathan Loughran as Mike Allen Covert as Phil D'Amato Peter Dante as Tommy Grayton Kristy Swanson as Vanessa Joseph Bologna as Lenny Koufax Steve Buscemi as Homeless Guy Josh Mostel as Arthur Brooks Edmund Lyndeck as Mr. Herlihy Geoffrey Horne as Sid Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 40 % based on 93 reviews , and an average rating of 5.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Adam Sandler acquits himself admirably , but his charm is n't enough to make up for Big Daddy 's jarring shifts between crude humor and mawkish sentimentality . '' On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 41 out of 100 , based on reviews from 26 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Result 2000 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Favorite Actor - Comedy : Adam Sandler Won 2000 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Favorite Supporting Actor - Comedy : Cole Sprouse & Dylan Sprouse Nominated 2000 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Favorite Supporting Actress - Comedy : Joey Lauren Adams Nominated 2000 BMI Film & TV Awards Teddy Castellucci Won 2000 GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Film Nominated 2000 Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Actor : Adam Sandler Won 2000 Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Screenplay : Steve Franks , Tim Herlihy & Adam Sandler Nominated 2000 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Won 2000 Kids ' Choice Awards Favourite Movie Actor - Adam Sandler Won 2000 MTV Movie + TV Awards Best Comedic Performance - Adam Sandler Won 2000 MTV Movie + TV Awards Best Male Performance - Adam Sandler Nominated 2000 MTV Movie + TV Awards Best On - Screen Duo - Adam Sandler , Cole Sprouse , Dylan Sprouse Nominated 2000 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Comedy Motion Picture Won 1999 Teen Choice Awards Film - Movie of the Summer Won 2000 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Actor Age Ten or Under : Cole Sprouse & Dylan Sprouse Nominated 1999 YoungStar Awards Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Comedy Film : Cole Sprouse & Dylan Sprouse Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic dowse positive EW B - The film won a BMI Film Music Award . The soundtrack included the following : Track listing `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' by Sheryl Crow ( Guns N ' Roses cover ) `` When I Grow Up '' by Garbage `` Peace Out '' by Adam Sandler ( a sound clip from a scene in the movie ) `` Just Like This '' by Limp Bizkit `` Only Love Can Break Your Heart '' by Everlast ( a Neil Young cover ) `` Ga Ga '' by Melanie C `` What Is Life '' by George Harrison , covered in movie by Shawn Mullins `` The Kiss '' by Adam Sandler ( a sound clip from a scene in the movie ) `` Instant Pleasure '' by Rufus Wainwright `` Ooh La La '' by The Wiseguys `` Sid '' by Adam Sandler ( a sound clip from a scene in the movie ) `` If I Ca n't Have You '' by Yvonne Elliman `` Smelly Kid '' by Adam Sandler ( a sound clip from a scene in the movie ) `` Passin ' Me By '' by The Pharcyde ( a sound clip from a scene in the movie ) `` Rush '' by Big Audio Dynamite `` Hooters '' by Allen Covert ( a sound clip from a scene in the movie ) `` Babe '' by Styx `` Overtime '' by Adam Sandler ( a sound clip from a scene in the movie ) `` The Kangaroo Song '' by Tim Herlihy ( made specifically for the movie ) `` The Best of Times '' by Styx ( only a portion of the song ) Other songs used in the film `` Dancing in the Moonlight '' by The CrownSayers ( originally done by King Harvest ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' by Eurythmics `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' a re-recorded version taken from a live version played by Guns N ' Roses mixed with a recording with the 1999 Guns N ' Roses lineup `` Jump '' by Van Halen background music on the answering machine message in Sonny 's apartment `` Growin ' Up '' by Bruce Springsteen `` Save It For Later '' by Harvey Danger ( originally by The English Beat ) `` Blue Collar Man ( Long Nights ) '' by Styx `` Night 's Interlude '' by Nightmares on Wax ( Song played during opening credits ) `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' by Elvin Bishop Songs from the theatrical trailer not in the film `` Doo Wa Ditty ( Blow That Thing ) '' by Zapp and Roger `` You Get What You Give '' by New Radicals References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Big Daddy ( 1999 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 21 February 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Daddy reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Sandler Movie Box Office Results '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Big Daddy Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 22 March 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Big Daddy - Original Soundtrack - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` big daddy - soundtrack review '' . www.dowse.com . Jump up ^ `` Big Daddy '' . Jump up ^ `` BMI Honors Top Film and TV Composers '' . 15 May 2000 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Big Daddy Big Daddy on IMDb Big Daddy at Box Office Mojo Big Daddy at Rotten Tomatoes Big Daddy at Metacritic Films directed by Dennis Dugan Problem Child ( 1990 ) Brain Donors ( 1992 ) The Shaggy Dog ( 1994 ) Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) Beverly Hills Ninja ( 1997 ) Big Daddy ( 1999 ) Saving Silverman ( 2001 ) National Security ( 2003 ) The Benchwarmers ( 2006 ) I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry ( 2007 ) You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) Grown Ups ( 2010 ) Just Go with It ( 2011 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Daddy_(1999_film)&oldid=859532847 '' Categories : English - language films 1999 films 1990s comedy films American comedy films American films Films directed by Dennis Dugan Films about adoption Films produced by Allen Covert Films scored by Teddy Castellucci Films set in New York City Films shot in New York City Columbia Pictures films Screenplays by Adam Sandler Screenplays by Tim Herlihy Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Føroyskt Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2018 , at 16 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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what was adam sandler's job in big daddy
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Groovin'
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Groovin ' - wikipedia Groovin ' For other uses , see Groovin ' ( disambiguation ) . `` Groovin ' '' Single by The Young Rascals from the album Groovin ' B - side `` Sueño '' Released April 10 , 1967 Format 7 '' single Recorded March 27 , 1967 Genre R&B , blue - eyed soul Length 2 : 30 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Felix Cavaliere Eddie Brigati Producer ( s ) The Rascals The Young Rascals singles chronology `` I 've Been Lonely Too Long '' ( 1967 ) `` Groovin ' '' ( 1967 ) `` A Girl Like You '' ( 1967 ) `` I 've Been Lonely Too Long '' ( 1967 ) `` Groovin '' ( 1967 ) `` A Girl Like You '' ( 1967 ) `` Groovin ' '' Single by Booker T & the M.G.s from the album Hip Hug - Her Released 1967 Genre R&B , soul Length 2 : 40 Label Stax Records 224 Songwriter ( s ) Felix Cavaliere Eddie Brigati `` Groovin '' is a single released in 1967 by the Young Rascals that became a number - one hit and one of the group 's signature songs . Written by group members Felix Cavaliere and Eddie Brigati and with a lead vocal from Cavaliere , it is a slow , relaxed groove , based on Cavaliere 's newfound interest in Afro - Cuban music . Instrumentation included a conga , a Cuban - influenced bass guitar line from session musician Chuck Rainey , and a harmonica part , performed first for the single version by New York session musician Michael Weinstein , and later for the album version by Gene Cornish . The result was fairly different from the Rascals ' white soul origins , enough so that Atlantic Records head Jerry Wexler did not want to release `` Groovin ' '' . Cavaliere credits disc jockey Murray the K with intervening to encourage Atlantic to release the song . `` To tell you the truth , they did n't originally like the record because it had no drum on it , '' admits Cavaliere . `` We had just cut it , and he ( Murray the K ) came in the studio to say hello . After he heard the song , he said , ' Man , this is a smash . ' So , when he later heard that Atlantic did n't want to put it out , he went to see Jerry Wexler and said , ' Are you crazy ? This is a friggin ' No. 1 record . ' He was right , because it eventually became No. 1 for four straight weeks . '' Lyrically , `` Groovin ' '' is the evocation of a person in love : Life would be ecstasy , you and me endlessly ... Groovin ' ... on a Sunday afternoon Really could n't get away too soon -- `` Groovin '' was inspired by Cavaliere 's then - girlfriend , Adrienne Buccheri . He said of her , `` I believe she was divinely sent for the purpose of inspiring my creativity . '' The single became an instant hit in May 1967 , spending four weeks atop the Billboard pop singles chart , but not four consecutive weeks . The sequence was interrupted by Aretha Franklin 's cover of `` Respect '' , which spent two weeks at No. 1 in the middle of `` Groovin ' '' 's run . The song was RIAA - certified a gold record on June 13 , 1967 . `` Groovin ' '' dropped so quickly from the charts that Casey Kasem remarked on it in his radio show American Top 40 five years later . Showing it ( and the group 's ) crossover appeal , the song also reached No. 3 on the Billboard Black Songs chart . `` Groovin ' '' was the only hit the group ever had in the United Kingdom , reaching No. 8 on the UK Singles Chart . The Rascals performing `` Groovin ' '' during their 2013 Once Upon a Dream show , with a peaceful park scene showing on the video screen behind them . Gene Cornish plays the well - known harmonica part . `` Groovin ' '' was subsequently included on the Young Rascals ' late July 1967 album of the same name , but with the alternate harmonica solo by Cornish . `` Groovin ' '' is one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll , and is also the recipient of a Grammy Hall of Fame Award . The phrase `` you and me endlessly '' was often misheard as the mondegreen `` you and me and Leslie '' . Contents 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 In other languages 3 Cover versions 4 References Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position Australia KMR Canada RPM New Zealand ( Listener ) 13 UK 8 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard R&B Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Rank Canada 6 UK 70 US Billboard Hot 100 9 In other languages ( edit ) The Young Rascals recorded `` Groovin '' in Spanish , French and Italian in 1968 . Cover versions ( edit ) Within weeks of the Young Rascals release , Booker T. and the M.G. 's recorded an instrumental cover of `` Groovin ' '' . Issued as a single , the track reached No. 21 on the pop charts and No. 10 on the R&B charts in the summer of 1967 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 52 - The Soul Reformation : Phase three , soul music at the summit . ( Part 8 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Track 5 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Elliot Stephen . `` Felix Cavaliere traces the tumultuous history of The Rascals > Review '' . Goldmine . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joyce Pellino Crane ( 2003 - 06 - 10 ) . `` A Groovin ' Reunion With A Rascal - And A Hero '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 482 . Jump up ^ Marc Myers ( 2013 - 04 - 04 ) . `` The Day They Grooved to ' Groovin ' ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1967 '' . top-source.info . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2002 Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1967 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1967 / Top 100 Songs of 1967 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Groovin ' ( Spanish Version ) - The Young Rascals '' . YouTube . 2010 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Young Rascals Groovin ' French Version ( Rare ) '' . YouTube . 2014 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Groovin ' ( Italian Version ) The Young Rascals '' . YouTube . 2009 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . The Rascals Felix Cavaliere Eddie Brigati Gene Cornish Dino Danelli David Brigati Robert Popwell Danny Weis The Young Rascals The Young Rascals ( 1966 ) Collections ( 1967 ) Groovin ' ( 1967 ) The Rascals Once Upon a Dream ( 1968 ) Freedom Suite ( 1969 ) See ( 1970 ) Search and Nearness ( 1971 ) Peaceful World ( 1971 ) The Island of Real ( 1972 ) Compilations Time Peace : The Rascals ' Greatest Hits ( 1968 ) The Very Best of The Rascals ( 1993 ) Singles `` I Ai n't Gonna Eat Out My Heart Anymore '' `` Good Lovin ' '' `` You Better Run '' `` Groovin ' '' `` How Can I Be Sure '' `` It 's Wonderful '' `` A Beautiful Morning '' `` People Got to Be Free '' Book : The Rascals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Groovin%27&oldid=847233440 '' Categories : 1967 songs 1967 singles Songs written by Eddie Brigati Songs written by Felix Cavaliere The Rascals songs The Esquires songs Leif Garrett songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Atlantic Records singles Stax Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 21 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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Divorce
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Divorce - wikipedia Divorce For other uses , see Divorce ( disambiguation ) . `` Ex-wife '' redirects here . For the Portuguese rock band , see X-Wife . Family law Family Marriage and other equivalent or similar unions and status ( show ) Marriage Types of marriages Prenuptial agreement Cohabitation Concubinage Common - law marriage Civil union Domestic partnership Validity of marriages ( show ) Void and Voidable marriages Annulment Marriage fraud Dissolution of marriages ( show ) Divorce Adultery Grounds for divorce No - fault divorce Matrimonial Causes Act Legal separation Alimony Parenting plan Residence ( UK ( E.W. and NI ) ) Parental rights Custody Evaluator ( U.S. ) Parenting coordinator ( U.S. ) Other issues ( show ) Paternity Legitimacy Child custody Legal guardian Adoption Child support Contact & visitation CAFCASS ( UK ( E.W. ) ) Grandparent visitation U.N. Rights of the Child Children 's rights Emancipation Foster care Ward Parental child abduction Private international law ( show ) Private international law Divorce Marriage Hague Convention ( adoption ) International child abduction Hague Convention ( child abduction ) Hague Convention ( maintenance ) Family and criminal code ( or criminal law ) ( show ) Paternity fraud Bigamy CPS ( U.S. ) Child abuse Domestic violence Incest Child - selling Relationships ( Outline ) Types ( show ) Genetic Kinship Family Sibling Cousin By marriage Husband Wife Open marriage Polyandry Polygamy Polygyny Mixed - orientation Partner Partners Significant other Boyfriend Girlfriend Cohabitation Same - sex Life partner Friendship ( romantic ) Sexual Casual Monogamy Non-monogamy Mutual monogamy Polyamory Polyfidelity Cicisbeo Concubinage Courtesan Mistress Activities ( show ) Bonding Courtship Dating Engagement Mating Meet market Romance Singles event Wedding Endings ( show ) Breakup Separation Annulment Divorce Widowhood Emotions and feelings ( show ) Affinity Attachment Intimacy Jealousy Limerence Love Platonic unconditional Passion Sexuality Practices ( show ) Bride price dower dowry service Hypergamy Infidelity Sexual activity Transgression Repression Abuse ( show ) Child Dating Domestic Elderly Narcissistic parent Power and control Divorce , also known as dissolution of marriage , is the process of terminating a marriage or marital union . It usually entails the canceling or reorganizing of the legal duties and responsibilities of marriage , thus dissolving the bonds of matrimony between a married couple under the rule of law of the particular country or state . Divorce laws vary considerably around the world , but in most countries divorce requires the sanction of a court or other authority in a legal process , which may involve issues of distribution of property , child custody , alimony ( spousal support ) , child visitation / access , parenting time , child support , and division of debt . In most countries , monogamy is required by law , so divorce allows each former partner to marry another person ; where polygyny is legal but polyandry is not , divorce allows the woman to marry another person . Divorce should not be confused with annulment , which declares the marriage null and void , with legal separation or de jure separation ( a legal process by which a married couple may formalize a de facto separation while remaining legally married ) or with de facto separation ( a process where the spouses informally stop cohabiting ) . Reasons for divorce vary , from sexual incompatibility or lack of independence for one or both spouses to a personality clash . The only countries that do not allow divorce are the Philippines , the Vatican City and the British Crown Dependency of Sark . In the Philippines , divorce for non-Muslim Filipinos is not legal unless the husband or wife is an alien and satisfies certain conditions . The Vatican City is an ecclesiastical state , which has no procedure for divorce . Countries that have relatively recently legalized divorce are Italy ( 1970 ) , Portugal ( 1975 ) , Brazil ( 1977 ) , Spain ( 1981 ) , Argentina ( 1987 ) , Paraguay ( 1991 ) , Colombia ( 1991 * ) , Andorra ( 1995 ) , Ireland ( 1996 ) , Chile ( 2004 ) and Malta ( 2011 ) . Contents 1 Overview 2 Law 2.1 Types 2.1. 1 Contested divorce 2.1. 2 At - fault divorce 2.1. 3 Summary divorce 2.1. 4 No - fault divorce 2.1. 5 Uncontested divorce 2.1. 6 Collaborative divorce 2.1. 7 Electronic divorce 2.1. 8 Mediated divorce 3 Polygamy and divorce 4 Causes 5 Effects 5.1 Divorce and relationships 5.2 Effects on children 5.2. 1 Psychological 5.2. 2 Academic and socioeconomic 5.3 Divorce of elderly couples 6 Statistics 6.1 Asia 6.1. 1 Japan 6.1. 2 India 6.1. 3 Taiwan ( China ) 6.2 Europe 6.3 North America 6.3. 1 United States 6.4 Oceania 7 In same - sex married couples ( United States ) 7.1 Rights of spouses to custody of children 8 Religion and divorce 9 Gender and divorce 10 History 10.1 Greco - Roman culture 10.2 Medieval Europe 10.3 Secularisation in Europe 10.4 Japan 10.5 India 10.6 Islamic law 10.7 The Philippines 11 Patterns 12 See also 13 References 14 Suggested reading 15 External links Overview ( edit ) Grounds for divorce vary widely from country to country . Marriage may be seen as a contract , a status , or a combination of these . Where it is seen as a contract , the refusal or inability of one spouse to perform the obligations stipulated in the contract may constitute a ground for divorce for the other spouse . In contrast , in some countries ( such as Sweden , Finland , Australia , New Zealand ) , divorce is purely no fault . Many jurisdictions offer both the option of a no fault divorce as well as an at fault divorce . This is the case , for example , in many US states ( see Grounds for divorce ( United States ) ) . Though divorce laws vary between jurisdictions , there are two basic approaches to divorce : fault based and no - fault based . However , even in some jurisdictions that do not require a party to claim fault of their partner , a court may still take into account the behavior of the parties when dividing property , debts , evaluating custody , shared care arrangements and support . In some jurisdictions one spouse may be forced to pay the attorney 's fees of another spouse . Laws vary as to the waiting period before a divorce is effective . Also , residency requirements vary . However , issues of division of property are typically determined by the law of the jurisdiction in which the property is located . In Europe , divorce laws differ from country to country , reflecting differing legal and cultural traditions . In some countries , particularly ( but not only ) in some former communist countries , divorce can be obtained only on one single general ground of `` irretrievable breakdown of the marriage '' ( or a similar formulation ) . Yet , what constitutes such a `` breakdown '' of the marriage is interpreted very differently from jurisdiction to jurisdiction , ranging from very liberal interpretations ( e.g. Netherlands ) to quite restrictive ones ( e.g. , in Poland , there must be an `` irretrievable and complete disintegration of matrimonial life , '' but there are many restrictions to granting a divorce ) . Separation constitutes a ground of divorce in some European countries ( in Germany , e.g. , a divorce is granted on the basis of a 1 - year separation if both spouses consent , or 3 - year separation if only one spouse consents ) . Note that `` separation '' does not necessarily mean separate residences -- in some jurisdictions , living in the same household but leading a separate life ( e.g. , eating , sleeping , socializing , etc. separately ) is sufficient to constitute de facto separation ; this is explicitly stated , e.g. , in the family laws of Latvia . Divorce laws are not static ; they often change reflecting evolving social norms of societies . In the 21st century , many European countries have made changes to their divorce laws , in particular by reducing the length of the necessary periods of separation , e.g. , Scotland in 2006 ( 1 or 2 years from the previous 2 or 5 years ) ; France in 2005 ( 2 years from the previous 6 years ) , Switzerland in 2005 ( 2 years from the previous 4 years ) , Greece in 2008 ( two years from the previous four years ) . Some countries have completely overhauled their divorce laws , such as Spain in 2005 , and Portugal in 2008 . A new divorce law also came into force in September 2007 in Belgium , creating a new system that is primarily no - fault . Bulgaria also modified its divorce regulations in 2009 . Also in Italy , new laws came into force in 2014 and 2015 with significant changes in Italian law in matter of divorce : apart from shortening of the period of obligatory separation ( 6 months or 1 year from the previous 3 years ) , are allowed other forms of getting a divorce -- as an alternative to court proceedings , i.e. the negotiations with the participation of an advocate or agreement made before the registrar of Public Registry Office . Austria , instead , is a European country where the divorce law still remains conservative . The liberalization of divorce laws is not without opposition , particularly in the United States . Indeed , in the US , certain conservative and religious organizations are lobbying for laws which restrict divorce . In 2011 , in the US , the Coalition for Divorce Reform was established , describing itself as an organization `` dedicated to supporting efforts to reduce unnecessary divorce and promote healthy marriages . '' The constant and immutable Magysterium of the Roman Catholic Church - about this matter , among others - is founded on the concept of natural moral law , elaborated by St. Thomas Aquinas , supplemented by the revealed Divine law . The doctrine of the Doctor Angelicus has been partially shared by the Eastern Orthodox Church in the course of history . Law ( edit ) See also : Divorce law by country Types ( edit ) In some jurisdictions , the courts will seldom apply principles of fault , but might willingly hold a party liable for a breach of a fiduciary duty to his or her spouse ( for example , see Family Code Sections 720 and 1100 of the California Family Code ) . Grounds for divorce differs from state to state in the U.S. Some states have no - fault divorce ; some states require a declaration of fault on the part of one partner or both ; some states allow either method . In most jurisdictions , a divorce must be certified ( or ordered by a Judge ) by a court of law to come into effect . The terms of the divorce are usually determined by the courts , though they may take into account prenuptial agreements or post-nuptial agreements , or simply ratify terms that the spouses may have agreed to privately ( this is not true in the United States , where agreements related to the marriage typically have to be rendered in writing to be enforceable ) . In absence of agreement , a contested divorce may be stressful to the spouses . In some other countries , when the spouses agree to divorce and to the terms of the divorce , it can be certified by a non-judiciary administrative entity . The effect of a divorce is that both parties are free to marry again if a filing in an appellate court does not overturn the decision . Contested divorce ( edit ) Contested divorces mean that one of several issues are required to be heard by a judge at trial level -- this is more expensive , and the parties will have to pay for a lawyer 's time and preparation . In such a divorce the spouses are not able to agree on issues for instance child custody and division of marital assets . In such situations , the litigation process takes longer to conclude . The judge controls the outcome of the case . Less adversarial approaches to divorce settlements have recently emerged , such as mediation and collaborative divorce settlement , which negotiate mutually acceptable resolution to conflicts . This principle in the United States is called ' Alternative Dispute Resolution ' and has gained popularity . At - fault divorce ( edit ) Before the late 1960s , nearly all countries that permitted divorce required proof by one party that the other party had committed an act incompatible to the marriage . This was termed `` grounds '' for divorce ( popularly called `` fault '' ) and was the only way to terminate a marriage . Most jurisdictions around the world still require such proof of fault . In the United States , no - fault divorce is available in all 50 states , as is the case with Australia , New Zealand , Canada and other Western countries . Fault - based divorces can be contested ; evaluation of offenses may involve allegations of collusion of the parties ( working together to get the divorce ) , or condonation ( approving the offense ) , connivance ( tricking someone into committing an offense ) , or provocation by the other party . Contested fault divorces can be expensive , and not usually practical as eventually most divorces are granted . Comparative rectitude is a doctrine used to determine which spouse is more at fault when both spouses are guilty of breaches . The grounds for a divorce which a party could raise and need to prove included ' desertion , ' ' abandonment , ' ' cruelty , ' or ' adultery . ' The requirement of proving a ground was revised ( and withdrawn ) by the terms of ' no - fault ' statutes , which became popular in many Western countries in the late 1960s and early 1970s . In ' no - fault ' jurisdictions divorce can be obtained either on a simple allegation of ' irreconcilable differences , ' ' irretrievable break - down ' , or ' incompatibility ' with respect to the marriage relationship , or on the ground of de facto separation . Summary divorce ( edit ) A summary ( or simple ) divorce , available in some jurisdictions , is used when spouses meet certain eligibility requirements or can agree on key issues beforehand . Key factors : Short duration of marriage ( less than five years ) Absence of children ( or , in some jurisdictions , prior allocation of child custody and of child - support direction and amount ) Absence or minimal value of real property at issue and any associated encumbrances such as mortgages Absence of agreed - as - marital property above a given value threshold ( around $35,000 not including vehicles ) Absence , with respect to each spouse , of claims to personal property above a given value threshold , typically the same as that for total marital property , with such claims including claims to exclusive previous ownership of property described by the other spouse as marital No - fault divorce ( edit ) Some Western jurisdictions have a no - fault divorce system , which requires no allegation or proof of fault of either party . The barest of assertions suffice . For example , in countries that require `` irretrievable breakdown '' , the mere assertion that the marriage has broken down will satisfy the judicial officer . In other jurisdictions requiring irreconcilable differences , the mere allegation that the marriage has been irreparable by these differences is enough for granting a divorce . Courts will not inquire into facts . A `` yes '' is enough , even if the other party vehemently says `` no '' . The application can be made by either party or by both parties jointly . In jurisdictions adopting the ' no - fault ' principle regarding whether to grant a divorce , some courts may still take into account the fault of the parties when determining some aspects of the content of the divorce decree , e.g. , its terms for the division of property and debts and the existence and , if applicable , the amount of spousal support . Provisions related to child custody are determined using a different fundamental standard , that of the child 's or children 's best interests ; while some behaviors that may constitute marital fault ( e.g. , violence , cruelty , endangerment , neglect , or substance abuse ) may also qualify as factors to be considered when determining child custody , they do so for the independent reason that they provide evidence as to what arrangement is in the child 's or children 's best interests going forward . Uncontested divorce ( edit ) It is estimated that upwards of 95 % of divorces in the U.S. are `` uncontested '' , because the two parties are able to come to an agreement ( either with or without lawyers / mediators / collaborative counsel ) about the property , children , and support issues . When the parties can agree and present the court with a fair and equitable agreement , approval of the divorce is almost guaranteed . If the two parties can not come to an agreement , they may ask the court to decide how to split property and deal with the custody of their children . Though this may be necessary , the courts would prefer parties come to an agreement prior to entering court . Where the issues are not complex and the parties are cooperative , a settlement often can be directly negotiated between them . In the majority of cases , forms are acquired from their respective state websites and a filing fee is paid to the state . Most U.S. states charge between $175 and $350 for a simple divorce filing . Collaborative divorce and mediated divorce are considered uncontested divorces . Because of additional requirements that must be met , most military divorces are typically uncontested . In the United States , many state court systems are experiencing an increasing proportion of pro se ( i.e. , litigants represent themselves without a lawyer ) in divorce cases . In San Diego , for example , the number of divorce filings involving at least one self - representing litigant rose from 46 % in 1992 to 77 % in 2000 , and in Florida from 66 % in 1999 to 73 % in 2001 . Urban courts in California report that approximately 80 % of the new divorce filings are filed pro se . Collaborative divorce ( edit ) Collaborative divorce is a method for divorcing couples to come to agreement on divorce issues . In a collaborative divorce , the parties negotiate an agreed resolution with the assistance of attorneys who are trained in the collaborative divorce process and in mediation and often with the assistance of a neutral financial specialist or divorce coaches . The parties are empowered to make their own decisions based on their own needs and interests , but with complete information and full professional support . Once the collaborative divorce starts , the lawyers are disqualified from representing the parties in a contested legal proceeding , should the collaborative law process end prematurely . Most attorneys who practice collaborative divorce claim that it can be more cost - effective than other divorce methods , e.g. , going to court . Expense , they say , has to be looked at under the headings of financial and emotional . Also , the experience of working collaboratively tends to improve communication between the parties , particularly when collaborative coaches are involved , and the possibility of going back to court post-separation or divorce is minimized . In the course of the collaboration , should the parties not reach any agreements , any documents or information exchanged during the collaborative process can not be used in court except by agreement between the parties . Neither can any of the professional team retained in the course of the collaboration be brought to court . Essentially , they have the same protections as in mediation . There are two exceptions : 1 ) Any affidavit sworn in the course of the collaboration and vouching documentation attaching to same and 2 ) any interim agreement made and signed off in the course of the collaboration or correspondence relating thereto . The parties are in control of the time they are prepared to give their collaboration . Some people need a lot of time to complete , whereas others will reach solutions in a few meetings . Collaborative practitioners offer a tightly orchestrated model with meetings scheduled in advance every two weeks , and the range of items to be discussed apportioned in advance of signing up as well as the more open ended process , the clients decide . Electronic divorce ( edit ) Portugal , for example , allows two persons to file an electronic request for no - fault collaborative divorce in a non judiciary administrative entity . In specific cases , with no children , real property , alimony , or common address , can be completed within one hour . Mediated divorce ( edit ) Divorce mediation is an alternative to traditional divorce litigation . In a divorce mediation session , a mediator facilitates the discussion between the two parties by assisting with communication and providing information and suggestions to help resolve differences . At the end of the mediation process , the separating parties have typically developed a tailored divorce agreement that can be submitted to the court . Mediation sessions can include either party 's attorneys , a neutral attorney , or an attorney - mediator who can inform both parties of their legal rights , but does not provide advice to either , or can be conducted with the assistance of a facilitative or transformative mediator without attorneys present at all . Some mediation companies , such as Wevorce , also pair clients with counselors , financial planners and other professionals to work through common mediation sticking points . Divorce mediators may be attorneys who have experience in divorce cases , or they may be professional mediators who are not attorneys , but who have training specifically in the area of family court matters . Divorce mediation can be significantly less costly , both financially and emotionally , than litigation . The adherence rate to mediated agreements is much higher than that of adherence to court orders . An article in the Jerusalem Post by Hadassah Fidler explained that mediated divorces have become a lot more popular , to the extent that some countries ( such as Israel ) have instituted a new law which will require divorcing couples to consider mediation before applying to court . Polygamy and divorce ( edit ) Polygamy is a significant structural factor governing divorce in countries where this is permitted . Little - to - no analysis has been completed to explicitly explain the link between marital instability and polygamy which leads to divorce . The frequency of divorce rises in polygamous marriages compared to monogamous relationships . Within polygamous unions , differences in conjugal stability are found to occur by wife order . There are 3 main mechanisms through which polygamy affects divorce : economic restraint , sexual satisfaction , and childlessness . Many women escape economic restraint through divorcing their spouses when they are allowed to initiate a divorce . `` Just Divorced ! '' hand - written on an automobile 's rear window . Causes ( edit ) An annual study in the UK by management consultants Grant Thornton , estimates the main proximal causes of divorce based on surveys of matrimonial lawyers . The main causes in 2004 were : Adultery ; Extramarital sex ; Infidelity -- 27 % Domestic violence -- 17 % Midlife crisis -- 13 % Addictions , e.g. alcoholism and gambling -- 6 % Workaholism -- 6 % According to this survey , husbands engaged in extramarital affairs in 75 % of cases ; wives in 25 % . In cases of family strain , wives ' families were the primary source of strain in 78 % , compared to 22 % of husbands ' families . Emotional and physical abuse were more evenly split , with wives affected in 60 % and husbands in 40 % of cases . In 70 % of workaholism - related divorces it was husbands who were the cause , and in 30 % , wives . The 2004 survey found that 93 % of divorce cases were petitioned by wives , very few of which were contested . 53 % of divorces were of marriages that had lasted 10 to 15 years , with 40 % ending after 5 to 10 years . The first 5 years are relatively divorce - free , and if a marriage survives more than 20 years it is unlikely to end in divorce . Social scientists study the causes of divorce in terms of underlying factors that may possibly motivate divorce . One of these factors is the age at which a person gets married ; delaying marriage may provide more opportunity or experience in choosing a compatible partner . Wage , income , and sex ratios are other such underlying factors that have been included in analyses by sociologists and economists . The elevation of divorce rates among couples who cohabited prior to marriage is called the `` cohabitation effect . '' Evidence suggests that although this correlation is partly due to two forms of selection ( a ) that persons whose moral or religious codes permit cohabitation are also more likely to consider divorce permitted by morality or religion and ( b ) that marriage based on low levels of commitment is more common among couples who cohabit than among couples who do not , such that the mean and median levels of commitment at the start of marriage are lower among cohabiting than among non-cohabiting couples ) , the cohabitation experience itself exerts at least some independent effect on the subsequent marital union . In 2010 , a study by Jay Teachman published in Journal of Marriage and Family found that women who have cohabited or had premarital sex with men other than their husbands have an increased risk of divorce , and that this effect is strongest for women who have cohabited with multiple men prior to marriage . To Teachman , the fact that the elevated risk of divorce is only experienced when the premarital partner ( s ) is someone other than the husband indicates that premarital sex and cohabitation are now a normal part of the courtship process in the United States . It is worth mentioning that the study only considers data on women in the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth in the United States . Divorce is sometimes caused by one of the partners finding the other unattractive . Effects ( edit ) Some of the effects associated with divorce include academic , behavioral , and psychological problems . Although this may not always be true , studies suggest that children from divorced families are more likely to exhibit such behavioral issues than those from non-divorced families . Divorce and relationships ( edit ) Research done at Northern Illinois University on Family and Child Studies suggests that divorce of couples experiencing high conflict can have a positive effect on families by reducing conflict in the home . There are , however , many instances when the parent -- child relationship may suffer due to divorce . Financial support is many times lost when an adult goes through a divorce . The adult may be obligated to obtain additional work to maintain financial stability . In turn , this can lead to a negative relationship between the parent and child ; the relationship may suffer due to lack of attention towards the child as well as minimal parental supervision Studies have also shown that parental skills decrease after a divorce occurs ; however , this effect is only a temporary change . `` A number of researchers have shown that a disequilibrium , including diminished parenting skills , occurs in the year following the divorce but that by two years after the divorce re-stabilization has occurred and parenting skills have improved '' Some couples choose divorce even when one spouse 's desire to remain married is greater than the other spouse 's desire to obtain a divorce . In economics this is known as the Zelder Paradox , and is more common with marriages that have produced children , and less common with childless couples . In an American Psychological Association study of parents ' relocation after a divorce , researchers found that a move has a long - term effect on children . In the first study conducted amongst 2,000 college students on the effects of parental relocation relating to their children 's well - being after divorce , researchers found major differences . In divorced families in which one parent moved , the students received less financial support from their parents compared with divorced families in which neither parent moved . These findings also imply other negative outcomes for these students , such as more distress related to the divorce and did not feel a sense of emotional support from their parents . Although the data suggests negative outcomes for these students whose parents relocate after divorce , there is insufficient research that can alone prove the overall well - being of the child A newer study in the Journal of Family Psychology found that parents who move more than an hour away from their children after a divorce are much less well off than those parents who stayed in the same location Effects on children ( edit ) Psychological ( edit ) Divorce is associated with diminished psychological well - being in children and adult offspring of divorced parents , including greater unhappiness , less satisfaction with life , weaker sense of personal control , anxiety , depression , and greater use of mental health services . A preponderance of evidence indicates that there is a causal effect between divorce and these outcomes . A study in Sweden led by the Centre for Health Equity Studies ( Chess ) at Stockholm University / Karolinska Institutet , is published in the Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health found that children living with just one parent after divorce suffer from more problems such as headaches , stomach aches , feelings of tension and sadness than those whose parents share custody . Children of divorced parents are also more likely to experience conflict in their own marriages , and are more likely to experience divorce themselves . They are also more likely to be involved in short - term cohabiting relationships , which often dissolve before marriage . There are many studies that show proof of an intergenerational transmission of divorce , but this does not mean that having divorced parents will absolutely lead a child to divorce . There are two key factors that make this transmission of divorce more likely . First , inherited biological tendencies or genetic conditions may predispose a child to divorce as well as the `` model of marriage '' presented by the child 's parents . According to Nicholas Wall , former President of the Family Division of the English High Court , `` People think that post-separation parenting is easy -- in fact , it is exceedingly difficult , and as a rule of thumb my experience is that the more intelligent the parent , the more intractable the dispute . There is nothing worse , for most children , than for their parents to denigrate each other . Parents simply do not realize the damage they do to their children by the battles they wage over them . Separating parents rarely behave reasonably , although they always believe that they are doing so , and that the other party is behaving unreasonably . '' Although not the intention of most parents , putting children in the middle of conflict is particularly detrimental . Examples of this are asking children to carry messages between parents , grilling children about the other parent 's activities , and putting the other parent down in front of the children . Children involved in high - conflict divorce or custody cases can experience varying forms of parental alienation , which courts often consider to be a form of child abuse . Specific examples of parental alienation include brainwashing the child to cease their relationship with the other parent , telling the child that the other parent does not love them , teaching the child to call another adult by a parental name in effort to replace the other parent , limiting communication between the child and the other parent , and limiting quality time between the child and the other parent . If evidence reveals that a parent is actively alienating the child from their other parent , their case for custody can be severely damaged . Poorly managed conflict between parents increases children 's risk of behavior problems , depression , substance abuse and dependence , poor social skills , and poor academic performance . Fortunately , there are approaches by which divorce professionals can help parents reduce conflict . Options include mediation , collaborative divorce , coparent counseling , and parenting coordination . Children begin to be affected 2 -- 4 years before the separation or divorce even occurs . This time period before the separation tends to be more detrimental for the children than the actual divorce or separation . This can be due to parental conflict and anticipation of a divorce , and decreased parental contact . Many couples believe that by separating , or becoming legally divorced that they are helping their children , and in situations of extreme parental conflict of abuse it most likely will be beneficial . Exposure to marital conflict and instability , most often has negative consequences for children . Several mechanisms are likely to be responsible . First , observing overt conflict between parents is a direct stressor for children . Observational studies reveal that children react to inter-parental conflict with fear , anger , or the inhibition of normal behavior . Preschool children -- who tend to be egocentric -- may blame themselves for marital conflict , resulting in feelings of guilt and lowered self - esteem . Conflict between parents also tends to spill over and negatively affect the quality of parents ' interactions with their children . Researchers found that the associations between marital conflict and children 's externalizing and internalizing problems were largely mediated by parents ' use of harsh punishment and parent -- child conflict . Furthermore , modeling verbal or physical aggression , parents `` teach '' their children that disagreements are resolved through conflict rather than calm discussion . As a result , children may not learn the social skills ( such as the ability to negotiate and reach compromises ) that are necessary to form mutually rewarding relationships with peers . Girls and boys deal with divorce differently , for instance girls who initially show signs of adapting well , later suffer from anxiety in romantic relationships with men . Studies also showed that girls who were separated from their fathers at a younger age tended to be more angry toward the situation as they aged , anger and sadness were also observed at common feeling in adolescents who had experienced parental divorce . Children are dependent of their parents from before day one . In the womb they expect the mother to nourish them . It is their only will to survive . When they are born , it is their parents responsibility to take care of their every need as they grow up . They are seen as sort of `` super heroes '' to the extent that `` their parents should be able to work through and solve any issue. ( ... ) and divorce shatters this basic safety and belief concerning the parents ' abilities to care for them and to make decisions that truly consider their well being . '' license counselor and therapist Steven Earll states very simply . The way that children are affected by divorce can vary in many different ways . For instance if the child in question is below the age of three years old , they most likely will not even know what is going on or why their parents are no longer together . They will grow up with the familiarity of their separated parents and also they would probably not be as exposed if at all to the said parents arguing that could have happened before the divorce happened . Through all of this gender plays roles in each age group differently . It is shown that through each age group males were often more affected and at a more consistent rate than females with the exception of the teenage years where females are far more emotional and expectant of throwing tantrum like behaviors more than males . If the child is around pre-school age and goes through this event with their parents , lets say around the ages of three to six , then the way they think is very self - involved . Their way of thinking is all about `` me '' and will remain that way until they hit around seven . Because of this way of thinking , they are at the most risk of thinking that they are at fault with their own parents splitting up . They are the most vulnerable age and are usually the most negatively affected . They have most likely never seen a functional relationship from their parents so they will grow up with a sort of distorted image of what a marriage should be like unless the parents are remarried in to a successful marriage . At this age is when the gender takes a role . When boys are in this situation , they will most likely still have a strong relationship with both parents . But if it is a girl in the situation , they will most likely grow up with more anger and regret towards the parent who 's `` fault '' it is . When typically this aggression is towards the father , this could lead to difficult relationships with men in the future . As well as many different trust issues depending on the reasoning behind the divorce . Infidelity being the top reason here in the United States . Taking from personal experiences , there can be longer lasting effects in what the emotional damage can do to a child who has experienced an unhealthy relationship and a divorce . At the age of six to about the age of twelve is when more physiological effects take place . As well as when school becomes more difficult to focus on . When there is more of an emotional toll if you will . With school in session , children may bottle up their feelings and not be as talkative or act like their normal selves . During this age , it is very important to understand how to talk to your child who is going through this . With all of the stress as well as schooling it could all become very overwhelming . You may see the grades of the child start to slip . If this happens it is a sign that the child is distracted . This is a good indicator as to what the child may be thinking or feeling . As we get into the higher ages more matters factor in . At the age of thirteen to about seventeen is when you must factor in the hormone levels coming from puberty . This could be pretty overwhelming for someone who feels as if their whole life is turning upside down anyway . Being a teenager is hard enough as it is and when you are going through puberty on top of a divorce it can feel like the end of the world . As for males , they always seem that they have less of an emotional toll from this situation . Although this is more of when males have more resentment towards their fathers . They often see them as the cause of the situation . This is because they are very attached to their mother and to see their mother go through something this emotionally straining can take a toll on them . They often act out their aggression since their hormones are also off the wall due to puberty they do not know how to channel their own aggression in a healthy way . Ages eighteen and up are more of the miscellaneous group . This is when they can actually see the situation for what it really is . They understand that sometimes adults get married for the wrong reasons and they see that sometimes things just do not work out for the best . This is when everything comes in to focus and the parents can talk to their children like adults and know that they will understand and not be as hurt . Males and females often behave the same in this age group because they are understanding adults . That they should n't expect their children to fully understand the whole situation and the degree that it is under . Their whole universe revolves around them . As well as this all is just statistics , everything is varying to different factors such as how bad the moments are leading up to the divorce of the two parents , how the two parents focus on the kids during the separation process , and finally how strong the relationship between the children and parents were . Taking into account these factors , this can help figure out the effects it may have on your child . Academic and socioeconomic ( edit ) Frequently , children who have experienced a divorce have lower academic achievement than children from non-divorced families In a review of family and school factors related to adolescents ' academic performance , it noted that a child from a divorced family is two times more likely to drop out of high school than a child from a non-divorced family . These children from divorced families may also be less likely to attend college , resulting in the discontinuation of their academic career . Many times academic problems are associated with those children from single - parent families . Studies have shown that this issue may be directly related to the economical influence of divorce . A divorce may result in the parent and children moving to an area with a higher poverty rate and a poor education system all due to the financial struggles of a single parent . Children of divorced parents also achieve lower levels of socioeconomic status , income , and wealth accumulation than children of continuously married parents . These outcomes are associated with lower educational achievement . Young men or women between the ages of 7 and 16 who had experienced the divorce of their parents were more likely than youths who had not experienced the divorce of their parents to leave home because of friction , to cohabit before marriage , and to parent a child before marriage . Divorce often leads to worsened academic achievement in children ages 7 -- 12 , the most heightened negative effect being reading test scores . These negative effects tend to persist , and even escalate after the divorce or separation occurs . Children of divorced or separated parents exhibit increased behavioral problems and the marital conflict that accompanies parents ' divorce places the child 's social competence at risk . Divorce of elderly couples ( edit ) Since the mid-1990s , the divorce rate has increased to over 50 % among baby boomers . More and more seniors are staying single ; an analysis of census data conducted at Bowling Green State University predicted that divorce numbers will continue to rise . Baby boomers that remain unmarried are five times more likely to live in poverty compared to those who are married . They are also three times as likely to receive food stamps , public assistance or disability payments . Sociologists believe that the rise in the number of older Americans who are not married is a result of factors such as longevity and economics . Women , especially , are becoming more and more financially independent which allows them to feel more secure with being alone , in addition to changing perceptions of being divorced or single . This has resulted in less pressure for baby boomers to marry or stay married . Statistics ( edit ) Further information : Divorce demography Asia ( edit ) Japan ( edit ) In Japan , divorces were on a generally upward trend from the 1960s until 2002 when they hit a peak of 290,000 . Since then , both the number of divorces and the divorce rate declined for six years straight . In 2010 , the number of divorces totalled 251,000 , and the divorce rate was 1.99 ( per 1,000 population ) . India ( edit ) The Hindu Marriage Act is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted in 1955 . Three other important acts were also enacted as part of the Hindu Code Bills during this time : the Hindu Succession Act ( 1956 ) , the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act ( 1956 ) , the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act ( 1956 ) . DIVORCE UNDER VARIOUS ACTS IN INDIA The Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act , 1936 The dissolution of Muslim Marriage act , 1939 The Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act , 1936 The Special Marriage Act , 1956 The Foreign Marriage Act , 1969 Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act , 1939 The Dissolution of Marriage and Judicial separation ( under the Indian Divorce Act , 1869 ) Due to the existence of diverse religious faiths in India , the Indian Judiciary has implemented laws separately for couples belonging to different religious beliefs . Mutual consent divorce procedure is relatively easier and fast while contested divorce procedure takes longer and depends on the religions of the couples . Taiwan ( China ) ( edit ) In 2015 , there were 53,448 divorces , in which 33 % for less than 5 years of marriage and 20.8 % for 5 -- 9 years of marriage . The figure represents a 17.1 % decline in the number when divorce rate peaked in 2006 . Europe ( edit ) One study estimated that legal reforms accounted for about 20 % of the increase in divorce rates in Europe between 1960 and 2002 . The ten places with the highest divorce rates in the UK are all beside the sea , with Blackpool in the top position . North America ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Main article : Divorce in the United States On average , first marriages that end in divorce last about eight years . Of the first marriages for women from 1955 to 1959 , about 79 % marked their 15th anniversary , compared with only 57 % for women who married for the first time from 1985 to 1989 . The median time between divorce and a second marriage was about three and a half years . In 2000 , the divorce rate reached its peak at 40 % ; since then it has slowly declined , and by 2014 it had settled in at 32 % . A 1995 study found a wide range of factors correlating with the divorce rate including frequency of sex , wealth , race , and religious commitment . In 2001 , marriages between people of different faiths were three times more likely to be divorced than those of the same faith . In a 1993 study , members of two mainline Protestant religions had a 20 % chance of being divorced in 5 years ; a Catholic and an Evangelical , a 33 % chance ; a Jew and a Christian , a 40 % chance . A study by the Christian poll group the Barna Group , reports that a higher divorce rate was associated with infrequent church attendance . Success in marriage has been associated with higher education and higher age . 81 % of college graduates , over 26 years of age , who wed in the 1980s , were still married 20 years later . 65 % of college graduates under 26 , who married in the 1980s , were still married 20 years later . 49 % of high school graduates under 26 years old , who married in the 1980s , were still married 20 years later . 2.9 % of adults age 35 -- 39 without a college degree divorced in the year 2009 , compared with 1.6 % with a college education . A population study found that in 2004 and 2008 , liberal - voting states have lower rates of divorce than conservative - voting states , possibly because people in liberal states tend to wait longer before getting married . An analysis of this study found it to be misleading due to sampling at an aggregate level . It revealed that when sampling the same data by individuals , Republican - leaning voters are less likely to have a divorce or extramarital affair than Democratic - leaning voters and independents . The National Center for Health Statistics reports that from 1975 to 1988 in the U.S. , in families with children present , wives file for divorce in approximately two - thirds of cases . In 1975 , 71.4 % of the cases were filed by women , and in 1988 , 65 % were filed by women . It is estimated that upwards of 95 % of divorces in the U.S. are `` uncontested '' , because the two parties are able to come to an agreement without a hearing ( either with or without lawyers / mediators / collaborative counsel ) about the property , children , and support issues . A 2011 study found a 1 % increase in the unemployment rate correlated with a 1 % decrease in the divorce rate , presumably because more people were financially challenged to afford the legal proceedings . According to studies by Jenifer L. Bratter and Rosalind B. King made publicly available on the Education Resources Information Center , unions between white males and non-white females ( and between hispanics and non-hispanic persons ) have similar or lower risks of divorce than white - white marriages , unions between white male - black female last longer than white - white pairings or white - Asian pairings . Conversely , white female - black male and white female - Asian male marriages are more prone to divorce than white - white pairings . Oceania ( edit ) In Australia , nearly every third marriage ends in divorce . After reaching a peak divorce rate of 2.7 per 1000 residents in 2001 , the Australian rate declined to 2.3 per 1000 in 2007 . In same - sex married couples ( United States ) ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) All U.S. states permit same - sex marriage . For same - sex couples in the United States , divorce law is in its infancy . Rights of spouses to custody of children ( edit ) Upon dissolution of a same - sex marriage , legal questions remain as to the rights of spouses to custody of the biological children of their spouses . Unresolved legal questions abound in this area . Child custody policies include several guidelines that determine with whom the child lives following divorce , how time is divided in joint custody situations , and visitation rights . The most frequently applied custody guideline is the best interests of the child standard , which takes into account the parents ' preferences , the child 's preferences , the interactions between parents and children , children 's adjustment , and all family members ' mental and physical health . Religion and divorce ( edit ) Main article : Religion and divorce Cartoon parodying the circus - like divorce proceedings of Anna Gould ( an American heiress and socialite ) and Boni de Castellane ( a French nobleman ) in 1906 in Paris , France . Boni de Castellane then sought an annulment from the Vatican so that he could be free to remarry in the Church . The annulment case was not finally settled until 1924 , when the highest Vatican tribunal upheld the validity of the marriage and denied the annulment . In some countries ( commonly in Europe and North America ) , the government defines and administers marriages and divorces . While ceremonies may be performed by religious officials on behalf of the state , a civil marriage and thus , civil divorce ( without the involvement of a religion ) is also possible . Due to differing standards and procedures , a couple can be legally unmarried , married , or divorced by the state 's definition , but have a different status as defined by a religious order . Other countries use religious law to administer marriages and divorces , eliminating this distinction . In these cases , religious officials are generally responsible for interpretation and implementation . Islam allows divorce , and it can be initiated by either the husband or the wife . Dharmic religions allow divorce under some circumstances . Christian views on divorce vary : Roman Catholic teaching allows only annulment , while most other denominations discourage it except in the event of adultery . For example , the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection , in its 2014 Discipline , teaches : We believe that the only legitimate marriage is the joining of one man and one woman ( Gen. 2 : 24 ; Rom. 7 : 2 ; 1 Cor. 7 : 10 ; Eph. 5 : 22 , 23 ) . We deplore the evils of divorce and remarriage . We regard adultery as the only scripturally justifiable grounds for divorce ; and the party guilty of adultery has by his or her act forfeited membership in the church . In the case of divorce for other cause , neither party shall be permitted to marry again during the lifetime of the other ; and violation of this law shall be punished by expulsion from the church ( Matt . 5 : 32 ; Mark 10 : 11 , 12 ) . In the carrying out of these principles , guilt shall be established in accordance with judicial procedures set forth in The Discipline . Jewish views of divorce differ , with Reform Judaism considering civil divorces adequate ; Conservative and Orthodox Judaism , on the other hand , require that the husband grant his wife a divorce in the form of a get . The Millet System , where each religious group regulates its own marriages and divorces , is still present in varying degrees in some post − Ottoman countries like Iraq , Syria , Jordan , Lebanon , Israel , the Palestinian Authority , Egypt , and Greece . Several countries use sharia ( Islamic law ) to administrate marriages and divorces for Muslims . Thus , Marriage in Israel is administered separately by each religious community ( Jews , Christians , Muslims , and Druze ) , and there is no provision for interfaith marriages other than marrying in another country . For Jews , marriage and divorce are administered by Orthodox rabbis . Partners can file for divorce either in rabbinical court or Israeli civil court . Gender and divorce ( edit ) According to a study published in the American Law and Economics Review , women have filed slightly more than two - thirds of divorce cases in the United States . This trend is mirrored in the UK where a recent study into web search behavior found that 70 % of divorce inquiries were from women . These findings also correlate with the Office for National Statistics publication `` Divorces in England and Wales 2012 which reported that divorce petitions from women outnumber those from men by 2 to 1 . Regarding divorce settlements , according to the 2004 Grant Thornton survey in the UK , women obtained a better or considerably better settlement than men in 60 % of cases . In 30 % of cases the assets were split 50 -- 50 , and in only 10 % of cases did men achieve better settlements ( down from 24 % the previous year ) . The report concluded that the percentage of shared residence orders would need to increase in order for more equitable financial divisions to become the norm . Some jurisdictions give unequal rights to men and women when filing for divorce . For couples to Conservative or Orthodox Jewish law ( which by Israeli civil law includes all Jews in Israel ) , the husband must grant his wife a divorce through a document called a get . If the man refuses , the woman can appeal to a court or the community to pressure the husband . A woman whose husband refuses to grant the get or who is missing is called an agunah , is still married , and therefore can not remarry . Under Orthodox law , children of an extramarital affair involving a married Jewish woman are considered mamzerim ( illegitimate ) and can not marry non-mamzerim . History ( edit ) Greco - Roman culture ( edit ) See also : Marriage in ancient Rome Roman married couple . The ancient Athenians liberally allowed divorce , but the person requesting divorce had to submit the request to a magistrate , and the magistrate could determine whether the reasons given were sufficient . Divorce was rare in early Roman culture but as their empire grew in power and authority Roman civil law embraced the maxim , `` matrimonia debent esse libera '' ( `` marriages ought to be free '' ) , and either husband or wife could renounce the marriage at will . The Christian emperors Constantine and Theodosius restricted the grounds for divorce to grave cause , but this was relaxed by Justinian in the 6th century . Medieval Europe ( edit ) After the fall of the Roman Empire , familial life was regulated more by ecclesiastical authority than civil authority . The Catholic and Orthodox Church had , among others , a differing view of divorce . The Orthodox Church recognized that there are rare occasions when it is better that couples do separate . For the Orthodox , to say that marriage is indissoluble means that it should not be broken , the violation of such a union , perceived as holy , being an offense resulting from either adultery or the prolonged absence of one of the partners . Thus , permitting remarriage is an act of compassion of the Church towards sinful man . Under the influence of the Catholic Church the divorce rate had been greatly reduced by the 9th or 10th century , which considered marriage a sacrament instituted by Jesus Christ and indissoluble by mere human action . Although divorce , as known today , was generally prohibited in Catholic lands after the 10th century , separation of husband and wife and the annulment of marriage were well - known . What is today referred to as `` separate maintenance '' ( or `` legal separation '' ) was termed `` divorce a mensa et thoro '' ( `` divorce from bed - and - board '' ) . The husband and wife physically separated and were forbidden to live or cohabit together ; but their marital relationship did not fully terminate . Civil courts had no power over marriage or divorce . The grounds for annulment were determined by a Catholic church authority and applied in ecclesiastical courts . Annulment was for canonical causes of impediment existing at the time of the marriage . `` For in cases of total divorce , the marriage is declared null , as having been absolutely unlawful ab initio . '' The Catholic Church held that the sacrament of marriage produced one person from two , inseparable from each other : `` By marriage the husband and wife are one person in law : that is , the very being of legal existence of the woman is suspended during the marriage or at least incorporated and consolidated into that of the husband : under whose wing , protection and cover , she performs everything . '' Since husband and wife became one person upon marriage , recognition of that oneness could be rescinded only on the grounds that the unity never existed to begin with , i.e. , that the proclamation of marriage was erroneous and void from the start . Secularisation in Europe ( edit ) Henry VIII of England broke with the Catholic Church in order to obtain an annulment . After the Reformation , marriage came to be considered a civil contract in the newly Protestant regions of Europe , and on that basis civil authorities gradually asserted their power to decree a `` divortium a vinculo matrimonii '' , or `` divorce from all the bonds of marriage '' . Since no precedents existed defining the circumstances under which marriage could be dissolved , civil courts heavily relied on the previous determinations of the ecclesiastic courts and freely adopted the requirements set down by those courts . As the civil courts assumed the power to dissolve marriages , courts still strictly construed the circumstances under which they would grant a divorce , and considered divorce to be contrary to public policy . Because divorce was considered to be against the public interest , civil courts refused to grant a divorce if evidence revealed any hint of complicity between the husband and wife to divorce , or if they attempted to manufacture grounds for a divorce . Divorce was granted only because one party to the marriage had violated a sacred vow to the `` innocent spouse '' . If both husband and wife were guilty , `` neither would be allowed to escape the bonds of marriage '' . Eventually , the idea that a marriage could be dissolved in cases in which one of the parties violated the sacred vow gradually allowed expansion of the grounds upon which divorce could be granted from those grounds which existed at the time of the marriage to grounds which occurred after the marriage , but which exemplified violation of that vow , such as abandonment , adultery , or `` extreme cruelty '' . An exception to this trend was the Anglican Church , which maintained the doctrine of marital indissolubility . During the English Civil War , the Puritans briefly passed a law that divested marriage of all sacrament , leaving it as a secular contract that could be broken . John Milton wrote four divorce tracts in 1643 -- 1645 that argued for the legitimacy of divorce on grounds of spousal incompatibility . His ideas were ahead of their time ; arguing for divorce at all , let alone a version of no - fault divorce , was extremely controversial and religious figures sought to ban his tracts . In 1670 a precedent was first set with an Act of Parliament allowing Lord John Manners to divorce his wife , Lady Anne Pierrepont , and until the passage of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1857 , divorce could only be obtained through a specific Act of Parliament . Joséphine , first wife of Napoleon , obtained the civil dissolution of her marriage under the Napoleonic Code of 1804 . The move towards secularisation and liberalisation was reinforced by the individualistic and secular ideals of the Enlightenment . The Enlightened absolutist , King Frederick II ( `` the Great '' ) of Prussia decreed a new divorce law in 1752 , in which marriage was declared to be a purely private concern , allowing divorce to be granted on the basis of mutual consent . This new attitude heavily influenced the law in neighbouring Austria under Emperor Joseph II , where it was applied to all non-Catholic Imperial subjects . Divorce was legalised in France after the French revolution on a similar basis , although the legal order of the ancien regime was reinstated at the Bourbon restoration of 1816 . The trend in Europe throughout the 19th century , was one of increased liberalisation ; by the mid-19th century divorce was generally granted by civil courts in the case of adultery . Marilyn Monroe signing divorce papers with celebrity attorney Jerry Giesler . In Britain before 1857 wives were regarded as under the economic and legal protection of their husbands , and divorce was almost impossible . It required a very expensive private Act of Parliament costing perhaps £ 200 , of the sort only the richest could possibly afford . It was very difficult to secure divorce on the grounds of adultery , desertion , or cruelty . The first key legislative victory came with the Matrimonial Causes Act 1857 , which passed over the strenuous opposition of the highly traditional Church of England . The new law made divorce a civil affair of the courts , rather than a Church matter , with a new civil court in London handling all cases . The process was still quite expensive , at about £ 40 , but now became feasible for the middle class . A woman who obtained a judicial separation took the status of a feme sole , with full control of her own civil rights . Additional amendments came in 1878 , which allowed for separations handled by local justices of the peace . The Church of England blocked further reforms until the final breakthrough came with the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 . In Spain , the 1931 Constitution of the Second Spanish Republic for the first time recognised a right to divorce . The first law to regulated divorce was the Divorce Act of 1932 , that passed the Republican Parliament despite the opposition of the Catholic Church and a coalition of the Agrarian Minority and Minority Basque - Navarre Catholic parties . The dictatorship of General Franco abolished the law . After the restoration of democracy , a new divorce law was passed in 1981 , again over the opposition of the Catholic Church and part of the Christian Democrat party , then a part of the ruling Union of Democratic Center . During the first socialist government of Felipe González Márquez the 1981 law was amended to expedite the process of separation and divorce of marriages , which was again opposed by the Church , which called it `` express divorce '' . In Italy , the first divorce law was introduced on 1 December 1970 , despite the opposition of the Christian Democrats , and entered into force on 18 December 1970 . In the following years , the Christian Democrats , supported also by parties opposed to the law , promoted a recall referendum . In 1974 , in a referendum the majority of the population voted against a repeal of the divorce law . A feature of the 1970 divorce law was the long period of marital separation of five years required . This period was reduced to three in 1987 and to a year in 2015 , in the case of judicial separation , and six months in the case of separation by mutual agreement . Ireland and Malta approved divorce at referenda in 1995 and 2011 respectively . Divorce rates increased markedly during the 20th century in developed countries , as social attitudes towards family and sex changed dramatically . Divorce has become commonplace in some countries , including the United States , Canada , Australia , Germany , New Zealand , Scandinavia , and the United Kingdom . Japan ( edit ) In the Edo Period ( 1603 -- 1868 ) husbands could divorce their wives by writing letters of divorce . Frequently , their relatives or marriage arrangers kept these letters and tried to restore the marriages . Wives could not divorce their husbands . Some wives were able to gain sanctuary in certain Shinto `` divorce temples '' . After a wife had spent three years in a temple , her husband was required to divorce her . In 19th century Japan , at least one in eight marriages ended in divorce . There are four types of divorce in Japan : divorce by agreement in which the divorce is mutual ; divorce by mediation , which happens in family court ; divorce by decision of family court that takes place when a couple can not complete a divorce through mediation ; and divorce by judgment of a district court . India ( edit ) On an all - India level , the Special Marriage Act was passed in 1954 , is an inter-religious marriage law permitting Indian nationals to marry and divorce irrespective of their religion or faith . The Hindu Marriage Act , in 1955 which legally permitted divorce to Hindus and other communities who chose to marry under these acts . The Indian Divorce Act 1869 is the law relating to the divorce of person professing the Christian religion . Divorce can be sought by a husband or wife on grounds including adultery , cruelty , desertion for two years , religious conversion , mental abnormality , venereal disease , and leprosy . Divorce is also available based on mutual consent of both the spouses , which can be filed after at least one year of separated living . Mutual consent divorce can not be appealed , and the law mandates a minimum period of six months ( from the time divorce is applied for ) for divorce to be granted . Contested divorce is when one of the spouse is not willing to divorce the other spouse , under such condition the divorce is granted only on certain grounds according to the Hindu marriage act of 1955 . While a Muslim husband can unilaterally bring an end to the marriage by pronouncing talaq , Muslim women must go to court , claiming any of the grounds provided under the Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act . In the first major family law reform in the last decade , the Supreme Court of India banned the Islamic practice of `` Triple Talaq '' ( divorce by uttering of the `` Talaq '' word thrice by the husband ) . The landmark Supreme Court of India judgment was welcomed by women activists across India . Official figures of divorce rates are not available , but it has been estimated that 1 in 100 or another figure of 11 in 1,000 marriages in India end up in divorce . Various communities are governed by specific marital legislation , distinct to Hindu Marriage Act , and consequently have their own divorce laws : The Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act , 1936 The Dissolution of Muslim Marriage act , 1939 The Foreign Marriage Act , 1969 The Muslim Women ( Protection of Rights on Divorce ) Act , 1986 An amendment to the marriage laws to allow divorce based on `` irretrievable breakdown of marriage '' ( as alleged by one of the spouses ) is under consideration in India . In June 2010 , the Union Cabinet of India approved the Marriage Laws ( Amendment ) Bill 2010 , which , if cleared by Parliament , would establish `` irretrievable breakdown '' as a new ground for divorce . Under the proposed amendment , the court before proceeding to the merits of the case must be satisfied by the evidences produced that parties have been living apart for a continuous period of not less than three years immediately preceding the presentation of the petition . Islamic law ( edit ) Main article : Divorce in Islam Divorce in Islam can take a variety of forms , some initiated by the husband and some initiated by the wife . The main traditional legal categories are talaq ( repudiation ) , khulʿ ( mutual divorce ) , judicial divorce and oaths . The theory and practice of divorce in the Islamic world have varied according to time and place . Historically , the rules of divorce were governed by sharia , as interpreted by traditional Islamic jurisprudence , and they differed depending on the legal school . Historical practice sometimes diverged from legal theory . In modern times , as personal status ( family ) laws were codified , they generally remained `` within the orbit of Islamic law '' , but control over the norms of divorce shifted from traditional jurists to the state . The Philippines ( edit ) Divorce as a means of terminating marriage is illegal for all Filipinos except Filipino Muslims . There is only civil annulment after a lengthy legal separation . The process is costly and long , and there are many legally married couples in extramarital relations , even without a divorce law . Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the Philippines , known as Presidential Decree ( PD ) No. 1083 , Title II - Marriage and Divorce , Chapter 3 - Divorce allows for divorce recognized by the state . There are two sharia courts in the Philippine judicial system that hear these cases . On July 27 , 2010 , Gabriela Women 's Party filed in Congress House Bill No 1799 , or the Divorce Bill of the Philippines , as one of many attempts to introduce pro-divorce legislation . Senator Pia Cayetano has filed a separate divorce bill in the Senate . During that time , the Philippines , along with Malta and the Vatican , are the three most conservative countries on the issue of divorce . The bill did not pass any level of legislation because of this . In 2013 , the divorce bill was refiled , however , did not pass any level of legislation as well . In a latest attempt , the divorce bill was refiled again in 2017 . On February 22 , 2018 , the House of Representatives committee on population and family relations approved a bill seeking to legalize divorce , the first time in Philippine history for such a measure to pass the committee level of legislation . The majority of the members of the House of Representatives ( lower house of Congress ) , both majority and minority blocs , are in favor of divorce , however , divorce continues to be a divisive issue in the Senate ( upper house of Congress ) , as stark opposition is present among male senators . Patterns ( edit ) Divorce rates increase during times of hardship , war , and major events . Divorce rates increased after World War II because people were quick to marry each other before they went to war . When soldiers returned , they found out that they did n't have much in common with their spouses , so they divorced . See also ( edit ) Breakup Community property Divorce law around the world Divorce of same - sex couples -- legal aspects , divorce rates Divorce party Dysfunctional family Fear of commitment Grey divorce Husband selling Implications of divorce List of most expensive divorces List of people who remarried the same spouse Primary physical custody Relationship counseling Relationship education Wife selling Wife selling ( English custom ) 2013 New York divorce torture plot Januário Lourenço , inventor of electronic divorce References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Divorce '' . Encyclopaedia Britannica . ^ Jump up to : `` Family law '' . Encyclopaedia Britannica . section = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ The Covenant Divorce Recovery Leader 's Handbook - Page 166 , Wade Powers - 2008 Jump up ^ Kaushik ( 2013 - 08 - 17 ) . `` Isle of Sark : Europe 's Last Feudal State '' . Amusing Planet . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Gloria , Charmian K ( 2007 ) . `` Who needs divorce in the Philippines ? '' . Mindanao Law Journal . 1 : 18 -- 28 . Jump up ^ `` Divorce Is Now Legal in Argentina but , So Far , Few Couples Have Taken the Break '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Sex and the State : Abortion , Divorce , and the Family Under Latin . American Dictatorships and Democracies , by Mala Htun , pp 102 Jump up ^ Divorce between 1976 and 1991 was allowed only for non-Catholics . Jump up ^ Le divorce en droit comparé : Europe by Bernard Dutoit , Raphaël Arn , Béatrice Sfondylia , Camilla Taminelli , pp. 56 Jump up ^ `` Chile introduces right to divorce '' . BBC News . BBC . November 18 , 2004 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Law of Marriage '' ( PDF ) . Law.harvard.edu . Jump up ^ `` Sveriges Domstolar - Divorce '' . Domstol.se . Jump up ^ `` Suomi.fi '' . Suomi.fi . Retrieved 21 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Separation and Divorce '' . Familylawcourts.gov.au . Jump up ^ `` Getting a divorce ( dissolving a marriage or civil union ) '' . Justice.govt.nz . Jump up ^ `` Will my spouse have to pay my attorney fees ? '' . Steven Fritsch , Attorney at Law . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Divorce Act '' . Jump up ^ Note : The very fact that one of the spouses advances facts for the existence of the irretrievable breakdown itself constitutes ' a very serious indication that an irretrievable breakdown does exist '' `` Netherlands - Divorce '' ( PDF ) . Ceflonline.net. ) Jump up ^ `` Poland - Divorce '' ( PDF ) . Ceflonline.net . Jump up ^ `` European Commission - European Judicial Network - Divorce - Poland '' . Europa.eu . Jump up ^ `` The marriage can be dissolved if it has broken down . The marriage has broken down if the parties to the marriage are no longer cohabiting and if it can not be expected that the parties will resume matrimonial cohabitation ( Section 1565 ( 1 ) BGB ) . There is an irrefutable presumption that the marriage has broken down if the parties have been living apart for one year and both apply for divorce or if the respondent consents to the divorce . After a separation period of three years , there is an irrefutable presumption that the marriage has broken down , without any comments being required from the parties to the proceedings ( Section 1566 ( 2 ) BGB ) '' ( ec.europa.eu ) Jump up ^ `` Section 73 of the Civil Code explains the circumstances under which spouses can be considered to be living separately , namely , if the spouses do not share a household and one of the spouses refuses outright to maintain a joint household whereby the possibility of marital cohabitation is denied . Separate occupation by spouses of a common dwelling does not necessarily signify a joint household . '' ( ec.europa.eu ) Jump up ^ `` Divorce in France '' . Angloinfo.com . Angloinfo . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Binational.ch - General '' . Binational.ch . Jump up ^ `` Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women '' ( PDF ) . 2.ohchr.org . Jump up ^ `` European Commission - European Judicial Network - Divorce - Spain '' . Europa.eu . Jump up ^ Note : Although there is no need to prove fault in order to obtain a divorce , some serious faults affect the alimony ( ejustice.just.fgov.be ) . Jump up ^ `` Italian Divorce and Separation Law Boccadutri International Law Firm '' . Boccadutri.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Note : in certain circumstances , such as where there is neither agreement of spouses nor ' fault ' , there is a need of a separation of between three and six years ( ec.europa.eu , `` Austria - Divorce '' ( PDF ) . Cefonline.net. ) Jump up ^ `` About '' . Coalition For Divorce Reform . Jump up ^ `` Review of ' Orthodox Readings of Aquinas ' by Marcus Plested '' . ancientfaith.com . Retrieved Oct 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Divorce Magazine Grounds for Divorce '' . Jump up ^ Meyer , Cathy . `` Issues Surrounding a Contested Divorce '' . About.com . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ San Antonio Divorce Center . `` Comparative Rectitude '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Note : uch as the UK : in England and Wales , divorce can be obtained on the ground of living apart for more than 2 years ( with consent ) ; and living apart for more than 5 years ( without consent ) . ( in addition to these no - fault grounds , the traditional grounds of ' adultery ' , ' desertion ' , and ' unreasonable behavior ' have also been maintained ( gov.uk ) Jump up ^ `` No Fault Divorce Law & Legal Definition '' . US Legal . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . 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Chdslsa.gov.in . Jump up ^ Safi , Michael ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) . `` India court bans Islamic instant divorce in huge win for women 's rights '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` India moves to make it easier to divorce '' . BBC News . 2010 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Parsi Marriage And Divorce Act , 1936 '' . Indiankanoon.org . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Dissolution Of Muslim Marriages Act , 1939 '' . Indiankanoon.org . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Foreign Marriage Act , 1969 '' . Indiankanoon.org . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ V.R. Krishna Iyer Retd . Judge . Muslim Women ( Protection of Rights on Divorce ) Act , 1986 ( Hard Cover ) format = requires url = ( help ) . EBC . pp. 1 -- 166 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 349 - 1 . Jump up ^ Chandran , Rina ( 2010 - 06 - 11 ) . `` An easier end to unhappy marriages in India ? India Insight '' . Blogs.reuters.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Press Information Bureau English Releases '' . Pib.nic.in . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Irretrievable break down of marriage as a ground for divorce in India '' . iPleaders . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Maaike Voorhoeve ( 2013 ) . `` Divorce . Modern Practice '' . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women . Oxford : Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / acref : oiso / 9780199764464.001. 0001 / acref - 9780199764464 - e-0108 ( inactive 2018 - 08 - 20 ) . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Maaike Voorhoeve ( 2013 ) . `` Divorce . Historical Practice '' . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women . Oxford : Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / acref : oiso / 9780199764464.001. 0001 / acref - 9780199764464 - e-0108 ( inactive 2018 - 08 - 20 ) . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` House panel approves substitute bill on divorce '' . Cnnphilippines.com . Retrieved 21 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EXPLAINER : What are the grounds , provisions in House divorce bill ? '' . Rappler.com . Retrieved 21 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Kunz , Jenifer ( 2011 ) . Think marriages and families . Upper Saddle River , N.J. : Pearson Education . p. 240 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 16760 - 9 . This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine ( ( 1 ) ) , which is in the public domain . Suggested reading ( edit ) R.L. Gupta . R.L. Gupta 's Medico - Legal Aspect of Sexual Offence . Eastern Book Company . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 440 - 5 . Alford , William P. , `` Have You Eaten , Have You Divorced ? Debating the Meaning of Freedom in Marriage in China '' , in Realms of Freedom in Modern China ( William C. Kirby ed. , Stanford University Press , 2004 ) . Berlin , G. ( 2004 ) . The Effects of Marriage and Divorce on Families and Children Retrieved March 13 , 2012 Davies , P.T. & Cummings E.M. ( 1994 ) . Marital Conflict and Child Adjustment : An Emotional Security Hypothesis . American Psychological Association Psychological Bulletin , 116 , 387 -- 411 . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 Foulkes - Jamison , L. ( 2001 ) . The Effects of Divorce on Children Retrieved March 13 , 2012 Hughes R. ( 2009 ) . The Effects of Divorce on Children Retrieved March 13 , 2012 Jolivet , K.R. ( 2011 ) . The Psychosocial Impact of Divorce on Children : What is a Family Lawyer to Do ? American Journal of Family Law , 175 -- 181 . Retrieved on March 13 , 2012 Phillips , Roderick ( 1991 ) . Untying the knot : a short history of divorce . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42370 - 0 . Singer , Joseph William ( 2005 ) . `` Same Sex Marriage , Full Faith and Credit , and the Evasion of Obligation '' . Stanford Journal of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties. 1 : 1 -- 51 . Strong , B. , DeVault C. , & Cohen T.F. ( 2011 ) . The Marriage and Family Experience : Intimate Relationships in a Changing Society . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth Cengage Learning . Thomas , S.G. ( 2011 , October 28 ) . The Good Divorce . The New York Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 Zartler U. , Heinz - Martin , V. , Arránz Becker , O. ( Edts . ) ( 2015 ) : Family Dynamics after Separation . A Life Course Perspective on Post-Divorce Families . Special Issue ZfF , Volume 10 , Opladen / Toronto : Barbara Budrich . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8474 - 0686 - 0 . Fawcett , Margaret I. ( 2016 ) . `` The Changing Family in Northern Ireland '' . Youth & Society . 32 : 81 -- 106 . doi : 10.1177 / 0044118X00032001005 . External links ( edit ) Look up divorce in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Divorce . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Divorce Societal aspects of divorce at Curlie Legal aspects of divorce at Curlie Eurostat - Statistics Explained - Marriage and divorce statistics Divorce rates across countries by Eurostat Children and Divorce guide ( 2013 ) -- American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry GND : 4013656 - 5 HDS : 7993 LCCN : sh85038616 NARA : 10636943 NDL : 00569467 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce&oldid=864405472 '' Categories : Divorce Family law Hidden categories : CS1 errors : chapter ignored CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages with DOIs inactive since 2018 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from November 2012 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2012 Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2013 USA - centric Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles containing Latin - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States National Library of Medicine Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon 文言 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 72 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 00 : 32 ( UTC ) . 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Carrion flower
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Carrion flower - wikipedia Carrion flower Jump to : navigation , search Amorphophallus titanum in Wilhelma Botanical and Zoological Gardens , Stuttgart Carrion flowers , also known as corpse flowers or stinking flowers , are flowers that emit an odor that smells like rotting flesh . Carrion flowers attract mostly scavenging flies and beetles as pollinators . Some species may trap the insects temporarily to ensure the gathering and transfer of pollen . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plants known as `` carrion flower '' 1.1 Amorphophallus 1.2 Rafflesia 1.3 Stapelia 1.4 Smilax or Nemexia 1.5 Bulbophyllum ( Orchid ) 2 Scent 3 Other plants with carrion - scented flowers 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Plants known as `` carrion flower '' ( edit ) Amorphophallus ( edit ) Many plants in the genus Amorphophallus ( family Araceae ) are known as carrion flowers . One such plant is the Titan arum ( Amorphophallus titanum ) , which has the world 's largest unbranched inflorescence . Rather than a single flower , the titan arum presents an inflorescence or compound flower composed of a spadix or stalk of small and anatomically reduced male and female flowers , surrounded by a spathe that resembles a single giant petal . This plant has a mechanism to heat up the spadix enhancing the emission of the strong odor of decaying meat to attract its pollinators , carrion - eating beetles and `` flesh flies '' ( family Sarcophagidae ) . It was first described scientifically in 1878 in Sumatra . Flower of Rafflesia kerrii , in Khao Sok National Park , Southern Thailand . Rafflesia ( edit ) Flowers of plants in the genus Rafflesia ( family Rafflesiaceae ) emit an odor similar to that of decaying meat . This odor attracts the flies that pollinate the plant . The world 's largest single bloom is R. arnoldii . This rare flower is found in the rainforests of Borneo and Sumatra . It can grow to be 3 feet across and weigh up to 15 pounds . R. arnoldii is a parasitic plant on Tetrastigma vine , which grows only in primary rainforests . It has no visible leaves , roots , or stem . It does not photosynthesize , but rather uses the host plant to obtain water and nutrients . House fly landing on a flower of Stapelia lepida . Stapelia ( edit ) Plants in the genus Stapelia are also called `` carrion flowers '' . They are small , spineless , cactus - like succulent plants . Most species are native to South Africa , and are grown as potted plants elsewhere . The flowers of all species are hairy to varying degrees and generate the odor of rotten flesh . The color of the flowers also mimics rotting meat . This attracts scavenging flies , for pollination . The flowers in some species can be very large , notably Stapelia gigantea can reach 30 cm ( 12 inches ) in diameter . Smilax or Nemexia ( edit ) In North America , the herbaceous vines of the genus Smilax are known as carrion flowers . These plants have a cluster of small greenish flowers . The most familiar member of this groups is Smilax herbacea . These plants are sometimes placed in the genus Nemexia . Bulbophyllum ( orchid ) ( edit ) Orchids of the genus Bulbophyllum produce flowers which smell of rotting meat . The flowers produce various odors resembling sap , urine , blood , dung , carrion , and , in some species , fragrant fruity aromas . Most are fly - pollinated , and attract hordes of flies . Bulbophyllum beccarii in bloom has been likened to smelling like a herd of dead elephants as well as Bulbophyllum fletcherianum and Bulbophyllum phalaenopsis . They are variously described as making it difficult to walk into a greenhouse in which they are being cultivated if the plants are in bloom because of their overpowering floral odors . Scent ( edit ) The sources of the flowers ' unique scent are not fully identified , partly due to the extremely low concentration of the compounds ( 5 to 10 parts per billion ) . Dimethyl sulfides , including disulfide and trisulfide have been detected in Amorphophallus . Other plants with carrion - scented flowers ( edit ) Aristolochia clematitis Arum maculatum Plants in the genus Asimina , commonly referred to as `` pawpaw '' Crescentia alata Dracunculus vulgaris Helicodiceros muscivorus Genus Huernia Hydnora Lysichiton americanum Sterculia foetida Symplocarpus foetidus Trillium sessile Tiputinia foetida Satyrium pumilum Moraea lurida Ferraria crispa See also ( edit ) Stinkhorn -- fungi that use the same basic principle for spore dispersal Aseroe rubra -- fungi that use the same basic principle for spore dispersal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Live Science Jump up ^ Illustrated Encyclopedia of Orchids ISBN 0 - 88192 - 267 - 6 Jump up ^ Wilson , Elizabeth K. ( 2003 - 06 - 30 ) . `` A Fantastic Stink '' ( HTML ) . Chemical & Engineering News . American Chemical Society . 81 ( 26 ) : 27 . doi : 10.1021 / cen - v081n005. p027 . ISSN 0009 - 2347 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 29 . External links ( edit ) All about stinking flowers Carrion and Dung Mimicry in Plants Jump up ^ Jürgens , Andreas ; Shuttleworth , Adam ( 2015 - 08 - 06 ) . Carrion Ecology , Evolution , and Their Applications . CRC Press . pp. 361 -- 386 . doi : 10.1201 / b18819 - 20 . ISBN 9781466575462 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carrion_flower&oldid=837715593 '' Categories : Plant common names Pollination Plants and pollinators Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 15 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Capital punishment in the United States
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Capital punishment in the United states - wikipedia Capital punishment in the United states A map showing the use of the death penalty in the United States by individual states . The death penalty is used throughout the United States for certain federal crimes . States with a valid death penalty statute States without the death penalty Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the United States , currently used by 31 states , the federal government , and the military . Its existence can be traced to the beginning of the American colonies . The United States is the only Western country currently applying the death penalty , one of 54 countries worldwide applying it , and was the first to develop lethal injection as a method of execution , which has since been adopted by five other countries . There were no executions in the United States between 1967 and 1977 . In 1972 , the U.S. Supreme Court struck down capital punishment statutes in Furman v. Georgia , reducing all death sentences pending at the time to life imprisonment . Subsequently , a majority of states passed new death penalty statutes , and the court affirmed the legality of capital punishment in the 1976 case Gregg v. Georgia . Since then , more than 7,800 defendants have been sentenced to death ; of these , more than 1,400 have been executed , 161 who were sentenced to death in the modern era were exonerated before their execution , and more than 2,900 are still on death row . Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-Furman history 1.2 Early abolition movement 1.3 Constitutional law developments 1.4 Capital punishment suspended ( 1972 ) 1.5 Capital punishment reinstated ( 1976 ) 1.6 Supreme Court narrows capital offenses 1.7 Repeal movements and legal challenges 1.7. 1 States that have abolished the death penalty 1.8 Lethal injection era 1.9 Women 's history and capital punishment 2 Capital crimes 2.1 Aggravated murder 2.1. 1 Aggravating factors 2.2 Crimes against the state 3 Legal process 3.1 Decision to seek the death penalty 3.2 Sentencing 3.3 Direct review 3.4 State collateral review 3.5 Federal habeas corpus 3.6 Section 1983 3.7 Execution warrant 4 Distribution of sentences 4.1 Among states 4.2 Among races 4.3 Among sexes 5 Methods 5.1 Offender - selected methods 5.2 Backup methods 5.3 Federal executions 6 Execution attendance 7 Public opinion 8 Debate 8.1 Botched executions 9 Clemency and commutations 10 Execution hiatus 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 Books 13.2 Journal articles 14 External links History ( edit ) Pre-Furman History ( edit ) Executions in the United States from 1608 to 2009 The first recorded death sentence in the British North American colonies was carried out in 1608 on Captain George Kendall , who was executed by firing squad at the Jamestown colony for spying for the Spanish government . The Bill of Rights adopted in 1789 included the Eighth Amendment which prohibited cruel and unusual punishment . The Fifth Amendment was drafted with language implying a possible use of the death penalty , requiring a grand jury indictment for `` capital crime '' and a due process of law for deprivation of `` life '' by the government . The Fourteenth Amendment adopted in 1868 also requires a due process of law for deprivation of life by any states . William Kemmler became the first person put to death by an electric chair , August 6 , 1890 The Espy file , compiled by M. Watt Espy and John Ortiz Smykla , lists 15,269 people executed in the United States and its predecessor colonies between 1608 and 1991 . From 1930 to 2002 , there were 4,661 executions in the U.S. , about two - thirds of them in the first 20 years . Additionally , the United States Army executed 135 soldiers between 1916 and 1955 ( the most recent ) . Early Abolition movement ( edit ) Three states abolished the death penalty for murder during the 19th century : Michigan ( which has never executed a prisoner since achieving statehood ) in 1846 , Wisconsin in 1853 and Maine in 1887 . Rhode Island is also a state with a long abolitionist background , having repealed the death penalty in 1852 , though it was theoretically available for murder committed by a prisoner between 1872 and 1984 . Other states which abolished the death penalty for murder before Gregg v. Georgia include : Minnesota in 1911 , Vermont in 1964 , Iowa and West Virginia in 1965 and North Dakota in 1973 . Hawaii abolished the death penalty in 1948 and Alaska in 1957 , both before their statehood . Puerto Rico repealed it in 1929 and the District of Columbia in 1981 . Arizona and Oregon abolished the death penalty by popular vote in 1916 and 1964 respectively , but both reinstated it , again by popular vote , some years later : Arizona in 1918 and Oregon in 1978 . Puerto Rico and Michigan are the only two U.S. jurisdictions to have explicitly prohibited capital punishment in their constitutions : in 1952 and 1964 , respectively . Constitutional law developments ( edit ) Nevertheless , capital punishment continued to be used by a majority of states and the federal government for various crimes , especially murder and rape , from the creation of the United States up to the beginning of the 1960s . Until then , `` save for a few mavericks , no one gave any credence to the possibility of ending the death penalty by judicial interpretation of constitutional law '' , according to abolitionist Hugo Bedau . The possibility of challenging the constitutionality of the death penalty became progressively more realistic after the Supreme Court of the United States decided Trop v. Dulles in 1958 , when the court said explicitly for the first time that the Eighth Amendment 's cruel and unusual clause must draw its meaning from the `` evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society '' , rather than from its original meaning . Also in the 1932 case Powell v. Alabama , the court made the first step of what would later be called `` death is different '' jurisprudence , when it held that any indigent defendant was entitled to a court - appointed attorney in capital cases - a right that was only later extended to non-capital defendants in 1963 , with Gideon v. Wainwright . Capital punishment suspended ( 1972 ) ( edit ) Further information : Furman v. Georgia In Furman v. Georgia , the U.S. Supreme Court considered a group of consolidated cases . The lead case involved an individual convicted under Georgia 's death penalty statute , which featured a `` unitary trial '' procedure in which the jury was asked to return a verdict of guilt or innocence and , simultaneously , determine whether the defendant would be punished by death or life imprisonment . The last pre-Furman execution was that of Luis Monge on June 2 , 1967 . In a 5 - 4 decision , the Supreme Court struck down the impositions of the death penalty in each of the consolidated cases as unconstitutional in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution . The Supreme Court has never ruled the death penalty to be per se unconstitutional . The five justices in the majority did not produce a common opinion or rationale for their decision , however , and agreed only on a short statement announcing the result . The narrowest opinions , those of Byron White and Potter Stewart , expressed generalized concerns about the inconsistent application of the death penalty across a variety of cases , but did not exclude the possibility of a constitutional death penalty law . Stewart and William O. Douglas worried explicitly about racial discrimination in enforcement of the death penalty . Thurgood Marshall and William J. Brennan Jr. expressed the opinion that the death penalty was proscribed absolutely by the Eighth Amendment as cruel and unusual punishment . The Furman decision caused all death sentences pending at the time to be reduced to life imprisonment , and was described by scholars as a `` legal bombshell '' . The next day , columnist Barry Schweid wrote that it was `` unlikely '' that the death penalty could exist anymore in the United States . Capital punishment reinstated ( 1976 ) ( edit ) Further information : Gregg v. Georgia U.S. Supreme Court seat in Washington , D.C. Instead of abandoning capital punishment , 37 states enacted new death penalty statutes that attempted to address the concerns of White and Stewart in Furman . Some states responded by enacting mandatory death penalty statutes which prescribed a sentence of death for anyone convicted of certain forms of murder . White had hinted that such a scheme would meet his constitutional concerns in his Furman opinion . Other states adopted `` bifurcated '' trial and sentencing procedures , with various procedural limitations on the jury 's ability to pronounce a death sentence designed to limit juror discretion . On July 2 , 1976 , the U.S. Supreme Court decided Gregg v. Georgia and upheld 7 - 2 a Georgia procedure in which the trial of capital crimes was bifurcated into guilt - innocence and sentencing phases . At the first proceeding , the jury decides the defendant 's guilt ; if the defendant is innocent or otherwise not convicted of first - degree murder , the death penalty will not be imposed . At the second hearing , the jury determines whether certain statutory aggravating factors exist , whether any mitigating factors exist , and , in many jurisdictions , weigh the aggravating and mitigating factors in assessing the ultimate penalty - either death or life in prison , either with or without parole . The same day , in Woodson v. North Carolina and Roberts v. Louisiana , the court struck down 5 - 4 statutes providing a mandatory death sentence . Executions resumed on January 17 , 1977 , when Gary Gilmore went before a firing squad in Utah . Although hundreds of individuals were sentenced to death in the United States during the 1970s and early 1980s , only ten people besides Gilmore ( who had waived all of his appeal rights ) were actually executed prior to 1984 . Supreme Court narrows capital offenses ( edit ) In 1977 , the Supreme Court 's Coker v. Georgia decision barred the death penalty for rape of an adult woman . Previously , the death penalty for rape of an adult had been gradually phased out in the United States , and at the time of the decision , Georgia and the U.S. Federal government were the only two jurisdictions to still retain the death penalty for that offense . In the 1980 case Godfrey v. Georgia , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that murder can be punished by death only if it involves a narrow and precise aggravating factor . The U.S. Supreme Court has placed two major restrictions on the use of the death penalty . First , the case of Atkins v. Virginia , decided on June 20 , 2002 , held that the execution of intellectually disabled inmates is unconstitutional . Second , in 2005 , the court 's decision in Roper v. Simmons struck down executions for offenders under the age of 18 at the time of the crime . In the 2008 case Kennedy v. Louisiana , the court also held 5 - 4 that the death penalty is unconstitutional when applied to non-homicidal crimes against the person , including child rape . Only two death row inmates ( both in Louisiana ) were affected by the decision . Nevertheless , the ruling came less than five months before the 2008 presidential election and was criticized by both major party candidates Barack Obama and John McCain . Repeal movements and legal challenges ( edit ) In 2004 , New York and Kansas capital sentencing schemes were struck down by their respective state highest courts . Kansas successfully appealed the Kansas Supreme Court decision to the United States Supreme Court , who reinstated the statute in Kansas v. Marsh ( 2006 ) , holding it did not violate the U.S. Constitution . The decision of New York Court of Appeals was based on the state constitution , making unavailable any appeal . The state lower house has since blocked all attempts to reinstate the death penalty by adopting a valid sentencing scheme . In 2016 , Delaware 's death penalty statute was also struck down by its state supreme court . In 2007 , New Jersey became the first state to repeal the death penalty by legislative vote since Gregg v. Georgia , followed by New Mexico in 2009 , Illinois in 2011 , Connecticut in 2012 , and Maryland in 2013 . The repeals were not retroactive , but in New Jersey , Illinois and Maryland , governors commuted all death sentences after enacting the new law . In Connecticut , the Connecticut Supreme Court ruled in 2015 that the repeal must be retroactive . New Mexico is the only state with remaining death row inmates and no present death penalty statute . Nebraska 's legislature also passed a repeal in 2015 , but a referendum campaign gathered enough signatures to suspend it . Capital punishment was reinstated by popular vote on November 8 , 2016 . The same day , California 's electorate defeated a proposal to repeal the death penalty , and adopted another initiative to speed up its appeal process . Since Furman , 11 states have organized popular votes dealing with the death penalty through the initiative and referendum process . All resulted in a vote for reinstating it , rejecting its abolition , expanding its application field , specifying in the state constitution that it is not unconstitutional , or expediting the appeal process in capital cases . States that have abolished the death penalty ( edit ) 19 states , plus the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico have abolished the death penalty for all crimes . Below is a table of the 19 states and the date that the state abolished the death penalty . State Year Alaska 1957 Connecticut 2012 Delaware 2016 District of Columbia 1981 Hawaii 1957 Illinois 2011 Iowa 1965 Maine 1887 Maryland 2013 Massachusetts 1984 Michigan 1846 Minnesota 1911 New Jersey 2007 New Mexico 2009 New York 2007 North Dakota Rhode Island 1984 Puerto Rico 1929 Vermont 1972 West Virginia 1965 Wisconsin 1853 Lethal injection era ( edit ) The lethal injection room in Florida State Prison . From 1976 to July 1 , 2018 , there were 1,477 executions , of which 1,302 were by lethal injection , 158 by electrocution , 11 by gas inhalation , 3 by hanging , and 3 by firing squad . The South had the great majority of these executions , with 1,207 ; there were 181 in the Midwest , 85 in the West , and only 4 in the Northeast . No state in the Northeast has conducted an execution since Connecticut , now abolitionist , in 2005 . The state of Texas alone conducted 552 executions , over 1 / 3 of the total ; the states of Texas , Virginia , and Oklahoma combined make up over half the total , with 777 executions between them . 3 executions have been conducted by the federal government , the last in 2003 . Executions increased in frequency until 1999 ; 98 prisoners were executed that year . Since 1999 , the number of executions has greatly decreased , and the 20 executions in 2016 were the fewest since 1991 . The death penalty was a notable issue during the 1988 presidential election . It came up in the October 13 , 1988 , debate between the two presidential nominees George H.W. Bush and Michael Dukakis , when Bernard Shaw , the moderator of the debate , asked Dukakis , `` Governor , if Kitty Dukakis ( his wife ) were raped and murdered , would you favor an irrevocable death penalty for the killer ? '' Dukakis replied , `` No , I do n't , and I think you know that I 've opposed the death penalty during all of my life . I do n't see any evidence that it 's a deterrent , and I think there are better and more effective ways to deal with violent crime . '' Bush was elected , and many , including Dukakis himself , cite the statement as the beginning of the end of his campaign . In 1996 , Congress passed the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act to streamline the appeal process in capital cases . The bill was signed into law by President Bill Clinton , who had endorsed capital punishment during his 1992 presidential campaign . A study found that at least 34 of the 749 executions carried out in the U.S. between 1977 and 2001 , or 4.5 % , involved `` unanticipated problems or delays that caused , at least arguably , unnecessary agony for the prisoner or that reflect gross incompetence of the executioner '' . The rate of these `` botched executions '' remained steady over the period . A study published in The Lancet in 2005 found that in 43 % of cases of lethal injection , the blood level of hypnotics in the prisoner was insufficient to ensure unconsciousness . Nonetheless , the Supreme Court ruled in 2008 ( Baze v. Rees ) and again in 2015 ( Glossip v. Gross ) that lethal injection does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment . Women 's History and capital punishment ( edit ) In 1632 , 24 years after the first recorded male execution in the colonies , Jane Champion became the first woman to be lawfully executed . She was sentenced to death by hanging after she was convicted of murder in front of a grand jury . The second half of the 17th century saw the executions of 14 women and 6 men who were accused of witchcraft during the witch hunt hysteria and the Salem Witch Trials . While both men and women were executed , 80 % of the accusations were towards women , so the list of executions disproportionately affected men by a margin of 6 ( actual ) to 4 ( expected ) , i.e. 50 % more men were executed than expected from the percentage of accused who were men . Other notable female executions include Mary Surratt , Margie Velma Barfield and Wanda Jean Allen . Mary Surratt was executed by hanging in 1865 after being convicted of co-conspiring to assassinate Abraham Lincoln . Margie Velma Barfield was convicted of murder and when she was executed by lethal injection in 1984 , she became the first woman to be executed since the ban on capital punishment was lifted in 1976 . Wanda Jean Allen was convicted of murder in 1989 and had a high - profile execution by lethal injection in January 2001 . She was the first black woman to be executed in the US since 1954 . According to Allen 's lawyers , prosecutors capitalized on her low IQ , race and homosexuality in their representations of her as a murderer at trial . Capital crimes ( edit ) Aggravated murder ( edit ) Aggravating factors for seeking capital punishment of murder vary greatly among death penalty states . California has twenty - two ; New Hampshire has seven . Some aggravating circumstances are nearly universal , such as robbery - murder , murder involving rape of the victim , and murder of an on - duty police officer . Several states have included child murder to their list of aggravating factors , but the victim 's age under which the murder is punishable by death varies . In 2011 , Texas raised this age from six to ten . In some states , the high number of aggravating factors has been criticized on account of giving prosecutors too much discretion in choosing cases where they believe capital punishment is warranted . In California especially , an official commission proposed , in 2008 , to reduce these factors to five ( multiple murders , torture murder , murder of a police officer , murder committed in jail , and murder related to another felony ) . Columnist Charles Lane went further , and proposed that murder related to a felony other than rape should no longer be a capital crime when there is only one victim killed . Aggravating factors ( edit ) In order for a person to be eligible for a death sentence when convicted of aggravated first - degree murder , the jury or court ( when there is not a jury ) must determine at least one of sixteen aggravating factors that existed during the crime 's commission . The following is a list of the 16 aggravating factors . Murder while committing another felony . Offender was convicted of a separate felony involving a firearm prior to the aggravated murder . Being convicted of a separate felony where death or life imprisonment was authorized prior to the aggravated murder . Being convicted of any separate violent felony prior to the aggravate murder . The offender put the lives of at least 1 or more other persons in danger of death during the commission of the crime . Offender committed the crime in an especially cruel , heinous , or depraved manner . Offender committed the crime for financial gain . Offender committed the crime for monetary gain . The murder was premeditated , involved planning in order to be carried out , or the offender showed early signs of committing the crime , such as keeping a journal of the crime 's details and posting things on the Internet . Offender was previously convicted of at least two drug offenses . The victim would not have been able to defend themselves while being attacked . Offender was previously convicted of a federal drug offense . Offender was involved in a long - term business of selling drugs to minors . A high - ranking official was murdered , such as the President of the United States , the leader of another country , or a police officer . Offender was previously convicted of sexual assault or child rape . During the crime 's commission , the offender killed or tried to kill multiple people . Crimes against the state ( edit ) The opinion of the court in Kennedy v. Louisiana says that the ruling does not apply to `` treason , espionage , terrorism , and drug kingpin activity , which are offenses against the State '' . Since no one is on death row for such offenses , the court has yet to rule on the constitutionality of the death penalty applied for them . Treason , espionage and large - scale drug trafficking are all capital crimes under federal law . Treason is also punishable by death in six states ( Arkansas , California , Georgia , Louisiana , Mississippi , and Missouri ) . Vermont still has a pre-Furman statute providing the death penalty for treason despite removing capital punishment for murder in 1965 . Large - scale drug trafficking is punishable by death in two states ( Florida and Missouri ) . Aircraft hijacking is a capital crime in Georgia and Mississippi . Legal process ( edit ) The legal administration of the death penalty in the United States typically involves five critical steps : ( 1 ) prosecutorial decision to seek the death penalty ( 2 ) sentencing , ( 3 ) direct review , ( 4 ) state collateral review , and ( 5 ) federal habeas corpus . Clemency , through which the Governor or President of the jurisdiction can unilaterally reduce or abrogate a death sentence , is an executive rather than judicial process . Decision to seek the death penalty ( edit ) While judges in criminal cases can usually impose a harsher prison sentence than the one demanded by prosecution , the death penalty can be handed down only if the accuser has specifically decided to seek it . In the decades since Furman , new questions have emerged about whether or not prosecutorial arbitrariness has replaced sentencing arbitrariness . A study by Pepperdine University School of Law published in Temple Law Review , surveyed the decision - making process among prosecutors in various states . The authors found that prosecutors ' capital punishment filing decisions remain marked by local `` idiosyncrasies '' , suggesting they are not in keeping with the spirit of the Supreme Court 's directive . This means that `` the very types of unfairness that the Supreme Court sought to eliminate '' may still `` infect capital cases '' . Wide prosecutorial discretion remains because of overly broad criteria . California law , for example , has 22 `` special circumstances '' , making nearly all premeditated murders potential capital cases . A proposed remedy against prosecutorial arbitrariness is to transfer the prosecution of capital cases to the state attorney general . Sentencing ( edit ) Of the 31 states with the death penalty , 28 provide the sentence to be decided by a jury , and 28 require a unanimous sentence . The only state which does not require a unanimous jury decision is Alabama . In Alabama , at least 10 jurors must concur . A retrial happens if the jury deadlocks . Nebraska is the only state in which the sentence is decided by a three - judge panel . If one of the judges on the panel opposes death , the defendant is sentenced to life imprisonment . Montana is the only state where the trial judge decides the sentence alone . In all states in which the jury is involved , only death - qualified veniremen can be selected in such a jury , to exclude both people who will always vote for the death sentence and those who are categorically opposed to it . However , the states differ on what happens if the penalty phase results in a hung jury : In four states ( Arizona , California , Kentucky and Nevada ) , a retrial of the penalty phase will be conducted before a different jury ( the common - law rule for mistrial ) . In two states ( Indiana and Missouri ) , the judge will decide the sentence . In the 22 other states , a hung jury results in a life sentence , even if only one juror opposed death . Federal law also provides that outcome . The first outcome is referred as the `` true unanimity '' rule , while the third has been criticized as the `` single - juror veto '' rule . Direct review ( edit ) If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level , the case then goes into a direct review . The direct review process is a typical legal appeal . An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not . Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes . If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing , the appellate court will affirm the judgment , or let the sentence stand . If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur , then it will reverse the judgment , or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing . Lastly , if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty , a rarity , then it will order the defendant acquitted , or not guilty , of the crime for which he / she was given the death penalty , and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible . About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact . State collateral review ( edit ) At times when a death sentence is affirmed on direct review , supplemental methods to attack the judgment , though less familiar than a typical appeal , do remain . These supplemental remedies are considered collateral review , that is , an avenue for upsetting judgments that have become otherwise final . Where the prisoner received his death sentence in a state - level trial , as is usually the case , the first step in collateral review is state collateral review , which is often called state habeas corpus . ( If the case is a federal death penalty case , it proceeds immediately from direct review to federal habeas corpus . ) Although all states have some type of collateral review , the process varies widely from state to state . Generally , the purpose of these collateral proceedings is to permit the prisoner to challenge his sentence on grounds that could not have been raised reasonably at trial or on direct review . Most often , these are claims , such as ineffective assistance of counsel , which requires the court to consider new evidence outside the original trial record , something courts may not do in an ordinary appeal . State collateral review , though an important step in that it helps define the scope of subsequent review through federal habeas corpus , is rarely successful in and of itself . Only around 6 percent of death sentences are overturned on state collateral review . In Virginia , state habeas corpus for condemned men are heard by the state supreme court under exclusive original jurisdiction since 1995 , immediately after direct review by the same court . This avoids any proceeding before the lower courts , and is in part why Virginia has the shortest time on average between death sentence and execution ( less than eight years ) and has executed 113 offenders since 1976 with only five remaining on death row as of June 2017 . To reduce litigation delays , other states require convicts to file their state collateral appeal before the completion of their direct appeal , or provide adjudication of direct and collateral attacks together in a `` unitary review '' . Federal habeas corpus ( edit ) After a death sentence is affirmed in state collateral review , the prisoner may file for federal habeas corpus , which is a unique type of lawsuit that can be brought in federal courts . Federal habeas corpus is a type of collateral review , and it is the only way that state prisoners may attack a death sentence in federal court ( other than petitions for certiorari to the United States Supreme Court after both direct review and state collateral review ) . The scope of federal habeas corpus is governed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ( AEDPA ) , which restricted significantly its previous scope . The purpose of federal habeas corpus is to ensure that state courts , through the process of direct review and state collateral review , have done a reasonable job in protecting the prisoner 's federal constitutional rights . Prisoners may also use federal habeas corpus suits to bring forth new evidence that they are innocent of the crime , though to be a valid defense at this late stage in the process , evidence of innocence must be truly compelling . According to Eric Freedman , 21 percent of death penalty cases are reversed through federal habeas corpus . James Liebman , a professor of law at Columbia Law School , stated in 1996 that his study found that when habeas corpus petitions in death penalty cases were traced from conviction to completion of the case , there was `` a 40 percent success rate in all capital cases from 1978 to 1995 '' . Similarly , a study by Ronald Tabak in a law review article puts the success rate in habeas corpus cases involving death row inmates even higher , finding that between `` 1976 and 1991 , approximately 47 percent of the habeas petitions filed by death row inmates were granted '' . The different numbers are largely definitional , rather than substantive : Freedam 's statistics looks at the percentage of all death penalty cases reversed , while the others look only at cases not reversed prior to habeas corpus review . A similar process is available for prisoners sentenced to death by the judgment of a federal court . The AEDPA also provides an expeditious habeas procedure in capital cases for states meeting several requirements set forth in it concerning counsel appointment for death row inmates . Under this program , federal habeas corpus for condemned prisoners would be decided in about three years from affirmance of the sentence on state collateral review . In 2006 , Congress conferred the determination of whether a state fulfilled the requirements to the U.S. attorney general , with a possible appeal of the state to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit . As of March 2016 , the Department of Justice has still not granted any certifications . Section 1983 ( edit ) If the federal court refuses to issue a writ of habeas corpus , the death sentence becomes final for all purposes . In recent times , however , prisoners have postponed execution through another way of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 - codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1983 - which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights . While the aforementioned appeals are normally limited to one and automatically stay the execution of the death sentence , Section 1983 lawsuits are unlimited , but the petitioner will be granted a stay of execution only if the court believes he has a likelihood of success on the merits . Traditionally , Section 1983 was of limited use for a state prisoner under sentence of death because the Supreme Court has held that habeas corpus , not Section 1983 , is the only vehicle by which a state prisoner can challenge his judgment of death . In the 2006 Hill v. McDonough case , however , the United States Supreme Court approved the use of Section 1983 as a vehicle for challenging a state 's method of execution as cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment . The theory is that a prisoner bringing such a challenge is not attacking directly his judgment of death , but rather the means by which that the judgment will be carried out . Therefore , the Supreme Court held in the Hill case that a prisoner can use Section 1983 rather than habeas corpus to bring the lawsuit . Yet , as Clarence Hill 's own case shows , lower federal courts have often refused to hear suits challenging methods of execution on the ground that the prisoner brought the claim too late and only for the purposes of delay . Further , the Court 's decision in Baze v. Rees , upholding a lethal injection method used by many states , has narrowed the opportunity for relief through Section 1983 . Execution warrant ( edit ) While the execution warrant is issued by the governor in several states , in the vast majority it is a judicial order , issued by a judge or by the state supreme court at the request of the prosecution . The warrant usually sets an execution day . Some states instead provide a longer period , such as a week or 10 days to carry out the execution . This is designated to avoid issuing a new warrant in case of a last - minute stay of execution that would be vacated only few days or few hours later . Distribution of sentences ( edit ) Total number of prisoners on Death Row in the United States from 1953 to 2008 Within the context of the overall murder rate , the death penalty can not be said to be widely or routinely used in the United States ; in recent years the average has been about one death sentence for every 200 murder convictions . Alabama has the highest per capita rate of death sentences . This is because Alabama was one of the few states that allowed judges to override a jury recommendation in favor of life imprisonment , a possibility it removed in March 2017 . Among states ( edit ) The distribution of death sentences among states is loosely proportional to their populations and murder rates . California , which is the most populous state , has also the largest death row with over 700 inmates . Wyoming , which is the least populous state , has only one condemned man . But executions are more frequent ( and happen more quickly after sentencing ) in conservative states . Texas , which is the second most populous state of the Union , carried out over 500 executions during the post-Furman era , more than a third of the national total . California has carried out only 13 executions during the same period , and has carried out none since 2006 . Among races ( edit ) Main article : Race and capital punishment in the United States African Americans made up 41 % of death row inmates while making up only 12.6 % of the general population . They have made up 34 % of those actually executed since 1976 . However , this is an under - representation relative to the proportion of convicted murderers ; 52.5 % of all homicide offenders between 1980 and 2008 were African Americans . According to a 2003 Amnesty International report , blacks and whites were the victims of murder in almost equal numbers , yet 80 % of the people executed since 1977 were convicted of murders involving white victims . Approximately 13.5 % of death row inmates are of Hispanic or Latino descent , while they make up 17.4 % of the general population . Among sexes ( edit ) As of October 1 , 2016 , the Death Penalty Information Center reports that there are only 54 women on death row . This constitutes 1.86 % of the total death row population . 16 women have been executed since 1976 , while 1442 men have been executed . 15,391 total confirmed lawful executions have been carried out in the US since 1608 , and of these , 575 , or 3.6 % , were women . Women account for 1 / 50 death sentences , 1 / 67 people on death row , and 1 / 100 people whose executions are actually carried out . The states that have executed the most women are California , Texas and Florida . For women , the racial breakdown of those sentenced to death is 21 % black , 13 % Latina , 2 % American Indian , 61 % white and 3 % Asian . Methods ( edit ) Usage of lethal injection in the US . State uses only this method . State uses this method primarily but also has other methods . State once used this method , but does not today . State once adopted this method , but dropped before its use . State has never adopted this method . Number of executions each year by the method used in the United States and the earlier colonies from 1608 to 2004 . The adoption of electrocution caused a marked drop off in the number of hangings , which was used even less with the use of gas inhalation . After Gregg v. Georgia , most states changed to lethal injection , leading to its rise . All 31 states with the death penalty provide lethal injection as the primary method of execution . Some states allow other methods than lethal injection , but only as secondary methods to be used merely at the request of the prisoner or if lethal injection is unavailable . Several states continue to use the historical three - drug protocol : firstly an anesthetic , secondly pancuronium bromide , a paralytic , and finally potassium chloride to stop the heart . Eight states have used a single - drug protocol , inflicting only an overdose of a single anesthetic to the prisoner . While some state statutes specify the drugs required , a majority do not , giving more flexibility to corrections officials . Pressures from anti-death penalty activists and shareholders have made it difficult for correctional services to get the chemicals . Hospira , the only U.S. manufacturer of sodium thiopental , stopped making the drug in 2011 . In 2016 , it was reported that more than 20 U.S. and European drug manufacturers including Pfizer ( the owner of Hospira ) had taken steps to prevent their drugs from being used for lethal injections . Since then , some states have used other anesthetics , such as pentobarbital , etomidate , or fast - acting benzodiazepines like midazolam . Many states have since bought lethal injection drugs from foreign furnishers , and most states have made it a criminal offense to reveal the identities of furnishers or execution team members . In November 2015 , California adopted regulations allowing the state to use its own public compounding pharmacies to make the chemicals . In 2009 , Ohio approved the use of an intramuscular injection of 500 mg of hydromorphone ( a 333-fold overdose for an opioid - naive patient of this narcotic analgesic closely related to and five times stronger than morphine ; this is the equivalent of an entire 50 - ml bottle of Dilaudid HP , the most powerful commercially available form , although the advantage of hydromorphone is its very high solubility allowing for solutions of almost arbitrary concentration ; 500 mg of hydromorphone HCl as pure powder can be dissolved in isotonic saline in volumes as small as under 2 cc ) and a supratherapeutic dose of midazolam as a backup means of carrying out executions when a suitable vein can not be found for intravenous injection . Lethal injection was held to be a constitutional method of execution by the U.S. Supreme Court in two cases : Baze v. Rees ( 2008 ) and Glossip v. Gross ( 2015 ) . Offender - selected methods ( edit ) In the following states , death row inmates with an execution warrant may choose to be executed by : Electrocution in Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Kentucky , South Carolina , Tennessee and Virginia . Gas inhalation in Arizona and California . Firing squad in Utah . Hanging in Washington . In five states ( Arizona , Arkansas , Kentucky , Tennessee and Utah ) , the alternative method is offered only to inmates sentenced to death for crimes committed prior to a specified date ( usually when the state switched from the earlier method to lethal injection ) . When an offender chooses to be executed by a means different from the state default method , which is always lethal injection , he / she loses the right to challenge its constitutionality in court . See Stewart v. LaGrand , 526 US 115 ( 1999 ) . The last executions by methods other than injection are as follows ( all chosen by the inmate ) : Method Date State Inmate Electrocution January 16 , 2013 Virginia Robert Gleason Firing squad June 18 , 2010 Utah Ronnie Lee Gardner Lethal gas March 3 , 1999 Arizona Walter LaGrand Hanging January 25 , 1996 Delaware William Bailey Backup methods ( edit ) Depending on the state , the following alternative methods are statutorily provided in the event that lethal injection is either found unconstitutional by a court or unavailable for practical reasons : Electrocution in Florida , Oklahoma , South Carolina and Tennessee . Gas inhalation in Alabama , California , Missouri , Oklahoma and Wyoming . Firing squad in Oklahoma and Utah . Hanging in New Hampshire . Oklahoma is the only state allowing more than two methods of execution in its statutes , providing lethal injection , nitrogen hypoxia , electrocution and firing squad to be used in that order in the event that all earlier methods are unavailable . The nitrogen option was added by the Oklahoma Legislature in 2015 and has never been used in a judicial execution , though it is routinely used to give a painless death in animal euthanasia . Three states ( Oklahoma , Tennessee and Utah ) have added back - up methods recently in 2014 or 2015 ( or have expanded their application fields ) in reaction to the shortage of lethal injection drugs . Some states such as Florida have a larger provision dealing with execution methods unavailability , requiring their state departments of corrections to use `` any constitutional method '' if both lethal injection and electrocution are found unconstitutional . This was designed to make unnecessary any further legislative intervention in that event , but the provision applies only to legal ( not practical ) infeasibility . In May 2016 , an Oklahoma grand jury recommended the state to use nitrogen hypoxia as its primary method of execution rather than as a mere backup , after experts testified that the method would be painless , easy and `` inexpensive '' . Federal executions ( edit ) The method of execution of federal prisoners for offenses under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 is that of the state in which the conviction took place . If the state has no death penalty , the judge must choose a state with the death penalty for carrying out the execution . The federal government has a facility ( at U.S. Penitentiary Terre Haute ) and regulations only for executions by lethal injection , but the United States Code allows U.S. Marshals to use state facilities and employees for federal executions . Execution attendance ( edit ) The over 200 witnesses to the execution of Timothy McVeigh were mostly survivors and victims ' relatives of the Oklahoma City bombing . The last public execution in the U.S. was that of Rainey Bethea in Owensboro , Kentucky , on August 14 , 1936 . It was the last execution in the nation at which the general public was permitted to attend without any legally imposed restrictions . `` Public execution '' is a legal phrase , defined by the laws of various states , and carried out pursuant to a court order . Similar to `` public record '' or `` public meeting '' , it means that anyone who wants to attend the execution may do so . Around 1890 , a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions . Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a `` wall '' or `` enclosure '' , or to `` exclude public view '' . Most states laws currently use such explicit wording to prohibit public executions , while others do so only implicitly by enumerating the only authorized witnesses . All states allow news reporters to be execution witnesses for information of the general public , except Wyoming which allow only witnesses authorized by the condemned . Several states also allow victims ' families and relatives selected by the prisoner to watch executions . An hour or two before the execution , the condemned is offered religious services and to choose his last meal ( except in Texas which abolished it in 2011 ) . The execution of Timothy McVeigh on June 11 , 2001 , was witnessed by over 200 people , most by closed - circuit television . Public opinion ( edit ) Gallup , Inc. monitors support for the death penalty in the United States since 1937 by asking `` Are you in favor of the death penalty for a person convicted of murder ? '' Gallup surveys document a sharp increase in support for capital punishment between 1966 and 1994 clearly in response to rising violent crime rates during this period ( e.g. Page and Shapiro 1992 . ) However , with the dramatic surge in arguments questioning the fairness of the sentence ( due , in part , to DNA exonerations of death row inmates in the national media in the late 1990s ( Baumgartner , De Boef , and Boydstun 2004 The Decline of the Death Penalty and the Discovery of Innocence ) , support then began to wane , falling from 80 % in 1994 to 66 % in 2000 . Moreover , approval varies substantially depending on the characteristics of the target and the alternatives posed , with much lower support for putting juveniles and the mentally ill to death ( 26 % and 19 % , respectively , in 2002 ) and for the alternative of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole ( 52 % in 2003 ) Gallup 2005 ) . Given the fact that attitudes toward this policy are often responsive to events , to characteristics of the target , and to alternatives , the conventional wisdom -- that death penalty attitudes are impervious to change -- is surely overstated . Accordingly , any analysis of death penalty attitudes must account for the responsiveness of such attitudes , as well as their reputed resistance to change In the October 2016 Gallup poll , 60 % of respondents said they were in favor and 37 % were opposed . Pew Research polls have demonstrated declining American support for the death penalty : 80 % in 1974 , 78 % in 1996 , 55 % in 2014 , and 49 % in 2016 . The 2014 poll showed significant differences by race : 63 % of whites , 40 % of Hispanics , and 36 % of blacks , respectively , supported the death penalty in that year . However in 2018 Polls showed Public support for the death penalty increased up to 54 % up from 49 % . Since 2016 , opinions among Republicans and Democrats have changed little , but the share of independents favoring the death penalty has increased 8 percentage points ( from 44 % to 52 % ) . A 2010 poll found that 61 % of voters would choose a penalty other than the death sentence for murder . When persons surveyed are given a choice between the death penalty and life without parole for persons convicted of capital crimes , support for execution has traditionally been significantly lower than in polling that asks only if a person does or does not support the death penalty . In 2010 , for instance , a Gallup poll that offered a choice showed 49 % favoring the death penalty , and 46 % favoring life imprisonment . On the other hand , in November 2009 , another Gallup poll found that 77 % of Americans say that September 11 attacks ' mastermind Khalid Sheikh Mohammed should get the death penalty if convicted , including 12 who normally opposed the death penalty when asked the 1937 question . A similar result was found in 2001 when respondents were polled about the execution of Timothy McVeigh for the Oklahoma City Bombing that killed 168 victims . Debate ( edit ) Main article : Capital punishment debate in the United States Capital punishment is a controversial issue , with many prominent organizations and individuals participating in the debate . Amnesty International and other groups oppose capital punishment on moral grounds . Some law enforcement organizations , and some victims ' rights groups support capital punishment . The United States is one of the four developed countries that still practice capital punishment , along with Japan , Singapore , and Taiwan . Religious groups are widely split on the issue of capital punishment . The Fiqh Council of North America , a group of highly influential Muslim scholars in the United States , has issued a fatwa calling for a moratorium on capital punishment in the United States until various preconditions in the legal system are met . In October 2009 , the American Law Institute voted to disavow the framework for capital punishment that it had created in 1962 , as part of the Model Penal Code , `` in light of the current intractable institutional and structural obstacles to ensuring a minimally adequate system for administering capital punishment '' . A study commissioned by the institute had said that experience had proved that the goal of individualized decisions about who should be executed and the goal of systemic fairness for minorities and others could not be reconciled . As of 2017 , 159 prisoners have been exonerated due to evidence of their innocence . Advocates of the death penalty say that it deters crime , is a good tool for prosecutors in plea bargaining , improves the community by eliminating recidivism by executed criminals , provides `` closure '' to surviving victims or loved ones , and is a just penalty . The murder rate is highest in the South ( 6.5 per 100,000 in 2016 ) , where 80 % of executions are carried out , and lowest in the Northeast ( 3.5 per 100,000 ) , with less than 1 % of executions . A report by the US National Research Council in 2012 stated that studies claiming a deterrent effect are `` fundamentally flawed '' and should not be used for policy decisions . According to a survey of the former and present presidents of the country 's top academic criminological societies , 88 % of these experts rejected the notion that the death penalty acts as a deterrent to murder . -- Radelet & Lacock , 2009 Data shows that the application of the death penalty is strongly influenced by racial bias . Furthermore , some opponents argue that it is applied in an arbitrary manner by a criminal justice system that has been shown to be biased through the systemic influence of socio - economic , geographic , and gender factors . Another argument in the capital punishment debate is the cost . Various commentators predicted that the death penalty would likely have disappeared in the United States if Hillary Clinton had been elected U.S. President in November 2016 and allowed to appoint a liberal Supreme Court Justice to replace the late Antonin Scalia . Because Donald Trump won and citizens in three states voted the same day for ballot measures supporting capital punishment , columnists came to the conclusion that it will remain indefinitely . Botched executions ( edit ) Further information : Capital punishment § Movements towards non-painful execution One of the main arguments against the use of capital punishment in the United States is that there has been a long history of botched executions . University of Colorado Boulder Professor Michael L. Radelet described a `` botched execution '' as an execution that causes the prisoner to suffer for a long period of time before they die . This has led to citizens having the opinion that capital punishment is cruel and unusual punishment . The following is a short list of examples of botched executions that have occurred in the United States . William Kemmler was the first person executed in the electric chair in 1890 . After being pronounced dead after 17 seconds , he was found to be still alive . A second current was passed through him , which was successful . The execution took 2 minutes . In Arizona , it took Joseph Wood 2 hours to die after being injected . In Alabama , the execution of Doyle Hamm was cancelled after the prison medical staff had failed to find a vein to insert the lethal injection needle . They attempted for 2 and a half hours and punctured Hamm 's skin at least 10 times . In Florida , Jesse Joseph Tafero had flames burst from his hair during an electrocution . Wallace Wilkerson died after 27 minutes in pain after the firing squad failed to shoot him in the heart . Because of this , the constitutionality of the use of the firing squad was questioned . The Supreme Court of the United States affirmed that the firing squad did not violate the 8th Amendment in the case Wilkerson v. Utah ( 1879 ) . In New Mexico , Thomas Ketchum was decapitated when his body fell through the trap door during his hanging . In Mississippi , Jimmy Lee Gray died after being in the gas chamber for 9 minutes . During the procedure , Gray thrashed and banged his head against the metal pole behind his head while struggling to breathe . Clemency and commutations ( edit ) The largest number of clemencies was granted in January 2003 in Illinois when outgoing Governor George Ryan , who had already imposed a moratorium on executions , pardoned four death - row inmates and commuted the sentences of the remaining 167 to life in prison without the possibility of parole . When Governor Pat Quinn signed legislation abolishing the death penalty in Illinois in March 2011 , he commuted the sentences of the fifteen inmates on death row to life imprisonment . Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico , when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty . In 1991 , outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners , among them all four women on the state 's death row . And during his two terms ( 1979 - 1987 ) as Florida 's Governor , Bob Graham , although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others , agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of doubts about guilt or disproportionality . Execution hiatus ( edit ) Capital punishment abolished Capital punishment remains in statute , but formal hiatus in place Capital punishment remains in statute , but de facto hiatus - no executions for at least 10 years Capital punishment remains in statute , other unique circumstances apply Capital punishment practiced All executions were suspended through the country between September 2007 and April 2008 . At that time , the U.S. Supreme Court was examining the constitutionality of lethal injection in Baze v. Rees . This was the longest period with no executions in the United States since 1982 . The Supreme Court ultimately upheld this method in a 7 -- 2 ruling . In addition to the states that have no valid death penalty statute , the following states and jurisdictions are noted that have an official moratorium , or have had no executions for more than ten years , as of 2018 : State / Jurisdiction Status Hiatus status Federal de facto No executions since 2003 Military de facto No executions since 1961 Arizona by Attorney General In 2014 , Attorney General indefinitely stayed executions California de facto No executions since 2006 Colorado by Governor In 2013 , Governor set a moratorium Kentucky by court order In 2009 , a federal judge suspended executions pending a new protocol Montana by court order In 2015 , a federal judge ruled the state 's lethal injection protocol is unlawful , stopping executions Nevada de facto No executions since 2006 North Carolina by implementers executions are suspended following a decision by the state 's medical board that physicians can not participate in executions , which is a requirement under state law . Oklahoma by implementers In 2014 , state Dept. of Corrections recommended an indefinite hold on executions after a botched execution Oregon by Governor In 2011 , Governor announced a moratorium and a review Pennsylvania by Governor In 2015 , Governor announced a moratorium pending review Washington by Governor In 2014 , Governor announced a moratorium and reprieve for new cases Wyoming de facto No executions since 1992 In addition to the above , Kansas ( last execution 1965 ) and New Hampshire ( last execution 1939 ) have also had no executions for over ten years , but in these states it is because of the lack of death row inmates having exhausted the appeal process . Since 1976 , four states have executed only condemned prisoners who voluntarily waived further appeals : Pennsylvania has executed three inmates , Oregon two , Connecticut one , and New Mexico one . In North Carolina , executions are suspended following a decision by the state 's medical board that physicians can not participate in executions , which is a requirement under state law . In California , United States District Judge Jeremy Fogel suspended all executions in the state on December 15 , 2006 , ruling that the implementation used in California was unconstitutional but that it could be fixed . On November 25 , 2009 , the Kentucky Supreme Court suspended executions until the state adopts regulations for carrying out the penalty by lethal injection . In November 2011 , Oregon Governor John Kitzhaber announced a moratorium on executions in Oregon , canceling a planned execution and ordering a review of the death penalty system in the state . On February 11 , 2014 , Washington Governor Jay Inslee announced a capital punishment moratorium . All death penalty cases that come to Inslee will result in him issuing a reprieve , not a pardon or commutation . On February 13 , 2015 , Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf announced a moratorium on the death penalty . Wolf will issue a reprieve for every execution until a commission on capital punishment , which was established in 2011 by the Pennsylvania State Senate , produces a recommendation . Effectively there was a moratorium in place , as the state had not executed anyone since Gary M. Heidnik in 1999 . See also ( edit ) Capital punishment debate in the United States Capital punishment by the United States federal government Capital punishment by the United States military Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States List of United States Supreme Court decisions on capital punishment List of offenders executed in the United States in 2018 Lists of people executed in the United States List of death row inmates in the United States List of last executions in the United States by crime References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` States and capital punishment '' . National Conference of State Legislatures . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leigh B. Bienen ( 2010 ) . Murder and Its Consequences : Essays on Capital Punishment in America ( 2 ed . ) . Northwestern University Press . p. 143 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8101 - 2697 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Lethal injection '' . capitalpunishmentuk.org . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . China ... Guatemala , Philippines , Thailand ... Vietnam ^ Jump up to : Barry Latzer ( 2010 ) , Death Penalty Cases : Leading U.S. Supreme Court Cases on Capital Punishment , Elsevier , p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` Death Sentences in the United States From 1977 By State and By Year '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Execution Statistics Summary -- State and Year '' . people.smu.edu/rhalperi/ . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Innocence : List of Those Freed From Death Row '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dwyer - Moss , Jessica ( 2013 ) `` Flawed Forensics and the Death Penalty : Junk Science and Potentially Wrongful Executions '' , Seattle Journal for Social Justice : Vol. 11 : Iss. 2 , Article 10 . ( p. 760 ) Jump up ^ `` Facts about the Death Penalty '' ( PDF ) . Death Penalty Information Center . p. 2 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Death Penalty Information Center ( 2010 ) . `` Part I : History of the Death Penalty , Death Penalty Information Center '' . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ david waksman . `` Is there a Death Penalty in America ? '' . Jump up ^ `` History of the Death Penalty in America '' . Antideathpenalty.org . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BAZE v. REES ( No. 07 - 5439 ) ( April 16 , 2008 ) Justice Scalia , with whom Justice Thomas joins , concurring in the judgment '' . law.cornell.edu . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Espy file '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Department of Justice Archived 2009 - 12 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . of the United States of America Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Military Death Penalty '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2008 . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ John A. Bennett Jump up ^ `` Executions in the Military '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death penalty on the ballot '' . ballotpedia.org . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Courts , the Constitution , and Capital Punishment 118 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ The Free Lance - Star - Jun 30 , 1972 : New laws unlikely on death penalty , by Barry Schweid Jump up ^ Gregg v. Georgia , 428 U.S. 153 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Woodson v. North Carolina , 428 U.S. 280 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Roberts v. Louisiana , 428 U.S. 325 ( 1976 ) , 431 U.S. 633 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ `` Godfrey v. Georgia '' . supreme.justia.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DARYL RENARD ATKINS , PETITIONER v. VIRGINIA '' . June 20 , 2002 . Retrieved August 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Roper v. Simmons , 543 U.S. 551 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Child rapists ca n't be executed , Supreme Court rules '' . CNN . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sara Kugler ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Obama Disagrees With High Court on Child Rape Case '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2009 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Michael ( April 13 , 2005 ) . `` In N.Y. , Lawmakers Vote Not to Reinstate Capital Punishment '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . NEW YORK , April 12 -- New York 's death penalty is no more . A legislative committee tossed out a bill Tuesday aimed at reinstating the state 's death penalty , which a court had suspended last year . It was an extraordinary bit of drama , not least because a top Democrat who once strongly supported capital punishment led the fight to end it . Jump up ^ `` Top court : Delaware 's death penalty law unconstitutional '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richburg , Keith B. ( December 14 , 2007 ) . `` N.J. Approves Abolition of Death Penalty ; Corzine to Sign '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( in English ) Maria Medina , `` Governor OK with Astorga capital case '' Jump up ^ `` New Mexico governor bans death penalty '' . Agence France - Presse . March 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2009 . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson made his state the 15th in the nation to outlaw capital punishment when he signed a law abolishing the death penalty , his office said . ^ Jump up to : `` Quinn signs death penalty ban , commutes 15 death row sentences to life '' . Chicago Tribune . March 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RECENT LEGISLATION : Death Penalty Repeal Passes Second Connecticut House , Awaits Governor 's Signature Death Penalty Information Center '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org. April 12 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut governor signs bill to repeal death penalty '' . FOX News Network , LLC. April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wagner , John ( March 16 , 2013 ) . `` Md . General Assembly repeals death penalty '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Clemency '' . deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut 's highest court overturns its death penalty '' . cnn.com/ . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voters in California , Oklahoma , and Nebraska chose to preserve and strengthen the death penalty '' . news.vice.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 31 States with the Death Penalty and 19 States with Death Penalty Bans - Death Penalty - ProCon.org '' . deathpenalty.procon.org . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Washington joins long list of states reconsidering or abolishing the death penalty '' . Public Radio International . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The day Michigan became 1st state to ban death penalty '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Delaware Death Penalty Information Center '' . deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Capital Punishment Laws - FindLaw '' . Findlaw . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` USA Executions 2016 ( as of 12 / 8 / 16 ) '' . people.smu.edu . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/number-executions-state-and-region-1976 Jump up ^ `` Obama 's non-Dukakis answer '' . nbcnews.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Borg and Radelet , pp. 144 - 147 Jump up ^ Van Norman p. 287 Jump up ^ Paternoster , R. ( 2012 - 09 - 18 ) . Capital Punishment . Oxford Handbooks Online . Retrieved 15 June 2016 , from http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195395082.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195395082-e-24 . Jump up ^ `` Part I : History of the Death Penalty Death Penalty Information Center '' . deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Conway ( 1906 ) . `` Notes from Council and General Court Records '' . The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 13 ( 4 ) : 389 -- 401 . doi : 10.2307 / 4242764 . JSTOR 4242764 . Jump up ^ Karlsen , Carol F. ( 1998 - 04 - 17 ) . The Devil in the Shape of a Woman : Witchcraft in Colonial New England . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 9780393347197 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Surratt 's Story - Surratt House Museum '' . www.surrattmuseum.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Velma Margie Barfield # 29 '' . www.clarkprosecutor.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wanda Jean Allen # 687 '' . www.clarkprosecutor.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Baker , David V. ( 2015 - 12 - 31 ) . Women and Capital Punishment in the United States : An Analytical History . McFarland . ISBN 9781476622880 . Jump up ^ `` Homicide - Section 190.2 '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 630 : 1 Capital Murder '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AGGRAVATING FACTORS FOR CAPITAL PUNISHMENT BY STATE '' . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AN ACT relating to the murder of a child as a capital offense '' . legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official recommendations on the fair administration of the death penalty in california '' . ccfaj.org . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Lane ( 2010 ) , Stay of Execution : Saving the Death Penalty from Itself , Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , p. 110 - 111 Jump up ^ `` 18 U.S. Code § 3592 - Mitigating and aggravating factors to be considered in determining whether a sentence of death is justified '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Felony - Murder Rule '' . TheFreeDictionary.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Dave ( 2004 - 04 - 20 ) . `` The Depressive and the Psychopath '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Nikolas Cruz , Florida Shooting Suspect , Showed ' Every Red Flag ' '' . The New York Times . 2018 - 02 - 15 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Serial Killers vs. Mass Murderers - Crime Museum '' . Crime Museum . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kennedy v. Louisiana , 554 U.S. 407 , 437 ( 2007 ) ; see also Greenhouse , Linda ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court Rejects Death Penalty for Child Rape '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . The court went beyond the question in the case to rule out the death penalty for any individual crime - as opposed to `` offenses against the state '' , such as treason or espionage - `` where the victim 's life was not taken . Jump up ^ `` § 3401 . Definition and punishment of treason '' . legislature.vermont.gov . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Death Penalty for Offenses Other Than Murder '' . Death Penalty Information Center . 2008 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2008 . Retrieved January 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ See generally Separation of powers . Jump up ^ `` Unpredictable Doom and Lethal Injustice : An Argument for Greater Transparency in Death Penalty Decisions '' . Journalist 's Resource.org . Jump up ^ Adam M. Gershowitz . `` Statewide Capital Punishment : The Case for Eliminating Counties ' Role in the Death Penalty '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SB 16 To amend Sections 13A - 5 - 45 , 13A - 5 - 46 , and 13A - 5 - 47 , Code of Alabama 1975 , relating to capital cases and to the determination of the sentence by courts ; to prohibit a court from overriding a jury verdict '' . legislature.state.al.us . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Nebraska Revised Statutes - Chapter 29 - CRIMINAL PROCEDURE - 29 - 2521 - Sentencing determination proceeding '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 46 - 18 - 301 . Hearing on imposition of death penalty '' . leg.mt.gov . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Provisions of state and federal statutes concerning sentence if capital sentencing jury can not agree '' ( PDF ) . A. Parrent , Conn . Public Def . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SB 280 : Sentencing for Capital Felonies '' . flsenate.gov . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ See United States v. Perez , 1824 Jump up ^ K. Scheidegger , `` Hurst v. Florida Remedial Legislation and SBP 7068 '' , February 4 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : See , e.g. , 18 U.S.C. § 3595 . ( `` In a case in which a sentence of death is imposed , the sentence shall be subject to review by the court of appeals upon appeal by the defendant . '' ) Jump up ^ See generally Appeal . ^ Jump up to : Poland v. Arizona , 476 U.S. 147 152 - 154 ( 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Eric M. Freedman , `` Giarratano is a Scarecrow : The Right to Counsel in State Postconviction Proceedings , Legalize Drugs '' 91 Cornell L. Rev. 1079 , 1097 ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Teague v. Lane , 489 U.S. 288 , 306 ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ LaFave , Israel , & King , 6 Crim . Proc. § 28.11 ( b ) ( 2d ed. 2007 ) . Jump up ^ LaFave , Israel , & King , 6 Crim . Proc. § 28.11 ( a ) ( 2d ed. 2007 ) . ^ Jump up to : Eric M. Freedman , `` Giarratano is a Scarecrow : The Right to Counsel in State Postconviction Proceedings '' , 91 Cornell L. Rev. 1079 , 1097 ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Code of Virginia - § 8.01 - 654 . When and by whom writ granted ; what petition to contain '' . Law.lis.virginia.gov . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia 's execution history '' . vadp.org . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . `` VIRGINIA 'S DEATH ROW INMATES '' . vadp.org . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Conviction to Execution `` Takes Too Long '' `` . ktrh.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OJP Docket No. 1464 , Certification Process for State Capital Counsel Systems '' ( PDF ) . crimeandconsequences.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AN ACT Concerning a unitary procedure for review in class 1 felony cases in which a death sentence is sought as punishment '' . tornado.state.co.us . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ House v. Bell , 126 S. Ct. 2064 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Habeas Corpus Studies '' . The New York Times . April 1 , 1996 . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walpin , Ned . `` The New Speed - up in Habeas Corpus Appeals '' . Frontline . PBS . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ see 28 U.S.C. § 2255 . Jump up ^ 28 USC § § 2261 - 2266 Jump up ^ `` Court Gives Green Light to Death Penalty Fast - Tracking '' . abcnews.go.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Glossip v. Gross 576 U.S. ___ ( 2015 ) '' . justia.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Heck v. Humphrey , 512 U.S. 477 ( 1994 ) '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Georgia Code - § 17 - 10 - 34 - Sentence to specify time period for and place of execution '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Death Penalty '' . Equal Justice Initiative . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama ends death penalty by judicial override '' . Associated Press at WBRL . March 11 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lundin , Leigh . `` Executed Prisoners in Texas '' . Last Words . Criminal Brief . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lundin , Leigh ( August 22 , 2010 ) . `` Last Words '' . Capital Punishment . Criminal Brief . Jump up ^ `` Facts about the Death Penalty '' ( PDF ) . Death Penalty Information Center . p. 3 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Homicide Trends in the United States , 1980 - 2008 '' ( PDF ) . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` United States of America : Death by discrimination - the continuing role of race in capital cases '' . Amnesty.org. April 23 , 2003 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hispanics and the Death Penalty '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Women and the Death Penalty Death Penalty Information Center '' . deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Facts About the Death Penalty '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Methods of Execution '' . clarkprosecutor.org . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Methods of Execution '' . deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` State by State Lethal Injection '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eckholm , Erik ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) . `` Pfizer Blocks the Use of Its Drugs in Executions '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Richmond , Ben ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Will the EU kill America 's Death Penalty ? '' . Motherboard . Vice Media , Inc . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Algar , Clare ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Big Pharma May Help End The Death Penalty '' . The New Republic . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Washington Post : A death penalty landmark for Florida : Executing a white man for killing a black man Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( 2015 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Supreme Court Allows Use of Execution Drug '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Execution Team , Firing Squads , Restricted Media Included in House Bill '' . jacksonfreepress.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Notice of change to regulations '' ( PDF ) . cdcr.ca.gov . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mosby 's 2004 `` Hydromorphone '' Jump up ^ `` Ohio Prisons Director Announces Changes to Ohio 's Execution Process '' . Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction . November 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona execution takes two hours '' . BBC News . July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` High court upholds lethal injection method '' . Cable News Network ( CNN ) . April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court backs use of lethal injection drug '' . Cable News Network ( CNN ) . June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ South Carolina Code of Laws : `` Section 24 - 3 - 530 . Death by electrocution or lethal injection '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Dawn of a New Form of Capital Punishment , Time , April 17 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` How to kill : America 's death penalty dilemma '' . cnn.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 922.105 - Execution of death sentence '' . leg.state.fl.us . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 40 - 23 - 114 - Death by lethal injection Election of electrocution '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma grand jury issues critical report on execution drug mix - up '' . newsok.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` § 26.3 Date , time , place , and method of execution '' . law.cornell.edu . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 18 U.S. Code § 3597 - Use of State facilities '' . law.cornell.edu . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Connecticut § 54 - 100 Kentucky 431.220 Missouri § 546.730 New Mexico § 31 - 14 - 12 ch. 279 Massachusetts § 60 North Carolina § 15 - 188 Oklahoma Title 22 § 1015 Montana § 46 - 19 - 103 Ohio § 2949.22 Tennessee § 40 - 23 - 116 US Code Title 18 § 3596 Federal regulations 28 CFR 26.4 Archived 2014 - 01 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Texas Execution Information - Texas Execution Primer '' . www.txexecutions.org . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` States go hunting for execution witnesses '' . jacksonsun.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Code § 7 - 13 - 908 '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baumgartner . De Boef , Boydstun , Frank , Suzanna , Amber ( 2011 ) . The Decline of the Death Penalty and the Discovery of Innocence . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521715249 . Jump up ^ http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00293.x/full Jump up ^ `` U.S. Death Penalty Support at 60 % '' . gallup.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oliphant , Baxter ( 2016 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Support for death penalty lowest in more than four decades '' . Dactank ; News in Numbers . Pew Research Centre . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Shrinking Majority of Americans Support Death Penalty '' . Pew Research Center . 28 March 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/06/11/us-support-for-death-penalty-ticks-up-2018/ ^ Jump up to : `` Facts about the Death Penalty '' ( PDF ) . Death Penalty Information Center . 9 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In U.S. , 64 % Support Death Penalty in Cases of Murder '' . The Gallup Organization . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Americans at Odds With Recent Terror Trial Decisions '' . gallup.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foes of death penalty say McVeigh is an exception '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ReligiousTolerance '' . ReligiousTolerance . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Adam Lipak ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` Group Gives Up Death Penalty Work '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Innocence : List of Those Freed From Death Row '' . Death Penalty Information Center . October 28 , 2010 . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pitkin , James ( January 23 , 2008 ) . `` Killing Time Dead Men Waiting on Oregon 's Death Row '' . Willamette Week . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2008 . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Londono , O. ( 2013 ) , `` A Retributive Critique of Racial Bias and Arbitrariness in Capital Punishment '' . Journal of Social Philosophy , 44 : 95 - 105 . doi : 10.1111 / josp. 12013 Jump up ^ `` Letter - Cost of the Death Penalty '' . The New York Times . California . February 28 , 2009 . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Trump ca n't break the Supreme Court '' . washingtonpost.com . January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Dolgenos : Under Trump , death penalty likely to remain '' . mcall.com . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Punishment After the 2016 Elections '' . www.fed-soc.org . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` So Long as They Die : Lethal Injections in the United States : VI . Botched Executions '' . www.hrw.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Botched Executions in American History Death Penalty Information Center '' . deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Blanco , Juan Ignacio . `` Joseph Wood Murderpedia , the encyclopedia of murderers '' . murderpedia.org . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) . `` ' Gory , botched ' : Alabama 's aborted execution of inmate was bloody , says lawyer '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Botched Executions Death Penalty Information Center '' . deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Acker , James A. ; Champagne , Ryan ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` The Execution of Wallace Wilkerson : Precedent and Portent '' . Criminal Justice Review . 42 : 349 -- 367 -- via Sagepub . Jump up ^ `` WILKERSON v. UTAH '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ yongli ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) . `` Thomas E. Ketchum '' . coloradoencyclopedia.org . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/Gray.pdf Jump up ^ `` Illinois Death Row Inmates Granted Commutation by Governor George Ryan on January 12 , 2003 '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` California moves - slowly - toward resuming executions '' . seattletimes.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . California has long been what one expert calls a `` symbolic death penalty state '' , one of 12 that has capital punishment on the books , but has not executed anyone in more than a decade . Jump up ^ `` The History of Capital Punishment in California '' . California Dept. of Corrections and Rehabilitation . State of California . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Judge Rules Against Lethal Injection Protocol and Halts Execution '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Bellware , Kim . `` Montana Judge Strikes Down State 's Lethal Injection Protocol '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Judge says executions unconstitutional Archived December 22 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Musgrave , Beth ( November 26 , 2009 ) . `` Decision halts lethal injections Latest Local , State News '' . Kentucky.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jung , Helen ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` Gov. John Kitzhaber stops executions in Oregon , calls system ' compromised and inequitable ' '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Executions Are Suspended by Governor in Washington '' . The New York Times . February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Berman , Mark ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Pennsylvania 's governor suspends the death penalty '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Marian J. Borg and Michael L. Radelet. ( 2004 ) . On botched executions . In : Peter Hodgkinson and William A. Schabas ( eds . ) Capital Punishment . pp. 143 -- 168 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . doi : 10.1017 / CBO9780511489273. 006 . Gail A. Van Norman . ( 2010 ) . Physician participation in executions . In : Gail A. Van Norman et al. ( eds . ) Clinical Ethics in Anesthesiology . pp. 285 -- 291 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . doi : 10.1017 / CBO9780511841361. 051 . Further reading ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Bakken , Gordon Morris , ed. ( 2010 ) . Invitation to an Execution : A History of the Death Penalty in the United States . University of New Mexico Press Banner , Stuart ( 2002 ) . The Death Penalty : An American History . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00751 - 4 . Bessler , John D. ( 2012 ) Cruel and Unusual : The American Death Penalty and the Founders ' Eighth Amendment . Boston , MA : Northeastern University Press ; Blecker , Robert ( 2013 ) . The Death of Punishment : Searching for Justice among the Worst of the Worst . St. Martin 's Press ; Delfino , Michelangelo and Mary E. Day . ( 2007 ) . Death Penalty USA 2005 - 2006 MoBeta Publishing , Tampa , Florida . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9725141 - 2 - 5 ; and Death Penalty USA 2003 - 2004 ( 2008 ) . MoBeta Publishing , Tampa , Florida . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9725141 - 3 - 2 . Dow , David R. , Dow , Mark ( eds . ) ( 2002 ) . Machinery of Death : The Reality of America 's Death Penalty Regime . Routledge , New York . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93266 - 1 ( cloth ) , ISBN 0 - 415 - 93267 - X ( paperback ) ( Provides critical perspectives on the death penalty ) Garland , David ( 2010 ) . Peculiar Institution : America 's Death Penalty in an Age of Abolition . Harvard University Press . Hartnett , Stephen John ( 2010 ) . Executing Democracy , Volume 1 : Capital Punishment and the Making of America , 1683 - 1807 . East Lansing , MI : Michigan State University Press . Hartnett , Stephen John ( 2012 ) . Executing Democracy , Volume 2 : Capital Punishment and the Making of America , 1635 - 1843 . East Lansing , MI : Michigan State University Press . Lane , Charles ( 2010 ) . Stay of Execution : Saving the Death Penalty from Itself . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . Megivern , James J. ( 1997 ) , The Death Penalty : An Historical and Theological Survey . Paulist Press , New York . ISBN 0 - 8091 - 0487 - 3 Osler , Mark William ( 2009 ) . Jesus on Death Row : The Trial of Jesus and American Capital Punishment . Abingdon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 687 - 64756 - 9 Prejean , Helen ( 1993 ) . Dead Man Walking . Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 75131 - 9 ( paperback ) ( Describes the case of death row convict Elmo Patrick Sonnier , while also giving a general overview of issues connected to the death penalty ) Journal articles ( edit ) Vidma , Neil and Phoebe Ellsworth . `` Public Opinion and the Death Penalty '' ( Archive ) . Stanford Law Review . June 1974 . Volume 26 , pp. 1245 -- 1270 . Hoffmann , Joseph L. ( 2005 ) . `` Protecting the Innocent : The Massachusetts Governor 's Council Report '' . 95 J. of Crim . L. & Criminology 561 . External links ( edit ) Prisoners Executed Under Civil Authority in the United States , by Year , Region , and Jurisdiction , 1977 -- 2016 Bureau of Justice Statistics United States of America : Death Penalty Worldwide Academic research database on the laws , practice , and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world . Capital punishment Retentionist countries Afghanistan Bahamas Bangladesh Belarus Botswana China Cuba Egypt India Indonesia Iran Iraq Jamaica Japan Jordan Lebanon Malaysia Nigeria North Korea Pakistan Saint Kitts and Nevis Saudi Arabia Singapore Somalia Syria Taiwan Thailand United Arab Emirates United States Vietnam Yemen Abolitionist in practice countries Kenya Laos Maldives Russia South Korea Sri Lanka Tajikistan Tonga Abolitionist for ordinary crimes only Brazil Guatemala Israel Abolitionist countries Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bhutan Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Mongolia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia South Africa Spain Suriname Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Venezuela Current methods Hanging Shooting / firing squad Lethal injection Electrocution Gas inhalation Beheading Stoning Crucifixion Ancient methods Bestiarii Damnatio ad bestias Blood eagle Blowing from a gun Brazen bull Boiling Breaking wheel Burial Burning Crushing Disembowelment Dismemberment Drowning Republican marriage Elephant Falling Flaying Garrote Hanged , drawn and quartered Immurement Impalement Ishikozume Mazzatello Sawing Scaphism Slow slicing Stoning Suffocation in ash Upright jerker Waist chop Related topics Use by country Most recent executions by country Crime Death row Final statement Last meal Penology Religion and capital punishment Wrongful execution Capital punishment for drug trafficking Capital punishment in the United States Articles Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Washington , D.C. 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ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination Ableism affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Capital punishment in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands United States portal Criminal justice portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States&oldid=855574195 '' Categories : Capital punishment in the United States Crime in the United States United States law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Latviešu മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 09 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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Visa policy of Trinidad and Tobago - wikipedia Visa policy of Trinidad and Tobago Jump to : navigation , search Trinidad and Tobago entry stamp Visitors to Trinidad and Tobago must obtain a visa unless they come from one of the visa exempt countries . Trinidad and Tobago signed a mutual visa - waiver agreement with the European Union on 28 May 2015 which was ratified on 15 December 2015 . This agreement allows all citizens of states that are contracting parties to the Schengen Agreement to stay without a visa for a maximum period of 90 days in any 180 - day period . Contents ( hide ) 1 Visa policy map 2 Visa policy 3 Tourist arrival statistics 4 See also 5 References Visa policy map ( edit ) Visa policy of Trinidad and Tobago Visa policy ( edit ) Holders of passports issued by the following 101 jurisdictions can visit Trinidad and Tobago without a visa : European Union / EFTA ( limited to 90 days in 180 days except for UK and Ireland ) Albania ( 30 days ) Antigua and Barbuda Argentina ( 90 days ) Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belize Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 30 days ) Botswana Brazil ( 90 days ) Brunei Canada Chile ( 90 days ) Colombia ( 90 days ) Costa Rica ( 90 days ) Cuba ( 90 days ) Dominica Dominican Republic ( 90 days ) Ecuador ( 90 days ) El Salvador ( 90 days ) Gambia Ghana Grenada Guatemala ( 90 days ) Guyana Honduras ( 90 days ) Hong Kong India ( 90 days ) Israel ( 90 days ) Jamaica Japan ( 90 days ) Kenya Kiribati Lesotho Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mauritius Mexico ( 90 days ) Montenegro ( 30 days ) Namibia Nauru Nicaragua ( 90 days ) Pakistan Panama ( 90 days ) Peru ( 90 days ) Russia ( 90 days ) Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Serbia ( 30 days ) Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa ( 90 days ) South Korea ( 90 days ) Suriname Swaziland Tonga Turkey ( 90 days ) Tuvalu United States ( 90 days ) Uruguay ( 90 days ) Vanuatu Venezuela ( 90 days ) Zambia Zimbabwe ( show ) Date of visa abolition This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . December 2010 : India and Russia Citizens of Australia , New Zealand and Philippines may obtain `` Waiver of the Visa '' on arrival at a cost of TT $ 400 . Citizens of other countries who require a visa may also obtain a `` Waiver of the Visa '' on arrival if they are holding of a copy of a pre-arranged approval from immigration and if they are not citizens of North Korea , Republic of Macedonia , or Vietnam , or holders of normal passports issued by China , Cuba and Haiti . Citizens of Argentina , Brazil , Colombia , Costa Rica , Iceland , Israel , Liechtenstein , Mexico , Norway , South Korea , Switzerland , Uruguay and Venezuela may extend their stay . Holders of diplomatic or service / official passports of China and Haiti do not require a visa . Tourist arrival statistics ( edit ) Most visitors arriving to Trinidad and Tobago on short term basis in 2014 were from the following countries of nationality : Country 2016 2015 2014 United States 174,594 182,106 161,557 Canada 50,103 53,191 55,088 United Kingdom 32,528 36,298 37,013 Guyana 23,446 24,332 23,125 Venezuela 20,023 28,105 21,052 Barbados 12,128 12,613 11,643 Jamaica 11,617 12,974 11,951 Grenada 7,279 7,537 6,928 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 7,051 6,886 6,655 St. Lucia 4,925 4,836 4,436 Germany 4,275 4,431 5,154 France 3,899 4,298 4,615 India 3,879 3,572 3,291 Total 409,995 439,767 412,796 See also ( edit ) Trinidad and Tobago portal Visa requirements for Trinidad and Tobago citizens References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago on the short - stay visa waiver Jump up ^ VISA REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL COUNTRIES Jump up ^ `` Country information ( visa section ) '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Central Statistical Office -- Visitor Arrivals by Nationality Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast ( ASEAN ) Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty Visa requirements Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghanistani Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia ( Artsakh ) and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai peninsula . Partially recognized . Immigration law Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_policy_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&oldid=825148548 '' Categories : Visa policy by country Foreign relations of Trinidad and Tobago Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 19 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who needs a visa to enter trinidad and tobago
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So You Think You Can Dance (Indian TV series)
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So You Think You Can Dance ( Indian tv series ) - Wikipedia So You Think You Can Dance ( Indian tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search So You Think You Can Dance Genre Competitive dance Created by Deepak Dhar Based on So You Think You Can Dance Directed by Bittu Starring See below Judges Madhuri Dixit Bosco Martis Terence Lewis Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons 01 No. of episodes 20 + Production Producer ( s ) Deepak Dhar Location ( s ) Mumbai , India Camera setup Single - camera Running time 45 minutes approx . Production company ( s ) Endemol India Distributor Zee Entertainment Enterprises Release Original network &TV Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 24 April ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) -- 17 July 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 17 ) External links Website www.soyouthinkyoucandance.in So You Think You Can Dance is an Indian Hindi competitive dance television series , which went on air on 24 April 2016 and is broadcast on &TV . The series is produced by Deepak Dhar , CEO of Endemol Shine India . The series is aired on every Saturday and Sunday nights . The show is an officially incensed version of the So You Think You Can Dance franchise , based on the original American production created by Dick Clark Productions . The auditions of the show commenced in the second half of February 2016 . The show is being hosted by Rithvik Dhanjani and Mouni Roy , with a jury of Madhuri Dixit , Terence Lewis , and Bosco Martis . The competitors will perform dances in any of several permitted dance styles -- such as Indian and Western dance forms -- before a common group of judges . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 1.1 Team Street 1.2 Team Stage 2 Elimination Table 3 References 4 External links Contestants ( edit ) Team Street ( edit ) Name Age Current Residence Alisha Behura 17 Bhillai Kanchi Shah 24 Mumbai Jueili Vaidya 23 Mumbai Purvi Purohit 20 Gandhinagar , Gujarat . Aryan Patra 16 Ranchi Sahil Khan 23 Indore Roza Rana 21 Rourkela Prakash B.K 26 Mumbai Tushar Shetty 20 Nolasopara Vinay Khandelwal 26 New Delhi Team Stage ( edit ) Name Age Current Residence Ryan Martyr 22 New Delhi Sanjana Bamrara 16 Chandigarh Sneha Singh 24 Mumbai Rishi Sharma 24 Haryana Tarun Nihalani 20 Nashik Deepak 28 Haryana Kalpita Kachroo 21 New Delhi Rohit Behal 24 Mumbai Krishna Mehta 19 Mumbai Aishwarya Radhakrishnan 23 Mumbai Elimination Table ( edit ) This section may be confusing or unclear to readers . In particular , there seem to be four contestants who placed in the bottom 3 . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Color Keys Winner Runner - up Finalist Safe Bottom 3 Eliminated Contestant Finals 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Alisha Behura Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe WINNER Aryan Patra Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Runner - up Kalpita Kachroo Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe FINALIST Tarun Nihalani Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe FINALIST Roza Rana Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Elim Ryan Martyr Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Elim Aishwarya Radhakrishnan Safe Btm 3 Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Elim Tushar Shetty Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Elim Sneha Signh Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Elim Kanchi Shah Safe Btm 3 Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Elim Prakash B.K Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Elim Rishi Sharma Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Elim Vinaya Khandelwal Safe Safe Safe Safe Elim Rohit Behal Safe Safe Safe Safe Elim Sahil Khan Safe Btm 3 Safe Elim Deepak Safe Safe Safe Elim Krishna Mehta Safe Btm 3 Elim Juelli Vaidya Safe Safe Elim Sanjana Bamrara Safe Elim Purvi Purohit Safe Elim References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wow ! Varun Dhawan , Hrithik Roshan to co-judge So You Think You Can Dance ? '' . India Today . 18 February 2016 . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Varun Dhawan , Hrithik Roshan to judge So You Think You Can Dance ? '' . Hindustan Times . 18 February 2016 . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website So You Think You Can Dance India Audition Dates ( hide ) Programs currently broadcast by &TV Reality shows The Voice India Mythological Santoshi Maa Comedy Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai ! Soap opera Badho Bahu Ek Vivah Aisa Bhi Gangaa Happy Hours Hoshiyar Sahi Waqt Sahi Kadam Queens Hain Hum Waaris Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance_(Indian_TV_series)&oldid=802455881 '' Categories : 2016 Indian television series debuts 2010s Indian television series Hindi - language television programs Indian reality television series Dance competition television shows &TV television series Hidden categories : Use Indian English from February 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from February 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 07 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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so you think you can dance india winner 2016
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[
"\n\nContestant\nFinals\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n\n\nAlisha Behura\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nWINNER\n\n\nAryan Patra\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nRunner-up\n\n\nKalpita Kachroo\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nFINALIST\n\n\nTarun Nihalani\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nFINALIST\n\n\nRoza Rana\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nRyan Martyr\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nAishwarya Radhakrishnan\nSafe\nBtm 3\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nTushar Shetty\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nSneha Signh\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nKanchi Shah\nSafe\nBtm 3\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nPrakash B.K\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nRishi Sharma\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nVinaya Khandelwal\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nRohit Behal\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nSahil Khan\nSafe\nBtm 3\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nDeepak\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nKrishna Mehta\nSafe\nBtm 3\nElim\n\n\nJuelli Vaidya\nSafe\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nSanjana Bamrara\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nPurvi Purohit\nSafe\nElim\n\n"
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"Alisha Behura"
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Ice Road Truckers
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Ice road truckers - wikipedia Ice road truckers Jump to : navigation , search Ice Road Truckers Genre Reality Starring Current drivers Alex Debogorski ( Season 1 -- Present ) Lisa Kelly ( Season 3 -- 5 , 7 -- Present ) Art Burke ( Season 7 -- Present ) Todd Dewey ( Season 7 -- Present ) Steph Custance ( Season 10 - Present ) Reno Ward ( Season 8 , season 11 ) Former drivers Hugh Rowland ( Season 1 -- 8 ) Rick Yemm ( Season 1 -- 2 , season 5 -- 6 ) Jay Westgard ( Season 1 ) T.J. Tilcox ( Season 1 ) Drew Sherwood ( Season 1 -- 2 ) Eric Dufresne ( Season 2 ) Bear Swensen ( Season 2 ) Jack Jessee ( Season 3 -- 4 , season 6 ) George Spears ( Season 3 ) Tim Freeman ( Season 3 ) Carey Hall ( Season 3 -- 6 ) Greg Boadwine ( Season 4 ) Ray Veilleux ( Season 4 , season 6 ) Dave Redmon ( Season 5 ) Tony Molesky ( Season 5 ) Maya Sieber ( Season 5 ) Austin Wheeler ( Season 6 ) Ronald `` Porkchop '' Mangum ( Season 6 ) Joey Barnes ( Season 7 -- 9 ) Mike Simmons ( Season 9 ) Darrell Ward Ϯ ( Season 6 -- 10 ) Narrated by Thom Beers Tom Cotcher ( UK ) Theme music composer Steven Tyler , Joe Perry , Mark Hudson Opening theme `` Livin ' on the Edge '' by Aerosmith ( Seasons 1 -- 4 only ) Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 11 No. of episodes 138 ( list of episodes ) Production Producer ( s ) David McKillop Dolores Gavin Thom Beers Philip Segal Dawn Fitzgerald Adam Martin Aron Plucinski Running time 45 -- 48 minutes Production company ( s ) Original Productions Prospero Media ( season 8 ) Shaw Media ( season 8 ) Distributor A + E Networks Release Original network History Original release June 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 17 ) -- present External links Website www.history.com/minisite.do ? content_type = mini_home&mini_id = 54692 Ice Road Truckers ( commercially abbreviated IRT ) is a reality television series that premiered on History , on June 17 , 2007 . It features the activities of drivers who operate trucks on seasonal routes crossing frozen lakes and rivers , in remote Arctic territories in Canada and Alaska . Later series focused on Alaska 's improved but still remote Dalton Highway , which is mainly snow - covered solid ground . The newest seasons are based on Manitoba 's winter roads . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Airings 2 Reception 3 Episodes 4 Truckers 5 Season 1 5.1 Episodes 5.2 Specials 5.3 Drivers 5.4 Support personnel 5.5 Route and destinations 6 Season 2 6.1 Episodes 6.2 Off the ice 6.3 Drivers 6.4 Support personnel 6.5 Route and destinations 6.6 Final load counts 7 Season 3 7.1 Synopsis 7.2 Episodes 7.3 Drivers 7.4 Support personnel 7.5 Route and destinations 7.6 Final load counts 8 Season 4 8.1 Returning drivers 8.2 New drivers 8.3 Route and destinations 8.4 Final load counts 9 Season 5 9.1 Episodes 9.2 Returning drivers 9.3 New drivers 9.4 Route and destinations 9.5 Final load counts 10 Season 6 10.1 Returning drivers 10.2 New drivers 10.3 Route and destinations 10.4 Final load counts 11 Season 7 11.1 Returning drivers 11.2 New drivers 11.3 Final load counts 12 Season 8 12.1 Returning drivers 12.2 New driver 12.3 Route and destinations 12.4 Final load counts 13 Season 9 13.1 Episodes 13.2 Returning drivers 13.3 New driver 13.4 Route and destinations 14 Season X ( 10 ) 14.1 Returning drivers 14.2 New driver 14.3 Route and destinations 15 Season 11 15.1 Returning drivers 15.2 Route and destinations 16 IRT : Deadliest Roads 16.1 Season 1 : Himalayas 16.2 Season 2 : South America 17 Feature film 18 See also 19 References 20 Further reading 21 External links History ( edit ) In 2000 , History aired a 46 - minute episode titled `` Ice Road Truckers '' as part of the Suicide Missions ( later Dangerous Missions ) series . Based on Edith Iglauer 's book Denison 's Ice Road , the episode details the treacherous job of driving trucks over frozen lakes , also known as ice roads , in Canada 's Northwest Territories . After 2000 , reruns of the documentary were aired as an episode of the series Modern Marvels instead . Under this banner , the Ice Road Truckers show garnered very good ratings . In 2006 , The History Channel hired Thom Beers , owner of Original Productions and executive producer of Deadliest Catch , to create a series based on the Ice Road book . Shot in high definition ( although the season ended before History HD was launched in the US ) , the show `` charts two months in the lives of six extraordinary men who haul vital supplies to diamond mines and other remote locations over frozen lakes that double as roads '' . Airings ( edit ) During the finale of the show 's first season of 10 episodes , The History Channel aired a promo for season 2 which began airing on June 8 , 2008 . Season 1 of Ice Road Truckers was shown on the British national commercial channel Channel Five in February / March 2008 . In Australia it aired on Austar and Foxtel in early 2008 and from June 18 it also began being shown on Network Ten . In autumn 2008 season one aired on RTL 7 in the Netherlands . The second season premiered on June 8 , 2008 in the US ; October 9 , 2008 on History in the UK and in Australia ; November 12 , 2008 in New Zealand ; and January 7 , 2009 on Channel 5 in the UK . The first season was not aired in Canada until March 4 , 2009 on History Television . The third season premiered on May 31 , 2009 in the US ; September 10 in the UK . Channel Five debuted series 3 on January 5 , 2010 . Reception ( edit ) The series ' premiere was seen by 3.4 million viewers to become the most - watched original telecast in the History Channel 's 12 - year history at that time . Among critics , Adam Buckman of the New York Post said , `` Everything about ' Ice Road Truckers ' is astonishing '' . Virginia Heffernan of The New York Times said , `` Watching these guys ... make their runs , it 's hard not to share in their cold , fatigue and horrible highway hypnosis , that existential recognition behind the wheel late at night that the pull of sleep and the pull of death are one and the same ... ( I ) t gets right exactly what Deadliest Catch got right , namely that the leave - nothing - but - your - footprints , green kind of eco-travelers are too mellow and conscientious to be interesting to watch . Instead , the burly , bearded , swearing men who blow methyl hydrate into their own transmissions and welcome storms as breaks from boredom ... are much better television . '' During 2007 the series was shown in the United Kingdom , Australia and various countries in Africa . The show opening features a truck falling through the ice . While real accidents with fatal outcomes might be mentioned , the show has never featured them and indeed , the show opening is a miniature model filmed inside a studio . A season 1 rumor that the sequence was staged using a real truck and dynamite caused discontent among the drivers . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Ice Road Truckers episodes Truckers ( edit ) Trucker Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Alex Debogorski Main Hugh Rowland Main Rick Yemm Main Main Drew Sherwood Main Jay Westgard Main T.J. Tilcox Main Bear Swensen Main Eric Dufresne Main Lisa Kelly Main Main Jack Jessee Main Main George Spears Main Tim Freeman Jr . Main Carey Hall Main Greg Boadwine Main Ray Veilleux Main Recurring Dave Redmon Main Tony Molesky Main Maya Sieber Main Darrell Ward Ϯ Aug 28th , 2016 Main Austin Wheeler Main Ronald Mangum Main Art Burke Main Todd Dewey Main Joey Barnes Main Recurring Reno Ward Recurring Main Mike Simmons Main Steph Custance Main Season 1 ( edit ) The mining companies that owned the road where the first season was filmed felt the show portrayed the road in a negative fashion . They believed the show depicted drivers as cowboys making a mad dash for money and taking excessive risks to do so . Also , the companies felt the cameras and filming created distractions for the drivers . As a result , the owners decided not to participate in future seasons of the show , and a new rule for the Tibbitt to Contwoyto Winter Roads was enacted for the 2008 season , prohibiting commercial , media , video , or rolling film cameras either inside or attached to the outside of vehicles . In response , the show 's producers located an alternate ice road for season 2 . There were several differences in style among Seasons 1 , 2 , and 3 : A main theme of Season 1 was `` the dash for the cash '' , which was rarely mentioned in Season 2 , but is a main theme in Season 3 . In Season 1 , companies ' insignia on trucks and men 's safety helmets were routinely blurred out . In Season 2 , they were left visible . Episodes ( edit ) At the top of the world , there 's an outpost like no other ... and a job only a few would dare . The mission : To haul critical supplies across 350 miles of frozen lakes to Canada 's remote billion - dollar diamond mines . The challenge : to transport 10,000 loads in 60 days -- before the road disappears . The rewards are great ; the risks even greater . These are the men who make their living on thin ice . -- Thom Beers , opening of the show , season 1 The series premiered on June 17 , 2007 . Six ice road truckers are introduced , and are described as men driving eighteen wheelers who haul equipment and supplies from Yellowknife , Canada , across a temporary road composed of portages and frozen lakes , to one of three diamond mines northeast of Yellowknife . The final episode in season one premiered on August 19 , 2007 . The season has been of the most successful so far , with 10,922 loads totaling 331,000 tonnes ( 730 million pounds , or 365,000 U.S. tons ) delivered . ( Note : The total shown on screen is 662,000,000 pounds , corresponding to 331,000 US tons . ) The beginning of the Ingraham Trail leading to the winter road Yellowknife , Northwest Territories . Ice road load count The count Rowland Debogorski Westgard Tilcox Yemm ( resigned ) Sherwood ( resigned ) Tons 722 648 542 374 369 363 Estimated cash 58.4 K 57.0 K 57.5 K 37.0 K 28.0 K 19.0 K Loads 37 36 35 23 19 13 Specials ( edit ) Three additional one - hour specials ran in the weeks following `` The Final Run '' . Then and Now premiered on August 26 , 2007 and provided a look into the development and future of Canada 's ice roads . Clips from season 1 were featured , as well as further commentary from Rowland , Debogorski , and road pioneer John Denison . Off the Ice premiered on September 2 , 2007 , bringing all six truckers together for a chance to express their thoughts about the job and each other . On the Edge premiered on September 9 , 2007 , continuing the discussion and exploring the truckers ' lives during the off season . A fourth special , The Road to Season 2 , aired on June 1 , 2008 . This hour presented highlights from the first season and gave a preview of things to come in the second one . Drivers ( edit ) Hugh ' The Polar Bear ' Rowland ( born 1957 ) : A very rough - around - the - edges , 20 - year veteran of ice - road trucking , based in Kelowna in southern British Columbia . He is of French descent and claims to be known by the ice road trucking community as `` The Polar Bear '' , which he says refers to his overbearing , annoying personality , bearish attitude , stamina , and consistently high number of loads delivered per season . Rowland owns four trucks and drives one ; the other three are manned by ice road rookies Drew Sherwood , Todd White , and Rowland 's associate and year - round employee Rick Yemm . Rowland 's trucks all have the emblem R&R Hoe Service on the doors - the company Rowland owns in Kelowna ( actually Winfield , BC ) . During the course of Season 1 , all three of Rowland 's hired drivers end up prematurely leaving the ice road . White was banished for excessive speeding ( episode 5 ) , Yemm left following heated disagreements about the working condition of Rowland 's trucks ( episode 9 ) , and Sherwood left after several vehicle breakdowns ( episode 7 ) . Rowland 's truck is called `` The Crow 's Nest '' and is kept in good condition , as was Yemm 's truck , besides the heater ( as seen throughout the season ) . The trucks driven by Sherwood and White had a multitude of mechanical problems . After Sherwood 's departure , Rowland hired a fourth driver named Danny Reese . In the final episode of the first season , Rowland 's luck finally ran out when his truck was sideswiped by another trucker on the ice road , knocking a driving axle off the chassis . He ended up finishing the season in the truck originally driven by Yemm . Rick Yemm at Truckfest at Haydock Park Racecourse , England , September 12 , 2009 . Rick Yemm : One of Rowland 's employees . This brash , tattooed trucker , also from Kelowna , was in his second year as an ice road trucker during Season 1 . In 2006 , Yemm was one of the first truckers onto the ice road after it opened when , according to him , the sound of cracking ice was loudest . This stressful experience almost caused him to quit driving the ice road right then and there . He decided to continue , however , remarking , `` I was too stupid and too stubborn to quit . '' During Season 1 , the floor heater in his truck was malfunctioning . This was a major source of tension between Rowland , the truck 's owner , and Yemm , who expected Rowland to take care of the problem so that he could continue hauling loads without risking severe frostbite . Yemm ultimately quit and returned home , feeling his friend was not fulfilling his responsibilities to maintain the trucks . Yemm is known for being hard on the trucks by constantly beating on them . In one episode , Yemm is seen bouncing up and down , pumping the accelerator pedal up and down , and messing with the steering wheel , all the while facing the camera and saying `` yee - haw motha fucker ! '' Alex Debogorski at Truckfest South West UK 2011 Alex Debogorski : A legend in the ice road trucking community , and 2007 marked Debogorski 's 26th year as an ice road trucker . Debogorski has 11 children and nine grandchildren , and is a year - round resident of Yellowknife . As stated in Season 1 , since he has been a staple driving the ice roads , it is something of a good - luck charm for Debogorski to pull the first load over the ice roads at the beginning of every season . He is such a devout Catholic that by season 9 , when he joined long - time rival Hugh Rowland 's company in Canada , Debogorski had `` The Preacher Man '' emblazoned on the side of his truck . ( Polish Dębogórski means `` coming from or living at Oak Mountain '' . ) In Season 2 , Debogorski had to leave early because of illness ( a pulmonary embolism ) as seen in episode 8 , `` A Trucker 's Farewell '' . Jay Westgard : Westgard is also a year - round resident of Yellowknife . Despite his relative youth ( he is 25 years old ) , Westgard is considered by the ice road community as the most talented driver of his generation ( as mentioned in the premiere ) . He began driving trucks at age 16 and owned his first truck by age 18 ; at the time of his introduction on IRT , Westgard had acquired a reputation as a driver who excels in hauling oversized loads . Because of his experience , he is entrusted with delivering some of the more demanding loads , such as a 48 - ton ore scrubber . He also agrees to drive in a convoy ( led by Mike Kimball ) hauling vital jet fuel to remote Deline -- a job most veterans would turn down because the trip is very risky . T.J. Tilcox : A 21 - year - old ice road rookie , Tilcox is vocal about how he hates the cold and ice , and explains that he is driving on the ice road for the experience , not the money . Tilcox has been trucking since age 16 and decided to try ice road trucking after seeing an advertisement in the newspaper . Early on he struggles with an older truck that lacks heat , but another driver grants Tilcox the use of his brand new Volvo truck leased to Trinity Transport . On his first run in the new truck , Tilcox gets in an accident before ever hitting the ice road , due to the brake service line 's disconnecting from his trailer . Tilcox is ultimately cleared of responsibility and , after a delay , allowed back on the road . After the accident Tilcox is injured while tying down a load , and several days later experiences severe abdominal pain which becomes so bad that he has to be flown out to receive medical care . Tilcox is able to return to the ice roads after being treated for his injuries . The expense of his treatment is highlighted on the show as a cause of concern for Tilcox . Despite his ordeals , Tilcox gains respect for the job and the people who do it , as well as self - satisfaction for having completed the entire season -- a rare feat for a rookie ( as mentioned in the finale ) . He leaves with the respect and admiration of his fellow ice road veterans . Drew Sherwood : Sherwood is a veteran trucker but an ice road rookie . He joined Rowland 's team after answering an advertisement in the local newspaper . Early on , Sherwood expresses a high degree of confidence that he will have no problems adjusting from highway to ice driving . Rowland considers Sherwood an arrogant rookie and a `` one year driver '' . In the series premiere , Sherwood states : `` I have no intention of going into a ditch , bro '' , after which he soon gets stuck in a ditch later in that episode , a humbling lesson in how much respect the ice road demands . Sherwood 's hard luck , unfortunately , did not stop there , and he was plagued with a frustrating amount of mechanical problems . For starters , he loses his battery box and batteries ( resulting in two days lost while a replacement box is fabricated on the spot ) , suffers a flat tire , and then experiences problems with his truck 's on - board computer that forces him to abandon a load on the roadside . Sherwood ends up driving the truck of expelled driver Todd White just to pick up where he left off , yet ends up suffering through problems in that truck , as well ( as seen in episode 7 ) . Hugh Rowland , the truck 's owner , and Lee Parkinson , Rowland 's mechanic , blamed many of these mechanical problems squarely on Sherwood . Sherwood ultimately decides enough is enough and leaves the ice roads to return home . Support personnel ( edit ) Tom Tweed : Tweed is a dispatcher for Tli Cho Landtran in Yellowknife . Rick Fitch : Fitch is a projects manager for Tli Cho Landtran , responsible for scheduling client loads . He is seen responding to several accidents in the series . Fitch has been working on the ice road for over 20 years . Ken Murray : Murray is an officer for Secure Check , the organization responsible for security and rules enforcement on the ice road . A first - time speeding ticket can result in a five - day suspension , while severe infractions ( including excessive speed ) can lead to a driver 's being banned for the rest of the season . Truck weights are also checked to ensure they will not over-stress the ice ; a driver with an overweight truck can be fined several hundred dollars . Lee Parkinson : Parkinson operates a garage in Yellowknife . He is the busiest mechanic in the north ( as mentioned in the premiere ) and works with his journeyman Mark Chang . Todd White : White ( aka `` Chains '' ) worked for Hugh Rowland . He comes from Canada 's eastern coast , and is a self - proclaimed trucker and singer . He responded to an ad that Rowland placed and was hired as part of his crew after a seven - year absence from ice road trucking . One of the main reasons White returned to ice road trucking was the need to earn $20,000 to repair his own truck . White was banned from ice road trucking after a speeding violation where he was clocked at 63 km / h ( 39 mph ) in a 40 km / h ( 25 mph ) zone . White appealed , claiming that he missed a speed limit sign , but his appeal was denied . After White left , Sherwood drove his truck . Danny Reese : Shortly after Sherwood 's departure , Rowland hired Reese to take over the truck vacated by Sherwood after it had finally received a new ECM ( as seen in episode 8 ) . Reese quickly noticed that the truck `` had its quirks '' , which included problems with the truck 's turbo similar to those Sherwood had experienced with this truck . Neil McDougall : Safety and Compliance Supervisor with Tli Cho Landtran . His job is to set up and hire all the drivers and trucks for the winter road , and to monitor and police the drivers on the road so that rules are not violated and the truckers are not kicked off the road . Route and destinations ( edit ) Snap Lake Diamond Mine portal , 40 - ton haul truck exiting , winter . Tibbitt to Contwoyto Winter Road : The first portion of the road is on pavement , following the Ingraham Trail for roughly 60 km ( 37 mi ) until it reaches the shore of Tibbitt Lake . Yellowknife , Northwest Territories : Loads are assigned here . Dome Lake Camp : A maintenance camp , located 22 mi ( 35 km ) past the start of the ice portion of the winter road . Tilcox is forced to stop here when his injury flares up ; he is then airlifted back to Yellowknife for treatment ( episode 7 ) . Lockhart Lake Rest Stop : Lockhart provides catering and other services for truckers . De Beers Snap Lake Diamond Mine : About 220 km ( 140 mi ) northeast of Yellowknife . Diavik Diamond Mine : About 300 mi ( 480 km ) north of Yellowknife . BHP Ekati Diamond Mine : About 310 km ( 190 mi ) northeast of Yellowknife , the northernmost stop seen on camera during this season . The road continues roughly 125 mi ( 201 km ) past here , serving two defunct mines and stopping at the north end of Contwoyto Lake in Nunavut . Colomac Mine : A closed gold mine that was recently cleaned up due to the risk the mine 's toxic materials presented to the environment . Now that the cleanup is finished , truckers ( including Debogorski ) are being called in to haul away equipment . Tundra Mine : A gold mine that stopped production in 1968 and is now undergoing environmental cleanup . Equipment from the Colomac Mine is being transferred here to assist workers with the cleanup . Deline , Northwest Territories : A small village , on the shore of Great Bear Lake , that depends on jet fuel shipments over the ice road to keep its airport operating . Season 2 ( edit ) Season 2 premiered on June 8 , 2008 , following the drivers on the Tuktoyaktuk Winter Road , a 194 km ( 121 mi ) extension of the Dempster Highway between Inuvik and Tuktoyaktuk in Canada 's Northwest Territories . Rowland , Debogorski , Sherwood , and Yemm take part as `` highway maggots '' ( rookies on this road ) , working alongside the more experienced drivers . Episodes ( edit ) At the top of the world , there 's an outpost like no other ... and a job only a few would dare . The ice men return : two titans of the southern ice roads , and two contenders . Last season they drove loaded semis on frozen lakes ... this year , the Arctic Ocean . Deeper into the deep freeze . Further out on thinner ice . The new mission : to haul the heavy metal of natural gas drilling rigs up a frozen river and across ice - choked seas . Ice road truckers have come to the edge of the earth . These are the men who make their living on thin ice . -- Thom Beers , opening of the show , season 2 The season premiere aired on June 8 , 2008 . As the ice road from Inuvik to Tuktoyaktuk is completed , drivers converge on Inuvik for the start of the year 's transport season . Debogorski , Rowland , Yemm , and Sherwood find themselves lumped in with the other `` highway maggots '' - the local drivers ' term for rookies on this road - and must adapt to new rules and conditions . The road takes them up the Mackenzie River and over parts of the Arctic Ocean , visiting Aput and Later Langley rigs with long stretches in which drivers are out of radio contact . The final regular episode premiered on September 7 , 2008 . The Tuktoyaktuk Winter Road . Off the ice ( edit ) Premiered on September 21 , 2008 . This episode provides a look back at the events of the season , with additional commentary from the truckers and support personnel . Topics covered include : Development of Canada 's ice roads in general , and of commerce along the Tuktoyaktuk Winter Road in particular Building the road and outfitting trucks to drive along it The truckers ' personal motivations for working in the Arctic and comparisons between there and Yellowknife Each group 's opinions about the other ( northern and southern drivers ) Truckers ' comments about key events of the season : Sherwood quitting after one day , Debogorski leaving due to health problems , Yemm 's personnel disagreements and firing , Rowland hauling sewage for most of his runs Drivers ( edit ) Debogorski , Rowland , Sherwood , and Yemm take part in this season as `` highway maggots '' -- rookies on the ice road from Inuvik to Tuktoyaktuk . The following experienced truckers are also profiled . Eric Dufresne : A 46 - year - old native of Montreal , now a resident of Faro , Yukon , with 26 years of experience on this ice road . As a result , he is often entrusted with loads that are heavy or hard to handle , such as a derrick in the season premiere . He also does much of his own maintenance and repair work , and is used to the cold weather , stating that he can be comfortable in a denim jacket even at − 30 ° F ( − 34 ° C ) . Bear Swensen : Born in Saskatchewan , Swensen is a 59 - year - old resident of British Columbia and a six - year ice road veteran . He has worked most of his life as a truck driver in the logging industry , with some actual logging experience as well . When not working on the ice roads , he works as a professional bear hunting guide . Like Dufresne , he frequently pulls heavier - than - average loads . Support personnel ( edit ) Jordan Fedosoff : The manager of Matco 's Inuvik branch office , Fedosoff was born in Saskatchewan and raised between the fields of Saskatchewan and the city of Montreal . He began working in the trucking industry in 1981 . He has driven and worked in Inuvik since 1995 . He has vast experience in the Mackenzie Valley and the Dempster Highway . Sherwood worked for him in season 2 . Doug Saunders : Saunders is the operations manager for E. Gruben 's Transport , the company that hires Debogorski and Yemm . He considers Yemm to be one of his more `` high - maintenance '' drivers , in terms of Yemm 's rough handling of the trucks and frequent complaints about the work environment . Shaun Lundrigan : The chief mechanic at the Gruben 's freight yard in Tuktoyaktuk , he finds himself repairing Yemm 's trucks several times during the season . As a result , his opinion of Yemm as a trucker steadily deteriorates from week to week . Jerry Dusdal : The `` truck push '' for Mullen Transportation , he takes responsibility for the truckers ' safety and delivery of their loads . He states in the season premiere that he will never send someone else to do a job that he is not willing to do himself . When an entire drilling operation must be moved from one site to another , he deals with the logistics and equipment dismantling , as well as the delay caused by a winter storm that strikes the area . Davey Lennie : A foreman on the Northwind ice road construction crew , he looks after the trucks when the road is closed , and also stands ready to respond to any distress calls that come in . In the season premiere , he describes an incident from the previous year in which his truck broke through the ice . Oversized loads , such as a survival shack hauled by Dufresne , sometimes require his help to get from the edge of town to the freight yard . His cousin Isaac drives with Rowland to get some road experience before taking the written exam for his truck driver 's license . Kelly Brown : A veteran driver in Inuvik , Kelly works for Matco Transportation , the second company that hires Sherwood shortly after the season begins . He rides with Sherwood on a training run to help him get used to driving the Arctic ice roads . Brown grew up in Montreal and began driving trucks in 1983 ; he has worked the ice roads since 1993 . Devon Neff : A rookie driver on the ice roads who works for Mullen , Neff is called in to help move equipment off the Langley site late in the season . Due to the poor condition of the road at this time , he must contend with hazards such as breaks in the surface and water overflows from beneath the ice . Route and destinations ( edit ) The Arctic Ocean at Tuktoyaktuk . Tuktoyaktuk Winter Road Inuvik , Northwest Territories : Loads are assigned here to be transported north . Mallik : An exploration site that encompasses fields of natural gas hydrates . By the end of the season , the crews working here succeed in extracting gas from these formations . Aput : A natural gas exploration site set up by MGM Energy ; later found to contain no significant deposits , whereupon the entire camp is moved 50 miles to Langley ( see below ) . Langley : MGM 's second and last exploration site of the year ; proves to hold sizable deposits . Aklavik , Northwest Territories : A small hamlet , on the Mackenzie River delta , that depends on the ice road for delivery of needed supplies . Tuktoyaktuk , Northwest Territories : Loads ( e.g. backhauls ) are assigned here to be transported south . Wurmlinger and Arctic Star : Two ice - locked barges that serve as headquarters for crews in the field . In the summer the Wurmlinger carries goods around . Final load counts ( edit ) Sherwood -- 9 ; spent most of the season driving on pavement in Inuvik Debogorski -- 22 as stated in `` A Trucker 's Farewell '' ; left early for medical reasons Yemm -- 51 ; fired on the last day of the season Swensen -- 63 ; hauled a total of 4 million pounds , probably the most of any driver this season Dufresne -- 67 Rowland -- 68 Season 3 ( edit ) Synopsis ( edit ) Season 3 of Ice Road Truckers covers the Dalton Highway , which connects Fairbanks , Alaska , Coldfoot , Alaska , and Deadhorse , Alaska near Prudhoe Bay , Alaska , as well as ice roads constructed over the Arctic Ocean in the Prudhoe Bay area . The tagline for the season is : `` In the Dark Heart of Alaska , there 's a road where hell has frozen over '' . In this season the 2009 Mount Redoubt eruptive activity caused complications ; the truckers had to carry many loads which were intended for flight , but the planes could not fly because of volcanic ash in the air . Episodes ( edit ) At the top of the world , there 's a job only a few would dare . Last season , the dash for the cash was fought on the smooth playing field of Canada 's Arctic ice . This season , two old pros join four of America 's bravest truckers to tackle the tundra 's deadliest ice passage . Just when you thought extreme trucking could n't get more dangerous , ice road truckers take on Alaska . These are the men who make their living on thin ice . -- Thom Beers , opening of the show , season 3 The season premiered on May 31 , 2009 . The Dalton Highway ( Alaska Route 11 ) serves as only road link between Alaska 's populated areas down south and the oil rigs of the arctic north , to bring supplies nearly 500 mi ( 800 km ) from Fairbanks to the Prudhoe Bay Oil Fields and offshore rigs . However , the combination of avalanches , strong Arctic winds leading to whiteouts , and unforgiving terrain has led to hundreds of accidents in past years . Two thousand loads must be moved up the road within 12 weeks , before the ice melts on the Arctic Ocean . The season finale aired on August 23 , 2009 . Truck traffic on the Dalton Highway in 2004 . Drivers ( edit ) Rowland and Debogorski take part in this season as newcomers to the Dalton Highway in Alaska , working alongside the following local drivers at Carlile Transportation . Jack Jessee : A 38 - year - old veteran driver and Virginia native , Jessee has 15 years of ice road trucking experience to his credit . He has earned a reputation as a `` heavy hauler '' who specializes in moving massive and / or oversized loads . In his introduction on the show 's website , he offers this opinion about driving the Alaska roads : `` You learn the road really fast ... or you end up dead . '' George Spears : Spears , 59 , is a respected veteran driver in Alaska . He has been driving the ice roads for 29 years and helping rookies get used to the hazards . In the season premiere , he remarks about an incident in which he flipped his own truck over a cliff one year . He intends to retire at the end of this season , his 30th . Lisa Kelly : A former school bus driver and state Freestyle Motocross champion , Kelly is starting her second year on the ice roads . At 28 , she is the youngest female driver this year , and hopes to earn the veteran truckers ' respect and become Carlile 's first female heavy hauler . In Season 4 , the Wasilla resident stated that she had to sell the first horse she ever kept as a pet and was trying to earn enough money to buy it back , a goal she eventually accomplished . Tim Freeman , Jr. : A 23 - year - old ice road rookie from Blackduck , Minnesota , Freeman is a fourth - generation trucker with several years of over-the - road driving experience . Family friend George Spears has been helping him prepare for the challenge of driving Alaska 's roads . Carey Hall : The son and grandson of truckers in his native Louisiana , Hall , a 45 - year - old African American , is known on the Alaskan ice as `` Big Daddy '' and is universally respected for his professionalism . He appears in one episode , driving with Jessee to deliver a pair of enormous storage tanks . Phil Kromm : A 15 - year veteran fuel - hauler from Alaska , Phil is also in charge of safety , recruitment , and driver training to get rookie drivers accustomed to the Dalton Highway ( most notably Debogorski in Season 3 , and Redmon and Sieber in Season 5 ) . He is also Lane Keator 's advisor on rookie progression . Despite his never being a main character in any of the future seasons , he plays a vital role in rookie training and has a hand in determining some of the rookies ' being fired . ( Fellow veteran driver Tony Molesky rides with Rowland on his first trip up the Dalton , and will join the cast in Season 5 . ) Jack McCahan : Veteran Carlile driver who serves as one of Debogorski 's escorts until he gets fed up with Alex 's `` rookie s * * * '' in that he takes so long to chain up his tires . Support personnel ( edit ) Lane Keator : Fairbanks Terminal Manager for Carlile . Among his responsibilities are making the final decisions on hiring , firing , promoting and demoting drivers . Tim Rickards : Fairbanks Dispatcher for Carlile . He assigns loads for the drivers . Jerid Lane : Mechanic at Carlile 's Fairbanks repair shop . He keeps the trucks running . Roberta Klema : Driving instructor for Carlile Fairbanks . She puts new drivers through a driving simulator to familiarize them with the Kenworth tractors Carlile uses , as well as a preview of conditions they 'll face when driving the Dalton . John McCoy : Driving instructor for Carlile Fairbanks . He gives physical road tests to new drivers behind the wheel of a typical Kenworth cab and trailer . Harry McDonald : Carlile CEO . In episode 1 , he describes the challenge they face this season moving 2,000 loads to Prudhoe Bay in 60 days , and gives a very brief history of the company he co-founded with his brother in 1980 in episode 4 . Greg Thompson : Carlile Heavy Haul Manager . In episode 2 , he says that they need `` the best of the best '' drivers for hauling special loads like Jessee does , '' because a lot of guys wo n't do it , they 're afraid of it '' . Reid Bahnson : Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities avalanche technician . He leads a crew that triggers avalanches so natural ones are less likely to impact truckers and freight on the Dalton . His weapon of choice is a Korean War - era recoilless rifle that shoots 8 - lb TNT mortars into avalanche chutes . Donald Adkins : Grader operator for Alaska DoT&PF . He helps prepare and maintain the Dalton for the truckers , and helps pull out those who get stuck in snowdrifts . Ken Bear : Plow driver for Alaska DoT&PF . He is one of many who plow the Dalton after snowstorms and avalanches . Dan Schok : Project engineer for Flowline , supplier of 34 - inch diameter 130 - foot long pipe being transported by Jessee in episode 2 . Ben Kryzkowski : Owner of Ben 's Towing . He has 25 years experience removing wrecked trucks from the Dalton . Terrence Cole : Professor and Historian from the University of Alaska . He appears to describe the impact of oil discoveries and the construction of the Dalton and the pipeline . Route and destinations ( edit ) The E.L. Patton Yukon River Bridge carries the Dalton Highway over the Yukon River Dalton Highway : Fairbanks , Alaska : Home of Carlile Transportation 's Fairbanks terminal , the main trucking company featured in Seasons 3 and 4 , and one of several featured in Seasons 5 and 6 . Coldfoot , Alaska : Home of the only rest stop on the Dalton Highway , serving as a stopping point for truckers when bad weather closes the road and the only services on the Dalton between Fairbanks and Deadhorse . Deadhorse , Alaska : Home of Carlile 's Prudhoe Bay terminal and the northern terminus of the Dalton Highway . Ice roads extend from here over the Arctic Ocean and adjoining rivers , allowing truckers to reach the offshore oil rigs in Prudhoe Bay as well as other communities to the west . Final load counts ( edit ) Jessee -- 20 Spears -- 15 Kelly -- 15 Rowland -- 13 Debogorski -- 12 Freeman -- 11 Season 4 ( edit ) Season 4 of Ice Road Truckers premiered on June 6 , 2010 . Returning drivers ( edit ) Debogorski , Rowland , Jessee , Hall , and Kelly continue driving the Dalton Highway for Carlile this season . Debogorski had a good season , stopping to help drivers in trouble on multiple occasions . Rowland spent the season trying to avoid the Department of Transport ( DOT ) Weigh station . Jessee was assigned some of the toughest loads , to be taken over some of the roughest roads . Kelly started out the season with goals to achieve : she wanted to try hauling heavier , bigger loads and have a go at push - truck driving ; she also aimed to save enough money to buy back her horse . Both goals she eventually achieved . New drivers ( edit ) Greg Boadwine : At 27 , Boadwine is starting his second season with Carlile , after his first one ended early due to his overturning his truck . He is grateful that his employers have given him another chance ; at the same time , he feels he has a long way to go in order to regain their full trust . Ray Veilleux : Veilleux , 44 , ran his own construction business in Kalispell , Montana until it failed as a result of the U.S. housing industry crash . He signed on with Carlile and has worked his way up from freight yard duty to making ice road runs . Merv Gilbertson : Gilbertson is a second - generation haul road trucker , running Big State Logistics based out of Fairbanks . Except for one Carlile delivery by Jessee late in the season , Gilbertson and his convoys make all the supply runs to Bettles shown this season . Route and destinations ( edit ) Dalton Highway : The truckers make stops at Fairbanks , Coldfoot , Deadhorse and the oilfields of Prudhoe Bay as in Season 3 , as well as the following new destinations : Bettles , Alaska : Located near the center of Alaska along the remains of the Hickel Highway , this small town is accessible from the Dalton only by driving over frozen swampland . Nuiqsut , Alaska : Located west of Deadhorse , Nuiqsut is accessible by an ice road connecting it to the Dalton Highway during the winter . Some heavy haul loads bound for Prudhoe Bay originated in Anchorage and reached Fairbanks via the Glenn Highway and George Parks Highway before going on the Dalton . Final load counts ( edit ) Veilleux - 19 Rowland - 18 Jessee - 17 Kelly - 17 Debogorski - 16 Boadwine - 11 Season 5 ( edit ) The focus of this season is split between two locations . One group drives the Dalton Highway , moving freight between Fairbanks and Deadhorse with occasional side trips to Nuiqsut and Anchorage . Meanwhile , a second group transports loads between Winnipeg , Manitoba , and several remote communities over winter and ice roads . Episodes ( edit ) The on - screen graphics for type and weight of each load hauled featured in the first four seasons were discontinued with Season 5 , now only showing time of day or temperature depending on the situation . Returning drivers ( edit ) Debogorski and Rowland return to Canada , and Yemm ( seasons 1 and 2 ) joins them for this season to drive the ice roads in Manitoba , Debogorski for First Nations Transport , and Rowland and Yemm for Polar Industries ( also hauling loads for First Nations for the first eight episodes under contract through Polar ) . For Carlile , Kelly and three other truckers haul freight on the Dalton , and Hall appears in two episodes to deliver heavy loads . Kromm returns to train rookie drivers , notably Redmon and Sieber , and later advises Lane Keator to fire Redmon . New drivers ( edit ) Dave Redmon : Redmon , 45 , is an Alabama native with 25 years of over-the - road trucking experience . In 2010 , he , Yemm , and Kelly spent two months hauling loads on the dangerous roads in India ( see IRT : Deadliest Roads , below ) . This season marks his first year of ice road trucking , but he is ultimately fired due to concerns about his driving performance and attitude toward other truckers ( especially Tony Molesky , who abandoned Redmon at Coldfoot halfway through his first training run on the Dalton ) . Tony Molesky : Molesky is a 19 - year veteran of the ice roads , and like Kromm , serves as a safety and driver instructor for Carlile . In the season premiere , he describes a recent accident in which he had to swerve into a ditch to avoid a head - on collision with an oncoming rookie driver . His truck took a glancing blow , scattering debris which he later returns to pick up ; by season 's end , the truck is repaired and put back in service . ( He was also seen briefly in Season 3 episode 3 as Rowland 's co-driver . ) Maya Sieber : Sieber is a 27 - year - old resident of New York City , with three years ' trucking experience on its roads . Like Redmon , this is her first year on the ice . Vlad Pleskot : Pleskot is one of Polar 's drivers . In Season 7 , he and Rowland will form their own company . Mark Kohaykewych : Mark owns Polar Industries , and drives a pilot car for an oversized load convoy Pleskot , Rowland and Yemm make to St. Theresa Point ( episodes 4 and 5 ) . Even though Mark is rarely seen at the wheel of a big rig , he will be in the opening credits as one of the series ' stars by Season 7 . Route and destinations ( edit ) Dalton Highway : Truckers make stops at Fairbanks , Coldfoot , and Deadhorse as before . Kelly and Molesky begin a heavy haul from Anchorage via the Glenn and George Parks Highways before reaching the Dalton ( episodes 6 and 7 ) . Manitoba / Ontario ice roads : Truckers haul freight on the ice roads to re-supply isolated communities that have no other economical way to bring in materials . Communities serviced by the truckers during Season 5 include Oxford House , Red Sucker Lake , Bloodvein , Little Grand Rapids , St. Theresa Point , Garden Hill , Tadoule Lake and Lac Brochet and Victoria Beach in Manitoba , and Muskrat Dam in northwestern Ontario . Final load counts ( edit ) Canada Debogorski - 22 Rowland - 21 Yemm - 20 Alaska Kelly - 28 Redmon - 27 Molesky - 25 Sieber - 22 Season 6 ( edit ) The focus of this season is split among three locations , listed in `` Route and destinations '' below . Returning drivers ( edit ) Debogorski , Rowland , and Yemm continue driving in Canada for this season , moving cargo along the Dempster Highway ( Debogorski ) and Manitoba 's winter roads ( Rowland and Yemm ) . Jessee ( seasons 3 and 4 ) returns to drive the Dalton along with three newcomers , and Hall appears in one episode to help move a modular building up from Fairbanks . Near the end of the season , Veilleux ( season 4 ) is called in to help transport the last loads up to Prudhoe Bay . Molesky and Kromm are involved in training drivers new to driving on the Dalton Highway for Carlile Transportation . Additionally , both Molesky and Kromm independently monitor other drivers ' standards and behavior , and advise Fairbanks Terminal Manager Lane Keator if there are issues like those that led to Redmon and `` Porkchop '' being fired . New drivers ( edit ) Darrell Ward ( 1964 − 2016 ) : Coming to Alaska from Montana , Ward has 31 years of highway trucking experience , including driving logging trucks in the Rocky Mountains , and drove the Dalton for Alaska West Express in 2009 . This is his first ( and only ) year at Carlile , and he ends up coming second to Jack Jessee by one load . Darrell , easily one of IRT 's most popular drivers ever , was killed in a plane crash at the age of 52 on August 28 , 2016 . Ward at the time was a business partner with Lisa Kelly . The plane was piloted by Mark Melotz and it crashed near Rock Creek , Montana . Austin Wheeler : Wheeler , 23 , has been a Carlile employee for almost two years , transporting heavy loads in southern Alaska before transferring to the Fairbanks depot . While his season ended early towards the end due to engine power issues , he earned credit in saving Darrell when the latter was stranded in the middle of the season . Ronald `` Porkchop '' Mangum : Mangum , 35 , is a South Carolina trucker with 14 years of experience . Like Ward , he is starting his first season on the Dalton ; he is fired near the end of the season due to concerns over his driving performance . Route and destinations ( edit ) Dalton Highway : This is the final season for the Dalton on the show . Dempster Highway : Connects the Northwest Territories to the rest of Canada 's road network through the Yukon . Manitoba ice roads Final load counts ( edit ) Alaska Jessee - 29 Ward - 28 Wheeler - 23 Veilleux - 5 ( not full season ) Canada Debogorski - 25 Rowland - 14 Yemm - 6 Season 7 ( edit ) The focus of this season is the winter road network originating in Winnipeg . Returning drivers ( edit ) Debogorski , Kelly , and Ward relocate to Winnipeg this season and begin driving for Polar Industries . Rowland and Pleskot return as well , leaving Polar to start their own trucking company , VP Express . New drivers ( edit ) Art Burke : Burke , a Yellowknife resident , has driven the diamond mine ice roads for 15 years . He originally signs on with VP Express to drive for Rowland but switches over to Polar , after being fired . He also brings the winning load for Polar by the end of the season . Todd Dewey : Dewey , a logging trucker from Washington state , is starting his first year on the ice road to work for Rowland . He is also featured in Ax Men season 8 , especially driving logs for Rygaard Logging into the saw mill during the warmer months . Dewey is the nephew of Craig Rygaard and cousin of Gabe , Jason , and Burt . Craig is the original owner of Rygaard Logging , and when he retired , Gabe took over . Joey Barnes : Barnes , known as the `` King of Obsolete '' , and his daughter Xena live in northern Manitoba , well past the end of the winter roads . He uses vintage trucks and modified tractors to travel over the rough terrain for equipment delivery / pickup runs . Final load counts ( edit ) Polar - 181 VP - 180 Season 8 ( edit ) This season all drivers from season 7 return to Winnipeg , and the same companies , Polar and VP Express , are shown . This is also the first season in which the program is a US / Canadian co-production , with Prospero Media and Shaw Media ( owners of the Canadian History franchise ) producing the show with Original Productions and History ( as seen in the end credits of each episode ) . Season 8 premiered on July 7 , 2014 . Returning drivers ( edit ) Darrell Ward , Art Burke , and Lisa Kelly drive for Polar . Todd Dewey switches from VP Express to Polar . Alex Debogorski drives for longtime rival Hugh Rowland 's and Vlad Pleskot 's VP Express . After a tense verbal exchange with Polar owner Mark Kohaykewych , Darrell quits Polar in episode 5 , frustrated with repeated truck breakdowns and how few loads he has been given , and goes into business for himself . Joey Barnes appears in episode 10 to escort Burke on a delivery run through the Manitoba wilderness , after Burke avoided being fired after jack - knifing his truck the previous trip . Also in episode 5 , Burke was fined $490 and `` shut down '' ( suspended from driving ) for three days , due to multiple log - book infringements and over-working , from being stuck in the snowstorm on the previous round trip . In episode 12 , Kelly , Burke , Dewey , Darrell and Reno all make it to Fort Severn , while Kelly decides to support Darrell and help him go further into Peawanuck . Kelly was not censured by Mark for her actions , as it was `` a morally and ethically right thing to do , '' and she was offered a job by Darrell for the next season ; she was undecided on switching sides . New driver ( edit ) Reno Ward : Darrell Ward 's son , he was hired to help his father in episode 9 . Route and destinations ( edit ) Manitoba / Ontario ice roads : Two new destinations in northwestern Ontario : Fort Severn and Peawanuck . Final load counts ( edit ) Polar : 171 VP : 170 Total : 341 Season 9 ( edit ) On July 21 , 2015 , History announced season 9 would premiere August 2 , 2015 , at 9 / 8c . Episodes ( edit ) With the departure of Rowland and VP Express from the series due to a 2014 pickup accident which severely injured him while riding with one of the series ' producers , the `` dash for the cash '' theme is less emphasized from this season on . As a result , load counts are no longer shown , and the focus shifts to delivering loads to communities as shortening ice road seasons permit , as the season 's two - part finale demonstrates . Returning drivers ( edit ) This season features all the truckers from the prior season with the exceptions of Hugh Rowland , Vlad Pleskot and Reno Ward . Debogorski , Dewey and Burke drive for Polar , while Darrell Ward and Kelly drive for their own company . Barnes appears in episode 8 to help Burke haul a load of fuel . New driver ( edit ) Mike Simmons : Mike is the owner of Bad Apple Escorts , Inc. , a pilot truck service based in Edmonton , Alberta . Although he is an experienced heavy hauler on the Alberta oil fields , this season marks his first exposure to ice road trucking . He is hired by Polar to help keep loads moving , in response to the threat of competition posed by Ward and Kelly . Route and destinations ( edit ) Manitoba / Ontario ice roads Seal River , via cat train convoy from Churchill : Darrell and Mark teamed up to send their best drivers ( Dewey and Kelly ) to make this haul over the southwest part of Hudson Bay . Season X ( 10 ) ( edit ) Per the History Channel Website , Season 10 ( which the site calls Season X or `` IRT X '' ) premiered on August 4 , 2016 at 10 / 9c . Returning drivers ( edit ) Debogorski , Darrell Ward , Kelly , Dewey and Burke continue driving for their respective companies . Mark Kohaykewych briefly drives Darrell 's truck , as well as a heavy loader to push trucks over steep hills during the two - part season finale convoy . This was Darrell Ward 's final season , as he was killed in a plane crash on August 28 , 2016 . New driver ( edit ) Stephanie `` Steph '' Custance : Steph , 22 , is a first - year ice road trucker with less than one year of commercial driving experience . Mark hires her to work for Polar , deciding that his need for drivers outweighs the problems he sees during her road test . She has a five - year - old son . Route and destinations ( edit ) Manitoba / Ontario / Alberta ice roads : In addition to previously seen destinations in Manitoba and Ontario , two new destinations were added in Season 10 : Fort Chipewyan , Alberta and Summer Beaver , Ontario . Season 11 ( edit ) Season 11 premiered August 24 , 2017 on History . Returning drivers ( edit ) Debogorski , Dewey , Burke and Custance continue driving for Polar , and Kelly continues to run the company she and Darrell Ward founded . Darrell 's son Reno Ward ( Season 8 ) joins the cast in episode 5 , helping Kelly repay a debt to Polar owner Mark Kohaykewych . Mark also drives a pilot car for an oversized load hauled by Kelly and Reno ( episodes 5 and 6 ) . Route and destinations ( edit ) Manitoba / Ontario ice roads : One new destination added in Season 11 : Kasabonika , Ontario . IRT : Deadliest roads ( edit ) IRT : Deadliest Roads Genre Reality Documentary Starring Former Drivers Hugh Rowland ( Season 2 ) Lisa Kelly ( Season 1 - 2 ) Rick Yemm ( Season 1 - 2 ) Dave Redmon ( Season 1 - 2 ) Augustin Rodriguez ( Season 2 ) Tim Zickuhr ( Season 2 ) Alex Debogorski ( Season 1 ) G.W. Boles ( Season 2 ) Narrated by Thom Beers Tom Cotcher ( UK ) Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 23 ( list of episodes ) Production Producer ( s ) David McKillop Dolores Gavin Thom Beers Philip Segal Dawn Fitzgerald Adam Martin Aron Plucinski Location ( s ) India and South America Running time 45 -- 48 minutes Production company ( s ) Original Productions Distributor A + E Networks Release Original network History Original release October 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 03 ) -- December 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 18 ) External links Website www.history.com/shows/irt-deadliest-roads Season 1 : Himalayas ( edit ) On October 3 , 2010 , a spinoff series , titled IRT : Deadliest Roads , premiered immediately after the Season 4 finale . Rick Yemm , Alex Debogorski , and Lisa Kelly traveled to India and put their driving skills to the test on the narrow , treacherous mountain roads that lead from Delhi to Shimla , then up to the Karchan and Kuppa hydroelectric dam construction sites in the Himalayas . Debogorski quit in the first episode due to fear of angry mobs if he were involved in an accident , and was replaced by Alabama trucker Dave Redmon ( who has since been featured in Season 5 of Ice Road Truckers ) . As the season continued , the drivers were dispatched to carry supplies over the stormy Rohtang Pass to the town of Keylong , which had been cut off for months due to the bad weather . The season finale aired on December 5 , 2010 , with the truckers ' attempting to deliver loads of jet fuel for helicopter crews who were working to rescue people stranded in the mountains by the storms . Yemm and Redmon turned back , deciding that the conditions were too hazardous for the volatile cargo ; the next day , Kelly hauled the entire shipment herself and delivered it to the crews , becoming the only North American trucker to complete the entire season . The roads were often hacked out of vertical cliffs like a tunnel with one side open to the air , with rock overhangs overhead and drops of several hundred feet below . One part of the road was called `` the Freefall Freeway '' . In Episode 5 : `` Crumbling Roads '' , Kelly and Yemm delivered two images ( one each , well packed with sandbags and sand and straw ) of the goddess Kali ( shown as treading on her husband Shiva ) along a frightful mountain road hacked out of cliffsides to a temple at a town called Kalpa , Himachal Pradesh . In Episode 6 : `` Thin Air '' , they struggled with a worse road and altitude hypoxia on the Rohtang Pass , and one of them delivered an image of Buddha and some Buddhist scriptures to a Tibetan - type Buddhist monastery in the mountains . Early promotional spots for the series listed the title as IRT : Himalayas . Season 2 : south America ( edit ) The second season of IRT : Deadliest Roads premiered on September 25 , 2011 . Six North American drivers are sent to Bolivia to haul cargo along the Yungas Road , notorious for its extreme hazards . The drivers work in pairs - Hugh Rowland and Rick Yemm , Lisa Kelly and Dave Redmon , and newcomers Tim Zickuhr and Augustin `` Tino '' Rodriguez . Redmon and Yemm quit in Episode 2 ; Rowland continues driving alone , while Texas trucker G.W. Boles arrives to ride with Kelly in Episode 4 . Starting with Episode 8 , the truckers relocate to Peru and begin transporting loads to sites high in the Andes mountain range . In episode 6 , Kelly and Boles transport 32 breeding llamas across the Salar de Uyuni , the world 's biggest salt flat , 12,000 ft ( 3,700 m ) above sea level . On the way , their truck 's radiator begins to leak ; after they mend it , they must empty all their drinking water into the radiator to replace the loss . Abundant lithium deposits cause their magnetic compasses to read incorrectly , and for a time their GPS malfunctions . Feature film ( edit ) In 2008 , 20th Century Fox acquired rights from the History Channel to create a scripted , theatrical action film based on the series . See also ( edit ) Trucks portal Highway Thru Hell Ice Pilots NWT References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About the Ice Road Truckers series '' . History.com . ^ Jump up to : Kaplan , Don , `` BACK ON THE ' ICE ROAD ' '' , New York Post , April 2 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` ' Ice Road Truckers ' debut sets The History Channel ratings records - Reality TV World - News , information , episode summaries , message boards , chat and games for unscripted television programs '' . Reality TV World . June 20 , 2007 . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Slide Show : ' Ice Road Truckers ' Take Thrilling Glide '' . New York Post . June 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2009 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heffernan , Virginia , `` Honk ? No , Pray if You Hear a Loud Crack '' , The New York Times , June 22 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Tibbitt to Contwoyto Winter Road 2008 orientation materials '' ( PDF ) . 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 1 , 2011 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Producers find new ice road for TV series '' . Landline Magazine . Owner - Operator Independent Drivers Association . February 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2008 . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Frozen Tundra Trucking : Popular trucking show not on thin ice '' . Today 's Trucking : The Online Business Resource For Canada 's Trucking Industry . Newcom Business Media , Inc . February 4 , 2008 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Road Truckers ( 2007 -- ) Dash for the Cash '' . IMDB . IMDB.com , inc . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Working for Hugh '' . Hugh Rowland Official Site . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2009 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About the Snap Lake Mine '' . 2008 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2012 . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diavik '' . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Winston buying Ekati mine for $500 M US '' . November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Kromm 's testimony to Alaska Oil & Gas Association '' ( PDF ) . Alaska Oil & Gas Association . February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Season 4 Truckers -- Ice Road Truckers -- '' . History.com. April 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Pat ( May 2 , 2010 ) . `` Ice road trucker '' . The Montana Standard . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Dewey - Ice Road Truckers Cast '' . History.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Joey Barnes - Ice Road Truckers Cast '' . History.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Joey ( April 2006 ) . `` MOVING THE CAT TRAINS TO HISTORIC ILFORD '' . kingofobsolete.ca . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Dewey '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Debogorski '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tully , Jake ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Rowland and Dangers of Ice Road Trucking '' . truckdrivingjobs.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ice Road Truckers ' Season 9 to Premiere Sunday , August 2 & & New Series ' Power & Ice ' to Premiere Thursday , August 27 on History '' . TVbytheNumbers . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lisa Kelly '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Road Truckers Full Episodes , Video & More - HISTORY '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Ice Road Truckers ' Star Darrell Ward Killed In Plane Crash '' . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael . `` Fox drives ' Truckers ' to bigscreen '' , Variety . February 12 , 2008 Further reading ( edit ) Debogorski , Alex ( October 26 , 2010 ) . King of the Road : True Tales from a Legendary Ice Road Trucker . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 64368 - 6 . Rowland , Hugh ( June 8 , 2010 ) . On Thin Ice : Breakdowns , Whiteouts , and Survival on the World 's Deadliest Roads . Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4013 - 2368 - 4 . ( with Michael Lent ) External links ( edit ) Official website , History Channel USA Ice Road Truckers on HISTORY on Facebook Official website , History Channel UK Official website , History Channel Canada Official website , Channel 5 UK Ice Road Truckers on IMDb ( 2000 documentary film ) Ice Road Truckers on IMDb Ice Road Truckers on IMDb ( IRT : Deadliest Roads ) Ice Road Truckers at TV.com History channel original programming Current , future and returning series Alone American Pickers American Restoration Ancient Aliens Big Easy Motors Blue Book Counting Cars The Curse of Oak Island Forged in Fire Ice Road Truckers Lost in Transmission Mountain Men Ozzy & Jack 's World Detour Pawn Stars Six Swamp People ThingamaBob Vikings Past , canceled and series on hiatus 20th Century with Mike Wallace Appalachian Outlaws Alaska Off - Road Warriors American Eats America Unearthed Ancient Discoveries Ancients Behaving Badly Around the World in 80 Ways Ax Men Barbarians Battle 360 ° Battlefield Detectives Battles BC Big Rig Bounty Hunters Big Shrimpin ' Boneyard Brad Meltzer 's Decoded Breaking Vegas Cajun Pawn Stars Cities of the Underworld Clash of the Gods The Conquerors Conquest The Crusades : Crescent and the Cross Decisive Battles Declassified Decoding the Past Deep Sea Detectives Digging for the Truth Dogfights Down East Dickering Engineering an Empire Evolve Expedition Africa Extreme Trains Food Tech Full Metal Jousting Gangland Gangland Undercover Great Minds with Dan Harmon Greatest Tank Battles God , Guns & Automobiles Hairy Bikers Haunted History The History of Sex History 's Business History 's Lost & Found History 's Mysteries How the Earth Was Made How the States Got Their Shapes Human Weapon Hunting Hitler Ice Pilots NWT Join or Die with Craig Ferguson Jurassic Fight Club Last Stand of the 300 Life After People The Lost Evidence Lost Worlds MadHouse Mail Call Man , Moment , Machine Mega Disasters Mega Movers Military Blunders Modern Marvels ( episodes ) MonsterQuest Monumental Challenge The Most Mounted in Alaska MysteryQuest Nostradamus Effect Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy Patton 360 ° Pawnography Prehistoric Megastorms The Presidents Reel to Real Rome : Rise and Fall of an Empire Save Our History Shark Wranglers Sliced The States Surviving History Tactical to Practical Tales of the Gun That 's Impossible Top Gear Top Guns Top Shot Tougher In Alaska UFO Files UFO Hunters United Stats of America The Universe Warriors Weird U.S. Wild West Tech The XY Factor Documentary films and miniseries 102 Minutes That Changed America Amelia Earhart : The Lost Evidence America : The Story of Us The American Revolution Ancestors in the Attic Barbarians Rising The Bible China 's First Emperor Civil War Combat Conquest of America Countdown to Armageddon Countdown to Ground Zero Failure Is Not an Option Flying Pyramids , Soaring Stones Grounded on 9 / 11 Hatfields & McCoys Hotel Ground Zero Houdini I Missed Flight 93 Mankind : The Story of All of Us Museum Secrets The Occult History of the Third Reich Predator X Quest for King Arthur Roots Search for the Lost City of Gold Shootout ! Sons of Liberty Star Wars : The Legacy Revealed Texas Rising The Century : America 's Time The Exodus Decoded The Man Who Predicted 9 / 11 The Men Who Built America The People Speak Vietnam in HD WWII in HD The World Wars Reality television programs set in Alaska Lifestyle Alaska : The Last Frontier Alaska State Troopers Living Alaska Coast Guard Alaska Life Below Zero Mounted in Alaska Bristol Palin : Life 's a Tripp Sarah Palin 's Alaska Out of the Wild Slednecks Ultimate Survival Alaska Yukon Men Yukon River Run Yukon River - Lake People Alaskan Wild Men Resource extraction Bering Sea Gold Bering Sea Gold : Under The Ice Deadliest Catch Gold Rush Alaska Transportation Alaska Wing Men Flying Wild Alaska Ice Road Truckers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice_Road_Truckers&oldid=807337804 '' Categories : 2000s American television series 2000s Canadian television series 2007 American television series debuts 2007 Canadian television series debuts 2010s American television series 2010s Canadian television series 2010 American television series debuts 2010 Canadian television series debuts American reality television series Canadian reality television series Channel 5 ( UK ) television programmes English - language television programs History ( U.S. TV channel ) original programs Ice roads Roads in Alaska Television series by Original Productions Transport in the Northwest Territories Television shows set in Alaska Television shows set in the Northwest Territories Television series produced in the Northwest Territories Ice in transportation Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 10 : 00 . 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is there a 2017 season of ice road truckers
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Van Mahotsav
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Van Mahotsav - wikipedia Van Mahotsav Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Van Mahotsav is an annual tree - planting movement in India , which began in 1950 . The name Van Mahotsava means FESTIVAL OF FORESTS . It has gained significant national importance and , every year , millions of saplings are planted across India in observation of Van Mahotsav week . Beginnings ( edit ) Van Mahotsav festival was started in 1950 by Kulapati Dr. KM Munshi , then the Union Minister for Agriculture and Food to create enthusiasm among masses for forest conservation and planting trees . It is now a week - long festival , celebrated on different days in different parts of India , but usually between 1 July to 7 July . It began after a flourishing tree planting drive which was undertaken in Delhi , in which national leaders participated . The festival was simultaneously celebrated in a number of states in India . Since then , millions of saplings of diverse species have been planted with energetic participation of local people and various agencies like the forest department . Awareness spread as the chipko movement rose in popularity as a crusade to save mother earth. . save Trees Aims ( edit ) The constant felling of trees in India has been a problem for a long time , and Van Mahotsav is important in creating awareness of the issues. . According to the forest department , for every tree felled ten trees should be planted to make up for its loss . As at 2016 , tree cover of India ( including forests and non-forest areas ) was 23.81 % . The Government of India has set a target of 33 % cover by 2020 . In 2015 the State Government of Assam announced that it intended to plant 25 lakh ( 2.5 million ) trees . It said this would not only benefit the environment , but also have a direct influence on the socio - economic development of Assam , which has 70 % or its people working in the agricultural sector . The festival raises the awareness of trees among people , and highlights the need for planting and tending of trees as one of the best ways to prevent global warming and reduce pollution . Tree planting during the festival serves various purposes , such as providing alternative fuel , increasing production of food resources , creating shelter - belts around fields to increase productivity , providing food for cattle , offering shade and decorative landscapes , reducing drought and helping to prevent soil erosion , etc . It helps spread awareness about the harm caused by the cutting down of trees , and it is expected that every citizen of India will plant a sapling in the Van Mahotsav week . Planting of trees also serves other purposes like providing alternative fuel options , food for cattle , helps in soil conservation and more than anything offers a natural aesthetic beauty . Planting of trees also helps to avoid soil erosion which may cause floods . Also , planting trees can be extremely effective in slowing down global warming and trees also help in reducing pollution as they make the air cleaner . People celebrate Van Mahotsava by planting trees or saplings in homes , offices , schools and colleges . Novel promotions like free circulation of trees are also taken up by various organizations and volunteers . In general , native trees are planted as they most readily adapt to local conditions , integrate into eco-systems , and have a high survival rate and help support local biodiversity . State Governments and civic bodies supply saplings to schools , colleges and academic institutions , NGOs and welfare organizations for planting trees . July is the onset of the monsoon season in India -- a time when tree planting is most likely to be effective . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` GVK MIAL contributes to State Govt 's green vision on Van Mahotsav Day '' . India Blooms . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Week - long ' Van Mahotsav ' in Nanded from July 1 '' . news.webindia123.com. 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Meitei , N. Munal ( 7 July 2016 ) . `` Van Mahotsav celebration 2016 '' . E-PAO . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 6 July 2015 ) . `` Govt plans to plant 25 lakh saplings '' . The Assam Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Van_Mahotsav&oldid=820594695 '' Categories : Festivals in India Environment of India Forests of India July observances Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 15 January 2018 , at 14 : 50 . About Wikipedia
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when do we celebrate van mahotsav in india
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"Van Mahotsav festival was started in 1950 by Kulapati Dr. K M Munshi, then the Union Minister for Agriculture and Food to create enthusiasm among masses for forest conservation and planting trees. It is now a week-long festival, celebrated on different days in different parts of India, but usually between 1 July to 7 July.[1] It began after a flourishing tree planting drive which was undertaken in Delhi, in which national leaders participated.[citation needed] The festival was simultaneously celebrated in a number of states in India. Since then, millions of saplings of diverse species have been planted with energetic participation of local people and various agencies like the forest department.[2] Awareness spread as the chipko movement rose in popularity as a crusade to save mother earth.[citation needed]."
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"between 1 July to 7 July"
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Love on the Brain
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Love on the Brain - wikipedia Love on the Brain Jump to : navigation , search `` Love on the Brain '' Single by Rihanna from the album Anti Released September 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) Format CD single digital download Studio Westlake Recording Studios , Fred 's Shed ( Santa Monica , California ) Length 3 : 44 Label Westbury Road Roc Nation Songwriter ( s ) Fred Ball Joseph Angel Robyn Fenty Producer ( s ) Fred Ball Kuk Harrell Rihanna singles chronology `` Too Good '' ( 2016 ) `` Love on the Brain '' ( 2016 ) `` Selfish '' ( 2017 ) `` Too Good '' ( 2016 ) `` Love on the Brain '' ( 2016 ) `` Selfish '' ( 2017 ) `` Love on the Brain '' is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna for her eighth studio album , Anti ( 2016 ) . It was written and produced by Fred Ball , with additional writing by Joseph Angel and Rihanna , and Kuk Harrell serving as the vocal producer . The song was provided to US rhythmic contemporary and urban contemporary radio stations on September 27 , 2016 , as the album 's fourth single . `` Love on the Brain '' is a doo - wop , R&B and soul ballad inspired by 1950s and 1960s music . Its instrumentation consists of a guitar arpeggio , swirling organ , a simple chord progression , syncopated strings , and orchestra . Lyrically , the song has themes of swinging back and forth between the highs and lows of a toxic love . Commercially , the song reached the top of the Polish chart , as well as the top - twenty in France and New Zealand , and top - forty in Austria , Canada and Germany . In the United States , the song reached number five on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming her 22nd top - five single breaking her tie with Elvis Presley as the artist with the 5th most top - five singles , and it was also her 30th top - ten single tying her with Madonna and The Beatles as the only acts in history to appear at least thirty times in the top - ten of the Hot 100 . Rihanna performed the track during her Anti World Tour , as well as at the 2016 Billboard Music Awards and as a part of a medley at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Composition and lyrical interpretation 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Live performances 6 Other uses and covers 7 Formats and track listings 8 Credits and personnel 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Background and release ( edit ) Norwegian producer Fred Ball co-wrote and produced the song . `` Love on the Brain '' was the first song commissioned for Rihanna 's album Anti . Written by Norwegian songwriter and producer Fred Ball and American songwriter Joseph Angel in late 2013 , inspiration for the song came from Prince and Al Green . Ball recalled , `` We wanted it to have that juxtaposition of an old school soul feel with modern lyrics . That 's why Amy Winehouse was never pastiche or retro even though her music has an old soul sound . '' Ball also stated that they did not write the song with Rihanna in mind , however his manager at Roc Nation , Jay Brown , heard the song and loved it . Brown sent it to Rihanna and she also reacted similarly , writing additional lyrics . American producer Kuk Harrell handled the song 's vocal production . Ball and Angel also supplied the song 's keyboards and drums . `` Love on the Brain '' was recorded at Westlake Studios in Los Angeles . The vocal recording was carried out by Marcos Tovar for Allfadersup and Harrell . The song was finally mixed by Manny Marroquin at Larrabee Studios in North Hollywood , along with mixing assistants Chris Galland , Jeff Jackson and Ike Schultz , before being mastered by Chris Gehringer at Sterling Sound , in New York City . `` Love on the Brain '' was first announced as a recorded track in 2015 , and was to be debuted at the 2015 Brit Awards , however Rihanna allegedly pulled out . In early August 2016 , Philadelphia radio personality Mike Adam stated that `` Love on the Brain '' would be the album 's fourth single , later confirmed by Rihanna herself on August 21 , 2016 . It was sent to rhythmic contemporary and urban contemporary radios on September 27 , impacted contemporary hit radio on October 11 , and the hot adult contemporary stations on November 14 . Composition and lyrical interpretation ( edit ) According to some reviewers , Rihanna channels Amy Winehouse ( pictured ) on the track . `` Love on the Brain '' is a mid-tempo ' 50s and ' 60s inspired doo - wop and soul ballad , with a `` rock edge '' . Its instrumentation consists of a `` guitar arpeggio , '' `` swirling organ '' , a `` simple chord progression '' , syncopated strings , and `` a wave of an orchestra '' . Written in the key of G major , it has a tempo of 57 beats per minute in compound quadruple ( 12 8 ) time . The song follows a chord progression of G -- Am -- Em -- D , and Rihanna 's vocals span from D to G . Rihanna 's vocals were noted as being acrobatic ranging from her `` trademark snarl '' , to high notes , complemented by all - tenor backing vocals . Forrest Wickman of Slate magazine commented that the song `` seems designed as a showcase for Rihanna 's vocal versatility : She starts out singing high and sweet , then drops into her chest to show off the lower part of her range and finally gets into powerful belting . She even does a few seconds of what sounds like Frankie Valli 's falsetto . '' Jordan Bassett of NME compared her high notes to those of Mariah Carey , while Vibe magazine and USA Today noted similarities with the work of Beyoncé and Erykah Badu . Amy Winehouse , Etta James and Sam Cooke were also perceived as influences by critics , with Michigan Daily 's Christian Kennedy citing Winehouse 's song `` Wake Up Alone '' as the song that Rihanna had borrowed from `` stylistically . '' `` Love on the Brain '' has dark lyrics that depict a destructive , yet addictive relationship , with themes of `` swinging back and forth between the highs and lows of love '' . Some critics believed the song was an `` ode to a violent lover '' , possibly referring to Chris Brown after the pair 's highly published domestic violence case . Lyrical examples include `` It beats me black and blue but it fucks me so good / That I ca n't get enough / Must be love on the brain . '' Adam R. Holz of the conservative organization Focus on the Family 's website PluggedIn.com noted the song `` mingles nihilism , lust and at least the metaphorical presence of physical abuse '' . Jessica Eggert of Mic agreed , noting that `` Rihanna wears her heart right on her sleeve and takes no prisoners in expressing the pain of a metaphorically and physically damaging - yet - undying love . '' Critical reception ( edit ) Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic picked it as a highlight from the album , noting that Rihanna 's `` voice is hoarse and ravaged , yet she 's also controlled and precise , knowing how to hone these imperfections so her performance echoes classic soul while feeling fresh '' . Julianne Escobedo Shepherd of Billboard deemed it `` a doo - wop powerhouse sung in a Prince - adjacent falsetto -- and is proof Rihanna 's been working with some primo vocal coaches '' . Idolator 's Bianca Gracie also complimented her vocals , writing that the `` rough - edged , soulful ballad finds Rih at her vocal best '' . Patrick Ryan of USA Today called the song an `` easy highlight , '' noting the `` cozy doo - wop nostalgia '' . Emily Mackay of NME noted the doo - wop groove , deeming Rihanna 's vocals a `` powerhouse vocal performance '' . Jordan Bassett of the same publication called it `` totally brilliant , with the singer showcasing the kind of vocals we 've not heard from her before '' . Safy - Hallan Farah of Spin wrote favorably of her singing , while James Grabay of the same magazine named it an `` effortlessly time - traveling track '' . Chris Gerard of PopMatters noted the song was `` one of the more interesting tracks on the album '' , addressing her `` Macy Gray - like drawl during the verses '' . Corbin Reiff of The A.V. Club highlighted the track 's `` deep soulful tones '' and felt her voice was `` the undeniable focal point '' of it . Nolan Feeney of Time declared that `` Love on the Brain '' and `` Higher '' `` offer the most stirring vocal performances of her career '' . Jessica McKinney of Vibe agreed , calling the song a `` soulful performance that showcases her own range '' . Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph wrote that `` Love on the Brain '' is a `` standard , mid-tempo retro soul anthem '' that `` in the context of Anti , ... sounds like a work of pop genius '' . Calling it `` hypnotic , '' Eric Renner Brown of Entertainment Weekly remarked that `` she delivers some of her finest vocal moments yet '' . Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe picked it as `` essential '' , stating : `` As she implores ' Do n't you stop loving me , ' her performance has a grit , sweat , and weariness to it that 's unusual and humanizing . '' `` Love On The Brain '' received a nomination for Choice Music : Pop Song at the 2017 Teen Choice Awards . Chart performance ( edit ) With `` Love on the Brain '' , Rihanna became the second female artist with most top - ten singles on the Billboard Hot 100 chart history , only behind Madonna ( pictured ) . Following Rihanna 's performance at the 2016 Billboard Music Awards , `` Love on the Brain '' debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 83 , marking Rihanna 's 55th entry on the chart . After being released as a single in November 2016 , the song re-entered the Hot 100 at number 80 . In its sixth week on the chart , the song rose to number 34 , becoming Rihanna 's third top - forty hit from Anti , as well as her 46th top - forty entry on the Hot 100 , placing her at number three on the list of women with most top - forty hits . Two weeks later , `` Love on the Brain '' reached number 20 , becoming the third top - twenty single from Anti , and Rihanna 's forty - second top - twenty hit . In its eighteenth week , `` Love on the Brain '' climbed from number 13 to number eight and became her thirtieth top - ten single . With doing that , she broke a tie for third place with Michael Jackson , with whom , both had 29 top - ten singles . Rihanna became the artist with the third most top - ten singles in Hot 100 history , only behind Madonna ( with 38 ) , and The Beatles ( with 34 ) . It was also `` the second - fastest accumulation of 30 Hot 100 top 10s '' , according to Billboard 's Gary Trust . In the issue dated March 25 , 2017 , the song climbed to number 5 , becoming Rihanna 's 22nd top five hit , leading her to break a tie for fifth place with Elvis Presley ( who has 21 top - five hits ) . In November 2016 , `` Love on the Brain '' entered the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart at number 30 . In the same week , the song was the most added track on contemporary hit radio , causing it to rise to number 24 on the Billboard Pop Songs chart ; to date it has reached number 6 on both charts . In the week ending January 22 , 2017 , the song became her 28th top 10 single on Radio Songs , extending her record for the most top - ten singles on the chart . The song also became her twenty - eighth number - one on the US Dance Club Songs chart in the issue dated January 21 , 2017 ; she remains in second place behind record holder Madonna , who has achieved forty - six . In Canada , the song debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 14 after being released as a single . In the week of December 3 , 2016 , it cracked the top - forty , climbing to number 38 . In New Zealand , `` Love on the Brain '' debuted at number 40 on the release of Anti . It reached number 15 over the following weeks , becoming Rihanna 's thirty - second solo top - twenty single . Similarly , in France , `` Love on the Brain '' charted after Anti 's release at number 71 . After its release , it re-entered at number 138 . After weeks outside the top 100 , the song reached a new peak of number 69 in the week of January 13 , 2017 . Three weeks later , the song managed to crack the top twenty , reaching number 12 . It became Anti 's second top twenty hit . In Austria , the song debuted at number 53 and has peaked at number 7 , while in Germany it debuted at number 100 , and has reached a peak of number 21 to date , becoming the album 's second highest charting single . In Poland , `` Love on the Brain '' peaked at number one for four non-consecutive weeks in 2016 . Live Performances ( edit ) Rihanna included `` Love on the Brain '' in the encore of her Anti World Tour . After attending the show at Wembley Stadium , Lewis Corner of Digital Spy called the performance `` a triumph , as Rihanna 's tone on the Motown sway is pure joy '' . Michael Cragg of The Guardian claimed that the performance was `` delivered with such conviction it feels like you 're watching a different artist '' . On May 22 , 2016 , Rihanna performed the song at the 2016 Billboard Music Awards , with Billboard describing it as a `` standout '' of the event . Sarah Grant of Rolling Stone called it a `` gut - wrenching solo performance , '' comparing her stage persona to that of Whitney Houston , due to the `` storm of tour - de-force vocals '' . On August 28 , 2016 , Rihanna received the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards . In honour , she performed a medley consisting of `` Stay '' , `` Diamonds '' and `` Love on the Brain '' . Christopher Rosa of Glamour called the performance `` breath - taking '' , whilst Billboard noted : `` Her vocals , which are sometimes under - appreciated by critics and even fans , were gorgeous and impressive , reminding everyone that beyond the chart - toppers and DGAF behavior , there 's an astonishing voice that propelled her to where she is now '' . Other uses and covers ( edit ) On May 19 , 2016 , `` Love on the Brain '' was featured on the season 12 finale of long - running ABC medical drama Grey 's Anatomy . It charted at the top of the Top TV Songs Chart , powered by 40,000 Shazam tags . Furthermore , according to Nielsen Music , 45,000 downloads and 8.1 million US streams were made in the same month . American singer Kelly Clarkson performed the song during a Facebook live session on August 26 , 2016 . Danish singer MØ covered `` Love on the Brain '' on the BBC Radio 1Xtra website 's Live Lounge . British girl band Little Mix covered the song on iHeartRadio 's Honda Stage . The Voice contestant Hannah Mrozak also covered the song during the knockouts . Formats and track listings ( edit ) CD single `` Love on the Brain '' -- 3 : 44 `` Love on the Brain '' ( Don Diablo Remix ) -- 3 : 28 Digital download -- Dance Remixes `` Love on the Brain '' ( Don Diablo Remix ) -- 3 : 28 `` Love on the Brain '' ( Gigamesh Remix ) -- 3 : 43 `` Love on the Brain '' ( John - Blake Remix ) -- 3 : 31 `` Love on the Brain '' ( RY X Remix ) -- 3 : 37 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from Rihanna 's official website . Locations Recorded at Westlake Studios in Los Angeles , California Mixed at Larrabee Studios in Universal City , California Mastering at Sterling Sound Studios in New York City , New York Personnel Rihanna -- vocals , writing Fred Ball -- writing , production , keyboards , drums Joseph Angel -- writing , keyboards , drums , arrangement Jarle Bernhoft -- guitar , bass Marcos Tovar -- vocal recording Kuk Harrell -- vocal recording , vocal production Manny Marroquin -- mixing Chris Galland -- mixing assistant Jeff Jackson -- mixing assistant Ike Schultz -- mixing assistant Chris Gehringer -- mastering Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 33 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders Urban ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 16 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 22 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 11 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 13 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 12 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 80 France ( SNEP ) 12 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 21 Greece ( IFPI ) 16 Greece ( Foreign Airplay Chart ) ( IFPI ) 5 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 23 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 34 Iceland ( RÚV ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 15 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) 32 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 59 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 5 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 19 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 25 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 96 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 26 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 175 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 28 US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 9 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position Poland ( ZPAV ) 42 US Hot R&B Songs ( Billboard ) 32 Chart ( 2017 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 63 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 73 US Billboard Hot 100 33 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 14 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 20 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 27 US Hot R&B Songs ( Billboard ) 7 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 21 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 20 US Hot Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) Platinum 40,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 150,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 15,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . United States September 27 , 2016 Rhythmic contemporary Roc Nation Def Jam Urban contemporary October 11 , 2016 Contemporary hit radio November 14 , 2016 Hot adult contemporary Germany January 20 , 2017 CD single Def Jam Universal Music See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 2016 ( Poland ) List of number - one dance singles of 2017 ( U.S. ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Love on the Brain '' was originally scheduled to be released to hot adult contemporary radios on October 10 , 2016 , but it was postponed to November 14 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Oseran , Anna ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` How to Write a Song for Rihanna '' . Genius . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Ball -- Roc Nation '' . Roc Nation . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anti ( Deluxe Edition ) Rihanna Credits '' . Rihannanow.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Nick ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Rihanna reveals R8 song titles & she explains WHY her album still is n't ready ! '' . Unreality TV . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna 's Next Single Is ( Probably ) `` Love On The Brain '' `` . Idolator . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sonis , Rachel ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna Confirms `` Love On The Brain '' As Her Next Single `` . Idolator . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lindner , Emilee ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna Picks her Next ' Anti ' Single -- Fuse '' . Fuse . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 / R Future Releases '' . All Access . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Urban / UAC Future Releases '' . All Access . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Available for Airplay '' . FMQB . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hot / Modern / AC Future Releases '' . All Access . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McCormick , Neil ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna , Anti , track by track '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gracie , Bianca ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' ANTI ' : A Track - By - Track Album Review '' . Idolator . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Christian ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' ANTI ' a personal , experimental opus '' . Michigan Daily . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cinquemani , Sal ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna : Anti -- Slant Magazine '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bassett , Jordan ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna 's Anti : Track - By - Track Review '' . NME . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Benjamin , Jeff ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' ANTI ' Album : Track - by - Track Review '' . Fuse . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Farah , Safy - Hallan ; Barlow , Eve ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' ANTI ' : SPIN 's Impulsive Reviews '' . Spin . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McKinney , Jessica ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Rihanna 's ANTI Is Gold ... If You 're Willing To Give It A Try '' . Vibe . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fenty , Robyn . `` Rihanna `` Love on the Brain '' Sheet Music in G Major ( transposable ) -- Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Wickman , Forrest ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna 's Anti : A Track - by - Track Breakdown '' . Slate . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Patrick ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' ANTI : ' A track - by - track review '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holz , Adam R. `` Anti Album Review ( 2016 ) '' . Plugged In . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eggert , Jessica ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` What Is Rihanna 's `` Love on the Brain '' About ? Lyrics to Her Sultry , Old - School Love Ballad `` . Mic . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Anti -- Rihanna -- Songs , Reviews , Credits -- AllMusic '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Julianne ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` On ' Anti , ' Being Rihanna Is n't Easy : Album Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mackay , Emily ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna -- ' Anti ' Review '' . NME . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gerard , Chris ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna : Anti -- PopMatters '' . PopMatters . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reiff , Corbin ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna shifts moods in the highly anticipated Anti '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Nolan ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Rihanna 's Anti Rewrites the Rules of Her Career '' . Time . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Eirc Renner ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Anti ' : EW Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rodman , Sarah ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Anti ' proves climactic change of pace for Rihanna '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Check out SECOND AND FINAL WAVE OF `` TEEN CHOICE 2017 '' NOMINEES ANNOUNCED Teen Choice on FOX `` . So You Think You Can Dance on FOX . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mendizabal , Amaya ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Guordan Banks ' ' Keep You In Mind ' Reaches No. 1 on Adult R&B Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 -- The Week of November 12 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Camila Cabello Hits Top 40 With Machine Gun Kelly & Debuts With Fifth Harmony '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Rae Sremmurd Rules Hot 100 , Machine Gun Kelly & Camila Cabello Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Tops Hot 100 , Katy Perry Debuts at No. 4 & Bruno Mars , Rihanna & The Weeknd All Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Rihanna Earns Landmark 30th Top 10 Hit on Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Stays Atop Hot 100 , Clean Bandit Bounds to Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna 's `` Love On the Brain '' Ranks As Pop Radio 's Most Added Song `` . Headline Planet . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rihanna Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rihanna Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Rihanna Extends Record for Most Radio Songs Top 10s With ' Love on the Brain ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Gordon ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Rihanna Rules Dance Club Songs With ' Love on the Brain , ' Her 28th No. 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- The Week of December 3 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Rihanna -- Love on the Brain '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés -- SNEP ( Week 2 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Rihanna -- Love on the Brain '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- Rihanna -- Love on the Brain '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Rihanna -- Love on the Brain '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ZPAV Polish Singles Chart '' . ZPAV . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Kicks Off ' Anti World Tour ' '' . Rap - Up . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis ( June 25 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna live review : Riri rips up the rulebook at Wembley Stadium '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cragg , Michael ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna review -- like watching a different artist '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Astounds With ' Love on the Brain ' at the 2016 Billboard Music Awards '' . Billboard . May 22 , 2016 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grant , Sarah ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` See Rihanna Channel Whitney Houston at Billboard Music Awards '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Natalie Weiner ( 2016 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' We Found Love , ' ' Work ' and More Video VMAs 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Rosa , Christopher ( 2016 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Rihanna 's MTV VMA 2016 Performances Were Amazing in Every Way '' . Glamour . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Joe Lynch ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) . `` VMAs 2016 Performances Ranked From Worst to Best : Beyonce , Rihanna & More '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Kevin ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Love on the Brain ' Leads Top TV Songs Chart Thanks to ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Completely Slays Rihanna 's ' Love on the Brain ' '' . ET Online . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC iPlayer -- Live Lounge -- MØ '' . BBC . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jiang , Katherine ( March 25 , 2017 ) . `` Little Mix Cover Rihanna 's `` Love on the Brain '' `` . Celebmix . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love On The Brain ( 2 - Track ) '' . Amazon.com , Inc . ( DE ) . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listen to Love On The Brain by Rihanna on TIDAL '' . Tidal . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Rihanna -- Love on the Brain '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Rihanna -- Love on the Brain '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' Billboard . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' Billboard . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201712 into search . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Top 20 General '' ( in Greek ) . IFPI . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Top 20 International '' ( in Greek ) . IFPI . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Rihanna -- Love on the Brain '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201704 into search . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201711 into search . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Rihanna -- Love on the Brain '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Rihanna -- Love on the Brain '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chart Log UK : `` CHART : CLUK Update 13 February 2016 ( wk6 ) '' . UK Singles Chart . Zobbel.de . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' Billboard . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' Billboard . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Podsumowanie roku -- Airplay 2016 '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot R&B Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . billboard.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Anual 2017 - Anglo '' . Monitor Latino . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2017/pop-songs Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2017/adult-contemporary-songs Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2017/adult-pop-songs Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2017/hot-r-and-and-b-songs Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2017/hot-r-and-and-b-hip-hop-songs Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2017/rhythmic-songs Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2017/dance-club-songs Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Universal Music Brasil ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` '' Love On The Brain `` , da @ badgalriri , é platina no Brasil ! '' ( in Portuguese ) . Universal Music Brasil . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Rihanna -- Love On The Brain '' . Music Canada . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Rihanna -- Love on the Brain '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Rihanna -- Love On The Brain '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Rihanna -- Love On The Brain '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Rihanna -- Love on the Brain '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Type Rihanna in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Love On The Brain and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Rihanna -- Love On The Brain '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Enter Love On The Brain in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Rihanna -- Love On The Brain '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Rihanna songs Discography Music of the Sun `` Pon de Replay '' `` If It 's Lovin ' that You Want '' `` You Do n't Love Me ( No , No , No ) '' A Girl like Me `` SOS '' `` Unfaithful '' `` We Ride '' `` Break It Off '' Good Girl Gone Bad `` Umbrella '' `` Do n't Stop the Music '' `` Shut Up and Drive '' `` Hate That I Love You '' `` Rehab '' Good Girl Gone Bad : Reloaded `` Disturbia '' `` Take a Bow '' `` If I Never See Your Face Again '' Rated R `` Wait Your Turn '' `` Hard '' `` Stupid in Love '' `` Rockstar 101 '' `` Russian Roulette '' `` Rude Boy '' `` Te Amo '' `` Cold Case Love '' Loud `` S&M '' `` What 's My Name ? '' `` Cheers ( Drink to That ) '' `` Fading '' `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' `` California King Bed '' `` Man Down '' `` Raining Men '' `` Complicated '' `` Skin '' `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' Talk That Talk `` You da One '' `` Where Have You Been '' `` We Found Love '' `` Talk That Talk '' `` Cockiness ( Love It ) '' `` Birthday Cake '' `` Drunk on Love '' `` Roc Me Out '' `` Watch n ' Learn '' `` Farewell '' `` Do Ya Thang '' `` Fool in Love '' Unapologetic `` Phresh Out the Runway '' `` Diamonds '' `` Numb '' `` Pour It Up '' `` Loveeeeeee Song '' `` Jump '' `` Right Now '' `` What Now '' `` Stay '' `` Nobody 's Business '' `` Love Without Tragedy / Mother Mary '' `` No Love Allowed '' `` Half of Me '' Home `` Towards the Sun '' `` Dancing in the Dark '' Anti `` Consideration '' `` Kiss It Better '' `` Work '' `` Desperado '' `` Needed Me '' `` Love on the Brain '' `` Pose '' `` Sex with Me '' Collaborations `` All of the Lights '' `` Bad ( Remix ) '' `` Ca n't Remember to Forget You '' `` Famous '' `` Fly '' `` Lemon '' `` Live Your Life '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' `` Loyalty '' `` Nothing Is Promised '' `` Numba 1 ( Tide Is High ) '' `` Princess of China '' `` Roll It '' `` Run This Town '' `` Selfish '' `` Stranded ( Haiti Mon Amour ) '' `` Take Care '' `` The Monster '' `` This Is What You Came For '' `` Too Good '' `` Who 's That Chick ? '' `` Wild Thoughts '' Non-album songs `` American Oxygen '' `` Bad Girl '' `` Birthday Cake ( Remix ) '' `` Bitch Better Have My Money '' `` Cockiness ( Love It ) ( Remix ) '' `` FourFiveSeconds '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Redemption Song '' `` S&M ( Remix ) '' `` Sledgehammer '' `` Turn Up the Music ( Remix ) '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_on_the_Brain&oldid=815862800 '' Categories : 2010s ballads 2016 singles 2016 songs Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Doo - wop songs Number - one singles in Poland Rihanna songs Song recordings produced by Kuk Harrell Songs about sexuality Songs written by Rihanna Soul ballads Torch songs Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart used with UKZobbel that can not be substituted Singlechart usages for UKZobbel Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Brazil Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Português Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 17 : 58 . 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who wrote must be love on the brain
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[
"\n\n\"Love on the Brain\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Rihanna\n\n\nfrom the album Anti\n\n\nReleased\nSeptember 27, 2016 (2016-09-27)\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\nCD single\ndigital download\n\n\n\n\n\nStudio\nWestlake Recording Studios, Fred's Shed (Santa Monica, California)\n\n\nLength\n3:44\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nWestbury Road\nRoc Nation\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nFred Ball\nJoseph Angel\nRobyn Fenty\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nFred Ball\nKuk Harrell\n\n\n\n\n\nRihanna singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Too Good\"\n(2016)\n\"Love on the Brain\"\n(2016)\n\"Selfish\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Too Good\"\n(2016)\n\"Love on the Brain\"\n(2016)\n\"Selfish\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\"Love on the Brain\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Rihanna\n\n\nfrom the album Anti\n\n\nReleased\nSeptember 27, 2016 (2016-09-27)\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\nCD single\ndigital download\n\n\n\n\n\nStudio\nWestlake Recording Studios, Fred's Shed (Santa Monica, California)\n\n\nLength\n3:44\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nWestbury Road\nRoc Nation\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nFred Ball\nJoseph Angel\nRobyn Fenty\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nFred Ball\nKuk Harrell\n\n\n\n\n\nRihanna singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Too Good\"\n(2016)\n\"Love on the Brain\"\n(2016)\n\"Selfish\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Too Good\"\n(2016)\n\"Love on the Brain\"\n(2016)\n\"Selfish\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\"Love on the Brain\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Rihanna\n\n\nfrom the album Anti\n\n\nReleased\nSeptember 27, 2016 (2016-09-27)\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\nCD single\ndigital download\n\n\n\n\n\nStudio\nWestlake Recording Studios, Fred's Shed (Santa Monica, California)\n\n\nLength\n3:44\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nWestbury Road\nRoc Nation\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nFred Ball\nJoseph Angel\nRobyn Fenty\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nFred Ball\nKuk Harrell\n\n\n\n\n\nRihanna singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Too Good\"\n(2016)\n\"Love on the Brain\"\n(2016)\n\"Selfish\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Too Good\"\n(2016)\n\"Love on the Brain\"\n(2016)\n\"Selfish\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n"
] |
[
"Fred Ball",
"Joseph Angel",
"Robyn Fenty"
] |
-404999908778043534
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Ottawa
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Ottawa - Wikipedia Ottawa This article is about the capital city of Canada . For the First Nation people , see Odawa . For other uses , see Ottawa ( disambiguation ) . City ( single - tier ) in Ontario , Canada Ottawa City ( single - tier ) City of Ottawa Ville d'Ottawa Centre Block on Parliament Hill , the National War Memorial in downtown Ottawa , the National Gallery of Canada , and the Rideau Canal with Château Laurier Flag Coat of arms Logo Nickname ( s ) : `` Bytown '' Motto ( s ) : `` Advance - Ottawa - En Avant '' Written in the two official languages . Location of Ottawa in the province of Ontario Ottawa Location in Ontario , Canada & North America Ottawa Ottawa ( Canada ) Ottawa Ottawa ( North America ) Show map of Ontario Show map of Canada Show map of North America Show all Coordinates : 45 ° 25 ′ N 75 ° 41 ′ W / 45.417 ° N 75.683 ° W / 45.417 ; - 75.683 Coordinates : 45 ° 25 ′ N 75 ° 41 ′ W / 45.417 ° N 75.683 ° W / 45.417 ; - 75.683 Country Canada Province Ontario Region National Capital Region Established 1826 as Bytown Incorporated 1855 as City of Ottawa Amalgamated 1 January 2001 Government Mayor Jim Watson City Council Ottawa City Council MPs List of MPs ( show ) Chandra Arya ( L ) Mona Fortier ( L ) Andrew Leslie ( L ) Karen McCrimmon ( L ) David McGuinty ( L ) Catherine McKenna ( L ) Pierre Poilievre ( C ) Anita Vandenbeld ( L ) MPPs List of MPPs ( show ) Nathalie Des Rosiers ( L ) John Fraser ( L ) Merrilee Fullerton ( PC ) Goldie Ghamari ( PC ) Joel Harden ( NDP ) Marie - France Lalonde ( L ) Lisa MacLeod ( PC ) Jeremy Roberts ( PC ) Area City ( single - tier ) 2,778.13 km ( 1,072.9 sq mi ) Urban 501.92 km ( 193.79 sq mi ) Metro 5,716.00 km ( 2,206.96 sq mi ) Elevation 70 m ( 230 ft ) Population ( 2016 ) City ( single - tier ) 964,743 ( 4th ) Density 334.8 / km ( 867 / sq mi ) Urban 933,596 Urban density 1,860.1 / km ( 4,818 / sq mi ) Metro 1,323,783 ( 5th ) Metro density 196.6 / km ( 509 / sq mi ) Demonym Ottawan Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC − 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) Postal code span K1A - K4A Area code ( s ) 613 , 343 GDP US $ 58.2 billion GDP per capita US $44,149 Website www.ottawa.ca Ottawa ( / ˈɒtəwə / ( listen ) , / - wɑː / ; French pronunciation : ( ɔtawa ) ) is the capital city of Canada . It stands on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario . Ottawa borders Gatineau , Quebec ; the two form the core of the Ottawa -- Gatineau census metropolitan area ( CMA ) and the National Capital Region ( NCR ) . As of 2016 , Ottawa had a city population of 964,743 and a metropolitan population of 1,323,783 making it the fourth - largest city and the fifth - largest CMA in Canada . Founded in 1826 as Bytown , and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855 , the city has evolved into the political centre of Canada . Its original boundaries were expanded through numerous annexations and were ultimately replaced by a new city incorporation and amalgamation in 2001 which significantly increased its land area . The city name `` Ottawa '' was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River , the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa , meaning `` to trade '' . Ottawa has the most educated population among Canadian cities and is home to a number of post-secondary , research , and cultural institutions , including the National Arts Centre , the National Gallery , and numerous national museums . Ottawa has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment . Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Neighbourhoods and outlying communities 3 Demographics 4 Economy 5 Culture 5.1 Architecture 5.2 Museums and performing arts 5.3 Historic and heritage sites 5.4 Sports 5.4. 1 Current professional teams 6 Government 7 Transportation 8 Education 9 Media 10 Twin towns -- sister cities 11 Notable people 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 References 14.1 Notes 15 Bibliography 16 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Ottawa See also : Timeline of Ottawa history With the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago , the Ottawa Valley became habitable . Local populations used the area for wild edible harvesting , hunting , fishing , trade , travel , and camps for over 6500 years . The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads , pottery , and stone tools . Three major rivers meet within Ottawa , making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years . The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning `` Great River '' or `` Grand River '' . Camp used by soldiers and labourers of the Rideau Canal , on the south side of the Ottawa River in 1826 . The building of the canal attracted many land speculators to the area . Étienne Brûlé , widely regarded as the first European to travel up the Ottawa River , passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes . Three years later , Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls in the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins , who had been using the Ottawa River for centuries . Many missionaries would follow the early explorers and traders . The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa , derived from the Algonquin word adawe ( `` to trade '' , used in reference to the area 's importance to First Nations traders ) , to name the river . Philemon Wright , a New Englander , created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river , across from the present day city of Ottawa in Hull . He , with five other families and twenty - five labourers , set about to create an agricultural community called Wrightsville . Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade ( soon to be the area 's most significant economic activity ) by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City . Bytown , Ottawa 's original name , was founded as a community in 1826 when hundreds of land speculators were attracted to the south side of the river when news spread that British authorities were immediately constructing the northerly end of the Rideau Canal military project at that location . The following year , the town was named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project . The canal 's military purpose was to provide a secure route between Montreal and Kingston on Lake Ontario , bypassing a particularly vulnerable stretch of the St. Lawrence River bordering the state of New York that had left re-supply ships bound for southwestern Ontario easily exposed to enemy fire during the War of 1812 . Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of today 's Parliament Hill . He also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named `` Upper Town '' west of the canal and `` Lower Town '' east of the canal . Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes , historically ' Upper Town ' was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas ' Lower Town ' was predominantly French , Irish and Catholic . Bytown 's population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832 . Bytown encountered some impassioned and violent times in her early pioneer period that included Irish labour unrest that attributed to the Shiners ' War from 1835 to 1845 and political dissension that was evident from the 1849 Stony Monday Riot . In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city . William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development . View of Ottawa in 1859 , prior to the start of construction on Parliament Hill . Two years prior , Queen Victoria selected the city as the permanent capital of the Province of Canada . On New Year 's Eve 1857 , Queen Victoria , as a symbolic and political gesture , was presented with the responsibility of selecting a location for the permanent capital of the Province of Canada . In reality , Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government , as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock . The ' Queen 's choice ' turned out to be the small frontier town of Ottawa for two main reasons : Firstly , Ottawa 's isolated location in a back country surrounded by dense forest far from the Canada -- US border and situated on a cliff face would make it more defensible from attack . Secondly , Ottawa was approximately midway between Toronto and Kingston ( in Canada West ) and Montreal and Quebec City ( in Canada East ) . Additionally , despite Ottawa 's regional isolation it had seasonal water transportation access to Montreal over the Ottawa River and to Kingston via the Rideau Waterway . By 1854 it also had a modern all season Bytown and Prescott Railway that carried passengers , lumber and supplies the 82 - kilometres to Prescott on the Saint Lawrence River and beyond . Ottawa 's small size , it was thought , would make it less prone to rampaging politically motivated mobs , as had happened in the previous Canadian capitals . The government already owned the land that would eventually become Parliament Hill which they thought would be an ideal location for building the Parliament Buildings . Ottawa was the only settlement of any substantial size that was already directly on the border of French populated former Lower Canada and English populated former Upper Canada thus additionally making the selection an important political compromise . Queen Victoria made her `` Queen 's choice '' very quickly just before welcoming in the New Year . Starting in the 1850s , entrepreneurs known as lumber barons began to build large sawmills , which became some of the largest mills in the world . Rail lines built in 1854 connected Ottawa to areas south and to the transcontinental rail network via Hull and Lachute , Quebec in 1886 . The original Parliament buildings which included the Centre , East and West Blocks were constructed between 1859 and 1866 in the Gothic Revival style . At the time , this was the largest North American construction project ever attempted and Public Works Canada and its architects were not initially well prepared . The Library of Parliament and Parliament Hill landscaping would not be completed until 1876 . By 1885 Ottawa was the only city in Canada whose downtown street lights were powered entirely by electricity . In 1889 the Government developed and distributed 60 ' water leases ' ( still currently in use ) to mainly local industrialists which gave them permission to generate electricity and operate hydroelectric generators at Chaudière Falls . Public transportation began in 1870 with a horsecar system , overtaken in the 1890s by a vast electric streetcar system that lasted until 1959 . Lebreton Flats after the 1900 Hull -- Ottawa fire . The fire destroyed one - fifth of Ottawa , and two - thirds of neighbouring Hull , Quebec . The Hull -- Ottawa fire of 1900 destroyed two - thirds of Hull , including 40 per cent of its residential buildings and most of its largest employers along the waterfront . It also spread across the Ottawa River and destroyed about one fifth of Ottawa from the Lebreton Flats south to Booth Street and down to Dow 's Lake . On 1 June 1912 the Grand Trunk Railway opened both the Château Laurier hotel and its neighbouring downtown Union Station . On 3 February 1916 the Centre Block of the Parliament buildings was destroyed by a fire . The House of Commons and Senate was temporarily relocated to the then recently constructed Victoria Memorial Museum , now the Canadian Museum of Nature until the completion of the new Centre Block in 1922 , the centrepiece of which is a dominant Gothic revival styled structure known as the Peace Tower . The current location of what is now Confederation Square was a former commercial district centrally located in a triangular area downtown surrounded by historically significant heritage buildings which includes the Parliament buildings . It was redeveloped as a ceremonial centre in 1938 as part of the City Beautiful Movement and became the site of the National War Memorial in 1939 and designated a National Historic Site in 1984 . A new Central Post Office ( now the Privy Council of Canada ) was constructed in 1939 beside the War Memorial because the original post office building on the proposed Confederation Square grounds had to be demolished . Greber plan 's National Capital Greenbelt surrounding the urban core . Ottawa 's former industrial appearance was vastly altered by the 1950 Greber Plan . Prime Minister Mackenzie King hired French architect - planner Jacques Greber to design an urban plan for managing development in the National Capital Region , to make it more aesthetically pleasing and more befitting a location for Canada 's political centre . Greber 's plan included the creation of the National Capital Greenbelt , the Parkway , the Queensway highway system , the relocation of downtown Union Station ( now the Government Conference Centre ) to the suburbs , the removal of the street car system , the decentralization of selected government offices , the relocation of industries and removal of substandard housing from the downtown and the creation of the Rideau Canal and Ottawa River pathways to name just a few of its recommendations . In 1958 the National Capital Commission was established as a Crown Corporation from the passing of the National Capital Act to implement the Greber Plan recommendations - which it accomplished during the 1960s and 1970s . In the previous 50 years , other commissions , plans and projects had failed to implement plans to improve the capital such as the 1899 Ottawa Improvement Commission ( OIC ) , The Todd Plan in 1903 , The Holt Report in 1915 and The Federal District Commission ( FDC ) established in 1927 . In 1958 a new City Hall opened on Green Island near Rideau falls where urban renewal had recently transformed this former industrial location into green space . Until then , City Hall had temporarily been located for 27 years ( 1931 -- 1958 ) at the Transportation Building adjacent to Union Station and now part of the Rideau Centre . In 2001 , Ottawa City Hall returned downtown to a relatively new building ( 1990 ) on 110 Laurier Avenue West , the prior home of the now defunct Regional Municipality of Ottawa - Carleton . This new location was close to Ottawa 's first ( 1849 -- 1877 ) and second ( 1877 -- 1931 ) City Halls . This new city hall complex also contained an adjacent 19th century restored heritage building formerly known as the Ottawa Normal School . The John G. Diefenbaker Building was Ottawa 's fourth city hall . Opened in 1958 , it was the seat of local government until the City Council moved to its present location in 2001 . From the 1960s until the 1980s , the National Capital Region experienced a building boom , which was followed by large growth in the high - tech industry during the 1990s and 2000s . Ottawa became one of Canada 's largest high tech cities and was nicknamed Silicon Valley North . By the 1980s , Bell Northern Research ( later Nortel ) employed thousands , and large federally assisted research facilities such as the National Research Council contributed to an eventual technology boom . The early adopters led to offshoot companies such as Newbridge Networks , Mitel and Corel . Ottawa 's city limits had been increasing over the years , but it acquired the most territory on 1 January 2001 , when it amalgamated all the municipalities of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa -- Carleton into one single city . Regional Chair Bob Chiarelli was elected as the new city 's first mayor in the 2000 municipal election , defeating Gloucester mayor Claudette Cain . The city 's growth led to strains on the public transit system and on road bridges . On 15 October 2001 , a diesel - powered light rail transit ( LRT ) line was introduced on an experimental basis . Known today as the Trillium Line , it was dubbed the O - Train and connected downtown Ottawa to the southern suburbs via Carleton University . The decision to extend the O - Train , and to replace it with an electric light rail system was a major issue in the 2006 municipal elections where Chiarelli was defeated by businessman Larry O'Brien . After O'Brien's election transit plans were changed to establish a series of light rail stations from the east side of the city into downtown , and for using a tunnel through the downtown core . Jim Watson , the last mayor of Ottawa prior to amalgamation , was re-elected in the 2010 election . In October 2012 , City Council approved the final Lansdowne Park plan , an agreement with the Ottawa Sports and Entertainment Group that saw a new stadium , increased green space , and housing and retail added to the site . In December 2012 , City Council voted unanimously to move forward with the Confederation Line , a 12.5 km light rail transit line , to be fully operational by 2018 . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Ottawa Downtown Ottawa is situated on the south bank of the Ottawa River . Gatineau may be seen in the background , across the river . Ottawa is on the south bank of the Ottawa River and contains the mouths of the Rideau River and Rideau Canal . The older part of the city ( including what remains of Bytown ) is known as Lower Town , and occupies an area between the canal and the rivers . Across the canal to the west lies Centretown and Downtown Ottawa , which is the city 's financial and commercial hub and home to the Parliament of Canada and numerous federal government department headquarters , notably the Privy Council Office . On 29 June 2007 , the Rideau Canal , which stretches 202 km ( 126 mi ) to Kingston , Fort Henry and four Martello towers in the Kingston area , was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Located within the major , yet mostly dormant Western Quebec Seismic Zone , Ottawa is occasionally struck by earthquakes . Examples include the 2000 Kipawa earthquake , a magnitude - 4.5 earthquake on 24 February 2006 , the 2010 Central Canada earthquake , and a magnitude - 5.2 earthquake on 17 May 2013 . Ottawa sits at the confluence of three major rivers : the Ottawa River , the Gatineau River and the Rideau River . The Ottawa and Gatineau rivers were historically important in the logging and lumber industries and the Rideau as part of the Rideau Canal system for military , commercial and , subsequently , recreational purposes . The Rideau Canal ( Rideau Waterway ) first opened in 1832 and is 202 km long . It connects the Saint Lawrence River on Lake Ontario at Kingston to the Ottawa River near Parliament Hill . It was able to bypass the unnavigable sections of the Cataraqui and Rideau rivers and various small lakes along the waterway due to flooding techniques and the construction of 47 water transport locks. The Rideau River got its name from early French explorers who thought that the waterfalls located at the point where the Rideau River empties into the Ottawa River resembled a ' curtain ' . Hence they began naming the falls and river ' rideau ' which is the French equivalent of the English word for curtain . During part of the winter season the Ottawa section of the canal forms the world 's largest skating rink , thereby providing both a recreational venue and a 7.8 kilometres ( 4.8 mi ) transportation path to downtown for ice skaters ( from Carleton University and Dow 's Lake to the Rideau Centre and National Arts Centre ) . Across the Ottawa River , which forms the border between Ontario and Quebec , lies the city of Gatineau , itself the result of amalgamation of the former Quebec cities of Hull and Aylmer together with Gatineau . Although formally and administratively separate cities in two separate provinces , Ottawa and Gatineau ( along with a number of nearby municipalities ) collectively constitute the National Capital Region , which is considered a single metropolitan area . One federal crown corporation , the National Capital Commission , or NCC , has significant land holdings in both cities , including sites of historical and touristic importance . The NCC , through its responsibility for planning and development of these lands , is an important contributor to both cities . Around the main urban area is an extensive greenbelt , administered by the NCC for conservation and leisure , and comprising mostly forest , farmland and marshland . Climate ( edit ) Ottawa has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) with four distinct seasons and is between Zones 5a and 5b on the Canadian Plant Hardiness Scale . The average July maximum temperature is 26.6 ° C ( 80 ° F ) . The average January minimum temperature is − 14.4 ° C ( 6.1 ° F ) Skating on the Rideau Canal . Snow and ice is common for the region during the winter . Summers are warm and humid in Ottawa . On average 11 days of the three summer months have temperatures exceeding 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) , or 37 days if the humidex is considered . Average relative humidity averages 54 % in the afternoon and 84 % by morning . Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season . On average Ottawa receives 224 centimetres ( 88 in ) of snowfall annually but maintains an average 22 centimetres ( 9 in ) of snowpack throughout the three winter months . An average 16 days of the three winter months experience temperatures below − 20 ° C ( − 4 ° F ) , or 41 days if the wind chill is considered . Spring and fall are variable , prone to extremes in temperature and unpredictable swings in conditions . Hot days above 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) have occurred as early as April or as late as October . Annual precipitation averages around 940 millimetres ( 37 in ) . Ottawa experiences about 2,130 hours of average sunshine annually ( 46 % of possible ) . Winds in Ottawa are generally Westerlies averaging 13 km / h but tend to be slightly more dominant during the winter . The highest temperature ever recorded in Ottawa was 37.8 ° C ( 100 ° F ) on 4 July 1913 , 1 August 1917 and 11 August 1944 . The coldest temperature ever recorded was − 38.9 ° C ( − 38 ° F ) on 29 December 1933 . show Climate data for Ottawa ( Central Experimental Farm ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1872 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 15.6 ( 60.1 ) 12.7 ( 54.9 ) 26.7 ( 80.1 ) 31.2 ( 88.2 ) 35.2 ( 95.4 ) 36.7 ( 98.1 ) 37.8 ( 100 ) 37.8 ( 100 ) 36.7 ( 98.1 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 23.3 ( 73.9 ) 17.2 ( 63 ) 37.8 ( 100 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) − 5.8 ( 21.6 ) − 3.1 ( 26.4 ) 2.4 ( 36.3 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 26.6 ( 79.9 ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 12.8 ( 55 ) 5.5 ( 41.9 ) − 2.0 ( 28.4 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) − 10.2 ( 13.6 ) − 7.9 ( 17.8 ) − 2.2 ( 28 ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 18.7 ( 65.7 ) 21.2 ( 70.2 ) 19.9 ( 67.8 ) 15.3 ( 59.5 ) 8.4 ( 47.1 ) 2.0 ( 35.6 ) − 5.6 ( 21.9 ) 6.6 ( 43.9 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 14.4 ( 6.1 ) − 12.5 ( 9.5 ) − 6.8 ( 19.8 ) 1.5 ( 34.7 ) 8.0 ( 46.4 ) 13.3 ( 55.9 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 14.5 ( 58.1 ) 10.1 ( 50.2 ) 4.0 ( 39.2 ) − 1.5 ( 29.3 ) − 9.2 ( 15.4 ) 1.9 ( 35.4 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 37.8 ( − 36 ) − 38.3 ( − 36.9 ) − 36.7 ( − 34.1 ) − 20.6 ( − 5.1 ) − 7.2 ( 19 ) 0.0 ( 32 ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) 1.1 ( 34 ) − 4.4 ( 24.1 ) − 12.8 ( 9 ) − 30.6 ( − 23.1 ) − 38.9 ( − 38 ) − 38.9 ( − 38 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 62.9 ( 2.476 ) 49.7 ( 1.957 ) 57.5 ( 2.264 ) 71.1 ( 2.799 ) 86.6 ( 3.409 ) 92.7 ( 3.65 ) 84.4 ( 3.323 ) 83.8 ( 3.299 ) 92.7 ( 3.65 ) 85.9 ( 3.382 ) 82.7 ( 3.256 ) 69.5 ( 2.736 ) 919.5 ( 36.201 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 23.0 ( 0.906 ) 17.9 ( 0.705 ) 28.8 ( 1.134 ) 63.2 ( 2.488 ) 86.6 ( 3.409 ) 92.7 ( 3.65 ) 84.4 ( 3.323 ) 83.8 ( 3.299 ) 92.7 ( 3.65 ) 83.1 ( 3.272 ) 67.5 ( 2.657 ) 31.9 ( 1.256 ) 755.5 ( 29.744 ) Average snowfall cm ( inches ) 44.3 ( 17.44 ) 34.7 ( 13.66 ) 29.1 ( 11.46 ) 7.2 ( 2.83 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 2.9 ( 1.14 ) 16.0 ( 6.3 ) 41.3 ( 16.26 ) 175.4 ( 69.06 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 16.0 11.7 11.5 13.2 14.5 12.4 11.6 11.2 12.9 14.9 15.2 15.6 160.7 Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 3.7 3.5 5.5 11.5 14.4 12.4 11.6 11.2 12.9 14.6 11.6 5.5 118.3 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.2 cm ) 14.1 9.7 7.4 2.7 0.08 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.81 5.1 12.2 52.0 Mean monthly sunshine hours 99.3 131.3 167.1 189.8 229.8 254.2 279.0 249.3 177.6 139.4 84.3 82.6 2,083.7 Percent possible sunshine 35.0 44.9 45.3 46.9 49.9 54.3 58.9 57.1 47.1 41.0 29.4 30.3 45.0 Source : Environment Canada show Climate data for Ottawa International Airport , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1938 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high humidex 13.9 15.1 30.0 35.1 41.8 44.0 47.2 47.0 42.5 33.9 26.1 18.4 47.2 Record high ° C ( ° F ) 12.9 ( 55.2 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 27.4 ( 81.3 ) 31.1 ( 88 ) 35.8 ( 96.4 ) 36.1 ( 97 ) 36.7 ( 98.1 ) 37.8 ( 100 ) 35.1 ( 95.2 ) 27.8 ( 82 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 17.9 ( 64.2 ) 37.8 ( 100 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) − 5.8 ( 21.6 ) − 3.4 ( 25.9 ) 2.5 ( 36.5 ) 11.6 ( 52.9 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 26.5 ( 79.7 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 12.7 ( 54.9 ) 5.4 ( 41.7 ) − 2.3 ( 27.9 ) 11.3 ( 52.3 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) − 10.3 ( 13.5 ) − 8.1 ( 17.4 ) − 2.3 ( 27.9 ) 6.3 ( 43.3 ) 13.3 ( 55.9 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 8.0 ( 46.4 ) 1.5 ( 34.7 ) − 6.2 ( 20.8 ) 6.4 ( 43.5 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 14.8 ( 5.4 ) − 12.7 ( 9.1 ) − 7.0 ( 19.4 ) 1.0 ( 33.8 ) 7.5 ( 45.5 ) 12.9 ( 55.2 ) 15.5 ( 59.9 ) 14.3 ( 57.7 ) 9.6 ( 49.3 ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) − 2.4 ( 27.7 ) − 10.1 ( 13.8 ) 1.4 ( 34.5 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 35.6 ( − 32.1 ) − 36.1 ( − 33 ) − 30.6 ( − 23.1 ) − 16.7 ( 1.9 ) − 5.6 ( 21.9 ) − 0.1 ( 31.8 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 2.6 ( 36.7 ) − 3.0 ( 26.6 ) − 8.0 ( 17.6 ) − 21.7 ( − 7.1 ) − 34.4 ( − 29.9 ) − 36.1 ( − 33 ) Record low wind chill − 47.8 − 47.6 − 42.7 − 26.3 − 10.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 − 6.4 − 13.3 − 29.5 − 44.6 − 47.8 Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 65.4 ( 2.575 ) 54.3 ( 2.138 ) 64.4 ( 2.535 ) 74.5 ( 2.933 ) 80.3 ( 3.161 ) 92.8 ( 3.654 ) 91.9 ( 3.618 ) 85.5 ( 3.366 ) 90.1 ( 3.547 ) 86.1 ( 3.39 ) 81.9 ( 3.224 ) 76.4 ( 3.008 ) 943.4 ( 37.142 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 25.0 ( 0.984 ) 18.7 ( 0.736 ) 31.1 ( 1.224 ) 63.0 ( 2.48 ) 80.1 ( 3.154 ) 92.8 ( 3.654 ) 91.9 ( 3.618 ) 85.5 ( 3.366 ) 90.1 ( 3.547 ) 82.2 ( 3.236 ) 64.5 ( 2.539 ) 33.5 ( 1.319 ) 758.2 ( 29.85 ) Average snowfall cm ( inches ) 53.9 ( 21.22 ) 43.3 ( 17.05 ) 38.3 ( 15.08 ) 11.3 ( 4.45 ) 0.2 ( 0.08 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 3.7 ( 1.46 ) 20.2 ( 7.95 ) 52.5 ( 20.67 ) 223.5 ( 87.99 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 16.6 13.1 12.7 12.4 13.4 13.2 11.9 11.0 12.3 14.3 15.2 17.4 163.6 Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 4.4 3.9 6.7 10.9 13.4 13.2 11.9 11.0 12.3 13.7 11.0 6.0 118.4 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.2 cm ) 16.1 12.1 8.8 3.5 0.17 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 6.8 14.7 63.3 Average relative humidity ( % ) 67.5 61.3 56.6 50.2 49.9 53.1 53.7 55.0 59.1 61.6 68.1 72.2 59.0 Mean monthly sunshine hours 122.4 114.1 168.5 187.5 210.5 274.0 301.4 231.9 211.5 148.8 92.4 68.8 2,131.7 Percent possible sunshine 43.1 39.0 45.7 46.3 45.7 58.6 63.7 53.1 56.1 43.7 32.2 25.2 46.0 Source : Environment Canada Neighbourhoods and outlying communities ( edit ) Further information : List of neighbourhoods in Ottawa Map of Ottawa showing urban areas and names of historic communities . Ottawa is bounded on the east by the United Counties of Prescott and Russell ; by Renfrew County and Lanark County in the west ; on the south by the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville and the United Counties of Stormont , Dundas and Glengarry ; and on the north by the Regional County Municipality of Les Collines - de-l'Outaouais and the City of Gatineau . Modern Ottawa is made up of eleven historic townships , ten of which are from Carleton County and one from Russell . The city has a main urban area but many other urban , suburban and rural areas exist within the modern city 's limits . The main suburban area extends a considerable distance to the east , west and south of the centre , and it includes the former cities of Gloucester , Nepean and Vanier , the former village of Rockcliffe Park ( a high - income neighbourhood which is adjacent to the Prime Minister 's official residence at 24 Sussex and the Governor General 's residence ) , and the communities of Blackburn Hamlet and Orléans . The Kanata suburban area includes the former village of Stittsville to the southwest . Nepean is another major suburb which also includes Barrhaven . The communities of Manotick and Riverside South are located on the other side of the Rideau River , and Greely , southeast of Riverside South . A number of rural communities ( villages and hamlets ) lie beyond the greenbelt but are administratively part of the Ottawa municipality . Some of these communities are Burritts Rapids ; Ashton ; Fallowfield ; Kars ; Fitzroy Harbour ; Munster ; Carp ; North Gower ; Metcalfe ; Constance Bay and Osgoode and Richmond . Several towns are located within the federally defined National Capital Region but outside the city of Ottawa municipal boundaries , these include the urban communities of Almonte , Carleton Place , Embrun , Kemptville , Rockland , and Russell . Ottawa above the Ottawa River in May , left to right -- Alexandra Bridge National Gallery of Canada Byward Market Fairmont Château Laurier Rideau Canal Locks Parliament Hill with Library of Parliament and Peace Tower Downtown Ottawa towers Supreme Court of Canada Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Ottawa Historic Population Year Pop . ± % 1901 101,102 -- 1911 123,417 + 22.1 % 1921 152,868 + 23.9 % 1931 174,056 + 13.9 % 1941 206,367 + 18.6 % 1951 246,298 + 19.3 % 1956 287,244 + 16.6 % 1961 358,410 + 24.8 % 1966 413,695 + 15.4 % 1971 471,931 + 14.1 % 1976 520,533 + 10.3 % 1981 546,849 + 5.1 % 1986 606,639 + 10.9 % 1991 678,147 + 11.8 % 721,136 + 6.3 % 774,072 + 7.3 % 2006 812,129 + 4.9 % 2011 883,391 + 8.8 % 2016 934,243 + 5.8 % Note : Population figures are extrapolated for current municipal boundaries Sources : Chart format In 2011 , the populations of the City of Ottawa and the Ottawa -- Gatineau census metropolitan area ( CMA ) were 883,391 and 1,236,324 respectively . The city had a population density of 316.6 persons per km in 2006 , while the CMA had a population density of 196.6 persons per km . It is the second - largest city in Ontario , fourth - largest city in the country , and the fourth - largest CMA in the country . Ottawa 's median age of 39.2 is both below the provincial and national averages as of 2011 . Youths under 15 years constituted 16.8 % of the total population as of 2011 , while those of retirement age ( 65 years and older ) made up 13.2 % . In 2011 , females made up 51.5 % of the amalgamated Ottawa population . Between 1987 and 2002 , 131,816 individuals relocated to the city , which represents 75 % of the population growth for that period . Over 20 percent of the city 's population is foreign - born , with the most common non-Canadian countries of origin being the United Kingdom ( 8.8 % of those foreign - born ) , China ( 8.0 % ) , and Lebanon ( 4.8 % ) . About 6.1 % of residents are not Canadian citizens . Distribution map from the 2001 census showcasing the percentage of individuals whose mother tongue is French . Members of visible minority groups ( non-white / European ) constitute 23.7 % , while those of Aboriginal origin make up 2.1 % of the total population . The largest visible minority groups are : Black Canadians : 5.7 % , Chinese Canadians : 4.0 % , South Asians : 3.9 % , and Arabs : 3.7 % . Smaller groups include Latin Americans , Southeast Asians , Filipinos , and West Asians . Around 65 % of Ottawa residents describe themselves as Christian as of 2011 , with Catholics accounting for 38.5 % of the population and members of Protestant churches 25 % . Non-Christian religions are also very well established in Ottawa , the largest being Islam ( 6.7 % ) , Hinduism ( 1.4 % ) , Buddhism ( 1.3 % ) , and Judaism ( 1.2 % ) . Those with no religious affiliation represent 22.8 % . Bilingualism became official policy for the conduct of municipal business in 2002 , and 37 % of the population can speak both languages as of 2006 , making it the largest city in Canada with both English and French as co-official languages . Those who identify their mother tongue as English constitute 62.4 percent , while those with French as their mother tongue make up 14.2 percent of the population . In terms of respondents ' knowledge of one or both official languages , 59.9 percent and 1.5 percent of the population have knowledge of English only and French only , respectively ; while 37.2 percent have a knowledge of both official languages . The overall Ottawa -- Gatineau census metropolitan area ( CMA ) has a larger proportion of French speakers than Ottawa itself , since Gatineau is overwhelmingly French speaking . An additional 20.4 percent of the population list languages other than English and French as their mother tongue . These include Arabic ( 3.2 % ) , Chinese ( 3.0 % ) , Spanish ( 1.2 % ) , Italian ( 1.1 % ) , and many others . Economy ( edit ) See also : Economy of Ontario Developed in the early 1950s , Tunney 's Pasture is an area that holds a number of federal government buildings . The federal government is the city 's largest employer . Ottawa has a high standard of living , low unemployment , and the fourth highest GDP growth rate among major Canadian cities in 2007 at 2.7 % , which exceeded the Canadian average of 2.4 % . The region of Ottawa - Gatineau has the third highest income of all major Canadian cities . The average gross income in the region amounted to $40,078 , an increase of 4.9 % compared to the previous year . The annual cost of living rate in 2007 grew 1.9 % . Mercer ranks Ottawa with the third highest quality of living of any large city in the Americas , and 16th highest in the world . It is also rated the second cleanest city in Canada , and third cleanest city in the world . Ottawa 's primary employers are the Public Service of Canada and the high - tech industry , although tourism and healthcare also represent increasingly sizeable economic activities . The Federal government is the city 's largest employer , employing over 110,000 individuals from the National Capital region . The national headquarters for many federal departments are located in Ottawa , particularly throughout Centretown and in the Terrasses de la Chaudière and Place du Portage complexes in Hull . The National Defence Headquarters located in Ottawa is the main command centre for the Canadian Armed Forces and hosts the Department of National Defence . The Ottawa area includes CFS Leitrim , CFB Uplands , and the former CFB Rockcliffe . During the summer , the city hosts the Ceremonial Guard , which performs functions such as the Changing the Guard . As the national capital of Canada , tourism is an important part of Ottawa 's economy , particularly after the 150th anniversary of Canada which was centred in Ottawa . The lead - up to the festivities saw much investment in civic infrastructure , upgrades to tourist infrastructure and increases in national cultural attractions . The National Capital Region annually attracts an estimated 7.3 million tourists , who spend about 1.18 billion dollars . Kanata Research Park is home to many companies , mostly high - tech industries . In addition to the economic activities that come with being the national capital , Ottawa is an important technology centre ; in 2015 , its 1800 companies employed approximately 63,400 people . The concentration of companies in this industry earned the city the nickname of `` Silicon Valley North '' . Most of these companies specialize in telecommunications , software development and environmental technology . Large technology companies such as Nortel , Corel , Mitel , Cognos , Halogen Software , Shopify and JDS Uniphase were founded in the city . Ottawa also has regional locations for Nokia , 3M , Adobe Systems , Bell Canada , IBM and Hewlett - Packard . Many of the telecommunications and new technology are located in the western part of the city ( formerly Kanata ) . The `` tech sector '' was doing particularly well in 2015 / 2016 . The Children 's Hospital of Eastern Ontario ( CHEO ) is a major children 's and teaching hospital . The health sector is another major employer in Ottawa . Another major employer is the health sector , which employs over 18,000 people . Four active general hospitals are in the Ottawa area : Queensway - Carleton Hospital , The Ottawa Hospital , Montfort Hospital , and Children 's Hospital of Eastern Ontario . Several specialized hospital facilities are also present , such as the University of Ottawa Heart Institute and the Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre . Nordion , i - Stat and the National Research Council of Canada and OHRI are part of the growing life science sector . Business , finance , administration , and sales and service rank high among types of occupations . Approximately ten percent of Ottawa 's GDP is derived from finance , insurance and real estate whereas employment in goods - producing industries is only half the national average . The City of Ottawa is the second largest employer with over 15,000 employees . In 2006 , Ottawa experienced an increase of 40,000 jobs over 2001 with a five - year average growth that was relatively slower than in the late 1990s . While the number of employees in the federal government stagnated , the high - technology industry grew by 2.4 % . The overall growth of jobs in Ottawa - Gatineau was 1.3 % compared to the previous year , down to sixth place among Canada 's largest cities . The unemployment rate in Ottawa - Gatineau was 5.2 % ( only in Ottawa : 5.1 % ) , which was below the national average of 6.0 % . The economic downturn resulted in an increase in the unemployment rate between April 2008 and April 2009 from 4.7 to 6.3 % . In the province , however , this rate increased over the same period from 6.4 to 9.1 % . Culture ( edit ) See also : List of festivals in Ottawa Byward Market has been a focal point for culture in Ottawa . Traditionally the ByWard Market ( in Lower Town ) , Parliament Hill and the Golden Triangle ( both in Centretown -- Downtown ) have been the focal points of the cultural scenes in Ottawa . Modern thoroughfares such as Wellington Street , Rideau Street , Sussex Drive , Elgin Street , Bank Street , Somerset Street , Preston Street , Richmond Road in Westboro , and Sparks Street are home to many boutiques , museums , theatres , galleries , landmarks and memorials in addition to eating establishments , cafes , bars and nightclubs . People on ice slides during Winterlude , an annual winter festival held in Ottawa . Ottawa hosts a variety of annual seasonal activities -- such as Winterlude , the largest festival in Canada , and Canada Day celebrations on Parliament Hill and surrounding downtown area , as well as Bluesfest , Canadian Tulip Festival , Ottawa Dragon Boat Festival , Ottawa International Jazz Festival , Fringe Festival and Folk Music Festival , that have grown to become some of the largest festivals of their kind in the world . In 2010 , Ottawa 's Festival industry received the IFEA `` World Festival and Event City Award '' for the category of North American cities with a population between 500,000 and 1,000,000 . As Canada 's capital , Ottawa has played host to a number of significant cultural events in Canadian history , including the first visit of the reigning Canadian sovereign -- King George VI , with his consort , Queen Elizabeth -- to his parliament , on 19 May 1939 . VE Day was marked with a large celebration on 8 May 1945 , the first raising of the country 's new national flag took place on 15 February 1965 , and the centennial of Confederation was celebrated on 1 July 1967 . Elizabeth II was in Ottawa on 17 April 1982 , to issue a royal proclamation of the enactment of the Constitution Act . In 1983 , Prince Charles and Diana Princess of Wales came to Ottawa for a state dinner hosted by then Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau . In 2011 , Ottawa was selected as the first city to receive Prince William , Duke of Cambridge , and Catherine , Duchess of Cambridge during their tour of Canada . Architecture ( edit ) Completed in 1913 , the Connaught Building , was constructed in a Gothic Revival style . In the following decades , buildings built for the government would abandon the style , in favour of formal and functional styles . Main article : Architecture of Ottawa Influenced by government structures , much of the city 's architecture tends to be formalistic and functional ; however , the city is also marked by Romantic and Picturesque styles of architecture such as the Parliament Buildings ' gothic revival architecture . Ottawa 's domestic architecture is dominated by single family homes , but also includes smaller numbers of semi-detached houses , rowhouses , and apartment buildings . Many domestic buildings are clad in brick , with small numbers covered in wood , stone , or siding of different materials ; variations are common , depending on neighbourhoods and the age of dwellings within them . The skyline has been controlled by building height restrictions originally implemented to keep Parliament Hill and the Peace Tower at 92.2 metres ( 302 ft ) visible from most parts of the city . Today , several buildings are slightly taller than the Peace Tower , with the tallest located on Albert Street being the 29 - storey Place de Ville ( Tower C ) at 112 metres ( 367 ft ) . Federal buildings in the National Capital Region are managed by Public Works Canada , while most of the federal land in the region is managed by the National Capital Commission ; its control of much undeveloped land gives the NCC a great deal of influence over the city 's development . Museums and performing Arts ( edit ) The Canadian Museum of Nature is a natural history and natural science museum . The institution is one of several national museums located in Ottawa . Further information : List of attractions in Ottawa Amongst the city 's national museums and galleries is the National Gallery of Canada ; designed by famous architect Moshe Safdie , it is a permanent home to the Maman sculpture . The Canadian War Museum houses over 3.75 million artifacts and was moved to an expanded facility in 2005 . The Canadian Museum of Nature was built in 1905 , and underwent a major renovation between 2004 and 2010 . Across the Ottawa river in Gatineau is the most visited museum in Canada , the Canadian Museum of History . Designed by Canadian Aboriginal architect Douglas Cardinal , the curving - shaped complex , built at a cost of 340 million USD , also houses the Canadian Children 's Museum , the Canadian Postal Museum and a 3D IMAX theatre . The city is also home to the Canada Agriculture Museum , the Canada Aviation and Space Museum , the Canada Science and Technology Museum , Billings Estate Museum , Bytown Museum , Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography , the Bank of Canada Museum , and the Portrait Gallery of Canada . The Ottawa Little Theatre , originally called the Ottawa Drama League at its inception in 1913 , is the longest - running community theatre company in Ottawa . Since 1969 , Ottawa has been the home of the National Arts Centre , a major performing arts venue that houses four stages and is home to the National Arts Centre Orchestra , the Ottawa Symphony Orchestra and Opera Lyra Ottawa . Established in 1975 , the Great Canadian Theatre Company specializes in the production of Canadian plays at a local level . Historic and Heritage sites ( edit ) The National War Memorial and Château Laurier are both designated as National Historic Site of Canada Main articles : List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Ottawa and List of designated heritage properties in Ottawa The Rideau Canal is the oldest continuously operated canal system in North America , and in 2007 , it was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In addition , 24 other National Historic Sites of Canada are in Ottawa , including : the Central Chambers , the Central Experimental Farm , the Château Laurier , Confederation Square , the former Ottawa Teachers ' College , Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council , Laurier House and the Parliament Buildings . Many other properties of cultural value have been designated as having `` heritage elements '' by the City of Ottawa under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act . Sports ( edit ) Further information : Sport in Ottawa and List of Ottawa parks Sport in Ottawa has a history dating back to the 19th century . Ottawa is currently home to four professional sports teams . The Ottawa Senators are a professional ice hockey team playing in the National Hockey League . The Senators play their home games at the Canadian Tire Centre . The Ottawa Redblacks are a professional Canadian Football team playing in the Canadian Football League . Professional soccer club Ottawa Fury FC play in the United Soccer League , the second division in North American pro soccer after Major League Soccer . Both Ottawa Fury FC and the Ottawa Redblacks play their home games at TD Place Stadium . The Ottawa Champions play professional baseball in the Can - Am League at Raymond Chabot Grant Thornton Park , following the departure of the Lynx International League franchise . Several non-professional teams also play in Ottawa , including the Ottawa 67 's junior ice hockey team . The city was previously home to a professional basketball team , the Ottawa SkyHawks , of the National Basketball League of Canada TD Place Stadium is an outdoor stadium and is home to the CFL 's Ottawa Redblacks and the USL 's Ottawa Fury FC . Collegiate teams in various sports compete in Canadian Interuniversity Sport . The Carleton Ravens are nationally ranked in basketball , and the Ottawa Gee - Gees are nationally ranked in football and basketball . Algonquin College has also won numerous national championships . The city is home to an assortment of amateur organized team sports such as soccer , basketball , baseball , curling , rowing , hurling and horse racing . Casual recreational activities , such as skating , cycling , hiking , sailing , golfing , skiing , and fishing / ice fishing are also popular . Current professional teams ( edit ) Professional Team League Sport Venue Established Championships Ottawa Senators National Hockey League ( NHL ) Ice hockey Canadian Tire Centre 0 Ottawa Redblacks Canadian Football League ( CFL ) Football TD Place Stadium Ottawa Fury FC United Soccer League ( USL ) Soccer TD Place Stadium 2011 0 Ottawa Champions Canadian American Association of Professional Baseball ( Can - Am ) Baseball Raymond Chabot Grant Thornton Park 2014 Government ( edit ) Further information : List of Ottawa municipal elections , Canadian federal election results in Ottawa , and List of embassies and high commissions in Ottawa Ottawa City Hall houses the seat of local government . The City of Ottawa is a single - tier municipality , meaning it is in itself a census division and has no county or regional municipality government above it . As a single - tier municipality , Ottawa has responsibility for all municipal services , including fire , emergency medical services , police , parks , roads , sidewalks , public transit , drinking water , storm water , sanitary sewage and solid waste . Ottawa is governed by the 24 - member Ottawa City Council consisting of 23 councillors each representing one ward and the mayor , currently Jim Watson , elected in a citywide vote . Along with being the capital of Canada , Ottawa is politically diverse in local politics . Most of the city has traditionally supported the Liberal Party . Perhaps the safest areas for the Liberals are the ones dominated by Francophones , especially in Vanier and central Gloucester . Central Ottawa is usually more left - leaning , and the New Democratic Party have won ridings there . Some of Ottawa 's suburbs are swing areas , notably central Nepean and , despite its francophone population , Orléans . The southern and western parts of the old city of Ottawa are generally moderate and swing to the Conservative Party . The farther one goes outside the city centre like to Kanata and Barrhaven and rural areas , the voters tend to be increasingly conservative , both fiscally and socially . This is especially true in the former Townships of West Carleton , Goulbourn , Rideau and Osgoode , which are more in line with the conservative areas in the surrounding counties . However , not all rural areas support the Conservative Party . Rural parts of the former township of Cumberland , with a large number of Francophones , traditionally support the Liberal Party , though their support has recently weakened . At present , Ottawa is host to 130 embassies . A further 49 countries accredit their embassies and missions in the United States to Canada . Transportation ( edit ) See also : OC Transpo , List of airports in the Ottawa area , List of Ottawa roads , List of numbered roads in Ottawa , and List of bridges in Ottawa An O - Train crossing the Rideau River . The O - Train is a light rail public transportation service provided by OC Transpo . Ottawa is served by a number of airlines that fly into the Ottawa Macdonald -- Cartier International Airport , as well as two main regional airports Gatineau - Ottawa Executive Airport , and Ottawa / Carp Airport . The city is also served by inter-city passenger rail service at the Ottawa Train Station by Via Rail , located near the Alta Vista neighbourhood , and inter-city bus service operating out of the Ottawa Bus Central Station . OC Transpo , a department of the city , operates the public transit system . An integrated hub - and - spoke system of services consists of : regular buses traveling on fixed routes in mixed traffic , typical of most urban transit systems ; a bus rapid transit ( BRT ) system which is a high - frequency bus service operating on the transitway ( a network of mostly grade - separated dedicated bus lanes within their own right of way ) and having full stations with Park & Ride facilities , further supported by on - road reserved bus lanes and priority traffic signal controls ; a light rail transit ( LRT ) system known as the O - Train operating on one north - south route ( the Trillium Line ) ; and a door - to - door bus service for the disabled known as ParaTranspo . Both OC Transpo and the Quebec - based Société de transport de l'Outaouais ( STO ) operate bus services between Ottawa and Gatineau . Construction is underway on the Confederation Line , a 12.5 - kilometre ( 7.8 mi ) light - rail transit line ( LRT ) , which includes a 2.5 - kilometre ( 1.6 mi ) tunnel through the downtown area featuring three underground stations . The project broke ground in 2013 , with operation scheduled to start in 2018 . A further 30 kilometers and 19 stations will be built by 2023 , referred to as the Stage 2 plan . The Capital Pathway is a multi-use trail interlinking many parks , waterways , and sites throughout the National Capital Region The city is served by two freeway corridors . The primary corridor is east - west and consists of provincial Highway 417 ( designated as The Queensway ) and Ottawa - Carleton Regional Road 174 ( formerly Provincial Highway 17 ) ; a north - south corridor , Highway 416 ( designated as Veterans ' Memorial Highway ) , connects Ottawa to the rest of the 400 - Series Highway network in Ontario at the 401 . Highway 417 is also the Ottawa portion of the Trans - Canada Highway . The city also has several scenic parkways ( promenades ) , such as Colonel By Drive , Queen Elizabeth Driveway , the Sir John A. Macdonald Parkway , Rockcliffe Parkway and the Aviation Parkway and has a freeway connection to Autoroute 5 and Autoroute 50 , in Gatineau . In 2006 , the National Capital Commission completed aesthetic enhancements to Confederation Boulevard , a ceremonial route of existing roads linking key attractions on both sides of the Ottawa River . Numerous paved multi-use trails wind their way through much of the city , including along the Ottawa River , Rideau River , and Rideau Canal . These pathways are used for transportation , tourism , and recreation . Because many streets either have wide curb lanes or bicycle lanes , cycling is a popular mode of transportation throughout the year . As of 31 December 2015 , 900 km of cycling facilities are found in Ottawa , including 435 km of multi use pathways , 8 km of cycle tracks , 200 km of on - road bicycle lanes , and 257 km of paved shoulders . 204 km of new cycling facilities were added between 2011 and 2014 . A downtown street that is restricted to pedestrians only , Sparks Street was turned into a pedestrian mall in 1966 . On Sundays ( since 1960 ) and selected holidays and events additional avenues and streets are reserved for pedestrian and / or bicycle uses only . In May 2011 , The NCC introduced the Capital Bixi bicycle - sharing system . Education ( edit ) Established in 1848 , the University of Ottawa is the oldest post-secondary institution in the city . La Cité collégiale is the largest French - language college in Ontario . Further information : List of schools in Ottawa Ottawa is known as one of the most educated cities in Canada , with over half the population having graduated from college and / or university . Ottawa has the highest per capita concentration of engineers , scientists , and residents with PhDs in Canada . The city has two main public universities : The University of Ottawa ( originally named the `` College of Bytown '' ) was the first post-secondary institution established in the city in 1848 . The university would eventually expand to become the largest English - French bilingual university in the world . It is also a member of the U15 , a group of highly respected research - intensive universities in Canada . The university 's campus is located in the Sandy Hill neighbourhood , just adjacent to the city 's downtown core . Carleton University was founded in 1942 to meet the needs of returning World War II veterans and later became Ontario 's first private , non-denominational college . Over time , Carleton would make the transition to the public university that it is today . In recent years , Carleton has become ranked highly among comprehensive universities in Canada . The university 's campus sits between Old Ottawa South and Dow 's Lake . Ottawa also has two main public colleges -- Algonquin College and La Cité collégiale . It also has two Catholic universities -- Dominican University College and Saint Paul University . Other colleges and universities in nearby areas ( namely , the neighbouring city of Gatineau ) include the University of Quebec en Outaouais , Cégep de l'Outaouais , and Heritage College . Four main public school boards exist in Ottawa : English , English - Catholic , French , and French - Catholic . The English - language Ottawa - Carleton District School Board ( OCDSB ) is the largest board with 147 schools , followed by the English - Catholic Ottawa Catholic School Board with 85 schools . The two French - language boards are the French - Catholic Conseil des écoles catholiques du Centre - Est with 49 schools , and the French Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario with 37 schools . Ottawa also has numerous private schools which are not part of a board . The Ottawa Public Library was created in 1906 as part of the famed Carnegie library system . The library system had 2.3 million items as of 2008 . Media ( edit ) Further information : Media in Ottawa -- Gatineau Three main daily local newspapers are printed in Ottawa : two English newspapers , the Ottawa Citizen established as the Bytown Packet in 1845 and the Ottawa Sun , with weekly circulation of 900,197 and 274,628 , respectively , and one French newspaper , Le Droit . Another free commuter daily paper , Metro Ottawa , was added in the 2000s . Several weekly and monthly community papers are also published , including the Kitchissippi Times . Multiple Canadian television broadcast networks and systems , and an extensive number of radio stations , broadcast in both English and French . In addition to the market 's local media services , Ottawa is home to several national media operations , including CPAC ( Canada 's national legislature broadcaster ) and the parliamentary bureau staff of virtually all of Canada 's major newsgathering organizations in television , radio and print . The city is also home to the head office of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , although it is not the primary production location of most CBC radio or television programming . Twin towns -- Sister cities ( edit ) Ottawa is twinned with : Beijing , China ; Cairo , Egypt ; Catania , Italy . Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Ottawa See also ( edit ) Ottawa portal Eastern Ontario portal List of national capitals List of hospitals in Ottawa List of Ottawa buildings List of Ottawa churches List of Ottawa mosques List of synagogues in Ottawa List of people from Ottawa List of francophone communities in Ontario Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ NHL Media Guide 2010 . The original Senators ( also known as the Ottawa Hockey Club ) organization won eleven Stanley Cups , not the current organization founded in 1990 . Neither the NHL or the Senators claim the current Senators to be a continuation of the original organization or franchise . The awards , statistics and championships of both eras are kept separate and the NHL franchise founding date of the current Senators is in 1991 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc ( 2014 ) . Britannica Student Encyclopedia . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62513 - 172 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Art Montague ( 2008 ) . `` Ottawa Book of Everything '' ( PDF ) . MacIntyre Purcell Publishing . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Justin D. Edwards ; Douglas Ivison ( 2005 ) . Downtown Canada : Writing Canadian Cities . University of Toronto Press . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8668 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2006 and 2011 censuses -- 100 % data '' . Statistics Canada . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and urban areas , 2006 and 2001 censuses -- 100 % data '' . Statistics Canada . 5 November 2008 . Retrieved 23 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Population and dwelling counts , for census metropolitan areas , 2006 and 2011 censuses -- 100 % data '' . Statistics Canada . 5 November 2008 . Retrieved 23 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Census Profile , 2016 Census -- Ottawa , Census division Jump up ^ Census Profile , 2016 Census -- Ottawa -- Gatineau Census metropolitan area Jump up ^ `` City of Ottawa -- Design C '' . Ottawa.ca. 20 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rapport au / Report to : '' . Ottawa.ca. 2011 . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Global city GDP 2014 '' . Brookings Institution . Archived from the original on 4 June 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Capital Act ( R.S.C. , 1985 , c . N - 4 ) '' ( PDF ) . Department of Justice . 22 June 2011 . p. 13 SCHEDULE ( Section 2 ) ' DESCRIPTION OF NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION ' . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Alan Rayburn ( 2001 ) . Naming Canada : Stories About Canadian Place Names . University of Toronto Press . p. 231 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8293 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Is Ottawa Canada 's smartest city ? Capital edges Toronto , Calgary in university - educated population '' . National Post . Retrieved 26 June 2013 . Jump up ^ William J. Miller ( 2015 ) . Geology : The Science of the Earth 's Crust ( Illustrations ) . P.F. Collier & Son Company . p. 37 . GGKEY : Y3TD08H3RAT . Jump up ^ Pilon , Jean ‐ Luc . `` Ancient History of the Lower Ottawa River Valley '' ( PDF ) . Ottawa River Heritage Designation Committee . Ontario Archaeology -- Canadian Museum of Civilization . ^ Jump up to : Taylor 1986 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Woods 1980 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Brault 1946 , pp. 38 , 39 . Jump up ^ Legget 1986 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Woods 1980 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Wetering 1997 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Lee 2006 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Lee 2006 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Wetering 1997 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Taylor 1986 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Woods 1980 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Legget 1986 , pp. 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Ottawa An illustrated History John H. Taylor Page 30 James Lorimer & Co Jump up ^ `` Timeline -- Know your Ottawa ! '' . Bytown Museum . 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 January 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Mika 1982 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ `` The Shiners ' War '' ( PDF ) . Workers ' Heritage Centre . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Martin 1997 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` Ottawa ( ON ) '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved 24 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Bryan D. Cook ( 2015 ) . Introducing William Pittman Lett : Ottawa 's first city clerk and bard ( 1819 -- 1892 ) . B.D.C. Ottawa Consulting . p. 412 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 771363 - 42 - 6 . Jump up ^ David DeRocco ; John F. Chabot ( 2008 ) . From Sea to Sea to Sea : A Newcomer 's Guide to Canada . Full Blast Productions . p. 145 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9784738 - 4 - 6 . Jump up ^ Taylor 1986 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ `` A Capital in the Making '' . National Capital Commission . Archived from the original on 8 January 2007 . 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Archived from the original on 28 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Ottawa , An Illustrated History John H. Taylor Page 102 Jame Lorimer and Company Publishing Jump up ^ `` Chaudière Falls '' . Jump up ^ Wetering 1997 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the Ottawa and Hull Fire Relief Fund , 1900 , Ottawa '' ( PDF ) . The Rolla L. Crain Co ( Archive CD Books Canada ) . 31 December 1900 . pp. 5 -- 12 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Wetering 1997 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ `` Ottawa 's old train station : a 100 - year timeline '' . www.ottawacitizen.com . Jump up ^ Wetering 1997 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Hale 2011 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Dave Mullington ( 2005 ) . Chain of office : biographical sketches of the early mayors of Ottawa ( 1847 -- 1948 ) . General Store Publishing House . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 897113 - 17 - 2 . Jump up ^ Reader 's Digest Association ( Canada ) ( 2004 ) . The Canadian atlas : our nation , environment and people . 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Building knowledge regions in North America : emerging technology innovation poles . Edward Elgar Publishing . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84542 - 430 - 5 . Jump up ^ Nick Novakowski ; Rémy Tremblay ( 2007 ) . Perspectives on Ottawa 's High - tech Sector . Peter Lang . pp. 43 -- 71 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5201 - 370 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jones , Allison ( 8 February 2017 ) . `` Canada Census 2016 : Ontario growth still slowing , but those who went West might soon be back '' . National Post . Toronto . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` City of Ottawa -- 40 . Major Employers in City of Ottawa , 2006 '' . Ottawa.ca. 2008 . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Finding healthcare '' . City of Ottawa . Archived from the original on 1 November 2014 . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City of Ottawa -- 40 . Major Employers in City of Ottawa , 2006 '' . Ottawa.ca . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` OCRI Life Sciences '' . Ocri.ca . Archived from the original on 7 August 2011 . 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Archived from the original on 11 March 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CECCE : Liste des écoles '' . Conseil des écoles catholiques du Centre - Est. 21 May 2004 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Accueil '' . Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Notes from the Ottawa Room ... The Carnegie Library -- Ottawa 's First Public Library -- 100 Years Old on April 30 , 2006 '' . Ottawa Public Library . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Strategic Directions and Priorities 2008 -- 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Ottawa Public Library . 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 June 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Circulation Data Report '' . Canadian Newspaper Association . Retrieved 7 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` About CPAC '' . CPAC . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ottawa and Beijing Sign Sister Cities Agreement Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada '' . Asiapacific.ca . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sister city agreements '' . Archived from the original on 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ lasicilia.it . `` Catania - Ottawa , gemellaggio hi tech . Missione in Canada per stringere accordi di collaborazione '' ( in Italian ) . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Extreme high and low temperatures in the table below were recorded at Ottawa from March 1872 to October 1889 and at Ottawa CDA from November 1889 to present . Jump up ^ In early 2001 , the Province of Ontario dissolved the former City of Ottawa by amalgamating it with eleven other municipalities to form a new City of Ottawa . The 1996 adjusted population of the amalgamated city published in the 2001 census was 721,136 , while the population of the dissolved former City of Ottawa in 2001 was 337,031 . Bibliography ( edit ) Brault , Lucien ( 1946 ) . `` Ottawa Old and New '' . Ottawa Historical Information Institute . OCLC 2947504 . Hale , James ( 2011 ) . Frommer 's Ottawa . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 68158 - 9 . Keshen , Jeff ; St - Onge , Nicole ( 2001 ) . Ottawa -- making a capital . University of Ottawa Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7766 - 0521 - 0 . Lee , David ( 2006 ) . Lumber kings & shantymen : logging and lumbering in the Ottawa Valley . James Lorimer & Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55028 - 922 - 0 . Legget , Robert ( 1986 ) . Rideau Waterway . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 6591 - 0 . Martin , Carol ( 1997 ) . Ottawa : a colourguide . Formac Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88780 - 396 - 3 . Mika , Nick ; Mika , Helma ( 1982 ) . Bytown : The Early Days of Ottawa . Mika Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 919303 - 60 - 9 . Taylor , John H. ( 1986 ) . Ottawa : An Illustrated History . J. Lorimer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88862 - 981 - 4 . Van de Wetering , Marion ( 1997 ) . An Ottawa album : glimpses of the way we were . Dundurn Press Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88882 - 195 - 9 . Woods , Shirley E. Jr. ( 1980 ) . Ottawa : The Capital of Canada . Doubleday Canada . ISBN 0 - 385 - 14722 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutOttawaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website Places adjacent to Ottawa Arnprior Pontiac , Gatineau Ottawa River Lochaber - Partie - Ouest Ottawa River Mississippi Mills Beckwith Montague Ottawa Clarence - Rockland Merrickville - Wolford North Grenville , North Dundas Russell , The Nation City of Ottawa History Timeline Timber trade Rideau Canal ByWard Market Bytown Shiners ' War Stony Monday Riot Railway Parliament Hill Britannia Yacht Club Streetcars Hull - Ottawa fire Sewer explosion Soviet defection Embassy attack Ottawa Valley National Historic Sites Geography Outline Green Island ( Rideau River ) Buildings Bridges Communities / Neighbourhoods Parks Ottawa River Greenbelt Tallest buildings River crossings Wards Culture Architecture Attractions Bilingualism Cinemas Churches Demographics Festivals Heritage properties Mosques Media Museums Synagogues Sports - ( Ice hockey in Ottawa ) Ottawa Valley English Public services By - 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( National Historic Sites of Canada in Ottawa Designated heritage properties ) Demolished structures Capitol Cinema First City Hall Daly Building Dey 's Arena Ottawa Auditorium Rideau Skating Rink Russell House Second City Hall The Arena Victoria Tower Shopping Bayshore Shopping Centre Byward Market Rideau Centre Place d'Orléans St. Laurent Centre Sparks Street Mall Neighbourhoods Britannia Centretown The Glebe New Edinburgh Rockcliffe Park Sandy Hill Vanier Westboro Category Portal WikiProject Subdivisions of Ontario Regions Southern Ontario Central Ontario Eastern Ontario Ontario Peninsula Golden Horseshoe Southwestern Ontario Northern Ontario Northeastern Ontario Northwestern Ontario Counties Bruce Dufferin Elgin Essex Frontenac Grey Haliburton Hastings Huron Lambton Lanark Leeds and Grenville Lennox and Addington Middlesex Northumberland Perth Peterborough Prescott and Russell Renfrew Simcoe Stormont , Dundas and Glengarry Wellington Districts Algoma Cochrane Kenora Manitoulin Nipissing Parry Sound Rainy River Sudbury Thunder Bay Timiskaming Regional municipalities Durham Halton Muskoka Niagara Oxford Peel Waterloo York Single - tier municipalities Brant Brantford Chatham - Kent Greater Sudbury Haldimand Hamilton Kawartha Lakes Norfolk Ottawa Prince Edward Toronto Separated municipalities Barrie Belleville Brockville Cornwall Gananoque Guelph Kingston London Orillia Pembroke Peterborough Prescott Quinte West Smiths Falls St. Marys St. Thomas Stratford Windsor Ontario communities Ontario municipalities Ontario electoral districts Former counties of Ontario Geography of Ontario Category : Ontario Portal : Ontario WikiProject : Ontario Provincial and territorial capitals of Canada AB Edmonton BC Victoria MB Winnipeg NB Fredericton NL St. John 's NS Halifax ON Toronto PE Charlottetown QC Quebec City SK Regina Territories : NT Yellowknife NU Iqaluit YT Whitehorse Census metropolitan areas ( CMAs ) in Canada by size Toronto , ON Montreal , QC Vancouver , BC Calgary , AB Ottawa - Gatineau , ON / QC Edmonton , AB Quebec City , QC Winnipeg , MB Hamilton , ON Kitchener - Cambridge - Waterloo , ON London , ON St. Catharines - Niagara , ON Halifax , NS Oshawa , ON Victoria , BC Windsor , ON Saskatoon , SK Regina , SK Sherbrooke , QC St. John 's , NL Barrie , ON Kelowna , BC Abbotsford , BC Greater Sudbury , ON Kingston , ON Saguenay , QC Trois - Rivières , QC Guelph , ON Moncton , NB Brantford , ON Thunder Bay , ON Saint John , NB Peterborough , ON Capitals of North America Dependent territories are in italics Basse - Terre , Guadeloupe ( France ) Basseterre , St. Kitts and Nevis Belmopan , Belize Bridgetown , Barbados Castries , St. Lucia Charlotte Amalie , U.S. Virgin Islands ( US ) Cockburn Town , Turks and Caicos ( UK ) Fort - de-France , Martinique ( France ) George Town , Cayman Islands ( UK ) Guatemala City , Guatemala Gustavia , St. Barthélemy ( France ) Hamilton , Bermuda ( UK ) Havana , Cuba Kingston , Jamaica Kingstown , St. Vincent and the Grenadines Kralendijk , Bonaire ( Netherlands ) Managua , Nicaragua Marigot , St. Martin ( France ) Mexico City , Mexico Nassau , The Bahamas Nuuk , Greenland ( Denmark ) Oranjestad , Aruba ( Netherlands ) Oranjestad , Sint Eustatius ( Netherlands ) Ottawa , Canada Panama City , Panama Philipsburg , Sint Maarten ( Netherlands ) Plymouth ( de jure ) Brades ( de facto ) , Montserrat ( UK ) Port - au - Prince , Haiti Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago Road Town , British Virgin Islands ( UK ) Roseau , Dominica Saint - Pierre , St. Pierre and Miquelon ( France ) San José , Costa Rica San Juan , Puerto Rico ( US ) San Salvador , El Salvador Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic St. George 's , Grenada St. John 's , Antigua and Barbuda Tegucigalpa , Honduras The Bottom , Saba ( Netherlands ) The Valley , Anguilla ( UK ) Washington , D.C. , United States Willemstad , Curaçao ( Netherlands ) BNF : cb15283440x ( data ) GND : 4122012 - 2 LCCN : n79063073 NARA : 10045649 NDL : 00628311 VIAF : 130101995 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&oldid=856528092 '' Categories : Ottawa Capitals in North America High - technology business districts in Canada Ontario communities with large francophone populations Ottawa River Single - tier municipalities in Ontario Populated places established in 1826 1826 establishments in Canada Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 French - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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ok google what's the capital of canada
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"Ottawa (/ˈɒtəwə/ ( listen), /-wɑː/; French pronunciation: [ɔtawa]) is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec; the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area (CMA) and the National Capital Region (NCR).[12] As of 2016, Ottawa had a city population of 964,743 and a metropolitan population of 1,323,783 making it the fourth-largest city and the fifth-largest CMA in Canada.\n"
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"Ottawa"
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Branch Wars
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Branch Wars - wikipedia Branch Wars Jump to : navigation , search `` Branch Wars '' The Office episode Episode no . Season 4 Episode 10 Directed by Joss Whedon Written by Mindy Kaling Production code 410 Original air date November 1 , 2007 Guest appearance ( s ) Rashida Jones as Karen Filippelli Episode chronology ← Previous `` Local Ad '' Next → `` Survivor Man '' The Office ( U.S. season 4 ) List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes `` Branch Wars '' is the tenth episode of the fourth season of the American comedy television series The Office -- the show 's sixty - third episode overall . Written by Mindy Kaling and directed by Joss Whedon , the episode originally aired in the United States on November 1 , 2007 on NBC . The episode marks the return of season three recurring actor Rashida Jones , who plays Jim 's former girlfriend Karen Filippelli , now Regional Manager of Dunder Mifflin Utica . Karen tries to `` poach '' Stanley Hudson ( Leslie David Baker ) from Dunder Mifflin Scranton , and Stanley informs the branch that he is leaving . In revenge , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) and Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) trick Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) into traveling to the company 's Utica branch , where the group attempts to play a prank on Karen . Back at the office , Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) , Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) , and Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) try to hold their club meeting , with disastrous results . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Karen Filippelli ( Rashida Jones ) , after being `` dumped '' by Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) , has become the Regional Manager at Dunder Mifflin Utica in Utica , New York . Karen attempts to lure Stanley Hudson ( Leslie David Baker ) away from Scranton by offering him a pay raise . Regional Manager Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) , believing that Karen is doing this to get back at Jim for dumping her , decides to retaliate . Michael and salesman Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) trick Jim into joining them on a trip to Utica to prank Karen 's branch . After a failed attempt to steal the branch 's industrial copier , the group is discovered by Karen , who chastises them in her office . Privately , she mocks Jim for devising such an elaborate ruse to see her . Jim 's attempts to deflect the issue are unsuccessful , letting slip that he and Pam are happily dating . The group returns to Scranton , where Michael bids Stanley farewell . Stanley decides to stay in Scranton , revealing that his threat was a bluff to get a raise . Meanwhile , Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) , Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) , and Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) form a `` Finer Things Club '' , discussing literature , music , and the arts . Their meetings are regularly disrupted by other employees , particularly Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) , whose desperate efforts to join prove unsuccessful . Pam invites Jim to join the club but regrets the move when , during the discussion of Angela 's Ashes , Jim merely speaks in an Irish brogue and reveals that he has n't actually read the book . Production ( edit ) `` Branch Wars '' was the second Office episode directed by Joss Whedon , the creator of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Firefly . Whedon had previously directed the third season episode `` Business School '' . The episode was the seventh Office episode written by Mindy Kaling , who also acts for the show as customer service representative Kelly Kapoor . `` Branch Wars '' marked the return of Karen Filippelli , who was a regular as a member of the Dunder Mifflin Stamford branch , and later Dunder Mifflin Scranton in the third season . Her last previous appearance was the fourth season premiere Fun Run , although she only appeared in one scene . Utica salesman Ben Nugent , although not appearing on screen , is heard via a telephone conference and shares the same name as Kaling 's former real - life boyfriend , Benjamin Nugent . Reception ( edit ) `` Branch Wars '' received a 5.0 / 7 in the Nielsen ratings , meaning that five percent of households were tuned in at any given moment and seven percent of all televisions in use at the time were tuned into the program . The episode was watched by 8.39 million viewers and achieved a 4.5 / 11 in the ages 18 -- 49 demographic . Mindy Kaling 's writing in the episode was nominated for `` Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series '' in the 2008 NAACP Image Awards . Oscar Dahl , a senior writer for BuddyTV , gave the episode a favorable review and stated that `` Tonight 's Office was possibly the funniest of the season . '' Christine Fenno of Entertainment Weekly stated that `` ... ' Branch Wars ' , penned by Mindy Kaling , did n't measure up to the brilliance of last week 's episode ( ' Local Ad ' ) but served up plenty of laughs . '' Travis Fickett of IGN stated that `` This episode feels like it comes in two halves , one that works and one that does n't so much '' when referring to the trip to Utica , and `` The Finer Things Club '' , respectively , but later pointed out that `` Despite being a somewhat bumpy ride , the episode has a fair number of big laughs . '' Fickett particularly enjoyed Jim 's character in the episode , and his actions and reactions to the situation that he became involved in . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon Profile IMDB , retrieved May 8 , 2008 Jump up ^ Mindy Kaling Profile IMDB , retrieved May 8 , 2008 Jump up ^ Branch Wars TV.com , retrieved May 8 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Thursday , November 1 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Office picks up two NAACP Image Award noms OfficeTally , retrieved May 6 , 2008 Jump up ^ The Office : Episode 4.6 , `` Branch Wars '' Recap BuddyTV , retrieved April 24 , 2008 Jump up ^ The Office : Ex Raid Entertainment Weekly , retrieved April 24 , 2008 Jump up ^ The Office : `` Branch Wars '' Review IGN , April 24 , 2008 External links ( edit ) `` Branch Wars '' at NBC.com `` Branch Wars '' on IMDb `` Branch Wars '' at TV.com ( hide ) The Office ( U.S. ) episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Diversity Day '' `` Health Care '' `` The Alliance '' `` Basketball '' `` Hot Girl '' Season 2 `` The Dundies '' `` Sexual Harassment '' `` Office Olympics '' `` The Fire '' `` Halloween '' `` The Fight '' `` The Client '' `` Performance Review '' `` Email Surveillance '' `` Christmas Party '' `` Booze Cruise '' `` The Injury '' `` The Secret '' `` The Carpet '' `` Boys and Girls '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Dwight 's Speech '' `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' `` Michael 's Birthday '' `` Drug Testing '' `` Conflict Resolution '' `` Casino Night '' Season 3 `` Gay Witch Hunt '' `` The Convention '' `` The Coup '' `` Grief Counseling '' `` Initiation '' `` Diwali '' `` Branch Closing '' `` The Merger '' `` The Convict '' `` A Benihana Christmas '' `` Back from Vacation '' `` Traveling Salesmen '' `` The Return '' `` Ben Franklin '' `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' `` Business School '' `` Cocktails '' `` The Negotiation '' `` Safety Training '' `` Product Recall '' `` Women 's Appreciation '' `` Beach Games '' `` The Job '' Season 4 `` Fun Run '' `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' `` Launch Party '' `` Money '' `` Local Ad '' `` Branch Wars '' `` Survivor Man '' `` The Deposition '' `` Dinner Party '' `` Chair Model '' `` Night Out '' `` Did I Stutter ? '' `` Job Fair '' `` Goodbye , Toby '' Season 5 `` Weight Loss '' `` Business Ethics '' `` Baby Shower '' `` Crime Aid '' `` Employee Transfer '' `` Customer Survey '' `` Business Trip '' `` Frame Toby '' `` The Surplus '' `` Moroccan Christmas '' `` The Duel '' `` Prince Family Paper '' `` Stress Relief '' `` Lecture Circuit '' `` Blood Drive '' `` Golden Ticket '' `` New Boss '' `` Two Weeks '' `` Dream Team '' `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' `` Heavy Competition '' `` Broke '' `` Casual Friday '' `` Cafe Disco '' `` Company Picnic '' Season 6 `` Gossip '' `` The Meeting '' `` The Promotion '' `` Niagara '' `` Mafia '' `` The Lover '' `` Koi Pond '' `` Double Date '' `` Murder '' `` Shareholder Meeting '' `` Scott 's Tots '' `` Secret Santa '' `` The Banker '' `` Sabre '' `` The Manager and the Salesman '' `` The Delivery '' `` St. Patrick 's Day '' `` New Leads '' `` Happy Hour '' `` Secretary 's Day '' `` Body Language '' `` The Cover - Up '' `` The Chump '' `` Whistleblower '' Season 7 `` Nepotism '' `` Counseling '' `` Andy 's Play '' `` Sex Ed '' `` The Sting `` Costume Contest '' `` Christening '' `` Viewing Party '' `` WUPHF.com '' `` China '' `` Classy Christmas '' `` Ultimatum '' `` The Seminar '' `` The Search '' `` PDA '' `` Threat Level Midnight '' `` Todd Packer '' `` Garage Sale '' `` Training Day '' `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' `` Goodbye , Michael '' `` The Inner Circle '' `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' `` Search Committee '' Season 8 `` The List '' `` The Incentive '' `` Lotto '' `` Garden Party '' `` Spooked '' `` Doomsday '' `` Pam 's Replacement '' `` Gettysburg '' `` Mrs. California '' `` Christmas Wishes '' `` Trivia '' `` Pool Party '' `` Jury Duty '' `` Special Project '' `` Tallahassee '' `` After Hours '' `` Test the Store '' `` Last Day in Florida '' `` Get the Girl '' `` Welcome Party '' `` Angry Andy '' `` Fundraiser '' `` Turf War '' `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' Season 9 `` New Guys '' `` Roy 's Wedding '' `` Andy 's Ancestry '' `` Work Bus '' `` Here Comes Treble '' `` The Boat '' `` The Whale '' `` The Target '' `` Dwight Christmas '' `` Lice '' `` Suit Warehouse '' `` Customer Loyalty '' `` Junior Salesman '' `` Vandalism '' `` Couples Discount '' `` Moving On '' `` The Farm '' `` Promos '' `` Stairmageddon '' `` Paper Airplane '' `` Livin ' the Dream '' `` A.A.R.M. '' `` Finale '' Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Branch_Wars&oldid=830499659 '' Categories : The Office ( U.S. season 4 ) episodes 2007 American television episodes Works by Joss Whedon Hidden categories : Tv.com template using numeric id Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Edit links This page was last edited on 15 March 2018 , at 06 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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episode of the office where they prank stanley
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San Francisco
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San Francisco - wikipedia San Francisco This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the city and county in California . For other uses , see San Francisco ( disambiguation ) . City and County in California , United States San Francisco , California City and County City and County of San Francisco San Francisco and the Golden Gate Bridge from Marin Headlands Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : See List of nicknames for San Francisco Motto ( s ) : Oro en Paz , Fierro en Guerra ( Spanish ) ( English : `` Gold in Peace , Iron in War '' ) Location of mainland San Francisco in California San Francisco , California Location in the United States San Francisco , California San Francisco , California ( California ) San Francisco , California San Francisco , California ( the US ) Show map of San Francisco Bay Area Show map of California Show map of the US Show all Coordinates : 37 ° 47 ′ N 122 ° 25 ′ W / 37.783 ° N 122.417 ° W / 37.783 ; - 122.417 Coordinates : 37 ° 47 ′ N 122 ° 25 ′ W / 37.783 ° N 122.417 ° W / 37.783 ; - 122.417 Country United States State California CSA San Jose -- San Francisco -- Oakland Metro San Francisco -- Oakland -- Hayward Mission June 29 , 1776 Incorporated April 15 , 1850 Founded by José Joaquín Moraga Francisco Palóu Named for St. Francis of Assisi Government Type Mayor - council Body Board of Supervisors Mayor Mark Farrell ( D ) Supervisors List ( show ) Sandra Lee Fewer ( D ) Aaron Peskin ( D ) Katy Tang ( D ) London Breed ( D ) Jane Kim ( D ) Norman Yee ( D ) Jeff Sheehy ( D ) Hillary Ronen ( D ) Malia Cohen ( D ) Ahsha Safaí ( D ) Assembly members David Chiu ( D ) Phil Ting ( D ) State senator Scott Wiener ( D ) United States Representatives Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Jackie Speier ( D ) Area City and county 231.89 sq mi ( 600.59 km ) Land 46.89 sq mi ( 121.46 km ) Water 185.00 sq mi ( 479.14 km ) 80.00 % Metro 3,524.4 sq mi ( 9,128 km ) Elevation 52 ft ( 16 m ) Highest elevation 934 ft ( 285 m ) Lowest elevation 0 ft ( 0 m ) Population ( 2017 ) City and county 884,363 Rank 4th in California 13th in United States Density 18,860 / sq mi ( 7,282 / km ) Metro 4,727,357 ( 12th ) CSA 8,837,789 ( 5th ) Demonym ( s ) San Franciscan San Francisqueño / a Time zone Pacific Time Zone ( UTC − 8 ) Summer ( DST ) Pacific Daylight Time ( UTC − 7 ) ZIP Codes 94102 -- 94105 , 94107 -- 94112 , 94114 -- 94134 , 94137 , 94139 -- 94147 , 94151 , 94158 -- 94161 , 94163 -- 94164 , 94172 , 94177 , 94188 Area codes 415 / 628 FIPS code 06 - 67000 GNIS feature IDs 277593 , 2411786 Website sf.gov San Francisco ( initials SF ; / ˌsæn frənˈsɪskoʊ , fræn - / , Spanish for ' Saint Francis ' ; Spanish : ( san franˈsisko ) ) , officially the City and County of San Francisco , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area . San Francisco is the fourth-most populous city in California and the 13th-most populous in the United States , with a 2017 census - estimated population of 884,363 . The consolidated city - county is also the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . As of 2016 , it was the 7th highest - income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $110,418 . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi . The California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth , making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time . San Francisco became a consolidated city - county in 1856 . After three - quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire , San Francisco was quickly rebuilt , hosting the Panama - Pacific International Exposition nine years later . In World War II , San Francisco was a major port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater . It then became the birthplace of the United Nations in 1945 . After the war , the confluence of returning servicemen , significant immigration , liberalizing attitudes , along with the rise of the `` hippie '' counterculture , the Sexual Revolution , the Peace Movement growing from opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War , and other factors led to the Summer of Love and the gay rights movement , cementing San Francisco as a center of liberal activism in the United States . Politically , the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines . A popular tourist destination , San Francisco is known for its cool summers , fog , steep rolling hills , eclectic mix of architecture , and landmarks , including the Golden Gate Bridge , cable cars , the former Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary , Fisherman 's Wharf , and its Chinatown district . San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. , Gap Inc. , Fitbit , Salesforce.com , Dropbox , Reddit , Square , Inc. , Dolby , Airbnb , Weebly , Pacific Gas and Electric Company , Yelp , Pinterest , Twitter , Uber , Lyft , Mozilla , Wikimedia Foundation , Craigslist , and Weather Underground . It is home to a number of educational and cultural institutions , such as the University of San Francisco ( USF ) , University of California , San Francisco ( UCSF ) , San Francisco State University ( SFSU ) , the De Young Museum , the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art , and the California Academy of Sciences . San Francisco has several nicknames , including `` The City by the Bay '' , `` Golden Gate City '' , `` Frisco '' , `` SF '' , `` San Fran '' , and `` Fog City '' , as well as older ones like `` The City that Knows How '' , `` Baghdad by the Bay '' , `` The Paris of the West '' , or , as locals call it , `` The City '' . As of 2017 , San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Cityscape 2.1. 1 Neighborhoods 2.2 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 Race , ethnicity , religion , and languages 3.2 Education , households , and income 3.2. 1 Homelessness 4 Economy 4.1 Tourism and conventions 5 Culture and contemporary life 5.1 LGBT 5.2 Entertainment and performing arts 5.3 Museums 6 Sports 7 Beaches and parks 8 Law and government 8.1 Crime 8.2 Gangs 8.3 Public safety 9 Education 9.1 Colleges and universities 9.2 Primary and secondary schools 9.3 Early education 10 Media 11 Transportation 11.1 Freeways and roads 11.2 Public transportation 11.3 Airports 11.4 Cycling and walking 12 San Francisco as a Global City 12.1 Ethnic Clustering 12.2 Technological Growth 12.2. 1 Immigrants in the Workforce 13 Consulates and sister cities 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Bibliography 18 Further reading 19 External links History ( edit ) See also : History of San Francisco and Timeline of San Francisco Historical affiliations Spanish Empire 1776 -- 1821 First Mexican Empire 1821 -- 1823 United Mexican States 1823 -- 1848 United States 1848 -- present Mission San Francisco de Asís ( Mission Dolores ) The earliest archaeological evidence of human habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC . The Yelamu group of the Ohlone people resided in a few small villages when an overland Spanish exploration party , led by Don Gaspar de Portolà , arrived on November 2 , 1769 , the first documented European visit to San Francisco Bay . Seven years later , on March 28 , 1776 , the Spanish established the Presidio of San Francisco , followed by a mission , Mission San Francisco de Asís ( Mission Dolores ) , established by the Spanish explorer Juan Bautista de Anza . View of San Francisco 1846 -- 47 1853 United States Coast Survey Map Upon independence from Spain in 1821 , the area became part of Mexico . Under Mexican rule , the mission system gradually ended , and its lands became privatized . In 1835 , Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead , near a boat anchorage around what is today Portsmouth Square . Together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro , he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement , and the town , named Yerba Buena , began to attract American settlers . Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7 , 1846 , during the Mexican -- American War , and Captain John B. Montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later . Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year , and Mexico officially ceded the territory to the United States at the end of the war . Despite its attractive location as a port and naval base , San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography . Francis Samuel Marryat , Hilltop of San Francisco , California , Looking toward the Bay , 1849 . M. & N. Hanhart Chromolithograph Port of San Francisco in 1851 The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers ( known as `` forty - niners '' , as in `` 1849 '' ) . With their sourdough bread in tow , prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia , raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849 . The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields , leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor . Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships , saloons and hotels ; many were left to rot and some were sunk to establish title to the underwater lot . By 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships . By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land . Buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings . California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U.S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate and a fort on Alcatraz Island to secure the San Francisco Bay . Silver discoveries , including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859 , further drove rapid population growth . With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city , lawlessness was common , and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals , prostitution , and gambling . Entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush . Early winners were the banking industry , with the founding of Wells Fargo in 1852 and the Bank of California in 1864 . Development of the Port of San Francisco and the establishment in 1869 of overland access to the eastern U.S. rail system via the newly completed Pacific Railroad ( the construction of which the city only reluctantly helped support ) helped make the Bay Area a center for trade . Catering to the needs and tastes of the growing population , Levi Strauss opened a dry goods business and Domingo Ghirardelli began manufacturing chocolate . Immigrant laborers made the city a polyglot culture , with Chinese Railroad Workers , drawn to `` Old Gold Mountain '' , creating the city 's Chinatown quarter . In 1870 , Asians made up 8 % of the population . The first cable cars carried San Franciscans up Clay Street in 1873 . The city 's sea of Victorian houses began to take shape , and civic leaders campaigned for a spacious public park , resulting in plans for Golden Gate Park . San Franciscans built schools , churches , theaters , and all the hallmarks of civic life . The Presidio developed into the most important American military installation on the Pacific coast . By 1890 , San Francisco 's population approached 300,000 , making it the eighth - largest city in the United States at the time . Around 1901 , San Francisco was a major city known for its flamboyant style , stately hotels , ostentatious mansions on Nob Hill , and a thriving arts scene . The first North American plague epidemic was the San Francisco plague of 1900 -- 1904 . At 5 : 12 am on April 18 , 1906 , a major earthquake struck San Francisco and northern California . As buildings collapsed from the shaking , ruptured gas lines ignited fires that spread across the city and burned out of control for several days . With water mains out of service , the Presidio Artillery Corps attempted to contain the inferno by dynamiting blocks of buildings to create firebreaks . More than three - quarters of the city lay in ruins , including almost all of the downtown core . Contemporary accounts reported that 498 people lost their lives , though modern estimates put the number in the several thousands . More than half of the city 's population of 400,000 was left homeless . Refugees settled temporarily in makeshift tent villages in Golden Gate Park , the Presidio , on the beaches , and elsewhere . Many fled permanently to the East Bay . `` Not in history has a modern imperial city been so completely destroyed . San Francisco is gone . '' -- Jack London after the 1906 earthquake and fire The Palace of Fine Arts at the 1915 Panama - Pacific Exposition Rebuilding was rapid and performed on a grand scale . Rejecting calls to completely remake the street grid , San Franciscans opted for speed . Amadeo Giannini 's Bank of Italy , later to become Bank of America , provided loans for many of those whose livelihoods had been devastated . The influential San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association or SPUR was founded in 1910 to address the quality of housing after the earthquake . The earthquake hastened development of western neighborhoods that survived the fire , including Pacific Heights , where many of the city 's wealthy rebuilt their homes . In turn , the destroyed mansions of Nob Hill became grand hotels . City Hall rose again in splendid Beaux Arts style , and the city celebrated its rebirth at the Panama - Pacific International Exposition in 1915 . It was during this period San Francisco built some of its most important infrastructure . Civil Engineer Michael O'Shaughnessy was hired by San Francisco Mayor James Rolph as chief engineer for the city in September 1912 to supervise the construction of the Twin Peaks Reservoir , the Stockton Street Tunnel , the Twin Peaks Tunnel , the San Francisco Municipal Railway , the Auxiliary Water Supply System , and new sewers . San Francisco 's streetcar system , of which the J , K , L , M , and N lines survive today , was pushed to completion by O'Shaughnessy between 1915 and 1927 . It was the O'Shaughnessy Dam , Hetch Hetchy Reservoir , and Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct that would have the largest effect on San Francisco . An abundant water supply enabled San Francisco to develop into the city it has become today . The Bay Bridge , under construction in 1935 , took forty months to complete . In ensuing years , the city solidified its standing as a financial capital ; in the wake of the 1929 stock market crash , not a single San Francisco - based bank failed . Indeed , it was at the height of the Great Depression that San Francisco undertook two great civil engineering projects , simultaneously constructing the San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge and the Golden Gate Bridge , completing them in 1936 and 1937 , respectively . It was in this period that the island of Alcatraz , a former military stockade , began its service as a federal maximum security prison , housing notorious inmates such as Al Capone , and Robert Franklin Stroud , The Birdman of Alcatraz . San Francisco later celebrated its regained grandeur with a World 's fair , the Golden Gate International Exposition in 1939 -- 40 , creating Treasure Island in the middle of the bay to house it . The USS San Francisco steams under the Golden Gate Bridge in 1942 , during World War II . During World War II , the Hunters Point Naval Shipyard became a hub of activity , and Fort Mason became the primary port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater of Operations . The explosion of jobs drew many people , especially African Americans from the South , to the area . After the end of the war , many military personnel returning from service abroad and civilians who had originally come to work decided to stay . The United Nations Charter creating the United Nations was drafted and signed in San Francisco in 1945 and , in 1951 , the Treaty of San Francisco officially ended the war with Japan . Urban planning projects in the 1950s and 1960s involved widespread destruction and redevelopment of west - side neighborhoods and the construction of new freeways , of which only a series of short segments were built before being halted by citizen - led opposition . The onset of containerization made San Francisco 's small piers obsolete , and cargo activity moved to the larger Port of Oakland . The city began to lose industrial jobs and turned to tourism as the most important segment of its economy . The suburbs experienced rapid growth , and San Francisco underwent significant demographic change , as large segments of the white population left the city , supplanted by an increasing wave of immigration from Asia and Latin America . From 1950 to 1980 , the city lost over 10 percent of its population . Over this period , San Francisco became a magnet for America 's counterculture . Beat Generation writers fueled the San Francisco Renaissance and centered on the North Beach neighborhood in the 1950s . Hippies flocked to Haight - Ashbury in the 1960s , reaching a peak with the 1967 Summer of Love . In 1974 , the Zebra murders left at least 16 people dead . In the 1970s , the city became a center of the gay rights movement , with the emergence of The Castro as an urban gay village , the election of Harvey Milk to the Board of Supervisors , and his assassination , along with that of Mayor George Moscone , in 1978 . Bank of America completed 555 California Street in 1969 and the Transamerica Pyramid was completed in 1972 , igniting a wave of `` Manhattanization '' that lasted until the late 1980s , a period of extensive high - rise development downtown . The 1980s also saw a dramatic increase in the number of homeless people in the city , an issue that remains today , despite many attempts to address it . The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake caused destruction and loss of life throughout the Bay Area . In San Francisco , the quake severely damaged structures in the Marina and South of Market districts and precipitated the demolition of the damaged Embarcadero Freeway and much of the damaged Central Freeway , allowing the city to reclaim The Embarcadero as its historic downtown waterfront and revitalizing the Hayes Valley neighborhood . Two recent decades have seen two booms driven by the internet industry . First was the dot - com boom of the late 1990s , startup companies invigorated the San Francisco economy . Large numbers of entrepreneurs and computer application developers moved into the city , followed by marketing , design , and sales professionals , changing the social landscape as once - poorer neighborhoods became increasingly gentrified . Demand for new housing and office space ignited a second wave of high - rise development , this time in the South of Market district . By 2000 , the city 's population reached new highs , surpassing the previous record set in 1950 . When the bubble burst in 2001 , many of these companies folded and their employees were laid off . Yet high technology and entrepreneurship remain mainstays of the San Francisco economy . By the mid-2000s ( decade ) , the social media boom had begun , with San Francisco becoming a popular location for tech offices and a popular place to live for people employed in Silicon Valley companies such as Apple and Google . The Ferry Station Post Office Building , Armour & Co . Building , Atherton House , and YMCA Hotel are historic buildings among dozens of historical landmarks in the city according to the National Register of Historic Places listings in San Francisco . Geography ( edit ) The San Francisco Peninsula San Francisco is located on the West Coast of the United States at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula and includes significant stretches of the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay within its boundaries . Several picturesque islands -- Alcatraz , Treasure Island and the adjacent Yerba Buena Island , and small portions of Alameda Island , Red Rock Island , and Angel Island -- are part of the city . Also included are the uninhabited Farallon Islands , 27 miles ( 43 km ) offshore in the Pacific Ocean . The mainland within the city limits roughly forms a `` seven - by - seven - mile square '' , a common local colloquialism referring to the city 's shape , though its total area , including water , is nearly 232 square miles ( 600 km ) . Cars navigate Lombard Street to descend Russian Hill . There are more than 50 hills within city limits . Some neighborhoods are named after the hill on which they are situated , including Nob Hill , Potrero Hill , and Russian Hill . Near the geographic center of the city , southwest of the downtown area , are a series of less densely populated hills . Twin Peaks , a pair of hills forming one of the city 's highest points , forms a popular overlook spot . San Francisco 's tallest hill , Mount Davidson , is 928 feet ( 283 m ) high and is capped with a 103 - foot ( 31 m ) tall cross built in 1934 . Dominating this area is Sutro Tower , a large red and white radio and television transmission tower . The nearby San Andreas and Hayward Faults are responsible for much earthquake activity , although neither physically passes through the city itself . The San Andreas Fault caused the earthquakes in 1906 and 1989 . Minor earthquakes occur on a regular basis . The threat of major earthquakes plays a large role in the city 's infrastructure development . The city constructed an auxiliary water supply system and has repeatedly upgraded its building codes , requiring retrofits for older buildings and higher engineering standards for new construction . However , there are still thousands of smaller buildings that remain vulnerable to quake damage . USGS has released the California earthquake forecast which models earthquake occurrence in California . San Francisco 's shoreline has grown beyond its natural limits . Entire neighborhoods such as the Marina , Mission Bay , and Hunters Point , as well as large sections of the Embarcadero , sit on areas of landfill . Treasure Island was constructed from material dredged from the bay as well as material resulting from the excavation of the Yerba Buena Tunnel through Yerba Buena Island during the construction of the Bay Bridge . Such land tends to be unstable during earthquakes . The resulting soil liquefaction causes extensive damage to property built upon it , as was evidenced in the Marina district during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake . Most of the city 's natural watercourses , such as Islais Creek and Mission Creek , have been culverted and built over , although the Public Utilities Commission is studying proposals to daylight or restore some creeks . Cityscape ( edit ) Main article : List of Landmarks and Historic Places in San Francisco Downtown San Francisco , seen from Twin Peaks , in October 2006 Downtown San Francisco , seen from Twin Peaks at dusk , in December 2009 Aerial view of the city in April , 2018 Neighborhoods ( edit ) San Francisco 's Chinatown is the oldest and one of the largest in North America . Main article : Neighborhoods in San Francisco See also : List of tallest buildings in San Francisco The historic center of San Francisco is the northeast quadrant of the city anchored by Market Street and the waterfront . It is here that the Financial District is centered , with Union Square , the principal shopping and hotel district , and the Tenderloin nearby . Cable cars carry riders up steep inclines to the summit of Nob Hill , once the home of the city 's business tycoons , and down to the waterfront tourist attractions of Fisherman 's Wharf , and Pier 39 , where many restaurants feature Dungeness crab from a still - active fishing industry . Also in this quadrant are Russian Hill , a residential neighborhood with the famously crooked Lombard Street ; North Beach , the city 's Little Italy and the former center of the Beat Generation ; and Telegraph Hill , which features Coit Tower . Abutting Russian Hill and North Beach is San Francisco 's Chinatown , the oldest Chinatown in North America . The South of Market , which was once San Francisco 's industrial core , has seen significant redevelopment following the construction of AT&T Park and an infusion of startup companies . New skyscrapers , live - work lofts , and condominiums dot the area . Further development is taking place just to the south in Mission Bay area , a former railroad yard , which now has a second campus of the University of California , San Francisco , and where the new Warriors arena will be built . West of downtown , across Van Ness Avenue , lies the large Western Addition neighborhood , which became established with a large African American population after World War II . The Western Addition is usually divided into smaller neighborhoods including Hayes Valley , the Fillmore , and Japantown , which was once the largest Japantown in North America but suffered when its Japanese American residents were forcibly removed and interned during World War II . The Western Addition survived the 1906 earthquake with its Victorians largely intact , including the famous `` Painted Ladies '' , standing alongside Alamo Square . To the south , near the geographic center of the city is Haight - Ashbury , famously associated with 1960s hippie culture . The Haight is now home to some expensive boutiques and a few controversial chain stores , although it still retains some bohemian character . Skyscrapers are common in northeast San Francisco , the city 's downtown North of the Western Addition is Pacific Heights , an affluent neighborhood that features the homes built by wealthy San Franciscans in the wake of the 1906 earthquake . Directly north of Pacific Heights facing the waterfront is the Marina , a neighborhood popular with young professionals that was largely built on reclaimed land from the Bay . The Transamerica Pyramid was the tallest building in San Francisco until 2016 , when Salesforce Tower surpassed it . In the south - east quadrant of the city is the Mission District -- populated in the 19th century by Californios and working - class immigrants from Germany , Ireland , Italy , and Scandinavia . In the 1910s , a wave of Central American immigrants settled in the Mission and , in the 1950s , immigrants from Mexico began to predominate . In recent years , gentrification has changed the demographics of parts of the Mission from Latino , to twenty - something professionals . Noe Valley to the southwest and Bernal Heights to the south are both increasingly popular among young families with children . East of the Mission is the Potrero Hill neighborhood , a mostly residential neighborhood that features sweeping views of downtown San Francisco . West of the Mission , the area historically known as Eureka Valley , now popularly called the Castro , was once a working - class Scandinavian and Irish area . It has become North America 's first and best known gay village , and is now the center of gay life in the city . Located near the city 's southern border , the Excelsior District is one of the most ethnically diverse neighborhoods in San Francisco . The predominantly African American Bayview - Hunters Point in the far southeast corner of the city is one of the poorest neighborhoods and suffers from a high rate of crime , though the area has been the focus of several revitalizing and controversial urban renewal projects . The construction of the Twin Peaks Tunnel in 1918 connected southwest neighborhoods to downtown via streetcar , hastening the development of West Portal , and nearby affluent Forest Hill and St. Francis Wood . Further west , stretching all the way to the Pacific Ocean and north to Golden Gate Park lies the vast Sunset District , a large middle class area with a predominantly Asian population . The northwestern quadrant of the city contains the Richmond , also a mostly middle - class neighborhood north of Golden Gate Park , home to immigrants from other parts of Asia as well as many Russian and Ukrainian immigrants . Together , these areas are known as The Avenues . These two districts are each sometimes further divided into two regions : the Outer Richmond and Outer Sunset can refer to the more western portions of their respective district and the Inner Richmond and Inner Sunset can refer to the more eastern portions . Many piers remained derelict for years until the demolition of the Embarcadero Freeway reopened the downtown waterfront , allowing for redevelopment . The centerpiece of the port , the Ferry Building , while still receiving commuter ferry traffic , has been restored and redeveloped as a gourmet marketplace . Climate ( edit ) San Francisco has a warm - summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen Csb ) characteristic of California 's coast , with moist mild winters and dry summers . San Francisco 's weather is strongly influenced by the cool currents of the Pacific Ocean on the west side of the city , and the water of San Francisco Bay to the north and east . This moderates temperature swings and produces a remarkably mild year - round climate with little seasonal temperature variation . Fog is a regular feature of San Francisco summers . Among major U.S. cities , San Francisco has the coolest daily mean , maximum , and minimum temperatures for June , July , and August . During the summer , rising hot air in California 's interior valleys creates a low pressure area that draws winds from the North Pacific High through the Golden Gate , which creates the city 's characteristic cool winds and fog . The fog is less pronounced in eastern neighborhoods and during the late summer and early fall . As a result , the year 's warmest month , on average , is September , and on average , October is warmer than July , especially in daytime . Because of its sharp topography and maritime influences , San Francisco exhibits a multitude of distinct microclimates . The high hills in the geographic center of the city are responsible for a 20 % variance in annual rainfall between different parts of the city . They also protect neighborhoods directly to their east from the foggy and sometimes very cold and windy conditions experienced in the Sunset District ; for those who live on the eastern side of the city , San Francisco is sunnier , with an average of 260 clear days , and only 105 cloudy days per year . Temperatures reach or exceed 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) on an average of only 21 and 23 days a year at downtown and San Francisco International Airport ( SFO ) , respectively . The dry period of May to October is mild to warm , with the normal monthly mean temperature peaking in September at 62.7 ° F ( 17.1 ° C ) . The rainy period of November to April is slightly cooler , with the normal monthly mean temperature reaching its lowest in January at 51.3 ° F ( 10.7 ° C ) . On average , there are 73 rainy days a year , and annual precipitation averages 23.65 inches ( 601 mm ) . Variation in precipitation from year to year is high . Above average rain years are often associated with warm El Niño conditions in the Pacific while dry years often occur in cold water La Niña periods . In 2013 ( a `` La Niña '' year ) , a record low 5.59 in ( 142 mm ) of rainfall was recorded at downtown San Francisco , where records have been kept since 1849 . Snowfall in the city is very rare , with only 10 measurable accumulations recorded since 1852 , most recently in 1976 when up to 5 inches ( 130 mm ) fell on Twin Peaks . The highest recorded temperature at the official National Weather Service downtown observation station ( currently at the United States Mint building ) was 106 ° F ( 41 ° C ) on September 1 , 2017 . The lowest recorded temperature was 27 ° F ( − 3 ° C ) on December 11 , 1932 . The National Weather Service provides a helpful visual aid graphing the information in the table below to display visually by month the annual typical temperatures , the past year 's temperatures , and record temperatures . San Francisco falls under the USDA 10b Plant Hardiness zone . ( hide ) Climate data for San Francisco ( downtown ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1849 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 79 ( 26 ) 81 ( 27 ) 87 ( 31 ) 94 ( 34 ) 97 ( 36 ) 103 ( 39 ) 98 ( 37 ) 98 ( 37 ) 106 ( 41 ) 102 ( 39 ) 86 ( 30 ) 76 ( 24 ) 106 ( 41 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 67.3 ( 19.6 ) 72.5 ( 22.5 ) 75.7 ( 24.3 ) 82.3 ( 27.9 ) 82.7 ( 28.2 ) 86.0 ( 30 ) 83.1 ( 28.4 ) 85.5 ( 29.7 ) 89.6 ( 32 ) 88.1 ( 31.2 ) 76.1 ( 24.5 ) 66.4 ( 19.1 ) 94.3 ( 34.6 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 56.9 ( 13.8 ) 60.2 ( 15.7 ) 61.8 ( 16.6 ) 63.1 ( 17.3 ) 64.3 ( 17.9 ) 66.4 ( 19.1 ) 66.5 ( 19.2 ) 68.1 ( 20.1 ) 70.2 ( 21.2 ) 69.2 ( 20.7 ) 63.1 ( 17.3 ) 57.1 ( 13.9 ) 63.9 ( 17.7 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 51.3 ( 10.7 ) 53.9 ( 12.2 ) 55.1 ( 12.8 ) 56.2 ( 13.4 ) 57.6 ( 14.2 ) 59.6 ( 15.3 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 61.6 ( 16.4 ) 62.7 ( 17.1 ) 61.5 ( 16.4 ) 56.6 ( 13.7 ) 51.6 ( 10.9 ) 57.3 ( 14.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 45.7 ( 7.6 ) 47.5 ( 8.6 ) 48.5 ( 9.2 ) 49.2 ( 9.6 ) 51.0 ( 10.6 ) 52.8 ( 11.6 ) 54.1 ( 12.3 ) 55.1 ( 12.8 ) 55.1 ( 12.8 ) 53.7 ( 12.1 ) 50.1 ( 10.1 ) 46.1 ( 7.8 ) 50.7 ( 10.4 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 40.3 ( 4.6 ) 41.8 ( 5.4 ) 43.6 ( 6.4 ) 45.1 ( 7.3 ) 47.7 ( 8.7 ) 50.2 ( 10.1 ) 51.5 ( 10.8 ) 52.6 ( 11.4 ) 52.0 ( 11.1 ) 49.6 ( 9.8 ) 44.2 ( 6.8 ) 40.1 ( 4.5 ) 38.2 ( 3.4 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 29 ( − 2 ) 31 ( − 1 ) 33 ( 1 ) 40 ( 4 ) 42 ( 6 ) 46 ( 8 ) 47 ( 8 ) 46 ( 8 ) 47 ( 8 ) 43 ( 6 ) 38 ( 3 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 27 ( − 3 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 4.50 ( 114.3 ) 4.46 ( 113.3 ) 3.26 ( 82.8 ) 1.46 ( 37.1 ) 0.70 ( 17.8 ) 0.16 ( 4.1 ) 0.00 ( 0 ) 0.06 ( 1.5 ) 0.21 ( 5.3 ) 1.12 ( 28.4 ) 3.16 ( 80.3 ) 4.56 ( 115.8 ) 23.65 ( 600.7 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 11.7 11.1 11.0 6.5 3.8 1.5 0.3 1.0 1.7 3.9 8.9 11.6 73.0 Average relative humidity ( % ) 80 77 75 72 72 71 75 75 73 71 75 78 75 Mean monthly sunshine hours 185.9 207.7 269.1 309.3 325.1 311.4 313.3 287.4 271.4 247.1 173.4 160.6 3,061.7 Percent possible sunshine 61 69 73 78 74 70 70 68 73 71 57 54 69 Source # 1 : NOAA ( sun 1961 -- 1974 ) Source # 2 : Met Office for humidity Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of San Francisco Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1848 1,000 -- 1849 25,000 + 2400.0 % 1852 34,776 + 39.1 % 1860 56,802 + 63.3 % 1870 149,473 + 163.1 % 1880 233,959 + 56.5 % 1890 298,997 + 27.8 % 1900 342,782 + 14.6 % 1910 416,912 + 21.6 % 1920 506,676 + 21.5 % 1930 634,394 + 25.2 % 1940 634,536 + 0.0 % 1950 775,357 + 22.2 % 1960 740,316 − 4.5 % 1970 715,674 − 3.3 % 1980 678,974 − 5.1 % 1990 723,959 + 6.6 % 2000 776,733 + 7.3 % 805,235 + 3.7 % 2017 884,363 + 9.8 % Sources : See also : Population Graph Source : U.S. Decennial Census The U.S. Census Bureau estimates San Francisco 's population to be 870,887 as of July 1 , 2016 , with a population density of 18,573 / sq mi . San Francisco is the second-most densely populated major American city behind only New York City ( among cities greater than 200,000 population ) , and the fifth-most densely populated U.S. county . San Francisco is the traditional focal point of the San Francisco Bay Area and forms part of the five - county San Francisco -- Oakland -- Hayward , CA Metropolitan Statistical Area , a region of 4.6 million people . It is also part of the greater 12 - county San Jose - San Francisco - Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area , whose population is over 8.7 million , making it the fifth - largest in the United States as of July 1 , 2015 . Race , ethnicity , religion , and languages ( edit ) San Francisco has a minority - majority population , as non-Hispanic whites comprise less than half of the population , 41.9 % , down from 92.5 % in 1940 . As of the 2010 census , the ethnic makeup and population of San Francisco included : 390,387 whites ( 48 % ) , 267,915 Asians ( 33 % ) , 48,870 African Americans ( 6 % ) , and others . There were 121,744 Hispanics or Latinos of any race ( 15 % ) . In 2010 , residents of Chinese ethnicity constituted the largest single ethnic minority group in San Francisco at 21 % of the population ; the other Asian groups are Filipinos ( 5 % ) and Vietnamese ( 2 % ) . The population of Chinese ancestry is most heavily concentrated in Chinatown , Sunset District , and Richmond District , whereas Filipinos are most concentrated in the Crocker - Amazon ( which is contiguous with the Filipino community of Daly City , which has one of the highest concentrations of Filipinos in North America ) , as well as in SoMa . The Tenderloin District is home to a large portion of the city 's Vietnamese population as well as businesses and restaurants , which is known as the city 's Little Saigon . The principal Hispanic groups in the city were those of Mexican ( 7 % ) and Salvadoran ( 2 % ) ancestry . The Hispanic population is most heavily concentrated in the Mission District , Tenderloin District , and Excelsior District . The city 's percentage of Hispanic residents is less than half of that of the state . The population of African Americans in San Francisco has declined to 6 % of the city 's population . The percentage of African Americans in San Francisco is similar to that of California . The majority of the city 's black population reside within the neighborhoods of Bayview - Hunters Point , Visitacion Valley , and in the Fillmore District . Map of racial distribution in San Francisco Bay Area , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian Hispanic , or Other ( yellow ) ( hide ) Demographic profile 2000 1990 1970 1940 White 48.5 % 49.7 % 53.6 % 71.4 % 95.0 % Non-Hispanic White 41.9 % 43.6 % 46.6 % 60.4 % 92.5 % Asian 33.3 % 30.8 % 29.1 % 13.3 % 4.2 % Black or African American 6.1 % 7.8 % 10.9 % 13.4 % 0.8 % American Indian and Alaska Native 0.5 % 0.4 % 0.5 % 0.4 % -- Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 0.4 % 0.5 % 0.5 % -- -- Some other race 6.6 % 6.5 % 5.9 % 1.5 % - Two or more races 4.7 % 4.0 % - - - Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 15.1 % 14.1 % 13.9 % 11.6 % 2.5 % Source : US Census According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center , the largest religious groupings in San Francisco 's metropolitan area are Christians ( 48 % ) , followed by those of no religion ( 35 % ) , Hindus ( 5 % ) , Jews ( 3 % ) , Buddhists ( 2 % ) , Muslims ( 1 % ) and a variety of other religions have smaller followings . According to the same study by the Pew Research Center , about 20 % of residents in the area are Protestant , and 25 % professing Roman Catholic beliefs . Meanwhile , 10 % of the residents in metropolitan San Francisco identifies as agnostics , while 5 % identifies as atheists . As of 2010 , 55 % ( 411,728 ) of San Francisco residents spoke English at home as a primary language , while 19 % ( 140,302 ) spoke a variety of Chinese ( mostly Taishanese and Cantonese ) , 12 % ( 88,147 ) Spanish , 3 % ( 25,767 ) Tagalog , and 2 % ( 14,017 ) Russian . In total , 45 % ( 342,693 ) of San Francisco 's population spoke a mother language other than English . ( hide ) Demographic profile Total Population 805,235 -- 100 % Hispanic or Latino 121,774 -- 15.1 % White 390,387 -- 48.5 % African American 48,870 - 6.1 % Asian 267,915 - 33.3 % American Indian and Alaska Native 4,024 - 0.5 % Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander 3,359 - 0.4 % Other 53,021 - 6.6 % Two or more races 37,659 - 4.7 % Education , households , and income ( edit ) Of all major cities in the United States , San Francisco has the second - highest percentage of residents with a college degree , behind only Seattle . Over 44 % of adults have a bachelor 's or higher degree . San Francisco had the highest rate at 7,031 per square mile , or over 344,000 total graduates in the city 's 46.7 square miles ( 121 km ) . San Francisco has the highest percentage of gay and lesbian individuals of any of the 50 largest U.S. cities , at 15 % . San Francisco also has the highest percentage of same - sex households of any American county , with the Bay Area having a higher concentration than any other metropolitan area . Income in 2011 Per capita income $46,777 Median household income $72,947 Median family income $87,329 San Francisco ranks third of American cities in median household income with a 2007 value of $65,519 . Median family income is $81,136 . An emigration of middle - class families has left the city with a lower proportion of children , 15 % , than any other large American city . The city 's poverty rate is 12 % , lower than the national average . Homelessness has been a chronic problem for San Francisco since the early 1970s . The city is believed to have the highest number of homeless inhabitants per capita of any major U.S. city . There are 345,811 households in the city , out of which : 133,366 households ( 39 % ) were individuals , 109,437 ( 32 % ) were opposite - sex married couples , 63,577 ( 18 % ) had children under the age of 18 living in them , 21,677 ( 6 % ) were unmarried opposite - sex partnerships , and 10,384 ( 3 % ) were same - sex married couples or partnerships . The average household size was 2.26 ; the average family size was 3.11 . 452,986 people ( 56 % ) lived in rental housing units , and 327,985 people ( 41 % ) lived in owner - occupied housing units . The median age of the city population is 38 years . Homelessness ( edit ) Homelessness , historically , has been a major problem in the city and remains a growing problem in modern times . The homeless population is estimated to be 13,500 with 6,500 living on the streets . Economy ( edit ) See also : List of companies based in San Francisco San Francisco has a diversified service economy , with employment spread across a wide range of professional services , including financial services , tourism , and ( increasingly ) high technology . In 2016 , approximately 27 % of workers were employed in professional business services ; 14 % in leisure and hospitality ; 13 % in government services ; 12 % in education and health care ; 11 % in trade , transportation , and utilities ; and 8 % in financial activities . In 2016 , GDP in the five - county San Francisco metropolitan area grew 5.4 % to $470.5 billion . Additionally , in 2016 the 12 - county San Jose - San Francisco - Oakland combined statistical area had a GDP of $820.9 billion , ranking 3rd among CSA s , and ahead of all but 17 countries . As of 2016 , San Francisco County was the 7th highest - income county in the United States ( among over 3,000 ) , with a per capita personal income of $110,418 . Marin County , directly to the north over the Golden Gate Bridge , and San Mateo County , directly to the south on the Peninsula , were 5th and 11th highest - income counties respectively . California Street in the Financial District The legacy of the California Gold Rush turned San Francisco into the principal banking and finance center of the West Coast in the early twentieth century . Montgomery Street in the Financial District became known as the `` Wall Street of the West '' , home to the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco , the Wells Fargo corporate headquarters , and the site of the now - defunct Pacific Coast Stock Exchange . Bank of America , a pioneer in making banking services accessible to the middle class , was founded in San Francisco and in the 1960s , built the landmark modern skyscraper at 555 California Street for its corporate headquarters . Many large financial institutions , multinational banks , and venture capital firms are based in or have regional headquarters in the city . With over 30 international financial institutions , six Fortune 500 companies , and a large support infrastructure of professional services -- including law , public relations , architecture and design -- San Francisco is designated as an Alpha ( - ) World City . The 2017 Global Financial Centres Index ranked San Francisco as the sixth most competitive financial center in the world . Alcatraz receives 1.5 million annual visitors . Since the 1990s , San Francisco 's economy has diversified away from finance and tourism towards the growing fields of high tech , biotechnology , and medical research . Technology jobs accounted for just 1 percent of San Francisco 's economy in 1990 , growing to 4 percent in 2010 and an estimated 8 percent by the end of 2013 . San Francisco became an epicenter of Internet start - up companies during the dot - com bubble of the 1990s and the subsequent social media boom of the late 2000s ( decade ) . Since 2010 , San Francisco proper has attracted an increasing share of venture capital investments as compared to nearby Silicon Valley , attracting 423 financings worth US $4.58 billion in 2013 . In 2004 , the city approved a payroll tax exemption for biotechnology companies to foster growth in the Mission Bay neighborhood , site of a second campus and hospital of the University of California , San Francisco ( UCSF ) . Mission Bay hosts the UCSF Medical Center , the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine , California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences , and Gladstone Institutes , as well as more than 40 private - sector life sciences companies . Ships docked at Pier 3 , with Financial District skyscrapers in the background . The top employer in the city is the city government itself , employing 5.3 % ( 25,000 + people ) of the city 's population , followed by UCSF with over 22,000 employees . Third -- at 1.8 % ( 8,500 + people ) -- is California Pacific Medical Center , the largest private - sector employer . Small businesses with fewer than 10 employees and self - employed firms make up 85 % of city establishments , and the number of San Franciscans employed by firms of more than 1,000 employees has fallen by half since 1977 . The growth of national big box and formula retail chains into the city has been made intentionally difficult by political and civic consensus . In an effort to buoy small privately owned businesses in San Francisco and preserve the unique retail personality of the city , the Small Business Commission started a publicity campaign in 2004 to keep a larger share of retail dollars in the local economy , and the Board of Supervisors has used the planning code to limit the neighborhoods where formula retail establishments can set up shop , an effort affirmed by San Francisco voters . However , by 2016 , San Francisco was rated low by small businesses in a Business Friendliness Survey . Like many U.S. cities , San Francisco once had a significant manufacturing sector employing nearly 60,000 workers in 1969 , but nearly all production left for cheaper locations by the 1980s . As of 2014 , San Francisco has seen a small resurgence in manufacturing , with more than 4,000 manufacturing jobs across 500 companies , doubling since 2011 . The city 's largest manufacturing employer is Anchor Brewing Company , and the largest by revenue is Timbuk2 . Tourism and conventions ( edit ) See also : Port of San Francisco Tourism is one of the city 's largest private - sector industries , accounting for more than one out of seven jobs in the city . The city 's frequent portrayal in music , film , and popular culture has made the city and its landmarks recognizable worldwide . It attracts the fifth - highest number of foreign tourists of any city in the United States and is one of the top - 20 destination cities worldwide by international visitor spending . More than 25 million visitors arrived in San Francisco in 2016 , adding US $9.96 billion to the economy . With a large hotel infrastructure and a world - class convention facility in the Moscone Center , San Francisco is a popular destination for annual conventions and conferences . Some of the most popular tourist attractions in San Francisco noted by the Travel Channel include the Golden Gate Bridge and Alamo Square Park , which is home to the famous `` Painted Ladies '' . Both of these locations were often used as landscape shots for the hit American sitcom Full House . There is also Lombard Street , known for its `` crookedness '' and beautiful views . Tourists also flood to Pier 39 , which offers dining , shopping , entertainment , and beautiful views of the bay , sun - bathing seals , and the famous Alcatraz Island . San Francisco also offers tourists cultural and unique nightlife in its neighborhoods . The Ferry Building along the Embarcadero The new Terminal Project at Pier 27 opened September 25 , 2014 as a replacement for the old Pier 35 . Itineraries from San Francisco usually include round trip cruises to Alaska and Mexico . A heightened interest in conventioneering in San Francisco , marked by the establishment of convention centers such as Yerba Buena , acted as a feeder into the local tourist economy and resulted in an increase in the hotel industry : `` In 1959 , the city had fewer than thirty - three hundred first - class hotel rooms ; by 1970 , the number was nine thousand ; and by 1999 , there were more than thirty thousand . '' The commodification of the Castro District has contributed to San Francisco 's tourist economy . Culture and contemporary life ( edit ) Main article : Culture of San Francisco See also : San Francisco in popular culture Boutiques along Fillmore Street in Pacific Heights Although the Financial District , Union Square , and Fisherman 's Wharf are well - known around the world , San Francisco is also characterized by its numerous culturally rich streetscapes featuring mixed - use neighborhoods anchored around central commercial corridors to which residents and visitors alike can walk . Because of these characteristics , San Francisco is ranked the second `` most walkable '' city in the United States by Walkscore.com . Many neighborhoods feature a mix of businesses , restaurants and venues that cater to both the daily needs of local residents while also serving many visitors and tourists . Some neighborhoods are dotted with boutiques , cafés and nightlife such as Union Street in Cow Hollow , 24th Street in Noe Valley , Valencia Street in the Mission , Grant Avenue in North Beach , and Irving Street in the Inner Sunset . This approach especially has influenced the continuing South of Market neighborhood redevelopment with businesses and neighborhood services rising alongside high - rise residences . High - rises surround Yerba Buena Gardens , South of Market Since the 1990s , the demand for skilled information technology workers from local startups and nearby Silicon Valley has attracted white - collar workers from all over the world and created a high standard of living in San Francisco . Many neighborhoods that were once blue - collar , middle , and lower class have been gentrifying , as many of the city 's traditional business and industrial districts have experienced a renaissance driven by the redevelopment of the Embarcadero , including the neighborhoods South Beach and Mission Bay . The city 's property values and household income have risen to among the highest in the nation , creating a large and upscale restaurant , retail , and entertainment scene . According to a 2014 quality of life survey of global cities , San Francisco has the highest quality of living of any U.S. city . However , due to the exceptionally high cost of living , many of the city 's middle and lower - class families have been leaving the city for the outer suburbs of the Bay Area , or for California 's Central Valley . By June 2 , 2015 , the median rent was reported to be as high as $4,225 . The high cost of living is due in part to restrictive planning laws which limit new residential construction . The international character that San Francisco has enjoyed since its founding is continued today by large numbers of immigrants from Asia and Latin America . With 39 % of its residents born overseas , San Francisco has numerous neighborhoods filled with businesses and civic institutions catering to new arrivals . In particular , the arrival of many ethnic Chinese , which accelerated beginning in the 1970s , has complemented the long - established community historically based in Chinatown throughout the city and has transformed the annual Chinese New Year Parade into the largest event of its kind outside China . With the arrival of the `` beat '' writers and artists of the 1950s and societal changes culminating in the Summer of Love in the Haight - Ashbury district during the 1960s , San Francisco became a center of liberal activism and of the counterculture that arose at that time . The Democrats and to a lesser extent the Green Party have dominated city politics since the late 1970s , after the last serious Republican challenger for city office lost the 1975 mayoral election by a narrow margin . San Francisco has not voted more than 20 % for a Republican presidential or senatorial candidate since 1988 . In 2007 , the city expanded its Medicaid and other indigent medical programs into the `` Healthy San Francisco '' program , which subsidizes certain medical services for eligible residents . San Francisco also has had a very active environmental community . Starting with the founding of the Sierra Club in 1892 to the establishment of the non-profit Friends of the Urban Forest in 1981 , San Francisco has been at the forefront of many global discussions regarding our natural environment . The 1980 San Francisco Recycling Program was one of the earliest curbside recycling programs . The city 's GoSolarSF incentive promotes solar installations and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission is rolling out the CleanPowerSF program to sell electricity from local renewable sources . SF Greasecycle is a program to recycle used cooking oil for conversion to biodiesel . The Sunset Reservoir Solar Project , completed in 2010 , installed 24,000 solar panels on the roof of the reservoir . The 5 - megawatt plant more than tripled the city 's 2 - megawatt solar generation capacity when it opened in December 2010 . LGBT ( edit ) Main article : LGBT culture in San Francisco The rainbow flag , symbol of LGBT pride , originated in San Francisco ; banners like this one decorate streets in The Castro . San Francisco has long had an LGBT - friendly history . It was home to the first lesbian - rights organization in the United States , Daughters of Bilitis ; the first openly gay person to run for public office in the United States , José Sarria ; the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in California , Harvey Milk ; the first openly lesbian judge appointed in the U.S. , Mary C. Morgan ; and the first transgender police commissioner , Theresa Sparks . The city 's large gay population has created and sustained a politically and culturally active community over many decades , developing a powerful presence in San Francisco 's civic life . Survey data released in 2015 by Gallup place the proportion of the San Francisco metro area at 6.2 % , which is the highest such proportion observed of the 50 most populous metropolitan areas as measured by the polling organization . One of the most popular destinations for gay tourists internationally , the city hosts San Francisco Pride , one of the largest and oldest pride parades . San Francisco Pride events have been held continuously since 1972 . The events are themed and a new theme is created each year . In 2013 , over 1.5 million people attended , around 500,000 more than the previous year . Entertainment and performing Arts ( edit ) Main article : List of theatres in San Francisco The lobby of the War Memorial Opera House , one of the last buildings erected in Beaux Arts style in the United States San Francisco 's War Memorial and Performing Arts Center hosts some of the most enduring performing - arts companies in the country . The War Memorial Opera House houses the San Francisco Opera , the second - largest opera company in North America as well as the San Francisco Ballet , while the San Francisco Symphony plays in Davies Symphony Hall . The Fillmore is a music venue located in the Western Addition . It is the second incarnation of the historic venue that gained fame in the 1960s , housing the stage where now - famous musicians such as the Grateful Dead , Janis Joplin , Led Zeppelin and Jefferson Airplane first performed , fostering the San Francisco Sound . San Francisco has a large number of theaters and live performance venues . Local theater companies have been noted for risk taking and innovation . The Tony Award - winning non-profit American Conservatory Theater ( A.C.T. ) is a member of the national League of Resident Theatres . Other local winners of the Regional Theatre Tony Award include the San Francisco Mime Troupe . San Francisco theaters frequently host pre-Broadway engagements and tryout runs , and some original San Francisco productions have later moved to Broadway . Museums ( edit ) Main article : List of museums in San Francisco Bay Area , California § San Francisco The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art ( SFMOMA ) houses 20th century and contemporary works of art . It moved to its current building in the South of Market neighborhood in 1995 and attracted more than 600,000 visitors annually . SFMOMA closed for renovation and expansion in 2013 . The museum reopened on May 14 , 2016 with an addition , designed by Snøhetta , that has doubled the museum 's size . The Palace of the Legion of Honor holds primarily European antiquities and works of art at its Lincoln Park building modeled after its Parisian namesake . The de Young Museum in Golden Gate Park features American decorative pieces and anthropological holdings from Africa , Oceania and the Americas , while Asian art is housed in the Asian Art Museum . Opposite the de Young stands the California Academy of Sciences , a natural history museum that also hosts the Morrison Planetarium and Steinhart Aquarium . Located on Pier 15 on the Embarcadero , the Exploratorium is an interactive science museum . The Contemporary Jewish Museum is a non-collecting institution that hosts a broad array of temporary exhibitions . On Nob Hill , the Cable Car Museum is a working museum featuring the cable car power house , which drives the cables . Sports ( edit ) AT&T Park opened in 2000 . Main article : Sports in the San Francisco Bay Area Major League Baseball 's San Francisco Giants have played in San Francisco since moving from New York in 1958 . The Giants play at AT&T Park , which opened in 2000 . The Giants won World Series titles in 2010 , 2012 , and in 2014 . The Giants have boasted such stars as Willie Mays , Willie McCovey and Barry Bonds . In 2012 , San Francisco was ranked No. 1 in a study that examined which U.S. metro areas have produced the most Major Leaguers since 1920 . The San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League ( NFL ) were the longest - tenured major professional sports franchise in the city until moving in 2013 . The team began play in 1946 as an All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) league charter member , moved to the NFL in 1950 and into Candlestick Park in 1971 . The team began playing its home games at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara in 2014 , closer to the city of San Jose . The 49ers won five Super Bowl titles in the 1980s and 1990s . The San Francisco Warriors played in the NBA from 1962 -- 1971 , before being renamed the Golden State Warriors prior to the 1971 -- 1972 season in an attempt to present the team as a representation of the whole state of California . The Warrior 's stadium , Oracle Arena , is currently located in Oakland , California . They have won 5 championships , including their most recent in 2017 . At the collegiate level , the San Francisco Dons compete in NCAA Division I. Bill Russell led the Don 's basketball team to NCAA championships in 1955 and 1956 . There is also the San Francisco State Gators , who compete in NCAA Division II . AT&T Park hosted the annual Fight Hunger Bowl college football game from 2002 through 2013 before it moved to Santa Clara . The Olympic Club The Bay to Breakers footrace , held annually since 1912 , is best known for colorful costumes and a celebratory community spirit . The San Francisco Marathon attracts more than 21,000 participants . The Escape from Alcatraz triathlon has , since 1980 , attracted 2,000 top professional and amateur triathletes for its annual race . The Olympic Club , founded in 1860 , is the oldest athletic club in the United States . Its private golf course has hosted the U.S. Open on five occasions . San Francisco hosted the 2013 America 's Cup yacht racing competition . With an ideal climate for outdoor activities , San Francisco has ample resources and opportunities for amateur and participatory sports and recreation . There are more than 200 miles ( 320 km ) of bicycle paths , lanes and bike routes in the city . San Francisco residents have often ranked among the fittest in the country . Golden Gate Park has miles of paved and unpaved running trails as well as a golf course and disc golf course . Boating , sailing , windsurfing and kitesurfing are among the popular activities on San Francisco Bay , and the city maintains a yacht harbor in the Marina District . Beaches and Parks ( edit ) See also : List of parks in San Francisco Ocean Beach , San Francisco with a view of the Cliff House Golden Gate Park as seen from Strawberry Hill Several of San Francisco 's parks and nearly all of its beaches form part of the regional Golden Gate National Recreation Area , one of the most visited units of the National Park system in the United States with over 13 million visitors a year . Among the GGNRA 's attractions within the city are Ocean Beach , which runs along the Pacific Ocean shoreline and is frequented by a vibrant surfing community , and Baker Beach , which is located in a cove west of the Golden Gate and part of the Presidio , a former military base . Also within the Presidio is Crissy Field , a former airfield that was restored to its natural salt marsh ecosystem . The GGNRA also administers Fort Funston , Lands End , Fort Mason , and Alcatraz . The National Park Service separately administers the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park -- a fleet of historic ships and waterfront property around Aquatic Park . Alamo Square is one of the most well known parks in the area , and is often a symbol of San Francisco for its popular location for film and pop culture . There are more than 220 parks maintained by the San Francisco Recreation & Parks Department . The largest and best - known city park is Golden Gate Park , which stretches from the center of the city west to the Pacific Ocean . Once covered in native grasses and sand dunes , the park was conceived in the 1860s and was created by the extensive planting of thousands of non-native trees and plants . The large park is rich with cultural and natural attractions such as the Conservatory of Flowers , Japanese Tea Garden and San Francisco Botanical Garden . Lake Merced is a fresh - water lake surrounded by parkland and near the San Francisco Zoo , a city - owned park that houses more than 250 animal species , many of which are endangered . The only park managed by the California State Park system located principally in San Francisco , Candlestick Point was the state 's first urban recreation area . San Francisco is the first city in the U.S. to have a park within a 10 - Minute Walk of every resident . It also ranks fifth in the U.S. for park access and quality in the 2018 ParkScore ranking of the top 100 park systems across the United States , according to the nonprofit Trust for Public Land . Law and government ( edit ) Main articles : Government of San Francisco , Politics of San Francisco , and Mayors of San Francisco San Francisco -- officially known as the City and County of San Francisco -- is a consolidated city - county , a status it has held since the 1856 secession of what is now San Mateo County . It is the only such consolidation in California . The mayor is also the county executive , and the county Board of Supervisors acts as the city council . The government of San Francisco is a charter city and is constituted of two co-equal branches . The executive branch is headed by the mayor and includes other citywide elected and appointed officials as well as the civil service . The 11 - member Board of Supervisors , the legislative branch , is headed by a president and is responsible for passing laws and budgets , though San Franciscans also make use of direct ballot initiatives to pass legislation . San Francisco City Hall The members of the Board of Supervisors are elected as representatives of specific districts within the city . Upon the death or resignation of mayor , the President of the Board of Supervisors becomes acting mayor until the full Board elects an interim replacement for the remainder of the term . In 1978 , Dianne Feinstein assumed the office following the assassination of George Moscone and was later selected by the board to finish the term . In 2011 , Edwin M. Lee was selected by the board to finish the term of Gavin Newsom , who resigned to take office as Lieutenant Governor of California . Lee ( who won 2 elections to remain mayor ) was temporarily replaced by San Francisco Board of Supervisors President London Breed after he died on December 12 , 2017 . Supervisor Mark Farrell was appointed by the Board of Supervisors to finish Lee 's term on January 23 , 2018 . Because of its unique city - county status , local government exercises jurisdiction over property that would otherwise be located outside of its corporation limit . San Francisco International Airport , though located in San Mateo County , is owned and operated by the City and County of San Francisco . San Francisco also has a county jail complex located in San Mateo County , in an unincorporated area adjacent to San Bruno . San Francisco was also granted a perpetual leasehold over the Hetch Hetchy Valley and watershed in Yosemite National Park by the Raker Act in 1913 . San Francisco serves as the regional hub for many arms of the federal bureaucracy , including the U.S. Court of Appeals , the Federal Reserve Bank , and the U.S. Mint . Until decommissioning in the early 1990s , the city had major military installations at the Presidio , Treasure Island , and Hunters Point -- a legacy still reflected in the annual celebration of Fleet Week . The State of California uses San Francisco as the home of the state supreme court and other state agencies . Foreign governments maintain more than seventy consulates in San Francisco . The municipal budget for fiscal year 2015 -- 16 was $8.99 billion , and is one of the largest city budgets in the United States . The City of San Francisco spends more per resident than any city other than Washington D.C , over $10,000 in FY 2015 -- 2016 . The city employs around 27,000 workers . Crime ( edit ) The following table includes the number of incidents reported and the rate per 1,000 persons for each type of offense . ( show ) Population and crime rates ( 2012 ) Population 820,363 Violent crime 5,777 7.04 Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter 69 0.08 Forcible rape 108 0.13 Robbery 3,484 4.25 Aggravated assault 2,116 2.58 Property crime 38,898 47.42 Burglary 5,317 6.48 Larceny - theft 28,242 34.43 Motor vehicle theft 5,339 6.51 Arson 207 0.25 CHP officers enforce the California Vehicle Code , pursue fugitives spotted on the highways , and attend to all significant obstructions and accidents within their jurisdiction . In 2011 , 50 murders were reported , which is 6.1 per 100,000 people . There were about 134 rapes , 3,142 robberies , and about 2,139 assaults . There were about 4,469 burglaries , 25,100 thefts , and 4,210 motor vehicle thefts . The Tenderloin area has the highest crime rate in San Francisco : 70 % of the city 's violent crimes , and around one - fourth of the city 's murders , occur in this neighborhood . The Tenderloin also sees high rates of drug abuse , gang violence , and prostitution . Another area with high crime rates is the Bayview - Hunters Point area . In the first six months of 2015 there were 25 murders compared to 14 in the first six months of 2014 . However , the murder rate is still much lower than in past decades . That rate , though , did rise again by the close of 2016 . According to the San Francisco Police Department , there were 59 murders in the city in 2016 , an annual total that marked a 13.5 % increase in the number of homicides ( 52 ) from 2015 . Gangs ( edit ) Several street gangs operate in the city , including MS - 13 , the Sureños and Norteños in the Mission District , . African - American street gangs familiar in other cities , including the Crips , have struggled to establish footholds in San Francisco , while police and prosecutors have been accused of liberally labeling young African - American males as gang members . Criminal gangs with shotcallers in China , including Triad groups such as the Wo Hop To , have been reported active in San Francisco . In 1977 , an ongoing rivalry between two Chinese gangs led to a shooting attack at the Golden Dragon restaurant in Chinatown , which left 5 people dead and 11 wounded . None of the victims in this attack were gang members . Five members of the Joe Boys gang were arrested and convicted of the crime . In 1990 , a gang - related shooting killed one man and wounded six others outside a nightclub near Chinatown . In 1998 , six teenagers were shot and wounded at the Chinese Playground ; a 16 - year - old boy was subsequently arrested . Public Safety ( edit ) The San Francisco Police Department was founded in 1849 . The portions of Golden Gate National Recreation Area located within the city , including the Presidio and Ocean Beach , are patrolled by the United States Park Police . The San Francisco Fire Department provides both fire suppression and emergency medical services to the city . Education ( edit ) Colleges and universities ( edit ) The Lone Mountain Campus of the University of San Francisco . See also : List of colleges and universities in San Francisco San Francisco State University Main Quad The University of California , San Francisco is the sole campus of the University of California system entirely dedicated to graduate education in health and biomedical sciences . It is ranked among the top five medical schools in the United States and operates the UCSF Medical Center , which ranks as the number one hospital in California and the number 5 in the country . UCSF is a major local employer , second in size only to the city and county government . A 43 - acre ( 17 ha ) Mission Bay campus was opened in 2003 , complementing its original facility in Parnassus Heights . It contains research space and facilities to foster biotechnology and life sciences entrepreneurship and will double the size of UCSF 's research enterprise . All in all , UCSF operates more than 20 facilities across San Francisco . The University of California , Hastings College of the Law , founded in Civic Center in 1878 , is the oldest law school in California and claims more judges on the state bench than any other institution . San Francisco 's two University of California institutions have recently formed an official affiliation in the UCSF / UC Hastings Consortium on Law , Science & Health Policy . San Francisco State University is part of the California State University system and is located near Lake Merced . The school has approximately 30,000 students and awards undergraduate , master 's and doctoral degrees in more than 100 disciplines . The City College of San Francisco , with its main facility in the Ingleside district , is one of the largest two - year community colleges in the country . It has an enrollment of about 100,000 students and offers an extensive continuing education program . Founded in 1855 , the University of San Francisco , a private Jesuit university located on Lone Mountain , is the oldest institution of higher education in San Francisco and one of the oldest universities established west of the Mississippi River . Golden Gate University is a private , nonsectarian , coeducational university formed in 1901 and located in the Financial District . With an enrollment of 13,000 students , the Academy of Art University is the largest institute of art and design in the nation . Founded in 1871 , the San Francisco Art Institute is the oldest art school west of the Mississippi . The California College of the Arts , located north of Potrero Hill , has programs in architecture , fine arts , design , and writing . The San Francisco Conservatory of Music , the only independent music school on the West Coast , grants degrees in orchestral instruments , chamber music , composition , and conducting . The California Culinary Academy , associated with the Le Cordon Bleu program , offers programs in the culinary arts , baking and pastry arts , and hospitality and restaurant management . California Institute of Integral Studies , founded in 1968 , offers a variety of graduate programs in its Schools of Professional Psychology & Health , and Consciousness and Transformation . Primary and secondary schools ( edit ) See also : List of high schools in California § San Francisco County Public schools are run by the San Francisco Unified School District as well as the State Board of Education for some charter schools . Lowell High School , the oldest public high school in the U.S. west of the Mississippi , and the smaller School of the Arts High School are two of San Francisco 's magnet schools at the secondary level . Public school students attend schools based on an assignment system rather than neighborhood proximity . Just under 30 % of the city 's school - age population attends one of San Francisco 's more than 100 private or parochial schools , compared to a 10 % rate nationwide . Nearly 40 of those schools are Catholic schools managed by the Archdiocese of San Francisco . Early education ( edit ) San Francisco has nearly 300 preschool programs primarily operated by Head Start , San Francisco Unified School District , private for - profit , private non-profit and family child care providers . All 4 - year old children living in San Francisco are offered universal access to preschool through the Preschool for All program . Media ( edit ) Main article : Media in San Francisco San Francisco Chronicle Building The major daily newspaper in San Francisco is the San Francisco Chronicle , which is currently Northern California 's most widely circulated newspaper . The Chronicle is most famous for a former columnist , the late Herb Caen , whose daily musings attracted critical acclaim and represented the `` voice of San Francisco '' . The San Francisco Examiner , once the cornerstone of William Randolph Hearst 's media empire and the home of Ambrose Bierce , declined in circulation over the years and now takes the form of a free daily tabloid , under new ownership . Sing Tao Daily claims to be the largest of several Chinese language dailies that serve the Bay Area . SF Weekly is the city 's alternative weekly newspaper . San Francisco Magazine and 7x7 are major glossy magazines about San Francisco . The national newsmagazine Mother Jones is also based in San Francisco . The San Francisco Bay Area is the sixth - largest television market and the fourth - largest radio market in the U.S. The city 's oldest radio station , KCBS , began as an experimental station in San Jose in 1909 , before the beginning of commercial broadcasting . KALW was the city 's first FM radio station when it signed on the air in 1941 . The city 's first television station was KPIX , which began broadcasting in 1948 . All major U.S. television networks have affiliates serving the region , with most of them based in the city . CNN , MSNBC , BBC , Al Jazeera America , Russia Today , and CCTV America also have regional news bureaus in San Francisco . Bloomberg West was launched in 2011 from a studio on the Embarcadero and CNBC broadcasts from One Market Plaza since 2015 . ESPN uses the local ABC studio for their broadcasting . The regional sports network , Comcast SportsNet Bay Area and its sister station Comcast SportsNet California , are both located in San Francisco . The Pac - 12 Network is also based in San Francisco . Public broadcasting outlets include both a television station and a radio station , both broadcasting under the call letters KQED from a facility near the Potrero Hill neighborhood . KQED - FM is the most - listened - to National Public Radio affiliate in the country . Another local broadcaster , KPOO , is an independent , African - American owned and operated noncommercial radio station established in 1971 . CNET , founded 1994 , and Salon.com , 1995 , are based in San Francisco . San Francisco - based inventors made important contributions to modern media . During the 1870s , Eadweard Muybridge began recording motion photographically and invented a zoopraxiscope with which to view his recordings . These were the first motion pictures . Then in 1927 , Philo Farnsworth 's image dissector camera tube transmitted its first image . This was the first television . Transportation ( edit ) See also : Transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area The Bay Bridge offers the only direct automobile connection to the East Bay Freeways and roads ( edit ) Main article : List of streets in San Francisco Due to its unique geography , and the freeway revolts of the late 1950s , Interstate 80 begins at the approach to the Bay Bridge and is the only direct automobile link to the East Bay . U.S. Route 101 connects to the western terminus of Interstate 80 and provides access to the south of the city along San Francisco Bay toward Silicon Valley . Northward , the routing for U.S. 101 uses arterial streets to connect to the Golden Gate Bridge , the only direct automobile link to Marin County and the North Bay . The Golden Gate Bridge is the only road connection to the North Bay State Route 1 also enters San Francisco from the north via the Golden Gate Bridge and bisects the city as the 19th Avenue arterial thoroughfare , joining with Interstate 280 at the city 's southern border . Interstate 280 continues south from San Francisco , and also turns to the east along the southern edge of the city , terminating just south of the Bay Bridge in the South of Market neighborhood . After the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake , city leaders demolished the Embarcadero Freeway and a portion of the Central Freeway , converting them into street - level boulevards . State Route 35 enters the city from the south as Skyline Boulevard and terminates at its intersection with Highway 1 . State Route 82 enters San Francisco from the south as Mission Street , and terminates shortly thereafter at its junction with 280 . The Western Terminus of the historic transcontinental Lincoln Highway , the first road across America , is in San Francisco 's Lincoln Park . Public Transportation ( edit ) See also : San Francisco Municipal Railway A cable car ascending Hyde St , with Alcatraz on the bay behind 32 % of San Francisco residents use public transportation in daily commuting to work , ranking it first on the West Coast and third overall in the United States . The San Francisco Municipal Railway , known as Muni , is the primary public transit system of San Francisco . Muni is the seventh - largest transit system in the United States , with 210,848,310 rides in 2006 . The system operates a combined light rail and subway system , the Muni Metro , as well as large bus and trolley coach networks . Additionally , it runs a historic streetcar line , which runs on Market Street from Castro Street to Fisherman 's Wharf . It also operates the famous cable cars , which have been designated as a National Historic Landmark and are a major tourist attraction . Bay Area Rapid Transit , a regional Rapid Transit system , connects San Francisco with the East Bay through the underwater Transbay Tube . The line runs under Market Street to Civic Center where it turns south to the Mission District , the southern part of the city , and through northern San Mateo County , to the San Francisco International Airport , and Millbrae . Another Commuter Rail system , Caltrain , runs from San Francisco along the San Francisco Peninsula to San Jose . Historically , trains operated by Southern Pacific Lines ran from San Francisco to Los Angeles , via Palo Alto and San Jose . Amtrak California Thruway Motorcoach runs a shuttle bus from San Francisco to its rail station across the Bay in Emeryville . Lines from Emeryville Station include the Capitol Corridor , San Joaquin , California Zephyr , and Coast Starlight . Thruway service also runs south to San Luis Obispo , California with connection to the Pacific Surfliner . The Golden Gate Ferry M / V Del Norte docked at the Ferry Building San Francisco Bay Ferry operates from the Ferry Building and Pier 39 to points in Oakland , Alameda , Bay Farm Island , South San Francisco , and north to Vallejo in Solano County . The Golden Gate Ferry is the other ferry operator with service between San Francisco and Marin County . Soltrans runs supplemental bus service between the Ferry Building and Vallejo . San Francisco was an early adopter of carsharing in America . The non-profit City Carshare opened in 2001 . Zipcar closely followed . To accommodate the large amount of San Francisco citizens who commute to the Silicon Valley daily , companies like Google and Apple have begun to provide private bus transportation for their employees , from San Francisco locations to the tech start - up hotspot . These buses have quickly become a heated topic of debate within the city , as protesters claim they block bus lanes and delay public buses . Airports ( edit ) Main article : San Francisco International Airport San Francisco International Airport is the primary airport of San Francisco and the Bay Area Though located 13 miles ( 21 km ) south of downtown in unincorporated San Mateo County , San Francisco International Airport ( SFO ) is under the jurisdiction of the City and County of San Francisco . SFO is a hub for United Airlines and Virgin America . SFO is a major international gateway to Asia and Europe , with the largest international terminal in North America . In 2011 , SFO was the 8th busiest airport in the U.S. and 22nd busiest in the world , handling over 40.9 million passengers . Located across the bay , Oakland International Airport is a popular , low - cost alternative to SFO . Geographically , Oakland Airport is approximately the same distance from downtown San Francisco as SFO , but due to its location across San Francisco Bay , it is greater driving distance from San Francisco . Cycling and walking ( edit ) Cycling is a popular mode of transportation in San Francisco . 75,000 residents commute by bicycle per day . Ford GoBike , previously named Bay Area Bike Share at inception , launched in August 2013 with 700 bikes in downtown San Francisco , selected cities in the East Bay , and San Jose . The San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency and Bay Area Air Quality Management District are responsible for the operation with management provided by Alta Bicycle Share . A major expansion started in 2017 along with a rebranding as Ford GoBike . Pedestrian traffic is a major mode of transport . In 2015 , Walk Score ranked San Francisco the second-most walkable city in the United States . San Francisco has significantly higher rates of pedestrian and bicyclist traffic deaths than the United States on average . In 2013 , 21 pedestrians were killed in vehicle collisions , the highest since 2001 , which is 2.5 deaths per 100,000 population -- 70 % higher than the national average of 1.5 deaths per 100,000 population . Cycling is growing in San Francisco . Annual bicycle counts conducted by the Municipal Transportation Agency ( MTA ) in 2010 showed the number of cyclists at 33 locations had increased 58 % from the 2006 baseline counts . In 2008 , the MTA estimated that about 128,000 trips were made by bicycle each day in the city , or 6 % of total trips . Since 2002 , improvements in cycling infrastructure in recent years , including additional bike lanes and parking racks , have made cycling in San Francisco safer and more convenient . Since 2006 , San Francisco has received a Bicycle Friendly Community status of `` Gold '' from the League of American Bicyclists . San Francisco as a global city ( edit ) According to academic Rob Wilson , San Francisco is a global city , a status that pre-dated the city 's popularity during the California Gold Rush . Such cities are characterized by their ethnic clustering , network of international connectivity , and convergence of technological innovation . Global cities , such as San Francisco , are considered to be complex and require a high level of talent as well as large masses of low wage workers . A divide is created within the city of ethnic , typically lower - class neighborhoods , and expensive ones with newly developed buildings . This in turn creates a population of highly educated , white - collar individuals as well as blue - collar workers , many of whom are immigrants , and who both are drawn to the increasing number of opportunities available . Competition for these opportunities pushes growth and adaptation in world centers . San Francisco is home to many of the world 's largest high tech corporations , which offer such opportunities . They are part of the greater Silicon Valley , which encompasses much of the Bay area and surrounding cities . Ethnic clustering ( edit ) Ethnic neighborhoods in global cities offer immigrants a smooth transition into their new country . Language proficiency allows immigrants to navigate their new environment effectively , reducing stress caused by adaptation into the new city . Immigrant groups concentrate in these neighborhoods because of the rich social infrastructure and culture that is unavailable to them elsewhere in the new country . San Francisco has several prominent Chinese , Mexican , and Filipino ethnic neighborhoods including Chinatown and the Mission District . Research collected on the immigrant clusters in the city show that more than half of the Asian population in San Francisco is either Chinese born ( 40.3 % ) or Philippine born ( 13.1 % ) , and of the Mexican population 21 % were Mexican born , meaning these are people who recently immigrated to the United States . Between the years of 1990 and 2000 , the number foreign born residents increased from 33 % to nearly 40 % . During this same time period , the San Francisco Metropolitan area received 850,000 immigrants , ranking third in the United States after Los Angeles and New York . Technological growth ( edit ) San Francisco became a hub for technological driven economic growth during the internet boom of the 1990s , and still holds an important position in the world city network today . Intense redevelopment towards the `` new economy '' makes business more technologically minded . Between the years of 1999 and 2000 , the job growth rate was 4.9 % , creating over 50,000 jobs in technology firms and internet content production . In the second technological boom driven by social media in the mid 2000s , San Francisco became a popular location for companies such as Apple , Google , Facebook and Twitter to base their tech offices and for their employees to live . Since then , tech employment has continued to increase . In 2014 , San Francisco 's tech employment grew nearly 90 % between 2010 and 2014 , beating out Silicon Valley 's 30 % growth rate over the same period . The tech sector 's dominance in the Bay Area is internationally recognized and continues to attract new businesses and young entrepreneurs from all over the globe . San Francisco is now widely considered the most important city in the world for new technology startups . A recent high of 7 billion dollars in venture capital was invested in the region . These startup companies hire a high concentration of well educated individuals looking to work in the tech industry , and creates a city population of highly concentrated levels of education . Over 50 % of San Franciscans have a 4 - year university degree , ranking the city among the highest levels of education in the country and world . Immigrants in the Workforce ( edit ) In the global economy , San Francisco 's diverse population is claimed to be one of its strongest assets . Just as in other global cities , the San Francisco economy relies on its polarized labor structure . This structure includes highly educated immigrants working in the high end occupational spectrum , such as the dot - com sector , as well as poorly educated , low skilled immigrants who work in the low paying service sector . The different ethnic communities within San Francisco gives the city connections to important markets around the world , and increases its global reputation . However , issues such as skyrocketing housing costs have caused much of the working and middle classes , including immigrants , to be expelled from the city . Consulates and Sister cities ( edit ) Main articles : Sister cities of San Francisco , California and List of diplomatic missions in San Francisco San Francisco participates in the Sister Cities program . A total of 41 consulates general and 23 honorary consulates have offices in the San Francisco Bay Area . See also ( edit ) San Francisco Bay Area portal New Spain portal Architecture of San Francisco California earthquake forecast Gold Mountain ( Chinese name for part of North America ) List of cities and towns in California List of cities and towns in the San Francisco Bay Area List of counties in California List of largest California cities by population List of people from San Francisco Ships lost in San Francisco Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The coordinates of the station are 37 ° 46 ′ 14 '' N 122 ° 25 ′ 37 '' W / 37.7706 ° N 122.4269 ° W / 37.7706 ; - 122.4269 . Precipitation , high temperature , low temperature , snow , and snow depth records date from 1 October 1849 , 1 June 1874 , 1 January 1875 , 1 January 1876 , and 1 January 1922 , respectively . Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Edward F. O'Day ( October 1926 ) . `` The Founding of San Francisco '' . San Francisco Water . Spring Valley Water Authority . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2010 . Retrieved February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco : Government '' . SFGov.org . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . San Francisco was incorporated as a City on April 15th , 1850 by act of the Legislature . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Mayor : Home '' . City & County of San Francisco . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statewide Database '' . UC Regents . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Supervisors '' . City and County of San Francisco . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Communities of Interest -- City '' . California Citizens Redistricting Commission . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Members Assembly '' . California State Assembly . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Communities of Interest -- City '' . California Citizens Redistricting Commission . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Directory of Representatives '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . ^ Jump up to : `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . US Geological Survey . April 29 , 2005 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` QuickFacts : San Francisco County , California '' . US Census Bureau . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ZIP Code ( tm ) Lookup '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NPA City Report '' . North American Numbering Plan Administration . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Garling , Caleb ( June 30 , 2013 ) . `` Do n't Call It Frisco : The History of San Francisco 's Nicknames '' . The Bold Italic . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GCT - PH1 -- Population , Housing Units , Area , and Density : 2010 -- County -- Census Tract '' . 2010 United States Census Summary File 1 . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts : San Francisco County , California ; UNITED STATES '' . www.census.gov . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Analysis , US Department of Commerce , BEA , Bureau of Economic . `` Bureau of Economic Analysis '' . bea.gov . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coy , Owen Cochran ( 1919 ) . Guide to the County Archives of California . Sacramento , California : California Historical Survey Commission . p. 409 . ^ Jump up to : Montagne , Renée ( April 11 , 2006 ) . `` Remembering the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake '' . People & Places . NPR . Retrieved June 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Port of Embarkation Essay -- World War II in the San Francisco Bay Area '' . A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary : . US Department of the Interior . August 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charter of the United Nations United Nations '' . www.un.org . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History of the United Nations United Nations '' . www.un.org . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco -- the birthplace of the United Nations '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Top U.S. Destinations for International Visitors . The Hotel Price Index . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mike Moffitt ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` The odd nicknames of California cities '' . SFChronicle.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 quality of living rankings '' . Mercer . February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Suzanne B. ( November 2003 ) . `` Archaeological Research Issues for the Point Reyes National Seashore -- Golden Gate National Recreation Area '' ( PDF ) . Sonoma State University -- Anthropological Studies Center . Retrieved June 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Visitors : San Francisco Historical Information '' . City and County of San Francisco . n.d. Archived from the original on March 1 , 2006 . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco ( July 16 , 2004 ) . `` From the 1820s to the Gold Rush '' . The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wiley , Peter Booth ( 2000 ) . National trust guide - San Francisco : America 's guide for architecture and history travelers . New York : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 19120 - 9 . OCLC 44313415 . Jump up ^ Sourdough bread was a staple of western explorers and miners of the 19th century . It became an iconic symbol of San Francisco , and is still a staple of city life today . Tamony , Peter ( October 1973 ) . `` Sourdough and French Bread '' . Western Folklore . Western States Folklore Society . 32 ( 4 ) : 265 -- 270 . doi : 10.2307 / 1498306 . JSTOR 1498306 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco 's First Brick Building '' . The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco . July 16 , 2004 . Retrieved June 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Richards , Rand ( 1992 ) . Historic San Francisco : A Concise History and Guide . Heritage House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 879367 - 00 - 5 . OCLC 214330849 . Jump up ^ Harris , Ron ( November 14 , 2005 ) . `` Crews Unearth Shipwreck on San Francisco Condo Project '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Filion , Ron S. `` Buried Ships '' . SFgenealogy . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wiley , Peter Booth ( 2000 ) . National trust guide - San Francisco : America 's guide for architecture and history travelers . New York : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 31 -- 33 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 19120 - 9 . OCLC 44313415 . Jump up ^ `` The miners came in forty - nine , / The whores in fifty - one , / And when they got together / They produced the native son . '' Wiley , Peter Booth ( 2000 ) . National trust guide - San Francisco : America 's guide for architecture and history travelers . New York : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 237 -- 238 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 19120 - 9 . OCLC 44313415 . Jump up ^ Construction of the Pacific Railroad was partially ( albeit reluctantly ) funded by the City and County of San Francisco Pacific Railroad Bond issue under the provisions of `` An Act to Authorize the Board of Supervisors of the City and County of San Francisco to take and subscribe One Million Dollars to the Capital Stock of the Western Pacific Rail Road Company and the Central Pacific Rail Road Company of California and to provide for the payment of the same and other matters relating thereto . '' approved on April 22 , 1863 , as amended by § 5 of the `` Compromise Act of 1864 '' approved on April 4 , 1864 . The bond issue was objected to by the Mayor and the Board of Supervisors , however , and they were not delivered to the WPRR and CPRR until 1865 after Writs of Mandamus ordering such were issued by the Supreme Court of the State of California in 1864 ( `` The People of the State of California on the relation of the Central Pacific Railroad Company vs. Henry P. Coon , Mayor ; Henry M. Hale , Auditor ; and Joseph S. Paxson , Treasurer , of the City and County of San Francisco '' 25 Cal 635 ) and 1865 ( `` The People ex rel The Central Pacific Railroad Company of California vs. The Board of Supervisors of the City and County of San Francisco , and Wilhelm Lowey , Clerk '' 27 Cal 655 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For Large Cities And Other Urban Places in the United States '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Under Three Flags '' ( PDF ) . Golden Gate National Recreation Area Brochures . US Department of the Interior . November 2004 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wiley , Peter Booth ( 2000 ) . National trust guide - San Francisco : America 's guide for architecture and history travelers . New York : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 44 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 19120 - 9 . OCLC 44313415 . Jump up ^ Kalisch , Philip A. ( Summer 1972 ) . `` The Black Death in Chinatown : Plague and Politics in San Francisco 1900 -- 1904 '' . Arizona and the West . Journal of the Southwest . 14 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 136 . JSTOR 40168068 . Jump up ^ `` 1906 Earthquake : Fire Fighting '' . Golden Gate National Recreation Area . US Department of the Interior . December 24 , 2003 . Retrieved June 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Casualties and Damage after the 1906 earthquake '' . Earthquake Hazards Program -- Northern California . US Geological Survey . January 25 , 2008 . Retrieved June 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1906 Earthquake and the Army '' . Golden Gate National Recreation Area . US Department of the Interior . August 25 , 2004 . Retrieved June 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jack London Writes of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire '' . Sfmuseum.org . May 5 , 1906 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wiley , Peter Booth ( 2000 ) . National trust guide - San Francisco : America 's guide for architecture and history travelers . New York : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 56 -- 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 19120 - 9 . OCLC 44313415 . Jump up ^ `` SPUR Our Mission and History '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Tricia ( 2008 ) . San Francisco 's Pacific Heights and Presidio Heights . San Francisco : Arcadia Publishing . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 5980 - 3 . Jump up ^ Wiley , Peter Booth ( 2000 ) . National trust guide - San Francisco : America 's guide for architecture and history travelers . New York : John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 19120 - 9 . OCLC 44313415 . Jump up ^ `` Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco -- M.M. O'Shaughnessy Employed as City Engineer '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Gold Rush Banking -- 1849 '' . The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco . June 24 , 2004 . Retrieved June 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fang , Eric ( February 1999 ) . `` Urban Renewal Revisited : A Design Critique '' . SPUR Newsletter . San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2009 . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Jasper ( November 1999 ) . `` The Decline of the Port -- A look at the transformation of the Port of San Francisco '' . SPUR Newsletter . San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . The final , insurmountable decline in San Francisco 's shipping activity was heralded in 1958 by the departure of the first containerized freighter from San Francisco Bay . Jump up ^ Terplan , Egon ( June 7 , 2010 ) . `` Organizing for Economic Growth -- A new approach to business attraction and retention in San Francisco '' . SPUR Report . San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . During the 1960s and 1970s San Francisco 's historic maritime industry relocated to Oakland ... San Francisco remained a center for business and professional services ( such as consulting , law , accounting and finance ) and also successfully developed its tourism sector , which became the leading local industry . Jump up ^ Willis , James ; Habib , Jerry ; Brittan , Jeremy ( April 19 , 2004 ) . `` San Francisco Planning Department Census Data Analysis '' . San Francisco State University . Archived from the original ( PPT ) on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Minton , Torri ( September 20 , 1998 ) . `` Race Through Time '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications . p . SC - 4 . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wiley , Peter Booth ( 2000 ) . National trust guide - San Francisco : America 's guide for architecture and history travelers . New York : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 240 -- 242 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 19120 - 9 . OCLC 44313415 . Jump up ^ `` American Experience : Summer of Love : Film Description '' . Website for American Experience documentary on the Summer of Love . PBS . March 14 , 2007 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fear in the Streets of San Francisco '' . Time . April 29 , 1974 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2008 . Retrieved August 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco History : The 1970s and 1980s : Gay Rights '' . Destinations : San Francisco . Frommers.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2001 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pyramid Facts and Figures '' . Company Profile . Transamerica Insurance and Investment Group . Retrieved June 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wiley , Peter Booth ( 2000 ) . National trust guide - San Francisco : America 's guide for architecture and history travelers . New York : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 95 -- 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 19120 - 9 . OCLC 44313415 . Jump up ^ Fagan , Kevin ( August 4 , 2006 ) . `` S.F. 's Homeless Aging on the Street / Chronic health problems on the rise as median age nears 50 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . The findings support what many social workers have long suspected -- that there was a `` big bang '' homeless population explosion as federal housing programs were slashed and the closing of mental hospitals hit home in the mid-1980s and that this core group constitutes the bulk of the street population . Jump up ^ Nieves , Evelyn ( November 5 , 2000 ) . `` Mission District Fights Case of Dot - Com Fever '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nolte , Carl ( January 2 , 2008 ) . `` High - rises are a sign of the times in changing San Francisco '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ted Egan ( April 3 , 2006 ) . `` City and County of San Francisco : An Overview of San Francisco 's Recent Economic Performance '' ( PDF ) . Report prepared for Mayor 's Office of Economic and Workforce Development . ICF Consulting . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 1 , 2009 . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Another positive trend for the future is San Francisco 's highly entrepreneurial , flexible and innovative economy ... San Francisco 's very high reliance on small business and self - employment is typical of other dynamic , fast - growing , high - technology areas across the country . Jump up ^ Graham , Tom ( November 7 , 2004 ) . `` Peak Experience '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications . p . PK - 23 . Retrieved June 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lee , Henry K. ( January 16 , 1997 ) . `` Mount Davidson Cross Called Landmark by Panel '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smith , Charles ( April 15 , 2006 ) . `` What San Francisco did n't learn from the ' 06 quake '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Selna , Robert ( June 29 , 2008 ) . `` S.F. leaders ignore weak buildings ' quake risk '' . San Francisco Chronicle . p . A-1 . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ California Earthquake forecast -- UCERF3 -- USGS Factsheet ( non-technical ) Mar , 2015 . predicts Earthquake risk for 30 years in California , California earthquake forecast . Jump up ^ `` Liquefaction Damage in the Marina District during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake '' ( PDF ) . California Geological Survey . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Matt Baume ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` The Lure of the Creeks Buried Beneath San Francisco 's Streets '' . Streetsblog San Francisco . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Official San Francisco Chinatown Website . Sanfranciscochinatown.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Depicting Otherness : Images of San Francisco 's Chinatown . College Street Journal ( October 11 , 2002 ) . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bacon , Daniel : Walking the Barbary Coast Trail 2nd ed. , pp. 52 -- 53 , Quicksilver Press , 1997 Jump up ^ `` Chinatown / Grant Avenue '' . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2011 . Retrieved August 31 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . San Francisco Days Jump up ^ `` S.F. supervisors OK Warriors arena for Mission Bay '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Haight '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Katherine ( October 13 , 1988 ) . `` Haight - Ashbury Journal ; Love and Hate Linger in Ex-Hippie District '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Marina '' . SFGate San Francisco Neighborhood Guide . October 27 , 2011 . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Benjamin ( Director ) ( 2007 ) . `` Quality of Life ( film website ) '' . Mission District History . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Castro '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chow , Andrew ( March 22 , 2002 ) . `` Dismal APA Turnout at First Redistricting Meetings '' . Asian Week . Jump up ^ Climate of San Francisco : Narrative Description Golden Gate Weather Services . Retrieved September 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Liz . `` Coolest US Cities in Summer '' . Weather Extremes . Current Results Nexus . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gilliam , Harold ( July -- September 2002 ) . `` Cutting Through the Fog : Demystifying the Summer Spectacle '' . Bay Nature . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Climate of San Francisco : Snowfall Golden Gate Weather Services . Retrieved December 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Peter Hartlaub ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Blizzard of awesome : The San Francisco snowfall of 1976 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ruberstein , Steve ; Asimov , Nanette ; Lyons , Jenna ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` San Francisco hits 106 degrees -- shatters all - time record '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` San Fran Mission Dolore , California ( 047772 ) Period of Record General Climate Summary -- Temperature '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Desert Research Institute . 2010 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . ( Main page ) Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Bay Area / Monterey '' . Jump up ^ Agricultural Research Center , PRISM Climate Group Oregon State University . `` USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map '' . USDA . USDA . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California Interactive USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map '' . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : CA SAN FRANCISCO DWTN '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco / Mission Dolores , CA Climate Normals 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco holiday weather '' . Met Office . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` QuickFacts : San Francisco County , California '' . US Census Bureau . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Campbell ( June 1998 ) . Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States : 1790 to 1990 . U.S. Census Bureau . Jump up ^ Official 1850 census results were destroyed by fire . This 1852 figure is from a state Census . ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ After New York City , only for cities with greater than 200,000 population . Otherwise it is not 2nd . `` 2000 Census : US Municipalities Over 50,000 : Ranked by 2000 Density '' . Demographia . Retrieved August 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 -- United States -- Combined Statistical Area '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` QT - P3 -- Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin : 2010 '' . 2010 United States Census Summary File 1 . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Training and Education / PET '' . Filipino - American Law Enforcement Officers Association . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interactive : Mapping the census '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` QuickFacts : San Francisco County , California '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . 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Jump up ^ `` Economic Characteristics '' . 2005 -- 2009 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates -- Data Profile Highlights . U.S. Census Bureau . 2007 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2011 . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deinstitutionalization : A Psychiatric ' Titanic ' '' . PBS . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Program Combats Homelessness with Innovation '' . PBS . April 5 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Timothy ( August 12 , 2006 ) . `` Critics say regional plan wo n't solve the problem '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved August 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Debra ( August 9 , 2015 ) . `` San Francisco 's summer of urine and drug - addicted homeless '' . San Francisco Gate . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . 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Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) Study Group and Network . Loughborough University . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Global Financial Centres Index 21 '' ( PDF ) . Long Finance . March 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonzales , Richard ( May 22 , 2006 ) . `` New Parts of Alcatraz Revealed to Public '' . People and Places . NPR . Retrieved June 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Waters , Rob ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Biotech Jobs Germinate as San Francisco Diversifies Economy '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warburg , Jennifer ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Forecasting San Francisco 's Economic Fortunes '' . SPUR . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Selna , Robert ( May 15 , 2008 ) . `` New jobs , houses spur S.F. population in 2007 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications . p . B - 1 . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . 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Office of the Mayor , City and County of San Francisco . September 10 , 2013 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ City and County of San Francisco , California Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , for the Year ended June 30 , 2013 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tan , Aldrich M. ( April 12 , 2006 ) . `` San Francisco is gateway city for immigrants and Silicon Valley Technology '' . Fogcityjournal.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Egan , Ted ( April 3 , 2006 ) . `` An Overview of San Francisco 's Recent Economic Performance -- Executive Summary '' ( PDF ) . ICF Consulting . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2007 . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Said , Carolyn ( November 29 , 2005 ) . `` Main Street Fights Chain Street '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved August 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hetter , Katia ( March 21 , 2004 ) . `` Supervisors OK limits on chain - store expansion '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 19 , 2007 . 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Men 's Fitness . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Facility Listings '' . San Francisco Recreation and Parks Department . City and County of San Francisco . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Most Visited City Parks '' ( PDF ) . Center for City Park Excellence . The Trust for Public Land . October 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 18 , 2009 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` What to See at the Zoo '' . San Francisco Zoo . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Candlestick Point SRA '' . California State Parks Department . Retrieved January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SF 1st city in nation with a park 10 - minute walk from every home '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` In San Francisco , Everyone Lives Within A 10 - Minute Walk of a Park '' . CBS SF Bay Area . 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San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Bodley , Michael ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` SF cops say they notch 2 arrests in last 2 homicides of 2016 . '' SFGate . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La Mara Salvatrucha Street Gang -- San Francisco '' . Sfweekly.com . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bulwa , Demian ( May 27 , 2005 ) . `` SAN FRANCISCO / Sureño gang 's threat growing in Bay Area / Widow 's apartment is at heart of group 's Mission District turf '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Albert Samaha ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Crip-less : S.F. 's Dislike of Franchises Extends to Street Gangs -- Page 1 -- News -- San Francisco '' . SF Weekly . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chris Roberts ( December 2015 ) . `` Mario Woods and Gang Injunctions '' . SF Weekly . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mary Spicuzza ( August 1 , 2007 ) . `` Enter The Dragon '' . SF Weekly . 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Jump up ^ Comarow , Avery ( July 14 , 2010 ) . `` Best Hospitals 2011 -- 12 : the Honor Roll '' . U.S. News and World Report . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Business Information : Largest Employers in San Francisco '' . San Francisco Business Times Book of Lists , 2007 . San Francisco Center for Economic Development . Archived from the original ( Microsoft Word ) on August 17 , 2007 . Retrieved June 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Leuty , Ron ( June 11 , 2010 ) . `` UCSF packs a $6 B punch for economy '' . San Francisco Business Times . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2010 . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Employment & Economic Stimulus '' . 2010 Economic Impact Report . University of California , San Francisco . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2010 . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wallace Ravven ( July 22 , 2003 ) . `` New UCSF Mission Bay campus : country 's largest biomedical university expansion '' . UCSF . Retrieved June 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ UCSF ( 2015 ) . `` Locations '' . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hastings Quick Facts '' . University of California , Hastings College of the Law . Retrieved August 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` UCSF / UC Hastings Consortium '' . University of California , Hastings College of the Law . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` SF State Facts 2008 -- 2009 '' ( PDF ) . SFSU . Retrieved March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` City College of San Francisco Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . City College of San Francisco . April 2008 . Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` University of San Francisco Fact Book and Almanac 2007 '' ( PDF ) . University of San Francisco . December 31 , 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are '' . Academy of Art University . 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Let 's Go : Roadtripping USA . MacMillan. 2007 . p. 489 . ISBN 9780312361822 . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland & San Francisco Campuses '' . California College of the Arts . 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Oldest Public High School West of the Mississippi '' . About Lowell : Lowell History . San Francisco Unified School District . February 22 , 2002 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2002 . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jill Tucker ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` S.F. board sticks with school - assignment system '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Knight , Heather ( May 31 , 2006 ) . `` Many reluctantly chose private schools '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications . p . A-1 . Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` School Directory August 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco . August 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 27 , 2010 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Preschools in San Francisco '' . Winnie . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Preschool for All '' . San Francisco Office of Early Care and Education . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 200 Newspapers by Largest Reported Circulation '' . Audit Bureau of Circulations . March 31 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Scott ( March 21 , 2000 ) . `` The San Francisco Examiner , 1887 -- 2000 '' . Salon . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2009 . Retrieved June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nolte , Carl ( November 22 , 2000 ) . `` Examiner Staff Ends an Era With Tears , Newsroom Tales '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications . p . A-1 . Retrieved June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hua , Vanessa ( August 3 , 2004 ) . `` Newspaper war in the Bay Area : Ming Pao becomes 6th Chinese - language daily '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications . p . B - 1 . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Local Television Market Universe Estimates '' . September 22 , 2007 . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Arbitron Radio Market Rankings : Spring 2008 '' . Arbitron. April 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2007 . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top 30 Public Radio Subscribers -- Winter 2004 Arbitron '' ( PDF ) . Radio Research Consortium . Arbitron Media Research . June 17 , 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 23 , 2005 . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Rachel ( September 8 , 2005 ) . `` Boulevard of dreams , the premiere '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications . p . B - 1 . Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Les Christie ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` New Yorkers are Top Transit Users '' . CNNMoney.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fiscal Year 2008 Short Range Transit Plan : Chapter 4 '' ( PDF ) . San Francisco Metropolitan Transportation Agency . 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Jump up ^ `` City of San Francisco 2010 Bicycle Count Report '' ( PDF ) . San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency , 2010 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 San Francisco State of Cycling Report '' ( PDF ) . San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency . 2008 . p. 9 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 2012 San Francisco State of Cycling Report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency . 2012 . p. 2 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bicycle Friendly America 2010 '' ( PDF ) . American Bicyclist . League of American Bicyclists : 17 . 2010 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Rob ( Fall 2017 ) . `` Spectral city : San Francisco as Pacific Rim city and counter-cultural contado '' . Inter-Asia Cultural Studies . ^ Jump up to : Pamuk , Ayse ( Fall 2017 ) . `` Geography of immigrant clusters in global cities : a case study of San Francisco '' . International Journal of Urban and Regional Research . 28 ( 2 ) : 287 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0309 - 1317.2004. 00520. x . Jump up ^ Sassen , Saskia ( Fall 2017 ) . `` The Global City : Enabling Economic Intermediation and Bearing Its Costs '' . City & Community . doi : 10.1111 / cico. 12175 . Jump up ^ Aranya , Rolee ( Fall 2017 ) . `` A Global ' Urban Roller Coaster ' ? Connectivity Changes in the World City Network , 2000 -- 2004 '' . Regional Studies . 42 : 1 . doi : 10.1080 / 00343400601145202 . Jump up ^ Arévalo , Sandra . `` Beyond cultural factors to understand immigrant mental health : Neighborhood ethnic density and the moderating role of pre-migration and post-migration factors '' . Social Science & Medicine . doi : 10.1016 / j. socscimed. 2015.05. 040 . PMC 4498998 . ^ Jump up to : Pamuk , Ayse ( Fall 2017 ) . `` Geography of immigrant clusters in global cities : a case study of San Francisco '' . International Journal of Urban and Regional Research . 28 : 287 -- 307 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0309 - 1317.2004. 00520. x . Jump up ^ Aranya , Rolee ( Fall 2017 ) . `` A Global ' Urban Roller Coaster ' ? Connectivity Changes in the World City Network , 2000 -- 2004 '' . Regional Studies . 42 : 1 -- 16 . doi : 10.1080 / 00343400601145202 . ^ Jump up to : Egan ( April 3 , 2006 ) . `` City and County of San Francisco : An Overview of San Francisco 's Recent Economic Performance '' ( PDF ) . Report prepared for Mayor 's Office of Economic and Workforce Development . ICF Consulting . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 1 , 2009 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stehlin , John ( 2016 ) . `` The Post-Industrial `` Shop Floor '' : Emerging Forms of Gentrification in San Francisco 's Innovation Economy `` . Antipode . doi : 10.1111 / anti. 12199 . Jump up ^ McNeill , Donald ( 2016 ) . `` Governing a city of unicorns : technology capital and the urban politics of San Francisco '' . Urban Geography . doi : 10.1080 / 02723638.2016. 1139868 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Sister Cities '' . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` REGISTER OF FOREIGN CONSULATES IN SAN FRANCISCO '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 23 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) De La Perouse , Jean Francois ; Yamane , Linda Gonsalves ; Margolin , Malcolm ( 1989 ) . Life in a California Mission : Monterey in 1786 : The Journals of Jean Francois De La Perouse . Heyday Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 930588 - 39 - 7 . OCLC 20368802 . Hansen , Gladys ( 1995 ) . San Francisco Almanac : Everything you want to know about the city . Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 0841 - 5 . OCLC 30702907 . London , Jack ( May 5 , 1906 ) . `` The Story of an Eyewitness by Jack London '' . Collier 's , the National Weekly . Richards , Rand ( 1991 ) . Historic San Francisco : A Concise History and Guide . Heritage House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 879367 - 00 - 5 . OCLC 214330849 . Ungaretti , Lorri ( 2005 ) . San Francisco 's Richmond District . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3053 - 6 . OCLC 62249656 . Wiley , Peter Booth ( 2000 ) . National trust guide San Francisco : America 's guide for architecture and history travelers . John Wiley & Sons , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 19120 - 9 . OCLC 44313415 . Further reading ( edit ) Asbury , Hubert ( 1989 ) . The Barbary Coast : An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld . Dorset Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88029 - 428 - 7 . OCLC 22719465 . Bronson , William ( 2006 ) . The Earth Shook , the Sky Burned . Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 5047 - 6 . OCLC 65223734 . Cassady , Stephen ( 1987 ) . Spanning the Gate . Square Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 916290 - 36 - 8 . OCLC 15229396 . Dillon , Richard H. ( 1998 ) . High Steel : Building the Bridges Across San Francisco Bay . Celestial Arts ( Reissue edition ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88029 - 428 - 7 . OCLC 22719465 . Ferlinghetti , Lawrence ( 1980 ) . Literary San Francisco : A pictorial history from its beginnings to the present day . Harper & Row . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 250325 - 1 . OCLC 6683688 . Hartman , Chester ( 2002 ) . City for Sale : The Transformation of San Francisco . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 08605 - 0 . OCLC 48579085 . Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) . Rush for Riches : Gold Fever and the Making of California . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21402 - 6 . OCLC 37545551 . Lotchin , Roger W. ( 1997 ) . San Francisco , 1846 -- 1856 : From Hamlet to City . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06631 - 3 . OCLC 35650934 . Margolin , Malcolm ( 1981 ) . The Ohlone Way : Indian Life in the San Francisco - Monterey Bay Area . Heydey Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 930588 - 01 - 4 . OCLC 4628382 . Maupin , Armistead ( 1978 ) . Tales of the City . Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 096404 - 7 . OCLC 29847673 . Solnit , Rebecca . Infinite City : A San Francisco Atlas ( University of California Press , 2010 ) . 144 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 26250 - 8 ; online review Thomas , Gordon & Witts , Max Morgan ( 1971 ) . The San Francisco Earthquake . Stein and Day . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8128 - 1360 - 9 . OCLC 154735 . Winfield , P.H. , The Charter of San Francisco ( The fortnightly review Vol. 157 -- 58 : 2 ( 1945 ) , p. 69 -- 75 ) San Francisco ( article ) ( 1870 ) The Overland Monthly , January 1870 Vol. 4 , No. 1 , pp. 9 -- 23 . San Francisco : A. 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Riverside metropolitan area San Francisco metropolitan area San Diego -- Tijuana Counties Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa Del Norte El Dorado Fresno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Inyo Kern Kings Lake Lassen Los Angeles Madera Marin Mariposa Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono Monterey Napa Nevada Orange Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Benito San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tehama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Ventura Yolo Yuba Most populous cities Los Angeles San Diego San Jose San Francisco Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Oakland Bakersfield Anaheim The 100 most populous metropolitan statistical areas of the United States of America New York , NY Los Angeles , CA Chicago , IL Dallas , TX Houston , TX Washington , DC Philadelphia , PA Miami , FL Atlanta , GA Boston , MA San Francisco , CA Phoenix , AZ Riverside - San Bernardino , CA Detroit , MI Seattle , WA Minneapolis , MN San Diego , CA Tampa , FL Denver , CO St. Louis , MO Baltimore , MD Charlotte , NC San Juan , PR Orlando , FL San Antonio , TX Portland , OR Pittsburgh , PA Sacramento , CA Cincinnati , OH Las Vegas , NV Kansas City , MO Austin , TX Columbus , OH Cleveland , OH Indianapolis , IN San Jose , CA Nashville , TN Virginia Beach , VA Providence , RI Milwaukee , WI Jacksonville , FL Memphis , TN Oklahoma City , OK Louisville , KY Richmond , VA New Orleans , LA Hartford , CT Raleigh , NC Birmingham , AL Buffalo , NY Salt Lake City , UT Rochester , NY Grand Rapids , MI Tucson , AZ Honolulu , HI Tulsa , OK Fresno , CA Bridgeport , CT Worcester , MA Albuquerque , NM Omaha , NE Albany , NY New Haven , CT Bakersfield , CA Knoxville , TN Greenville , SC Oxnard , CA El Paso , TX Allentown , PA Baton Rouge , LA McAllen , TX Dayton , OH Columbia , SC Greensboro , NC Sarasota , FL Little Rock , AR Stockton , CA Akron , OH Charleston , SC Colorado Springs , CO Syracuse , NY Winston - 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Speed Rail Projects Completed Caltrain Centralized Equipment Maintenance and Operations Facility Caltrain Express In Progress Caltrain modernization ( Electrification ) Planned Downtown Rail Extension Dumbarton Rail Corridor Miscellaneous Clipper card Category GND : 4051520 - 5 ISNI : 0000 0004 0461 8991 LCCN : n79018452 NARA : 10037033 NDL : 00628542 SUDOC : 040776433 VIAF : 143700861 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Francisco&oldid=843585090 '' Categories : San Francisco 1850 establishments in California California counties Cities in the San Francisco Bay Area Consolidated city - counties in the United States Counties in the San Francisco Bay Area County seats in California Hudson 's Bay Company trading posts Incorporated cities and towns in California Populated coastal places in California Populated places established in 1776 Port cities and towns of the West Coast of the United States Spanish mission settlements in North America Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : BOT : original - 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Hawaiian Islands
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Hawaiian Islands - wikipedia Hawaiian Islands Jump to : navigation , search For the list of individual islands belonging to the state of Hawaii , see List of islands of Hawaii . Hawaiian Islands Native name : Mokupuni o Hawai'i True color satellite image of the Hawaiian Islands Map of the Hawaiian Islands , a chain of islands that stretches 1,500 mi ( 2,400 km ) in a northwesterly direction from the southern tip of the island of Hawai ʻi . Geography Location North Pacific Ocean Highest point Mauna Kea 13,796 ft ( 4,205 m ) Administration United States ( Hawaii , Midway Atoll ) Demographics Population 1,450,000 ( 2015 ) The Hawaiian Islands ( Hawaiian : Mokupuni o Hawai'i ) are an archipelago of eight major islands , several atolls , numerous smaller islets , and seamounts in the North Pacific Ocean , extending some 1,500 miles ( 2,400 kilometers ) from the island of Hawai ʻi in the south to northernmost Kure Atoll . Formerly the group was known to Europeans and Americans as the `` Sandwich Islands '' , a name chosen by James Cook in honor of the then First Lord of the Admiralty John Montagu , 4th Earl of Sandwich . The contemporary name is derived from the name of the largest island , Hawaii Island . The Hawaiian monarchy was overthrown in 1893 . The islands were subsequently put under the control of a republic , which the United States annexed in 1898 . The U.S. state of Hawaii now occupies the archipelago almost in its entirety ( including the uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands ) , with the sole exception of Midway Island , which instead separately belongs to the United States as one of its unincorporated territories within the United States Minor Outlying Islands . The Hawaiian Islands are the exposed peaks of a great undersea mountain range known as the Hawaiian -- Emperor seamount chain , formed by volcanic activity over a hotspot in the Earth 's mantle . The islands are about 1,860 miles ( 3,000 km ) from the nearest continent . Contents ( hide ) 1 Islands and reefs 1.1 Main islands 1.2 Smaller islands , atolls , reefs 1.3 Islets 2 Geology 2.1 Earthquakes 3 Tsunamis 4 Ecology 5 National Monument 6 Climate 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Islands and reefs ( edit ) Main article : History of Hawaii Captain James Cook visited the islands on January 18 , 1778 and named them the `` Sandwich Islands '' in honor of John Montagu , 4th Earl of Sandwich , who was one of his sponsors as the First Lord of the Admiralty . This name was in use until the 1840s , when the local name `` Hawaii '' gradually began to take precedence . The Hawaiian Islands have a total land area of 6,423.4 square miles ( 16,636.5 km ) . Except for Midway , which is an unincorporated territory of the United States , these islands and islets are administered as Hawaii -- the 50th state of the United States . Main Islands ( edit ) The eight main islands of Hawaii ( also called the Hawaiian Windward Islands ) are listed here . All except Kahoolawe are inhabited . Island Nickname Area Population ( as of 2010 ) Density Highest point Elevation Age ( Ma ) Location Hawai ʻi The Big Island 1 4,028.0 sq mi ( 10,432.5 km ) 185,079 4 45.948 / sq mi ( 17.7407 / km ) Mauna Kea 1 13,796 ft ( 4,205 m ) 0.4 19 ° 34 ′ N 155 ° 30 ′ W / 19.567 ° N 155.500 ° W / 19.567 ; - 155.500 ( Hawaii ) Maui The Valley Isle 2 727.2 sq mi ( 1,883.4 km ) 144,444 2 198.630 / sq mi ( 76.692 / km ) Haleakalā 2 10,023 ft ( 3,055 m ) 1.3 -- 0.8 20 ° 48 ′ N 156 ° 20 ′ W / 20.800 ° N 156.333 ° W / 20.800 ; - 156.333 ( Maui ) Oʻahu The Gathering Place 3 596.7 sq mi ( 1,545.4 km ) 953,207 1 1,597.46 / sq mi ( 616.78 / km ) Mount Ka ʻala 5 4,003 ft ( 1,220 m ) 3.7 -- 2.6 21 ° 28 ′ N 157 ° 59 ′ W / 21.467 ° N 157.983 ° W / 21.467 ; - 157.983 ( Oahu ) Kaua ʻi The Garden Isle 4 552.3 sq mi ( 1,430.5 km ) 66,921 3 121.168 / sq mi ( 46.783 / km ) Kawaikini 3 5,243 ft ( 1,598 m ) 5.1 22 ° 05 ′ N 159 ° 30 ′ W / 22.083 ° N 159.500 ° W / 22.083 ; - 159.500 ( Kauai ) Moloka ʻi The Friendly Isle 5 260.0 sq mi ( 673.4 km ) 7,345 5 28.250 / sq mi ( 10.9074 / km ) Kamakou 4 4,961 ft ( 1,512 m ) 1.9 -- 1.8 21 ° 08 ′ N 157 ° 02 ′ W / 21.133 ° N 157.033 ° W / 21.133 ; - 157.033 ( Molokai ) Lāna ʻi The Pineapple Isle 6 140.5 sq mi ( 363.9 km ) 3,135 6 22.313 / sq mi ( 8.615 / km ) Lāna ʻihale 6 3,366 ft ( 1,026 m ) 1.3 20 ° 50 ′ N 156 ° 56 ′ W / 20.833 ° N 156.933 ° W / 20.833 ; - 156.933 ( Lanai ) Ni ʻihau The Forbidden Isle 7 69.5 sq mi ( 180.0 km ) 170 7 2.45 / sq mi ( 0.944 / km ) Mount Pānī ʻau 8 1,250 ft ( 381 m ) 4.9 21 ° 54 ′ N 160 ° 10 ′ W / 21.900 ° N 160.167 ° W / 21.900 ; - 160.167 ( Niihau ) Kaho ʻolawe The Target Isle 8 44.6 sq mi ( 115.5 km ) 0 8 0 Pu ʻu Moaulanui 7 1,483 ft ( 452 m ) 1.0 20 ° 33 ′ N 156 ° 36 ′ W / 20.550 ° N 156.600 ° W / 20.550 ; - 156.600 ( Kahoolawe ) Smaller Islands , atolls , reefs ( edit ) Hawaiian Islands from space . Smaller islands , atolls , and reefs ( all west of Ni ʻihau are uninhabited ) form the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands , or Hawaiian Leeward Islands : Nihoa ( Mokumana ) Necker ( Mokumanamana ) French Frigate Shoals ( Kānemiloha ʻi ) Gardner Pinnacles ( Pūhāhonu ) Maro Reef ( Nalukākala ) Laysan ( Kauō ) Lisianski Island ( Papa ʻāpoho ) Pearl and Hermes Atoll ( Holoikauaua ) Midway Atoll ( Pihemanu ) Kure Atoll ( Mokupāpapa ) Islets ( edit ) 3 - D perspective view of the southeastern Hawaiian Islands , with the white summits of Mauna Loa ( 4,170 m or 13,680 ft high ) and Mauna Kea ( 4,206 m or 13,799 ft high ) . The islands are the tops of massive volcanoes , the bulk of which lie below the sea surface . Ocean depths are colored from violet ( 5,750 m or 18,860 ft deep northeast of Maui ) and indigo to light gray ( shallowest ) . Historical lava flows are shown in red , erupting from the summits and rift zones of Mauna Loa , Kilauea , and Hualalai volcanoes on Hawai ʻi . The state of Hawaii counts 137 `` islands '' in the Hawaiian chain . This number includes all minor islands and islets , or very small island , offshore of the main islands ( listed above ) and individual islets in each atoll . These are just a few : Ford Island ( Moku ʻumeʻume ) Lehua Kaula Kaohikaipu Mānana Mōkōlea Rock Nā Mokulua Molokini Mokoli ʻi Moku Manu Moku Ola ( Coconut Island , Hawaii ) Moku o Loʻe ( Coconut Island , Oahu ) Sand Island Grass Island A composite satellite image from NASA of the Hawaiian Islands taken from outer space . Click on the image for a larger view that shows the main islands and the extended archipelago . Geology ( edit ) Main article : Hawaii hotspot See also : List of Hawaii rivers This chain of islands , or archipelago , developed as the Pacific Plate moved slowly northwestward over a hotspot in the Earth 's mantle at a rate of approximately 32 miles ( 51 km ) per million years . Thus , the southeast island is volcanically active , whereas the islands on the northwest end of the archipelago are older and typically smaller , due to longer exposure to erosion . The age of the archipelago has been estimated using potassium - argon dating methods . From this study and others , it is estimated that the northwestern most island , Kure Atoll , is the oldest at approximately 28 million years ( Ma ) ; while the southeastern most island , Hawai ʻi , is approximately 0.4 Ma ( 400,000 years ) . The only active volcanism in the last 200 years has been on the southeastern island , Hawai ʻi , and on the submerged but growing volcano to the extreme southeast , Lo ʻihi . The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of the USGS documents recent volcanic activity and provides images and interpretations of the volcanism . Almost all of the magma of the hotspot has the composition of basalt , and so the Hawaiian volcanoes are composed almost entirely of this igneous rock . There is very little coarser - grained gabbro and diabase . Nephelinite is exposed on the islands but is extremely rare . The majority of eruptions in Hawai ʻi are Hawaiian - type eruptions because basaltic magma is relatively fluid compared with magmas typically involved in more explosive eruptions , such as the andesitic magmas that produce some of the spectacular and dangerous eruptions around the margins of the Pacific basin . Eruptions from the Hawaii hotspot left a trail of underwater mountains across the Pacific over millions of years , called the Emperor Seamounts Hawai ʻi island ( the Big Island ) is the biggest and youngest island in the chain , built from five volcanoes . Mauna Loa , taking up over half of the Big Island , is the largest shield volcano on the Earth . The measurement from sea level to summit is more than 2.5 miles ( 4 km ) , from sea level to sea floor about 3.1 miles ( 5 km ) . Earthquakes ( edit ) Main article : List of earthquakes in Hawaii The Hawaiian Islands have many earthquakes , generally caused by volcanic activity . Most of the early earthquake monitoring took place in Hilo , by missionaries Titus Coan , Sarah J. Lyman and her family . From 1833 to 1896 , approximately 4 or 5 earthquakes were reported per year . Hawaii accounted for 7.3 % of the United States ' reported earthquakes with a magnitude 3.5 or greater from 1974 to 2003 , with a total 1533 earthquakes . Hawaii ranked as the state with the third most earthquakes over this time period , after Alaska and California . On October 15 , 2006 , there was an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.7 off the northwest coast of the island of Hawaii , near the Kona area of the big island . The initial earthquake was followed approximately five minutes later by a magnitude 5.7 aftershock . Minor - to - moderate damage was reported on most of the Big Island . Several major roadways became impassable from rock slides , and effects were felt as far away as Honolulu , Oahu , nearly 150 miles ( 240 km ) from the epicenter . Power outages lasted for several hours to days . Several water mains ruptured . No deaths or life - threatening injuries were reported . Earthquakes are monitored by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory run by the USGS . Tsunamis ( edit ) Aftermath of the 1960 Chilean tsunami in Hilo , Hawai ʻi , where the tsunami left 61 people dead and 282 seriously injured . The waves reached 35 feet ( 11 m ) high . The Hawaiian Islands are subject to tsunamis , great waves that strike the shore . Tsunamis are most often caused by earthquakes somewhere in the Pacific . The waves produced by the earthquakes travel at speeds of 400 -- 500 miles per hour ( 600 -- 800 km / h ) and can affect coastal regions thousands of miles ( kilometers ) away . Tsunamis may also originate from the Hawaiian Islands . Explosive volcanic activity can cause tsunamis . The island of Moloka ʻi had a catastrophic collapse or debris avalanche over a million years ago ; this underwater landslide likely caused tsunamis . The Hilina Slump on the island of Hawai ʻi is another potential place for a large landslide and resulting tsunami . The city of Hilo on the Big Island has been most affected by tsunamis , where the in - rushing water is accentuated by the shape of Hilo Bay . Coastal cities have tsunami warning sirens . A tsunami resulting from an earthquake in Chile hit the islands on February 27 , 2010 . It was relatively minor , but local emergency management officials utilized the latest technology and ordered evacuations in preparation for a possible major event . The Governor declared it a `` good drill '' for the next major event . A tsunami resulting from an earthquake in Japan hit the islands on March 11 , 2011 . It was relatively minor , but local officials ordered evacuations in preparation for a possible major event . The tsunami caused about $30.1 million in damages . Ecology ( edit ) See also : Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands The endemic plant and animal species of the Hawaiian Islands developed in nearly complete isolation over about 70 million years . Prior to human arrival , the only native mammals were the Hawaiian hoary bat and the Hawaiian monk seal . Human contact , first by Polynesians , introduced new trees , other plants and animals . These included voracious species such as rats and pigs , who took a heavy toll on native birds and invertebrates that evolved in the absence of such predators . The growing population also brought deforestation , forest degradation , treeless grasslands , and environmental degradation . As a result , many species which depended on forest habitats and food became extinct . As humans cleared land for farming , monocultural crop production replaced multi-species systems . The arrival of the Europeans had a more significant impact , with the promotion of large - scale single - species export agriculture and livestock grazing . This led to increased clearing of forests , and the development of towns , adding many more species to the list of extinct animals of the Hawaiian Islands . As of 2009 , many of the remaining endemic species are considered endangered . See also : List of animal species introduced to the Hawaiian Islands and List of invasive plant species in Hawaii National Monument ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Bush proclaims Northwestern Hawaiian Islands a National Monument On June 15 , 2006 , President George W. Bush issued a public proclamation creating Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument under the Antiquities Act of 1906 . The Monument encompasses the northwestern Hawaiian Islands and surrounding waters , forming the largest marine wildlife reserve in the world . In August 2010 , UNESCO 's World Heritage Committee added Papahānaumokuākea to its list of World Heritage Site s . On August 26 , 2016 , President Barack Obama greatly expanded Papahānaumokuākea , quadrupling it from its original size . Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Hawaii The climate of the Hawaiian Islands is tropical but it experiences many different climates , depending on altitude and weather . The islands receive most rainfall from the trade winds on their north and east flanks ( the windward side ) as a result of orographic precipitation . Coastal areas in general and especially the south and west flanks or leeward sides , tend to be drier . In general , the lowlands of Hawaiian Islands receive most of their precipitation during the winter months ( October to April ) . Drier conditions generally prevail from May to September . The tropical storms , and occasional hurricanes , tend to occur from July through November . See also ( edit ) Geography portal Oceania portal United States portal Hawaii portal Mountains portal Volcanoes portal Hawaii Inter-Island Cable System Index of Hawaii - related articles List of birds of Hawaii List of fish of Hawaii List of mountain peaks of Hawaii List of Ultras of Hawaii Maritime fur trade Outline of Hawaii References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kent , Noel J. ( 1993 ) . Hawaii : Islands Under the Influence . University of Hawaii Press . pp. x . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1552 - 1 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Abbott , and Peterson , 1984 Jump up ^ James Cook and James King ( 1784 ) . A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean : Undertaken , by the Command of His Majesty , for Making Discoveries in the Northern Hemisphere , to Determine the Position and Extent of the West Side of North America , Its Distance from Asia , and the Practicability of a Northern Passage to Europe : Performed Under the Direction of Captains Cook , Clerke , and Gore , in His Majesty 's Ships the Resolution and Discovery , in the Years 1776 , 1777 , 1778 , 1779 , and 1780 . 2 . Nicol and Cadell , London . p. 222 . Jump up ^ Clement , Russell . `` From Cook to the 1840 Constitution : The Name Change from Sandwich to Hawaiian Islands '' ( PDF ) . University of Hawai'i at Manoa Hamilton Library . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to State and Local Census Geography -- Hawaii '' ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Census Bureau . 2013 - 09 - 09 . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Population 2016 ( Demographics , Maps , Graphs ) '' . worldpopulationreview.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Blay , Chuck , and Siemers , Robert . Kauai ' 's Geologic History : A Simplified Guide . Kaua'i : TEOK Investigations , 2004 . ISBN 9780974472300 . ( Cited in `` Hawaiian Encyclopedia : The Islands '' . Retrieved June 20 , 2012. ) Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Island of Hawai ʻi Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Maui Island Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Oʻahu Island Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Kaua ʻi Island Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Moloka ʻi Island Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Lāna ʻi Island Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Ni ʻihau Island Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Kaho ʻolawe Island Jump up ^ `` Hawaii : Image of the Day '' . nasa.gov . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hawai'i Facts & Figures '' ( PDF ) . state web site . State of Hawaii Dept. of Business , Economic Development & Tourism . December 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Tectonics , geochronology , and origin of the Hawaiian - Emperor Volcanic Chain '' ( PDF ) . The Geology of North America , Volume N : The Eastern Pacific Ocean and Hawaii . The Geology Society of America . 1989 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ McDougall , IAN ; Swanson , D.A. ( 1972 ) . `` Potassium - Argon Ages of Lavas from the Hawi and Pololu Volcanic Series , Kohala Volcano , Hawaii '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . Geology Society of American Bulletin . 83 ( 12 ) : 3731 -- 3738 . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 1972 ) 83 ( 3731 : PAOLFT ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Petrography and K - Ar Ages of Dredged Volcanic Rocks from the Western Hawaiian Ridge and the Southern Emperor Seamount Chain '' . 86 ( 7 ) . Geology Society of America Bulletin . 1975 : 991 -- 998 . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 1975 ) 86 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Loa Earth 's Largest Volcano '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory web site . USGS . February 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Earthquake History '' . Earthquake Hazards Program . United States Geological Survey . 1972 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Top Earthquake States '' . Earthquake Hazards Program . United States Geological Survey . 2003 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Trusdell , Frank A. ; Chadderton , Amy ; Hinchliffe , Graham ; Hara , Andrew ; Patenge , Brent ; Weber , Tom ( 2012 - 11 - 15 ) . `` Tohoku - Oki Earthquake Tsunami Runup and Inundation Data for Sites Around the Island of Hawai'i '' ( PDF ) . USGS . pp. 3 -- 4 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaiian Monk Seal '' . statesymbolsusa.org . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Craig R. Elevitch and Kim M. Wilkinson , eds. ( 2000 ) . Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands . Permanent Agriculture Resources . ISBN 0 - 9702544 - 0 - 7 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Barnett , Cynthia ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Hawaii Is Now Home to an Ocean Reserve Twice the Size of Texas '' . National Geographic . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 21 sites added to Unesco World Heritage list -- Wikinews , the free news source '' . en.wikinews.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Saltzstein , Dan ( 2010 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Unesco Adds 21 Sites to World Heritage List '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` World Heritage Committee inscribes a total of 21 new sites on UNESCO World Heritage List '' . whc.unesco.org. 2010 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Cocke , Sophie ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Obama expands Papahanaumokuakea marine reserve ; plans Oahu trip '' . Honolulu Star Advertiser . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : President Obama to Create the World 's Largest Marine Protected Area '' . whitehouse.gov. 2016 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Cynthia ( 2016 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Hawaii Is Now Home to an Ocean Reserve Twice the Size of Texas '' . NationalGeographic.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Lau , Leung - Ku Stephen ; Mink , John Francis ( 2006 - 10 - 01 ) . Hydrology of the Hawaiian Islands . pp. 39 , 43 , 49 , 53 . ISBN 9780824829483 . Further reading ( edit ) Morgan , Joseph R. ( 1996 ) . `` Hawai'i : A Unique Geography -- Volcanic Landforms '' . Honolulu , HI : Bess Press . ISBN 1 - 57306 - 021 - 6 . An integrated information website focused on the Hawaiian Archipelago from the Pacific Region Integrated Data Enterprise ( PRIDE ) . Macdonald , G.A. , A.T. Abbott , and F.L. Peterson . 1984 . Volcanoes in the Sea : The Geology of Hawaii , 2nd edition . University of Hawaii Press , Honolulu . 517 pp . The Ocean Atlas of Hawai'i -- SOEST at University of Hawai ʻi . `` Hawaiian Volcanoes -- Introduction -- Department of Geosciences '' . Corvallis , OR , USA . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Volcano World ; Your World is Erupting -- Oregon State University College of Science State of Hawai ʻi Honolulu ( capital ) Topics Constitution Delegations Discovery and settlement Earthquakes Geography Government Hawaiianize History Islands ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi ( Hawaiian Language ) Kūʻē Petitions Music People State symbols Tourism Transportation Unification Seal of Hawaii Society Hawaiian architecture Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Energy Folklore Media Politics Sports Main Islands Hawai ʻi Kaho ʻolawe Kaua ʻi Lāna ʻi Maui Moloka ʻi Ni ʻihau Oʻahu Northwestern Islands French Frigate Shoals Gardner Kure Laysan Lisianski Maro Reef Necker Nihoa Pearl and Hermes Communities Hilo Honolulu Kahului Kāneʻohe Līhu ʻe Pearl City Waipahu Counties Hawai ʻi Honolulu Kalawao Kaua ʻi Maui Sovereignty Movement Hawaiian Renaissance 2008 occupation of Iolani Palace Geography of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. 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what are the names of the main hawaiian islands
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"\n\nIsland\nNickname\nArea\nPopulation\n(as of 2010)\nDensity\nHighest point\nElevation\nAge (Ma)[7]\nLocation\n\n\nHawaiʻi[8]\nThe Big Island\n1 4,028.0 sq mi (10,432.5 km2)\n185,079\n4 45.948/sq mi (17.7407/km2)\nMauna Kea\n1 13,796 ft (4,205 m)\n0.4\n19°34′N 155°30′W / 19.567°N 155.500°W / 19.567; -155.500 (Hawaii)\n\n\nMaui[9]\nThe Valley Isle\n2 727.2 sq mi (1,883.4 km2)\n144,444\n2 198.630/sq mi (76.692/km2)\nHaleakalā\n2 10,023 ft (3,055 m)\n1.3–0.8\n20°48′N 156°20′W / 20.800°N 156.333°W / 20.800; -156.333 (Maui)\n\n\nOʻahu[10]\nThe Gathering Place\n3 596.7 sq mi (1,545.4 km2)\n953,207\n1 1,597.46/sq mi (616.78/km2)\nMount Kaʻala\n5 4,003 ft (1,220 m)\n3.7–2.6\n21°28′N 157°59′W / 21.467°N 157.983°W / 21.467; -157.983 (Oahu)\n\n\nKauaʻi[11]\nThe Garden Isle\n4 552.3 sq mi (1,430.5 km2)\n66,921\n3 121.168/sq mi (46.783/km2)\nKawaikini\n3 5,243 ft (1,598 m)\n5.1\n22°05′N 159°30′W / 22.083°N 159.500°W / 22.083; -159.500 (Kauai)\n\n\nMolokaʻi[12]\nThe Friendly Isle\n5 260.0 sq mi (673.4 km2)\n7,345\n5 28.250/sq mi (10.9074/km2)\nKamakou\n4 4,961 ft (1,512 m)\n1.9–1.8\n21°08′N 157°02′W / 21.133°N 157.033°W / 21.133; -157.033 (Molokai)\n\n\nLānaʻi[13]\nThe Pineapple Isle\n6 140.5 sq mi (363.9 km2)\n3,135\n6 22.313/sq mi (8.615/km2)\nLānaʻihale\n6 3,366 ft (1,026 m)\n1.3\n20°50′N 156°56′W / 20.833°N 156.933°W / 20.833; -156.933 (Lanai)\n\n\nNiʻihau[14]\nThe Forbidden Isle\n7 69.5 sq mi (180.0 km2)\n170\n7 2.45/sq mi (0.944/km2)\nMount Pānīʻau\n8 1,250 ft (381 m)\n4.9\n21°54′N 160°10′W / 21.900°N 160.167°W / 21.900; -160.167 (Niihau)\n\n\nKahoʻolawe[15]\nThe Target Isle\n8 44.6 sq mi (115.5 km2)\n0\n8 0\nPuʻu Moaulanui\n7 1,483 ft (452 m)\n1.0\n20°33′N 156°36′W / 20.550°N 156.600°W / 20.550; -156.600 (Kahoolawe)\n\n",
"\n\nIsland\nNickname\nArea\nPopulation\n(as of 2010)\nDensity\nHighest point\nElevation\nAge (Ma)[7]\nLocation\n\n\nHawaiʻi[8]\nThe Big Island\n1 4,028.0 sq mi (10,432.5 km2)\n185,079\n4 45.948/sq mi (17.7407/km2)\nMauna Kea\n1 13,796 ft (4,205 m)\n0.4\n19°34′N 155°30′W / 19.567°N 155.500°W / 19.567; -155.500 (Hawaii)\n\n\nMaui[9]\nThe Valley Isle\n2 727.2 sq mi (1,883.4 km2)\n144,444\n2 198.630/sq mi (76.692/km2)\nHaleakalā\n2 10,023 ft (3,055 m)\n1.3–0.8\n20°48′N 156°20′W / 20.800°N 156.333°W / 20.800; -156.333 (Maui)\n\n\nOʻahu[10]\nThe Gathering Place\n3 596.7 sq mi (1,545.4 km2)\n953,207\n1 1,597.46/sq mi (616.78/km2)\nMount Kaʻala\n5 4,003 ft (1,220 m)\n3.7–2.6\n21°28′N 157°59′W / 21.467°N 157.983°W / 21.467; -157.983 (Oahu)\n\n\nKauaʻi[11]\nThe Garden Isle\n4 552.3 sq mi (1,430.5 km2)\n66,921\n3 121.168/sq mi (46.783/km2)\nKawaikini\n3 5,243 ft (1,598 m)\n5.1\n22°05′N 159°30′W / 22.083°N 159.500°W / 22.083; -159.500 (Kauai)\n\n\nMolokaʻi[12]\nThe Friendly Isle\n5 260.0 sq mi (673.4 km2)\n7,345\n5 28.250/sq mi (10.9074/km2)\nKamakou\n4 4,961 ft (1,512 m)\n1.9–1.8\n21°08′N 157°02′W / 21.133°N 157.033°W / 21.133; -157.033 (Molokai)\n\n\nLānaʻi[13]\nThe Pineapple Isle\n6 140.5 sq mi (363.9 km2)\n3,135\n6 22.313/sq mi (8.615/km2)\nLānaʻihale\n6 3,366 ft (1,026 m)\n1.3\n20°50′N 156°56′W / 20.833°N 156.933°W / 20.833; -156.933 (Lanai)\n\n\nNiʻihau[14]\nThe Forbidden Isle\n7 69.5 sq mi (180.0 km2)\n170\n7 2.45/sq mi (0.944/km2)\nMount Pānīʻau\n8 1,250 ft (381 m)\n4.9\n21°54′N 160°10′W / 21.900°N 160.167°W / 21.900; -160.167 (Niihau)\n\n\nKahoʻolawe[15]\nThe Target Isle\n8 44.6 sq mi (115.5 km2)\n0\n8 0\nPuʻu Moaulanui\n7 1,483 ft (452 m)\n1.0\n20°33′N 156°36′W / 20.550°N 156.600°W / 20.550; -156.600 (Kahoolawe)\n\n",
"\n\nIsland\nNickname\nArea\nPopulation\n(as of 2010)\nDensity\nHighest point\nElevation\nAge (Ma)[7]\nLocation\n\n\nHawaiʻi[8]\nThe Big Island\n1 4,028.0 sq mi (10,432.5 km2)\n185,079\n4 45.948/sq mi (17.7407/km2)\nMauna Kea\n1 13,796 ft (4,205 m)\n0.4\n19°34′N 155°30′W / 19.567°N 155.500°W / 19.567; -155.500 (Hawaii)\n\n\nMaui[9]\nThe Valley Isle\n2 727.2 sq mi (1,883.4 km2)\n144,444\n2 198.630/sq mi (76.692/km2)\nHaleakalā\n2 10,023 ft (3,055 m)\n1.3–0.8\n20°48′N 156°20′W / 20.800°N 156.333°W / 20.800; -156.333 (Maui)\n\n\nOʻahu[10]\nThe Gathering Place\n3 596.7 sq mi (1,545.4 km2)\n953,207\n1 1,597.46/sq mi (616.78/km2)\nMount Kaʻala\n5 4,003 ft (1,220 m)\n3.7–2.6\n21°28′N 157°59′W / 21.467°N 157.983°W / 21.467; -157.983 (Oahu)\n\n\nKauaʻi[11]\nThe Garden Isle\n4 552.3 sq mi (1,430.5 km2)\n66,921\n3 121.168/sq mi (46.783/km2)\nKawaikini\n3 5,243 ft (1,598 m)\n5.1\n22°05′N 159°30′W / 22.083°N 159.500°W / 22.083; -159.500 (Kauai)\n\n\nMolokaʻi[12]\nThe Friendly Isle\n5 260.0 sq mi (673.4 km2)\n7,345\n5 28.250/sq mi (10.9074/km2)\nKamakou\n4 4,961 ft (1,512 m)\n1.9–1.8\n21°08′N 157°02′W / 21.133°N 157.033°W / 21.133; -157.033 (Molokai)\n\n\nLānaʻi[13]\nThe Pineapple Isle\n6 140.5 sq mi (363.9 km2)\n3,135\n6 22.313/sq mi (8.615/km2)\nLānaʻihale\n6 3,366 ft (1,026 m)\n1.3\n20°50′N 156°56′W / 20.833°N 156.933°W / 20.833; -156.933 (Lanai)\n\n\nNiʻihau[14]\nThe Forbidden Isle\n7 69.5 sq mi (180.0 km2)\n170\n7 2.45/sq mi (0.944/km2)\nMount Pānīʻau\n8 1,250 ft (381 m)\n4.9\n21°54′N 160°10′W / 21.900°N 160.167°W / 21.900; -160.167 (Niihau)\n\n\nKahoʻolawe[15]\nThe Target Isle\n8 44.6 sq mi (115.5 km2)\n0\n8 0\nPuʻu Moaulanui\n7 1,483 ft (452 m)\n1.0\n20°33′N 156°36′W / 20.550°N 156.600°W / 20.550; -156.600 (Kahoolawe)\n\n",
"\n\nIsland\nNickname\nArea\nPopulation\n(as of 2010)\nDensity\nHighest point\nElevation\nAge (Ma)[7]\nLocation\n\n\nHawaiʻi[8]\nThe Big Island\n1 4,028.0 sq mi (10,432.5 km2)\n185,079\n4 45.948/sq mi (17.7407/km2)\nMauna Kea\n1 13,796 ft (4,205 m)\n0.4\n19°34′N 155°30′W / 19.567°N 155.500°W / 19.567; -155.500 (Hawaii)\n\n\nMaui[9]\nThe Valley Isle\n2 727.2 sq mi (1,883.4 km2)\n144,444\n2 198.630/sq mi (76.692/km2)\nHaleakalā\n2 10,023 ft (3,055 m)\n1.3–0.8\n20°48′N 156°20′W / 20.800°N 156.333°W / 20.800; -156.333 (Maui)\n\n\nOʻahu[10]\nThe Gathering Place\n3 596.7 sq mi (1,545.4 km2)\n953,207\n1 1,597.46/sq mi (616.78/km2)\nMount Kaʻala\n5 4,003 ft (1,220 m)\n3.7–2.6\n21°28′N 157°59′W / 21.467°N 157.983°W / 21.467; -157.983 (Oahu)\n\n\nKauaʻi[11]\nThe Garden Isle\n4 552.3 sq mi (1,430.5 km2)\n66,921\n3 121.168/sq mi (46.783/km2)\nKawaikini\n3 5,243 ft (1,598 m)\n5.1\n22°05′N 159°30′W / 22.083°N 159.500°W / 22.083; -159.500 (Kauai)\n\n\nMolokaʻi[12]\nThe Friendly Isle\n5 260.0 sq mi (673.4 km2)\n7,345\n5 28.250/sq mi (10.9074/km2)\nKamakou\n4 4,961 ft (1,512 m)\n1.9–1.8\n21°08′N 157°02′W / 21.133°N 157.033°W / 21.133; -157.033 (Molokai)\n\n\nLānaʻi[13]\nThe Pineapple Isle\n6 140.5 sq mi (363.9 km2)\n3,135\n6 22.313/sq mi (8.615/km2)\nLānaʻihale\n6 3,366 ft (1,026 m)\n1.3\n20°50′N 156°56′W / 20.833°N 156.933°W / 20.833; -156.933 (Lanai)\n\n\nNiʻihau[14]\nThe Forbidden Isle\n7 69.5 sq mi (180.0 km2)\n170\n7 2.45/sq mi (0.944/km2)\nMount Pānīʻau\n8 1,250 ft (381 m)\n4.9\n21°54′N 160°10′W / 21.900°N 160.167°W / 21.900; -160.167 (Niihau)\n\n\nKahoʻolawe[15]\nThe Target Isle\n8 44.6 sq mi (115.5 km2)\n0\n8 0\nPuʻu Moaulanui\n7 1,483 ft (452 m)\n1.0\n20°33′N 156°36′W / 20.550°N 156.600°W / 20.550; -156.600 (Kahoolawe)\n\n",
"\n\nIsland\nNickname\nArea\nPopulation\n(as of 2010)\nDensity\nHighest point\nElevation\nAge (Ma)[7]\nLocation\n\n\nHawaiʻi[8]\nThe Big Island\n1 4,028.0 sq mi (10,432.5 km2)\n185,079\n4 45.948/sq mi (17.7407/km2)\nMauna Kea\n1 13,796 ft (4,205 m)\n0.4\n19°34′N 155°30′W / 19.567°N 155.500°W / 19.567; -155.500 (Hawaii)\n\n\nMaui[9]\nThe Valley Isle\n2 727.2 sq mi (1,883.4 km2)\n144,444\n2 198.630/sq mi (76.692/km2)\nHaleakalā\n2 10,023 ft (3,055 m)\n1.3–0.8\n20°48′N 156°20′W / 20.800°N 156.333°W / 20.800; -156.333 (Maui)\n\n\nOʻahu[10]\nThe Gathering Place\n3 596.7 sq mi (1,545.4 km2)\n953,207\n1 1,597.46/sq mi (616.78/km2)\nMount Kaʻala\n5 4,003 ft (1,220 m)\n3.7–2.6\n21°28′N 157°59′W / 21.467°N 157.983°W / 21.467; -157.983 (Oahu)\n\n\nKauaʻi[11]\nThe Garden Isle\n4 552.3 sq mi (1,430.5 km2)\n66,921\n3 121.168/sq mi (46.783/km2)\nKawaikini\n3 5,243 ft (1,598 m)\n5.1\n22°05′N 159°30′W / 22.083°N 159.500°W / 22.083; -159.500 (Kauai)\n\n\nMolokaʻi[12]\nThe Friendly Isle\n5 260.0 sq mi (673.4 km2)\n7,345\n5 28.250/sq mi (10.9074/km2)\nKamakou\n4 4,961 ft (1,512 m)\n1.9–1.8\n21°08′N 157°02′W / 21.133°N 157.033°W / 21.133; -157.033 (Molokai)\n\n\nLānaʻi[13]\nThe Pineapple Isle\n6 140.5 sq mi (363.9 km2)\n3,135\n6 22.313/sq mi (8.615/km2)\nLānaʻihale\n6 3,366 ft (1,026 m)\n1.3\n20°50′N 156°56′W / 20.833°N 156.933°W / 20.833; -156.933 (Lanai)\n\n\nNiʻihau[14]\nThe Forbidden Isle\n7 69.5 sq mi (180.0 km2)\n170\n7 2.45/sq mi (0.944/km2)\nMount Pānīʻau\n8 1,250 ft (381 m)\n4.9\n21°54′N 160°10′W / 21.900°N 160.167°W / 21.900; -160.167 (Niihau)\n\n\nKahoʻolawe[15]\nThe Target Isle\n8 44.6 sq mi (115.5 km2)\n0\n8 0\nPuʻu Moaulanui\n7 1,483 ft (452 m)\n1.0\n20°33′N 156°36′W / 20.550°N 156.600°W / 20.550; -156.600 (Kahoolawe)\n\n",
"\n\nIsland\nNickname\nArea\nPopulation\n(as of 2010)\nDensity\nHighest point\nElevation\nAge (Ma)[7]\nLocation\n\n\nHawaiʻi[8]\nThe Big Island\n1 4,028.0 sq mi (10,432.5 km2)\n185,079\n4 45.948/sq mi (17.7407/km2)\nMauna Kea\n1 13,796 ft (4,205 m)\n0.4\n19°34′N 155°30′W / 19.567°N 155.500°W / 19.567; -155.500 (Hawaii)\n\n\nMaui[9]\nThe Valley Isle\n2 727.2 sq mi (1,883.4 km2)\n144,444\n2 198.630/sq mi (76.692/km2)\nHaleakalā\n2 10,023 ft (3,055 m)\n1.3–0.8\n20°48′N 156°20′W / 20.800°N 156.333°W / 20.800; -156.333 (Maui)\n\n\nOʻahu[10]\nThe Gathering Place\n3 596.7 sq mi (1,545.4 km2)\n953,207\n1 1,597.46/sq mi (616.78/km2)\nMount Kaʻala\n5 4,003 ft (1,220 m)\n3.7–2.6\n21°28′N 157°59′W / 21.467°N 157.983°W / 21.467; -157.983 (Oahu)\n\n\nKauaʻi[11]\nThe Garden Isle\n4 552.3 sq mi (1,430.5 km2)\n66,921\n3 121.168/sq mi (46.783/km2)\nKawaikini\n3 5,243 ft (1,598 m)\n5.1\n22°05′N 159°30′W / 22.083°N 159.500°W / 22.083; -159.500 (Kauai)\n\n\nMolokaʻi[12]\nThe Friendly Isle\n5 260.0 sq mi (673.4 km2)\n7,345\n5 28.250/sq mi (10.9074/km2)\nKamakou\n4 4,961 ft (1,512 m)\n1.9–1.8\n21°08′N 157°02′W / 21.133°N 157.033°W / 21.133; -157.033 (Molokai)\n\n\nLānaʻi[13]\nThe Pineapple Isle\n6 140.5 sq mi (363.9 km2)\n3,135\n6 22.313/sq mi (8.615/km2)\nLānaʻihale\n6 3,366 ft (1,026 m)\n1.3\n20°50′N 156°56′W / 20.833°N 156.933°W / 20.833; -156.933 (Lanai)\n\n\nNiʻihau[14]\nThe Forbidden Isle\n7 69.5 sq mi (180.0 km2)\n170\n7 2.45/sq mi (0.944/km2)\nMount Pānīʻau\n8 1,250 ft (381 m)\n4.9\n21°54′N 160°10′W / 21.900°N 160.167°W / 21.900; -160.167 (Niihau)\n\n\nKahoʻolawe[15]\nThe Target Isle\n8 44.6 sq mi (115.5 km2)\n0\n8 0\nPuʻu Moaulanui\n7 1,483 ft (452 m)\n1.0\n20°33′N 156°36′W / 20.550°N 156.600°W / 20.550; -156.600 (Kahoolawe)\n\n",
"\n\nIsland\nNickname\nArea\nPopulation\n(as of 2010)\nDensity\nHighest point\nElevation\nAge (Ma)[7]\nLocation\n\n\nHawaiʻi[8]\nThe Big Island\n1 4,028.0 sq mi (10,432.5 km2)\n185,079\n4 45.948/sq mi (17.7407/km2)\nMauna Kea\n1 13,796 ft (4,205 m)\n0.4\n19°34′N 155°30′W / 19.567°N 155.500°W / 19.567; -155.500 (Hawaii)\n\n\nMaui[9]\nThe Valley Isle\n2 727.2 sq mi (1,883.4 km2)\n144,444\n2 198.630/sq mi (76.692/km2)\nHaleakalā\n2 10,023 ft (3,055 m)\n1.3–0.8\n20°48′N 156°20′W / 20.800°N 156.333°W / 20.800; -156.333 (Maui)\n\n\nOʻahu[10]\nThe Gathering Place\n3 596.7 sq mi (1,545.4 km2)\n953,207\n1 1,597.46/sq mi (616.78/km2)\nMount Kaʻala\n5 4,003 ft (1,220 m)\n3.7–2.6\n21°28′N 157°59′W / 21.467°N 157.983°W / 21.467; -157.983 (Oahu)\n\n\nKauaʻi[11]\nThe Garden Isle\n4 552.3 sq mi (1,430.5 km2)\n66,921\n3 121.168/sq mi (46.783/km2)\nKawaikini\n3 5,243 ft (1,598 m)\n5.1\n22°05′N 159°30′W / 22.083°N 159.500°W / 22.083; -159.500 (Kauai)\n\n\nMolokaʻi[12]\nThe Friendly Isle\n5 260.0 sq mi (673.4 km2)\n7,345\n5 28.250/sq mi (10.9074/km2)\nKamakou\n4 4,961 ft (1,512 m)\n1.9–1.8\n21°08′N 157°02′W / 21.133°N 157.033°W / 21.133; -157.033 (Molokai)\n\n\nLānaʻi[13]\nThe Pineapple Isle\n6 140.5 sq mi (363.9 km2)\n3,135\n6 22.313/sq mi (8.615/km2)\nLānaʻihale\n6 3,366 ft (1,026 m)\n1.3\n20°50′N 156°56′W / 20.833°N 156.933°W / 20.833; -156.933 (Lanai)\n\n\nNiʻihau[14]\nThe Forbidden Isle\n7 69.5 sq mi (180.0 km2)\n170\n7 2.45/sq mi (0.944/km2)\nMount Pānīʻau\n8 1,250 ft (381 m)\n4.9\n21°54′N 160°10′W / 21.900°N 160.167°W / 21.900; -160.167 (Niihau)\n\n\nKahoʻolawe[15]\nThe Target Isle\n8 44.6 sq mi (115.5 km2)\n0\n8 0\nPuʻu Moaulanui\n7 1,483 ft (452 m)\n1.0\n20°33′N 156°36′W / 20.550°N 156.600°W / 20.550; -156.600 (Kahoolawe)\n\n",
"\n\nIsland\nNickname\nArea\nPopulation\n(as of 2010)\nDensity\nHighest point\nElevation\nAge (Ma)[7]\nLocation\n\n\nHawaiʻi[8]\nThe Big Island\n1 4,028.0 sq mi (10,432.5 km2)\n185,079\n4 45.948/sq mi (17.7407/km2)\nMauna Kea\n1 13,796 ft (4,205 m)\n0.4\n19°34′N 155°30′W / 19.567°N 155.500°W / 19.567; -155.500 (Hawaii)\n\n\nMaui[9]\nThe Valley Isle\n2 727.2 sq mi (1,883.4 km2)\n144,444\n2 198.630/sq mi (76.692/km2)\nHaleakalā\n2 10,023 ft (3,055 m)\n1.3–0.8\n20°48′N 156°20′W / 20.800°N 156.333°W / 20.800; -156.333 (Maui)\n\n\nOʻahu[10]\nThe Gathering Place\n3 596.7 sq mi (1,545.4 km2)\n953,207\n1 1,597.46/sq mi (616.78/km2)\nMount Kaʻala\n5 4,003 ft (1,220 m)\n3.7–2.6\n21°28′N 157°59′W / 21.467°N 157.983°W / 21.467; -157.983 (Oahu)\n\n\nKauaʻi[11]\nThe Garden Isle\n4 552.3 sq mi (1,430.5 km2)\n66,921\n3 121.168/sq mi (46.783/km2)\nKawaikini\n3 5,243 ft (1,598 m)\n5.1\n22°05′N 159°30′W / 22.083°N 159.500°W / 22.083; -159.500 (Kauai)\n\n\nMolokaʻi[12]\nThe Friendly Isle\n5 260.0 sq mi (673.4 km2)\n7,345\n5 28.250/sq mi (10.9074/km2)\nKamakou\n4 4,961 ft (1,512 m)\n1.9–1.8\n21°08′N 157°02′W / 21.133°N 157.033°W / 21.133; -157.033 (Molokai)\n\n\nLānaʻi[13]\nThe Pineapple Isle\n6 140.5 sq mi (363.9 km2)\n3,135\n6 22.313/sq mi (8.615/km2)\nLānaʻihale\n6 3,366 ft (1,026 m)\n1.3\n20°50′N 156°56′W / 20.833°N 156.933°W / 20.833; -156.933 (Lanai)\n\n\nNiʻihau[14]\nThe Forbidden Isle\n7 69.5 sq mi (180.0 km2)\n170\n7 2.45/sq mi (0.944/km2)\nMount Pānīʻau\n8 1,250 ft (381 m)\n4.9\n21°54′N 160°10′W / 21.900°N 160.167°W / 21.900; -160.167 (Niihau)\n\n\nKahoʻolawe[15]\nThe Target Isle\n8 44.6 sq mi (115.5 km2)\n0\n8 0\nPuʻu Moaulanui\n7 1,483 ft (452 m)\n1.0\n20°33′N 156°36′W / 20.550°N 156.600°W / 20.550; -156.600 (Kahoolawe)\n\n"
] |
[
"Hawaiʻi",
"Maui",
"Oʻahu",
"Kauaʻi",
"Molokaʻi",
"Lānaʻi",
"Niʻihau",
"Kahoʻolawe"
] |
7511019109608458310
|
List of Natsume Yūjin-chō episodes
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List of Natsume Yūjin - chō episodes - wikipedia List of Natsume Yūjin - chō episodes Natsume Yūjin - chō is a Japanese anime television series based on the manga series Natsume 's Book of Friends by Yuki Midorikawa . The first anime series was produced by Brain 's Base under the direction of Takahiro Omori . It was broadcast on the TV Tokyo network in two seasons of 13 episodes each , the first from July 7 to September 29 , 2008 and the second , called Zoku Natsume Yūjin - chō ( 続 夏目 友人 帳 , Natsume 's Book of Friends Continued ) , from January 5 to March 30 , 2009 . For the first season , the opening theme was `` Issei no Sei '' ( 一斉 の 声 , `` Simultaneous Voice '' ) by Shūhei Kita , and the ending theme was `` Natsu Yūzora '' ( 夏 夕空 , `` Summer Evening Sky '' ) by Kousuke Atari . For the second season , the opening theme was `` Ano Hi Time Machine '' ( あの 日 タイム マシン , `` That Day 's Time Machine '' ) by Long Shot Party and the ending theme was `` Aishiteru '' ( 愛し てる , `` I Love You '' ) by Kourin ( Also known as Callin ' ) . Both seasons were released on five DVDs each . The third season , titled Natsume Yūjin - chō San ( 夏目 友人 帳 参 , Natsume 's Book of Friends Three ) aired between July 5 to September 27 , 2011 . The opening theme is `` Boku ni Dekiru Koto '' ( 僕 に できること , `` I Can Do '' ) by HOW MERRY MARRY and the ending theme is `` Kimi no Kakera '' ( 君 ノカケラ , `` Pieces of You '' ) by Kousuke Atari featuring Emiri Miyamoto . The fourth season , titled Natsume Yūjin - chō Shi ( 夏目 友人 帳 肆 , Natsume 's Book of Friends Four ) aired between January 2 to March 26 , 2012 . The opening theme is `` Ima , Kono Toki '' ( 今 、 この とき. , `` Now , This Time '' ) by Hiiragi and the ending theme is `` Takaramono '' ( たから もの , `` Treasure '' ) by Marina Kawano . The fifth season , titled Natsume Yūjin - Chō Go ( 夏目 友人 帳 伍 , Natsume 's Book of Friends Five ) began airing on October 4 , 2016 . The opening theme is `` Takarabako '' ( タカラバコ ) by Sasanomaly and the ending theme is `` Akane Sasu '' ( 茜 さす ) by Aimer . The sixth season , titled Natsume Yūjin - chō Roku ( 夏目 友人 帳 陸 , Natsume 's Book of Friends Six ) began airing on April 11 , 2017 . The opening theme is Furōria ( フローリア , `` Floria '' ) by Tomohisa Sako and the ending theme is `` Kimi no Uta '' ( きみ の うた , lit . `` Your Song '' ) by Rei Yasuda . Contents 1 Episode list 1.1 Natsume Yūjin - cho 1.2 Zoku Natsume Yūjin - chō 1.3 Natsume Yūjin - chō San 1.4 Natsume Yūjin - chō Shi 1.5 Natsume Yūjin - Chō Go 1.6 Natsume Yūjin - chō Roku 1.7 OAD and OVA LaLa Specials 2 References Episode list ( edit ) Natsume Yūjin - chō ( edit ) No . Title Original air date 01 `` The Cat and The Book Of Friends '' `` Neko to Yūjinchō '' ( 猫 と 友人 帳 ) July 7 , 2008 Natsume discovers that the heirloom `` Book of Friends '' that he inherited from his grandmother , Reiko , contains the names of the yōkai she had defeated and bound to her will . Assisted by a spirit in the form of a Maneki Neko ( lucky cat figure ) , whom he calls Nyanko - Sensei ( lit . `` Master Little Meow '' ) , Natsume decides to return all the names to their original owners . 02 `` The Dew - God 's Small Shrine '' `` Tsuyukami no Hokora '' ( 露 神 の 祠 ) July 14 , 2008 Natsume is visited by the village 's local god who is currently fading because of the lack of devotees . 03 `` The Mysterious Person At The Eight Fields '' `` Yatsuhara no Kaijin '' ( 八 ツ 原 の 怪人 ) July 21 , 2008 Natsume is implored to help spirits who are currently being exorcised . He finds a kindred spirit in Tanuma , a boy who can sense yōkai although he is not powerful enough to see them . 04 `` Shigure and the Girl '' `` Shigure to Shōjo '' ( 時雨 と 少女 ) July 28 , 2008 Natsume 's secret is found out by Sasada , the class president , during a `` trial of courage . '' She asks for his help to find the spirit that lives in the abandoned school . Natsume denies the fact that he can see anything , but she wo n't take no for an answer . Meanwhile , the spirit , Shigure , captures the rest of their school mates , in fury of the school being torn down . 05 `` Heart - Colored Ticket '' `` Kokoro - iro no Kippu '' ( 心 色 の 切符 ) August 4 , 2008 Natsume finds an old ticket among Reiko 's belongings and decides to go to the abandoned train station to see why she kept it . There , he meets a slow - witted spirit named Santo , who was waiting for Reiko the entire time to go to Kiriganuma , and there to see and make up with his friend , Mikuri . But the trip is n't as easy as it first seems . 06 `` Swallow at the Lake Bottom '' `` Kotei no Tsubame '' ( 湖底 の つばめ ) August 11 , 2008 Natsume is possessed by a swallow spirit , who wishes to meet a human who once helped her . Natsume agrees to help her and the two grow attached . When Swallow finds the human , Natsume feels bad that she ca n't actually meet him , but when he hears of a kimono that can turn a spirit into a human for a day , he looks for it . 07 `` The Little Fox 's Hat '' `` Kogitsune no Bōshi '' ( 子 狐 の ぼうし ) August 18 , 2008 Natsume goes to a hot spring for a school trip , with an errand from Shigeru to pick up teacups from a nearby potter . While there he meets and helps a little fox spirit , who quickly grows attached to him . 08 `` Fleeting Light '' `` Hakanai Hikari '' ( 儚い 光 ) August 25 , 2008 Natsume meets a spirit who used to be friends with a man who could also see Yōkai , but one day lost this ability . 09 `` Ayakashi Exorcism '' `` Ayakashi - barai '' ( あやかし 祓い ) September 1 , 2008 Natsume meets a popular actor named Natori Shuuichi who can also see spirits , and has a side job as an exorcist . 10 `` Asagi 's Koto '' `` Asagi no Koto '' ( アサギ の 琴 ) September 8 , 2008 Natsume is possessed by a sick koto player , whose friend wants her to be able to play one last time . 11 `` Nyanko 's Book Of Boredom '' `` Nyanko Tsurezure - chō '' ( ニャンコ 徒然 帳 ) September 15 , 2008 When Natsume finally has enough of Nyanko 's behavior Nyanko leaves , wandering about by himself and causing trouble . 12 `` Five - Day Mark '' `` Itsuka - jirushi '' ( 五 日 印 ) September 22 , 2008 Natsume is cursed by an evil spirit which had been sealed to a tree . Not wanting to trouble his adoptive family , he decided to stay away from home . 13 `` Autumn Banquet '' `` Aki no Yaen '' ( 秋 の 夜宴 ) September 29 , 2008 Tanuma finds out that Nyanko - Sensei is a spirit . Tanuma and Natsume enjoy the autumn festival and previous acquaintances are seen again . Zoku Natsume Yūjin - chō ( edit ) Series no . Season no . Title Original air date 14 `` Stolen Book Of Friends '' `` Ubawareta Yūjinchō '' ( 奪 われ た 友人 帳 ) January 5 , 2009 Natsume is attacked by a yokai while retrieving a ball at school . In his haste to run away , he ends up breaking a yokai 's seal , similar to how he met Nyanko - sensei . Later that night , Natsume discovers a black lookalike of Nyanko - sensei , only to have him steal the Book Of Friends ! 15 `` Melting Into Spring '' `` Haru ni Tokeru '' ( 春 に 溶ける ) January 12 , 2009 While fooling around in the snow , Natsume and Nyanko - sensei run into Gen , a forest guardian who lives inside a statue . Gen tries to take over Natsume 's body , but instead takes over a snow rabbit that Natsume had made . Gen pleads with Natsume to help him find an evil spirit who destroyed Sui , his guardian partner , and Natsume agrees . But it seems Gen is n't telling everything he knows . 16 `` Youkai Exorcism Amid The Steaming Springs '' `` Yōkai Taiji Yukemuri - kō '' ( 妖怪 退治 湯けむり 行 ) January 19 , 2009 Natori invites Natsume on a hot spring trip . But noises from the closet and a kimono - clad figure dangled from the ceiling make Natsume uneasy . 17 `` A Chick Hatches '' `` Hina , Kaeru '' ( 雛 、 孵る ) January 26 , 2009 Natsume takes care of an abandoned egg from a nest , without considering it could be a Youkai . After it hatches a rare baby spirit , called Tatsumi , emerged and thought that Natsume is its parent . Natsume ca n't help but get attached to the little spirit even as Tatsumi grows tired and sick . Then , a mysterious spirit came and wants to take away Tatsumi for his master -- who wants to eat it . 18 5 `` Tree Of Promise '' `` Yakusoku no Ki '' ( 約束 の 樹 ) February 2nd , 2009 Natsume encounters a spirit who had been enslaved by his grandmother Reiko fifty years ago by writing his name on a torn page from the Book of Friends , and tying it to a tree in a forest . Can Natsume help locate the torn page ? What was Reiko 's intention for tying it to a tree ? 19 6 `` The Maiden 's Circle '' `` Shōjo no Jin '' ( 少女 の 陣 ) February 9 , 2009 There is a new girl in school , Taki Tooru . With her appearance at the school , circles resembling crop circles begin to appear . As Natsume tries to find out more about the circles and Taki , he is visited by another Youkai . Only this time , the Youkai is n't looking for his name to be released . 20 7 `` That Which You Must Not Call '' `` Yonde wa Naranu '' ( 呼ん では なら ぬ ) February 16 , 2009 Natsume temporarily loses the ability to see youkai after being poisoned by the spirit . Will he be able to stop the youkai from eating Taki without his sight ? 21 8 `` Emotions Undying '' `` Fushi no Omoi '' ( 不死 の 想い ) February 23 , 2009 Natsume , Kitamoto and Nishimura take a trip to an old inn to spend some time doing their homework . Surrounding the inn there is a lake ; in which is believed to live a mermaid . Does mermaid blood really give eternal life ? 22 9 `` The Man Amidst the Rows Of Cherry Trees '' `` Sakura Namiki no Kare '' ( 桜 並木 の 彼 ) March 2 , 2009 From the day where a picture of a row of cherry trees in a desolate winter was obtained , every time Natsume wakes up , his room is covered in petals . Trying to solve the root of this mystery , Natsume and Nyanko Sensei try to return the picture to Miya , a shadow figure who accompanies the picture . But why ca n't they return it to Miya ? 23 10 `` Temporary Home '' `` Kariie '' ( 仮 家 ) March 9 , 2009 Strange things start happening at Natsume 's home , like Toukou 's plants get destroyed , and a strange Youkai starts wandering around his house . Natsume then learns more about Reiko and her life in this town . He also learns how to get rid of the Youkai who 's wandering around the house . 24 11 `` Assembly Of Conjurers '' `` Jujutsushi no Kai '' ( 呪術 師 の 会 ) March 16 , 2009 While out with Tōko - san , Natsume spots a hurt youkai . Quickly he chases after it but as he goes to help it , it is eaten by a much bigger youkai . Natori and Hiiragi appear right after the youkai escapes and they invite Natsume to the Assembly of Conjurers . Here Natsume can not distinguish between human and youkai and is hopeful of finding people who understand him . But he is too soft - heartened to realize everyone 's intent . 25 12 `` The Young Boy in the Empty House '' `` Haioku no Shōnen '' ( 廃屋 の 少年 ) March 23 , 2009 Natsume encounters a young boy named Kai sealed in a coffin in an abandoned house . Natsume sets Kai free and finds out that Kai is being stalked by a youkai . After a time , Natsume becomes the target of this youkai and stops the youkai 's stalking with Nyanko - sensei 's help . In the end Natori , who turns out to be the stalker and who sealed Kai in the coffin , tells Natsume that Kai is a Youkai . 26 13 `` Humans and Ayakashi '' `` Hito to Ayakashi '' ( 人 と 妖 ) March 30 , 2009 Natori tells Natsume of a well near the mansion that holds a group of Oni . They are calling out to any Youkai . He also learns that Kai came down from the mountains to free the Oni . While looking for Kai , Natsume sets off one of Natori 's traps in the mansion . Kai saves Natsume and heads off to kill Natori. Natsume follows him , to save Natori from getting killed . After he encounters him , he is forced to make an important decision : Which ones are more important to him ? Humans or Youkai ? Natsume Yūjin - chō san ( edit ) Series no . Season no . Title Original air date 27 `` The Name of a Monster '' `` Ayashiki Mono no Na '' ( 妖しき ものの 名 ) July 5 , 2011 Natsume meets a shrine god in the form of an elderly woman . He is forced to help her return a mirror to a youkai said to bring disaster . The youkai turns out to be Reiko , Natsume 's grandmother , who the shrine god only mistook as a youkai . Reiko had lent out the mirror so that the shrine god could save the life of an old tree , but the two parted after Reiko learned that the elderly woman was a youkai . 28 `` Ukihara Village '' `` Ukihara no Sato '' ( 浮 春の 郷 ) July 12 , 2011 Tanuma 's father leaves on a trip and a strange youkai invades his house , spreading miasma that makes all the nearby youkai suffer . Natsume tracks it down and discovers that the noxious youkai was once a resident in an all - youkai village . A portal had opened for a short time during a human ceremony that he had taken his sister to watch . However , they became trapped in the human world , and his sister died . After returning to the old temple where the ceremonies were held , the portal opens and he returns home . 29 `` False Friend '' `` Itsuwari no Yūjin '' ( 偽り の 友人 ) July 19 , 2011 It 's Shigeru 's birthday and Touko has asked Natsume to buy some strawberry shortcakes to celebrate . However , Shibata , an old classmate of Natsume 's , finds him and asks for his help . He remembered Natsume used to say weird things , so he wanted to know if a girl he 's been seeing is real or not . When Natsume meets the girl , Murasaki , she seems normal . He reassures Shibata that she is a human . Natsume later has a vision that reveals her to be a tree youkai with intention to eat Shibata . Natsume tries to warn Shibata , he refuses to listen and accuses Natsume of lying . Natsume tries to talk to Murasaki , but she does not waver . It is then revealed that although she had initially planned to eat Shibata , she fell in love with him as they spent time together , and because her tree has been cut down , she will die soon anyway . Shibata receives a note from Murasaki just in time for the two of them to spend her last moments together . 30 `` Young Days '' `` Osanaki Hibi ni '' ( 幼き 日々 に ) July 26 , 2011 Summer has arrived for Natsume and his friends in the school . After exams , Natsume , Sasada , Nishimura and Kitamoto go on a trip to an art museum . Upon his return , Tohko reminisces about an old friend that she felt she 'd wronged , this makes Natsume think back to his own turbulent childhood . In the present day , a youkai living in the branches of a tree thinks back to Natsume . She had been bored because no one could see her , and when she found out that Natsume could see youkai , she often scared him to be noticed . Both of them parted ways on bad terms . The story returns to Natsume in the present day , who makes a stop at his old neighborhood to visit the youkai . The youkai , who had isolated herself from humans , is relieved to see that Natsume is okay and has found a reason to smile . The episode ends with Natsume 's thoughts , `` If there is somebody that you wish to meet , then you are not alone anymore . '' 31 5 `` The Thing That Lurks In The Storeroom '' `` Kura ni Hisomu Mono '' ( 蔵 に ひそむ もの ) August 2 , 2011 Natsume and Tanuma take shelter under a roof from the rain . As it turns out , the house belongs to Taki , and they work together to clean her warehouse where her grandfather studied youkai . Natsume accidentally breaks a seal that Taki 's grandfather made to trap a dangerous kimono youkai . The three of them race around the house to find its misplaced limbs before the youkai does -- its power will be returned upon completing its body . Natsume and Taki try to get the resident youkai to help , but they refuse . When the kimono youkai comes close to hurting Natsume , they come to the rescue . After Taki thanks them , they all reminisce about their fondness for Taki 's grandfather and leave elsewhere . 32 6 `` That Which Is Not Human '' `` Hito Naranu Mono '' ( 人 なら ぬ もの ) August 9 , 2011 Natsume accidentally bumps into a woman with blood covering her body . He follows the bloody footsteps that the woman left and discovers a small house . When he opens the door , he sees badly injured youkai . There is someone killing youkai for blood , and with the help of Natori , Natsume tracks down who he believes to be the murderer : Matoba . However , Matoba captures him . 33 7 `` Exorcist '' `` Haraiya '' ( 祓い 屋 ) August 16 , 2011 Natsume finds out who 's been stealing the youkai blood : the exorcist Matoba Seiji . He investigates with the help of Natori , but is captured by Matoba 's servant youkai . Matoba is willing to sacrifice any number of youkai for his own ambitions . He tells Natsume why he 's gathering blood : to release the seal on a powerful youkai . Natsume learns that there are people who treat Youkai in a totally different way than he or even Natori . 34 8 `` The Little Fox 's Watch '' `` Kogitsune no Tokei '' ( 子 狐 の とけい ) August 23 , 2011 Natsume is invited to go to a pottery classroom with Shigeru . It 's being held in an inn where he once stayed . When he goes there , he meets an old friend : the young fox child he once saved . 35 9 `` Through The Fading Autumn Wind '' `` Akikaze Kitte '' ( 秋風 切っ て ) August 30 , 2011 Because of his poisonous arrow wound , Madara spends most of his time sleeping to heal . Without Sensei to protect him , Natsume has to remain constantly on guard . Especially since a strange stone seems to stir strange phenomena everywhere around him . To make things worse , it 's the cultural festival and Natsume is appointed to serve the clients at the bazaar set by his class . But the pressure of keeping secrets from his friends is causing Natsume to break . 36 10 `` The Broken Mirror '' `` Wareta Kagami '' ( 割れ た 鏡 ) September 6 , 2011 An event in the forest causes Tanuma to avoid Natsume the following days , which he becomes concerned about . Mirrors are mysteriously breaking around the school and one day Natsume catches Tanuma acting weirdly . It turns out that Tanuma has been possessed by a youkai looking for her mirror , which had been broken into pieces during a storm a few days before . Using him as a vessel until she reclaims her mirror , Natsume has no choice but to help her . The youkai warns that there may be others seeking the mirror . 37 11 `` What The Mirror Shows '' `` Utsusu Mono '' ( 映す もの ) September 13 , 2011 Because of his possession , Tanuma is able to see the youkai around him and thus better understand how Natsume lives . 38 12 `` A Place To Go Home To '' `` Kaeru Basho '' ( 帰る 場所 ) September 20 , 2011 When a dangerous youkai from Natsume 's past finds his current home , he comes down with a fever and dreams about his life right before moving in with the Fujiwaras . 39 13 `` Natsume 's Book of Play '' `` Natsume Yūgi - chō '' ( 夏目 遊戯 帳 ) September 27 , 2011 Natsume spends time playing `` human '' children games with youkai he has befriended . Games he had been left out of as a child . Natsume Yūjin - chō Shi ( edit ) Series no . Season no . Title Original air date 40 `` Natsume Captured '' `` Torawareta Natsume '' ( とらわれ た 夏目 ) January 2 , 2012 Natsume encounters some strange , monkey - mask wearing demons while out in a forest . They want the book of friends , and start physically threatening him until Natsume is saved by Nyanko - Sensei . Later on , Natsume encounters the demons again and is captured by them , and brought to their forest . Meanwhile , Nyanko - sensei learns some interesting things about the forest the monkey mask demons live in . Running away from the demons , Natsume and Nyanko - sensei are unintentionally saved by an exorcist - Matoba ! 41 `` The Eastern Forest '' `` Touhou no Mori '' ( 東方 の 森 ) January 9 , 2012 Natsume and Matoba talk , but when the conversation does n't go the way he wants , Matoba orders Natsume to be put in a cell . Natsume escapes with the help of Nyanko - sensei . Along with his other demon companions , Natsume helps the monkey - masked demons living in the forest . 42 `` The Little Ones '' `` Chisaki Mono '' ( 小さき もの ) January 16 , 2012 Natsume befriends a small fluffball youkai . 43 `` The Stand - In '' `` Daitou '' ( 代 答 ) January 23 , 2012 Yobiko , a youkai that can imitate the voices of others , sneaks into Natsumes ' house and asks him to call out another youkai named Karikami . Long ago , Yobiko had been watching over a woman named Youko who was meeting with a man at a nearby shrine . One day the man stopped coming , due to an arranged marriage to another woman , so Yobiko decided to use his talent to talk to the girl . Eventually , he told her the truth about the man and ran away . When he came back to the shrine many years later , he found an old letter that had been sealed shut and wrinkled . Natsume and Yobiko later meet Karikami and after returning his name , Karikami restores the letter . Unable to read human letters , Yobiko asks Natsume to read it to him . Instead of a hateful message he was expecting , it is actually a letter of thanks for telling her the truth . 44 5 `` To You , From Bygone Days '' `` Sugishi Hi no Kimi ni '' ( 過ぎ し 日 の 君 に ) January 30 , 2012 In the town Natsume used to live in , a girl recalls Natsume . She remembers his strange actions and wanted to understand him . Meanwhile , Natsume encounters a small Youkai which reminds him of the same girl and town . 45 6 `` Other Side of the Glass '' `` Garasu no Muko '' ( 硝子 の む こう ) February 6 , 2012 Natsume is trapped in a bottle by a youkai to be offered to another named Omibashira . Nyanko - sensei transforms into Natsume and goes around his school to ask his friends about Omibashira , but gets Tanuma involved . Tanuma is attacked by one of the youkai that trapped Natsume and loses him , but as he runs through the forest looking for Natsume he finds a mansion behind the school . When Tanuma is suddenly able to see the youkai walking up the steps to the mansion , he is found out by a youkai with a bag over its head . 46 7 `` The Gap Between Humans and Youkai '' `` Hito to no Made '' ( 人 と 妖 の 間 で ) February 13 , 2012 Natsume is saved by Tanuma and the two escape from the banquet hall with the help of Natori , who was disguised as a youkai . Tanuma is drawn more into the world of the youkai and experiences it first - hand , which greatly worries Natsume . Blood marks are found all around the mansion and Natsume 's fears come true when Tanuma is attacked by Omibashira , but is protected by a stone Natori gave him . After Natsume helps Natori seal Omibashira everyone is able to escape the previously sealed exits . Promising Tanuma that he 'd tell him his complaints at school the next day , Natsume finally arrives back home . 47 8 `` When I was Deceived '' `` Madoi Shi Koro Ni '' ( 惑い し 頃 に ) February 20 , 2012 Nyanko - sensei falls into a well and discovers that there is a barrier inside it , as well as Nanase , Matoba 's assistant . She is looking for a certain stone with a youkai she had sealed in it , and tells Nyanko - sensei the story of how she met the youkai to pass the time . 48 9 `` The Moon - Splitting Festival '' `` Tsukiwake Matsuri '' ( 月 分 祭 ) February 27 , 2012 Natori is tasked with the job of finding and breaking the seal of Houzukigami , a god that was to participate in the Moon - Splitting Festival done every 10 years against Fuzukigami , another god . The festival is used by the youkai around the mountains to determine whether the harvest would be bountiful that year or not . Without Houzukigami , the match would end in a default win for Fuzukigami , causing the land to become barren . Natori tries to find the seal but is surprised to find Natsume at the festival disguised as Houzukigami , having been asked by Houzukigami 's servants to stand in for their god . The match to be the winner is to catch a beast that was released from a pot . Houzukigami 's servants tell Natsume to look for the real Houzukigami while they track down the beast . Joined by Natori , Hiiragi , Nyanko - sensei , and one of the servants , they look in a building by a waterfall . The beast suddenly appears and Natsume and Hiiragi are knocked off the deck of the building . After recuperating from being dragged down the river , they try to run back to the building but are caught in a trap by Fuzukigami 's servants which was meant for the beast . While unconscious , one of the servants is able to pick up a human scent from `` Houzukigami '' , making them wonder if it 's truly the god or not . 49 10 `` The God , Enshrined '' `` Matsurareta Kamisama '' ( 祀 られ た 神様 ) March 3 , 2012 Natsume is pretending to be the god Houzukigami , so the moon splitting festival will end with a victory and the mountain will not be ruined . Winning the contest will not be easy , but with help from Natori he will find the way . 50 11 `` A Single Photo '' `` Ichi Mai no Shashin '' ( 一 枚 の 写真 ) March 12 , 2012 Natsume looks back at a photo of his parents , and old wounds are reopened . Natsume is having a fun day with his friends , but all of a sudden he gets a phone call . The house Natsume used to live in with his father will be sold . How will Natsume handle all of this ? 51 12 `` The Door of Memories '' `` Kioku no Tobira '' ( 記憶 の 扉 ) March 19 , 2012 Natsume , accompanied by Nyanko - sensei , set out to visit his old home . He visits a relative to pick up the key to the house , but is being followed by a youkai who wants him to draw a mouth for it . He leads the youkai away from the home of his relatives and Nyanko - sensei drives it away . When the two get back on track to finding the house , Natsume is suddenly attacked by the youkai and becomes lost in old memories . 52 13 `` Long Way Home '' `` Tooki Ieji '' ( 遠き 家路 ) March 26 , 2012 Natsume , possessed by the youkai , thinks of an painful incident from his childhood involving the family he was living with at the time . The youkai offers to eat all his memories , so that he will no longer have to relive his pain . Natsume Yūjin - chō go ( edit ) Series no . Season no . Title Original air date 53 `` Unchanging Form '' `` Kawaranu Sugata '' ( 変わら ぬ 姿 ) October 4 , 2016 A yokai in a pot wants Natsume to find her doll . When he finds it , she does not recognize it because it has been outside for years . Natsume cleans the doll and makes it a new kimono and the yokai recognizes it in its new clothes . 54 `` Mischievous Rain '' `` Itazura na Ame '' ( 悪戯 な 雨 ) October 11 , 2016 Natsume finds a towel in the forest during a walk in the rain , and encounters a female yokai who demands it back . The yokai follows Natsume to his home and manages to get Natsume to help her find the `` handsome man '' who gave it to her 50 years ago at a bus stop . She wants to return the towel the man gave her after he was concerned seeing her play in the rain . The child yokai smells the man 's scent in his granddaughter , who tells Natsume her grandfather is in the hospital for an illness . 55 `` The Letter From the Exorcist '' `` Haraiya kara no Tegami '' ( 祓い 屋 から の 手紙 ) October 18 , 2016 Natsume finds a letter addressed to him from Matoba . Walking in the forest , he loses it when an amateur exorcist seals a yokai in a pot . Noticing the weak seal , Natsume and Nyanko - sensei take it to Natori 's condo to re-seal it . When Natsume returns home he sees Matoba and learns the letter was a request for Natsume to attend a meeting of strong exorcists to weed out the person who has been targeting exorcists . 56 `` Shadow of Linked Chains '' `` Rensa no Kage '' ( 連鎖 の 陰 ) October 25 , 2016 Matoba brings Natsume to one of the Matoba clan villas to attend the exorcist meeting . Natsume learns that a mask yokai called `` Magatsumen '' is controlling people and disguises himself as a shiki in order to test attendees if they have been possessed . By following a strange spring sound , Natsume finds the culprit behind the mask possessions and drives the yokai out . Matoba shoots the yokai with an arrow to exorcise it . 57 5 `` It Must Not Be Bound '' `` Musunde wa Ikenai '' ( 結ん では いけない ) November 1 , 2016 Natsume sees strange writing on the chalk board in the Earth Science classroom . Taki tells Natsume of the hairy yokai she helped leave her home . Natsume comes to Taki 's home and learns that three yokai had been trapped there -- two `` rabbit '' yokai and a hairy white one . The hairy yokai is enchanted by Taki and helps find the rabbit yokai in Taki 's home . Natsume learns the hairy yokai was the one who wrote on the school chalkboard and goes back to read the yokai 's feelings on it . 58 6 `` Soundless Valley '' `` Oto Nashi no Tani '' ( 音 無し の 谷 ) November 8 , 2016 Natsume is chased by two yokai who cast a voice - sealing spell on him . A large bird yokai saves him and brings him to a valley before Nyanko - sensei finds him . Natsume regains his voice after the group of yokai attack him in his room , and then returns the bird yokai 's name . 59 7 `` Distant Festival Lights '' `` Tōi Matsuri Hi '' ( 遠い 祭り 火 ) November 22 , 2016 Tanuma invites his friends to an inn run by his relatives . While sweeping outside , Tanuma is greeted by an old woman named Ito - san . Natsume learns that Ito - san is a yokai that serves the Mizunagi shrine by protecting the mountain festival . Ito - san has come into the inn because another yokai has stolen the festival 's white mask and has disguised itself as an inn guest . Natsume finds the yokai who stole the mask for the festival 's power , and Ito - san exorcises her . Ito - san warns Natsume to keep her identity a secret until after the festival is over so she can complete the festival . Natsume says he will tell no one she is a yokai so she can stay in this town as long as possible . 60 8 `` A World Unbent '' `` Yugami naki Sekai '' ( 歪み なき 世界 ) November 29 , 2016 An episode depicting the story of Natori Shuuichi and Matoba Seiji when they were young . This episode shows Natori 's family and his childhood of being able to see youkai , getting hated by his family and becoming an exorcist . 61 9 `` Following A Narrow Path '' `` Kewashiki wo Yuku '' ( 険 しき を ゆく ) December 6 , 2016 The episode starts with Natsume being chased by a hairy youkai . He comes across a tiny mushroom youkai who tells him about a noble youkai named Shuon who was on a journey . Natsume helps the little youkai prepare for his meeting with the noble youkai . When they meet , however , the noble youkai warns the mushroom youkai that the path he takes is a narrow one and asks the little youkai to go back home . But then the little youkai realizes he need to become worthy in order to follow him . Another youkai , who appears to be one of the noble youkai followers , appears and gives a book to the mushroom youkai and tells him to complete the training to join Shoun - sama . 62 10 `` Touko and Shigeru '' `` Tōko to Shigeru '' ( 塔子 と 滋 ) December 13 , 2016 The story of why Touko and Shigeru adopted Natsume . 63 11 `` To The Ephemeral Ones '' `` Hakanaki Mono e '' ( 儚き 者 へ ) December 20 , 2016 The mid-ranks show Natsume flowers at the top of a hill . Natsume later catches a cold and the mid-ranks go and get medicine for him , doing difficult chores for the yokai with the medicine . Amid Natsume 's fever dreams are the memory of when he got sick as a child and he briefly talks to Reiko . With the medicine in hand , the mid-ranks give it to him and his fever goes down . They later learn the medicine does n't work on humans and are disheartened as they wasted their time , but smile when Natsume thanks them for their efforts . Natsume Yūjin - chō Roku ( edit ) Series no . Season no . Title Original air date 64 `` The Days Eater '' `` Tsukihigui '' ( つき ひ ぐい ) April 11 , 2017 A yokai known as `` The Days Eater , '' turns Natsume back to a young child . Nyanko - sensei enlists the aid of Tanuma and Taki . 65 `` It Blooms Tomorrow '' `` Ashita Saku '' ( 明日 咲く ) April 18 , 2017 Natsume helps a rock washer look for his apprentice who has stopped writing him . 66 `` Nitai - sama '' `` Nitai - sama '' ( 二 体 さま ) April 25 , 2017 Natsume 's old classmate Shibata ( from `` False Friend '' / `` Itsuwari no Yūjin '' ( 偽り の 友人 ) ) calls . Natsume visit Shibata together with Tanuma , where Shibata tells them about the `` Doll Mansion of Sotogi '' . A youkai from the mansion later attacks them . 67 `` Lying Eyes '' `` Chigaeru Hitomi '' ( 違える 瞳 ) May 2 , 2017 Natsume meets Tsukiko , a daughter of an exorcist named Takuma Yousuke who has recently lost his ability to see or hear youkai . Because she lacks the ability to see youkai , she asked Natori to check around the house because she feels something is wrong and a youkai may be out to hurt her father . 68 5 `` The Bound Ones '' `` Shibarareshi Mono '' ( 縛 られ し もの ) May 9 , 2017 Natsume and Natori discover that the youkai shiki ( demon servants and friends ) of Takuma Yusuke have been trying to bring misfortune into the house . 69 6 `` Nishimura and Kitamoto '' `` Nishimura to Kitamoto '' ( 西村 と 北本 ) May 16 , 2017 This episode shows how Natsume first befriended Nishimura and Kitamoto , along with a better look at their family lives and point of view . 70 7 `` Gomochi 's Benefactor '' `` Gomochi no Onjin '' ( ゴモチ の 恩人 ) May 23 , 2017 Natsume is surprised when a youkai comes to seek Reiko in gratitude . Years ago , the youkai 's to - be-bride received freedom from her help , and now is about to be wed . They invite Natsume to the wedding . 71 8 `` A Day That Will Someday Come '' `` Itsuka Kuru Hi '' ( いつか くる 日 ) May 30 , 2017 Natsume talks to a teenage boy at the station , who turns out to be a youkai that left a human because of their feelings for one another . The boy wants to find her because he received a wedding invitation . 72 9 `` What Flows '' `` Nagare Yuku Ha '' ( ながれ ゆく は ) June 6 , 2017 After a flood occurs on Four Mask Hill during Natsume 's summer school session , a mask randomly appearing in the school worries Natsume . 73 10 `` The Sealed Room '' `` Tozasareta Heya '' ( 閉ざさ れ た 部屋 ) June 13 , 2017 A competition is opened to search for a famous researcher 's sealed room . The prize are his research books , and many exorcists are gathered . Natori is invited , Natsume wants to help as this might mean finding something that might let him find information about the Book of Friends . 74 11 `` What Matters '' `` Taisetsu Na Mono '' ( 大切 な モノ ) June 20 , 2017 Natsume decides to tell Natori about his secret , when the search for the seal room is over ... Oad and ova lala specials ( edit ) No . Title Original air date OAD 01 `` Nyanko - Sensei and the First Errand '' `` Nyanko - sensei to Hajimete no Otsukai '' ( ニャンコ 先生 と はじめて の お つかい ) December 15 , 2013 Nyanko - Sensei wanders off from Natsume during a walk , and with the help of some of his fellow youkai , leads a pair of wandering children to the place they are searching for which they call , `` mitsumonster . '' OVA 01 `` On a certain snowy day '' `` Itsuka Yuki no Hi ni '' ( いつか ゆきの ひ に ) February 1 , 2014 During a winter walk , Natsume meets a snowman yokai who is searching for something she lost but ca n't seem to recall and decides to help her despite not knowing what exactly she was looking for . OVA `` One Night Sake Cup '' `` Hitoyosakazuki '' ( 一夜 盃 ) March 22 , 2017 Natsume meets a youkai couple who specialize in making sake cups , particularly sake cups that add glorious tastes to whatever ( usually sake ) is drunk from them but then turn to dust after one night . OVA `` Party of Fun & Games '' `` Yuugi no Utage '' ( 遊戯 の 宴 ) April 26 , 2017 Extension of `` One Night Sake Cup '' where Natsume helps the youkai couple reach the spring they use to make their cups . OVA `` The Stump of the Suzunaru Tree '' `` Suzunaru no Kirikabu '' ( 鈴 鳴る の 切り株 ) September 27 , 2017 Natsume encounters an old man who asks for help with getting home . The old man turns out to be a yokai who will soon disappear and he asks Natsume to help him to fulfill a promise that he had made OVA `` Fragments of Dreams ( A Fragment of Fantasy ) '' `` Mugen no Kakera '' ( 夢幻 の かけら ) October 25 , 2017 A girl ventures into the woods to return a ring to an owl she helped , following the instructions he gave her in a dream . There she meets a strange boy and his talking cat who help her to find the owl . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Natsume Yujin - Cho Manga to be Animated for TV '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` あにてれ : 夏目 友人 帳 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved June 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` あにてれ : 続 夏目 友人 帳 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved June 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 夏目 友人 帳 '' ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` あにてれ : 夏目 友人 帳 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved June 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` あにてれ : 続 夏目 友人 帳 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2009 . Retrieved June 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 夏目 友人 帳 参 '' ( in Japanese ) . Web Newtype . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2011 . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 夏目 友人 帳 参 '' ( in Japanese ) . Web Newtype . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 夏目 友人 帳 参 '' ( in Japanese ) . Web Newtype . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 夏目 友人 帳 参 '' ( in Japanese ) . Web Newtype . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2011 . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= List_of_Natsume_Yūjin - chō_episodes&oldid = 845430148 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 19 : 00 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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"Natsume Yūjin-chō is a Japanese anime television series based on the manga series Natsume's Book of Friends by Yuki Midorikawa. The first anime series was produced by Brain's Base under the direction of Takahiro Omori.[1] It was broadcast on the TV Tokyo network in two seasons of 13 episodes each, the first from July 7 to September 29, 2008 and the second, called Zoku Natsume Yūjin-chō (続 夏目友人帳, Natsume's Book of Friends Continued), from January 5 to March 30, 2009. \n"
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Israel Kamakawiwoʻole
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Israel Kamakawiwoʻole - Wikipedia Israel Kamakawiwoʻole Jump to : navigation , search Israel Kamakawiwoʻole Kamakawiwoʻole in 1993 Background information Birth name Israel Kaʻanoʻi Kamakawiwoʻole ( 1959 - 05 - 20 ) May 20 , 1959 Honolulu , Territory of Hawaii Origin Hawaii , United States June 26 , 1997 ( 1997 - 06 - 26 ) ( aged 38 ) Honolulu , Hawaii , U.S. Genres Hawaii folk world reggae Occupation ( s ) Singer - songwriter Instruments Ukulele vocals Years active 1976 -- 1997 Labels Mountain Apple Company Associated acts Mākaha Sons Israel Kaʻanoʻi Kamakawiwoʻole ( Hawaiian pronunciation : ( kəˌmɐkəˌvivoˈʔole ) , translation : `` The Fearless Eyed Man '' ; May 20 , 1959 -- June 26 , 1997 ) , also called Braddah Iz ( Brother Iz ) , was a Native Hawaiian musician , entertainer and Hawaiian sovereignty activist . His voice became famous outside Hawaii when his album Facing Future was released in 1993 . His medley of `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' was released on his albums Ka ʻAnoʻi and Facing Future . It was subsequently featured in several films , television programs , and television commercials . Along with his ukulele playing and incorporation of other genres , such as jazz and reggae , Kamakawiwoʻole remains influential in Hawaiian music . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Music career 3 Support of Hawaiian rights 4 Later life 5 Death 6 Legacy 6.1 `` What a Wonderful World '' 7 Discography 7.1 Studio albums 7.2 Compilation albums 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Kamakawiwoʻole was born at Kuakini Medical Center in Honolulu to Henry `` Hank '' Kaleialoha Naniwa Kamakawiwoʻole , Jr. and Evangeline `` Angie '' Leinani Kamakawiwoʻole . The notable Hawaiian musician Moe Keale was his uncle and a major musical influence . He was raised in the community of Kaimuki , where his parents had met and married . He began playing music with his older brother Skippy and cousin Allen Thornton at the age of 11 , being exposed to the music of Hawaiian entertainers of the time such as Peter Moon , Palani Vaughn and Don Ho , who frequented the establishment where Kamakawiwoʻole 's parents worked . Hawaiian musician Del Beazley spoke of the first time he heard Israel perform , when , while playing for a graduation party , the whole room fell silent on hearing him sing . Israel continued his path as his brother Skippy entered the Army in 1971 and cousin Allen parted ways in 1976 for the mainland . In his early teens , he studied at Upward Bound ( UB ) of the University of Hawaii at Hilo and his family moved to Mākaha . There he met Louis Kauakahi , Sam Gray and Jerome Koko . Together with his brother Skippy they formed the Makaha Sons of Niʻihau . A part of the Hawaiian Renaissance , the band 's blend of contemporary and traditional styles gained in popularity as they toured Hawaii and the continental United States , releasing fifteen successful albums . Kamakawiwoʻole 's aim was to make music that stayed true to the typical sound of traditional Hawaiian music . During that time period , the songs that many people associated with Hawaii , typically , were not traditional - sounding songs . Music career ( edit ) The Makaha Sons of Niʻihau recorded No Kristo in 1976 and released four more albums , including Kahea O Keale , Keala , Makaha Sons of Niʻihau and Mahalo Ke Akua . In 1982 , Kamakawiwoʻole 's brother , Skippy , died at age 28 of a heart attack related to obesity . In that same year , Kamakawiwoʻole married his childhood sweetheart Marlene . Soon after , they had a daughter whom they named Ceslieanne `` Wehi '' ( born in c. 1983 ) . The group became Hawaii 's most popular contemporary traditional group with breakout albums 1984 's Puana Hou Me Ke Aloha and its follow - up , 1986 's Hoʻola . Kamakawiwoʻole 's last recorded album with the group was 1991 's Hoʻoluana . It remains the group 's top - selling CD . In 1990 , Kamakawiwoʻole released his first solo album Ka ʻAnoʻi , which won awards for Contemporary Album of the Year and Male Vocalist of the Year from the Hawaiʻi Academy of Recording Arts ( HARA ) . Facing Future was released in 1993 by The Mountain Apple Company . It featured his most popular song , the medley `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' , along with `` Hawaiʻi 78 '' , `` White Sandy Beach of Hawaiʻi '' , `` Maui Hawaiian Sup'pa Man '' , and `` Kaulana Kawaihae '' . The decision to include a cover of Somewhere Over the Rainbow was said to be a last - minute decision by his producer Jon de Mello and him . Facing Future debuted at # 25 on Billboard magazine 's Top Pop Catalogue chart . On October 26 , 2005 , Facing Future became Hawaiʻi 's first certified platinum album , selling more than a million CDs in the United States , according to figures furnished by the Recording Industry Association of America . On July 21 , 2006 , BBC Radio 1 announced that `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World ( True Dreams ) '' would be released as a single in America . In 1994 , Kamakawiwoʻole was voted favorite entertainer of the year by the Hawaiʻi Academy of Recording Arts ( HARA ) . E Ala E ( 1995 ) featured the political title song `` ʻE Ala ʻE '' and `` Kaleohano '' , and N Dis Life ( 1996 ) featured `` In This Life '' and `` Starting All Over Again '' . In 1997 , Kamakawiwoʻole was again honored by HARA at the Annual Nā Hōkū Hanohano awards for Male Vocalist of the Year , Favorite Entertainer of the Year , Album of the Year , and Island Contemporary Album of the Year . He watched the awards ceremony from a hospital room . Alone in Iz World ( 2001 ) debuted at # 1 on Billboard 's World Chart and # 135 on Billboard 's Top 200 , # 13 on the Top Independent Albums Chart , and # 15 on the Top Internet Album Sales charts . Kamakawiwo'ole's Facing Future has become the best - selling Hawaiian album of all time . Support of Hawaiian rights ( edit ) Kamakawiwoʻole was known for promoting Hawaiian rights and Hawaiian independence , both through his lyrics , which often stated the case for independence directly , and his life . For example , the lyric in his song `` Hawaiʻi ' 78 '' : `` The life of this land is the life of the people / and that to care for the land ( malama ʻāina ) is to care for the Hawaiian culture '' , is a statement that many consider to summarise his Hawaiian ideals . The state motto of Hawaiʻi is a recurring line in the song and encompasses the meaning of Iz 's message : `` Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono '' ( proclaimed by King Kamehameha III when Hawaiʻi regained sovereignty in 1843 . It can be roughly translated as : `` The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness '' ) . Kamakawiwoʻole used the soprano ukulele , and his music as a whole , to promote awareness of his belief that a second - class status had been pushed onto the natives by the tourist industry . Later life ( edit ) At some point in his later years , Israel Iz converted to Christianity . In 1996 he was baptized at the World of Life Christian Center in Honolulu and spoke publicly about his beliefs at the Na Hoku Hanohano Awards . He also recorded the song `` Ke Alo O Iesu '' ( translated as ' The Presence of Jesus ' ) . During most of his adult life , Israel suffered from obesity , weighing 340 kg. ( 750lb . ) Due to this , he was hospitalized on numerous occasions . Death ( edit ) Throughout his life Kamakawiwoʻole was profoundly obese , and at one point he weighed 757 pounds ( 343 kg ; 54 st 1 lb ) standing 6 feet 2 inches ( 1.88 m ) tall ( body mass index = 97.2 ) . He endured several hospitalizations because of health problems . Beset with respiratory , heart , and other medical problems , he died at the age of 38 in Queen 's Medical Center at 12 : 18 a.m. on June 26 , 1997 . Kamakawiwoʻole is survived by his wife , Marlene Kamakawiwoʻole , and their daughter , Ceslie - Ann `` Wehi '' . The Hawaii state flag flew at half - staff on July 10 , 1997 , the day of Kamakawiwoʻole 's funeral . His koa wood coffin lay in state at the state capitol building in Honolulu . He was the third person in Hawaiian history to be awarded this honor , and the only one who was not a government official . Approximately ten thousand people attended the funeral . Thousands of fans gathered as his ashes were scattered into the Pacific Ocean at Mākua Beach on July 12 , 1997 . According to witnesses , many people on land commemorated him by honking their car and truck horns on all Hawaiian highways that day . Scenes from the funeral and scattering of Kamakawiwoʻole 's ashes were featured in official music videos of `` Over the Rainbow '' released posthumously by Mountain Apple Company . As of March 2018 , the two videos as featured on YouTube have collectively received over 500 million views . On September 20 , 2003 , hundreds paid tribute to Kamakawiwoʻole as a bronze bust ( located at 21 ° 27 ′ 00 '' N 158 ° 11 ′ 27 '' W / 21.45008 ° N 158.19092 ° W / 21.45008 ; - 158.19092 ) of the revered singer was unveiled at the Waianae Neighborhood Community Center on Oʻahu . The singer 's widow , Marlene Kamakawiwoʻole , and sculptor Jan - Michelle Sawyer were present for the dedication ceremony . Legacy ( edit ) On December 6 , 2010 , NPR named Kamakawiwoʻole as `` The Voice of Hawaii '' in its 50 great voices series . On March 24 , 2011 , Kamakawiwoʻole was honored with the German national music award Echo . The music managers Wolfgang Boss and Jon de Mello accepted the trophy in his stead . A 2014 Pixar short film , Lava , features two volcanoes as the main characters . Israel Kamakawiwoʻole 's cover of `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' and his style of music was James Ford Murphy 's partial inspiration for the short film . `` What a Wonderful World '' ( edit ) Somewhere Over The Rainbow / What A Wonderful World Snippet lasting 30 seconds Problems playing this file ? See media help . Kamakawiwoʻole 's recording of `` Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' gained notice in 1999 when an excerpt was used in the TV commercials for eToys.com ( now part of Toys `` R '' Us ) . The full song was featured in the movies K - Pax , Meet Joe Black , Finding Forrester , Son of the Mask , 50 First Dates , Fred Claus and IMAX : Hubble 3D . It was also featured in TV series ER , American Dad ! , Scrubs , Cold Case , Glee , South Pacific , Lost , Storm Chasers , and in the UK original version of Life on Mars among others . `` Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' reached # 12 on Billboard 's Hot Digital Tracks chart the week of January 31 , 2004 ( for the survey week ending January 18 , 2004 ) . It passed the 2 million paid downloads mark in the USA by September 27 , 2009 , and then sold 3 million in the USA as of October 2 , 2011 . And as of October 2014 , the song has sold over 4.2 million digital copies . In addition , the song holds the distinction of being the longest - leading number one hit on any of the Billboard song charts , having spent 185 weeks at number one on the publication 's World Digital Songs chart . On July 8 , 2007 , Kamakawiwoʻole debuted at No. 44 on the Billboard Top 200 Album Chart with `` Wonderful World , '' selling 17,000 units . In April 2007 , `` Over the Rainbow '' entered the UK charts at # 68 , and eventually climbed to # 46 , spending 10 weeks in the Top 100 over a 2 - year period . In October 2010 , following its use in a trailer for the TV channel VOX and on a TV advertisement -- for Axe deodorant ( which is itself a revival of the advertisement originally aired in 2004 ) -- it hit # 1 on the German singles chart , was the number one seller single of 2010 and was eventually certified 2 × Platinum in 2011 . On October 24 , 2016 The Healer premiered at the Heartland Film Festival in Indianapolis , which featured `` Over the Rainbow '' . As of November 1 , 2010 , `` Over the Rainbow '' peaked at No. 6 on the OE3 Austria charts , which largely reflect airplay on Austria 's government - operated Top 40 radio network . It also peaked at No. 1 in France and Switzerland in late December 2010 . Radio host George Noory uses `` Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' as bumper music on the overnight talk radio show Coast To Coast AM . Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) Ka ʻAnoʻi ( 1990 ) Facing Future ( 1993 ) E Ala E ( 1995 ) N Dis Life ( 1996 ) Compilation albums ( edit ) Iz in Concert : The Man and His Music ( 1998 ) Alone in IZ World ( 2001 ) Wonderful World ( 2007 ) Over the Rainbow ( 2011 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gordon , Mike ; Beverly Creamer ; Wayne Harada . `` The Legacy : A Voice Of Hawai'i and Hawaiians '' . The Honolulu Advertiser . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2008 . Retrieved August 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Montagne , Renee ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Israel Kamakawiwo'ole : The Voice of Hawaii '' . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Article by Jay Hartwell of the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa '' ... hawaii.edu . May 26 , 1991 . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kekoa Enomoto , Catherine ; Gregg K. Kakesako ( June 26 , 1997 ) . `` ' IZ ' Will Always Be '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Jump up ^ Guerin , Ada ( June 6 , 2006 ) . `` Chasing Rainbows '' . The Hollywood Reporter -- International Edition . Los Angeles , CA , USA : Prometheus Global Media . 394 ( 32 ) : M419 . ISSN 0018 - 3660 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Brudda Iz 's Facing Future goes platinum , a first for Hawaii '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . October 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Rick . Iz : Voice of the People . Honolulu , Hawai'i : Bess , 2006 . Print . Jump up ^ Israel Kamakawiwo'ole . `` Hawai'i ' 78 . '' Facing Future . Mountain Apple Company , 1993 . MP3 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii State Motto Ua Mau Ke Ea O Ka Aina I Ka Pono The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness '' . Netstate.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tranquada , Jim ( 2012 ) . The Ukulele : a History . University of Hawaii Press . p. 166 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 3544 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mary , Adamski . `` Isles bid aloha , not goodbye , to ' Brudda Iz ' '' . Starbulletin.com . Retrieved 9 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Rick Carroll ( 2006 ) . Iz : Voice of the People . Bess Press . pp. 130 -- 131 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57306 - 257 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Adamski , Mary ( July 10 , 1997 ) . `` Isles Bid Aloha , not Goodbye , to ' Brudda Iz ' '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Jump up ^ `` OFFICIAL Somewhere over the Rainbow -- Israel `` IZ '' Kamakawiwo'ole `` . Mountain Apple Company Inc . Retrieved December 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` OFFICIAL -- Somewhere Over the Rainbow 2011 -- Israel `` IZ '' Kamakawiwo'ole `` . Mountain Apple Company Inc . Retrieved December 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sculpture 's Debut Honors ' Braddah IZ ' '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . September 21 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Kamakawiwo , Israel ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Israel Kamakawiwo'ole : The Voice Of Hawaii '' . NPR . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Starauflauf bei der Echo - Verleihung in Berlin Badische Zeitung , March 25 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` 5 questions with Disney / Pixar 's ' LAVA ' director James Ford Murphy '' . KHON2 . November 4 , 2014 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IMAX : Hubble 3D -- Toronto Screen Shots '' . March 18 , 2010 . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kim Grant ; Glenda Bendure ; Michael Clark ; Ned Friary ; Conner Gorry ; Luci Yamamoto ( 2005 ) . Lonely Planet Hawaii ( 7th ed . ) . Lonely Planet Publications . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74059 - 871 - 2 . Jump up ^ Week Ending Oct. 2 , 2011 . Songs : Gone But Not Forgotten ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Ask Billboard : The Weird Connections Between Mary Lambert & Madonna '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Artist Chart History -- Israel Kamakawiwo'ole , Billboard Jump up ^ Herr der Goldtruhen NZZ Folio vom 7 . Oktober 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lynx -- Getting Dressed Commercial Song Israel Kamakawiwo'ole -- Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' . YouTube . November 24 , 2010 . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Musik - Jahrescharts : ' Sanfter Riese ' und der Graf setzen sich durch -- media control '' ( Music charts of the year : ' Gentle giant ' and der Graf ) . media-control.de ( in German ) . January 6 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2011 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Israel Kamakawiwo'ole ; ' Over the Rainbow ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` oe3.ORF.at / woche 42 / 2010 '' . Charts.orf.at . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . Carroll , Rick ( 2006 ) . IZ : Voice of the people . Honolulu , Hawaiʻi : Bess Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57306 - 257 - 2 . OCLC 71325451 . Kois , Dan ( 2010 ) . Facing Future . 331⁄3 . New York : Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 9780826429056 . OCLC 676695887 . External links ( edit ) Israel Kamakawiwoʻole on IMDb Mountain Apple Company 's site about Kamakawiwoʻole Israel Kamakawiwoʻole Studio albums Ka ' Ano'i ( 1990 ) Facing Future ( 1993 ) E Ala E ( 1995 ) N Dis Life ( 1996 ) Compilation albums Alone in IZ World ( 2001 ) Wonderful World ( 2009 ) Songs `` Over the Rainbow '' `` What a Wonderful World '' `` Kaleohano '' `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' Related Mākaha Sons Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame Patrons Kalākaua Leleiohoku II Likelike Liliuokalani 1995 Alfred Apaka Helen Desha Beamer Henri Berger Sol K. Bright Sr . Keaulumoku Joseph Kekuku Charles E. King Lena Machado Mary Pukui Victoria K. I ` i Rodrigues Albert `` Sonny '' Cunha Sol Hoʻopiʻi Alvin Kaleolani Isaacs Haunani Kahalewai Mekia Kealakaʻi 1998 John Kameaaloha Almeida Irmgard Farden Aluli Robert Alexander Anderson Bina Mossman David Nape Songs honored : Hawaii Aloha , Ua Like No A Like , Kaulana Na Pua , Makalapua and Na Ali ` i 1999 The Royal Hawaiian Band 2000 Maddy Lam Hawaiian Chanters : Keaulumoku , Ka ` opulupulu , Kapoukahi , Kapihe and Hewahewa Haili Church Choir Genoa Keawe 2002 Ray Kinney Gabby Pahinui Songs honored : Alika , Kalama'ula , Wehiwehi ' Oe 2003 Kamehameha Schools Kahauanu Lake Kawaiahaʻo Church 2005 Alfred Alohikea Kahauanu Lake Trio Bill Ali'iloa Lincoln Henry W. Waia ` u 2006 Mahi Beamer The Brothers Cazimero Charles K.L. Davis Linda Dela Cruz Nina Keali ` iwahamana Emma Veary 2007 Bill Ka'iwa Jesse Kalima Eddie Kamae Donald McDiarmid Sr . Peter Moon Marlene Sai John Pi'ilani Watkins 2008 Joseph Ae'a Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' Kahau Kauanui Alohikea Anuhea Audrey Brown Thomas Kihei Desha Brown Alice Angeline Johnson John Keola Lake Albert Po'ai Nahale - a Sr . Leo Nahenahe Singers Palani Vaughan James Ka'upena Wong 2009 Hui Ohana Thomas Sylvester Kalama Dennis Kamakahi Ma'iki Aiu Lake Kui Lee Pat Namaka Bacon Andy Cummings Ernest Kaʻai Richard Kauhi Quartet Keali'i Reichel 2011 Joseph Ilalaole Benny Kalama Sam Li'a Kalainaina Jr . Akoni Mika Alice Namakelua Olomana James Pihanui Kuluwaimaka Palea 2012 Ka Leo Hawai'i George Kainapau Makaha Sons of Ni'ihau George Na'ope Harry Owens Song honored : Hawaii Ponoi 2013 Kamaka Hawaii , Inc. ( ukulele maker ) Matthew H. Kane Iolani Luahine Napua Stevens Don Ho 2014 Hawaii Calls Sonny Chillingworth Edith Kawelohea McKinzie Puakea Nogelmeier Beverly Noa Lani Custino 2015 Lokalia Montgomery Lei Collins Halekulani Girls ( Alice Fredlund , Sybil Bright Andrews , Linda Dela Cruz ) Jerry Byrd Darrell Lupenui Thaddius Wilson O'Brian Eselu 2016 Johnny Noble Jean `` Kini '' Sullivan John Kaimikaua Mamo Howell Danny Kaleikini 2017 Richard `` Babe '' Bell The Isaacs ' Ohana The Kanaka'ole ' Ohana Krash Kealoha Jacqueline `` Skylark '' Rossetti Kimo Kahoano Karen Keawehawai'i Melveen Leed Israel Kamakawiwoʻole VIAF : 159873037 LCCN : no97045908 ISNI : 0000 0001 2035 2394 GND : 142743577 BNF : cb14192068v ( data ) MusicBrainz : e7ae37b1 - 624f - 47b9 - bf4f - 53b52ef19528 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Israel_Kamakawiwoʻole&oldid = 834499588 '' Categories : 1959 births 1997 deaths 20th - century American singers American male singers American ukulele players Converts to Christianity Disease - related deaths in Hawaii Mountain Apple Company artists Na Hoku Hanohano Award winners Native Hawaiian activists Native Hawaiian musicians Singers from Hawaii Songwriters from Hawaii Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from September 2017 Use American English from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Български Boarisch Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 01 : 37 . 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Matter
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Matter - wikipedia Matter Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the concept in the physical sciences . For other uses , see Matter ( disambiguation ) . Matter Matter is usually classified into three classical states , with plasma sometimes added as a fourth state . From top to bottom : quartz ( solid ) , water ( liquid ) , nitrogen dioxide ( gas ) , and a plasma globe ( plasma ) . In the classical physics observed in everyday life , matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume . This includes atoms and anything made up of these , but not other energy phenomena or waves such as light or sound . More generally , however , in ( modern ) physics , matter is not a fundamental concept because a universal definition of it is elusive ; for example , the elementary constituents of atoms may be point particles , each having no volume individually . All the everyday objects that we can bump into , touch or squeeze are ultimately composed of atoms . This ordinary atomic matter is in turn made up of interacting subatomic particles -- usually a nucleus of protons and neutrons , and a cloud of orbiting electrons . Typically , science considers these composite particles matter because they have both rest mass and volume . By contrast , massless particles , such as photons , are not considered matter , because they have neither rest mass nor volume . However , not all particles with rest mass have a classical volume , since fundamental particles such as quarks and leptons ( sometimes equated with matter ) are considered `` point particles '' with no effective size or volume . Nevertheless , quarks and leptons together make up `` ordinary matter '' , and their interactions contribute to the effective volume of the composite particles that make up ordinary matter . Matter exists in states ( or phases ) : the classical solid , liquid , and gas ; as well as the more exotic plasma , Bose -- Einstein condensates , fermionic condensates , and quark -- gluon plasma . For much of the history of the natural sciences people have contemplated the exact nature of matter . The idea that matter was built of discrete building blocks , the so - called particulate theory of matter , was first put forward by the Greek philosophers Leucippus ( ~ 490 BC ) and Democritus ( ~ 470 -- 380 BC ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Comparison with mass 2 Definition 2.1 Based on atoms 2.2 Based on protons , neutrons and electrons 2.3 Based on quarks and leptons 2.4 Based on elementary fermions ( mass , volume , and space ) 2.5 In general relativity and cosmology 3 Structure 3.1 Quarks 3.1. 1 Baryonic matter 3.1. 2 Degenerate matter 3.1. 3 Strange matter 3.1. 3.1 Two meanings of the term `` strange matter '' 3.2 Leptons 4 Phases 5 Antimatter 6 Conservation of matter 7 Other types 7.1 Dark matter 7.2 Dark energy 7.3 Exotic matter 8 Historical development 8.1 Antiquity ( c. 610 BC -- c. 322 BC ) 8.2 Seventeenth and eighteenth centuries 8.3 Nineteenth and twentieth centuries 9 Summary 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Comparison with mass Matter should not be confused with mass , as the two are not the same in modern physics . Matter is itself a physical substance of which systems may be composed , while mass is not a substance but rather a quantitative property of matter and other substances or systems . While there are different views on what should be considered matter , the mass of a substance or system is the same irrespective of any such definition of matter . Another difference is that matter has an `` opposite '' called antimatter , but mass has no opposite -- there is no such thing as `` anti-mass '' or negative mass . Antimatter has the same ( i.e. positive ) mass property as its normal matter counterpart . Different fields of science use the term matter in different , and sometimes incompatible , ways . Some of these ways are based on loose historical meanings , from a time when there was no reason to distinguish mass from simply a quantity of matter . As such , there is no single universally agreed scientific meaning of the word `` matter '' . Scientifically , the term `` mass '' is well - defined , but `` matter '' can be defined in several ways . Sometimes in the field of physics `` matter '' is simply equated with particles that exhibit rest mass ( i.e. , that can not travel at the speed of light ) , such as quarks and leptons . However , in both physics and chemistry , matter exhibits both wave - like and particle - like properties , the so - called wave -- particle duality . Definition Based on atoms A definition of `` matter '' based on its physical and chemical structure is : matter is made up of atoms . Such atomic matter is also sometimes termed ordinary matter . As an example , deoxyribonucleic acid molecules ( DNA ) are matter under this definition because they are made of atoms . This definition can extend to include charged atoms and molecules , so as to include plasmas ( gases of ions ) and electrolytes ( ionic solutions ) , which are not obviously included in the atoms definition . Alternatively , one can adopt the protons , neutrons , and electrons definition . Based on protons , neutrons and electrons A definition of `` matter '' more fine - scale than the atoms and molecules definition is : matter is made up of what atoms and molecules are made of , meaning anything made of positively charged protons , neutral neutrons , and negatively charged electrons . This definition goes beyond atoms and molecules , however , to include substances made from these building blocks that are not simply atoms or molecules , for example electron beams in an old cathode ray tube television , or white dwarf matter -- typically , carbon and oxygen nuclei in a sea of degenerate electrons . At a microscopic level , the constituent `` particles '' of matter such as protons , neutrons , and electrons obey the laws of quantum mechanics and exhibit wave -- particle duality . At an even deeper level , protons and neutrons are made up of quarks and the force fields ( gluons ) that bind them together , leading to the next definition . Based on quarks and leptons Under the `` quarks and leptons '' definition , the elementary and composite particles made of the quarks ( in purple ) and leptons ( in green ) would be matter -- while the gauge bosons ( in red ) would not be matter . However , interaction energy inherent to composite particles ( for example , gluons involved in neutrons and protons ) contribute to the mass of ordinary matter . As seen in the above discussion , many early definitions of what can be called ordinary matter were based upon its structure or building blocks . On the scale of elementary particles , a definition that follows this tradition can be stated as : ordinary matter is everything that is composed of quarks and leptons , or ordinary matter is everything that is composed of any elementary fermions except antiquarks and antileptons . The connection between these formulations follows . Leptons ( the most famous being the electron ) , and quarks ( of which baryons , such as protons and neutrons , are made ) combine to form atoms , which in turn form molecules . Because atoms and molecules are said to be matter , it is natural to phrase the definition as : ordinary matter is anything that is made of the same things that atoms and molecules are made of . ( However , notice that one also can make from these building blocks matter that is not atoms or molecules . ) Then , because electrons are leptons , and protons , and neutrons are made of quarks , this definition in turn leads to the definition of matter as being quarks and leptons , which are two of the four types of elementary fermions ( the other two being antiquarks and antileptons , which can be considered antimatter as described later ) . Carithers and Grannis state : Ordinary matter is composed entirely of first - generation particles , namely the ( up ) and ( down ) quarks , plus the electron and its neutrino . ( Higher generations particles quickly decay into first - generation particles , and thus are not commonly encountered . ) This definition of ordinary matter is more subtle than it first appears . All the particles that make up ordinary matter ( leptons and quarks ) are elementary fermions , while all the force carriers are elementary bosons . The W and Z bosons that mediate the weak force are not made of quarks or leptons , and so are not ordinary matter , even if they have mass . In other words , mass is not something that is exclusive to ordinary matter . The quark -- lepton definition of ordinary matter , however , identifies not only the elementary building blocks of matter , but also includes composites made from the constituents ( atoms and molecules , for example ) . Such composites contain an interaction energy that holds the constituents together , and may constitute the bulk of the mass of the composite . As an example , to a great extent , the mass of an atom is simply the sum of the masses of its constituent protons , neutrons and electrons . However , digging deeper , the protons and neutrons are made up of quarks bound together by gluon fields ( see dynamics of quantum chromodynamics ) and these gluons fields contribute significantly to the mass of hadrons . In other words , most of what composes the `` mass '' of ordinary matter is due to the binding energy of quarks within protons and neutrons . For example , the sum of the mass of the three quarks in a nucleon is approximately 7001125000000000000 ♠ 12.5 MeV / c , which is low compared to the mass of a nucleon ( approximately 7002938000000000000 ♠ 938 MeV / c ) . The bottom line is that most of the mass of everyday objects comes from the interaction energy of its elementary components . The Standard Model groups matter particles into three generations , where each generation consists of two quarks and two leptons . The first generation is the up and down quarks , the electron and the electron neutrino ; the second includes the charm and strange quarks , the muon and the muon neutrino ; the third generation consists of the top and bottom quarks and the tau and tau neutrino . The most natural explanation for this would be that quarks and leptons of higher generations are excited states of the first generations . If this turns out to be the case , it would imply that quarks and leptons are composite particles , rather than elementary particles . This quark - lepton definition of matter also leads to what can be described as `` conservation of ( net ) matter '' laws -- discussed later below . Alternatively , one could return to the mass - volume - space concept of matter , leading to the next definition , in which antimatter becomes included as a subclass of matter . Based on elementary fermions ( mass , volume , and space ) A common or traditional definition of matter is anything that has mass and volume ( occupies space ) . For example , a car would be said to be made of matter , as it has mass and volume ( occupies space ) . The observation that matter occupies space goes back to antiquity . However , an explanation for why matter occupies space is recent , and is argued to be a result of the phenomenon described in the Pauli exclusion principle , which applies to fermions . Two particular examples where the exclusion principle clearly relates matter to the occupation of space are white dwarf stars and neutron stars , discussed further below . Thus , matter can be defined as everything composed of elementary fermions . Although we do n't encounter them in everyday life , antiquarks ( such as the antiproton ) and antileptons ( such as the positron ) are the antiparticles of the quark and the lepton , are elementary fermions as well , and have essentially the same properties as quarks and leptons , including the applicability of the Pauli exclusion principle which can be said to prevent two particles from being in the same place at the same time ( in the same state ) , i.e. makes each particle `` take up space '' . This particular definition leads to matter being defined to include anything made of these antimatter particles as well as the ordinary quark and lepton , and thus also anything made of mesons , which are unstable particles made up of a quark and an antiquark . In general relativity and Cosmology In the context of relativity , mass is not an additive quantity , in the sense that one can add the rest masses of particles in a system to get the total rest mass of the system . Thus , in relativity usually a more general view is that it is not the sum of rest masses , but the energy -- momentum tensor that quantifies the amount of matter . This tensor gives the rest mass for the entire system . `` Matter '' therefore is sometimes considered as anything that contributes to the energy -- momentum of a system , that is , anything that is not purely gravity . This view is commonly held in fields that deal with general relativity such as cosmology . In this view , light and other massless particles and fields are all part of `` matter '' . Structure In particle physics , fermions are particles that obey Fermi -- Dirac statistics . Fermions can be elementary , like the electron -- or composite , like the proton and neutron . In the Standard Model , there are two types of elementary fermions : quarks and leptons , which are discussed next . Quarks Main article : Quark Quarks are particles of spin - ⁄ , implying that they are fermions . They carry an electric charge of − ⁄ e ( down - type quarks ) or + ⁄ e ( up - type quarks ) . For comparison , an electron has a charge of − 1 e . They also carry colour charge , which is the equivalent of the electric charge for the strong interaction . Quarks also undergo radioactive decay , meaning that they are subject to the weak interaction . Quarks are massive particles , and therefore are also subject to gravity . Quark properties name symbol spin electric charge ( e ) mass ( MeV / c ) mass comparable to antiparticle antiparticle symbol up - type quarks up u ⁄ + ⁄ 1.5 to 3.3 ~ 5 electrons antiup u charm ⁄ + ⁄ 1160 to 1340 ~ 1 proton anticharm top ⁄ + ⁄ 169,100 to 173,300 ~ 180 protons or ~ 1 tungsten atom antitop down - type quarks down d ⁄ − ⁄ 3.5 to 6.0 ~ 10 electrons antidown d strange s ⁄ − ⁄ 70 to 130 ~ 200 electrons antistrange s bottom ⁄ − ⁄ 4130 to 4370 ~ 5 protons antibottom Quark structure of a proton : 2 up quarks and 1 down quark . Baryonic matter Main article : Baryon Baryons are strongly interacting fermions , and so are subject to Fermi -- Dirac statistics . Amongst the baryons are the protons and neutrons , which occur in atomic nuclei , but many other unstable baryons exist as well . The term baryon usually refers to triquarks -- particles made of three quarks . `` Exotic '' baryons made of four quarks and one antiquark are known as the pentaquarks , but their existence is not generally accepted . Baryonic matter is the part of the universe that is made of baryons ( including all atoms ) . This part of the universe does not include dark energy , dark matter , black holes or various forms of degenerate matter , such as compose white dwarf stars and neutron stars . Microwave light seen by Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) , suggests that only about 4.6 % of that part of the universe within range of the best telescopes ( that is , matter that may be visible because light could reach us from it ) , is made of baryonic matter . About 26.8 % is dark matter , and about 68.3 % is dark energy . As a matter of fact , the great majority of ordinary matter in the universe is unseen , since visible stars and gas inside galaxies and clusters account for less than 10 per cent of the ordinary matter contribution to the mass - energy density of the universe . A comparison between the white dwarf IK Pegasi B ( center ) , its A-class companion IK Pegasi A ( left ) and the Sun ( right ) . This white dwarf has a surface temperature of 35,500 K . Degenerate matter Main article : Degenerate matter In physics , degenerate matter refers to the ground state of a gas of fermions at a temperature near absolute zero . The Pauli exclusion principle requires that only two fermions can occupy a quantum state , one spin - up and the other spin - down . Hence , at zero temperature , the fermions fill up sufficient levels to accommodate all the available fermions -- and in the case of many fermions , the maximum kinetic energy ( called the Fermi energy ) and the pressure of the gas becomes very large , and depends on the number of fermions rather than the temperature , unlike normal states of matter . Degenerate matter is thought to occur during the evolution of heavy stars . The demonstration by Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar that white dwarf stars have a maximum allowed mass because of the exclusion principle caused a revolution in the theory of star evolution . Degenerate matter includes the part of the universe that is made up of neutron stars and white dwarfs . Strange matter Main article : Strange matter Strange matter is a particular form of quark matter , usually thought of as a liquid of up , down , and strange quarks . It is contrasted with nuclear matter , which is a liquid of neutrons and protons ( which themselves are built out of up and down quarks ) , and with non-strange quark matter , which is a quark liquid that contains only up and down quarks . At high enough density , strange matter is expected to be color superconducting . Strange matter is hypothesized to occur in the core of neutron stars , or , more speculatively , as isolated droplets that may vary in size from femtometers ( strangelets ) to kilometers ( quark stars ) . Two meanings of the term `` strange matter '' In particle physics and astrophysics , the term is used in two ways , one broader and the other more specific . The broader meaning is just quark matter that contains three flavors of quarks : up , down , and strange . In this definition , there is a critical pressure and an associated critical density , and when nuclear matter ( made of protons and neutrons ) is compressed beyond this density , the protons and neutrons dissociate into quarks , yielding quark matter ( probably strange matter ) . The narrower meaning is quark matter that is more stable than nuclear matter . The idea that this could happen is the `` strange matter hypothesis '' of Bodmer and Witten . In this definition , the critical pressure is zero : the true ground state of matter is always quark matter . The nuclei that we see in the matter around us , which are droplets of nuclear matter , are actually metastable , and given enough time ( or the right external stimulus ) would decay into droplets of strange matter , i.e. strangelets . Leptons Main article : Lepton Leptons are particles of spin - ⁄ , meaning that they are fermions . They carry an electric charge of − 1 e ( charged leptons ) or 0 e ( neutrinos ) . Unlike quarks , leptons do not carry colour charge , meaning that they do not experience the strong interaction . Leptons also undergo radioactive decay , meaning that they are subject to the weak interaction . Leptons are massive particles , therefore are subject to gravity . Lepton properties name symbol spin electric charge ( e ) mass ( MeV / c ) mass comparable to antiparticle antiparticle symbol charged leptons electron e − ⁄ − 1 0.5110 1 electron antielectron e + muon μ − ⁄ − 1 105.7 ~ 200 electrons antimuon μ + tau τ − ⁄ − 1 1,777 ~ 2 protons antitau τ + neutrinos electron neutrino ν ⁄ 0 < 0.000460 < ⁄ electron electron antineutrino ν muon neutrino ν μ ⁄ 0 < 0.19 < ⁄ electron muon antineutrino ν μ tau neutrino ν τ ⁄ 0 < 18.2 < 40 electrons tau antineutrino ν τ Phases Main article : Phase ( matter ) See also : Phase diagram and State of matter Phase diagram for a typical substance at a fixed volume . Vertical axis is Pressure , horizontal axis is Temperature . The green line marks the freezing point ( above the green line is solid , below it is liquid ) and the blue line the boiling point ( above it is liquid and below it is gas ) . So , for example , at higher T , a higher P is necessary to maintain the substance in liquid phase . At the triple point the three phases ; liquid , gas and solid ; can coexist . Above the critical point there is no detectable difference between the phases . The dotted line shows the anomalous behavior of water : ice melts at constant temperature with increasing pressure . In bulk , matter can exist in several different forms , or states of aggregation , known as phases , depending on ambient pressure , temperature and volume . A phase is a form of matter that has a relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties ( such as density , specific heat , refractive index , and so forth ) . These phases include the three familiar ones ( solids , liquids , and gases ) , as well as more exotic states of matter ( such as plasmas , superfluids , supersolids , Bose -- Einstein condensates , ... ) . A fluid may be a liquid , gas or plasma . There are also paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases of magnetic materials . As conditions change , matter may change from one phase into another . These phenomena are called phase transitions , and are studied in the field of thermodynamics . In nanomaterials , the vastly increased ratio of surface area to volume results in matter that can exhibit properties entirely different from those of bulk material , and not well described by any bulk phase ( see nanomaterials for more details ) . Phases are sometimes called states of matter , but this term can lead to confusion with thermodynamic states . For example , two gases maintained at different pressures are in different thermodynamic states ( different pressures ) , but in the same phase ( both are gases ) . Antimatter Main article : Antimatter Unsolved problem in physics : Baryon asymmetry . Why is there far more matter than antimatter in the observable universe ? ( more unsolved problems in physics ) In particle physics and quantum chemistry , antimatter is matter that is composed of the antiparticles of those that constitute ordinary matter . If a particle and its antiparticle come into contact with each other , the two annihilate ; that is , they may both be converted into other particles with equal energy in accordance with Einstein 's equation E = mc . These new particles may be high - energy photons ( gamma rays ) or other particle -- antiparticle pairs . The resulting particles are endowed with an amount of kinetic energy equal to the difference between the rest mass of the products of the annihilation and the rest mass of the original particle -- antiparticle pair , which is often quite large . Depending on which definition of `` matter '' is adopted , antimatter can be said to be a particular subclass of matter , or the opposite of matter . Antimatter is not found naturally on Earth , except very briefly and in vanishingly small quantities ( as the result of radioactive decay , lightning or cosmic rays ) . This is because antimatter that came to exist on Earth outside the confines of a suitable physics laboratory would almost instantly meet the ordinary matter that Earth is made of , and be annihilated . Antiparticles and some stable antimatter ( such as antihydrogen ) can be made in tiny amounts , but not in enough quantity to do more than test a few of its theoretical properties . There is considerable speculation both in science and science fiction as to why the observable universe is apparently almost entirely matter ( in the sense of quarks and leptons but not antiquarks or antileptons ) , and whether other places are almost entirely antimatter ( antiquarks and antileptons ) instead . In the early universe , it is thought that matter and antimatter were equally represented , and the disappearance of antimatter requires an asymmetry in physical laws called CP ( charge - parity ) symmetry violation , which can be obtained from the Standard Model , but at this time the apparent asymmetry of matter and antimatter in the visible universe is one of the great unsolved problems in physics . Possible processes by which it came about are explored in more detail under baryogenesis . Formally , antimatter particles can be defined by their negative baryon number or lepton number , while `` normal '' ( non-antimatter ) matter particles have positive baryon or lepton number . These two classes of particles are the antiparticle partners of one another . In October 2017 , scientists reported further evidence that matter and antimatter , equally produced at the Big Bang , are identical , should completely annihilate each other and , as a result , the universe should not exist . This implies that there must be something , as yet unknown to scientists , that either stopped the complete mutual destruction of matter and antimatter in the early forming universe , or that gave rise to an imbalance between the two forms . Conservation of matter According to CP Symmetry , the two quantities that can define an amount of matter in the quark - lepton sense ( and antimatter in an antiquark - antilepton sense ) , baryon number and lepton number , are conserved -- or at least nearly so , considering CP violation . A baryon such as the proton or neutron has a baryon number of one , and a quark , because there are three in a baryon , is given a baryon number of 1 / 3 . So the net amount of matter , as measured by the number of quarks ( minus the number of antiquarks , which each have a baryon number of - 1 / 3 ) , which is proportional to baryon number , and number of leptons ( minus antileptons ) , which is called the lepton number , is practically impossible to change in any process . Even in a nuclear bomb , none of the baryons ( protons and neutrons of which the atomic nuclei are composed ) are destroyed -- there are as many baryons after as before the reaction , so none of these matter particles are actually destroyed and none are even converted to non-matter particles ( like photons of light or radiation ) . Instead , nuclear ( and perhaps chromodynamic ) binding energy is released , as these baryons become bound into mid-size nuclei having less energy ( and , equivalently , less mass ) per nucleon compared to the original small ( hydrogen ) and large ( plutonium etc . ) nuclei . Even in electron -- positron annihilation , there is actually no net matter being destroyed , because there was zero net matter ( zero total lepton number and baryon number ) to begin with before the annihilation -- one lepton minus one antilepton equals zero net lepton number -- and this net amount matter does not change as it simply remains zero after the annihilation . So the only way to really `` destroy '' or `` convert '' ordinary matter is to pair it with the same amount of antimatter so that their `` matterness '' cancels out -- but in practice there is almost no antimatter generally available in the universe ( see baryon asymmetry and leptogenesis ) with which to do so . Other types Pie chart showing the fractions of energy in the universe contributed by different sources . Ordinary matter is divided into luminous matter ( the stars and luminous gases and 0.005 % radiation ) and nonluminous matter ( intergalactic gas and about 0.1 % neutrinos and 0.04 % supermassive black holes ) . Ordinary matter is uncommon . Modeled after Ostriker and Steinhardt . For more information , see NASA . Ordinary matter , in the quarks and leptons definition , constitutes about 4 % of the energy of the observable universe . The remaining energy is theorized to be due to exotic forms , of which 23 % is dark matter and 73 % is dark energy . Galaxy rotation curve for the Milky Way . Vertical axis is speed of rotation about the galactic center . Horizontal axis is distance from the galactic center . The sun is marked with a yellow ball . The observed curve of speed of rotation is blue . The predicted curve based upon stellar mass and gas in the Milky Way is red . The difference is due to dark matter or perhaps a modification of the law of gravity . Scatter in observations is indicated roughly by gray bars . Dark matter Main articles : Dark matter , Lambda - CDM model , and WIMPs See also : Galaxy formation and evolution and Dark matter halo In astrophysics and cosmology , dark matter is matter of unknown composition that does not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic radiation to be observed directly , but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter . Observational evidence of the early universe and the big bang theory require that this matter have energy and mass , but is not composed ordinary baryons ( protons and neutrons ) . The commonly accepted view is that most of the dark matter is non-baryonic in nature . As such , it is composed of particles as yet unobserved in the laboratory . Perhaps they are supersymmetric particles , which are not Standard Model particles , but relics formed at very high energies in the early phase of the universe and still floating about . Dark energy Main article : Dark energy See also : Big bang § Dark energy In cosmology , dark energy is the name given to source of the repelling influence that is accelerating the rate of expansion of the universe . Its precise nature is currently a mystery , although its effects can reasonably be modeled by assigning matter - like properties such as energy density and pressure to the vacuum itself . Fully 70 % of the matter density in the universe appears to be in the form of dark energy . Twenty - six percent is dark matter . Only 4 % is ordinary matter . So less than 1 part in 20 is made out of matter we have observed experimentally or described in the standard model of particle physics . Of the other 96 % , apart from the properties just mentioned , we know absolutely nothing . -- Lee Smolin : The Trouble with Physics , p. 16 Exotic matter Main article : Exotic matter Exotic matter is a concept of particle physics , which may include dark matter and dark energy but goes further to include any hypothetical material that violates one or more of the properties of known forms of matter . Some such materials might possess hypothetical properties like negative mass . Historical development Antiquity ( C. 610 BC -- C. 322 BC ) The pre-Socratics were among the first recorded speculators about the underlying nature of the visible world . Thales ( c. 624 BC -- c. 546 BC ) regarded water as the fundamental material of the world . Anaximander ( c. 610 BC -- c. 546 BC ) posited that the basic material was wholly characterless or limitless : the Infinite ( apeiron ) . Anaximenes ( flourished 585 BC , d . 528 BC ) posited that the basic stuff was pneuma or air . Heraclitus ( c. 535 -- c. 475 BC ) seems to say the basic element is fire , though perhaps he means that all is change . Empedocles ( c. 490 -- 430 BC ) spoke of four elements of which everything was made : earth , water , air , and fire . Meanwhile , Parmenides argued that change does not exist , and Democritus argued that everything is composed of minuscule , inert bodies of all shapes called atoms , a philosophy called atomism . All of these notions had deep philosophical problems . Aristotle ( 384 BC -- 322 BC ) was the first to put the conception on a sound philosophical basis , which he did in his natural philosophy , especially in Physics book I. He adopted as reasonable suppositions the four Empedoclean elements , but added a fifth , aether . Nevertheless , these elements are not basic in Aristotle 's mind . Rather they , like everything else in the visible world , are composed of the basic principles matter and form . For my definition of matter is just this -- the primary substratum of each thing , from which it comes to be without qualification , and which persists in the result . -- Aristotle , Physics I : 9 : 192a32 The word Aristotle uses for matter , ὕλη ( hyle or hule ) , can be literally translated as wood or timber , that is , `` raw material '' for building . Indeed , Aristotle 's conception of matter is intrinsically linked to something being made or composed . In other words , in contrast to the early modern conception of matter as simply occupying space , matter for Aristotle is definitionally linked to process or change : matter is what underlies a change of substance . For example , a horse eats grass : the horse changes the grass into itself ; the grass as such does not persist in the horse , but some aspect of it -- its matter -- does . The matter is not specifically described ( e.g. , as atoms ) , but consists of whatever persists in the change of substance from grass to horse . Matter in this understanding does not exist independently ( i.e. , as a substance ) , but exists interdependently ( i.e. , as a `` principle '' ) with form and only insofar as it underlies change . It can be helpful to conceive of the relationship of matter and form as very similar to that between parts and whole . For Aristotle , matter as such can only receive actuality from form ; it has no activity or actuality in itself , similar to the way that parts as such only have their existence in a whole ( otherwise they would be independent wholes ) . Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries René Descartes ( 1596 -- 1650 ) originated the modern conception of matter . He was primarily a geometer . Instead of , like Aristotle , deducing the existence of matter from the physical reality of change , Descartes arbitrarily postulated matter to be an abstract , mathematical substance that occupies space : So , extension in length , breadth , and depth , constitutes the nature of bodily substance ; and thought constitutes the nature of thinking substance . And everything else attributable to body presupposes extension , and is only a mode of extended -- René Descartes , Principles of Philosophy For Descartes , matter has only the property of extension , so its only activity aside from locomotion is to exclude other bodies : this is the mechanical philosophy . Descartes makes an absolute distinction between mind , which he defines as unextended , thinking substance , and matter , which he defines as unthinking , extended substance . They are independent things . In contrast , Aristotle defines matter and the formal / forming principle as complementary principles that together compose one independent thing ( substance ) . In short , Aristotle defines matter ( roughly speaking ) as what things are actually made of ( with a potential independent existence ) , but Descartes elevates matter to an actual independent thing in itself . The continuity and difference between Descartes ' and Aristotle 's conceptions is noteworthy . In both conceptions , matter is passive or inert . In the respective conceptions matter has different relationships to intelligence . For Aristotle , matter and intelligence ( form ) exist together in an interdependent relationship , whereas for Descartes , matter and intelligence ( mind ) are definitionally opposed , independent substances . Descartes ' justification for restricting the inherent qualities of matter to extension is its permanence , but his real criterion is not permanence ( which equally applied to color and resistance ) , but his desire to use geometry to explain all material properties . Like Descartes , Hobbes , Boyle , and Locke argued that the inherent properties of bodies were limited to extension , and that so - called secondary qualities , like color , were only products of human perception . Isaac Newton ( 1643 -- 1727 ) inherited Descartes ' mechanical conception of matter . In the third of his `` Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy '' , Newton lists the universal qualities of matter as `` extension , hardness , impenetrability , mobility , and inertia '' . Similarly in Optics he conjectures that God created matter as `` solid , massy , hard , impenetrable , movable particles '' , which were `` ... even so very hard as never to wear or break in pieces '' . The `` primary '' properties of matter were amenable to mathematical description , unlike `` secondary '' qualities such as color or taste . Like Descartes , Newton rejected the essential nature of secondary qualities . Newton developed Descartes ' notion of matter by restoring to matter intrinsic properties in addition to extension ( at least on a limited basis ) , such as mass . Newton 's use of gravitational force , which worked `` at a distance '' , effectively repudiated Descartes ' mechanics , in which interactions happened exclusively by contact . Though Newton 's gravity would seem to be a power of bodies , Newton himself did not admit it to be an essential property of matter . Carrying the logic forward more consistently , Joseph Priestley ( 1733 - 1804 ) argued that corporeal properties transcend contact mechanics : chemical properties require the capacity for attraction . He argued matter has other inherent powers besides the so - called primary qualities of Descartes , et al . Nineteenth and twentieth centuries Since Priestley 's time , there has been a massive expansion in knowledge of the constituents of the material world ( viz. , molecules , atoms , subatomic particles ) , but there has been no further development in the definition of matter . Rather the question has been set aside . Noam Chomsky ( born 1928 ) summarizes the situation that has prevailed since that time : What is the concept of body that finally emerged ? ( ... ) The answer is that there is no clear and definite conception of body. ( ... ) Rather , the material world is whatever we discover it to be , with whatever properties it must be assumed to have for the purposes of explanatory theory . Any intelligible theory that offers genuine explanations and that can be assimilated to the core notions of physics becomes part of the theory of the material world , part of our account of body . If we have such a theory in some domain , we seek to assimilate it to the core notions of physics , perhaps modifying these notions as we carry out this enterprise . -- Noam Chomsky , Language and problems of knowledge : the Managua lectures , p. 144 So matter is whatever physics studies and the object of study of physics is matter : there is no independent general definition of matter , apart from its fitting into the methodology of measurement and controlled experimentation . In sum , the boundaries between what constitutes matter and everything else remains as vague as the demarcation problem of delimiting science from everything else . In the 19th century , following the development of the periodic table , and of atomic theory , atoms were seen as being the fundamental constituents of matter ; atoms formed molecules and compounds . The common definition in terms of occupying space and having mass is in contrast with most physical and chemical definitions of matter , which rely instead upon its structure and upon attributes not necessarily related to volume and mass . At the turn of the nineteenth century , the knowledge of matter began a rapid evolution . Aspects of the Newtonian view still held sway . James Clerk Maxwell discussed matter in his work Matter and Motion . He carefully separates `` matter '' from space and time , and defines it in terms of the object referred to in Newton 's first law of motion . However , the Newtonian picture was not the whole story . In the 19th century , the term `` matter '' was actively discussed by a host of scientists and philosophers , and a brief outline can be found in Levere . A textbook discussion from 1870 suggests matter is what is made up of atoms : Three divisions of matter are recognized in science : masses , molecules and atoms . A Mass of matter is any portion of matter appreciable by the senses . A Molecule is the smallest particle of matter into which a body can be divided without losing its identity . An Atom is a still smaller particle produced by division of a molecule . Rather than simply having the attributes of mass and occupying space , matter was held to have chemical and electrical properties . In 1909 the famous physicist J.J. Thomson ( 1856 - 1940 ) wrote about the `` constitution of matter '' and was concerned with the possible connection between matter and electrical charge . There is an entire literature concerning the `` structure of matter '' , ranging from the `` electrical structure '' in the early 20th century , to the more recent `` quark structure of matter '' , introduced today with the remark : Understanding the quark structure of matter has been one of the most important advances in contemporary physics . In this connection , physicists speak of matter fields , and speak of particles as `` quantum excitations of a mode of the matter field '' . And here is a quote from de Sabbata and Gasperini : `` With the word `` matter '' we denote , in this context , the sources of the interactions , that is spinor fields ( like quarks and leptons ) , which are believed to be the fundamental components of matter , or scalar fields , like the Higgs particles , which are used to introduced mass in a gauge theory ( and that , however , could be composed of more fundamental fermion fields ) . '' In the late 19th century with the discovery of the electron , and in the early 20th century , with the discovery of the atomic nucleus , and the birth of particle physics , matter was seen as made up of electrons , protons and neutrons interacting to form atoms . Today , we know that even protons and neutrons are not indivisible , they can be divided into quarks , while electrons are part of a particle family called leptons . Both quarks and leptons are elementary particles , and are currently seen as being the fundamental constituents of matter . These quarks and leptons interact through four fundamental forces : gravity , electromagnetism , weak interactions , and strong interactions . The Standard Model of particle physics is currently the best explanation for all of physics , but despite decades of efforts , gravity can not yet be accounted for at the quantum level ; it is only described by classical physics ( see quantum gravity and graviton ) . Interactions between quarks and leptons are the result of an exchange of force - carrying particles ( such as photons ) between quarks and leptons . The force - carrying particles are not themselves building blocks . As one consequence , mass and energy ( which can not be created or destroyed ) can not always be related to matter ( which can be created out of non-matter particles such as photons , or even out of pure energy , such as kinetic energy ) . Force carriers are usually not considered matter : the carriers of the electric force ( photons ) possess energy ( see Planck relation ) and the carriers of the weak force ( W and Z bosons ) are massive , but neither are considered matter either . However , while these particles are not considered matter , they do contribute to the total mass of atoms , subatomic particles , and all systems that contain them . Summary The modern conception of matter has been refined many times in history , in light of the improvement in knowledge of just what the basic building blocks are , and in how they interact . The term `` matter '' is used throughout physics in a bewildering variety of contexts : for example , one refers to `` condensed matter physics '' , `` elementary matter '' , `` partonic '' matter , `` dark '' matter , `` anti '' - matter , `` strange '' matter , and `` nuclear '' matter . In discussions of matter and antimatter , normal matter has been referred to by Alfvén as koinomatter ( Gk . common matter ) . It is fair to say that in physics , there is no broad consensus as to a general definition of matter , and the term `` matter '' usually is used in conjunction with a specifying modifier . The history of the concept of matter is a history of the fundamental length scales used to define matter . Different building blocks apply depending upon whether one defines matter on an atomic or elementary particle level . One may use a definition that matter is atoms , or that matter is hadrons , or that matter is leptons and quarks depending upon the scale at which one wishes to define matter . These quarks and leptons interact through four fundamental forces : gravity , electromagnetism , weak interactions , and strong interactions . The Standard Model of particle physics is currently the best explanation for all of physics , but despite decades of efforts , gravity can not yet be accounted for at the quantum level ; it is only described by classical physics ( see quantum gravity and graviton ) . See also Antimatter Ambiplasma Antihydrogen Antiparticle Particle accelerator Cosmology Cosmological constant Friedmann equations Physical ontology Dark matter Axion Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model Neutralino Nonbaryonic dark matter Scalar field dark matter Philosophy Atomism Materialism Physicalism Substance theory Other Mass -- energy equivalence Mattergy Pattern formation Periodic Systems of Small Molecules Book : Matter Book : Hadronic Matter References ^ Jump up to : R. Penrose ( 1991 ) . `` The mass of the classical vacuum '' . In S. Saunders , H.R. Brown . The Philosophy of Vacuum . Oxford University Press . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 824449 - 5 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Matter ( physics ) '' . McGraw - Hill 's Access Science : Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Online . Archived from the original on 17 June 2011 . Retrieved 24 May 2009 . Jump up ^ P. Davies ( 1992 ) . The New Physics : A Synthesis . Cambridge University Press . p. 1 . 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Jump up ^ G.F. Barker ( 1870 ) . `` Divisions of matter '' . A text - book of elementary chemistry : theoretical and inorganic . John F Morton & Co. p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4460 - 2206 - 1 . Jump up ^ M. de Podesta ( 2002 ) . Understanding the Properties of Matter ( 2nd ed . ) . CRC Press . p. 8 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 25788 - 3 . Jump up ^ B. Povh ; K. Rith ; C. Scholz ; F. Zetsche ; M. Lavelle ( 2004 ) . `` Part I : Analysis : The building blocks of matter '' . Particles and Nuclei : An Introduction to the Physical Concepts ( 4th ed . ) . Springer . ISBN 3 - 540 - 20168 - 8 . Ordinary matter is composed entirely of first - generation particles , namely the u and d quarks , plus the electron andits neutrino . ^ Jump up to : B. Carithers ; P. Grannis ( 1995 ) . `` Discovery of the Top Quark '' ( PDF ) . Beam Line . SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory . 25 ( 3 ) : 4 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Tsan , Ung Chan ( 2006 ) . `` WHAT IS A MATTER PARTICLE ? '' . International Journal of Modern Physics E. 15 : 259 -- 272 . Bibcode : 2006IJMPE ... 15 ... 259C . doi : 10.1142 / S0218301306003916 . ( From Abstract :) Positive baryon numbers ( A > 0 ) and positive lepton numbers ( L > 0 ) characterize matter particles while negative baryon numbers and negative lepton numbers characterize antimatter particles . Matter particles and antimatter particles belong to two distinct classes of particles . Matter neutral particles are particles characterized by both zero baryon number and zero lepton number . This third class of particles includes mesons formed by a quark and an antiquark pair ( a pair of matter particle and antimatter particle ) and bosons which are messengers of known interactions ( photons for electromagnetism , W and Z bosons for the weak interaction , gluons for the strong interaction ) . The antiparticle of a matter particle belongs to the class of antimatter particles , the antiparticle of an antimatter particle belongs to the class of matter particles . Jump up ^ D. Green ( 2005 ) . High P physics at hadron colliders . Cambridge University Press . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83509 - 7 . Jump up ^ L. Smolin ( 2007 ) . The Trouble with Physics : The Rise of String Theory , the Fall of a Science , and What Comes Next . Mariner Books . p. 67 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 91868 - X . Jump up ^ The W boson mass is 80.398 GeV ; see Figure 1 in C. Amsler ; et al. ( Particle Data Group ) ( 2008 ) . `` Review of Particle Physics : The Mass and Width of the W Boson '' ( PDF ) . Physics Letters B. 667 : 1 . Bibcode : 2008PhLB ... 667 ... 1A . doi : 10.1016 / j. physletb. 2008.07. 018 . Jump up ^ I.J.R. Aitchison ; A.J.G. Hey ( 2004 ) . Gauge Theories in Particle Physics . CRC Press . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 7503 - 0864 - 8 . Jump up ^ B. Povh ; K. Rith ; C. Scholz ; F. Zetsche ; M. Lavelle ( 2004 ) . 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What is Matter ? . Lerner Publications . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 8225 - 5131 - 4 . Jump up ^ J. Kenkel ; P.B. Kelter ; D.S. Hage ( 2000 ) . Chemistry : An Industry - based Introduction with CD - ROM . CRC Press . p. 2 . ISBN 1 - 56670 - 303 - 4 . All basic science textbooks define matter as simply the collective aggregate of all material substances that occupy space and have mass or weight . Jump up ^ K.A. Peacock ( 2008 ) . The Quantum Revolution : A Historical Perspective . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33448 - X . Jump up ^ M.H. Krieger ( 1998 ) . Constitutions of Matter : Mathematically Modeling the Most Everyday of Physical Phenomena . University of Chicago Press . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 45305 - 7 . Jump up ^ S.M. Caroll ( 2004 ) . Spacetime and Geometry . Addison Wesley . pp. 163 -- 164 . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 8732 - 3 . Jump up ^ P. Davies ( 1992 ) . The New Physics : A Synthesis . Cambridge University Press . p. 499 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43831 - 4 . Matter fields : the fields whose quanta describe the elementary particles that make up the material content of the Universe ( as opposed to the gravitons and their supersymmetric partners ) . Jump up ^ C. Amsler ; et al. ( Particle Data Group ) ( 2008 ) . `` Reviews of Particle Physics : Quarks '' ( PDF ) . Physics Letters B. 667 : 1 . Bibcode : 2008PhLB ... 667 ... 1A . doi : 10.1016 / j. physletb. 2008.07. 018 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Energy Dark Matter '' . NASA Science : Astrophysics. 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Persic , Massimo ; Salucci , Paolo ( 1992 - 09 - 01 ) . `` The baryon content of the Universe '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 258 ( 1 ) : 14P -- 18P . arXiv : astro - ph / 0502178 . Bibcode : 1992MNRAS. 258P ... 14P . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 258.1. 14P . ISSN 0035 - 8711 . Jump up ^ H.S. Goldberg ; M.D. Scadron ( 1987 ) . Physics of Stellar Evolution and Cosmology . Taylor & Francis . p. 202 . ISBN 0 - 677 - 05540 - 4 . Jump up ^ H.S. 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Bibcode : 2008PhLB ... 667 ... 1A . doi : 10.1016 / j. physletb. 2008.07. 018 . Jump up ^ S.R. Logan ( 1998 ) . Physical Chemistry for the Biomedical Sciences . CRC Press . pp. 110 -- 111 . ISBN 0 - 7484 - 0710 - 3 . Jump up ^ P.J. Collings ( 2002 ) . `` Chapter 1 : States of Matter '' . Liquid Crystals : Nature 's Delicate Phase of Matter . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 08672 - 9 . Jump up ^ D.H. Trevena ( 1975 ) . `` Chapter 1.2 : Changes of phase '' . The Liquid Phase . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85109 - 031 - 3 . Jump up ^ National Research Council ( US ) ( 2006 ) . Revealing the hidden nature of space and time . National Academies Press . p. 46 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 10194 - 8 . Jump up ^ TSAN , U.C. ( 2012 ) . `` Negative Numbers And Antimatter Particles '' . International Journal of Modern Physics E. 21 ( 01 ) : 1250005 . Bibcode : 2012IJMPE ... 2150005T . doi : 10.1142 / S021830131250005X . ( From Abstract :) Antimatter particles are characterized by negative baryonic number A or / and negative leptonic number L. Materialization and annihilation obey conservation of A and L ( associated to all known interactions ) Jump up ^ Adamson , Allan ( 19 October 2017 ) . `` Universe Should Not Actually Exist : Big Bang Produced Equal Amounts Of Matter And Antimatter '' . TechTimes.com . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Smorra C. ; et al. ( 20 October 2017 ) . `` A parts - per - billion measurement of the antiproton magnetic moment '' . Nature . 550 : 371 -- 374 . doi : 10.1038 / nature24048 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Tsan , Ung Chan ( 2013 ) . `` MASS , MATTER , MATERIALIZATION , MATTERGENESIS AND CONSERVATION OF CHARGE '' . International Journal of Modern Physics E. 22 ( 05 ) : 1350027 . Bibcode : 2013IJMPE ... 2250027T . doi : 10.1142 / S0218301313500274 . ( From Abstract :) Matter conservation melans conservation of baryonic number A and leptonic number L , A and L being algebraic numbers . Positive A and L are associated to matter particles , negative A and L are associated to antimatter particles . All known interactions do conserve matter Jump up ^ J.P. Ostriker ; P.J. Steinhardt ( 2003 ) . `` New Light on Dark Matter '' . Science . 300 ( 5627 ) : 1909 -- 13 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0306402 . Bibcode : 2003Sci ... 300.1909 O . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1085976 . PMID 12817140 . Jump up ^ K. Pretzl ( 2004 ) . `` Dark Matter , Massive Neutrinos and Susy Particles '' . Structure and Dynamics of Elementary Matter . Walter Greiner . p. 289 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 2446 - 0 . Jump up ^ K. Freeman ; G. McNamara ( 2006 ) . `` What can the matter be ? '' . In Search of Dark Matter . Birkhäuser Verlag . p. 105 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 27616 - 5 . Jump up ^ J.C. Wheeler ( 2007 ) . Cosmic Catastrophes : Exploding Stars , Black Holes , and Mapping the Universe . 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Olive ( 2009 ) . `` Colliders and Cosmology '' . European Physical Journal C. 59 ( 2 ) : 269 -- 295 . arXiv : 0806.1208 . Bibcode : 2009EPJC ... 59 ... 269O . doi : 10.1140 / epjc / s10052 - 008 - 0738 - 8 . Jump up ^ J.C. Wheeler ( 2007 ) . Cosmic Catastrophes . Cambridge University Press . p. 282 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 85714 - 7 . Jump up ^ L. Smolin ( 2007 ) . The Trouble with Physics . Mariner Books . p. 16 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 91868 - X . Jump up ^ S. Toulmin ; J. Goodfield ( 1962 ) . The Architecture of Matter . University of Chicago Press . pp. 48 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Discussed by Aristotle in Physics , esp . book I , but also later ; as well as Metaphysics I -- II . Jump up ^ For a good explanation and elaboration , see R.J. Connell ( 1966 ) . Matter and Becoming . Priory Press . Jump up ^ H.G. Liddell ; R. Scott ; J.M. Whiton ( 1891 ) . A lexicon abridged from Liddell & Scott 's Greek -- English lexicon. Harper and Brothers . p. 72 . Jump up ^ R. Descartes ( 1644 ) . `` The Principles of Human Knowledge '' . Principles of Philosophy I. p. 53 . Jump up ^ though even this property seems to be non-essential ( René Descartes , Principles of Philosophy II ( 1644 ) , `` On the Principles of Material Things '' , no . 4 . ) Jump up ^ R. Descartes ( 1644 ) . `` The Principles of Human Knowledge '' . Principles of Philosophy I . pp. 8 , 54 , 63 . Jump up ^ D.L. Schindler ( 1986 ) . `` The Problem of Mechanism '' . In D.L. Schindler . Beyond Mechanism . University Press of America . Jump up ^ E.A. Burtt , Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science ( Garden City , New York : Doubleday and Company , 1954 ) , 117 -- 118 . Jump up ^ J.E. McGuire and P.M. Heimann , `` The Rejection of Newton 's Concept of Matter in the Eighteenth Century '' , The Concept of Matter in Modern Philosophy ed . Ernan McMullin ( Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press , 1978 ) , 104 -- 118 ( 105 ) . Jump up ^ Isaac Newton , Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy , trans . A. Motte , revised by F. Cajori ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 1934 ) , pp. 398 -- 400 . Further analyzed by Maurice A. Finocchiaro , `` Newton 's Third Rule of Philosophizing : A Role for Logic in Historiography '' , Isis 65 : 1 ( Mar. 1974 ) , pp. 66 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Isaac Newton , Optics , Book III , pt. 1 , query 31 . Jump up ^ McGuire and Heimann , 104 . ^ Jump up to : N. Chomsky ( 1988 ) . Language and problems of knowledge : the Managua lectures ( 2nd ed . ) . MIT Press . p. 144 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 53070 - 8 . Jump up ^ McGuire and Heimann , 113 . Jump up ^ Nevertheless , it remains true that the mathematization regarded as requisite for a modern physical theory carries its own implicit notion of matter , which is very like Descartes ' , despite the demonstrated vacuity of the latter 's notions . Jump up ^ M. Wenham ( 2005 ) . Understanding Primary Science : Ideas , Concepts and Explanations ( 2nd ed . ) . Paul Chapman Educational Publishing . p. 115 . ISBN 1 - 4129 - 0163 - 4 . Jump up ^ J.C. Maxwell ( 1876 ) . Matter and Motion . Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 66895 - 9 . Jump up ^ T.H. Levere ( 1993 ) . `` Introduction '' . Affinity and Matter : Elements of Chemical Philosophy , 1800 -- 1865 . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 2 - 88124 - 583 - 8 . Jump up ^ G.F. Barker ( 1870 ) . `` Introduction '' . A Text Book of Elementary Chemistry : Theoretical and Inorganic . John P. Morton and Company . p. 2 . Jump up ^ J.J. Thomson ( 1909 ) . `` Preface '' . Electricity and Matter . A. Constable . Jump up ^ O.W. Richardson ( 1914 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . The Electron Theory of Matter . The University Press . Jump up ^ M. Jacob ( 1992 ) . The Quark Structure of Matter . World Scientific . ISBN 981 - 02 - 3687 - 5 . Jump up ^ V. de Sabbata ; M. Gasperini ( 1985 ) . Introduction to Gravitation . World Scientific . p. 293 . ISBN 9971 - 5 - 0049 - 3 . Jump up ^ The history of the concept of matter is a history of the fundamental length scales used to define matter . Different building blocks apply depending upon whether one defines matter on an atomic or elementary particle level . One may use a definition that matter is atoms , or that matter is hadrons , or that matter is leptons and quarks depending upon the scale at which one wishes to define matter . B. Povh ; K. Rith ; C. Scholz ; F. Zetsche ; M. Lavelle ( 2004 ) . `` Fundamental constituents of matter '' . Particles and Nuclei : An Introduction to the Physical Concepts ( 4th ed . ) . Springer . ISBN 3 - 540 - 20168 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : J. Allday ( 2001 ) . Quarks , Leptons and the Big Bang . CRC Press . p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 7503 - 0806 - 0 . Jump up ^ B.A. Schumm ( 2004 ) . Deep Down Things : The Breathtaking Beauty of Particle Physics . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7971 - X . Jump up ^ See for example , M. Jibu ; K. Yasue ( 1995 ) . Quantum Brain Dynamics and Consciousness . John Benjamins Publishing Company . p. 62 . ISBN 1 - 55619 - 183 - 9 . , B. Martin ( 2009 ) . Nuclear and Particle Physics ( 2nd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . p. 125 . ISBN 0 - 470 - 74275 - 5 . and K.W. Plaxco ; M. Gross ( 2006 ) . Astrobiology : A Brief Introduction . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8367 - 9 . Jump up ^ P.A. Tipler ; R.A. Llewellyn ( 2002 ) . Modern Physics . Macmillan . pp. 89 -- 91 , 94 -- 95 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4345 - 0 . Jump up ^ P. Schmüser ; H. Spitzer ( 2002 ) . `` Particles '' . In L. Bergmann ; et al. Constituents of Matter : Atoms , Molecules , Nuclei . CRC Press . pp. 773 ff . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 1202 - 7 . Jump up ^ P.M. Chaikin ; T.C. Lubensky ( 2000 ) . Principles of Condensed Matter Physics . Cambridge University Press . p. xvii . ISBN 0 - 521 - 79450 - 1 . Jump up ^ W. Greiner ( 2003 ) . W. Greiner ; M.G. Itkis ; G. Reinhardt ; M.C. Güçlü , eds . Structure and Dynamics of Elementary Matter . Springer . p. xii . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 2445 - 2 . Jump up ^ P. Sukys ( 1999 ) . Lifting the Scientific Veil : Science Appreciation for the Nonscientist . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 87 . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 9600 - 6 . Jump up ^ B. Povh ; K. Rith ; C. Scholz ; F. Zetsche ; M. Lavelle ( 2004 ) . `` Fundamental constituents of matter '' . Particles and Nuclei : An Introduction to the Physical Concepts ( 4th ed . ) . Springer . ISBN 3 - 540 - 20168 - 8 . Further reading Lillian Hoddeson ; Michael Riordan , eds. ( 1997 ) . The Rise of the Standard Model . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57816 - 7 . Timothy Paul Smith ( 2004 ) . `` The search for quarks in ordinary matter '' . Hidden Worlds . Princeton University Press . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05773 - 7 . Harald Fritzsch ( 2005 ) . Elementary Particles : Building blocks of matter . World Scientific . p. 1 . ISBN 981 - 256 - 141 - 2 . Bertrand Russell ( 1992 ) . `` The philosophy of matter '' . A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz ( Reprint of 1937 2nd ed . ) . Routledge . p. 88 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 08296 - X . Stephen Toulmin and June Goodfield , The Architecture of Matter ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1962 ) . Richard J. Connell , Matter and Becoming ( Chicago : The Priory Press , 1966 ) . Ernan McMullin , The Concept of Matter in Greek and Medieval Philosophy ( Notre Dame , Indiana : Univ. of Notre Dame Press , 1965 ) . Ernan McMullin , The Concept of Matter in Modern Philosophy ( Notre Dame , Indiana : University of Notre Dame Press , 1978 ) . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Matter Wikimedia Commons has media related to Matter . Visionlearning Module on Matter Matter in the universe How much Matter is in the Universe ? NASA on superfluid core of neutron star Matter and Energy : A False Dichotomy -- Conversations About Science with Theoretical Physicist Matt Strassler Into matter Macroscopic object > Molecule > Atom > Subatomic particle ( Composite particle Elementary particle ) States of matter ( list ) State Solid Liquid Gas / Vapor Plasma Low energy Bose -- Einstein condensate Fermionic condensate Degenerate matter Quantum Hall Rydberg matter Strange matter Superfluid Supersolid Photonic matter High energy QCD matter Lattice QCD Quark -- gluon plasma Supercritical fluid Other states Colloid Glass Liquid crystal Quantum spin liquid Magnetically ordered Antiferromagnet Ferrimagnet Ferromagnet String - net liquid Superglass Transitions Boiling Boiling point Condensation Critical line Critical point Crystallization Deposition Evaporation Flash evaporation Freezing Chemical ionization Ionization Lambda point Melting Melting point Recombination Regelation Saturated fluid Sublimation Supercooling Triple point Vaporization Vitrification Quantities Enthalpy of fusion Enthalpy of sublimation Enthalpy of vaporization Latent heat Latent internal energy Trouton 's ratio Volatility Concepts Binodal Compressed fluid Cooling curve Equation of state Leidenfrost effect Macroscopic quantum phenomena Mpemba effect Order and disorder ( physics ) Spinodal Superconductivity Superheated vapor Superheating Thermo - dielectric effect Particles in physics Elementary Fermions Quarks Up ( quark antiquark ) Down ( quark antiquark ) Charm ( quark antiquark ) Strange ( quark antiquark ) Top ( quark antiquark ) Bottom ( quark antiquark ) Leptons Electron Positron Muon Antimuon Tau Antitau Electron neutrino Electron antineutrino Muon neutrino Muon antineutrino Tau neutrino Tau antineutrino Bosons Gauge Photon Gluon W and Z bosons Scalar Higgs boson Others Ghosts Hypothetical Superpartners Gauginos Gluino Gravitino Photino Others Higgsino Neutralino Chargino Axino Sfermion ( Stop squark ) Others Planck particle Axion Dilaton Dual graviton Graviton Leptoquark Majoron Majorana fermion Magnetic monopole Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W ′ and Z ′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite Hadrons Baryons / hyperons Nucleon Proton Antiproton Neutron Antineutron Delta baryon Lambda baryon Sigma baryon Xi baryon Omega baryon Mesons / quarkonia Pion Rho meson Eta and eta prime mesons Phi meson J / psi meson Omega meson Upsilon meson Kaon B meson D meson Exotic hadrons Tetraquark Pentaquark Others Atomic nuclei Atoms Exotic atoms Positronium Muonium Tauonium Onia Superatoms Molecules Hypothetical Hypothetical baryons Hexaquark Skyrmion Hypothetical mesons Glueball Theta meson T meson Others Mesonic molecule Pomeron Diquarks Quasiparticles Davydov soliton Dropleton Exciton Hole Magnon Phonon Plasmaron Plasmon Polariton Polaron Roton Trion Lists Baryons Mesons Particles Quasiparticles Timeline of particle discoveries Related History of subatomic physics timeline Standard Model mathematical formulation Subatomic particles Particles Antiparticles Nuclear physics Eightfold Way Quark model Exotic matter Massless particle Relativistic particle Virtual particle Wave -- particle duality Wikipedia books Hadronic Matter Particles of the Standard Model Leptons Quarks Physics portal Elements of nature Universe Space Time Energy Matter Change Earth Earth science History ( geological ) Structure Geology Plate tectonics Oceans Gaia hypothesis Future Weather Meteorology Atmosphere ( Earth ) Climate Clouds Sunlight Tides Wind Natural environment Ecology Ecosystem Field Radiation Wilderness Wildfires Life Origin ( abiogenesis ) Evolutionary history Biosphere Hierarchy Biology ( astrobiology ) Organism Eukaryota flora plants fauna animals fungi protista Prokaryotes archaea bacteria Viruses Category : Nature Portal : Science GND : 4037940 - 1 NDL : 00561096 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matter&oldid=809049372 '' Categories : Matter Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2011 Use dmy dates from March 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių La . lojban . 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building blocks of all matter are known as
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Football pitch
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Football pitch - wikipedia Football pitch This article is about the playing field for the game of association football or soccer . For playing fields for other football codes , see Football field . `` Football ground '' redirects here . For the entire building that includes the pitch , see stadium . Standard pitch measurements . Not all pitches are the same size , though the preferred size for many professional teams ' stadiums is 105 by 68 metres ( 115 yd × 74 yd ) with an area of 7,140 square metres ( 76,900 sq ft ; 1.76 acres ; 0.714 ha ) . A football pitch ( also known as a football field or soccer field ) is the playing surface for the game of association football . Its dimensions and markings are defined by Law 1 of the Laws of the Game , `` The Field of Play '' . The surface can either be natural or artificial , but FIFA 's Laws of the Game specify that all artificial surfaces must be painted green . The pitch is typically made of turf ( grass ) or artificial turf , although amateur and recreational teams often play on dirt fields . All line markings on the pitch form part of the area which they define . For example , a ball on or above the touchline is still on the field of play , and a foul committed over the line bounding the penalty area results in a penalty . Therefore , a ball must completely cross the touchline to be out of play , and a ball must wholly cross the goal line ( between the goal posts ) before a goal is scored ; if any part of the ball is still on or above the line , the ball is still in play . The field descriptions that apply to adult matches are described below . Note that due to the original formulation of the Laws in England and the early supremacy of the four British football associations within IFAB , the standard dimensions of a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial units . The Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents ( followed by traditional units in brackets ) , but use of the imperial units remains common in some countries , especially in the United Kingdom . Contents 1 Pitch boundary 2 Goals 2.1 History of football goals and nets 3 Penalty and goal areas 4 Other markings 5 Turf 6 See also 7 References Pitch boundary ( edit ) The Goal line at the Stretford End of Old Trafford in Manchester ( 1992 ) The pitch is rectangular in shape . The longer sides are called touchlines . The other opposing sides are called the goal lines . The two goal lines must be between 45 and 90 m ( 50 and 100 yd ) and be the same length . The two touch lines must also be of the same length , and be between 90 and 120 m ( 100 and 130 yd ) in length . All lines must be equally wide , not to exceed 12 cm ( 5 in ) . The corners of the pitch are marked by corner flags . For international matches the field dimensions are more tightly constrained ; the goal lines must be between 64 and 75 m ( 70 and 80 yd ) long and the touch lines must be between 100 and 110 m ( 110 and 120 yd ) . In March 2008 the IFAB attempted to standardise the size of the football pitch for international matches and set the official dimensions of a pitch to 105 m long by 68 m wide . However , at a special meeting of the IFAB on 8 May 2008 , it was ruled that this change would be put on hold pending a review and the proposed change has not been implemented . Although the term goal line is often taken to mean only that part of the line between the goalposts , in fact it refers to the complete line at either end of the pitch , from one corner flag to the other . In contrast , the term byline ( or by - line ) is often used to refer to that portion of the goal line outside the goalposts . This term is commonly used in football commentaries and match descriptions , such as this example from a BBC match report ; `` Udeze gets to the left byline and his looping cross is cleared ... '' Goals ( edit ) See also : Scoring in association football A football goal Goals are placed at the centre of each goal - line . These consist of two upright posts placed equidistant from the corner flagposts , joined at the top by a horizontal crossbar . The inner edges of the posts must be 7.32 metres ( 8 yd ) apart , and the lower edge of the crossbar must be 2.44 metres ( 8 ft ) above the ground . Nets are usually placed behind the goal , though are not required by the Laws . Goalposts and crossbars must be white , and made of wood , metal or other approved material . Rules regarding the shape of goalposts and crossbars are somewhat more lenient , but they must conform to a shape that does not pose a threat to players . Since the beginning of the football there have always been goalposts , but the crossbar was n't invented until 1875 , where a string between the goalposts was used . A goal is scored when the ball crosses the goal line between the goal - posts , even if a defending player last touched the ball before it crossed the goal line ( see own goal ) . A goal may , however , be ruled illegal ( and void by the referee ) if the player who scored or a member of his team commits an offence under any of the laws between the time the ball was previously out of play and the goal being scored . It is also deemed void if a player on the opposing team commits an offence before the ball has passed the line , as in the case of fouls being committed , a penalty awarded but the ball continued on a path that caused it to cross the goal line . The football goal size for a junior match goal is approximately half the size of an adult sized match goal . History of football goals and nets ( edit ) Football goals were first described in England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries . In 1584 and 1602 respectively , John Norden and Richard Carew referred to `` goals '' in Cornish hurling . Carew described how goals were made : `` they pitch two bushes in the ground , some eight or ten foote asunder ; and directly against them , ten or twelue ( twelve ) score off , other twayne in like distance , which they terme their Goales '' . The first reference to scoring a goal is in John Day 's play The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green ( performed circa 1600 ; published 1659 ) . Similarly in a poem in 1613 , Michael Drayton refers to `` when the Ball to throw , And drive it to the Gole , in squadrons forth they goe '' . Solid crossbars were first introduced by the Sheffield Rules . Football nets were invented by Liverpool engineer John Brodie in 1891 , and they were a necessary help for discussions about whether or not a goal had been scored . Penalty and goal areas ( edit ) Further information : Penalty area The penalty area is the large marked rectangular area . The smaller rectangle within it is the goal area ( here the yellow - shirted goalkeeper is the only player in the goal area ) . The penalty arc is the curved line adjoining the `` top '' of the penalty area ( here the red - shirted referee is standing near the arc ) . Two rectangular boxes are marked out on the pitch in front of each goal . The goal area ( colloquially the `` six - yard box '' ) , consists of the rectangle formed by the goal - line , two lines starting on the goal - line 5.5 metres ( 6 yd ) from the goalposts and extending 5.5 metres ( 6 yd ) into the pitch from the goal - line , and the line joining these . Goal kicks and any free kick by the defending team may be taken from anywhere in this area . Indirect free kicks awarded to the attacking team within the goal area are taken from the point on the line parallel to the goal line ( the `` six - yard line '' ) nearest where the infringement occurred ; they can not be taken any closer to the goal line . Similarly drop - balls that would otherwise occur closer to the goal line are taken on this line . The penalty area ( colloquially `` The 18 - yard box '' or just `` The box '' ) is similarly formed by the goal - line and lines extending from it , but its lines start 16.5 metres ( 18 yd ) from the goalposts and extend 16.5 metres ( 18 yd ) into the field . This area has a number of functions , the most prominent being to denote where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a foul by a defender , usually punished by a direct free kick , becomes punishable by a penalty kick . Both the goal and penalty areas were formed as halfcircles until 1902 . The penalty mark is 11 metres ( 12 yd ) in front of the very centre of the goal ; this is the point from where penalty kicks are taken . The penalty arc ( colloquially `` the D '' ) is marked from the outside edge of the penalty area , 9.15 metres ( 10 yd ) from the penalty mark ; this , along with the penalty area , marks an exclusion zone for all players other than the penalty kicker and defending goalkeeper during a penalty kick . Other markings ( edit ) The centre circle is marked at 9.15 metres ( 10 yd ) from the centre mark . Similar to the penalty arc , this indicates the minimum distance that opposing players must keep at kick - off ; the ball itself is placed on the centre mark . During penalty shootouts all players other than the two goalkeepers and the current kicker are required to remain within this circle . The half - way line divides the pitch in two . The half which a team defends is commonly referred to as being their half . Players must be within their own half at a kick - off and may not be penalised as being offside in their own half . The intersections between the half - way line and the touchline can be indicated with flags like those marking the corners -- the laws consider this as an optional feature . The arcs in the corners denote the area ( within 1 yard of the corner ) in which the ball has to be placed for corner kicks ; opposition players have to be 9.15 m ( 10 yd ) away during a corner , and there may be optional lines off - pitch 9.15 metres ( 10 yards ) away from the corner arc on the goal - and touch - lines to help gauge these distances . Turf ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2010 ) See also : Sports turf Grass is the normal surface of play , although artificial turf may sometimes be used especially in locations where maintenance of grass may be difficult due to inclement weather . This may include areas where it is very wet , causing the grass to deteriorate rapidly ; where it is very dry , causing the grass to die ; and where the turf is under heavy use . Artificial turf pitches are also increasingly common on the Scandinavian Peninsula , due to the amount of snow during the winter months . The strain put on grass pitches by the cold climate and subsequent snow clearing has necessitated the installation of artificial turf in the stadia of many top - tier clubs in Norway , Sweden and Finland . The latest artificial surfaces use rubber crumbs , as opposed to the previous system of sand infill . Some leagues and football associations have specifically prohibited artificial surfaces due to injury concerns and require teams ' home stadia to have grass pitches . All artificial turf must be green and also meet the requirements specified in the FIFA Quality Concept for Football Turf . Football can also be played on a dirt field . In most parts of the world , dirt is only used for casual recreational play . See also ( edit ) Football field ( for each football code ) Turf management Groundskeeping References ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example , George Cuming , Manager Project Future Referees ( 9 December 2009 ) . `` Evolution of football field markings '' . Asian Football Confederation . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Premiership football stadiums '' . TalkFootball . Retrieved 6 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Laws of the Game 2011 / 2012 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . p. 7 . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Laws of the Game 2011 / 2012 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . p. 8 . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Goal - line technology put on ice '' . IFAB media release . FIFA. 8 March 2008 . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Circular 1145 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA media release . FIFA. 22 May 2008 . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Match report BBC ^ Jump up to : `` Laws of the Game 2011 / 2012 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . p. 9 . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/footballdevelopment/refereeing/81/42/36/log2013en_neutral.pdf Jump up ^ Hornby , Hugh ( 2000 ) . Football . Dorling Kindersley Ltd. p. 12 . ISBN 8778267633 . Jump up ^ `` Football Goal Size '' . Quickplay Sport . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Richard Carew . `` EBook of The Survey of Cornwall '' . Project Gutenberg . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Ian ( 7 July 2000 ) . `` Blue plaque for man who invented football goal net '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on 6 April 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hornby , Hugh ( 2000 ) . Football . Dorling Kindersley Ltd. p. 13 . ISBN 8778267633 . Jump up ^ `` Laws of the Game 2011 / 2012 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . p. 6 . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Quality Concept for Football Turf '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Quality Concept '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Association football fields . Laws of the Game ( rules of association football ) Terms Law 1 : The Field of Play Law 2 : The Ball Law 3 : The Number of Players Law 4 : The Players ' Equipment Law 5 : The Referee Law 6 : The Other Match Officials Law 7 : The Duration of the Match Law 8 : The Start and Restart of Play Law 9 : The Ball In and Out of Play Law 10 : The Method of Scoring Law 11 : Offside Law 12 : Fouls and Misconduct Law 13 : Free kicks ( direct and indirect ) Law 14 : The Penalty Kick Law 15 : The Throw - In Law 16 : The Goal Kick Law 17 : The Corner Kick Comparisons Football and rugby union Football and futsal IFAB The Football Association Scottish Football Association Football Association of Wales Irish Football Association FIFA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Football_pitch&oldid=857108674 '' Categories : Laws of association football Sports rules and regulations Sports venues by type Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles to be expanded from September 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Dansk Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Ślůnski Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 16 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the measurement of a goal post
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Ancient Olympic Games
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Ancient Olympic games - Wikipedia Ancient Olympic games Jump to : navigation , search For the modern event , see Olympic Games . The palaestra of Olympia , a place devoted to the training of wrestlers and other athletes Olympic Games Main topics Bids Boycotts Ceremonies Charter Host cities IFs IOC Medal Medal tables Medalists NOCs Pierre de Coubertin medal Scandals and controversies Sports Symbols Torch relays Venues Games Summer Winter Summer Paralympic Winter Paralympic Deaflympics Youth Special American Asian Pacific African European EYOF Ancient Intercalated The ancient Olympic Games were originally a festival , or celebration of and for Zeus ; later , events such as a footrace , a javelin contest , and wrestling matches were added . The Olympic Games ( Ancient Greek : Ὀλύμπια Olympia `` the Olympics '' ; also Ὀλυμπιάς Olympias `` the Olympiad '' ) were a series of athletic competitions among representatives of city - states and one of the Panhellenic Games of ancient Greece . They were held in honor of Zeus , and the Greeks gave them a mythological origin . The first Olympics is traditionally dated to 776 BC . They continued to be celebrated when Greece came under Roman rule , until the emperor Theodosius I suppressed them in AD 393 as part of the campaign to impose Christianity as the State religion of Rome . The games were held every four years , or olympiad , which became a unit of time in historical chronologies . During the celebration of the games , an Olympic Truce was enacted so that athletes could travel from their cities to the games in safety . The prizes for the victors were olive leaf wreaths or crowns . The games became a political tool used by city - states to assert dominance over their rivals . Politicians would announce political alliances at the games , and in times of war , priests would offer sacrifices to the gods for victory . The games were also used to help spread Hellenistic culture throughout the Mediterranean . The Olympics also featured religious celebrations . The statue of Zeus at Olympia was counted as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world . Sculptors and poets would congregate each olympiad to display their works of art to would - be patrons . The ancient Olympics had fewer events than the modern games , and only freeborn Greek men were allowed to participate , although there were victorious women chariot owners . As long as they met the entrance criteria , athletes from any Greek city - state and kingdom were allowed to participate , although the Hellanodikai , the officials in charge , allowed king Alexander I of Macedon to participate in the games only after he had proven his Greek ancestry . The games were always held at Olympia rather than moving between different locations as is the practice with the modern Olympic Games . Victors at the Olympics were honored , and their feats chronicled for future generations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 History 3 Culture 4 Politics 5 Events 5.1 Running 5.2 Combat 5.3 Pentathlon 6 Equestrian 7 Famous athletes 8 Olympic festivals in other places 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Origins ( edit ) An artist 's impression of ancient Olympia To the Greeks , it was important to root the Olympic Games in mythology . During the time of the ancient games their origins were attributed to the gods , and competing legends persisted as to who actually was responsible for the genesis of the games . These origin traditions have become nearly impossible to untangle , yet a chronology and patterns have arisen that help people understand the story behind the games . The earliest myths regarding the origin of the games are recounted by the Greek historian , Pausanias . According to the story , the dactyl Heracles ( not to be confused with the son of Zeus and the Roman god Hercules ) and four of his brothers , Paeonaeus , Epimedes , Iasius and Idas , raced at Olympia to entertain the newborn Zeus . He crowned the victor with an olive tree wreath ( which thus became a peace symbol ) , which also explains the four year interval , bringing the games around every fifth year ( counting inclusively ) . The other Olympian gods ( so named because they lived permanently on Mount Olympus ) would also engage in wrestling , jumping and running contests . Another myth of the origin of the games is the story of Pelops , a local Olympian hero . The story of Pelops begins with Oenomaus , the king of Pisa , Greece , who had a beautiful daughter named Hippodamia . According to an oracle , the king would be killed by her husband . Therefore , he decreed that any young man who wanted to marry his daughter was required to drive away with her in his chariot , and Oenomaus would follow in another chariot , and spear the suitor if he caught up with them . Now , the king 's chariot horses were a present from the god Poseidon and were therefore supernaturally fast . Pelops was a very handsome young man and the king 's daughter fell in love with him . Before the race , she persuaded her father 's charioteer Myrtilus to replace the bronze axle pins of the king 's chariot with wax ones . Naturally , during the race , the wax melted and the king fell from his chariot and was killed . At the same time , the king 's palace was struck by lightning and reduced to ashes , save for one wooden pillar that was revered in the Altis for centuries , and stood near what was to be the site of the temple of Zeus . Pelops was proclaimed the winner and married Hippodamia . After his victory , Pelops organized chariot races as thanksgiving to the gods and as funeral games in honor of King Oenomaus , in order to be purified of his death . It was from this funeral race held at Olympia that the beginnings of the Olympic Games were inspired . Pelops became a great king , a local hero , and he gave his name to the Peloponnese . One other myth , this one occurring after the aforementioned myth , is attributed to Pindar . He claims the festival at Olympia involved Heracles , the son of Zeus . The story goes that after completing his labors , Heracles established an athletic festival to honor his father . The games of previous millennia were discontinued and then revived by Lycurgus of Sparta , Iphitos of Elis , and Cleisthenes of Pisa at the behest of the Oracle of Delphi who claimed that the people had strayed from the gods , which had caused a plague and constant war . Restoration of the games would end the plague , usher in a time of peace , and signal a return to a more traditional lifestyle . The patterns that emerge from these myths are that the Greeks believed the games had their roots in religion , that athletic competition was tied to worship of the gods , and the revival of the ancient games was intended to bring peace , harmony and a return to the origins of Greek life . Since these myths were documented by historians like Pausanias , who lived during the reign of Marcus Aurelius in the AD 160 , it is likely that these stories are more fable than fact . It was often supposed that the origins of many aspects of the Olympics date to funeral games of the Mycenean period and later . Alternatively , the games were thought to derive from some kind of vegetation magic or from initiation ceremonies . The most recent theory traces the origins of the games to large game hunting and related animal ceremonialism . History ( edit ) A torch race The Olympic games were held to be one of the two central rituals in ancient Greece , the other being the much older religious festival , the Eleusinian Mysteries . The games started in Olympia , Greece , in a sanctuary site for the Greek deities near the towns of Elis and Pisa ( both in Elis on the peninsula of Peloponnesos ) . The first games began as an annual foot race of young women in competition for the position of the priestess for the goddess , Hera , and a second race was instituted for a consort for the priestess who would participate in the religious traditions at the temple . The Heraean Games , the first recorded competition for women in the Olympic Stadium , were held as early as the sixth century BC . It originally consisted of foot races only , as did the competition for males . Some texts , including Pausanias 's Description of Greece , c . AD 175 , state that Hippodameia gathered a group known as the `` Sixteen Women '' and made them administrators of the Heraea Games , out of gratitude for her marriage to Pelops . Other texts related to the Elis and Pisa conflict indicate that the `` Sixteen Women '' were peacemakers from Pisa and Elis and , because of their political competence , became administrators of the Heraea . Being the consort of Hera in Classical Greek mythology , Zeus was the father of the deities in the pantheon of that era . The Sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia housed a 13 - metre - high ( 43 ft ) statue in ivory and gold of Zeus that had been sculpted by Phidias circa 445 BC . This statue was one of the ancient Seven Wonders of the World . By the time of the Classical Greek culture , in the fifth and fourth centuries BC , the games were restricted to male participants . The historian Ephorus , who lived in the fourth century BC , is one potential candidate for establishing the use of Olympiads to count years , although credit for codifying this particular epoch usually falls to Hippias of Elis , to Eratosthenes , or even to Timaeus , whom Eratosthenes may have imitated . The Olympic Games were held at four - year intervals , and later , the ancient historians ' method of counting the years even referred to these games , using the term Olympiad for the period between two games . Previously , the local dating systems of the Greek states were used ( they continued to be used by everyone except the historians ) , which led to confusion when trying to determine dates . For example , Diodorus states that there was a solar eclipse in the third year of the 113th Olympiad , which must be the eclipse of 316 BC . This gives a date of ( mid-summer ) 765 BC for the first year of the first Olympiad . Nevertheless , there is disagreement among scholars as to when the games began . The exedra reserved for the judges at Olympia on the north embankment of the stadium The only competition held then was , according to the later Greek traveller Pausanias who wrote in AD 175 , the stadion race , a race over about 190 metres ( 620 feet ) , measured after the feet of Hercules . The word stadium is derived from this foot race . The Greek tradition of athletic nudity ( gymnos ) was introduced in 720 BC , either by the Spartans or by the Megarian Orsippus , and this was adopted early in the Olympics as well . Several groups fought over control of the sanctuary at Olympia , and hence the games , for prestige and political advantage . Pausanias later writes that in 668 BC , Pheidon of Argos was commissioned by the town of Pisa to capture the sanctuary from the town of Elis , which he did and then personally controlled the games for that year . The next year , Elis regained control . The Olympic Games were part of the Panhellenic Games , four separate games held at two - or four - year intervals , but arranged so that there was at least one set of games every year . The Olympic Games were more important and more prestigious than the Pythian , Nemean , and Isthmian Games . The games were in decline for many years but continued past AD 385 , by which time flooding and earthquakes had damaged the buildings and invasions by barbarians had reached Olympia . In 394 Theodosius I banned all pagan festivals , but archeological evidence indicates that some games were still held . Culture ( edit ) The `` Discobolus '' is a copy of a Greek statue c. 5th century BC . It represents an ancient Olympic discus thrower The ancient Olympics were as much a religious festival as an athletic event . The games were held in honor of the Greek god Zeus , and on the middle day of the games , 100 oxen would be sacrificed to him . Over time Olympia , the site of the games , became a central spot for the worship of the head of the Greek pantheon and a temple , built by the Greek architect Libon , was erected on the mountaintop . The temple was one of the largest Doric temples in Greece . The sculptor Pheidias created a statue of the god made of gold and ivory . It stood 42 feet ( 13 m ) tall . It was placed on a throne in the temple . The statue became one of the seven wonders of the ancient world . As the historian Strabo put it , ... the glory of the temple persisted ... on account both of the festal assembly and of the Olympian Games , in which the prize was a crown and which were regarded as sacred , the greatest games in the world . The temple was adorned by its numerous offerings , which were dedicated there from all parts of Greece . Artistic expression was a major part of the games . Sculptors , poets , painters and other artisans would come to the games to display their works in what became an artistic competition . Sculptors created works like Myron 's Diskobolos or Discus Thrower . Their aim was to highlight natural human movement and the shape of muscles and the body . Poets would be commissioned to write poems in praise of the Olympic victors . Such victory songs or epinicians , were passed on from generation to generation and many of them have lasted far longer than any other honor made for the same purpose . Pierre de Coubertin , one of the founders of the modern Olympic Games , wanted to fully imitate the ancient Olympics in every way . Included in his vision was an artistic competition modeled on the ancient Olympics and held every four years , during the celebration of the Olympic Games . His desire came to fruition at the Olympics held in Athens in 1896 . Politics ( edit ) The Parthenon in Athens , one of the leading city - states of the ancient world Power in ancient Greece became centered around the city - state in the 8th century BC . The city - state was a population center organized into a self - contained political entity . These city - states often lived in close proximity to each other , which created competition for limited resources . Though conflict between the city - states was ubiquitous , it was also in their self - interest to engage in trade , military alliances and cultural interaction . The city - states had a dichotomous relationship with each other : on one hand , they relied on their neighbors for political and military alliances , while on the other they competed fiercely with those same neighbors for vital resources . The Olympic Games were established in this political context and served as a venue for representatives of the city - states to peacefully compete against each other . In the first 200 years of the games ' existence , they only had regional religious importance . Only Greeks in proximity to the mountain competed in these early games . This is evidenced by the dominance of Peloponnesian athletes in the victors ' rolls . The spread of Greek colonies in the 5th and 6th centuries BC is repeatedly linked to successful Olympic athletes . For example , Pausanias recounts that Cyrene was founded c. 630 BC by settlers from Thera with Spartan support . The support Sparta gave was primarily the loan of three - time Olympic champion Chionis . The appeal of settling with an Olympic champion helped to populate the colonies and maintain cultural and political ties with the city - states near Olympia . Thus , Hellenic culture and the games spread while the primacy of Olympia persisted . The games faced a serious challenge during the Peloponnesian War , which primarily pitted Athens against Sparta , but , in reality , touched nearly every Hellenic city - state . The Olympics were used during this time to announce alliances and offer sacrifices to the gods for victory . During the Olympic Games , a truce , or ekecheiria was observed . Three runners , known as spondophoroi , were sent from Elis to the participant cities at each set of games to announce the beginning of the truce . During this period , armies were forbidden from entering Olympia and legal disputes and the use of the death penalty were forbidden . The truce was primarily designed to allow athletes and visitors to travel safely to the games and was , for the most part , observed . Thucydides wrote of a situation when the Spartans were forbidden from attending the games , and the violators of the truce were fined 2,000 minae for assaulting the city of Lepreum during the period of the ekecheiria . The Spartans disputed the fine and claimed that the truce had not yet taken hold . While a martial truce was observed by all participating city - states , no such reprieve from conflict existed in the political arena . The Olympic Games evolved the most influential athletic and cultural stage in ancient Greece , and arguably in the ancient world . As such the games became a vehicle for city - states to promote themselves . The result was political intrigue and controversy . For example , Pausanias , a Greek historian , explains the situation of the athlete Sotades , Sotades at the ninety - ninth Festival was victorious in the long race and proclaimed a Cretan , as in fact he was . But at the next Festival he made himself an Ephesian , being bribed to do so by the Ephesian people . For this act he was banished by the Cretans . Events ( edit ) Three runners featured on an Attic black - figured Panathenaic prize amphora . 332 - 333 BC , British Museum . Events at the Olympics Olympiad Year Event first introduced 1st 776 BC Stade 14th 724 BC Diaulos 15th 720 BC Long distance race ( Dolichos ) 18th 708 BC Pentathlon , Wrestling 23rd 688 BC Boxing ( pygmachia ) 25th 680 BC Four horse chariot race ( tethrippon ) 33rd 648 BC Horse race ( keles ) , Pankration 37th 632 BC Boys stade and wrestling 38th 628 BC Boys pentathlon 41st 616 BC Boys boxing 65th 520 BC Hoplite race ( hoplitodromos ) 70th 500 BC Mule - cart race ( apene ) 93rd 408 BC Two horse chariot race ( synoris ) 96th 396 BC Competition for heralds and trumpeters 99th 384 BC Tethrippon for horse over one year 128th 266 BC Chariot for horse over one year 131st 256 BC Race for horses older than one year 145th 200 BC Pankration for boys Apparently starting with just a single foot race , the program gradually increased to twenty - three contests , although no more than twenty featured at any one Olympiad . Participation in most events was limited to male athletes except for women who were allowed to take part by entering horses in the equestrian events . Youth events are recorded as starting in 632 BC . Our knowledge of how the events were performed primarily derives from the paintings of athletes found on many vases , particularly those of the Archaic and Classical periods . Running ( edit ) A section of the stone starting line at Olympia , which has a groove for each foot The only event recorded at the first thirteen games was the stade , a straight - line sprint of just over 192 metres . The diaulos ( lit . `` double pipe '' ) , or two - stade race , is recorded as being introduced at the 14th Olympiad in 724 BC . It is thought that competitors ran in lanes marked out with lime or gypsum for the length of a stade then turned around separate posts ( kampteres ) , before returning to the start line . Xenophanes wrote that `` Victory by speed of foot is honored above all . '' A third foot race , the dolichos ( `` long race '' ) , was introduced in the next Olympiad . Accounts of the race 's distance differ , it seems to have been from twenty to twenty - four laps of the track , around 7.5 km to 9 km , although it may have been lengths rather than laps and thus half as far . The last running event added to the Olympic program was the hoplitodromos , or `` Hoplite race '' , introduced in 520 BC and traditionally run as the last race of the games . Competitors ran either a single or double diaulos ( approximately 400 or 800 metres ) in full military armour . The hoplitodromos was based on a war tactic of soldiers running in full armor to surprise the enemy . Combat ( edit ) Pankration scene : the pankriatiast on the right tries to gouge his opponent 's eye ; the umpire is about to strike him for this foul . Detail from an Attic red - figure kylix c. 490 - 480 BC , British Museum Wrestling ( pale ) is recorded as being introduced at the 18th Olympiad . Three throws were necessary for a win . A throw was counted if the body , hip , back or shoulder ( and possibly knee ) touched the ground . If both competitors fell nothing was counted . Unlike its modern counterpart Greco - Roman wrestling , it is likely that tripping was allowed . Boxing ( pygmachia ) was first listed in 688 BC , the boys event sixty years later . The laws of boxing were ascribed to the first Olympic champion Onomastus of Smyrna . It appears body - blows were either not permitted or not practised . The Spartans , who claimed to have invented boxing , quickly abandoned it and did not take part in boxing competitions . At first the boxers wore himantes ( sing . himas ) , long leather strips which were wrapped around their hands . The pankration was introduced in the 33rd Olympiad ( 648 BC ) . Boys ' pankration became an Olympic event in 200 BC , in the 145th Olympiad . As well as techniques from boxing and wrestling , athletes used kicks , locks , and chokes on the ground . Although the only prohibitions were against biting and gouging , the pankration was regarded as less dangerous than boxing . It was one of the most popular events : Pindar wrote eight odes praising victors of the pankration . A famous event in the sport was the posthumous victory of Arrhichion of Phigaleia who `` expired at the very moment when his opponent acknowledged himself beaten . '' Pentathlon ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Olympic pentathlon The pentathlon was a competition made up of five events : running , long jump , discus throw , javelin throw and wrestling . The pentathlon is said to have first appeared at the 18th Olympiad in 708 BC . The competition was held on a single day , but it is not known how the victor was decided , or in what order the events occurred , except that it finished with the wrestling . Equestrian ( edit ) Horse racing and chariot racing were the most prestigious competitions in the games , due to only the wealthy being able to afford the maintenance and transportation of horses . These races consisted of different events : the four - horse chariot race , the two - horse chariot race , and the horse with rider race , the rider being hand picked by the owner . The four - horse chariot race was the first equestrian event to feature in the Olympics , being introduced in 680 BC . It consisted of two horses that were harnessed under a Yoke in the middle , and two outer horses that were attached with a rope . The two - horse chariot was introduced in 408 BC . The horse with rider competition on the other hand , was introduced in 648 BC . In this race , Greeks did n't use saddles or stirrups , so they required good grip and balance . In AD 67 , the Roman Emperor Nero competed in the chariot race at Olympia . He was thrown from his chariot and was thus unable to finish the race . Nevertheless , he was declared the winner on the basis that he would have won if he had finished the race . Famous athletes ( edit ) Main article : List of ancient Olympic victors Ancient list of Olympic victors of the 75th to the 78th , and from the 81st to the 83rd Olympiads ( 480 -- 468 BC , 456 -- 448 BC ) From Sparta Cynisca of Sparta ( owner of a four - horse chariot ) ( first woman to be listed as an Olympic victor ) From Rhodes : Diagoras of Rhodes ( boxing 79th Olympiad , 464 BC ) and his sons Akusilaos and Damagetos ( boxing and pankration ) Leonidas of Rhodes ( running : stadion , diaulos and hoplitodromos ) ( His record of 12 individual olympic titles was broken in 2016 by Michael Phelps who received his 13th original title . ) From Croton : Astylos of Croton ( running : stadion , diaulos and hoplitodromos ) Milo of Croton ( wrestling ) Timasitheos of Croton ( wrestling ) From other cities / kingdoms : Koroibos of Elis ( stadion , the very first Olympic champion ) Orsippus of Megara ( running : diaulos ) Theagenes of Thasos ( boxer , pankratiast and runner ) Alexander I of Macedon ( running : stadion ) Dionysodorus , Theban Non-Greek : Tiberius ( steerer of a four - horse chariot ) Nero ( steerer of a ten - horse chariot ) Varastades , Prince and future King of Armenia , last known Ancient Olympic victor ( boxing ) during the 291st Olympic Games in the 4th century Olympic festivals in other places ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Greek Olympic festivals Athletic festivals under the name of `` Olympic games '' , named in imitation of the original festival at Olympia , were established over time in various places all over the Greek world . Some of these are only known to us by inscriptions and coins ; but others , as the Olympic festival at Antioch , obtained great celebrity . After these Olympic festivals had been established in several places , the great Olympic festival itself was sometimes designated in inscriptions by the addition of Pisa . See also ( edit ) Archaeological Museum of Olympia Epinikion List of ancient Olympic victors Athletes and athletics in ancient Greek art Ludi , the Roman games influenced by Greek traditions New Testament athletic metaphors Olympic Games ceremony Panathenaic Games Prizes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ὀλύμπια . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; An Intermediate Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project . Jump up ^ `` 15 - 04 - 16 Χαιρετισμός των Υπουργών Ν. Φίλη και Α. Μπαλτά για την Παγκόσμια Ημέρα Μνημείων και Τοποθεσιών '' . Greek ministry of Education Research and Religious affairs . Archived from the original on 24 September 2016 . Πανελλήνια συμμετοχή είχαν : τα Ολύμπια , που διεξάγονταν κάθε τέσσερα χρόνια στην Αρχαία Ολυμπία προς τιμήν του Διός , Jump up ^ Francis Edward Jackson VALPY ( 1832 ) . Second Greek Delectus ; or , new Analecta Minora ... With English notes , and a copious Greek and English lexicon , etc . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grieksch leesboek voor eerstbeginnenden : ingerigt ten dienste der Hollandsche jeugd . H.C.A. Thieme. 1811 . p. 248 . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Henry Cary ( 1843 ) . A Lexicon to Herodotus , Greek and English , Adapted to the Text of Grisford and Bachr. J. Vincent and . p. 279 . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fridericus Gulielmus Sturz ( 1818 ) . Etymologicum graciae linguae Gudianum et alia grammaticorum scripta e codicibus manuscriptis nunc primum edita Accedunt notae ad Aymologicion magnum ineditae E.H. Barkeri , Innr . Bekkeri , Lud . Kulencampii , Amad . Peyronialiorumque . Weigel . p. 371 . Archived from the original on 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Ὀλυμπιάς in Middle Liddell and Scott . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Olympic Games . Archived from the original on 9 August 2016 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ David Sansone , Ancient Greek civilization , Wiley - Blackwell , 2003 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Robert Malcolm Errington , A history of Macedonia , University of California Press , 1990 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Joseph Roisman , Ian Worthington , A Companion to Ancient Macedonia , Wiley - Blackwell , 2010 , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : `` The Ancient Olympics '' . The Perseus Project . Tufts University . Archived from the original on 10 February 2010 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Kyle , 1999 , p. 101 Jump up ^ Kyle , 1999 , pp. 101 -- 102 Jump up ^ Kyle , 1999 , p. 102 Jump up ^ Spivey , 2005 , pp. 225 -- 226 Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 5.7. 6 - 9 Jump up ^ Spivey , 2005 , p. 226 Jump up ^ Kyle , 1999 , pp. 102 -- 103 Jump up ^ Kyle , 1999 , p. 102 -- 104 Jump up ^ Wendy J. Raschke ( 15 June 1988 ) . Archaeology Of The Olympics : The Olympics & Other Festivals In Antiquity . Univ of Wisconsin Press . pp. 22 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 11334 - 6 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2013 . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Patay - Horváth , András ( 2015 ) . The Origins of the Olympic Games . Budapest : Archaeolingua . ISBN 978 - 963 - 9911 - 72 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Ancient Olympic Games '' . HickokSports. 4 February 2005 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Pausanias : v. 16 . 2 Jump up ^ Pindar : Pythian Odes ix Jump up ^ Plutarch , Numa Pompilius 1.4 Jump up ^ Dionysius , 1.74 - 1 - 3 . Little remains of Eratosthenes ' Chronographiae , but its academic influence is clearly demonstrated here in the Roman Antiquities by Dionysius of Halicarnassus . Jump up ^ Denis Feeney in Caesar 's Calendar : Ancient Time and the Beginnings of History . ( Berkeley and Los Angeles , California : University of California Press , 2007 ) , 84 . Jump up ^ `` The Athletics of the Ancient Olympics : A Summary and Research Tool '' by Kotynski , p. 3 ( Quote used with permission ) . For the calculation of the date , see Kotynski footnote 6 . Jump up ^ See , for example , Alfred Mallwitz 's article `` Cult and Competition Locations at Olympia '' p. 101 in which he argues that the games may not have started until about 704 BC . Hugh Lee , on the other hand , in his article `` The ' First ' Olympic Games of 776 B.C.E '' p. 112 , follows an ancient source that claims that there were twenty - seven Olympiads before the first one was recorded in 776 . There are no records of Olympic victors extant from earlier than the fifth century BC . Jump up ^ Yalouris , N. 1976 . The Olympic Games - through the ages . Print Jump up ^ David C. Young ( 15 April 2008 ) . A Brief History of the Olympic Games . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 135 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 77775 - 6 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Tony Perrottet ( 8 June 2004 ) . The Naked Olympics : The True Story of the Ancient Games . Random House Digital , Inc . pp. 190 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58836 - 382 - 4 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2013 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Golden , Mark , p. 77 Archived 4 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Stanton , 2000 , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Stanton , 2000 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Hansen , 2006 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Hansen , 2006 , pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Hansen , 2006 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Hansen , 2006 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Raschke , 1988 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Spivey , 2005 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Spivey , 2005 , pp. 182 -- 183 Jump up ^ Lendering , Jona . `` Peloponnesian War '' . Livius , Articles on Ancient History . Archived from the original on 13 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Thucydides . The History of the Peloponnesian War . 5 . Translated by Richard Crawley . The Internet Classics Archive . ISBN 0 - 525 - 26035 - 8 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Swaddling , 1999 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Strassler & Hanson , 1996 , pp. 332 -- 333 Jump up ^ Kyle , 2007 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Crowther Jump up ^ Young , p. 18 Jump up ^ Miller , Stephen G. ( 8 January 2006 ) . `` Ancient Greek Athletics '' . Yale University Press . p. 33 . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Miller , Stephen G. ( 8 January 2006 ) . `` Ancient Greek Athletics '' . Yale University Press . p. 44 . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Golden , p. 55 . `` The dolichos varied in length from seven to twenty - four lengths of the stadium -- from 1,400 to 4,800 Greek feet . '' Jump up ^ Miller , p. 32 Archived 15 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine . `` The sources are not unanimous about the length of this race : some claim that it was twenty laps of the stadium track , others that it was twenty - four . It may have differed from site to site , but it was in the range of 7.5 to 9 kilometers . '' Jump up ^ Miller , Stephen G. ( 8 January 2006 ) . Ancient Greek Athletics . Yale University Press . p. 33 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11529 - 6 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Stephen G. ( 8 January 2006 ) . `` Ancient Greek Athletics '' . Yale University Press . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ To judge from the story of Damoxenos and Kreugas who boxed at the Nemean Games , after a long battle with no result combatants could agree to a free exchange of hits . ( Gardiner , p. 432 Archived 17 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . p. 435 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Miller , Stephen G. ( 8 January 2006 ) . `` Ancient Greek Athletics '' . Yale University Press . p. 60 . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Gardiner , p. 445 - 6 Archived 17 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine . `` Galen , in his skit on the Olympic games , awards the prize ( in the pakration ) to the donkey , as the best of all animals in kicking . '' Jump up ^ Finley , M.I. ; Pleket , H.W. ( 24 May 2012 ) . `` The Olympic Games : The First Thousand Years '' . Courier Corporation . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Miller , Stephen G. ( 8 January 2006 ) . `` Ancient Greek Athletics '' . Yale University Press . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Young , p. 32 Jump up ^ Young , p. 19 Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . pp. 362 -- 365 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . p. 363 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . `` Four - horse chariot '' Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 5 January 2017 . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . `` Two - horse chariot '' Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . `` Horse with rider '' Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games We No Longer Play '' . 4 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Phelps beats 2,168 - year - old Olympic record held by Leonidas of Rhodes '' . Archived from the original on 16 October 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Bull , Andy ( 12 August 2016 ) . `` Phelps claims 200m individual medley gold for fourth straight Olympics '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Phelps has now overtaken Leonidas of Rhodes as the most decorated Olympian of this , that , and every era . Leonidas , as every self - respecting sports fan knows , did the sprint triple in the stadion , the diaulos , and the hoplitodromos , at four Olympics in a row between 164 and 152 BC . Or 2,168 years ago . Jump up ^ Kelly , Jon . `` Who , What , Why : Who was Leonidas of Rhodes ? - BBC News '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Olympic Games '' . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Herodotus , parallel English / Greek : Book 5 : Terpsichore : 20 '' . www.sacred-texts.com . p. 22 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2016 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ The Anabasis of Alexander / Book II / Chapter XIV / Alexander 's Treatment of the Captured Greek Ambassadors. -- Submission of Byblus and Sidon . - Arrian Jump up ^ Tiberius , AD 1 ( or earlier ) -- cf . Ehrenberg & Jones , Documents Illustrating the Reigns of Augustus and Tiberius ( Oxford 1955 ) p. 73 ( n. 78 ) Jump up ^ 369 according to Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece by Nigel Wilson , 2006 , Routledge ( UK ) or 385 according to Classical Weekly by Classical Association of the Atlantic States Jump up ^ William Smith , A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities , 1875 -- ancientlibrary.com Archived 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . References ( edit ) Gardiner , E.N. ( 1910 ) . Greek athletic sports and festivals . London : Macmillan . Gardiner , E. Norman , Athletics of the Ancient World , 246 pages , 200 + illustrations , with new material , Oxford University Press , 1930 Young , David C. ( 2004 ) . A Brief History of the Olympic Games ( PDF ) . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1130 - 5 . Miller , Stephen G. ( 2006 ) . Ancient Greek Athletics . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11529 - 6 . Golden , Mark , Sport and Society in Ancient Greece , Cambridge University Press , 1998 . Hansen , Mogens Herman ( 2006 ) . Polis , an Introduction to the Ancient Greek City - State . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 920849 - 2 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Hanson , Victor Davis ; Strassler , Robert B. ( 1996 ) . The Landmark Thucydides . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9087 - 3 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Kotynski , Edward J. The Athletics of the Ancient Olympics : A Summary and Research Tool. 2006 . ( Archived 2009 - 10 - 25 ) ; new link Kyle , Donald G. ( 2007 ) . Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World . Oxford , England : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22970 - 4 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Mallowitz , Alfred . Cult and Competition Locations at Olympia . Raschke 79 -- 109 . Miller , Stephen . `` The Date of Olympic Festivals '' . Mitteilungen : Des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts , Athenische Abteilung . Vol. 90 ( 1975 ) : 215 -- 237 . Patay - Horváth , András ( 2015 ) . The Origins of the Olympic Games . Budapest : Archaeolingua Foundation . ISBN 978 - 963 - 9911 - 72 - 7 . Raschke , Wendy J. ( 1988 ) . The Archaeology of the Olympics : the Olympics and Other Festivals in Antiquity . Madison , Wisconsin : Wisconsin University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 11334 - 6 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Remijsen , Sofie . The End of Greek Athletics in Late Antiquity . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2015 . Spivey , Nigel ( 2005 ) . The Ancient Olympics . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280433 - 2 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Stanton , Richard ( 2000 ) . The Forgotten Olympic Art Competitions : The story of the Olympic art competitions of the 20th century . Victoria , Canada : Trafford . ISBN 1 - 55212 - 606 - 4 . Retrieved 23 February 2010 . Swaddling , Judith ( 1999 ) . The ancient Olympic Games . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 77751 - 5 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Tufts -- `` Women and the Games '' Ancient Olympics . Research by K.U. Leuven and Peking University External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient Olympic Games . Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Olympic Games . The Ancient Olympic Games virtual museum ( requires registration ) Olympiakoi Agones Ancient Olympics : General and detailed information The Ancient Olympics : A special exhibit The story of the Ancient Olympic Games The origin of the Olympics Olympia and Macedonia : Games , Gymnasia and Politics . Thomas F. Scanlon , professor of Classics , University of California List of Macedonian Olympic winners ( in Greek ) Webquest The ancient and modern Olympic Games Goddess Nike and the Olympic Games : Excellence , Glory and Strife `` The template below ( Ancient Greece topics ) is being considered for merging . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Ancient Greece Outline Timeline History Geography Periods Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean civilization Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Geography Aegean Sea Aeolis Alexandria Antioch Cappadocia Crete Cyprus Doris Ephesus Epirus Hellespont Ionia Ionian Sea Macedonia Magna Graecia Miletus Peloponnesus Pergamon Pontus Taurica Ancient Greek colonies City states Politics Military City states Argos Athens Byzantion Chalcis Corinth Eretria Kerkyra Larissa Megalopolis Megara Rhodes Samos Sparta Syracuse Thebes Politics Boeotarch Boule Koinon Proxeny Strategos Tagus Tyrant Amphictyonic League Athenian Agora Areopagus Ecclesia Graphē paranómōn Heliaia Ostracism Spartan Apella Ephor Gerousia Harmost Macedon Synedrion Koinon Military Wars Athenian military Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Ballista Cretan archers Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hoplite Hetairoi Macedonian phalanx Phalanx Peltast Pezhetairos Sarissa Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan army Toxotai Xiphos Xyston People List of ancient Greeks Rulers Kings of Argos Archons of Athens Kings of Athens Kings of Commagene Diadochi Kings of Lydia Kings of Macedonia Kings of Paionia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings of Pontus Kings of Sparta Tyrants of Syracuse Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristotle Democritus Diogenes of Sinope Empedocles Epicurus Gorgias Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Zeno Authors Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Panyassis Philocles Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Theognis Thucydides Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon Others Agesilaus II Agis II Alcibiades Alexander the Great Aratus Archimedes Aspasia Demosthenes Epaminondas Euclid Hipparchus Hippocrates Leonidas Lycurgus Lysander Milo of Croton Miltiades Pausanias Pericles Philip of Macedon Philopoemen Praxiteles Ptolemy Pyrrhus Solon Themistocles Groups Philosophers Playwrights Poets Tyrants By culture Ancient Greek tribes Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians Society Culture Society Agriculture Calendar Clothing Coinage Cuisine Economy Education Festivals Funeral and burial practices Homosexuality Law Olympic Games Pederasty Philosophy Prostitution Religion Slavery Warfare Wedding customs Wine Arts and science Architecture Greek Revival architecture Astronomy Literature Mathematics Medicine Music Musical system Pottery Sculpture Technology Theatre Religion Funeral and burial practices Mythology mythological figures Temple Twelve Olympians Underworld Sacred places Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Structures Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos Temples Aphaea Artemis Athena Nike Erechtheion Hephaestus Hera , Olympia Parthenon Samothrace Zeus , Olympia Language Proto - 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China Games National Games National Peasants ' Games National Youth Games India Indonesia Japan Malaysia Para Mongolia Pakistan Philippines National Games Batang Pinoy Palaro Singapore South Korea Summer Winter Thailand youth Vietnam Europe Netherlands Poland ( youth ) All - Union Spartakiad Spartakiad of Albania Spartakiad of Peoples of the USSR youth WheelPower Historical Pre-Modern Olympics ( in order , from 1900 BC to 1859 AD ) Tailteann Games ( ancient ) Panhellenic Games Ancient Olympic Games Pythian Games Nemean Games Isthmian Games Heraean Games Panathenaic Games Roman Games Cotswold Olimpick Games Gog Magog Games Wenlock Olympian Society Annual Games Zappas Olympics Alternatives to the Modern Olympics Aryan Games Friendship Games GANEFO Goodwill Games Inter-Allied Games Islamic Games Liberty Bell Classic People 's Olympiad Workers ' Olympiads Defunct regional or community events Afro - Asian Games Asian Indoor Games Asian Martial Arts Games Central African Games East Asian Games Far Eastern Championship Games FESPIC Games Games of the New Emerging Forces Nordic Games Pacific Ocean Games Spartakiad of Peoples of the USSR Tailteann Games ( modern ) Women 's Islamic Games World Youth Games Winter games International Olympics Paralympics Winter Universiade Commonwealth World Scout Arctic Winter Games Kennedy Memorial New Zealand Winter Games Regional National Winter Games of China Asian Winter Games European Youth Olympic Festival Winter X Games Europe Defunct Sub-national 51 component games in 36 U.S. states Category List WikiProject Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Olympic_Games&oldid=842679017 '' Categories : Ancient Olympic Games 8th - century BC establishments in Greece 390s disestablishments in the Roman Empire 394 disestablishments Defunct multi-sport events Festivals in Ancient Greece Greek inventions History of Gymnastics History of the Olympics Olympic Games Panhellenic Games Recurring sporting events established before 1750 Sport in antiquity Iron Age Greece Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from November 2017 Use American English from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 42 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 23 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what was the first olympic sport in ancient greece
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"The Heraean Games, the first recorded competition for women in the Olympic Stadium, were held as early as the sixth century BC. It originally consisted of foot races only, as did the competition for males. Some texts, including Pausanias's Description of Greece, c. AD 175, state that Hippodameia gathered a group known as the \"Sixteen Women\" and made them administrators of the Heraea Games, out of gratitude for her marriage to Pelops. Other texts related to the Elis and Pisa conflict indicate that the \"Sixteen Women\" were peacemakers from Pisa and Elis and, because of their political competence, became administrators of the Heraea. Being the consort of Hera in Classical Greek mythology, Zeus was the father of the deities in the pantheon of that era. The Sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia housed a 13-metre-high (43 ft) statue in ivory and gold of Zeus that had been sculpted by Phidias circa 445 BC. This statue was one of the ancient Seven Wonders of the World. By the time of the Classical Greek culture, in the fifth and fourth centuries BC, the games were restricted to male participants."
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UCAS Tariff
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UCAS Tariff - wikipedia UCAS Tariff Jump to : navigation , search The UCAS Tariff ( formerly called UCAS Points System ) is used to allocate points to post-16 qualifications . Universities and colleges may use it when making offers to applicants . A points total is achieved by converting qualifications such as A levels ( and many others ) into points , making it simpler for course providers to compare applicants . It is used as a means of giving students from the United Kingdom places at UK universities . Common ways for UCAS points to be calculated are through the UCAS Tariff Calculator , official tariff tables , or through third - party software and websites . The UCAS Tariff was first introduced in 2001 . Since then , however , both the range of qualifications held by applicants , and the variety of progression routes into higher education have increased . Therefore a new Tariff was introduced . The new UCAS Tariff points are based on a different methodology . The change to new UCAS Tariff will not in itself change entry requirements for university or college courses . Universities and colleges are independent organisations and each year they decide how to set their entry requirements . Those universities and colleges that use UCAS Tariff points to express their entry requirements will simply set their requirements using the new number system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Points system 1.1 GCE qualifications 1.1. 1 New tariff 1.1. 2 Old tariff 1.2 International Baccalaureate 1.3 Advanced Placement Exams 1.4 BTECs 1.5 Irish Leaving Certificate 1.6 Scottish Qualifications Authority Qualifications 1.7 Music exams 1.8 Speech & Drama exams 1.9 Other 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Points system ( edit ) The following qualifications can count towards the tariff : GCE qualifications ( edit ) New Tariff ( edit ) GCE A levels These Tariff points will be used for applications submitted for the 2017 admissions cycle onwards ( i.e. for students making applications from September 2016 for full - time courses starting from September 2017 ) . A level UCAS points table ( New Tariff ) Grade UCAS Points A * 56 48 40 32 24 16 GCE AS levels These Tariff points will be used for applications submitted for the 2017 admissions cycle onwards ( i.e. for students making applications from September 2016 for full - time courses starting from September 2017 ) . AS level UCAS points table Grade UCAS points 20 16 12 10 6 AVCEs Ranging from 32 ( Grade EE ) to 112 ( Grade AA ) Old tariff ( edit ) A level UCAS points table ( Old Tariff ) Grade UCAS Points A * 140 120 100 80 60 40 AS level UCAS points table Grade UCAS points 60 50 40 30 20 International Baccalaureate ( edit ) Higher Level subjects Ranging from 12 ( Level 3 ) to 56 ( Level 7 ) Standard Level subjects Ranging from 6 ( Level 3 ) to 28 ( Level 7 ) TOK and EE bonus points Ranging from 4 ( Grade E ) to 12 ( Grade A ) Full Diploma or each of its components . Advanced Placement Exams ( edit ) Ranging from 12 ( Grade 1 ) to 28 ( Grade 5 ) BTECs ( edit ) National Award Ranging from 16 ( Pass ) to 48 ( Distinction ) National Certificate Ranging from 32 ( Double Pass ) to 96 ( Double Distinction ) National Diploma Ranging from 48 ( Triple Pass ) to 112 ( Triple Distinction ) BTEC Nationals in Children 's Play , Learning and Development ( NQF ) Ranging from 32 ( Double Pass ) to 112 ( Double Distinction * ) BTEC National Certificate in Children 's Play , Learning and Development Ranging from 48 ( Triple Pass ) to 168 ( Triple Distinction * ) BTEC National Award in Children 's Play , Learning and Development Ranging from 16 ( Pass ) to 56 ( Distinction * ) Irish Leaving Certificate ( edit ) Higher Level Ranging from 9 ( D3 Grade ) to 36 ( A1 Grades ) Ordinary Level Ranging from 6 ( B3 Grade ) to 12 ( A1 Grade ) Scottish Qualifications Authority Qualifications ( edit ) Main article : Scottish Qualifications Certificate See also : Education in Scotland SQC Nationals Advanced Highers Ranging from 32 ( Grade D ) to 56 ( Grade A ) Advanced Highers UCAS points table Grade UCAS Points 56 48 40 32 SQC Nationals Higher Ranging from 15 ( Grade D ) to 33 ( Grade A ) Highers UCAS points table Grade UCAS points 33 27 21 15 Music exams ( edit ) These are only counted if at grade 6 or above . Theory Ranging from 4 points ( Grade 6 Pass ) to 10 ( Grade 8 Distinction ) Practical Ranging from 6 ( Grade 6 Pass ) to 30 ( Grade 8 Distinction ) Speech & drama exams ( edit ) These are only counted if at grade 6 or above . Ranging from 8 points ( Grade 6 Pass ) to 30 ( Grade 8 Distinction ) Individuals who complete the LAMDA Certificate in Performance Studies with merit or distinction can earn more points than are available for graded exams ( 8 for pass , 16 for merit , 24 for distinction ) Other ( edit ) The Welsh Baccalaureate is worth from 16 ( Grade E ) to 56 points ( Grade A * ) . An Advanced Extension Award can either be worth 12 for a Merit or 14 for a distinction ( this is on top of the A level tariff ) Foundation Art and Design ranges from 80 for a pass to 112 for a distinction Free - standing Mathematics Qualifications points range from 3 points for a grade E up to 10 points for a grade A . ASDAN Certificate of Personal Effectiveness CoPE , offers 16 points . See also ( edit ) UCAS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tariff 2017 '' . UCAS. 2014 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The new Tariff for Advanced GCE and Advanced VCE 2017 '' . UCAS . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` A levels and AS -- GCE and VCE '' . ucas.com . n.d. External links ( edit ) The UCAS Tariff calculator 2017 The UCAS Tariff tables 2017 ( PDF ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UCAS_Tariff&oldid=805898068 '' Categories : Higher education in the United Kingdom UCAS University and college admissions Education policy in the United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 09 : 55 . About Wikipedia
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how many ucas points is an a at as
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History of Latin America
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History of Latin America - wikipedia History of Latin America Jump to : navigation , search The term `` Latin America '' primarily refers to the Spanish and Portuguese - speaking countries in the New World . Before the arrival of Europeans in the late 15th and early 16th centuries , the region was home to many indigenous peoples , a number of which had advanced civilizations , most notably from North to South ; the Olmec , Maya , Muisca and Inca . A 17th - century map of the Americas The region came under control of the crowns of Spain and Portugal , which imposed both Roman Catholicism and their respective languages . Both the Spanish and the Portuguese brought African slaves to their colonies , as laborers , particularly in regions where indigenous populations who could be made to work were absent . In the early nineteenth century nearly all of areas of Spanish America attained independence by armed struggle , with the exceptions of Cuba and Puerto Rico . Brazil , which had become a monarchy separate from Portugal , became a republic in the late nineteenth century . Political independence from European monarchies did not result in the abolition of black slavery in the new sovereign nations . Political independence resulted in political and economic instability in Spanish America immediately after independence . Great Britain and the United States exercised significant influence in the post-independence era , resulting in a form of neo-colonialism , whereby a country 's political sovereignty remained in place , but foreign powers exercised considerable power in the economic sphere . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the term and definition 2 The Pre-Columbian period 3 Colonial Era 4 Colonial - era Religion 4.1 Traveling to the New World 4.2 Religion in Latin America 5 Nineteenth - century revolutions : the postcolonial era 6 20th century 6.1 1900 -- 1929 6.1. 1 Sports 6.2 1930 -- 1960 6.3 Late 20th century military regimes and revolutions 6.4 Washington Consensus 7 21st century 7.1 Turn to the left 7.2 Turn to the right 8 See also 8.1 Pre-Columbian 8.2 Colonization 8.3 History by region 8.4 History by country 8.5 Other topics 9 Further reading 9.1 Historiography 9.2 Colonial era 9.3 Independence era 9.4 Modern era 10 References Origin of the term and definition ( edit ) See also : Latin America : Definition The idea that a part of the Americas has a cultural or racial affinity with all Romance cultures can be traced back to the 1830s , in particular in the writing of the French Saint - Simonian Michel Chevalier , who postulated that this part of the Americas were inhabited by people of a `` Latin race , '' and that it could , therefore , ally itself with `` Latin Europe '' in a struggle with `` Teutonic Europe , '' `` Anglo - Saxon America '' and `` Slavic Europe . '' The idea was later taken up by Latin American intellectuals and political leaders of the mid - and late - nineteenth century , who no longer looked to Spain or Portugal as cultural models , but rather to France . The actual term `` Latin America '' was coined in France under Napoleon III and played a role in his campaign to imply cultural kinship with France , transform France into a cultural and political leader of the area and install Maximilian as emperor of Mexico . In the mid-twentieth century , especially in the United States , there was a trend to occasionally classify all of the territory south of the United States as `` Latin America , '' especially when the discussion focused on its contemporary political and economic relations to the rest of the world , rather than solely on its cultural aspects . Concurrently , there has been a move to avoid this oversimplification by talking about `` Latin America and the Caribbean , '' as in the United Nations geoscheme . Since , the concept and definitions of Latin American are very modern , going back only to the nineteenth century , it is anachronistic to talk about `` a history of Latin America '' before the arrival of the Europeans . Nevertheless , the many and varied cultures that did exist in the pre-Columbian period had a strong and direct influence on the societies that emerged as a result of the conquest , and therefore , they can not be overlooked . They are introduced in the next section . The pre-Columbian period ( edit ) Main article : Pre-Columbian What is now Latin America has been populated for several millennia , possibly for as long as 30,000 years . There are many models of migration to the New World . Precise dating of many of the early civilizations is difficult because there are few text sources . However , highly developed civilizations flourished at various times and places , such as in the Andes and Mesoamerica . Colonial era ( edit ) Main articles : Spanish colonization of the Americas and Portuguese colonization of the Americas See also : Spanish empire and Historiography of Colonial Spanish America Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas in 1492 . Subsequently , the major sea powers in Europe sent expeditions to the New World to build trade networks and colonies and to convert the native peoples to Christianity . Spain concentrated on building its empire on the central and southern parts of the Americas allotted to it by the Treaty of Tordesillas , because of presence of large , settled societies like the Aztec , the Inca , the Maya and the Muisca , whose human and material resources it could exploit , and large concentrations of silver and gold . The Portuguese built their empire in Brazil , which fell in their sphere of influence owing to the Treaty of Tordesillas , by developing the land for sugar production since there was a lack of a large , complex society or mineral resources . During the European colonization of the western hemisphere , most of the native population died , mainly by disease . In what has come to be known as the Columbian exchange , diseases such as smallpox and measles decimated populations with no immunity . The size of the indigenous populations has been studied in the modern era by historians , but Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas raised the alarm in the earliest days of Spanish settlement in the Caribbean in his A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies . Because the Spanish were now in power , native culture and religion were forbidden . The Spanish even went as far as burning the Maya Codices ( like books ) . These codices contained information about astrology , religion , Gods , and rituals . There are four codices known to exist today ; these are the Dresden Codex , Paris Codex , Madrid Codex , and HI Codex . Colonial - era religion ( edit ) Traveling to the New World ( edit ) The Spanish Crown regulated immigration to its overseas colonies , with travelers required to register with the House of Trade in Seville . Since the crown wished to exclude anyone who was non-Christian ( Jews , crypto - Jews , and Muslims ) passing as Christian , travelers ' backgrounds were vetted . The ability to regulate the flow of people enabled the Spanish Crown to keep a grip on the religious purity of its overseas empire . The Spanish Crown was rigorous in their attempt to allow only Christians passage to the New World and required proof of religion by way of personal testimonies . Specific examples of individuals dealing with the Crown allow for an understanding of how religion affected passage into the New World . Francisca de Figueroa , an African - Iberian woman seeking entrance into the Americas , petitioned the Spanish Crown in 1600 in order to gain a license to sail to Cartagena . On her behalf she had a witness attest to her religious purity , Elvira de Medina wrote , `` this witness knows that she and parents and her grandparents have been and are Old Christians and of unsullied cast and lineage . They are not of Moorish or Jewish caste or of those recently converted to Our Holy Catholic Faith . '' Despite Francisca 's race , she was allowed entrance into the Americas in 1601 when a ' Decree from His Majesty ' was presented , it read , `` My presidents and official judges of the Case de Contraction of Seville . I order you to allow passage to the Province of Cartagena for Francisca de Figueroa ... '' This example points to the importance of religion when attempting to travel to the Americas during colonial times . Individuals had to work within the guidelines of Christianity in order to appeal to the Crown and be granted access to travel . Religion in Latin America ( edit ) Once in the New World , religion was still a prevalent issue which had to be considered in everyday life . Many of the laws were based in religious beliefs and traditions and often these laws clashed with the many other cultures throughout colonial Latin America . One of the central clashes was between African and Iberian cultures ; this difference in culture resulted in the aggressive prosecution of witches , both African and Iberian , throughout Latin America . According to European tradition `` ( a ) witch -- a bruja -- was thought to reject God and the sacraments and instead worship the devil and observe the witches ' Sabbath . '' This rejection of God was seen as an abomination and was not tolerated by the authorities either in Spain nor Latin America . A specific example , the trial of Paula de Eguiluz , shows how an appeal to Christianity can help to lessen punishment even in the case of a witch trial . Paula de Eguiluz was a woman of African descent who was born in Santo Domingo and grew up as a slave , sometime in her youth she learned the trade of witches and was publicly known to be a sorceress . `` In 1623 , Paula was accused of witchcraft ( brujeria ) , divination and apostasy ( declarations contrary to Church doctrine ) . '' Paula was tried in 1624 and began her hearings without much knowledge of the Crowns way of conducting legal proceedings . There needed to be appeals to Christianity and announcements of faith if an individual hoped to lessen the sentence . Learning quickly , Paula correctly `` recited the Lord 's Prayer , the Creed , the Salve Regina , and the Ten Commandments '' before the second hearing of her trial . Finally , in the third hearing of the trial Paula ended her testimony by `` ask ( ing ) Our Lord to forgive ( me ) for these dreadful sins and errors and requests ... a merciful punishment . '' The appeals to Christianity and profession of faith allowed Paula to return to her previous life as a slave with minimal punishment . The Spanish Crown placed a high importance on the preservation of Christianity in Latin America , this preservation of Christianity allowed colonialism to rule Latin America for over three hundred years . Nineteenth - century revolutions : the postcolonial era ( edit ) See also : Latin American wars of independence Countries in Latin America by date of independence Following the model of the U.S. and French revolutions , most of Latin America achieved its independence by 1825 . Independence destroyed the old common market that existed under the Spanish Empire after the Bourbon Reforms and created an increased dependence on the financial investment provided by nations which had already begun to industrialize ; therefore , Western European powers , in particular Great Britain and France , and the United States began to play major roles , since the region became economically dependent on these nations . Independence also created a new , self - consciously `` Latin American '' ruling class and intelligentsia which at times avoided Spanish and Portuguese models in their quest to reshape their societies . This elite looked towards other Catholic European models -- in particular France -- for a new Latin American culture , but did not seek input from indigenous peoples . The failed efforts in Spanish America to keep together most of the initial large states that emerged from independence -- Gran Colombia , the Federal Republic of Central America and the United Provinces of South America -- resulted a number of domestic and interstate conflicts , which plagued the new countries . Brazil , in contrast to its Hispanic neighbors , remained a united monarchy and avoided the problem of civil and interstate wars . Domestic wars were often fights between federalists and centrists who ended up asserted themselves through the military repression of their opponents at the expense of civilian political life . The new nations inherited the cultural diversity of the colonial era and strived to create a new identity based around the shared European ( Spanish or Portuguese ) language and culture . Within each country , however , there were cultural and class divisions that created tension and hurt national unity . Map of disputed territories in Latin America For the next few decades there was a long process to create a sense of nationality . Most of the new national borders were created around the often centuries - old audiencia jurisdictions or the Bourbon intendancies , which had become areas of political identity . In many areas the borders were unstable , since the new states fought wars with each other to gain access to resources , especially in the second half of the nineteenth century . The more important conflicts were the Paraguayan War ( 1864 -- 70 ; also known as the War of the Triple Alliance ) and the War of the Pacific ( 1879 -- 84 ) . The Paraguayan War pitted Argentina , Brazil and Uruguay against Paraguay , which was utterly defeated . As a result , Paraguay suffered a demographic collapse : the population went from an estimated 525,000 persons in 1864 to 221,000 in 1871 and out of this last population , only around 28,000 were men . In the War of the Pacific , Chile defeated the combined forces of Bolivia and Peru . Chile gained control of saltpeter - rich areas , previously controlled by Peru and Bolivia , and Bolivia became a land - locked nation . By mid-century the region also confronted a growing United States , seeking to expand on the North American continent and extend its influence in the hemisphere . In Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) , Mexico lost over half of its territory to the United States . In the 1860s France attempted to indirectly control Mexico . In South America , Brazil consolidated its control of large swaths of the Amazon Basin at the expense of its neighbors . In the 1880s the United States implemented an aggressive policy to defend and expand its political and economic interests in all of Latin America , which culminated in the creation of the Pan-American Conference , the successful completion of the Panama Canal and the United States intervention in the final Cuban war of independence . The export of natural resources provided the basis of most Latin American economies in the nineteenth century , which allowed for the development of wealthy elite . The restructuring of colonial economic and political realities resulted in a sizable gap between rich and poor , with landed elites controlling the vast majority of land and resources . In Brazil , for instance , by 1910 85 % of the land belonged to 1 % of the population . Gold mining and fruit growing , in particular , were monopolized by these wealthy landowners . These `` Great Owners '' completely controlled local activity and , furthermore , were the principal employers and the main source of wages . This led to a society of peasants whose connection to larger political realities remained in thrall to farming and mining magnates . The endemic political instability and the nature of the economy resulted in the emergence of caudillos , military chiefs whose hold on power depended on their military skill and ability to dispense patronage . The political regimes were at least in theory democratic and took the form of either presidential or parliamentary governments . Both were prone to being taken over by a caudillo or an oligarchy . The political landscape was occupied by conservatives , who believed that the preservation of the old social hierarchies served as the best guarantee of national stability and prosperity , and liberals , who sought to bring about progress by freeing up the economy and individual initiative . Popular insurrections were often influential and repressed : 100,000 were killed during the suppression of a Colombian revolt between 1899 and 1902 during the Thousand Days ' War . Some states did manage to have some of democracy : Uruguay , and partially Argentina , Chile , Costa Rica and Colombia . The others were clearly oligarchist or authoritarian , although these oligarchs and caudillos sometimes enjoyed support from a majority in the population . All of these regimes sought to maintain Latin America 's lucrative position in the world economy as a provider of raw materials . 20th century ( edit ) 1900 -- 1929 ( edit ) 1903 political cartoon : President Roosevelt intimidating Colombia to acquire the Panama Canal Zone . By the start of the century , the United States continued its interventionist attitude , which aimed to directly defend its interests in the region . This was officially articulated in Theodore Roosevelt 's Big Stick Doctrine , which modified the old Monroe Doctrine , which had simply aimed to deter European intervention in the hemisphere . At the conclusion of the Spanish -- American War the new government of Cuba and the United States signed the Platt Amendment in 1902 , which authorized the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs when the United States deemed necessary . In Colombia , United States sought the concession of a territory in Panama to build a much anticipated canal across the isthmus . The Colombian government opposed this , but a Panamanian insurrection provided the United States with an opportunity . The United States backed Panamanian independence and the new nation granted the concession . These were not the only interventions carried out in the region by the United States . In the first decades of the twentieth century , there were several military incursions into Central America and the Caribbean , mostly in defense of commercial interests , which became known as the `` Banana Wars . '' The greatest political upheaval in the second decade of the century took place in Mexico . In 1908 , President Porfirio Díaz , who had been in office since 1884 , promised that he would step down in 1910 . Francisco I. Madero , a moderate liberal whose aim was to modernize the country while preventing a socialist revolution , launched an election campaign in 1910 . Díaz , however , changed his mind and ran for office once more . Madero was arrested on election day and Díaz declared the winner . These events provoked uprisings , which became the start of the Mexican Revolution . Revolutionary movements were organized and some key leaders appeared : Pancho Villa in the north , Emiliano Zapata in the south , and Madero in Mexico City . Madero 's forces defeated the federal army in early 1911 , assumed temporary control of the government and won a second election later on November 6 , 1911 . Madero undertook moderate reforms to implement greater democracy in the political system but failed to satisfy many of the regional leaders in what had become a revolutionary situation . Madero 's failure to address agrarian claims led Zapata to break with Madero and resume the revolution . On February 18 , 1913 Victoriano Huerta , a conservative general organized a coup d'état with the support of the United States ; Madero was killed four days later . Other revolutionary leaders such as Villa , Zapata , and Venustiano Carranza continued to militarily oppose the federal government , now under Huerta 's control . Allies Zapata and Villa took Mexico City in March 1914 , but found themselves outside of their elements in the capital and withdrew to their respective bastions . This allowed Carranza to assume control of the central government . He then organized the repression of the rebel armies of Villa and Zapata , led in particular by General Álvaro Obregón . The Mexican Constitution of 1917 , still the current constitution , was proclaimed but initially little enforced . The efforts against the other revolutionary leaders continued . Zapata was assassinated on April 10 , 1919 . Carranza himself was assassinated on May 15 , 1920 , leaving Obregón in power , who was officially elected president later that year . Finally in 1923 Villa was also assassinated . With the removal of the main rivals Obregón is able to consolidate power and relative peace returned to Mexico . Under the Constitution a liberal government is implemented but some of the aspirations of the working and rural classes remained unfulfilled . ( See also , Agrarian land reform in Mexico . ) Sports ( edit ) Sports became increasingly popular , drawing enthusiastic fans to large stadia . The International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) worked to encourage Olympic ideals and participation . Following the 1922 Latin American Games in Rio de Janeiro , the IOC helped to establish national Olympic committees and prepare for future competition . In Brazil , however , sporting and political rivalries slowed progress as opposing factions fought to control of international sport . The 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris and the 1928 Summer Olympics games in Amsterdam saw greatly increased participation from Latin American athletes . English and Scottish engineers brought futebol ( soccer ) to Brazil in the late 1800s . The International Committee of the YMCA of North America and the Playground Association of America played major roles in training coaches ... 1930 -- 1960 ( edit ) See also : Latin America during World War II A mural celebrating Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán and the Guatemalan Revolution The Great Depression posed a great challenge to the region . The collapse of the world economy meant that the demand for raw materials drastically declined , undermining many of the economies of Latin America . Intellectuals and government leaders in Latin America turned their backs on the older economic policies and turned toward import substitution industrialization . The goal was to create self - sufficient economies , which would have their own industrial sectors and large middle classes and which would be immune to the ups and downs of the global economy . Despite the potential threats to United States commercial interests , the Roosevelt administration ( 1933 -- 1945 ) understood that the United States could not wholly oppose import substitution . Roosevelt implemented a Good Neighbor policy and allowed the nationalization of some American companies in Latin America . Mexican President Lázaro Cárdenas nationalized American oil companies , out of which he created Pemex . Cárdenas also oversaw the redistribution of a quantity of land , fulfilling the hopes of many since the start of the Mexican Revolution . The Platt Amendment was also repealed , freeing Cuba from legal and official interference of the United States in its politics . The Second World War also brought the United States and most Latin American nations together . In the postwar period , the expansion of communism became the greatest political issue for both the United States and governments in the region . The start of the Cold War forced governments to choose between the United States and the Soviet Union . Following the 1948 Costa Rica Civil War , the nation established a new constitution and was recognized as the first legitimate democracy in Latin America However , the new Costa Rican government , which now was constitutionally required to ban the presence of a standing military , did not seek regional influence and was distracted further by conflicts with neighboring Nicaragua . Several socialist and communist insurgencies broke out in Latin America throughout the entire twentieth century , but the most successful one was in Cuba . The Cuban Revolution was led by Fidel Castro against the regime of Fulgencio Batista , who since 1933 was the principal autocrat in Cuba . Since the 1860s the Cuban economy had focused on the cultivation of sugar , of which 82 % was sold in the American market by the twentieth century . Despite the repeal of the Platt Amendment , the United States still had considerable influence in Cuba , both in politics and in everyday life . In fact Cuba had a reputation of being the `` brothel of the United States , '' a place where Americans could find all sorts of licit and illicit pleasures , provided they had the cash . Despite having the socially advanced constitution of 1940 , Cuba was plagued with corruption and the interruption of constitutional rule by autocrats like Batista . Batista began his final turn as the head of the government in a 1952 coup . The coalition that formed under the revolutionaries hoped to restore the constitution , reestablish a democratic state and free Cuba from the American influence . The revolutionaries succeeded in toppling Batista on January 1 , 1959 . Castro , who initially declared himself as a non-socialist , initiated a program of agrarian reforms and nationalizations in May 1959 , which alienated the Eisenhower administration ( 1953 -- 61 ) and resulted in the United States breaking of diplomatic relations , freezing Cuban assets in the United States and placing an embargo on the nation in 1960 . The Kennedy administration ( 1961 -- 1963 ) authorized the funding and support of an invasion of Cuba by exiles . The invasion failed and radicalized the revolutionary government 's position . Cuba officially proclaimed itself socialist and openly became an ally of the Soviet Union . The military collaboration between Cuba and the Soviet Union , which included the placement of intercontinental ballistic missiles in Cuba precipitated the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 . Late 20th century military regimes and revolutions ( edit ) The military junta of Argentina saw widespread repression against those it deemed to be political dissidents By the 1970s , leftists had acquired a significant political influence which prompted the right - wing , ecclesiastical authorities and a large portion of each individual country 's upper class to support coups d'état to avoid what they perceived as a communist threat . This was further fueled by Cuban and United States intervention which led to a political polarization . Most South American countries were in some periods ruled by military dictatorships that were supported by the United States of America . Around the 1970s , the regimes of the Southern Cone collaborated in Operation Condor killing many leftist dissidents , including some urban guerrillas . Washington Consensus ( edit ) Main article : Washington Consensus The set of specific economic policy prescriptions that were considered the `` standard '' reform package were promoted for crisis - wracked developing countries by Washington , DC - based institutions such as the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , World Bank , and the US Treasury Department during the 1980s and ' 90s . In recent years , several Latin American countries led by socialist or other left wing governments -- including Argentina and Venezuela -- have campaigned for ( and to some degree adopted ) policies contrary to the Washington Consensus set of policies . ( Other Latin counties with governments of the left , including Brazil , Chile and Peru , have in practice adopted the bulk of the policies ) . Also critical of the policies as actually promoted by the International Monetary Fund have been some US economists , such as Joseph Stiglitz and Dani Rodrik , who have challenged what are sometimes described as the `` fundamentalist '' policies of the International Monetary Fund and the US Treasury for what Stiglitz calls a `` one size fits all '' treatment of individual economies . The term has become associated with neoliberal policies in general and drawn into the broader debate over the expanding role of the free market , constraints upon the state , and US influence on other countries ' national sovereignty . 21st century ( edit ) Turn to the left ( edit ) See also : Pink tide Left - leaning leaders of Bolivia , Brazil and Chile at the Union of South American Nations summit in 2008 Since the 2000s , or 1990s in some countries , left - wing political parties have risen to power . Hugo Chávez in Venezuela , Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff in Brazil , Fernando Lugo in Paraguay , Néstor and Cristina Kirchner in Argentina , Tabaré Vázquez and José Mujica in Uruguay , the Lagos and Bachelet governments in Chile , Evo Morales in Bolivia , Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua , Manuel Zelaya in Honduras ( although deposed by the 28 June 2009 coup d'état ) , and Rafael Correa of Ecuador are all part of this wave of left - wing politicians who also often declare themselves socialists , Latin Americanists or anti-imperialists . Turn to the right ( edit ) See also : Conservative wave In blue countries under right - wing governments as of 2017 The conservative wave ( Portuguese : onda conservadora ) is a political phenomenon that emerged in mid-2010 in South America . In Brazil , it began roughly around the time Dilma Rousseff , in a tight election , won the 2014 presidential election , kicking off the fourth term of the Workers ' Party in the highest position of government . In addition , according to the political analyst of the Inter-Union Department of Parliamentary Advice , Antônio Augusto de Queiroz , the National Congress elected in 2014 may be considered the most conservative since the `` re-democratization '' movement , noting an increase in the number of parliamentarians linked to more conservative segments , as ruralists , military , police and religious . The subsequent economic crisis of 2015 and investigations of corruption scandals led to a right - wing movement that sought to rescue ideas from economic liberalism and conservatism in opposition to left - wing policies . See also ( edit ) Historiography # Latin America Historiography of Colonial Spanish America Latin American economy Latin America -- UK relations List of historians , inclusive of most major historians List of history journals # Latin America and the Caribbean Conference on Latin American History Latin American studies Pre-Columbian ( edit ) Oasisamerica : Apache Comanche Coahuiltecan Cocopah Pima Puebloan peoples Navajo Quechan Aridoamerica : Caxcan Guachichil Guamare Chichimeca Jonaz Cora Huichol Mayos Otomi O'odham Pame Tecuexe Tepehuánes Yaquis Zacateco Mesoamerica : Aztec Huastec Mixtec Maya Olmec Pipil Tarascan Teotihuacán Toltec Totonac Zapotec South America : Arawak Chavín Chibcha Chimor Chachapoya Huari Inca Island Carib Kalina Mapuche Moche Nazca Tairona Tiwanaku Colonization ( edit ) British colonization of the Americas , Danish colonization of the Americas , Dutch colonization of the Americas , New Netherland , French New France , Portuguese , Russian , Spanish , New Spain , Conquistador , Spanish conquest of Yucatán , Spanish conquest of Mexico , Spanish missions in California , Swedish History by region ( edit ) History of the Americas History North America Mesoamerica Central America Caribbean Latin America South America Andean South America Genetics Settlement Indigenous peoples Indigenous population Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact theories Discovery Exploration European colonization Spanish colonization French colonization Portuguese colonization British colonization Columbian Exchange Decolonization Societies Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Related Maps Culture Geography Indigenous languages Epidemics Slavery Lists Pre-Columbian cultures Indigenous peoples Oldest churches Population Conflicts North America South America Chronology Archaeology of the Americas North America by period North American timelines Mesoamerica by period Mesoamerica timeline Era : By period By region Three - age system Ancient history Pre-Columbian era Classical Antiquity Middle Ages Modern history Future History by country ( edit ) History of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands History of Central America Sovereign states Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama History of the Caribbean Greater Antilles Cayman Islands Cuba Dominican Republic Haiti Jamaica Puerto Rico Leeward Antilles Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Federal Dependencies of Venezuela Leeward Islands Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda British Virgin Islands Guadeloupe Montserrat Saba Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin U.S. Virgin Islands Saint Kitts and Nevis Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Windward Islands Dominica Grenada Martinique Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Other islands Barbados Bahamas Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Continental coasts Belize Bermuda Colombia Costa Rica French Guiana Guatemala Guyana Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Suriname Venezuela History of South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Other topics ( edit ) Latin Americans Latin American integration Feminist history in Latin America History of the Jews in Latin America Latin America -- United States relations Latin American debt crisis Territorial evolution of the Caribbean Further reading ( edit ) Bakewell , Peter , A History of Latin America '' ( Blackwell History of the World ( Blackwell , 1997 ) Bethell , Leslie ( ed . ) , The Cambridge History of Latin America , Cambridge University Press , 12 vol , 1984 -- 2008 Burns , E. Bradford , Latin America : A Concise Interpretive History , paperback , PrenticeHall 2001 , 7th edition Goebel , Michael , `` Globalizatitionalism in Latin America , c. 1750 - 1950 '' , New Global Studies 3 ( 2009 ) . Halperín Donghi , Tulio . The contemporary history of Latin America . Durham : Duke University Press , 1993 . Herring , Hubert , A History of Latin America : from the Beginnings to the Present , 1955 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 553562 - 9 Mignolo , Walter . The Idea of Latin America . Oxford : Wiley - Blackwell 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0086 - 1 . Miller , Rory . Britain and Latin America in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries . London : Longman 1993 . Miller , Shawn William . An Environmental History of Latin America . New York : Cambridge University Press 2007 . Schwaller , John Frederick . The History of the Catholic Church in Latin America : From Conquest to Revolution and Beyond ( New York University Press ; 2011 ) 319 pages Trigger , Bruce , and Wilcomb E. Washburn , eds . The Cambridge history of the native peoples of the Americas ( 3 vols. 1996 ) Historiography ( edit ) Murillo , Dana Velasco . `` Modern local history in Spanish American historiography . '' History Compass 15.7 ( 2017 ) . DOI : 10.1111 / hic3. 12387 Colonial era ( edit ) Adelman , Jeremy , ed . Colonial Legacies : The Problem of Persistence in Latin American History . New York : Routledge 1999 . Alchon , Suzanne Austin . A Pest in the Land : New World Epidemics in Global Perspective . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press 2003 . Andrien , Kenneth J. The Human Tradition in Colonial Spanish America . Wilmington : Scholarly Resources 2002 . Brading , D.A. . The First America : The Spanish Monarchy , Creole Patriots , and the Liberal State , 1492 - 1867 . New York : Cambridge University Press 1991 . Cañizares - Esguerra , Jorge . How to Write the History of the New World : Histories , Epistemologies , and Identities in the Eighteenth - Century Atlantic World . Stanford : Stanford University Press 2001 . Brown , Jonathan C. Latin America : A Social History of the Colonial Period , Wadsworth Publishing Company , 2nd edition 2004 . Crosby , Alfred W . The Columbian Exchange : Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 . 30th anniversary edition . Westport : Praeger 2003 . Denevan , William M. , ed . The Native Population of the Americas ca . 1492 . 2nd edition . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press 1992 . Donahue - Wallace , Kelly . Art and Architecture of Viceregal Latin America , 1521 - 1821 . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press 2008 . Fisher , John R. Economic Aspects of Spanish Imperialism in America , 1492 - 1810 . Liverpool : Liverpool University Press 1997 . Gonzalez , Ondina E. and Bianca Premo , eds . Raising an Empire : Children in Early Modern Iberia and Colonial Latin America . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press 2007 . Haring , Clarence H. , The Spanish Empire in America . New York : Oxford University Press 1947 . Hill , Ruth . Hierarchy , Commerce , and Fraud in Bourbon Spanish America . Nashville : Vanderbilt University Press 2006 . Hoberman , Louisa Schell and Susan Migden Socolow , eds . Cities and Society in Colonial Spanish America . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press 1986 . Hoberman , Louisa Schell and Susan Migden Socolow , eds . The Countryside in Colonial Spanish America . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press 1986 . Johnson , Lyman L. and Sonya Lipsett - Rivera , eds . The Faces of Honor : Sex , Shame , and Violence in Colonial Latin America . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press 1998 . Kagan , Richard . Urban Images of the Hispanic World , 1493 - 1793 . New Haven : Yale University Press 2000 . Kinsbruner , Jay . The Colonial Spanish - American City : Urban Life in the Age of Atlantic Capitalism . Austin : University of Texas Press 2005 . Klein , Herbert S. , The American Finances of the Spanish Empire : Royal Income and Expenditures in Colonial Mexico , Peru , and Bolivia , 1680 - 1809 . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press 1998 . Klein , Herbert S. and Ben Vinson III . African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean . 2nd edition . New York : Oxford University Press 2007 . Landers , Jane G. and Barry M. Robinson , eds . Slaves , Subjects , and Subversives : Blacks in Colonial Latin America . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press 2006 . Lane , Kris , Pillaging the Empire : Piracy in the Americas , 1500 - 1750 . Armonk , NY : M.E. Sharpe 1998 . Lanning , John Tate . The Royal Protomedicato : The Regulation of the Medical Profession in the Spanish Empire . Ed . John Jay TePaske . Durham : Duke University Press 1985 . Lockhart , James and Schwartz , Stuart B. , Early Latin America . New York : Cambridge University Press 1983 . Lynch , John . The Hispanic World in Crisis and Change , 1598 - 1700 . Oxford : Basil Blackwell 1992 . MacLeod , Murdo J. , Spanish Central America : A Socioeconomic History , 1520 - 1720 . Revised edition . Austin : University of Texas Press 2007 . McKnight , Kathryn J. Afro - Latino Voices : Narratives from the Early Modern Ibero - Atlantic World , 1550 -- 1812 ( Hackett Publishing Company 2009 ) Muldoon , James . The Americas in the Spanish World Order : The Justification of Conquest in the Seventeenth Century . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press 1998 . Myers , Kathleen Ann . Neither Saints nor Sinners : Writing the Lives of Women in Spanish America . New York : Oxford University Press 2003 . Pagden , Anthony . Spanish Imperialism and the Political Imagination : Studies in European and Spanish - American Social and Political Theory , 1513 - 1830 . New Haven : Yale University Press 1990 . Paquette , Gabriel B. Enlightenment , Governance , and Reform in Spain and its Empire , 1759 - 1808 . New York : Palgrave Macmillan 2008 . Pearce , Adrian . British Trade with Spanish America , 1763 - 1808 . Liverpool : Liverpool University Press 2008 . Perry , Elizabeth Mary and Anne J. Cruz , eds . Cultural Encounters : The Impact of the Inquisition in Spain and the New World . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press 1991 . Powers , Karen Vieira . Women in the Crucible of Conquest : The Gendered Genesis of Spanish American Society , 1500 - 1600 . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press 2005 . Robinson , David J. , ed . Migration in Colonial Spanish America . New York : Cambridge University Press 1990 . Russell - Wood , A.J.R. Slavery and Freedom in Colonial Brazil . 2nd . ed . Oneworld Publications 2002 . Safier , Neil . Measuring the New World : Enlightenment Science and South America . Chicago : University of Chicago Press 2008 . Schwartz , Stuart B. All Can be Saved : Religious Tolerance and Salvation in the Atlantic World . New Haven : Yale University Press 1981 . Socolow , Susan Migden . The Women of Colonial Latin America . New York : Cambridge University Press 2000 . Stein , Stanley J. and Barbara H. Stein . Apogee of Empire : Spain and New Spain in the Age of Charles III , 1759 - 1789 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press 2003 . Stein , Stanley J. and Barbara H. Stein . Silver , Trade , and War : Spain and America in the Making of Early Modern Europe . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press 2000 . Super , John D. Food , Conquest , and Colonization in Sixteenth - Century Spanish America . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press 1988 . Trusted , Marjorie . The Arts of Spain : Iberia and Latin America 1450 - 1700 . University Park : Penn State Press 2007 . Twinam , Ann . Public Lives , Private Secrets : Gender , Honor , Sexuality , and Illegitimacy in Colonial Spanish America . Stanford : Stanford University Press 1999 . Van Oss , A.C. Church and Society in Spanish America . Amsterdam : Aksant 2003 . Weber , David J. Bárbaros : Spaniards and Their Savages in the Age of Enlightenment . New Haven : Yale University Press 2005 . Independence era ( edit ) Adelman , Jeremy . Sovereignty and Revolution in the Iberian Atlantic . Princeton : Princeton University Press 2006 . Andrien , Kenneth J. and Lyman L. Johnson , eds . The Political Economy of Spanish America in the Age of Revolution , 1750 - 1850 . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press 1994 . Blanchard , Peter . Under the Flags of Freedom : Slave Soldiers and the Wars of Independence in Spanish America . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press 2008 . Chasteen , John Charles . Americanos : Latin America 's Struggle for Independence . New York : Oxford University Press 2008 . Davies , Catherine , Claire Brewster , and Hilary Owen . South American Independence : Gender , Politics , Text . Liverpool : Liverpool University Press 2007 . Halperín Donghi , Tulio . The aftermath of revolution in Latin America . New York , Harper & Row ( 1973 ) Johnson , Lyman L. and Enrique Tandanter , eds . Essays on the Price History of Eighteenth - Century Latin America . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press 1990 . Lynch , John , ed . Latin American revolutions , 1808 - 1826 : old and new world origins ( University of Oklahoma Press , 1994 ) Lynch , John . The Spanish American Revolutions , 1808 - 1826 ( 1973 ) McFarlane , Anthony . War and Independence in Spanish America ( 2008 ) Rodríguez , Jaime E. Independence of Spanish America ( Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) Modern era ( edit ) Barclay , Glen . Struggle for a Continent : The Diplomatic History of South America , 1917 - 1945 ( 1972 ) 214pp Bulmer - Thomas , Victor . The Economic History of Latin America since Independence ( 2nd ed . Cambridge UP , 2003 ) online Burns , E. Bradford , The Poverty of Progress : Latin America in the Nineteenth Century . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press 1980 . Drinot , Paulo and Alan Knight , eds . The Great Depression in Latin America ( 2014 ) excerpt Gilderhus , Mark T . The Second Century : US -- Latin American Relations Since 1889 ( Rowman & Littlefield , 2000 ) Green , Duncan , Silent Revolution : The Rise and Crisis of Market Economics in Latin America , New York University Press 2003 Kirkendall , Andrew J. `` Cold War Latin America : The State of the Field '' H - Diplo Essay No. 119 : An H - Diplo State of the Field Essay ( Nov. 2014 ) online evaluates 50 + scholarly books and articles Schoultz , Lars , Beneath the United States : A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America , Harvard University Press 1998 Skidmore , Thomas E. and Smith , Peter H. , Modern Latin America , Oxford University Press 2005 Stein , Stanley J. and Shane J. Hunt . `` Principal Currents in the Economic Historiography of Latin America , '' Journal of Economic History Vol. 31 , No. 1 , ( March 1971 ) , pp. 222 -- 253 in JSTOR Valenzuela , Arturo . `` Latin American Presidencies Interrupted '' in Journal of Democracy Volume 15 , Number 4 October 2004 Woodward , Ralph Lee , Positivism in Latin America , 1850 - 1900 : Are order and progress reconcilable ? Lexington , Mass. , Heath ( 1971 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mignolo , Walter ( 2005 ) . The Idea of Latin America . Oxford : Wiley - Blackwell . pp. 77 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0086 - 1 . Jump up ^ McGuiness , Aims ( 2003 ) . `` Searching for ' Latin America ' : Race and Sovereignty in the Americas in the 1850s '' in Appelbaum , Nancy P. et al. ( eds . ) . Race and Nation in Modern Latin America . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 87 - 107 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 5441 - 7 Jump up ^ Chasteen , John Charles ( 2001 ) . Born in Blood and Fire : A Concise History of Latin America . W.W. Norton . p. 156 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 97613 - 0 . Jump up ^ Butland , Gilbert J. ( 1960 ) . Latin America : A Regional Geography . New York : John Wiley and Sons . pp. 115 -- 188 . ISBN 0 - 470 - 12658 - 2 . Dozer , Donald Marquand ( 1962 ) . Latin America : An Interpretive History . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 1 -- 15 . Szulc , Tad ( 1965 ) . Latin America . New York Times Company . pp. 13 -- 17 . Olien , Michael D. ( 1973 ) . Latin Americans : Contemporary Peoples and Their Cultural Traditions . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston . pp. 1 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 086251 - 5 . Black , Jan Knippers ( ed . ) ( 1984 ) . Latin America : Its Problems and Its Promise : A Multidisciplinary Introduction . Boulder : Westview Press . pp. 362 -- 378 . ISBN 0 - 86531 - 213 - 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Bruns , E. Bradford ( 1986 ) . Latin America : A Concise Interpretive History ( 4 ed . ) . New York : Prentice - Hall . pp. 224 -- 227 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 524356 - 4 . Skidmore , Thomas E. ; Peter H. Smith ( 2005 ) . Modern Latin America ( 6 ed . ) . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 351 -- 355 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517013 - X . Jump up ^ Sherburne F. Cook and Woodrow Borah , Essays in Population History 3 vols . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press 1971 - 1979 . Jump up ^ David P. Henige , Numbers from Nowhere : the American Indian Contact Population Debate , Norman : University of Oklahoma Press 1998 . Jump up ^ Nobel David Cook , Born to Die : Disease and New World Conquest , 1492 - 1650 . New York : Cambridge University Press 1998 . Jump up ^ `` The Maya Codices '' . about.com . Jump up ^ McKnight , Afro - Latino Voices p 52 . Jump up ^ McKnight , Afro - Latino Voices p 61 . Jump up ^ McKnight , Afro - Latino Voices p 64 . Jump up ^ McKnight , Afro - Latino Voices p 176 . Jump up ^ McKnight , Afro - Latino Voices p 175 . Jump up ^ McKnight , Afro - Latino Voices p 193 . Jump up ^ Christopher Minster ( 2007 ) . `` The Federal Republic of Central America ( 1823 - 1840 ) '' . About.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ David M.K. Sheinin , ed. , Sports Culture in Latin American History ( 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Cesar R. Torres , `` The Latin American ' Olympic Explosion ' of the 1920s : causes and consequences . '' International Journal of the History of Sport 23.7 ( 2006 ) : 1088 - 1111 . Jump up ^ Claudia Guedes , `` ' Changing the cultural landscape ' : English engineers , American missionaries , and the YMCA bring sports to Brazil -- the 1870s to the 1930s . '' International Journal of the History of Sport 28.17 ( 2011 ) : 2594 - 2608 . Jump up ^ Victor Bulmer - Thomas , The Economic History of Latin America since Independence ( 2nd ed. 2003 ) pp 189 - 231 . Jump up ^ Mainwaring , Scott ; Pérez - Liñán , Aníbal ( December 2008 ) . `` Regime legacies and democratization : explaining variance in the level of democracy in Latin America , 1978 - 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Kellogg Institute . Jump up ^ Victor Flores Olea . `` Editoriales -- El Universal -- 10 de abril 2006 : Operacion Condor '' ( in Spanish ) . El Universal ( Mexico ) . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Boulos , Guilherme . `` Onda Conservadora '' . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Latin_America&oldid=841747581 '' Categories : History of the Americas History of North America History of South America Latin American history Latin American studies Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles containing Portuguese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français עברית Latina Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 20 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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Think globally, act locally
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Think Globally , act Locally - wikipedia Think Globally , act Locally The phrase `` Think globally , act locally '' or `` Think global , act local '' has been used in various contexts , including planning , environment , education , mathematics , and business . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Origin in town planning 3 Origins of the phrase 4 Education 5 Business 6 Mathematics 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Definition ( edit ) `` Think globally , act locally '' urges people to consider the health of the entire planet and to take action in their own communities and cities . Long before governments began enforcing environmental laws , individuals were coming together to protect habitats and the organisms that live within them . These efforts are referred to as grassroots efforts . They occur on a local level and are primarily run by volunteers and helpers . `` Think Globally , Act Locally '' originally began at the grassroots level , however , it is now a global concept with high importance . It is not just volunteers who take the environment into consideration . It is corporations , government officials , education system , and local communities . Warren Heaps states , `` It 's really important to recognize that markets are different around the world , and company compensation programs should reflect a balance between global corporate philosophy and local practice and culture '' . Origin in town planning ( edit ) The original phrase `` Think global , act local '' has been attributed to Scots town planner and social activist Patrick Geddes . Although the exact phrase does not appear in Geddes ' 1915 book `` Cities in Evolution , '' the idea ( as applied to city planning ) is clearly evident : `` ' Local character ' is thus no mere accidental old - world quaintness , as its mimics think and say . It is attained only in course of adequate grasp and treatment of the whole environment , and in active sympathy with the essential and characteristic life of the place concerned . '' -- Patrick Geddes , was a Scottish biologist , sociologist , philanthropist and pioneering town planner . He was also responsible for introducing the concept of `` region '' to architecture and planning . He has made significant contributions to the consideration of the environment . Geddes believed in working with the environment , versus working against it . Town planning is important to understanding of the idea `` think globally , act locally '' . Urban management and development highly impacts the surrounding environment . The ways in which this is initiated is vital to the health of the environment . Corporations need to be aware of global communities when expanding their companies to new locations. Not only do corporations need to be aware of global differences , but also Urban and rural areas who plan on expanding or changing the dynamics of their community . As stated `` Addressing the complex urban environmental problems , in order to improve urban livability through Urban Environmental Strategies ( UES ) , involves taking stock of the existing urban environmental problems , their comparative analysis and prioritization , setting out objectives and targets , and identification of various measures to meet these objectives '' . Origins of the phrase ( edit ) The first use of the phrase in an environmental context is disputed . Some say it was coined by David Brower , founder of Friends of the Earth , as a slogan for FOE when it was founded in 1969 , although others attribute it to René Dubos in 1977 . Canadian `` futurist '' Frank Feather also chaired a conference called `` Thinking Globally , Acting Locally '' in 1979 and has claimed the paternity of the expression . Other possible originators include French theologian Jacques Ellul . Education ( edit ) The term was increasingly applied to initiatives in international education and was advanced by Stuart Grauer in his 1989 University of San Diego publication , Think Globally , Act Locally : A Delphi Study of Educational Leadership Through the Development of International Resources in the Local Community . In this publication it was attributed to Harlan Cleveland . It is said that this term was used by German - American sociologist Eugen Rosenstock - Huessy in the 1950s or earlier , prior to the formation of the United Nations Organization . It is not only corporations that are acknowledging the importance of environmental issues , but also the education system . Government officials and school boards across the world are beginning to develop a new way of teaching . Globalization is now thought of as an important concept to understanding the world . Certain schools believe it is important to discuss global issues as young as 5 years old . It is students who are our future , therefore understanding the concept of `` think globally , act locally '' is fundamental to our future . Business ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The term is also used in business strategy , where multinational corporations are encouraged to build local roots . This is sometimes expressed by converging the words `` global '' and `` local '' into the single word `` glocal , '' a term used by several companies ( notably Sony Corporation and other major Japanese multinationals ) in their advertising and branding strategies in the 1980s and 1990s . Currently more and more corporations are finding it extremely important to analyze the environmental damage of their company . The pressure they receive from government officials and local communities regarding environmental issues is vital to their company 's image . Glocalization is an emerging concept throughout the business world . It was first developed by the Japanese , however , it has now emerged throughout Western society . Glocalization refers to the practice of conducting business according to both local and global considerations Mathematics ( edit ) The phrase is an in - joke among mathematicians , as it is often used in situations where the global structure of an object ( e.g. , a manifold , a Diophantine equation , or a group ) can be inferred from the local structure . ( See Hasse principle for a detailed description of one such example . ) See also ( edit ) Agenda 21 United Nations Global Goals = 2015 - 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and its # WorldsLargestLesson - Tell everyone , let 's leave no one behind Global citizenship Green politics Netherlands fallacy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Think Globally , Act Locally for Compensation Design '' . Warren Heaps. 28 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Barash , David ( 2002 ) . Peace and Conflict . Sage Publications . p. 547 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 2507 - 1 . Jump up ^ Geddes , Patrick ( 1915 ) . Cities in Evolution . London : Williams . Jump up ^ Geddes , Patrick ( 1915 ) . Cities in Evolution . London : Williams . p. 397 . Jump up ^ The worlds of Patrick Geddes : Biologist , town planner , re-educator , peace - warrior . Boardman , Philip . 1978 . ISBN 0710085486 Jump up ^ `` Urban Environment and Climate Change - Strategic Urban Environmental Planning '' . worldbank.org . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ David Brower ( obituary ) , The Daily Telegraph , 8 November 2000 ; Joachim Radkau / Lothar Hahn , Aufstieg und Fall der deutschen Atomwirtschaft , München , 2013 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Christopher Reed : Obituary of David Ross Brower , The Guardian , 8 November 2000 . Online copy at the John Muir Trust Jump up ^ Willy Gianinazzi , `` Penser global , agir local . Histoire d'une idée '' , EcoRev ' . Revue critique d'écologie politique , N. 46 , Summer 2018 , p. 24 , who quotes : Rene Dubos , `` The despairing optimist '' , The American Scholar , Spring 1977 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Ralph . The Quote Verifier . Simon & Schuster . New York , NY 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 34004 - 9 . Jump up ^ Jacques Ellul , Penser globalement , agir localement , Pyremonde , Paris , 2006 , quoting the review he did in 1968 . Jump up ^ Grauer , Stuart . Think Globally , Act Locally : A Delphi Study of Educational Leadership Through the Development of International Resources in the Local Community . University of San Diego , San Diego 1989 . Jump up ^ `` THINK GLOBALLY , ACT LOCALLY : PROMOTING PRESCHOOL LEARNING ABOUT OTHER CULTURES . '' Monica Divitini , Magnus R. Jenssen , Kristin R. Skau . Jump up ^ `` Is Your Business Glocal ? How to Think Globally and Act Locally '' . YFS Magazine - Startups , Small Business News and Entrepreneurial Culture . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Stephen , Walter ( 2004 ) . Think global , act local : the life and legacy of Patrick Geddes . Edinburgh : Luath Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84282 - 079 - 7 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Think_globally,_act_locally&oldid=849229461 '' Categories : Environmental sayings New Urbanism Localism ( politics ) Globalization Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from October 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles needing additional references from January 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 7 July 2018 , at 13 : 31 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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who had said think globally and act locally
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History of Panama
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History of Panama - wikipedia History of Panama This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( May 2009 ) Part of a series on the History of Panama Chronology Before 1821 1821 -- 1903 1904 -- 1964 1964 -- 1977 1977 -- present Panama portal The history of Panama is about the Isthmus of Panama region 's long history that occurred in Central America , from Pre-Columbian cultures , during the Spanish colonial era , through independence and the current country of Panama . Panama 's location between the Pacific ( bottom ) and the Caribbean Sea ( top ) . Contents 1 Pre-Columbian history 2 Spanish colonial period 2.1 Santa Maria la Antigua del Darien 2.2 Balboa expedition 2.3 Colonization 2.4 Royal Audiencia of Panama 3 Independence 3.1 Origin of the movement 3.1. 1 Printing 3.2 José de Fábrega 3.3 Panama and Colombia 4 19th century 5 The Panama Canal 5.1 French start 5.2 US involvement 5.3 Reaction to the Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty 5.4 Construction 6 Military coups and coalitions 7 Manuel Noriega regime ( 1983 - 1989 ) 7.1 US invasion ( 1989 ) 8 After Noriega ( 1989 - present ) 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 11.1 In Spanish 12 External links Pre-Columbian history ( edit ) Amphibian Pendant , Walters Art Museum The earliest artifacts discovered in Panama have included Paleo - Indians projectile points . Later central Panama was home to some of the first pottery - making in the Americas , such as the Monagrillo cultures dating to about 2500 -- 1700 BC . These evolved into significant populations that are best known through the spectacular burials ( dating to c. 500 -- 900 AD ) at the Monagrillo archaeological site , and the beautiful polychrome pottery of the Gran Coclé style . The monumental monolithic sculptures at the Barriles ( Chiriqui ) site are other important evidence of the ancient isthmian cultures . Prior to the arrival of Europeans , Panama was widely settled by Chibchan , Chocoan , and Cueva peoples , among whom the largest group were the Cueva ( whose specific language affiliation is poorly documented ) . There is no accurate knowledge of the size of the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the isthmus at the time of the European conquest . Estimates range as high as two million people , but more recent studies place that number closer to 200,000 . Archaeological finds , as well as testimonials by early European explorers , describe diverse native isthmian groups exhibiting cultural variety and already experienced in using regional trade routes . The indigenous people of Panama lived by hunting , gathering edible plants & fruits , growing corn , cacao , and root crops . They lived in small huts made of palm leaves over a rounded branch structure , with hammocks hung between the interior walls . Spanish colonial period ( edit ) Further information : Spanish colonization of the Americas In 1501 , Rodrigo de Bastidas was the first European to explore the Isthmus of Panama sailing along the eastern coast . A year later Christopher Columbus on his fourth voyage , sailing south and eastward from upper Central America , explored Bocas del Toro , Veragua , the Chagres River and Portobelo ( Beautiful Port ) which he named . Soon Spanish expeditions would converge upon Tierra Firma ( also Tierra Firme , Spanish from the Latin terra firma , `` dry land '' or `` mainland '' ) which served in Spanish colonial times as the name for the Isthmus of Panama . In 1509 , authority was granted to Alonso de Ojeda and Diego de Nicuesa to colonize the territories between the west side of the Gulf of Uraba to Cabo Gracias a Dios in present - day Honduras . The idea was to create an early unitary administrative organization similar to what later became Nueva España ( now Mexico ) . Tierra Firme later received control over other territories : the Isla de Santiago ( now Jamaica ) the Cayman Islands ; Roncador , Quitasueño , and Providencia and other islands now under Colombian control . Santa María La Antigua del Darién ( edit ) In September 1510 , the first permanent European settlement , Santa María la Antigua del Darién on the Americas mainland was founded . Vasco Nuñez de Balboa and Martín Fernández de Enciso agreed on the site near the mouth of the Tarena River on the Atlantic . Balboa maneuvered and was appointed Mayor on the first official cabildo abierto ( municipal council ) held on the mainland . On August 28 , 1513 , the Santa María de La Antigua del Darién mission was erected with Fray Juan de Quevedo as the first Catholic Bishop in the continental Americas . Vasco Nuñez de Balboa 's 1513 expedition route to the South Sea - Pacific Ocean Vasco Núñez de Balboa claiming possession of the South Sea . Balboa expedition ( edit ) On September 25 , 1513 the Balboa expedition verified claims by indigenous people that the Panama isthmus had another coast to the southwest along another ocean . Balboa was the first known European to see the Pacific Ocean , which he named the South Sea . The ' fantastic descriptions ' of the isthmus by Balboa , as well as by Columbus and other explorers , impressed Ferdinand II of Aragon and Castilla , who named the territory Castilla Aurifica ( or Castilla del Oro , Golden Castille ) . He assigned Pedro Arias Dávila ( Pedrarias Davila ) as Royal Governor . Pedrarias arrived in June 1514 with a 22 vessel , 1,500 men armada . Dávila was a veteran soldier who had served in the wars against the Moors at Granada and in North Africa . Colonization ( edit ) On August 15 , 1519 , Pedrarias , having abandoned Santa María la Antigua del Darién , moved the capital of Castilla del Oro with all its organizational institutions to the Pacific Ocean 's coast and founded Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Panamá ( present day Panama City ) , the first European settlement on the shores of the Pacific . Governor Pedrarias sent Gil González Dávila to explore northward , and in 1524 Francisco Hernández de Córdoba to settle that region ( present day Nicaragua ) . Pedrarias was a party to the agreement authorizing the expedition by conquistadors Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro that brought the European discovery and conquest of the Inca Empire ( present day Peru ) . In 1526 , Pedrarias was superseded as Governor of Panama by Pedro de los Ríos , and retired to León in Nicaragua , where he was named its new governor on July 1 , 1527 . Here he died on March 6 , 1531 , aged 63 . Panama was part of the Spanish Empire for over 300 years ( 1513 -- 1821 ) and its fate changed with the geopolitical importance of the isthmus to the Spanish crown . In the 16th and 17th centuries , at the height of the Empire , no other region would prove of more strategic and economic importance . Governor Pedrarias began building intercontinental and trans - isthmian portage routes , such as the `` Camino Real '' and `` Camino de Cruces '' , linking Panama City and the Pacific with Nombre de Dios ( and later with `` Portobelo '' ) and the Atlantic , making possible the establishment of a trans - atlantic system of Treasure Fleets and trade . It is estimated that of all the gold entering Spain from the New World between 1531 and 1660 , 60 % had arrived at its destiny via the ' Treasure Fleet and Fairs ' system from Nombre de Dios / Portobello . Explorations and conquest expeditions launched from Panama claimed new lands and riches from Central and South America . Other explorations sought a natural waterway between the Atlantic and the South Sea with the hope of reaching the Molucas ( Spice Islands -- Maluku Islands ) and Cathay ( China ) . Royal Audiencia of Panama ( edit ) Further information : Royal Audiencia of Panama Map off `` New Caledonia '' colony , west of the Gulf of Darien in the Bay of Caledonia In 1538 , the Audiencia Real de Panama , Royal Audiencia of Panama , was established , initially with jurisdiction from Nicaragua to Cape Horn . An Audiencia Real ( royal audiency ) was a judicial district that functioned as an appellate court . Each audiencia had oidores ( a hearer , a judge ) . Strategically located on the Pacific coast , Panama City was relatively free of the permanent menace of pirates that roamed the Atlantic coast for over one and a half centuries , until it was destroyed by a devastating fire , when the pirate Henry Morgan sacked it on January 28 , 1671 . It was rebuilt and formally established on January 21 , 1673 , in a peninsula located 8 km from the original settlement . The ruins of the original city are a tourist attraction known as `` old Panama '' . In 1698 , a Scottish colony called `` New Caledonia '' was founded west of the Gulf of Darien in the Bay of Caledonia , under the Darien scheme . The scheme failed for a number of reasons , and the ensuing Scottish debt contributed to the 1707 Acts of Union that joined the previously separate states of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland -- into the Kingdom of Great Britain `` . When Panama was colonized , the indigenous peoples who survived many diseases , massacres and enslavement of the conquest ultimately fled into the forest and nearby islands . Indian slaves were replaced by imported enslaved Africans . Panama developed a distinctive sense of autonomy and regional or national identity well before the rest of the colonies . This was due to its prosperity during the first two centuries ( 1540 -- 1740 ) while contributing to colonial growth ; the placing of extensive regional judicial authority ( Real Audiencia ) within its jurisdiction ; and the pivotal role it played at the height of the Spanish Empire -- the first modern global empire . In 1744 , Bishop Francisco Javier de Luna Victoria y Castro established the College of San Ignacio de Loyola , and on June 3 , 1749 founded La Real y Pontificia Universidad de San Javier . However , by this time , Panama 's importance and influence had become insignificant as Spain 's power dwindled in Europe and advances in navigation technique increasingly permitted to round Cape Horn in order to reach the Pacific . While the Panama route was short , it was also labor - intensive and expensive because of the loading and unloading and laden - down trek required to get from the one coast to the other . The Panama route was also vulnerable to attack from pirates ( mostly Dutch and English ) and from cimarrons , escaped former slaves who lived in communes or palenques around the Camino Real in Panama 's Interior , and on some of the islands off Panama 's Pacific coast . During the latter 18th and early 19th centuries , migrations to the countryside decreased Panama City 's population and the isthmus ' economy shifted from the tertiary to the primary sector . Attempts by other Europeans to take its Caribbean territory prompted Spain to found the Viceroyalty of New Granada ( northern South America ) in 1713 . The Isthmus of Panama was placed under its jurisdiction . But the remoteness of New Granada 's capital Santa Fe de Bogotá proved to be a great obstacle . The authority of the new Viceroyalty was contested by the seniority , closer proximity , previous ties to the Viceroyalty of Peru in Lima and even Panama 's own initiative . This uneasy relationship between Panama and Bogotá would persist for a century . Independence ( edit ) Main articles : Independence Act of Panama and Independence of Panama from Spain In 1819 , New Granada finally achieved freedom from Spain . Panama and the other regions of former New Granada were therefore technically free . Panama considered union with Peru or with Central America in federations that were emerging in the region . Finally it was won over by Venezuela 's Simón Bolívar , who , after residing in Jacmel , Haiti , was given 2 armies to liberate South America . Bolívar 's ambitious project of a Gran Colombia ( 1819 -- 1830 ) was taking shape . Then , timing the action with the rest of the Central American isthmus , Panama declared independence in 1821 and joined the southern federation . As the isthmus ' central interoceanic traffic zone , as well as the City of Panama had been of great historical importance to the Spanish Empire and subject of direct influence , so , the differences in social and economic status between the more liberal region of Azuero , and the much more royalist and conservative area of Veraguas displayed contrasting loyalties . When the Grito de la Villa de Los Santos independence motion occurred , Veraguas firmly opposed it . Origin of the movement ( edit ) The Panamanian movement for independence can be indirectly attributed to the abolishment of the encomienda system in Azuero , set forth by the Spanish Crown , in 1558 due to repeated protests by locals against the mistreatment of the native population . In its stead , a system of medium and smaller - sized landownership was promoted , thus taking away the power from the large landowners and into the hands of medium and small sized proprietors . However , the end of the encomienda system in Azuero sparked the conquest of Veraguas in that same year . Under the leadership of Francisco Vázquez , the region of Veraguas passed into Castillan rule in 1558 . In the newly conquered region , the old system of encomienda was reimposed . Printing ( edit ) After the region of Veraguas was conquered , the two regions settled for a mutual dislike of each other . Inhabitants of Azuero considered their own region symbolic of the power of the people , while Veraguas represented an old , oppressive order . Diametrically , inhabitants of Veraguas saw their region as a bastion of loyalty and morality , while Azuero was a hotbed for vice and treason . The tension between the two regions peaked when the first printing press arrived in Panama in 1820 . Under the guidance of José María Goitía , the press was used to create a newspaper called La Miscelánea . Panamanians Mariano Arosemena , Manuel María Ayala , and Juan José Calvo , as well as Colombian Juan José Argote , formed the writing team of the new newspaper , whose stories would circulate throughout every town in the isthmus . The newspaper was put to use for the cause of independence . It circulated stories expounding the virtues of liberty , independence , and the teachings of the French Revolution , as well as stories of the great battles of Bolívar , the emancipation of the United States from their British masters , and the greatness of men such as Santander , Jose Martí , and other such messengers of freedom . Due to the narrow area of circulation , those in the capital were able to transmit these intoxicating ideals to other such separatists , such as those in Azuero . In Veraguas , however , there remained a strict sense of submission to the Spanish Crown . José de Fábrega ( edit ) On November 10 , 1821 , in a special event called Grito de La Villa de Los Santos , the residents of the Azuero declared their separation from the Spanish Empire . In Veraguas and Panama City , this act was met with disdain , but of differing degrees . To Veraguas , it was the ultimate act of treason , while in the capital , it was seen as inefficient and irregular , and it forced them to accelerate their plans . The Grito event shook the isthmus to the core . It was a sign , on the part of the Azuero residents , of their antagonism to the independence movement in the capital , who in turn regarded the Azueran movement with contempt , as they believed that Azuerans fought against their right to rule , once the peninsulares ( peninsular - born ) were long gone . The Grito was an incredibly brave move by Azuero , which feared quick retaliation by staunch loyalist Colonel José de Fábrega , who had controlled the isthmus ' military supplies . However , separatists in the capital had converted Fábrega to separatism by . This gradual process had begun when Fábrega was left in charge by the former Governor General , Juan de la Cruz Mourgeón , who had left the isthmus on a campaign in Quito in October 1821 . Thus , soon after the separatist declaration of Los Santos , Fábrega convened every organization in the capital with separatist interests and formally declared the city 's support for independence . No military repercussions occurred due to the skillful bribing of royalist troops . Having sealed the fate of the Spanish Crown 's rule in Panama with his defection , Jóse de Fábrega now collaborated with the separatists in the capital to bring about a national assembly , where the fate of the country would be decided . Every region in Panama attended the assembly , including the former loyalist region of Veraguas , which was eventually convinced to join the revolution , due to the sheer fact that nothing more could be done for the royalist presence in Panama . Thus , on November 28 , 1821 , the national assembly was convened and Independence Act of Panama was officially declared ( through Fábrega , who was invested with the title of Head of State of Panama ) that the isthmus of Panama had severed its ties with the Spanish Empire and its decision to join New Granada and Venezuela in Bolívar 's recently founded Republic of Colombia . After the act , Fábrega wrote to Bolívar of the event , saying : Exalted Sir , I have the pleasure to communicate to Your Excellency the praiseworthy news of the Isthmus ' decision of independence from Spanish dominion . The town of Los Santos , to the comprehension of this Province , was the first town to pronounce with enthusiasm the sacred name of Liberty and immediately almost every other town imitated their glorious example ... Inasmuch as I am concerned , Most Excellent Sir , the effusion of my gratitude is inexplicable , at having had the unique satisfaction capable of filling the human heart , as is to deserve the public confidence in circumstances so critical to govern the independent Isthmus ; and I can only correspond to such high distinction with the sacrifices I am willing to make since I devoted myself , as it wished , to the mother country that has seen me be born and to who I owe all that I own ... Bólivar , in turn , replied , It is not possible to me to express the feeling of joy and admiration that I have experimented to the knowledge that Panama , the center of the Universe , is segregated by itself and freed by its own virtue . The act of independence of Panama is the monument most glorious that any American province can give . Everything there is addressed ; justice , generosity , policy and national interest . Transmit , then , you to those meritorious Colombians the tribute of my enthusiasm by their pure patriotism and true actions ... Panama and Colombia ( edit ) See also : Separation of Panama from Colombia , Gran Colombia , and Republic of New Granada Provinces of the Republic of New Granada in 1851 Simón Bolívar had hesitated to include Panama in his Gran Colombia project , because he was aware of Panama 's geographical obstacles and the unique qualities and its critical role in trade throughout history and under Spanish tutelage . Also , he had no role in Panama 's independence , unlike his decisive military factor in the independence of Venezuela , New Granada and Ecuador . Thus , while Bolívar knew that Panama was linked historically and culturally to South America , he also knew that the region was part of the Central American geography . This view is clearly seen in some of his famous documents and quotes such as his Carta de Jamaica ( 1815 ) : The Isthmian States , from Panama to Guatemala , will perhaps form an association . This magnificent position between the two great oceans could with time become the emporium of the universe . Its canals will shorten the distances of the world : they will narrow commercial ties between Europe , America and Asia ; and bring to such fortunate region the tributes of the four parts of the globe . Perhaps some day only there could the capital of the world be established ! New Granada will join Venezuela , if they convene to form a new republic , their capital will be Maracaibo .... This great nation would be called Colombia in tribute to the justice and gratitude of the creator of our hemisphere . Nevertheless , in 1821 , convinced that under Bolívar 's leadership the nation 's destiny would move in the most progressive direction , the Isthmus joined Venezuela , New Granada ( present day Colombia ) and in 1822 Ecuador . The Republic of Colombia ( 1819 -- 1830 ) or ' Gran Colombia ' as it was called after 1886 , roughly corresponded in territory to the former colonial administrative district Viceroyalty of New Granada ( 1717 -- 1819 ) . Although Panama belonged to that Viceroyalty , its economic and political ties had been much closer to the Viceroyalty of Peru ( 1542 -- 1821 ) . Panama separated from the Republic of Colombia In September 1830 under the guidance of General José Domingo Espinar . Espinar rebelled against the nation 's central government in response to being transferred to another command , and requested that Bolívar take direct command of the Isthmus Department . It made this a condition to reunification with Republic of Colombia . Bolívar rejected Espinar 's actions and called for Panama to rejoin the central state . Because of overall political tension , Republic of Colombia 's final days approached . Bolívar 's vision for territorial unity disintegrated when General Juan Eligio Alzuru led a military coup against Espinar . After order was restored , in early 1831 Panama rejoined what was left of the republic , forming a territory slightly larger than present Panama and Colombia combined , which by then had adopted the name Republic of New Granada . The alliance lasted 70 years and proved precarious . 19th century ( edit ) Juan Lopez Sr. Jr. 3 of Venezuela and Ecuador were being established , the isthmus again reiterated its independence , now under the same General Alzuru as supreme military commander . Abuses by Alzuru 's short - lived administration were countered by forces led by Colonel Tomás de Herrera , resulting in the defeat and execution of Alzuru in August , and the reestablishment of ties with New Granada . A religious conflict sparked a civil war . During this war , in November 1840 , the isthmus led by General Tomás Herrera , who assumed the title Superior Civil Chief , declared its independence as did multiple other local authorities . The State of Panama took in March 1841 the name of ' Estado Libre del Istmo ' , or the Free State of the Isthmus . The new state established external political and economic ties and by March 1841 , had drawn up a constitution which included the possibility to rejoin New Granada , but only as a federal district . Herrera 's title was changed to Superior Chief of State in March 1841 and in June 1841 to President . By the time the civil conflict ended and New Granada and the Isthmus had negotiated the Isthmus 's reincorporation to the union , Panama 's First Republic had been free for 13 months . Reunification happened on December 31 , 1841 . In the end , the union ( called United States of Colombia 1863 -- 1886 and the Republic of Colombia since 1886 ) was made possible by the active participation of USA under the 1846 Bidlack Mallarino treaty until 1903 . In the 1840s , two decades after the Monroe Doctrine declared US intentions to be the dominant anti-European imperial power in the Western Hemisphere , North American and French interests became excited about the prospects of constructing railroads and / or canals through Central America to quicken trans - oceanic travel . At the same time , it was clear that New Granada 's control over the isthmus was becoming untenable . In 1846 , the US and New Granada signed the Bidlack Mallarino Treaty , granting the US right of way across the Isthmus , and most significantly the power to intervene militarily , ensuring neutrality of the Isthmus , and guaranteeing New Granada sovereignty . The world 's first transcontinental railroad , the Panama Railway , was completed in 1855 across the Isthmus from Aspinwall / Colón to Panama City . The US used troops to suppress separatist uprisings and social disturbances on many occasions . The first conflict was known as the Watermelon War of 1856 , where US soldiers mistreated locals , causing massive race riots that US Marines eventually put down . Under a federalist constitution that was later brought up in 1858 ( and another one in 1863 ) , Panama and other constituent states gained almost complete autonomy on many levels of their administration , which led to an often anarchic national state of affairs that lasted roughly until Colombia 's return to centralism in 1886 with the establishment of a new Republic of Colombia . As was often the case in the New World after independence , administration and politics were controlled by the remnants of colonial aristocracy . In Panama , this elite was a group of under ten extended families . Though Panama has made enormous advances in social mobility and racial integration , still much of economic and social life is controlled by a small number of families . The derogatory term rabiblanco ( `` white tail '' ) , of uncertain origin , has been used for generations to refer to the usually Caucasian members of the elite families . In 1852 , the isthmus adopted trial by jury in criminal cases and -- 30 years after abolition -- would finally declare and enforce an end to slavery . The Panama Canal ( edit ) Main articles : Panama Canal and History of the Panama Canal Panamanian history which has been shaped by the recurrent theme of transisthmian commerce , looked now at the possibility of a canal to replace the difficult overland route . In 1519 , the Spanish crown built a cobbled track joined the oceans , and by 1534 , the Chagres River was dredged , facilitating traffic for two - thirds of the way . French start ( edit ) From 1882 , Ferdinand de Lesseps started work on a canal . By 1889 , with engineering challenges caused by frequent landslides , slippage of equipment and mud , plus disease , the effort failed in bankruptcy . A new company was formed in 1894 to recoup some of the losses of the original canal company . US involvement ( edit ) Construction work on the Culebra Cut , in 1907 photograph . Ship at the Culebra Cut while transiting the Panama Canal , in 1915 photograph . US President Theodore Roosevelt convinced US Congress to take on the abandoned works in 1902 , while Colombia was in the midst of the Thousand Days ' War . During the war , there were at least three attempts by Panamanian Liberals to seize control of Panama and potentially achieve full autonomy , including one led by Liberal guerrillas like Belisario Porras and Victoriano Lorenzo , each of whom was suppressed by a collaboration of Conservative Colombian and US forces under the Mallarino -- Bidlack Treaty which had been in effect since 1846 . The Roosevelt administration proposed to Colombia that the US should control the canal in return for a $10 million payment and $250,000 annual payment that would begin in 1912 . The negotiations initially went well for the US and it received everything it was asking for in the Hay -- Herrán Treaty , but the Colombian government , upset by the US bias in the treaty , refused to ratify it and began demanding more money . By September 1903 , negotiations had all but broken down . The US then changed tactics . According to the treaty , the US was to pay $40,000,000 to the stockholders of the French company that had tried to build the canal across Panama . Colombia 's rejection of the treaty confronted these French investors with the prospect of losing everything . At this point , the French company 's chief lobbyist ( and a major stockholder ) , Philippe Bunau - Varilla went into action . Justly confident that the Roosevelt administration would support his initiative , he met with Manuel Amador , the leader of the Panamanian Independence movement , in a suite in the Waldorf - Astoria hotel in New York where he wrote him a $100,000 check to fund a renewed Panamanian revolt . In return , Bunau - Varilla would become Panama 's representative in Washington . Bunau - Varilla arranged for the Panama City fire department to stage a revolution against Colombia which officially began on November 3 , 1903 . The US Navy gunboat USS Nashville was dispatched to local waters around the city of Colón , where 474 Colombian soldiers had landed to cross the isthmus and crush the rebellion . Nashville 's commanding officer , Commander John Hubbard , sent a small party ashore and , with the support of the American superintendent of the Panama Railroad , prevented the Colombians from taking the train to Panama City . On November 13 , 1903 , after 57 years of policing Bogotá 's interests , the US formally recognized the country of Panama . Less than three weeks later , on November 18 , 1903 , the Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty was signed between Frenchman Philippe Bunau - Varilla , who had promptly been appointed Panamanian ambassador to the United States , representing Panamanian interests , and the US Secretary of State John Hay . The treaty allowed for the construction of a canal and US sovereignty over a strip of land 10 miles ( 16 km ) wide and 50 miles ( 80 km ) long , ( 16 kilometers by 80 kilometers ) on either side of the Panama Canal Zone . In that zone , the US would build a canal , then administer , fortify , and defend it `` in perpetuity '' . Roosevelt 's explanation of the US role in the region was made clear throughout many speeches since 1902 . First , he invoked the Mallarino -- Bidlack Treaty ; second , he made clear that Colombia had rejected his offers for a deal ; and finally , he argued that Colombia had never been able to prevent Panama from gaining sovereignty . On his December 7 , 1903 Third Annual Message to the Senate and House of Representatives , he enumerated an extensive list of interventions the US armed forces had made in Panama since 1850 explaining : The above is only a partial list of the revolutions , rebellions , insurrections , riots , and other outbreaks that have occurred during the period in question ; yet they number fifty - three for the fifty - three years ... And he added : In short , the experience of over half a century has shown Colombia to be utterly incapable of keeping order on the Isthmus . Only the active interference of the United States has enabled her to preserve so much as a semblance of sovereignty . Had it not been for the exercise by the United States of the police power in her interest , her connection with the Isthmus would have been sundered long ago . Treaties like the Bidlack - Mallarino Treaty were considered constitutional and legal , even though they involved US interference in matters of a sovereign country . Roosevelt 's speeches made clear that the US decided to unilaterally break with the Bidlack - Mallarino treaty and , instead of solving the internal Panamanian problem as the treaty stipulated , helped Panama to separate from Colombia . Thus it enforced only that part of the treaty which was of interest to the US , namely , `` it granted the US significant transit rights over the Panamanian isthmus '' . It is a common mistake to call the 1903 events ' Panama 's independence from Colombia ' . Panamanians do not consider themselves former Colombians . They celebrate their independence from Spain on November 28 , 1821 , and separation from Colombia on November 3 , 1903 , which is referred to as `` Separation Day '' . Reaction to the Hay -- Bunau - Varilla treaty ( edit ) American political cartoon , published in 1903 The reaction to the treaty in the US was generally positive , public support for building a canal ( as the treaty effectively guaranteed ) having already been high . The Panamanian reaction , however , was more mixed . Although the new Panamanian government , led by Manuel Amador , was happy to have its independence from Colombia , they also knew that the US could easily assert itself over them if it felt they were not working in line with its interests . They had instructed their ambassador , Bunau - Varilla , to not make any agreements with the US that would compromise Panama 's new freedom , nor could he make a canal treaty without consulting them . Both of these orders were ignored . Nevertheless , the Panamanian government , fearing the alternative , ratified the treaty . By the time the Canal opened in 1914 , many Panamanians still questioned the validity of the treaty . The controversy surrounding the US 's presence in Panama was a major issue in Panamanian politics throughout the following decades and revisions to the Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty in 1936 ( Arias - Roosevelt / Hull - Alfaro Treaty ) and 1955 ( Remon - Eisenhower Treaty ) both failed to adequately address the situation . The controversy would continue until the US agreed to hand over the Canal Zone wholly to Panama in the 1977 Torrijos - Carter Treaties . Construction ( edit ) The Panama Canal was built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914 ; the existing 83 - kilometer ( 50 - mi . ) lock canal is considered one of the world 's great engineering triumphs . On January 5 , 1909 the government of Rafael Reyes in Colombia signed and presented to its Congress a treaty that would officially recognize the loss of its former province , but the treaty was not ratified , due to popular and legislative opposition . Negotiations continued intermittently until a new treaty was signed on December 21 , 1921 which formally accepted the independence of Panama . Roosevelt 's policy to ' walk softly and carry a big stick ' , and the Canal Company 's apartheid early on , have been much criticized . Yet , beyond the financial injection to the country 's economy and workforce , the changes brought about by the canal venture were largely positive for Panama . To sanitize the area before and during construction , engineers developed an infrastructure to treat potable water , sewage , and garbage , that encompassed the Canal Zone and the cities of Panama and Colon . Standards in construction , transportation and landscaping for the Canal Zone 's urban development during the first half of the 20th century had no parallel in tropical regions in the hemisphere . Dr. William Gorgas used techniques pioneered by Cuban physician Carlos Finley , to rid the area of yellow fever between 1902 and 1905 . Gorgas ' work in the sanitation of the Canal Zone and the cities of Panama and Colon eventually made him sought after internationally . The Panama Canal , the area supporting the Canal , and remaining US military bases were turned over to Panama on December 31 , 1999 in accordance with the Torrijos - Carter Treaties . Military coups and coalitions ( edit ) Jimmy Carter and Omar Torrijos shake hands moments after the signing of the Torrijos -- Carter Treaties . Statement on the Panama Canal Treaty Signing Play media Jimmy Carter 's speech upon signing the Panama Canal treaty , September 7 , 1977 . Statement on the Panama Canal Treaty Signing audio only version Problems playing these files ? See media help . From 1903 until 1968 , Panama was a republic dominated by a commercially oriented oligarchy . During the 1950s , the Panamanian military began to challenge the oligarchy 's political hegemony . The January 9 , 1964 Martyrs ' Day riots escalated tensions between the country and the US government over its long - term occupation of the Canal Zone . Twenty rioters were killed , and 500 other Panamanians were wounded . 4 US soldiers were killed as well . In October 1968 , Dr. Arnulfo Arias Madrid was elected president for the third time . Twice ousted by the Panamanian military , he was ousted again as president by the National Guard after only 10 days in office . A military junta government was established , and the commander of the National Guard , Brig. Gen. Omar Torrijos , emerged as the principal power in Panamanian political life . Torrijos ' regime was harsh and corrupt , and had to confront the mistrust of the people and guerrillas backing the populist Arnulfo Arias . However , he was a charismatic leader whose Socialist domestic programs and nationalist foreign policy appealed to rural and urban constituencies who were largely ignored by the oligarchy . On September 7 , 1977 , the Torrijos -- Carter Treaties were signed by the Panamanian head of state Omar Torrijos and US President Jimmy Carter for the complete transfer of the Canal and the 14 US army bases from the US to Panama by 1999 . These treaties also granted the US a perpetual right of military intervention . Certain portions of the Zone and increasing responsibility over the Canal were turned over in the intervening years . Manuel Noriega regime ( 1983 - 1989 ) ( edit ) General Manuel Noriega after his capture by the US . Torrijos died in a mysterious plane crash on August 1 , 1981 . The circumstances of his death generated charges and speculation that he was assassinated . Torrijos ' death changed the tone but not the direction of Panama 's political evolution . Despite constitutional amendments in 1983 , which appeared to proscribe a political role for the military , the Panama Defense Forces ( PDF ) continued to dominate political life behind a facade of civilian government . By then , General Manuel Noriega was firmly in control of both the PDF and the civilian government , and had created the Dignity Battalions to help suppress opposition . Despite undercover collaboration with US president Ronald Reagan on his Contra war in Nicaragua ( including the infamous Iran - Contra Affair ) , to deliver arms and drugs by airplane , relations between the United States and Panama worsened in the 1980s . In response to a domestic political crisis and an attack on the US embassy , the US froze economic and military aid to Panama in the summer of 1987 . Tensions sharpened in February 1988 when Noriega was indicted in US courts for drug - trafficking . In April 1988 , Reagan invoked the International Emergency Economic Powers Act , freezing Panamanian Government assets in US banks , withholding fees for using the canal , and prohibiting payments by US agencies , firms , and individuals to the Noriega regime . The country went into turmoil . National elections of May 1989 were marred by accusations of fraud from both sides . Panamanian authorities arrested American Kurt Muse who had set up an installation to jam Panamanian radio and broadcast phony election returns . However , the election proceeded and Guillermo Endara won by a margin of over three - to - one over Noriega . The Noriega regime promptly annulled the election , citing massive US interference , and embarked on new repression . Foreign observers including the Catholic Church and Jimmy Carter certified Endara 's electoral victory despite widespread attempts at fraud by the regime . At the request of the US , the Organization of American States convened a meeting of foreign ministers but was unable to obtain Noriega 's departure . The US began sending thousands of troops to bases in the canal zone . Panamanian authorities alleged that US troops left their bases and illegally stopped and searched vehicles in Panama . An American Marine got lost in the former French quarter of Panama City , ran a roadblock , and was killed by Panamanian Police ( which was a part of the Panamanian Military ) . US invasion ( 1989 ) ( edit ) Further information : United States invasion of Panama The aftermath of urban warfare during the United States invasion of Panama . By autumn 1989 the regime was barely clinging to power . On December 20 , US troops began an invasion of Panama . They achieved their objectives and began withdrawal on December 27 . The US was obligated to return control of the Canal to Panama on January 1 due to a treaty signed decades before . Endara was sworn in as President at a US military base on the day of the invasion . Noriega is now serving a 40 - year sentence for drug trafficking . The US estimated the civilian death toll at 202 , while the UN estimated 500 civilians dead and Americas Watch put the civilian death toll at 300 . After the invasion , US President George H.W. Bush announced a billion dollars in aid to Panama . Critics argue that about half of the aid was a gift from American taxpayers to American businesses , because $400 million consisted of incentives for US business to export products to Panama , $150 million was to pay off bank loans and $65 million went to private sector loans and guarantees to US investors . After Noriega ( 1989 - present ) ( edit ) In the morning of December 20 , 1989 , hours after the invasion started , the presumptive winner of the May 1989 election , Guillermo Endara , was sworn in as president of Panama at a US military installation in the Canal Zone . On December 27 , Panama 's Electoral Tribunal invalidated the Noriega regime 's annulment of the May 1989 election and confirmed the victory of opposition candidates for president ( Endara ) and vice presidents ( Guillermo Ford and Ricardo Arias Calderón ) . President Endara took office as the head of a four - party minority government , pledging to foster Panama 's economic recovery , transform the Panamanian military into a police force under civilian control , and strengthen democratic institutions . During its 5 - year term , the Endara government struggled to meet the public 's high expectations . Its new police force proved to be a major improvement in outlook and behavior over its thuggish predecessor but was not fully able to deter crime . In 1992 , he would have received 2.4 % of the vote if there had been an election . After an internationally monitored election campaign , Ernesto Pérez Balladares was sworn in as President on September 1 , 1994 . He ran as the candidate for a three - party coalition dominated by the Democratic Revolutionary Party ( PRD ) , the erstwhile political arm of the military dictatorship during the Torrijos and Norieiga years . A long - time member of the PRD , Pérez Balladares worked skillfully during the campaign to rehabilitate the PRD 's image , emphasizing the party 's populist Torrijos roots rather than its association with Noriega . He won the election with only 33 % of the vote when the major non-PRD forces , unable to agree on a joint candidate , splintered into competing factions . His administration carried out economic reforms and often worked closely with the US on implementing the Canal treaties . On May 2 , 1999 , Mireya Moscoso , the widow of former President Arnulfo Arias Madrid , defeated PRD candidate Martín Torrijos , son of the late dictator . The elections were considered free and fair . Moscoso took office on September 1 , 1999 . During her administration , Moscoso tried to strengthen social programs , especially for child and youth development , protection , and general welfare . Education programs have also been highlighted . More recently , Moscoso focused on bilateral and multilateral free trade initiatives with the hemisphere . Moscoso 's administration successfully handled the Panama Canal transfer and has been effective in administering of the Canal . Panama 's official counternarcotics cooperation has historically been excellent . For example , officials of the US Drug Enforcement Administration praised the role of Manuel Noriega prior to his falling - out with the US over his own drug dealing . The Panamanian Government expanded money - laundering legislation and concluded with the US a Counternarcotics Maritime Agreement and a Stolen Vehicles Agreement . The Panamanian Government has enforced intellectual property rights and concluded the very important Bilateral Investment Treaty Amendment with the US and an agreement with the Overseas Private Investment Corporation ( OPIC ) . The Moscoso administration was very supportive of the United States in combating international terrorism . In 2004 , Martín Torrijos again ran for president and this time won handily . See also ( edit ) List of heads of state of Panama Politics of Panama List of Royal Governors of Panama Spanish colonization of the Americas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Act of Union 1707 : Article I of the Treaty of Union ^ Jump up to : Musicant , I , The Banana Wars , 1990 , New York : Macmillan Publishing Co. , ISBN 0025882104 Jump up ^ Harper 's New Monthly Magazine March 1855 , Volume 10 , Issue 58 , p. 543 ^ Jump up to : 1970 - , Yu , Carlos , ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . The big ditch : how America took , built , ran , and ultimately gave away the Panama Canal . Princeton University Press . ISBN 9780691147383 . OCLC 804699172 . Jump up ^ Special to The New York Times . November 5 , 1903 , Thursday Page 1 , 2557 words ^ Jump up to : Harding , Robert C. ( 2006 - 01 - 01 ) . The history of Panama . Greenwood Press . ISBN 031333322X . OCLC 62896522 . Jump up ^ Panama , Independence of , 1903 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781608717613. n659 . ^ Jump up to : `` Milestones : 1977 -- 1980 - Office of the Historian '' . history.state.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ M. , Seales Soley , La Verne ( 2009 - 01 - 01 ) . Culture and customs of Panama . Greenwood Press . ISBN 9780313336676 . OCLC 776420906 . Jump up ^ `` Milestones : 1977 -- 1980 - Office of the Historian '' . history.state.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Rohter , Larry ( 1 April 1990 ) . `` Panama and U.S. Strive To Settle on Death Toll '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ What Uncle Sam Really Wants , The invasion of Panama , 1993 , Noam Chomsky Theodore Roosevelt , Third Annual Message , December 7 , 1903 . presidency.ucsb.edu Lina Vega Abad , Un brindis por Panamá la Vieja , 17 de agosto de 2003 ; La Prernsa Web Patricia Pizzurno , Panamá en la encrucijada del mundo ; No. 116 , enero -- abril 2004 . 93 -- 116 . TAREAS web Simón Bolívar , Carta de Jamaica ( Contestación de un Americano meridional a un Caballero de esta Isla ) , Kingston , septiembre 6 , 1815 . bolivar.org Sandra W. Meditz and Dennis M. Hanratty , editors . Panama : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress , 1987 . See : Independence from Spain ( 1 ) and The 1903 Treaty and qualified independence ( 2 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Lafeber , Walter . The Panama Canal : The Crisis in Historical Perspective ( 3rd ed. 1990 ) , the standard scholarly account of diplomacy Mellander , Gustavo A. ; Nelly Maldonado Mellander ( 1999 ) . Charles Edward Magoon : The Panama Years . Río Piedras , Puerto Rico : Editorial Plaza Mayor . ISBN 1 - 56328 - 155 - 4 . OCLC 42970390 . Mellander , Gustavo A. ( 1971 ) . The United States in Panamanian Politics : The Intriguing Formative Years . Danville , Ill. : Interstate Publishers . OCLC 138568 . Harding , Robert C. The History of Panama , Greenwood Publishers , 2006 . Sweetman , Jack ; `` American Naval History : An Illustrated Chronology of the US Navy And Marine Corps , 1775 -- present '' . Third Edition , Naval Institute Press , 2002 . Tenenbaum , Barbara A. Encyclopedia of Latin American history and culture ( 1996 ) . In Spanish ( edit ) Alarcón Núñez , Óscar , Panamá Siempre fue de Panamá , Planeta , 2003 . Alberto Mckay L. , La estructura del Estado panameño y sus raíces históricas . Editorial Mariano Arosemena , INAC , 1998 . Alfredo Castillero Calvo , Conquista , Evangelización y Resistencia . INAC , Editorial Mariano Arosemena , 1995 Celestino Andrés Araúz y Patricia Pizzurno , El Panamá Hispano ( 1501 -- 1821 ) Comisión Nacional del V Centenario -- Encuentro de Dos Mundos - de España Diario La Prensa de Panamá , Panamá 1991 . Justo Arosemena , El Estado Federal de Panamá , ( febrero 1855 ) . Obras Digitalizadas de la Biblioteca Nacional Ernesto Castillero R. 1999 . María del Carmen Mena García , La Sociedad de Panamá en el siglo XVI . Artes Gráficas Padura , S.A. Sevilla 1984 . External links ( edit ) World-statesmen.org : Panama World-statesmen.org : Colombia and Panama Skeptic-files.org : The Historical Basis of Anti-U.S. sentiment in PANAMA 1825 -- 1985 : A Brief Summary My - Panama - Live : Panama today Panama articles History to 1821 1821 -- 1903 1904 -- 64 1939 - 45 1964 -- 77 1977 -- present Geography Biota Cities Earthquakes Islands National parks Rivers Volcanism Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Law Law enforcement Military SENAN National Assembly Penal system Political parties Presidents Economy Agriculture Balboa ( currency ) Mineral industry Panama Canal Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Health Religion Water supply and sanitation Culture Cuisine Films Flag Literature Media Music People Public holidays Outline Index Portal Years in Panama ( 1903 - present ) 1903 ... 1910 ... 1920 ... 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 History of the Americas North America Central America South America Caribbean Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Panama&oldid=864013059 '' Categories : History of Panama Colonial Panama Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2011 Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from May 2009 All articles needing rewrite All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Հայերեն Ido Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2018 , at 15 : 03 ( UTC ) . 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Sacraments of the Catholic Church
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Sacraments of the Catholic Church - wikipedia Sacraments of the Catholic Church Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Catholic rites . For other uses , see Sacrament ( disambiguation ) . Seven Sacraments Altarpiece by Rogier van der Weyden , c. 1448 Part of a series on the Catholic Church St. Peter 's Basilica , Vatican City Overview Pope : Francis Hierarchy History ( Timeline ) Theology Liturgy Sacraments Mary Background ( show ) Jesus Crucifixion Resurrection Ascension Early Christianity History of the Catholic Church History of the papacy Ecumenical Councils Four Marks of the Church One true church Apostolic succession Organisation ( show ) Holy See College of Cardinals Ecumenical Councils Episcopal polity Latin Church Eastern Churches Canon law Theology ( show ) Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Ten Commandments Three States of the Church Purgatory Paschal Mystery Passion Crucifixion Harrowing of Hell Resurrection Ascension Mary Mariology Veneration Immaculate Conception Theotokos Perpetual virginity Assumption Titles Morality Body Lectures Sexuality Apologetics Divine grace Salvation Original sin Saints Dogma Catechism Philosophy ( show ) Natural law Catholic ethics Personalism Social teaching Philosophers Worship ( show ) Liturgy Mass Divine Office Liturgical year Sacraments Baptism Penance Eucharist Confirmation Anointing of the Sick Matrimony Holy Orders Prayer Devotions Bible Biblical canon Rites ( show ) Latin Roman Ordinary form Tridentine Anglican Use Zaire Use Gallican Ambrosian Braga Mozarabic Eastern Antiochian Maronite West Syrian Syro - Malankara Chaldean East Syrian Syro - Malabar Byzantine Armenian Alexandrian Ethiopic Controversies ( show ) Antipopes Anti-Catholicism Criticism Homosexuality Sex and gender roles Sexual abuse cases Other topics ( show ) Art Ecumenism Evolution Health care Monasticism Music Science Role in civilization Links and resources ( show ) Index Outline Glossary Media Templates WikiProject Book Pope portal Vatican City portal Catholicism portal There are seven sacraments of the Catholic Church , which according to Catholic theology were instituted by Jesus and entrusted to the Church . Sacraments are visible rites seen as signs and efficacious channels of the grace of God to all those who receive them with the proper disposition . The sevenfold list of sacraments is often organized into three categories : the sacraments of initiation ( into the Church , the body of Christ ) , consisting of Baptism , the Eucharist , and Confirmation ; the sacraments of healing , consisting of Reconciliation and Anointing of the Sick ; and the sacraments of service : Holy Orders and Matrimony . Contents ( hide ) 1 Enumeration 2 Dogmatic Nature 3 Faith and grace 4 Sacraments of initiation 4.1 Baptism 4.2 Confirmation 4.3 Eucharist 4.4 Restored Order of Initiation 5 Sacraments of healing 5.1 Penance and Reconciliation ( Confession ) 5.2 Anointing of the Sick 6 Sacraments of Service 6.1 Holy Orders 6.2 Matrimony 7 Validity and liceity 7.1 Impediments 7.2 Conditional conferral 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Enumeration ( edit ) The seven sacraments of the Catholic Church The Catechism of the Catholic Church lists the sacraments as follows : `` The whole liturgical life of the Church revolves around the Eucharistic sacrifice and the sacraments . There are seven sacraments in the Church : Baptism , Confirmation or Chrismation , Eucharist , Penance , Anointing of the Sick , Holy Orders , and Matrimony . '' These seven sacraments were codified in the documents of the Council of Trent ( 1545 -- 1563 ) , which stated : CANON I. - If any one saith , that the sacraments of the New Law were not all instituted by Jesus Christ , our Lord ; or that they are more , or less , than seven , to wit , Baptism , Confirmation , the Eucharist , Penance , Extreme Unction , Order , and Matrimony ; or even that any one of these seven is not truly and properly a sacrament ; let him be anathema . CANON IV. - If any one saith , that the sacraments of the New Law are not necessary unto salvation , but superfluous ; and that , without them , or without the desire thereof , men obtain of God , through faith alone , the grace of justification ; - though all ( the sacraments ) are not necessary for every individual ; let him be anathema . Dogmatic nature ( edit ) Dogma includes divine revelation , i.e. , the word of God ( bible and tradition ) and the word of God incarnate ( Jesus ) , and truths connected to divine revelation . The sacraments , divinely instituted , are dogma and are part of the liturgy , that is , public worship . As dogma is immutable , Baptism can not be changed to allow a non-Trinitarian formula , the Eucharist can not be changed to allow unrepentant sinners to receive Jesus , Matrimony can not be changed to allow gay marriage , and Holy Orders can not be changed to allow priestesses . Faith and grace ( edit ) Distribution of divine graces by means of the Catholic Church and the sacraments ( Johannes Hopffe , Wrisberg epitaph , Hildesheim , before 1615 ) The Catholic Church teaches that the sacraments are `` efficacious signs of grace , instituted by Christ and entrusted to the Church , by which divine life is dispensed to us . The visible rites by which the sacraments are celebrated signify and make present the graces proper to each sacrament . They bear fruit in those who receive them with the required dispositions . '' While the Church itself is the universal sacrament of salvation , the sacraments of the Catholic Church in the strict sense are seven sacraments that `` touch all the stages and all the important moments of Christian life : they give birth and increase , healing and mission to the Christian 's life of faith '' . `` The Church affirms that for believers the sacraments of the New Covenant are necessary for salvation '' , although not all are necessary for every individual , and has placed under anathema those who deny it : `` If any one saith , that the sacraments of the New Law are not necessary unto salvation , but superfluous ; and that , without them , or without the desire thereof , men obtain of God , through faith alone , the grace of justification ; - though all ( the sacraments ) are not indeed necessary for every individual ; let him be anathema . '' The Church further teaches that the effect of a sacrament comes ex opere operato , by the very fact of being administered , regardless of the personal holiness of the minister administering it . However , a recipient 's own lack of proper disposition to receive the grace conveyed can block the effectiveness of the sacrament in that person . The sacraments presuppose faith and through their words and ritual elements , nourish , strengthen and give expression to faith . Sacraments of initiation ( edit ) Main article : Sacraments of Initiation The Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church states : `` Christian initiation is accomplished by means of the sacraments which establish the foundations of Christian life . The faithful born anew by Baptism are strengthened by Confirmation and are then nourished by the Eucharist . '' Baptism ( edit ) Main article : Baptism § Roman Catholicism Scene of baptism . Stained glass , Paris , last quarter of the 12th century . From the Sainte - Chapelle of Paris . The Catholic Church sees baptism as the first and basic sacrament of Christian initiation . In the Western or Latin Church , baptism is usually conferred today by pouring water three times on the recipient 's head , while reciting the baptismal formula : `` I baptize you in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit '' ( cf . Matthew 28 : 19 ) . In the Eastern Catholic Churches of Byzantine Rite immersion or submersion is used , and the formula is : `` The servant of God , N. , is baptized in the name of the Father , and of the Son , and of the Holy Spirit . '' Though sprinkling is not normally used , its validity is accepted , provided that the water flows over the skin , since otherwise it is not a washing . Confirmation ( edit ) Main article : Confirmation ( Catholic Church ) Confirmation or Chrismation is the second sacrament of Christian initiation . `` It is called Chrismation ( in the Eastern Churches : anointing with holy myron or chrism ) because the essential rite of the sacrament is anointing with chrism . It is called Confirmation because it confirms and strengthens baptismal grace . '' It is conferred by `` the anointing with Sacred Chrism ( oil mixed with balsam and consecrated by the bishop ) , which is done by the laying on of the hand of the minister who pronounces the sacramental words proper to the rite . '' These words , in both their Western and Eastern variants , refer to a gift of the Holy Spirit that marks the recipient as with a seal . Through the sacrament the grace given in baptism is `` strengthened and deepened . '' Like baptism , confirmation may be received only once , and the recipient must be in a state of grace ( meaning free from any known unconfessed mortal sin ) in order to receive its effects . The `` originating '' minister of the sacrament is a validly consecrated bishop ; if a priest ( a `` presbyter '' ) confers the sacrament -- as is done ordinarily in the Eastern Churches and in special cases ( such as the baptism of an adult or in danger of the death of a young child ) in the Latin Church ( CCC 1312 -- 1313 ) -- the link with the higher order is indicated by the use of oil ( known as `` chrism '' or `` myron '' ) blessed by the bishop on Holy Thursday itself or on a day close to it . In the East , which retains the ancient practice , the sacrament is administered by the parish priest immediately after baptism . In the West , where the sacrament is normally reserved for those who can understand its significance , it came to be postponed until the recipient 's early adulthood ; in the 20th century , after Pope Pius X introduced first Communion for children on reaching the age of discretion , the practice of receiving Confirmation later than the Eucharist became widespread ; but the traditional order , with Confirmation administered before First Communion , is being increasingly restored . Eucharist ( edit ) Main article : Eucharist ( Catholic Church ) Communion of Saint Teresa , by Juan Martín Cabezalero , Museum of Lázaro Galdiano , Madrid The Eucharist , also called the Blessed Sacrament , is the sacrament ( the third of Christian initiation , the one that the Catechism of the Catholic Church says `` completes Christian initiation '' ) by which Catholics partake of the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ and participate in his one sacrifice . The first of these two aspects of the sacrament is also called Holy Communion . The bread ( which must be wheaten , and which is unleavened in the Latin , Armenian and Ethiopic Rites , but is leavened in most Eastern Rites ) and wine ( which must be from grapes ) used in the Eucharistic rite are , in Catholic faith , transformed in their inner reality , though not in appearance , into the Body and Blood of Christ , a change that is called transubstantiation . `` The minister who is able to confect the sacrament of the Eucharist in the person of Christ is a validly ordained priest alone . '' The word `` priest '' here ( in Latin sacerdos ) includes both bishops and those priests who are also called presbyters . Deacons as well as priests ( sacerdotes ) are ordinary ministers of Holy Communion , and lay people may be authorized in limited circumstances to act as extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion . The Eucharist is seen as `` the source and summit '' of Christian living , the high point of God 's sanctifying action on the faithful and of their worship of God , the point of contact between them and the liturgy of heaven . So important is it that participation in the Eucharistic celebration ( see Mass ) is seen as obligatory on every Sunday and holy day of obligation and is recommended on other days . Also recommended for those who participate in the Mass is reception , with the proper dispositions , of Holy Communion . This is seen as obligatory at least once a year , during Eastertide . Restored order of initiation ( edit ) As a growing trend during the second half of 2010s , many US dioceses of Latin Rite are officially returning to the traditional order of the three sacraments of christian initiation , that is : Baptism , Confirmation and , lastly , the first Communion . This order of Sacraments has ever refererred in the Catechism of Roman Catholic Church ( n . 1212 ) , and `` The holy Eucharist completes our Christian initiation '' ( N. 1322 ) . The current order - with Eucharist preceding the Confirmation - was started in 1910 with the decree by Pope Pius X , Quam Singulari Christus Amore ( transl. : `` How Special Christ 's Love '' ) , which said Communion should not be delayed beyond when a child reaches the age of reason . U.S. dioceses complied at that time , but they did not bring confirmation forward with it in a subsequent age . Sacraments of healing ( edit ) Penance and Reconciliation ( confession ) ( edit ) Main article : Sacrament of Penance The Sacrament of Penance is the first of two sacraments of healing . The Catechism of the Catholic Church mentions in the following order and capitalization different names of the sacrament , calling it the sacrament of conversion , Penance , confession , forgiveness and Reconciliation . It is the sacrament of spiritual healing of a baptized person from the distancing from God resulting from sins committed . When people sin after baptism , they can not have baptism as a remedy ; Baptism , which is a spiritual regeneration , can not be given a second time . The sacrament involves four elements : Contrition ( the penitent 's sincere remorse for wrongdoing or sin , repentance , without which the rite has no effect ) ; Confession to a priest who has the faculty to hear confessions ( Canon 966.1 ) -- while it may be spiritually helpful to confess to another , only a priest has the power to administer the sacrament ; Absolution by the priest ; and , Satisfaction or penance . `` Many sins wrong our neighbour . One must do what is possible in order to repair the harm ( e.g. , return stolen goods , restore the reputation of someone slandered , pay compensation for injuries ) . Simple justice requires as much . But sin also injures and weakens the sinner himself , as well as his relationships with God and neighbour . Absolution takes away sin , but it does not remedy all the disorders sin has caused . Raised up from sin , the sinner must still recover his full spiritual health by doing something more to make amends for the sin : he must ' make satisfaction for ' or ' expiate ' his sins . This satisfaction is also called ' penance ' '' ( CCC 1459 ) . In early Christian centuries , this element of satisfaction was quite onerous and generally preceded absolution , but now it usually involves a simple task for the penitent to perform later , in order to make some reparation and as a medicinal means of strengthening against further temptation . The priest is bound by the `` seal of confession '' , which is inviolable . `` Accordingly , it is absolutely wrong for a confessor in any way to betray the penitent , for any reason whatsoever , whether by word or in any other fashion . '' A confessor who directly violates the sacramental seal incurs an automatic excommunication whose lifting is reserved to the Holy See . In some dioceses , certain sins are `` reserved '' which means only certain confessors can absolve them . Some sins , such as violation of the sacramental seal , consecration of bishops without authorization by the Holy See , direct physical attacks on the Pope , and intentional desecration of the Eucharist are reserved to the Holy See . A special case - by - case faculty from the Sacred Penitentiary is normally required to absolve these sins . Anointing of the Sick ( edit ) Main article : Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church Extreme Unction , from Rogier van der Weyden 's altarpiece Anointing of the Sick is the second sacrament of healing . In this sacrament a priest anoints the sick with oil blessed specifically for that purpose . `` The anointing of the sick can be administered to any member of the faithful who , having reached the use of reason , begins to be in danger by reason of illness or old age '' ( canon 1004 ; cf . CCC 1514 ) . A new illness or a worsening of health enables a person to receive the sacrament a further time . When , in the Western Church , the sacrament was conferred only on those in immediate danger of death , it came to be known as `` Extreme Unction '' , i.e. `` Final Anointing '' , administered as one of the Last Rites . The other Last Rites are Confession ( if the dying person is physically unable to confess , at least absolution , conditional on the existence of contrition , is given ) , and the Eucharist , which when administered to the dying is known as `` Viaticum '' , a word whose original meaning in Latin was `` provision for a journey '' . Sacraments of service ( edit ) Holy Orders ( edit ) Main articles : Bishop ( Catholic Church ) , Priesthood ( Catholic Church ) , and Catholic Deacon Holy Orders is the Sacrament by which a man is made a bishop , a priest , or a deacon , and thus dedicated to be an image of Christ . The three degrees are referred to as the episcopate , the presbyterate and the diaconate . A bishop is the minister of this sacrament . Ordination as a bishop confers the fullness of the sacrament , making the bishop a member of the body of successors of the Apostles , and giving him the mission to teach , sanctify , and govern , along with the care of all the Churches . Ordination as a priest configures the priest to Christ the Head of the Church and the one essential High Priest , and conferring on him the power , as the bishops ' assistant , to celebrate the sacraments and other liturgical acts , especially the Eucharist . Ordination as a deacon configures him at the service of the bishop , especially in the Church 's exercising of Christian charity towards the poor and preaching of the word of God . Aspirants to the priesthood are required by canon law ( canon 1032 of the Code of Canon Law ) to go through a seminary program that includes , as well as graduate level philosophical and theological studies , a formation program that includes spiritual direction , retreats , apostolate experience , Latin training , etc . The course of studies in preparation for ordination as a permanent deacon is decided by the episcopal conference concerned . Matrimony ( edit ) Main article : Marriage in the Catholic Church Matrimony , from Rogier Van der Weyden 's altarpiece Matrimony , or Marriage , is another sacrament that consecrates for a particular mission in building up the Church , and that provides grace for accomplishing that mission . This sacrament , seen as a sign of the love uniting Christ and the Church , establishes between the spouses a permanent and exclusive bond , sealed by God . Accordingly , a marriage between baptized people , validly entered into and consummated , can not be dissolved . The sacrament confers on them the grace they need for attaining holiness in their married life and for responsible acceptance and upbringing of their children . As a condition for validity , the sacrament is celebrated in the presence of the local Ordinary or Parish Priest or of a cleric delegated by them ( or in certain limited circumstances a lay person delegated by the diocesan Bishop with the approval of the Episcopal Conference and the permission of the Holy See ) and at least two other witnesses , though in the theological tradition of the Latin Church the ministers of the sacrament uniquely are the couple themselves . For a valid marriage , a man and a woman must express their conscious and free consent to a definitive self - giving to the other , excluding none of the essential properties and aims of marriage . If one of the two is a non-Catholic Christian , their marriage is licit only if the permission of the competent authority of the Catholic Church is obtained . If one of the two is not a Christian ( i.e. has not been baptized ) , the competent authority 's dispensation is necessary for validity . Validity and liceity ( edit ) Part of a series on the Jurisprudence of Catholic canon law Current law ( show ) 1983 Code of Canon Law Omnium in mentem Magnum principium Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Ad tuendam fidem Ex corde Ecclesiae Indulgentiarum Doctrina Pastor bonus Pontificalis Domus Veritatis gaudium Custom Legal history ( show ) 1917 Code of Canon Law Corpus Juris Canonici Decretist Regulæ Juris Decretals of Gregory IX Decretalist Decretum Gratiani Extravagantes Liber Septimus Ancient Church Orders Didache The Apostolic Constitutions Canons of the Apostles Collections of ancient canons Collectiones canonum Dionysianae Collectio canonum quadripartita Collectio canonum Quesnelliana Collectio canonum Wigorniensis Other Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals Benedictus Deus ( Pius IV ) Contractum trinius Defect of Birth Jus exclusivae Papal appointment Oriental law ( show ) Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Eastern Canonical Reforms of Pius XII Nomocanon Archeparchy Eparchy Liturgical law ( show ) Ecclesia Dei Mysterii Paschalis Sacrosanctum concilium Musicam sacram Summorum Pontificum Tra le sollecitudini Sacramental law ( show ) Canon 844 Ex opere operato Omnium in mentem Valid but illicit Holy Orders Impediment ( canon law ) Abstemius Clerical celibacy ( Catholic Church ) Nullity of Sacred Ordination Apostolicae curae Dimissorial letters Approbation Confession Apostolic Penitentiary Complicit absolution Canon penitentiary Internal forum Paenitentiale Theodori Penitential canons Seal of the Confessional Eucharist Eucharistic discipline Canon 915 Matrimonial law ( show ) Banns of Marriage Declaration of Nullity Matrimonial Nullity Trial Reforms of Pope Francis Defender of the Bond Impediments to Marriage Affinity Bigamy Clandestinity Impediment of crime Disparity of Cult Ligamen Matrimonial Dispensation Ratum sed non consummatum Sanatio in radice Natural marriage Pauline privilege Petrine privilege Trials and tribunals ( show ) Tribunals Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura Tribunal of the Roman Rota Apostolic Penitentiary Tribunal Officers Judicial Vicar / Officialis Auditor Advocatus Diaboli Defender of the Bond Tribunal Procedure Appeal as from an abuse Presumption Canonical structures ( show ) Particular churches Particular churches sui juris Latin Church Eastern Catholic Churches Local particular churches Abbacy nullius Abbot nullius Apostolic vicariate Apostolic vicar Apostolic administration Apostolic administrator Archdiocese Diocese Aeque principaliter Cathedraticum In persona episcopi Chancery Deanery Vicar forane Archeparchy Eparchy Military ordinariate Mission sui juris Personal ordinariate Anglicanorum Coetibus Personal Prelature Juridic persons Parish Roman Curia Dicastery Congregation Pontifical council Jurisprudence ( show ) Canonical coronation Canonically crowned images Computation of time Contract law Custom Delegata potestas non potest delegari Derogation Dispensation Taxa Innocentiana Indult Impediment Interpretation Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts Jurisdiction Peritus Obreption & subreption Obrogation Promulgation Resignation of the Roman Pontiff Sede vacante Vacatio legis Valid but illicit Philosophy , theology , and fundamental theory ( show ) Theology Ecclesiology Treatise on Law Determinatio Law of persons ( show ) Person ( canon law ) Canonical age Canonical faculties Clerics and public office Clerical celebacy Consecrated life Defect of Birth Emancipation Juridic & physical persons Jus patronatus Laicization ( dispensation ) Canonical documents ( show ) Notary ( canon law ) Protonotary apostolic Apostolic constitution Canon Concordat Decree Decretal Encyclical Motu proprio Ordinance Papal brief Papal bull Penitential Positive law Rescript Penal law ( show ) Canon 1324 Canon 1398 Censure ( canon law ) Excommunication List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church List of excommunicated cardinals Interdict Internal forum Laicization ( penal ) Latae sententiae Procedural law ( show ) Election of the Roman Pontiff Universi Dominici gregis Papal renunciation Catholicism portal As stated above , the effect of the sacraments comes ex opere operato ( by the very fact of being administered ) . Since it is Christ who works through them , their effectiveness does not depend on the worthiness of the minister . The belief that the validity of the sacrament is dependent upon the holiness of the administrator was rejected in the Donatist crisis . However , an apparent administration of a sacrament is invalid , if the person acting as minister does not have the necessary power ( as if a deacon were to celebrate Mass ) . They are also invalid if the required `` matter '' or `` form '' is lacking . The matter is the perceptible material object , such as water in baptism or wheaten bread and grape wine for the Eucharist , or the visible action . The form is the verbal statement that specifies the signification of the matter , such as , ( in the Western Church ) , `` N. , I baptize thee in the name of the Father , and of the Son , and of the Holy Ghost '' . Furthermore , if the minister positively excludes some essential aspect of the sacrament , the sacrament is invalid . This last condition lies behind the 1896 judgement of the Holy See denying the validity of Anglican Orders . A sacrament may be administered validly , but illicitly , if a condition imposed by canon law is not observed . Obvious cases are administration of a sacrament by a priest under a penalty of excommunication or suspension , or an episcopal ordination without the Pontifical mandate ( except in certain circumstances outlined in Canon Law ) . Impediments ( edit ) Main article : Impediment ( canon law ) See also : Declaration of nullity Canon law specifies impediments to reception of the sacraments of orders and marriage . Those concerning the first of these two sacraments only concern liceity , but `` a diriment impediment renders a person incapable of validly contracting a marriage '' ( canon 1073 ) . In the Latin Church , only the Holy See can authentically declare when divine law prohibits or invalidates a marriage , and only the Holy See has the right to establish for those who are baptised other impediments to marriage ( canon 1075 ) . But individual Eastern Catholic Churches , after having fulfilled certain requirements that include consulting ( but not necessarily obtaining approval from ) the Holy See , may establish impediments . If an impediment is imposed by merely ecclesiastical law , rather than being a matter of divine law , the Church may grant a dispensation from the impediment . Conditions for validity of marriage such as sufficient use of reason ( canon 1095 ) and freedom from coercion ( canon 1103 ) , and the requirement that , normally , a marriage be contracted in the presence of the local Ordinary or parish priest or of the priest or deacon delegated by either of them , and in the presence of two witnesses ( canon 1108 ) , are not classified in the Code of Canon Law as impediments , but have much the same effect . Conditional conferral ( edit ) See also : Conditional baptism Three of the sacraments may not be repeated : Baptism , Confirmation and Holy Orders : their effect is permanent . This teaching has been expressed by the images of , in the West , an indelible character or mark and of , in the East , a seal ( CCC 698 ) . However , if there is doubt about the validity of the administration of one or more of these sacraments , a conditional form of conferral may be used , such as : `` If you are not already baptized , I baptize you ... '' In the recent past , it was common practice in the Catholic Church to baptize conditionally almost every convert from Protestantism because of a perceived difficulty in judging about the validity in any concrete instance . In the case of the major Protestant denominations , agreements involving assurances about the manner in which they administer baptism has ended this practice , which sometimes continues for other groups of Protestant tradition . The Catholic Church has always recognized the validity of baptism in the Eastern Orthodox Church , but it has explicitly denied the validity of the baptism conferred in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . It does not recognize a baptismal ceremony in which the names of the three divine persons ( or hypostases ) of the Trinity -- Father , Son and Holy Spirit -- are replaced by descriptors such as Creator , Redeemer and Sanctifier , or Creator , Liberator , and Sustainer , and requires that the conditional form should not be used when baptizing those who have received this kind of baptism . See also ( edit ) Catholicism portal Thomistic sacramental theology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1211 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1113 Jump up ^ J. Waterworth ( 1848 ) . `` The canons and decrees of the sacred and oecumenical Council of Trent '' ( PDF ) . Documenta Catholica Omnia . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ The Seventh Session of the Council of Trent . London : Dolman : Hanover Historical Texts Project . 1848 . pp. 53 -- 67 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 97 `` Sacred Tradition and Sacred Scripture make up a single sacred deposit of the Word of God '' ( DV 10 ) in which , as in a mirror , the pilgrim Church contemplates God , the source of all her riches . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 73 God has revealed himself fully by sending his own Son , in whom he has established his covenant for ever . The Son is his Father 's definitive Word ; so there will be no further Revelation after him . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 88 ... dogmas , that is , ... truths contained in divine Revelation or also ... truths having a necessary connection with these . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 1210 Christ instituted the sacraments of the new law . There are seven : Baptism , Confirmation ( or Chrismation ) , the Eucharist , Penance , the Anointing of the Sick , Holy Orders and Matrimony . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 1070 In the New Testament the word `` liturgy '' refers not only to the celebration of divine worship but also to the proclamation of the Gospel and to active charity . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 1205 `` In the liturgy , above all that of the sacraments , there is an immutable part , a part that is divinely instituted and of which the Church is the guardian , and parts that can be changed , which the Church has the power and on occasion also the duty to adapt to the cultures of recently evangelized peoples . '' Jump up ^ ( http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20080201_validity-baptism-miralles_en.html A New Response of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on the Validity of Baptism ) Trinitarian faith calls for careful precision in language . If the substitution of the names of the divine Persons in the baptismal formula by other names that are proper to each of them ( Parent , Child and Issue from both ) had given rise to such serious doubt among theologians that Thomas Aquinas considered it invalid , then there is all the more reason to hold that what is conferred with the formulas considered in the questions presented to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith is not true Baptism . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 1385 Anyone conscious of a grave sin must receive the sacrament of Reconciliation before coming to communion . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 2357 Basing itself on Sacred Scripture , which presents homosexual acts as acts of grave depravity , tradition has always declared that `` homosexual acts are intrinsically disordered . '' They are contrary to the natural law . They close the sexual act to the gift of life . They do not proceed from a genuine affective and sexual complementarity . Under no circumstances can they be approved . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 1577 The Lord Jesus chose men ( viri ) ... The Church recognizes herself to be bound by this choice made by the Lord himself . For this reason the ordination of women is not possible . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1131 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 774 -- 776 Jump up ^ `` Lumen Gentium : chapter 7 , section 48 , paragraph 2 '' . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1117 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1210 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1129 Jump up ^ Council of Trent , Seventh Session , canon IV Jump up ^ New Catholic Dictionary Archived 2012 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sacrosanctum Concilium , 59 , quoted in Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1123 Jump up ^ sacraments of Christian initiation Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church , 251 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1212 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1239 -- 1240 Jump up ^ Charles Coppens , S.J. , The Catholic Religion Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia : Baptism Jump up ^ Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church , 251 Jump up ^ Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church , 266 Jump up ^ Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church , 267 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1303 ^ Jump up to : Liam G. Walsh , Sacraments of Initiation ( Liturgy Training Publications 2011 ISBN 978 - 1 - 59525035 - 3 ) , pp. 153 - 154 Jump up ^ John Flader , `` The age for Confirmation '' in Question Time ( Taylor Trade 2010 ISBN 978 - 1 - 58979594 - 5 ) , pp. 86 - 87 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1212 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1322 Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 900 § 1 Jump up ^ While in the English language , the word `` priest '' usually means someone received into the second of the three holy orders ( also called the presbyterate ) but not into the highest , that of bishop , the Latin text underlying this statement uses the Latin term sacerdos , which comprises both bishops and , in the common English sense , priests . To refer exclusively to priests in the more common English sense , Latin uses the word presbyter . See Dennis Chester Smolarski , The General Instruction of the Roman Missal , 1969 -- 2002 : A Commentary ( Liturgical Press 2003 ISBN 9780814629369 ) , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : M. Martin , OSV ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Restored order for sacraments a growing trend '' . OSV.com . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Denver , Honolulu are latest to move the Sacrament of Confirmation ahead of first Communion Jump up ^ R. Ferrone ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Another U.S. Diocese Adopts the ' Restored Order ' '' . commonwealthmagazine.org . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Structuring Programs for Eucharistic Participation Instead of Confirmation Jump up ^ N. LaPoint ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` A brief catechism on the `` restored order '' `` . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1423 -- 1424 Jump up ^ canon 983 of the Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ canon 1388 Jump up ^ US Conference of Catholic Bishops . Compendium : Catechism of the Catholic Church . USCCB Publishing . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57455 - 720 - 6 . Jump up ^ canons 1108 and 1112 of the Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ Canon 792 , Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 869 ; cf . New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law By John P. Beal , James A. Coriden , Thomas J. , pp. 1057 -- 1059 . Jump up ^ `` Response of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith '' . Vatican.va. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 26 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Response of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith '' . Vatican.va. 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 26 March 2010 . Bibliography ( edit ) Raniero Cantalamessa OFMCap , Introduction , in : Easter in the Early Church . An Anthology of Jewish and Early Christian Texts , ( 1993 ) , J.M. Quigley SJ , J.T. Lienhard SJ ( translators & editors ) , Collegville , Minnesota : The Liturgical Press , pp. 254 , ISBN 0 - 8146 - 2164 - 3 Kenan B. Osborne , OFM , ( 1987 ) , The Christian Sacraments of Initiation . Baptism , Confirmation , Eucharist , New York - Mahwah : Paulist Press , ISBN 0 - 8091 - 2886 - 1 Poschmann Bernhard SJ ( 1963 ) . Penance and the Anointing of the Sick . The Herder History of Dogma . Fr . Courtney SJ ( transl. from German ) . Freiburg -- London : Herder - Burns & Oates . p. 257 . Liam G. Walsh OP ( 1988 ) , The Sacraments of Christian Initiation . Baptism , Confirmation , Eucharist . London : Geoffrey Chapman , ISBN 0 225 66499 2 , pp. 317 . Vogel C. ( 1982 ) . Le pécheur et la pénitence dans l'Église ancienne . Paris : Cerf . p. 213 . ISBN 2 - 204 - 01949 - 6 . Vogel C. ( 1982 ) . Le pécheur et la pénitence au moyen - age . Paris : Cerf . p. 245 . ISBN 2 - 204 - 01950 - X . Edward Yarnold SJ , ( 1971 ) The awe inspiring rites of initiation . Baptismal homilies of the fourth century , Slough : St. Paul Publications , pp. 292 ISBN 0 85439 082 0 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Thomas Aquinas , Summa Theologiae , `` On the Sacraments in general ( III qq. 60 -- 64 ) '' Catechism of the Catholic Church on the Seven Sacraments The Council of Trent on the Sacraments Seven Catholic Sacraments ' Signs and Instruments of God 's Grace The Sacraments Through the Ages produced by EWTN hosted by Fr . Charles Connor -- RealAudio ( hide ) Sacraments , rites , and liturgies of the Catholic Church Sacraments Baptism Confirmation Eucharist Penance Anointing of the Sick Holy Orders Matrimony Mass Low Mass Missa Cantata Solemn Mass Pontifical High Mass Papal Mass Canonical liturgical hours Matins ( nighttime ) Lauds ( early morning ) Prime ( first hour of daylight ) Terce ( third hour ) Sext ( noon ) Nones ( ninth hour ) Vespers ( sunset evening ) Compline ( end of the day ) Other liturgical services Asperges Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament Exorcism Funeral Requiem Liturgy of the Hours Liturgical literature Antiphonary Book of hours Breviary Gospel Book Gradual Lectionary Martyrology Psalter Roman Missal Roman Ritual Sacramentary Liturgical rites Latin Ambrosian Rite Rite of Braga Mozarabic Rite Roman Rite Mass of Paul VI Extraordinary form Anglican Use Zaire Use Eastern Alexandrian Rite Armenian Rite Antiochene Rite Byzantine Rite East Syriac Rite West Syriac Rite : Malankara Rite Orders Benedictine Rite Carmelite Rite Carthusian Rite Cistercian Rite Dominican Rite Norbertine Rite Defunct rites and liturgies African Rite Aquileian Rite Celtic Rite Durham Rite Gallican Rite Use of Hereford Missa Nautica Missa Sicca Missa Venatoria Pre-Tridentine Mass Use of York Sarum Rite Catholicism portal NDL : 00563265 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church&oldid=842909982 '' Categories : Sacraments of the Catholic Church Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia मराठी 日本 語 Português தமிழ் ไทย 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 14 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the purpose of the sacraments in the catholic church
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"There are seven sacraments of the Catholic Church, which according to Catholic theology were instituted by Jesus and entrusted to the Church. Sacraments are visible rites seen as signs and efficacious channels of the grace of God to all those who receive them with the proper disposition. The sevenfold list of sacraments is often organized into three categories: the sacraments of initiation (into the Church, the body of Christ), consisting of Baptism, the Eucharist, and Confirmation; the sacraments of healing, consisting of Reconciliation and Anointing of the Sick; and the sacraments of service: Holy Orders and Matrimony.[1]"
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"visible rites seen as signs and efficacious channels of the grace of God to all those who receive them with the proper disposition"
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Jason Nash
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Jason Nash - Wikipedia Jason Nash Jump to : navigation , search Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jason Nash ( 1973 - 05 - 23 ) May 23 , 1973 ( age 44 ) Boston , Massachusetts Occupation Actor Writer Comedian YouTube personality Spouse ( s ) Marney Hochman ( divorced ) YouTube information Subscribers 800k ( main channel ) 147k ( family channel ) Total views 61m ( main channel ) 5m ( family channel ) Network Collab Associated acts Josh Peck Play buttons ( show ) 100,000 subscribers 2017 Subscriber and view counts updated as of November 8 , 2017 . Jason Nash ( born May 23 , 1973 ) is an American actor , writer , comedian and YouTube personality . He was a semi-finalist on Last Comic Standing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 References 4 External links Personal life ( edit ) Nash attended college at the University of Massachusetts Amherst . After he left college , he worked as an assistant to Norm Macdonald on the show Saturday Night Live . Career ( edit ) Nash built a major presence on Vine and had over one million followers . Nash trained with the Upright Citizens Brigade and started his career as a member of the sketch troupe `` Price , Nash and Blieden '' . The trio developed television shows for Fox and NBC and were chosen three times to perform at the Aspen Comedy Festival . Nash created the web series `` Jason Nash is Married '' , which was based on his one - man show `` In the Land of Tall Buildings and Red Fire Engines '' . Nash co-created the podcast `` Guys with Feelings '' . He has developed shows for CBS , Oxygen and IFC . He has also acted in various shows including House , The Simpsons , Drake & Josh . Nash is currently a YouTube vlogger , and has over 800k subscribers on his channel . He also runs a weekly podcast named `` Views '' with fellow YouTube personality David Dobrik . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DavidDobrik/status/867165980513849344 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNflPNWDs2s&t=19s Jump up ^ Jason Nash ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) , FATHER HAS NEW 18 YEAR - OLD GIRLFRIEND ! ! , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 Jump up ^ `` Jason Nash on Last Comic Standing '' . TVGeekArmy.com . Retrieved 11 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nash with Upright Citizens Brigade '' . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ `` Jason Nash , a Guy with Feelings '' . laist.com . Archived from the original on 14 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . External links ( edit ) Jason Nash Comedy YouTube Channel Jason Nash Vine Jason Nash on the MikeyPod Podcast This biographical article about a YouTuber is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jason_Nash&oldid=809253141 '' Categories : American male film actors American male television actors Writers from Boston American comedians Living people American YouTubers YouTubers stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from October 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Pages using deprecated image syntax All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 00 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who did jason nash play on drake and josh
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Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys
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Mammas Do n't let Your babies grow up to Be cowboys - wikipedia Mammas Do n't let Your babies grow up to Be cowboys `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' Single by Ed Bruce from the album Ed Bruce B - side `` It 's Not What She 's Done ( It 's What You Did n't Do ) '' Released November 15 , 1975 Format 7 '' single Genre Country , Outlaw Country Length 3 : 08 Label United Artists # 732 Songwriter ( s ) Ed Bruce Patsy Bruce Producer ( s ) Lary Butler Ed Bruce singles chronology `` July , You 're a Woman '' ( 1973 ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' ( 1975 ) `` The Littlest Cowboy Rides Again '' ( 1976 ) `` July , You 're a Woman '' ( 1973 ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' ( 1975 ) `` The Littlest Cowboy Rides Again '' ( 1976 ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' is a country music song first recorded by Ed Bruce , written by him and wife Patsy Bruce . His version of the song appears on his 1976 self - titled album for United Artists Records . In late 1975 -- early 1976 , Bruce 's rendition of the song went to number 15 on the Hot Country Singles charts . This song was featured on Chris LeDoux 's album released January 20 , 1976 , Songbook of the American West , and in the Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas video game soundtrack , on the fictitious radio station K - Rose . Most recently , it is the title song for Netflix 's The Ranch , a show about the ups and downs of a family of ranchers in Colorado . Members of the Western Writers of America chose the song as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time . Contents 1 Content 2 Chart performance 3 Waylon Jennings / Willie Nelson version 3.1 Chart performance 4 Gibson / Miller Band version 5 Other versions 6 Popular culture 7 Chart performance 8 References 9 External links Content ( edit ) The narrator warns mothers not to let their children become cowboys because of the tough and busy life of cowboy culture . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 15 Canadian RPM Country Tracks 36 Waylon Jennings / Willie Nelson version ( edit ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' Single by Waylon Jennings with Willie Nelson from the album Waylon & Willie B - side `` I Can Get Off on You '' Released January 1978 Format 7 '' single Genre Country Length 2 : 31 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Ed Bruce Patsy Bruce Producer ( s ) Waylon Jennings Willie Nelson Waylon Jennings singles chronology `` The Wurlitzer Prize ( I Do n't Want to Get Over You ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' ( 1978 ) `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' ( 1978 ) `` The Wurlitzer Prize ( I Do n't Want to Get Over You ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' ( 1978 ) `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' ( 1978 ) Willie Nelson singles chronology `` Something to Brag About '' ( 1977 ) Something to Brag About1977 `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' ( 1978 ) Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys1978 `` If You Can Touch Her at All '' ( 1978 ) If You Can Touch Her at All1978 Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson covered the song on their 1978 duet album Waylon & Willie . This rendition peaked at No. 1 in March 1978 , spending four weeks atop the country music charts . It also reached 42 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and won the 1979 Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal . Also in 1979 , Nelson 's version was featured in the film The Electric Horseman with Robert Redford and Jane Fonda . It is also featured in a 2015 TV commercial for the Volkswagen Passat . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 42 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 33 Canadian RPM Country Tracks Canadian RPM Top Singles 57 Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks 42 Gibson / Miller Band version ( edit ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' Single by Gibson / Miller Band from the album Red , White & Blue Collar B - side `` Johnny Get Your Gun '' Released Format CD single Genre Country Length 3 : 27 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Ed Bruce Patsy Bruce Producer ( s ) Doug Johnson Blue Miller Gibson / Miller Band singles chronology `` Stone Cold Country '' ( 1994 ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' ( 1994 ) `` Red , White and Blue Collar '' ( 1994 ) `` Stone Cold Country '' ( 1994 ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' ( 1994 ) `` Red , White and Blue Collar '' ( 1994 ) In 1994 , country music group Gibson / Miller Band recorded a cover version on its album Red , White and Blue Collar . This version peaked at # 49 on the Hot Country Songs chart , and was featured in the soundtrack for the movie The Cowboy Way . It also appeared on the band 's second and final studio album , Red , White and Blue Collar . Other versions ( edit ) Deana Carter & Sara Evans on the 2003 album I 've Always Been Crazy ( A Tribute To Waylon Jennings ) RCA 07863 - 67064 - 2 USA . A version of the song by Lukas Nelson and Shooter Jennings was used as the theme tune for Netflix comedy The Ranch . A version of the song was recorded by Lucinda Williams on the `` Imus Ranch Record '' . a benefit compilation of country and roots music released Sept 16 , 2008 . Adam Brand and the Outlaws covered the song on the 2016 album Adam Brand and the Outlaws . Popular culture ( edit ) The song is referenced and subverted in the `` Weird Al '' Yankovic song Dare to Be Stupid , the title track on his album Dare to Be Stupid . The song , a pastiche parody of the band Devo , dares the listener to engage in several `` stupid '' acts , among them counting chickens before they hatch , selling wine before its time , and letting `` babies grow up to be cowboys . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 71 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 49 the song is also used in The Ranch as its theme song References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 67 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Books.google.com. 1976 - 10 - 09 . p. 43 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Western Writers of America ( 2010 ) . `` The Top 100 Western Songs '' . American Cowboy . Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Randall , Alice ; Carter Little ; Courtney Little ( 2006 ) . My Country Roots : The Ultimate MP3 Guide to America 's Original Outsider Music . Thomas Nelson , Inc. p. 92 . ISBN 1 - 59555 - 860 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Bruce Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , p. 209 Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , p. 159 Jump up ^ `` Netflix Series `` The Ranch '' Showcases Worthy Country & Roots Artists `` . savingcountrymusic.com. April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 2548 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . August 1 , 1994 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gibson / Miller Band Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Ed Bruce Albums If I Could Just Go Home ( 1968 ) Shades of Ed Bruce ( 1969 ) Ed Bruce ( 1976 ) The Tennessean ( 1977 ) Cowboys & Dreamers ( 1978 ) Ed Bruce ( 1980 ) One to One ( 1981 ) I Write It Down ( 1982 ) You 're Not Leaving Here Tonight ( 1983 ) Home Coming ( 1984 ) Tell'em I 've Gone Crazy ( 1984 ) Night Things ( 1986 ) Puzzles ( 1965 ) This Old Hat ( 2002 ) Singles `` Last Train to Clarksville '' `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' `` Texas ( When I Die ) '' `` The Man That Turned My Mama On '' `` Girls , Women and Ladies '' `` ( When You Fall in Love ) Everything 's a Waltz '' `` You 're the Best Break This Old Heart Ever Had '' `` Love 's Found You and Me '' `` Ever , Never Lovin ' You '' `` My First Taste of Texas '' `` After All '' `` You Turn Me On ( Like a Radio ) '' `` Nights '' Related topics Discography Trey Bruce Lynn Anderson Bret Maverick Fire Down Below Waylon Jennings Albums Singles Studio albums Waylon at JD 's Folk - Country Leavin ' Town Nashville Rebel Waylon Sings Ol ' Harlan Love of the Common People The One and Only Hangin ' On Only the Greatest Jewels Just to Satisfy You Waylon Singer of Sad Songs The Taker / Tulsa Cedartown , Georgia Good Hearted Woman Ladies Love Outlaws Lonesome , On'ry and Mean Honky Tonk Heroes This Time The Ramblin ' Man Dreaming My Dreams Are You Ready for the Country Ol ' Waylon I 've Always Been Crazy What Goes Around Comes Around Music Man Black on Black It 's Only Rock + Roll Waylon and Company Never Could Toe the Mark Turn the Page Sweet Mother Texas Will the Wolf Survive Hangin ' Tough A Man Called Hoss Full Circle The Eagle Too Dumb for New York City , Too Ugly for L.A. Ol ' Waylon Sings Ol ' Hank Cowboys , Sisters , Rascals & Dirt Waymore 's Blues ( Part II ) Right for the Time Closing In on the Fire Waylon Forever Goin ' Down Rockin ' : The Last Recordings Live albums Waylon Live Never Say Die : Live Live from Austin , TX Never Say Die : The Final Concert Notable singles 1960s `` That 's the Chance I 'll Have to Take '' `` Stop the World ( And Let Me Off ) '' `` Anita , You 're Dreaming '' `` Time to Bum Again '' `` ( That 's What You Get ) For Lovin ' Me '' `` Green River '' `` Mental Revenge '' `` The Chokin ' Kind '' `` Walk On Out of My Mind '' `` I Got You '' with Anita Carter `` Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line '' `` Yours Love '' `` Something 's Wrong in California '' `` The Days of Sand and Shovels '' `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' 1970s `` Singer of Sad Songs '' `` The Taker '' `` ( Do n't Let the Sun Set on You ) Tulsa '' `` Mississippi Woman '' `` Under Your Spell Again '' with Jessi Colter `` Cedartown , Georgia '' `` Good Hearted Woman '' `` Sweet Dream Woman '' `` Pretend I Never Happened '' `` You Can Have Her '' `` We Had It All '' `` You Ask Me To '' `` This Time '' `` I 'm a Ramblin ' Man '' `` Rainy Day Woman '' `` Dreaming My Dreams with You '' `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' `` Bob Wills Is Still the King '' `` Ca n't You See '' `` Are You Ready for the Country '' `` Luckenbach , Texas ( Back to the Basics of Love ) '' `` I 've Always Been Crazy '' `` Do n't You Think This Outlaw Bit 's Done Got Out of Hand '' `` Amanda '' `` Come With Me '' `` I Ai n't Living Long Like This '' 1980s -- 1990s `` Clyde '' `` Good Ol ' Boys '' `` Storms Never Last '' with Jessi Colter `` Shine '' `` Just to Satisfy You '' with Willie Nelson `` Women Do Know How to Carry On '' `` Lucille ( You Wo n't Do Your Daddy 's Will ) '' `` Breakin ' Down '' `` Hold On , I 'm Comin ' '' with Jerry Reed `` The Conversation '' with Hank Williams Jr . `` I May Be Used ( But Baby I Ai n't Used Up ) '' `` Never Could Toe the Mark '' `` America '' `` Waltz Me to Heaven '' `` Drinkin ' and Dreamin ' '' `` The Devil 's on the Loose '' `` Working Without a Net '' `` Will the Wolf Survive '' `` What You 'll Do When I 'm Gone '' `` Rose in Paradise '' `` Fallin ' Out '' `` My Rough and Rowdy Days '' `` If Ole Hank Could Only See Us Now '' `` How Much Is It Worth to Live in L.A. '' `` Which Way Do I Go ( Now That I 'm Gone ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` You Put the Soul in the Song '' `` Wrong '' `` Where Corn Do n't Grow '' `` What Bothers Me Most '' `` The Eagle '' `` Just Talkin ' '' `` Too Dumb for New York City '' `` Wild Ones '' `` I Know About Me Do n't Know About You '' `` Outlaw Shit '' Collaborations Waylon & Willie Albums : Waylon & Willie WWII Take It to the Limit Clean Shirt Super Hits Singles : `` The Wurlitzer Prize ( I Do n't Want to Get Over You ) '' `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` If I Can Find a Clean Shirt '' Other collaborations Country - Folk with The Kimberlys Leather and Lace with Jessi Colter Heroes with Johnny Cash Old 97 's & Waylon Jennings with Old 97 's Collaboration singles `` MacArthur Park '' with The Kimberlys `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter `` Good Hearted Woman '' with Willie Nelson ( Re-recording ) `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter ( Re-release from Wanted ! The Outlaws ) `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' with Johnny Cash `` Wish I Was Crazy Again '' with Johnny Cash `` The Wild Side of Life / It Was n't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels '' with Jessi Colter `` Leave Them Boys Alone '' with Hank Williams Jr. and Ernest Tubb `` Even Cowgirls Get the Blues '' with Johnny Cash `` Ballad of Forty Dollars '' with Johnny Cash `` Somewhere Between Ragged and Right '' with John Anderson `` High Ridin ' Heroes '' with David Lynn Jones `` One Good Love '' with Neil Diamond Compilations The Best of Waylon Jennings Do n't Think Twice Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line Heartaches by the Number Greatest Hits Waylon 's Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Best of Waylon New Classic Waylon Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line : The RCA Years The Journey : Six Strings Away The Journey : Destiny 's Child The Restless Kid : Live at JD 's 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Waylon Jennings RCA Country Legends Ultimate Waylon Jennings 16 Biggest Hits Nashville Rebel The Essential Waylon Jennings Related The Waylors Outlaw country Wanted ! The Outlaws `` We Are the World '' The Highwaymen Old Dogs Jessi Colter Waylon Albright `` Shooter '' Jennings Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' `` Summer of Roses '' / `` December Day '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' `` Alice in Hulaland '' 2016 `` Lay Me Down '' 2017 `` Still Not Dead '' 2018 `` Last Man Standing '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammas_Don%27t_Let_Your_Babies_Grow_Up_to_Be_Cowboys&oldid=852949155 '' Categories : 1975 songs Waylon Jennings songs Willie Nelson songs Vocal duets 1975 singles 1978 singles 1994 singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles of the year Ed Bruce songs Gibson / Miller Band songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Ed Bruce United Artists Records singles RCA Records singles Epic Records singles Music videos directed by Sherman Halsey Song recordings produced by Doug Johnson ( record producer ) Song recordings produced by Larry Butler ( producer ) Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 12 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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momma dont let your babys grow up to be cowboys
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Renaming of cities in India
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Renaming of cities in India - Wikipedia Renaming of cities in India Jump to : navigation , search The renaming of cities in India started in 1947 following the end of the British imperial period . Several changes were controversial , and not all proposed changes were implemented . Each had to be approved by the central government in New Delhi . The renaming of states and territories in India has also taken place , but until recently with actual substantial name changes in both local language and in English such as the old British state name of Travancore - Cochin to Kerala ( 1956 ) . The most notable recent exceptions are Indian English spelling - changes of Orissa to Odisha ( March 2011 ) and the Union Territory of Pondicherry ( which includes the City of Pondicherry ) to Puducherry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Renaming in local languages 2 Renaming in English 2.1 Change in official English spelling 2.2 Realignment of the official Indian English name to an alternative local name 2.3 Adoption of name changes in India and overseas 3 Important examples 3.1 States 3.2 Cities 4 Proposed changes 4.1 States and Union territories 4.2 Towns 5 Need for unification of spelling 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Renaming in local languages ( edit ) In the post-colonial era , several Indian states ' names were changed . Some of these changes coincided with the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 , a major reform of the boundaries of India 's states and territories that organised them along linguistic lines . At this time , for example , Travancore - Cochin was renamed Kerala . Later state name changes include the reorganisation of Madhya Bharat into Madhya Pradesh in 1959 ; and the renamings of the Madras State to Tamil Nadu in 1969 , of the Mysore State to Karnataka in 1973 , and of Uttaranchal to Uttarakhand in 2007 . Name changes have varied with respect to the levels of language at which they have been applied , and also accepted . Some of these local name changes were changes made in all languages : the immediate local name , and also all India 's other languages . An example of this is the renaming of predominantly Hindi - speaking Uttaranchal ( Hindi : उत्तराञ्चल ) to a new local Hindi name ( Hindi : उत्तराखण्ड Uttarakhand ) . Other changes were only changes in some of the indigenous languages . For example , the renaming of the Madras Presidency to Madras State in 1947 and then Tamil Nadu in 1969 required non-Tamil speakers to change from an approximation of the British name ( Tamil : மதராஸ் மாகாணம் Madras Presidency , then Madras State Tamil : மதராஸ் மாநிலம் ) to a native Tamil name ( Tamil : தமிழ்நாடு Tamil Nadu , `` Tamil land '' ) . In general , changes to the local names of cities in the indigenous languages are less common . However , a change in English may sometimes also be a reflection of changes in other Indian languages other than the specific local one . For example , the change of Madras ( Tamil : மதராஸ் Madras ) to Chennai ( Tamil : சென்னை Chennai ) was reflected in many of India 's languages , and incidentally in English , while the Tamil endonym had always been Chennai and remained unaffected by the change . Renaming in English ( edit ) Change in official English spelling ( edit ) The renaming of cities is often specifically from English to Indian English in connection with that dialect 's internal reforms . In other words , the city itself is not actually renamed in the local language , and the local name ( or endonym ) in the indigenous languages of India does not change , but the official spelling in Indian English is amended . An example is the change from English `` Calcutta '' to English `` Kolkata '' -- the local Bengali name ( কলকাতা Kôlkata ) did not change . Such changes in English spelling may be in order to better reflect a more accurate phonetic transliteration of the local name , or may be for other reasons . In the early years after Indian independence , many name changes were effected in northern India for English spellings of Hindi place names that had simply been romanised inconsistently by the British administration -- such as the British spelling `` Jubbulpore , '' renamed `` Jabalpur '' ( जबलपुर ) among the first changes in 1947 . These changes did not generate significant controversy . More recent and high - profile changes -- including renaming such major cities as Calcutta to Kolkata -- have generated greater controversy . Since independence , such changes have typically been enacted officially by legislation at local or national Indian government level , and may or may not then be adopted by the Indian media , particularly the influential Indian press . In the case of smaller towns and districts which were less notable outside and inside India , and where a well known English name ( or exonym ) could not be said to exist , older spellings used under British India may not have had any specific legislation other than changes in practice on the romanisation of indigenous Indian language names . Realignment of the official Indian English name to an alternative local name ( edit ) Aside from changes to the official English spellings of local names there have also been renaming proposals to realign the official name , hence the English name with an alternative local name . Ethnically sensitive examples include the proposals by the Bharatiya Janata Party ( 1990 , 2001 ) to rename Ahmedabad to Karnavati and Allahabad to Prayag . These two proposals are changes from the Muslim ( or Mughal ) name to a Hindu native name . These can be represented as a change from Urdu language to Hindi language , but since the two languages are variants of Hindustani the proposal is effectively a cultural and ethno - religious proposal rather than a linguistic one . Adoption of name changes in India and overseas ( edit ) Official name changes take place quickly if not immediately in official government sources . Adoption may be slower among the media in India and abroad , and among Indian authors . Important examples ( edit ) Main article : List of renamed places in India States ( edit ) Travancore - Cochin → Kerala ( 1 November 1956 ) . Madhya Bharat → Madhya Pradesh ( 1 November 1959 ) Madras State → Tamil Nadu ( 14 January 1969 ) Mysore State → Karnataka ( 1 November 1973 ) Uttaranchal → Uttarakhand ( 1 January 2007 ) Orissa → Odisha ( 4 November 2011 ) Cities ( edit ) Notable city names that were officially changed by legislation after independence include : Jabalpur ( Hindi : जबलपुर ) , from Jubbulpore , respelled in 1947 Jajmau ( Hindi : जाजमऊ ) , from Jajesmow , respelled in 1948 Kanpur ( Hindi : कानपुर ) , from Cawnpore , respelled in 1948 Vadodara ( Gujarati : વડોદરા ) , from Baroda , respelled in 1974 Thiruvananthapuram ( Malayalam : തിരുവനന്തപുരം ) , from Trivandrum , respelled in 1991 Mumbai ( Marathi : मुंबई ) , from Bombay , renamed in 1995 Kochi ( Malayalam : കൊച്ചി ) , from Cochin , respelled in 1996 Chennai ( Tamil : சென்னை ) , from Madras , renamed in 1996 Kolkata ( Bengali : কলকাতা ) , from Calcutta , respelled in 2001 Kadapa ( Telugu : కడప ) , from Cuddapah , respelled in 2005 Puducherry ( Tamil : புதுச்சேரி ) , from Pondicherry , renamed in 2006 Bengaluru ( Kannada : ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ) , from Bangalore , respelled in 2007 Belagavi from Belgaum in 2014 Tumakuru from Tumkur in 2014 Hubballi from Hubli in 2014 Shivamogga from Shimoga in 2014 Hosapete from Hospet in 2014 Mysuru from Mysore in 2014 Kalaburagi from Gulbarga in 2014 Chikkamagaluru from Chikmagalur Vijapura from Bijapur in 2014 Ballari from Bellary in 2014 Mangaluru from Mangalore in 2014 Rajahmahendravaram from Rajahmundry in 2015 Gurugram from Gurgaon in 2016 For others , by state order , see list of renamed Indian cities and states . Alappuzha , from Alleppey Guwahati ( Assamese : গুৱাহাটী ) , from Gauhati Indore , from Indhur Kanchipuram from Kāñci - pura And Conjevaram Kannur , from Cannanore Kollam , from Quilon Koyilandy , from Quilandi Kozhikode , from Calicut Kumbakonam from ancient name Kudanthai Mayiladuthurai from Mayavaram ancient name Mayuram Narmada , from Nerbudda Nagaon ( Assamese : নগাওঁ ) , from Nowgong Palakkad , from Palghat Panaji , from Panjim Pune , from Poona Ramanathapuram , from Ramnad Sagar , from Saugor Shimla , from Simla Thalassery , from Tellicherry Thanjavur , from ancient name Tanjore Thoothukudi , from Tuticorin Thrissur , from Trichur Tindivanam , from Tinthirivanam Tiruchirapalli , from Trichinopoly and its short form Trichy Tirunelveli , from Tinnevelly Tiruvallikeni , from Triplicane Udhagamandalam , from Ootacamund and its short form Ooty Viluppuram , from Vizhupparaiyar And Vizhimaa Nagaram Varanasi , from Benares Vatakara , from Badagara Virudhachalam , from Vriddhachalam ancient name Thirumudhukundram Vijayawada , from Bejawada Visakhapatnam , from Waltair , and before that Vizagapatnam and its short form Vizag Town names that derive from ancient names : Mandi , derived from Mandav Nagar Nellore , in ancient times Simhapuri Proposed changes ( edit ) Several other changes have been proposed for states and towns . States and Union territories ( edit ) Goa to Govapuri Kerala to Keralam Nagaland to Naganchi West Bengal to Bengal Towns ( edit ) Ahmedabad to Karnavati Allahabad to Prayagraj Aurangabad to Sambhajinagar Bhopal to Bhojpal Hyderabad to Bhagyanagar Mahabubabad to Manukota Mahbubnagar to Palamuru Need for unification of spelling ( edit ) India has various local languages . Even ( Romanised ) English spellings in long and wide use often vary depending upon which government department or agency uses them . To the point , a few examples are Quilandy vs. Koyilandy , Canannore vs. Kannur , and Rangiya vs. Rangia . Different departments of the government may have used official spellings in use at the time , while locations associated with Indian railways mostly maintained British - era spellings . The confusion inherent in such variations has often resulted in serious consequences like people having two `` different '' addresses ( theoretically designating the same place ) in their official records leading to legal disputes , or one house having residents of different house addresses due to differing place names . Many people argue that such confusion can lead to indeterminate and / or unintended consequences See also ( edit ) India portal List of renamed Indian cities and states Renaming in South Africa References ( edit ) Jump up ^ India and the World Bank : The Politics of Aid and Influence - Page 126 Jason A. Kirk - 2011 `` Orissa ( Note : This state was officially renamed Odisha in March 2011 ) '' Jump up ^ The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics , 1925 to the 1990s . - Page 134 Christophe Jaffrelot 1999 - `` The new state included Madhya Bharat , the Bhopal region , the former Vindhya Pradesh , Mahakoshal and Chhattisgarh ( the last two regions forming the Hindi - speaking parts in the former Madhya Pradesh ; see map , pp. xxii - xxiii ) . '' Jump up ^ Mira Kamdar Planet India : How the Fastest Growing Democracy Is Transforming ... 2007 Author 's introduction Page xi `` India 's information - technology capital 's new name , should it be adopted , will mean `` town of boiled beans . '' The name changes are not without controversy among Indians . In several instances , the name change represents a struggle between a cosmopolitan elite and a local , regional - language populace over defining the city in ways that go far beyond a simple change of name . '' Jump up ^ Steven I. Wilkinson Votes and Violence : Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India 2006 Page 23 `` The BJP proposed in 1990 and 2001 that Ahmedabad be renamed `` Karnavati . '' Hindu , June 1 1 , 2001 . Similar proposals have been made to rename Allahabad `` Prayag . '' Jump up ^ Cosmopolitanism - Page 73 Carol A. Breckenridge , Sheldon Pollock , Homi K. Bhabha - 2002 `` In one sense , the decision to officialise the name Mumbai is part of a widespread Indian pattern of replacing names associated with colonial rule with names associated with local , national , and regional heroes . It is an indigenizing toponymic . '' Jump up ^ Reserve Bank of India 's instructions for banks & banking operations Reserve Bank of India 2001 Page 713 `` The new name `` Mumbai '' should be reflected in both English and Hindi and the change in name is to be brought about in all official communications , name plates , sign boards , office seals , rubber stamps , etc . '' Jump up ^ Perveez Mody The Intimate State : Love - Marriage and the Law in Delhi Page 59 - 2008 `` Throughout this book , I refer to India 's commercial capital as Bombay rather than Mumbai ... I am well aware of the name - change effected by an Act of the Indian Parliament in 1997 that made the city officially ' Mumbai ' ... It is the same convention I adopt when referring to Calcutta rather than Kolkata . '' Jump up ^ Pingali Sailaja Indian English Page 16 2009 `` Bombay is now called Mumbai , Madras is now Chennai and Calcutta is Kolkata , in an attempt to de-anglicise them . In this work , the earlier names are retained since these names were used during the period that we mostly cover . '' Jump up ^ Calcutta : A Cultural and Literary History - Page 3 Krishna Dutta - 2003 `` nationalist stance , like Bombay , which changed its name to Mumbai , or Madras , which has become the unrecognisable Chennai , Calcutta has preferred a comparatively minor name change , which frankly is a bit of a multicultural mishmash . '' Jump up ^ `` David Rumsey : Geographical Searching with MapRank Search ( beta ) '' . Rumsey.mapranksearch.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Beam , Christopher ( 2006 - 07 - 12 ) . `` How Bombay became Mumbai . - Slate Magazine '' . Slate.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Deccan Herald : Centre clears change in names of Karna cities , Belgaum now Belagavi Jump up ^ Times of India : Karnataka cities get new names Jump up ^ Temples and legends of Himachal Pradesh - Page 38 Pranab Chandra Roy Choudhury - 1981 `` Mandi takes the name from Mandavya . The name of the place was first Mandav Nagar and then corrupted into Mandi . '' Jump up ^ Gazetteer of the Nellore District : Brought Up to 1938 - Page 151 Government Of Madras Staff , Government of Madras - 1942 `` ... of the Ramayana ( 2000 -- 1500 BC ) was a dense jungle , while the town of Nellore , which came into existence only several centuries later , was known as Simhapuri ( Lion 's town ) , from the supposed existence of lions in the adjacent forests . '' Jump up ^ `` Goa to become Gomantak '' . Jump up ^ `` Nagaland to be renamed '' . Aaj Tak . Jump up ^ http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/lucknow/allahabad-all-set-to-get-new-name.html Jump up ^ TNN ( 2006 - 12 - 18 ) . `` Now , Indore to become Indur , Bhopal Bhojpal - The Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.igovernment.in/opinion/41631/merging-npr-uid?source=igov External links ( edit ) Renaming roads : A ' meaningless ' exercise 12 Cities in Karnataka get a name change India 's Bangalore in name change Shashi Tharror : Becoming Bengaloorued Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renaming_of_cities_in_India&oldid=842869920 '' Categories : Independent India Geographical naming disputes Geographic history of India Cities and towns in India Geographical renaming Names of places in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2018 Use Indian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing Tamil - language text Articles containing Bengali - language text Articles containing Gujarati - language text Articles containing Malayalam - language text Articles containing Marathi - language text Articles containing Telugu - language text Articles containing Kannada - language text Articles containing Assamese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français हिन्दी Italiano മലയാളം Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 06 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when was the name of bombay changed to mumbai
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"\nJabalpur (Hindi: जबलपुर), from Jubbulpore, respelled in 1947\nJajmau (Hindi: जाजमऊ), from Jajesmow, respelled in 1948 [10]\nKanpur (Hindi: कानपुर), from Cawnpore, respelled in 1948\nVadodara (Gujarati: વડોદરા), from Baroda, respelled in 1974\nThiruvananthapuram (Malayalam: തിരുവനന്തപുരം), from Trivandrum, respelled in 1991\nMumbai (Marathi: मुंबई), from Bombay, renamed in 1995 [11]\nKochi (Malayalam: കൊച്ചി), from Cochin, respelled in 1996\nChennai (Tamil: சென்னை), from Madras, renamed in 1996\nKolkata (Bengali: কলকাতা), from Calcutta, respelled in 2001\nKadapa (Telugu: కడప), from Cuddapah, respelled in 2005\nPuducherry (Tamil: புதுச்சேரி), from Pondicherry, renamed in 2006\nBengaluru (Kannada: ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು), from Bangalore, respelled in 2007 [12]\nBelagavi from Belgaum in 2014 [13][14]\nTumakuru from Tumkur in 2014\nHubballi from Hubli in 2014\nShivamogga from Shimoga in 2014\nHosapete from Hospet in 2014\nMysuru from Mysore in 2014\nKalaburagi from Gulbarga in 2014\nChikkamagaluru from Chikmagalur\nVijapura from Bijapur in 2014\nBallari from Bellary in 2014\nMangaluru from Mangalore in 2014\nRajahmahendravaram from Rajahmundry in 2015\nGurugram from Gurgaon in 2016\n"
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Effective interest rate
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Effective interest rate - wikipedia Effective interest rate Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Finance Markets ( show ) Bond Commodity Derivatives Foreign exchange Money Over-the - counter Private equity Real estate Spot Stock Participants Investor institutional Retail Speculator Instruments ( show ) Bond Cash Collateralised debt obligation Credit default swap Time deposit ( certificate of deposit ) Credit line Deposit Derivative Futures contract Indemnity Insurance Letter of credit Loan Mortgage Option ( call exotic put ) performance bonds Repurchase agreement Stock Security Syndicated loan Synthetic CDO Corporate ( show ) Accounting Audit Capital budgeting Credit rating agency Risk management Financial statement Leveraged buyout Mergers and acquisitions Structured finance Venture capital Personal ( show ) Credit / Debt Employment contract Financial planning Retirement Student loan Public ( show ) Government spending Final consumption expenditure Operations Redistribution Transfer payment Government revenue Taxation Deficit spending Budget ( balance ) Debt Non-tax revenue Warrant of payment Banks and banking ( show ) Central bank Deposit account Fractional - reserve banking Loan Money supply Lists of banks Bank regulation Banking license Basel Accords Bank for International Settlements Financial Stability Board Deposit insurance Separation of investment and retail banking Regulation Financial law ( show ) International Financial Reporting Standards ISO 31000 Professional certification Fund governance Economic history ( show ) Private equity and venture capital Recession Stock market bubble Stock market crash Accounting scandals The effective interest rate ( EIR ) , effective annual interest rate , annual equivalent rate ( AER ) or simply effective rate is the interest rate on a loan or financial product restated from the nominal interest rate as an interest rate with annual compound interest payable in arrears . It is used to compare the annual interest between loans with different compounding periods like week , month , year , etc . The effective interest rate differs in one important respect from the annual percentage rate ( APR ) : the APR method converts this weekly or monthly interest rate into what would be called an annual rate that does n't take into account the effect of compounding . By contrast , in the EIR , the periodic rate is annualized using compounding . It is the standard in the European Union and a large number of countries around the world . The EIR is more precise in financial terms , taking into consideration the effects of compounding , i.e. the fact that for each period , interest is not calculated on the principal , but on the amount of the previous period , including capital and interest . This reasoning is easily understandable when looking at savings : interest is capitalized every month , and every month the saver earns interest on the interest from the previous period . As an effect of compounding , the interest earned over a year represent 26.82 % of the initial amount , instead of 24 % , the monthly 2 % interest rate simply multiplied by 12 . If we consider borrowings instead of savings , the compounded interest rate reflects the opportunity cost for the borrower not to be able to invest the interest he pays to the lender into an asset generating the same percentage of return . The term nominal EIR or nominal APR can be used to refer to an annualized rate that does not take into account front - fees and other costs can be included . Annual percentage yield or effective annual yield is the analogous concept used for savings or investment products , such as a certificate of deposit . Since any loan is an investment product for the lender , the terms may be used to apply to the same transaction , depending on the point of view . Effective annual interest or yield may be calculated or applied differently depending on the circumstances , and the definition should be studied carefully . For example , a bank may refer to the yield on a loan portfolio after expected losses as its effective yield and include income from other fees , meaning that the interest paid by each borrower may differ substantially from the bank 's effective yield . Contents ( hide ) 1 Calculation 2 Effective interest rate ( accountancy ) 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Calculation ( edit ) The effective interest rate is calculated as if compounded annually . The effective rate is calculated in the following way , where r is the effective annual rate , i the nominal rate , and n the number of compounding periods per year ( for example , 12 for monthly compounding ) : r = ( 1 + i n ) n − 1 ( \ displaystyle r \ =\ \ left ( 1 + ( \ frac ( i ) ( n ) ) \ right ) ^ ( n ) - 1 ) For example , a nominal interest rate of 6 % compounded monthly is equivalent to an effective interest rate of 6.17 % . 6 % compounded monthly is credited as 6 % / 12 = 0.005 every month . After one year , the initial capital is increased by the factor ( 1 + 0.005 ) ≈ 1.0617 . When the frequency of compounding is increased up to infinity the calculation will be : r = e i − 1 ( \ displaystyle r \ =\ e ^ ( i ) - 1 ) The yield depends on the frequency of compounding : Effective Annual Rate Based on Frequency of Compounding Nominal Rate Semi-Annual Quarterly Monthly Daily Continuous 1 % 1.003 % 1.004 % 1.005 % 1.005 % 1.005 % 5 % 5.063 % 5.095 % 5.116 % 5.127 % 5.127 % 10 % 10.250 % 10.381 % 10.471 % 10.516 % 10.517 % 15 % 15.563 % 15.865 % 16.075 % 16.180 % 16.183 % 20 % 21.000 % 21.551 % 21.939 % 22.134 % 22.140 % 30 % 32.250 % 33.547 % 34.489 % 34.969 % 34.986 % 40 % 44.000 % 46.410 % 48.213 % 49.150 % 49.182 % 50 % 56.250 % 60.181 % 63.209 % 64.816 % 64.872 % The effective interest rate is a special case of the internal rate of return . If the monthly interest rate j is known and remains constant throughout the year , the effective annual rate can be calculated as follows : r = ( 1 + j ) 12 − 1 ( \ displaystyle r \ =\ ( 1 + j ) ^ ( 12 ) - 1 ) The annual percentage rate ( APR ) is calculated in the following way , where i is the interest rate for the period and n is the number of periods . APR = ixn Effective interest rate ( accountancy ) ( edit ) In accountancy the term effective interest rate is used to describe the rate used to calculate interest expense or income under the effective interest method . This is not the same as the effective annual rate , and is usually stated as an APR rate . See also ( edit ) Real interest rate Real versus nominal value ( economics ) For a zero - coupon bond such as a US treasury bill , an annual effective discount rate may be specified instead of an effective interest rate , because zero coupon bonds trade at a discount from their face values . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ( PDF ) http://www.mftransparency.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/MFT-RPT-502-EN-The-Microfinance-Transparency-Pricing-Supervision-Handbook-2013-06.pdf . Missing or empty title = ( help ) References ( edit ) `` Interest Rates : An Introduction '' , webpage : NYFed . External links ( edit ) http://www.miniwebtool.com/effective-interest-rate-calculator/ Online Effective Interest Rate Calculator http://www.mftransparency.org/resources/microfinance-traps-handbook/ Microfinance Transparent Pricing Supervision Handbook Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effective_interest_rate&oldid=836085452 '' Categories : Interest rates Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from August 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Français हिन्दी Nederlands Norsk Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 16 : 19 . About Wikipedia
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how to calculate monthly rate from annual rate
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Beast (Disney)
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Beast ( Disney ) - wikipedia Beast ( Disney ) Jump to : navigation , search Beast First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Created by Linda Woolverton ( film adaptation ) Portrayed by Terrence Mann ( Beauty and the Beast originated role for Broadway ) Jeff Bridges ( Disney Dreams Portraits photographs ) Dan Payne ( Descendants ) Dan Stevens ( 2017 live action film ) Voiced by Robby Benson Aliases Prince Adam , Master of the Castle Occupation Prince Significant other ( s ) Belle Children Prince Ben ( son ; in Descendants only ) Relatives Maurice ( father - in - law ) Nationality French The Beast is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios ' 30th animated feature film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) . He also appears in the film 's two direct - to - video followups Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas and Belle 's Magical World . Based on the hero of the French fairy tale by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont , the Beast was created by screenwriter Linda Woolverton and animated by Glen Keane . A pampered prince transformed into a hideous beast as punishment for his cold - hearted and selfish ways , the Beast must , in order to return to his former self , earn the love of a beautiful young woman named Belle who he imprisons in his castle . All this must be done before the last petal falls from the enchanted rose on his twenty - first birthday . In all animated film appearances , the Beast is voiced by American actor Robby Benson . The 1991 animated film was adapted into a Broadway musical in 1994 , with the role being originated by American actor Terrence Mann . Dan Stevens portrays the character in a 2017 live - action adaptation of the original 1991 film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Characteristics 3 Appearances 3.1 Beauty and the Beast 3.2 Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas 3.3 Belle 's Magical World 4 In other media 4.1 Kingdom Hearts 4.2 Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories 4.3 Kingdom Hearts II 4.4 Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days 4.5 Broadway musical 4.6 The D Show 4.7 Once Upon a Time 4.8 I ( film ) 4.9 Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 live action film ) 5 References 6 External links Development Determining a suitable appearance for the Beast proved challenging . Although entirely fictional , supervising animator Glen Keane felt it essential for the Beast to resemble a creature that could possibly be found on Earth as opposed to an alien . The initial designs had the Beast as humanoid but with an animal head attached as per the original fairy tale , but soon shifted towards more unconventional forms . The earlier sketches of the Beast 's character design are seen as gargoyles and sculptures in the Beast 's castle . Inspired by a buffalo head that he purchased from a taxidermy , Keane decided to base the Beast 's appearance on a variety of wild animals , drawing inspiration from the mane of a lion , head of a buffalo , brow of a gorilla , tusks of a wild boar , legs and tail of a wolf , and body of a bear . However , he felt it important that the Beast 's eyes remain human . In fear that Glen Keane would design the Beast to resemble voice actor Robby Benson , Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg did not allow Keane to see Benson during production of the film . Characteristics The Beast is not of any one species of animal , but a chimera ( a mixture of several animals ) , who would probably be classified as a carnivore overall . He has the head structure and horns of a buffalo , the arms and body of a bear , the eyebrows of a gorilla , the jaws , teeth , and mane of a lion , the tusks of a wild boar and the legs and tail of a wolf . He also bears resemblance to mythical monsters like the Minotaur or a werewolf . He also has blue eyes , the one physical feature that does not change whether he is a beast or a human . As opposed to his original counterpart , Disney gave him a more primal nature to his personality and mannerisms , which truly exploited his character as an untamed animal ( i.e. alternating between walking and crawling , animal growls ) . Producer Don Hahn envisioned that the Beast 's psychological state has become increasing feral the longer he was under the curse , such that he would eventually lose his last vestiges of humanity and become completely wild if the spell could not be broken . Hahn 's idea does n't manifest prominently in the finished 1991 animated film , since the Beast is only seen in a brief scene some time after his transformation while much of the narrative starts during the later period of the curse . In the original tale , the Beast is seen to be kind - hearted for the most part , and gentleman - like , with only an occasional tendency to be hot - tempered . Disney 's interpretation of the Beast made him more constantly angry and depressed , due to the shame from his unkind actions which led to his transformation , and particularly his struggle of reconciling his hideous appearance with his inner humanity which made him feel hopeless about breaking the curse . Supervising animator Glen Keane describes The Beast as `` a twenty - one - year - old guy who 's insecure , wants to be loved , wants to love , but has this ugly exterior and has to overcome this . '' Upon his reform under his love interest Belle , his personality changes to refined and more even - tempered , while naive about the world at the same time . To reflect his early personality , the Beast is seen shirtless , with ragged , dark gray breeches , and a ragged reddish - colored cape with a golden colored circular - shaped clasp . Despite the actual color of his cape being a dark reddish color , the Beast 's cape is more often referenced to be purple ( and in most of the Beast 's subsequent appearances after the film , such as Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas or the Kingdom Hearts games , his cape is colored purple ) . The reason for this change in color is unknown , although the most likely reason is that the color purple is often associated with royalty . After the Beast saves Belle from a pack of wolves , his dress - style changes to become more formal and disciplined , reflecting a more refined personality as he attempts to win Belle 's friendship and love . His most referenced form of dress is his ballroom outfit , which consisted of a golden vest over a white dress shirt with a white kerchief , black dress pants trimmed with gold , and a royal blue ballroom tail coat trimmed with gold , worn during the film 's ballroom dance sequence . The blue tail coat outfit is retained after he was restored back to human , which is meant to be a stark contrast to the royal regalia and armor he was depicted in before his curse . His human form is that of a tall and slender young man with auburn hair and soft cream colored skin while also retaining his bright blue eyes . As human he is simply known as the `` Prince '' , as supervising animator Glen Keane stated that everyone on the production was too busy to give him an alternative name , however some licensed works such as the trivia video game The D Show ( 1998 ) have named him `` Prince Adam '' . Disney has come to embrace the name , as seen in multiple pieces of merchandise as well as a plaque hung up in 2012 ( and still hangs there as of 2017 ) in Walt Disney World 's Port Orleans Riverside Royal Rooms that clearly states his name as `` Prince Adam . '' Appearances Beauty and the Beast Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film ) The Beast with Belle . A handsome young prince lives in a luxurious castle in France . He has everything he ever wanted , and as a result , he is spoiled , selfish and unkind . One night , his kindness is put to the test when a beggar woman comes to the castle and asks for shelter from the freezing cold , with a single rose as payment . When he shuns the beggar for her repulsive appearance , she then reveals her true form as a beautiful enchantress . Seeing her beauty and realizing her power , the Prince tries to apologize but she transforms him into a terrifying beast - like creature for his arrogance . She also casts a spell on the entire castle , transforming it into a dark , foreboding place , its lush green grounds into dangerous immortal wolf - infested woods , and the good - natured servants into anthropomorphic household objects to reflect their different personalities . Ashamed of his new appearance , the Beast conceals himself inside his castle with a magic mirror as his only window to the outside world , and an enchanted rose that would act as the curse 's timer which would bloom until he turns 21 . If the Beast could learn to love a woman and earn her love in return before the final petal fell off the rose , the curse would be broken , but if not he would remain a beast forever . The Beast turns to despair as the years pass by , with little hope of achieving this . As the enchanted rose reaches late bloom and slowly wilts , the first outsider is an old man named Maurice who accidentally stumbles upon the castle , being allowed inside by the servants for shelter . However , the Beast detains Maurice in the tower as a prisoner for trespassing and stealing a rose . Maurice 's horse returns back to the village , and then takes Maurice 's daughter Belle back to the castle . In the tower Belle confronts Beast and pleads with him to let her father go , offering herself as a prisoner instead , to which the Beast agrees in return for her promise never to leave . Being prodded by his servants into believing that she is the key to breaking the spell , the Beast shows flashes of compassion for the first time despite his overall gruff manner . For instance , he feels some remorse for ejecting her father without a proper farewell , and as an atonement he lets her stay in a furnished room rather than the tower dungeon and places the servants at her disposal . When she enters the castle 's forbidden west wing and nearly touches the rose , he frightens her into fleeing the castle via the woods , which he regrets upon realizing that he lost his temper , then he saves her from being killed by wild wolves . The Beast and Belle come to appreciate each other when she brings him back to the castle and tends to his wounds . He strikes up a friendship with her , by giving her the castle library and learns kindness and manners from her . Eventually , the Beast falls in love with Belle , and placing her happiness before his own , he releases her to tend to her sick father , a decision that disheartens him upon realizing that she had not yet returned his love which means that the curse remains unbroken . A mob from the village comes to storm the castle and kill the Beast , led by a rival suitor named Gaston . Beast is too miserable from Belle 's departure to respond to a challenge from Gaston , although his servants manage to beat back the villagers . Upon seeing Belle 's return to the castle , the Beast 's mood is roused and he duels Gaston upon the castle rooftops . The Beast uses guile to make up for his lack of weaponry , and remains unfazed by frequent taunts from Gaston , who proclaims that handsome appearance is the entitlement to Belle . The Beast eventually overpowers Gaston and intends to drop him until the hunter begs him not to . Not wanting to sink to Gaston 's level of behavior , the Beast decides to show mercy and spare Gaston on the condition that he immediately leave the castle . Belle then shows up on the balcony and the Beast climbs up to meet her ; however Gaston refuses to accept defeat and stabs the Beast from behind . Gaston loses his balance and falls from the castle roof to his death , but Belle manages to grab the Beast and pull him up . The Beast , knowing he is mortally wounded , expresses his appreciation to Belle for returning and being able to see her one last time , before falling unconscious and apparently succumbing to his injuries . Belle is able to tell the Beast that she loves him before the final petal falls . Then , Belle 's declaration of love for the Beast breaks the spell and transforms him back into the prince . Beauty and the Beast : the enchanted Christmas Main article : Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas In this film , which takes place not long after the Beast rescued Belle from the wolves , much to Beast 's frustration , Belle wants to celebrate Christmas and throw a real Christmas party . Beast hates the idea of Christmas , for it was the very day almost ten years ago when the Enchantress cast the spell on him and the entire castle . ( In contrast to the 1991 animated film where the Prince is depicted in stained - glass windows wearing royal regalia and armor before being cursed , the Prince in Enchanted Christmas is dressed simply in a white shirt and black breeches prior to his transformation . ) While Beast sits most of the preparations out , a treacherous servant plots to have Belle thrown out of the castle : Forte the Pipe Organ , since he is far more appreciated by the Beast while under the spell . Unknown to Beast , Belle writes him a special book which he does n't see until later on . She also meets Forte later on in a chance meeting . Forte tells her that Beast 's favorite Christmas tradition was the Christmas tree . Belle becomes frustrated , for no tree she has seen on the grounds has been tall enough to hang ornaments . Forte lies to Belle , saying that a perfect tree can be found in the woods beyond the castle . Reluctant to go against Beast 's orders that she never leave the castle , Belle leaves nonetheless in order to find the perfect tree . When Belle does not arrive to see Beast 's Christmas present to her , he begins to suspect that she is n't there at all . When Cogsworth , having been ordered to retrieve Belle , explains that the household can not find her , Beast becomes enraged . He goes to Forte to ask for advice , and Forte lies that Belle has abandoned him . Beast manages to find Belle and saves her in time from drowning after she fell through thin ice . Still believing that Belle disobeyed him by breaking her promise not to leave , Beast locks her into the dungeons to rot . But when Forte goads him into destroying the rose to end his suffering , Beast finds Belle 's book in the West Wing and reads it , coming to his senses and realizing that all Belle wants is for him to be happy . Releasing Belle from the dungeon and asking for her forgiveness , Beast prepares to join in the Christmas festivities . But Forte does n't give up and even goes as far as to attempt to destroy the entire castle with Beethoven 's 5th . Fortunately , Beast finds him in time and destroys his keyboard with Franz Schubert 's Symphony No 8 . Losing his balance ( and his pipes ) , Forte falls from the wall he is leaned up against and is silenced forever . Later , the castle and servants are arrayed in Christmas decorations when Belle and the Beast do their famous ballroom dance from the first film . The story flashes forward to the first Christmas after the spell is broken . The Prince and Belle give Chip , Mrs. Potts ' son , a book to read , which he loves . As the Prince and Belle come out to the balcony , he gives her something : a rose . Belle 's Magical world Main article : Belle 's Magical World In the final entry of the franchise , made up of four segments from a presumably failed television series , Belle teaches the Beast a thing or two about life itself , consideration and manners . He appears only in the first and fourth segments , and in a cameo in the third . In the first part , The Perfect Word , Beast and Belle have a bitter falling out at dinner when the Beast demands that Cogsworth open the windows to cool him down , despite the fact that he is the only one hot and there is a cold wind , and angrily strikes his servant , Webster , a long - tongued dictionary . Despite Lumiere and Cogsworth 's pleas , Beast refuses to apologise for his behaviour , until Webster , Crane and LePlume forge a letter of apology from the Beast to Belle . All is settled , until the Beast realises that it was a forgery . He furiously banishes Webster , Crane and LePlume from the castle , but Belle brings them back from the woods , and the Beast soon learns to forgive them , as their intentions were good . In the fourth part , The Broken Wing , the Beast loses his temper with Belle again when she brings an injured bird into the castle , as he dislikes birds . As he tries to chase the bird out , however , he falls over on the stairs and hits his head hard , stripping him of his hatred for birds . However , his selfishness still remains , and he locks the bird in a cage in his room , demanding that it sing for him whenever he demands it . The bird , terrified , refuses , until Belle teaches the Beast that the bird will only sing when happy . The Beast lets the bird out , and learns to consider others before himself . Earlier on , in the third segment , Mrs. Potts ' Party , the Beast makes several cameos sleeping in his bed in the West Wing . Dialogue between Lumiere and Cogsworth shows that he had spent the entire previous night mending leaks in the castle roof , and is still resting . An argument between Lumiere and Cogsworth about Mrs. Potts ' favourite flowers lead to them having to hide several bunches of flowers around the Beast 's bed . At one point , the Beast begins to smell one of the flowers and almost wakes up , but it is removed just in time , and he falls asleep again . In other Media Beast appears as a major Disney character in the bestselling video game series Kingdom Hearts . Kingdom Hearts In the first Kingdom Hearts , during a time in which the spell had not yet broken , Beast 's home is attacked by the Heartless , led by Maleficent , who take Belle captive . Determined to rescue Belle , Beast goes as far as to exploit the power of darkness and risk his own life to transport himself to Hollow Bastion , where Belle is being held captive with the other six Princesses of Heart . Upon arriving in Hollow Bastion , Beast is confronted by Riku , who challenges him to a duel and easily defeats him . Beast is saved at the last minute by Sora , Donald and Goofy , who are looking for Kairi . Allying himself with Sora , since Donald and Goofy have temporarily joined Riku , Beast fights the Heartless and protects Sora while they work their way into the Hollow Baston castle . Entering the castle , Beast , Sora , Donald and Goofy fight their way through until they encounter and defeat Maleficent , who transforms into her dragon form and challenges them once again , only to be defeated once more . The four heroes find Kairi , but the circumstances cause Sora , Donald , Goofy and Kairi to leave Hollow Bastion , and Beast states that he will not leave without Belle . Later on , Beast encounters Sora once again when he returns to Hollow Bastion to lock the Keyhole . During their second search , Beast and Sora find Belle , who embraces Beast and presents Sora with the Divine Rose Keychain . In the Final Mix version of the game , Beast allies himself with Sora once again to fight and defeat Xemnas ( then known as `` Unknown '' ) . Kingdom Hearts : Chain of memories In Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , Beast is merely a figment of Sora 's memories . He is once again separated from Belle , courtesy of Maleficent , but once more , Beast defeats Maleficent with Sora 's help and rescues Belle . Kingdom Hearts II After Sora defeats Ansem , all the previously attacked worlds are restored , including Beast 's Castle . Afterwards , Beast and Belle return to their home to carry on with their lives . However , the peace is shattered once again when Beast is approached by Xaldin of Organization XIII to do his bidding . Xaldin is determined to manipulate Beast into becoming a Heartless . If that happens , Beast will not only become a strong Heartless which Sora would have to destroy and feed to Kingdom Hearts , but also leave behind a powerful Nobody for Xaldin to use as he wishes ( just like what happened to Xehanort ) . Manipulated and controlled , Beast is forced to allow the Heartless into the castle and lock the entire servant staff in the dungeons , with Belle too scared to intervene . Beast starts mistreating Belle . When Sora , Donald and Goofy arrive , they are encountered by Beast , who attacks them without hesitation . Sora wins the battle , and Beast comes back to his senses thanks to his servants who were released by Sora . Xaldin appears to flee . Later on , during a ball , Xaldin returns and steals the rose , throwing Beast into a depression and causing him to ask Belle and Sora to leave his castle . However a pep talk from Sora spurs him back into action . Xaldin confronts them and sends his Nobodies at them . They fight the Nobodies off , but Xaldin escapes to the castle drawbridge with Belle and the rose . Belle manages to escape from Xaldin 's clutches with the rose , and Xaldin is then killed by Beast , Sora , Donald and Goofy . Belle gives Beast the rose but he is more relieved that she was n't hurt . Beast then bids a grateful farewell to Sora , and returns to a normal life with Belle , until the spell is finally broken and Beast turns back into a human at the end of the game ( a scene witnessed during the game 's credits following completion ) . Beast 's Limit attack for Kingdom Hearts II is Twin Howl , where he and Sora violently roar together and slash at enemies furiously . Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days In Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days , Beast appears along with his homeworld again . The missions in Beast 's Castle chronicle some of the events that occurred between Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II , such as Belle and Beast attempting to resume their normal lives and Beast 's first encounter with Xaldin . Broadway musical Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) The Beast appears in the Broadway musical adaptation of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast , originally portrayed by Terrence Mann . Other actors who have taken on the role include Chuck Wagner ( 1997 ) , James Barbour ( 1998 ) , Jeff McCarthy ( 2004 ) , and Steve Blanchard . The D show The movie and others never made mention of his real name . A CD - ROM game said `` The Prince 's name is Adam . '' Once upon a time In the 2011 ABC series Once Upon a Time , the show 's version of `` the Beast '' is actually another fairy tale character , Rumplestiltskin ( played by Robert Carlyle ) , who gains possession of Belle as part of a deal to save Belle 's kingdom from losing a war . I ( film ) Main article : I ( film ) Indian actor Vikram portrayed Beast for sequences in a dreamy song `` Ennodu Nee Irundhal '' in the 2015 Tamil language film `` I '' opposite Amy Jackson who portrayed Belle . The original prosthetic make - up for the characters were provided by Sean Foot ( Shaun ) and Davina Lamont and additional works were done by National Film Award winners -- Christien Tinsley and Dominie Till . Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 live action film ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) In March 2015 , English actor Dan Stevens was cast as the Beast in a live - action adaptation of the film , which was released on March 17 , 2017 . The Beast was portrayed with a `` more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation '' , where Stevens was `` in a forty - pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film '' . The facial capture for the Beast was done separately order to `` communicate the subtleties of the human face '' and `` ( capture the ) thought that occurs to him '' which gets `` through ( to ) the eyes , which are the last human element in the Beast . '' The live - action portrayal closely follows the animated version , but with some differences . The backstory is expanded and reveals that the Prince 's mother died of an illness when he was a boy , leaving his father to raise him . He eventually grew up to be as vain , self - centered and arrogant as his father , and he taxed the villagers of his kingdom harshly . The Prince was hosting a debutante ball at his castle when a beggar woman appeared at his castle and offered a single rose as payment for shelter from an oncoming storm . The Prince turned her away twice , prompting the beggar to reveal herself to be an enchantress . The Enchantress placed a powerful spell upon the kingdom , turning the Prince into a beast and the servants into animated household objects , while also wiping all memory of the castle from the nearby village 's inhabitants . If the Beast was unable to love another and earn that person 's love in return , by the time the last petal on the enchanted rose fell , he would remain a beast forever , and in addition his servants would become inanimate antiques . The live - action version of the Beast is quite civilized in personality and mannerisms , in contrast to the Beast in the animated film which was originally quite primal in behavior . Although the Beast does not seem to have become increasing feral the longer the enchantment runs , in contrast to his animated counterpart from 1991 ( reflecting Don Hahn 's original intent for the Beast eventually grow wild if he never met Belle ) , it is his transformed servants who are gradually losing their remaining humanity while the castle deteriorates . The last rose petal falls before the curse is broken ; however , upon seeing Belle profess her love for the Beast , the enchantress reveals herself and lifts the spell on the castle and its inhabitants . Afterward , Prince and Belle host a ball for all the villagers . References Jump up ^ Schrager , Norm ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` Building a Beast : Interview with Disney Animator Glen Keane '' . Meet In The Lobby . Meet In The Lobby . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Noyer , Jérémie ( October 11 , 2010 ) . `` Beauty And The Beast : Glen Keane on discovering the beauty in The Beast '' . Animated Views . Animated Views . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob : `` Academy Recognition : Beauty and the Beast '' , pages 127 - 131 . Disney 's Art of Animation : From Mickey Mouse to Hercules , 1997 Jump up ^ Good , Jeremiah ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) . `` The Royal Guest Rooms of Port Orleans Riverside - LaughingPlace.com '' . LaughingPlace.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast at IBDB.com '' . www.ibdb.com . Archived from the original on 2 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Haun , Harry ( 2007 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Playbill on Closing Night : Beauty and the Beast -- A Roaring Success '' . www.playbill.com . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ The D Show , Disney Interactive , 1998 ASIN B000031VV3 Jump up ^ I - Ennodu Nee Irundhaal Video - A.R. Rahman - Vikram - Shankar ( video ) . YouTube ( in Tamil ) . Sony Music India . 3 February 2015 . Event occurs at 0 : 12 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shankar has taken technology to a totally different level in Ai '' - PC Sreeram `` . Behindwoods.com. 22 June 2014 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vikram stuns everyone with beast get - up '' . The Times of India . 16 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Is a Technological Marvel , But for Its Actors , the Challenge was Daunting '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . External links Beast on IMDb ( hide ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beast_(Disney)&oldid=799284451 '' Categories : Disney 's Beauty and the Beast characters Kingdom Hearts characters Fictional characters introduced in 1991 Fictional French people Fictional hermits Fictional princes Fictional kings Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional characters who can move at superhuman speeds Hidden categories : CS1 Tamil - language sources ( ta ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 19 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the beats name in beauty and the beast
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"The blue tail coat outfit is retained after he was restored back to human, which is meant to be a stark contrast to the royal regalia and armor he was depicted in before his curse. His human form is that of a tall and slender young man with auburn hair and soft cream colored skin while also retaining his bright blue eyes. As human he is simply known as the \"Prince\", as supervising animator Glen Keane stated that everyone on the production was too busy to give him an alternative name, however some licensed works such as the trivia video game The D Show (1998) have named him \"Prince Adam\". Disney has come to embrace the name, as seen in multiple pieces of merchandise as well as a plaque hung up in 2012 (and still hangs there as of 2017) in Walt Disney World's Port Orleans Riverside Royal Rooms that clearly states his name as \"Prince Adam.\" [4]"
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"Prince Adam"
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Islamic calendar
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Islamic calendar - Wikipedia Islamic calendar This article is about the lunar Hijri calendar . For the solar calendar whose first year is fixed to the Hijra , see Solar Hijri calendar . Today Wednesday 29 August 2018 AD / CE 17 Dhu al - Hijjah 1439 AH Using tabular calculations Part of a series on Islam Beliefs ( show ) Oneness of God Prophets Revealed books Angels Predestination Day of Resurrection Practices ( show ) Profession of faith Prayer Fasting Alms - giving Pilgrimage Texts and laws ( show ) Quran Tafsir Sunnah ( Hadith , Sirah ) Sharia ( law ) Fiqh ( jurisprudence ) Kalam ( dialectic ) History ( show ) Timeline Muhammad Ahl al - Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Imamate Caliphate Spread of Islam Culture and society ( hide ) Academics Animals Art Calendar Children Demographics Denominations Economics Education Feminism Festivals Finance LGBT Madrasa Moral teachings Mosque Mysticism Philosophy Poetry Politics Proselytizing Science Social welfare Women Related topics ( show ) Criticism of Islam Islam and other religions Islamism Islamophobia Glossary Islam portal Islamic Calendar stamp issued at King Khaled airport ( 10 Rajab 1428 / 24 July 2007 ) The Islamic , Muslim , or Hijri calendar ( Arabic : التقويم الهجري at - taqwīm al - hijrī ) is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days . It is used in Muslim countries to determine the proper days of Islamic holidays and rituals , such as the annual period of fasting and the proper time for the pilgrimage to Mecca . In everyday life of these countries the Gregorian calendar is used . Rents , wages etc. are paid by the Gregorian calendar which is also used for agriculture if no traditional solar calendars are use for this purpose like the Berber calendar or the Coptic Calendar , because a lunar calendar is not suited for agricultural work . The Islamic calendar employs the Hijri era whose epoch was retrospectively established as the Islamic New Year of AD 622 . During that year , Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to Yathrib ( now Medina ) and established the first Muslim community ( ummah ) , an event commemorated as the Hijra . In the West , dates in this era are usually denoted AH ( Latin : Anno Hegirae , `` in the year of the Hijra '' ) in parallel with the Christian ( AD ) and Jewish eras ( AM ) . In Muslim countries , it is also sometimes denoted as H from its Arabic form ( سَنة هِجْريّة , abbreviated هـ ) . In English , years prior to the Hijra are reckoned as BH ( `` Before the Hijra '' ) . The current Islamic year is 1439 AH . In the Gregorian calendar , 1439 AH runs from approximately 21 September 2017 to 10 September 2018 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-Islamic calendar 1.2 Prohibiting Nasī ' 2 Months 2.1 Length of months 3 Days of the week 4 Year numbering 5 Astronomical considerations 6 Theological considerations 7 Astronomical 12 - moon calendars 7.1 Islamic calendar of Turkey 7.2 Saudi Arabia 's Umm al - Qura calendar 8 Other calendars using the Islamic era 9 Tabular Islamic calendar 9.1 Kuwaiti algorithm 10 Notable dates 11 Converting Hijri to Gregorian date or vice versa 11.1 Current correlations 12 Uses 13 Computer support 14 See also 15 References 16 External links History Pre-Islamic calendar Main article : Pre-Islamic calendar For Central Arabia , especially Mecca , there is a lack of epigraphical evidence but details are found in the writings of Muslim authors of the Abbasid era . Inscriptions of the ancient South Arabian calendars reveal the use of a number of local calendars . At least some of these South Arabian calendars followed the lunisolar system . Both al - Biruni and al - Mas'udi suggest that the Ancient Arabs used the same month names as the Muslims , though they also record other month names used by the pre-Islamic Arabs . The Islamic tradition is unanimous in stating that Arabs of Tihamah , Hejaz , and Najd distinguished between two types of months , permitted ( ḥalāl ) and forbidden ( ḥarām ) months . The forbidden months were four months during which fighting is forbidden , listed as Rajab and the three months around the pilgrimage season , Dhu al - Qa'dah , Dhu al - Hijjah , and Muharram . Information about the forbidden months is also found in the writings of Procopius , where he describes an armistice with the Eastern Arabs of the Lakhmid al - Mundhir which happened in the summer of 541 AD . However , Muslim historians do not link these months to a particular season . The Qur'an links the four forbidden months with Nasī ' , a word that literally means `` postponement '' . According to Muslim tradition , the decision of postponement was administered by the tribe of Kinanah , by a man known as the al - Qalammas of Kinanah and his descendants ( pl . qalāmisa ) . Different interpretations of the concept of Nasī ' have been proposed . Some scholars , both Muslim and Western , maintain that the pre-Islamic calendar used in Central Arabia was a purely lunar calendar similar to the modern Islamic calendar . According to this view , Nasī ' is related to the pre-Islamic practices of the Meccan Arabs , where they would alter the distribution of the forbidden months within a given year without implying a calendar manipulation . This interpretation is supported by Arab historians and lexicographers , like Ibn Hisham , Ibn Manzur , and the corpus of Qur'anic exegesis . This is corroborated by an early Sabaic inscription , where a religious ritual was `` postponed '' ( ns ' ' w ) due to war . According to the context of this inscription , the verb ns ' ' has nothing to do with intercalation , but only with moving religious events within the calendar itself . The similarity between the religious concept of this ancient inscription and the Qur'an suggests that non-calendaring postponement is also the Qur'anic meaning of Nasī ' . Thus the Encyclopaedia of Islam concludes `` The Arabic system of ( Nasī ' ) can only have been intended to move the Hajj and the fairs associated with it in the vicinity of Mecca to a suitable season of the year . It was not intended to establish a fixed calendar to be generally observed . '' Others concur that it was originally a lunar calendar , but suggest that about 200 years before the Hijra it was transformed into a lunisolar calendar containing an intercalary month added from time to time to keep the pilgrimage within the season of the year when merchandise was most abundant . This interpretation was first proposed by the medieval Muslim astrologer and astronomer Abu Ma'shar al - Balkhi , and later by al - Biruni , al - Mas'udi , and some Western scholars . This interpretation considers Nasī ' to be a synonym to the Arabic word for `` intercalation '' ( kabīsa ) . The Arabs , according to one explanation mentioned by Abu Ma'shar , learned of this type of intercalation from the Jews . The Jewish Nasi was the official who decided when to intercalate the Jewish calendar . Some sources say that the Arabs followed the Jewish practice and intercalated seven months over nineteen years , or else that they intercalated nine months over 24 years ; there is , however , no consensus among scholars on this issue . Prohibiting Nasī ' Further information : Nasi ' Muhammad prohibiting Nasī ' . Found in an illustrated copy of Al - Bīrūnī 's The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries ( 17th - century copy of an early 14th - century Ilkhanid manuscript ) . In the tenth year of the Hijra , as documented in the Qur'an ( Sura At - Tawba ( 9 ) : 36 -- 37 ) , Muslims believe God revealed the `` prohibition of the Nasī ' '' . The number of the months , with God , is twelve in the Book of God , the day that He created the heavens and the earth ; four of them are sacred . That is the right religion . So wrong not each other during them . And fight the unbelievers totally even as they fight you totally and know that God is with the godfearing . Know that intercalation ( nasi ) is an addition to disbelief . Those who disbelieve are led to error thereby , making it lawful in one year and forbidden in another in order to adjust the number of ( the months ) made sacred by God and make the sacred ones permissible . The evil of their course appears pleasing to them . But God gives no guidance to those who disbelieve . -- Sura 9 ( `` At - Tawba '' ) , ayat 36 -- 37 The prohibition of Nasī ' would presumably have been announced when the intercalated month had returned to its position just before the month of Nasi ' began . If Nasī ' meant intercalation , then the number and the position of the intercalary months between 1 AH and 10 AH are uncertain ; Western calendar dates commonly cited for key events in early Islam such as the Hijra , the Battle of Badr , the Battle of Uhud and the Battle of the Trench , should be viewed with caution as they might be in error by one , two or even three lunar months . This prohibition was mentioned by Muhammad during the farewell sermon which was delivered on 9 Dhu al - Hijjah 10 AH ( Julian date Friday 6 March , AD 632 ) on Mount Arafat during the farewell pilgrimage to Mecca . Certainly the Nasi ' is an impious addition , which has led the infidels into error . One year they authorise the Nasi ' , another year they forbid it . They observe the divine precept with respect to the number of the sacred months , but in fact they profane that which God has declared to be inviolable , and sanctify that which God has declared to be profane . Assuredly time , in its revolution , has returned to such as it was at the creation of the heavens and the earth . In the eyes of God the number of the months is twelve . Among these twelve months four are sacred , namely , Rajab , which stands alone , and three others which are consecutive . -- Translated by Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby The three successive sacred ( forbidden ) months mentioned by Prophet Muhammad ( months in which battles are forbidden ) are Dhu al - Qa'dah , Dhu al - Hijjah , and Muharram , months 11 , 12 , and 1 respectively . The single forbidden month is Rajab , month 7 . These months were considered forbidden both within the new Islamic calendar and within the old pagan Meccan calendar . Months Four of the twelve Hijri months are considered sacred : Rajab ( 7 ) , and the three consecutive months of Dhū al - Qa'dah ( 11 ) , Dhu al - Ḥijjah ( 12 ) and Muḥarram ( 1 ) . As the lunar calendar lags behind the solar calendar by about ten days every Gregorian year , months of the Islamic calendar fall in different parts of the Gregorian calendar each year . The cycle repeats every 33 lunar years . No . Name Arabic Meaning Note Muḥarram ٱلْمُحَرَّم forbidden A sacred month , so called because battle and all kinds of fighting are forbidden ( ḥarām ) during this month . Muḥarram includes ' Āshūrā ' , the tenth day . Ṣafar صَفَر void Supposedly named thus because pre-Islamic Arab houses were empty this time of year while their occupants gathered food . Another account relates that they used to loot the houses of their enemies after defeating them in battle , leaving nothing behind . Rabī ' al - awwal رَبِيع ٱلْأَوَّل the first spring Also means to graze , because cattle were grazed during this month . Also a very holy month of celebration for many Muslims , as it was the month the Prophet Muhammad was born . Rabī ' ath - thānī رَبِيع ٱلْآخِر the second spring 5 Jumādá al - ūlá جُمَادَىٰ ٱلْأُولَىٰ the first of parched land Often considered the pre-Islamic summer . Jumādá may also be related to a verb meaning `` to freeze '' and another account relates that water would freeze during this time of year . 6 Jumādá al - ākhirah جُمَادَىٰ ٱلْآخِرَة the last of parched land 7 Rajab رَجَب respect , honour This is the second sacred month in which fighting is forbidden . Rajab may also be related to a verb meaning `` to remove '' , so called because pre-Islamic Arabs would remove the heads of their spears and refrain from fighting . 8 Sha'bān شَعْبَان scattered Marked the time of year when Arab tribes dispersed to find water . Sha'bān may also be related to a verb meaning `` to be in between two things '' . Another account relates that it was called thus because the month lies between Rajab and Ramaḍān . 9 Ramaḍān رَمَضَان burning heat Burning is related to fasting as in empty stomach one 's worldly desire will burn . Supposedly so called because of high temperatures caused by the excessive heat of the sun . Ramaḍān is the most venerated month of the Hijri calendar . During this time , Muslims must fast from pre-dawn till sunset and should give charity to the poor and needy . 10 Shawwāl شَوَّال raised She - camels would normally be in calf at this time of year and raise their tails . 11 Dhū al - Qa'dah ذُو ٱلْقَعْدَة the one of truce / sitting This is a holy month during which war is banned . People are allowed to defend themselves if attacked . 12 Dhū al - Ḥijjah ذُو ٱلْحِجَّة the one of pilgrimage During this month Muslim pilgrims from all around the world congregate at Mecca to visit the Kaaba . The Hajj is performed on the eighth , ninth and the tenth of this month . Day of Arafah takes place on the ninth of the month . Eid al - Adha , the `` Festival of the Sacrifice '' , begins on the tenth day and ends on sunset of the twelfth , and during which war is banned . Length of months Each month of the Islamic calendar commences on the birth of the new lunar cycle . Traditionally this is based on actual observation of the crescent ( hilal ) marking the end of the previous lunar cycle and hence the previous month , thereby beginning the new month . Consequently , each month can have 29 or 30 days depending on the visibility of the moon , astronomical positioning of the earth and weather conditions . However , certain sects and groups , most notably Bohras Muslims namely Alavis , Dawoodis and Sulaymanis and Shia Ismaili Muslims , use a tabular Islamic calendar ( see section below ) in which odd - numbered months have thirty days ( and also the twelfth month in a leap year ) and even months have 29 . Days of the week In Arabic , the `` first day '' of the week corresponds with Sunday of the planetary week . The Islamic weekdays , like those in the Hebrew and Bahá'í calendars , begin at sunset . The Christian liturgical day , kept in monasteries , begins with vespers ( see vesper ) , which is evening , in line with the other Abrahamic traditions . Christian and planetary weekdays begin at the following midnight . Muslims gather for worship at a mosque at noon on `` gathering day '' ( Yawm al - Jum'ah , yawm يوم meaning `` day '' ) which corresponds with Friday . Thus `` gathering day '' is often regarded as the weekly day of rest . This is frequently made official , with many Muslim countries adopting Friday and Saturday ( e.g. , Egypt , Saudi Arabia ) or Thursday and Friday as official weekends , during which offices are closed ; other countries ( e.g. , Iran ) choose to make Friday alone a day of rest . A few others ( e.g. , Turkey , Pakistan , Morocco , Nigeria ) have adopted the Saturday - Sunday weekend while making Friday a working day with a long midday break to allow time off for worship . Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Name ( Yawm ) al - Aḥad ( Yawm ) al - Ithnayn ( Yawm ) ath - Thulāthā ' ( Yawm ) al - Arba'ā ' ( Yawm ) al - Khamīs ( Yawm ) al - Jum'ah ( Yawm ) as - Sabt Arabic الأحد الإثنين الثلاثاء الأربعاء الخميس الجمعة السبت Meaning First day Second day Third day Fourth day Fifth day Gathering day Day of Rest Year numbering Main article : Hijri year In pre-Islamic Arabia , it was customary to identify a year after a major event which took place in it . Thus , according to Islamic tradition , Abraha , governor of Yemen , then a province of the Christian Kingdom of Aksum ( Ethiopia ) , attempted to destroy the Kaaba with an army which included several elephants . The raid was unsuccessful , but that year became known as the Year of the Elephant , during which Muhammad was born ( sura al - Fil ) . Most equate this to the year AD 570 , but a minority use AD 571 . The first ten years of the Hijra were not numbered , but were named after events in the life of Muhammad according to Abū Rayḥān al - Bīrūnī : The year of permission . The year of the order of fighting . The year of the trial . The year of congratulation on marriage . The year of the earthquake . The year of enquiring . The year of gaining victory . The year of equality . The year of exemption . The year of farewell . In AD 638 ( 17 AH ) , Abu Musa Ashaari , one of the officials of the Caliph Umar in Basrah , complained about the absence of any years on the correspondence he received from Umar , making it difficult for him to determine which instructions were most recent . This report convinced Umar of the need to introduce an era for Muslims . After debating the issue with his counsellors , he decided that the first year should include the date of Muhammad 's arrival at Medina ( known as Yathrib , before Muhammad 's arrival ) . Uthman ibn Affan then suggested that the months begin with Muharram , in line with the established custom of the Arabs at that time . The years of the Islamic calendar thus began with the month of Muharram in the year of Muhammad 's arrival at the city of Medina , even though the actual emigration took place in Safar and Rabi ' I. Because of the Hijra , the calendar was named the Hijra calendar . The first day of the first month of the Islamic calendar ( 1 Muharram 1 AH ) was set to the first new moon after the day the Prophet moved from Quba ' to Medina ( originally 26 Rabi ' I on the pre-Islamic calendar ) i.e. , Friday , 16 July AD 622 , the equivalent civil tabular date ( same daylight period ) in the Julian calendar . The Islamic day began at the preceding sunset on the evening of 15 July . This Julian date ( 16 July ) was determined by medieval Muslim astronomers by projecting back in time their own tabular Islamic calendar , which had alternating 30 - and 29 - day months in each lunar year plus eleven leap days every 30 years . For example , al - Biruni mentioned this Julian date in the year AD 1000 . Although not used by either medieval Muslim astronomers or modern scholars to determine the Islamic epoch , the thin crescent moon would have also first become visible ( assuming clouds did not obscure it ) shortly after the preceding sunset on the evening of 15 July , 1.5 days after the associated dark moon ( astronomical new moon ) on the morning of 14 July . Though Cook and Crone in Hagarism : The Making of the Islamic World cite a coin from 17 AH , the first surviving attested use of a Hijri calendar date alongside a date in another calendar ( Coptic ) is on a papyrus from Egypt in 22 AH , PERF 558 . Astronomical considerations This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Due to the fact that the Islamic calendar relies on certain variable methods of observation which are used to determine its month - start - dates , the start - dates of its months sometimes vary slightly from the month - start - dates of the astronomical lunar calendar , which are based directly on astronomical calculations . Still , the Islamic calendar seldom varies by more than three days from the astronomical - lunar - calendar system , and roughly approximates it . Both the Islamic calendar and the astronomical - lunar - calendar take no account of the solar year in their calculations , and thus both of these strictly lunar based calendar systems have no ability to reckon the timing of the four seasons of the year . In the astronomical - lunar - calendar system , a year of 12 lunar months is 354.37 days long . In this calendar system , lunar months begin precisely at the time of the monthly `` conjunction '' , when the Moon is located most directly between the Earth and the Sun . The month is defined as the average duration of a revolution of the Moon around the Earth ( 29.53 days ) . By convention , months of 30 days and 29 days succeed each other , adding up over two successive months to 59 full days . This leaves only a small monthly variation of 44 minutes to account for , which adds up to a total of 24 hours ( i.e. , the equivalent of one full day ) in 2.73 years . To settle accounts , it is sufficient to add one day every three years to the lunar calendar , in the same way that one adds one day to the Gregorian calendar every four years . The technical details of the adjustment are described in Tabular Islamic calendar . The Islamic calendar , however , is based on a different set of conventions being used for the determination of the month - start - dates . Each month still has either 29 or 30 days , but due to the variable method of observations employed , there is usually in no discernible order in the sequencing of either 29 or 30 day month lengths . Traditionally , the first day of each month is the day ( beginning at sunset ) of the first sighting of the hilal ( crescent moon ) shortly after sunset . If the hilal is not observed immediately after the 29th day of a month ( either because clouds block its view or because the western sky is still too bright when the moon sets ) , then the day that begins at that sunset is the 30th . Such a sighting has to be made by one or more trustworthy men testifying before a committee of Muslim leaders . Determining the most likely day that the hilal could be observed was a motivation for Muslim interest in astronomy , which put Islam in the forefront of that science for many centuries . Still , due to the fact that both lunar reckoning systems are ultimately based on the lunar cycle itself , both systems still do roughly correspond to one another , never being more than three days out of synch with one another . Clerics observe the moon . This traditional practice for the determination of the start - date of the month is still followed in the overwhelming majority of Muslim countries . Each Islamic state proceeds with its own monthly observation of the new moon ( or , failing that , awaits the completion of 30 days ) before declaring the beginning of a new month on its territory . But , the lunar crescent becomes visible only some 17 hours after the conjunction , and only subject to the existence of a number of favourable conditions relative to weather , time , geographic location , as well as various astronomical parameters . Given the fact that the moon sets progressively later than the sun as one goes west , with a corresponding increase in its `` age '' since conjunction , Western Muslim countries may , under favorable conditions , observe the new moon one day earlier than eastern Muslim countries . Due to the interplay of all these factors , the beginning of each month differs from one Muslim country to another , during the 48 hour period following the conjunction . The information provided by the calendar in any country does not extend beyond the current month . A number of Muslim countries try to overcome some of these difficulties by applying different astronomy - related rules to determine the beginning of months . Thus , Malaysia , Indonesia , and a few others begin each month at sunset on the first day that the moon sets after the sun ( moonset after sunset ) . In Egypt , the month begins at sunset on the first day that the moon sets at least five minutes after the sun . A detailed analysis of the available data shows , however , that there are major discrepancies between what countries say they do on this subject , and what they actually do . In some instances , what a country says it does is impossible . Due to the somewhat variable nature of the Islamic calendar , in most Muslim countries , the Islamic calendar is used primarily for religious purposes , while the Solar - based Gregorian calendar is still used primarily for matters of commerce and agriculture . Theological considerations If the Islamic calendar were prepared using astronomical calculations , Muslims throughout the Muslim world could use it to meet all their needs , the way they use the Gregorian calendar today . But , there are divergent views on whether it is licit to do so . A majority of theologians oppose the use of calculations ( beyond the constraint that each month must be not less than 29 nor more than 30 days ) on the grounds that the latter would not conform with Muhammad 's recommendation to observe the new moon of Ramadan and Shawal in order to determine the beginning of these months . However , some jurists see no contradiction between Muhammad 's teachings and the use of calculations to determine the beginnings of lunar months . They consider that Muhammad 's recommendation was adapted to the culture of the times , and should not be confused with the acts of worship . Thus the jurists Ahmad Muhammad Shakir and Yusuf al - Qaradawi both endorsed the use of calculations to determine the beginning of all months of the Islamic calendar , in 1939 and 2004 respectively . So did the Fiqh Council of North America ( FCNA ) in 2006 and the European Council for Fatwa and Research ( ECFR ) in 2007 . The major Muslim associations of France also announced in 2012 that they would henceforth use a calendar based on astronomical calculations , taking into account the criteria of the possibility of crescent sighting in any place on Earth . But , shortly after the official adoption of this rule by the French Council of the Muslim Faith ( CFCM ) in 2013 , the new leadership of the association decided , on the eve of Ramadan 2013 , to follow the Saudi announcement rather than to apply the rule just adopted . This resulted in a division of the Muslim community of France , with some members following the new rule , and others following the Saudi announcement . Isma'ili - Taiyebi Bohras having the institution of da'i al - mutlaq follow the tabular Islamic calendar ( see section below ) prepared on the basis of astronomical calculations from the days of Fatimid imams . Astronomical 12 - moon calendars Islamic calendar of Turkey Turkish Muslims use an Islamic calendar which is calculated several years in advance ( currently up to 1444 AH / 2022 CE ) by the Turkish Presidency of Religious Affairs ( Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı ) . From 1 Muharrem 1400 AH ( 21 November 1979 ) until 29 Zilhicce 1435 ( 24 October 2014 ) the computed Turkish lunar calendar was based on the following rule : `` The lunar month is assumed to begin on the evening when , within some region of the terrestrial globe , the computed centre of the lunar crescent at local sunset is more than 5 ° above the local horizon and ( geocentrically ) more than 8 ° from the Sun . '' In the current rule the ( computed ) lunar crescent has to be above the local horizon of Ankara at sunset . Saudi Arabia 's Umm al - Qura calendar Saudi Arabia uses the sighting method to determine the beginning of each month of the Hijri calendar . Since AH 1419 ( 1998 / 99 ) several official hilal sighting committees have been set up by the government to determine the first visual sighting of the lunar crescent at the beginning of each lunar month . Nevertheless , the religious authorities also allow the testimony of less experienced observers and thus often announce the sighting of the lunar crescent on a date when none of the official committees could see it . The country also uses the Umm al - Qura calendar , based on astronomical calculations , but this is restricted to administrative purposes . The parameters used in the establishment of this calendar underwent significant changes over the past decade . Before AH 1420 ( before 18 April 1999 ) , if the moon 's age at sunset in Riyadh was at least 12 hours , then the day ending at that sunset was the first day of the month . This often caused the Saudis to celebrate holy days one or even two days before other predominantly Muslim countries , including the dates for the Hajj , which can only be dated using Saudi dates because it is performed in Mecca . For AH 1420 -- 22 , if moonset occurred after sunset at Mecca , then the day beginning at that sunset was the first day of a Saudi month , essentially the same rule used by Malaysia , Indonesia , and others ( except for the location from which the hilal was observed ) . Since the beginning of AH 1423 ( 16 March 2002 ) , the rule has been clarified a little by requiring the geocentric conjunction of the sun and moon to occur before sunset , in addition to requiring moonset to occur after sunset at Mecca . This ensures that the moon has moved past the sun by sunset , even though the sky may still be too bright immediately before moonset to actually see the crescent . In 2007 , the Islamic Society of North America , the Fiqh Council of North America and the European Council for Fatwa and Research announced that they will henceforth use a calendar based on calculations using the same parameters as the Umm al - Qura calendar to determine ( well in advance ) the beginning of all lunar months ( and therefore the days associated with all religious observances ) . This was intended as a first step on the way to unify , at some future time , Muslims ' calendars throughout the world . Since 1 October 2016 , as a cost - cutting measure , Saudi Arabia no longer uses the Islamic calendar for paying the monthly salaries of government employees but the Gregorian calendar . Other calendars using the Islamic era The Solar Hijri calendar is a solar calendar used in Iran and Afghanistan which counts its years from the Hijra or migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in AD 622 . Tabular Islamic calendar Main article : Tabular Islamic calendar The Tabular Islamic calendar is a rule - based variation of the Islamic calendar , in which months are worked out by arithmetic rules rather than by observation or astronomical calculation . It has a 30 - year cycle with 11 leap years of 355 days and 19 years of 354 days . In the long term , it is accurate to one day in about 2,500 solar years or 2,570 lunar years . It also deviates up to about one or two days in the short term . Kuwaiti algorithm Main article : Tabular Islamic calendar § Kuwaiti algorithm Microsoft uses the `` Kuwaiti algorithm '' , a variant of the tabular Islamic calendar , to convert Gregorian dates to the Islamic ones . Microsoft claimed that the variant is based on a statistical analysis of historical data from Kuwait , however it matches a known tabular calendar . Notable dates Main article : Muslim holidays Important dates in the Islamic ( Hijri ) year are : 1 Muharram : Islamic New Year . 10 Muharram : Day of Ashura . For Sunnis , the crossing of the Red Sea by Moses occurred on this day . For both Shias and Sunnis , the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali , the grandson of Muhammad , and his followers . 12 Rabi al - Awwal : Mawlid or Birth of the Prophet for Sunnis . 17 Rabi al - Awwal : Mawlid for Shias . 27 Rajab : Isra and Mi'raj for the majority of Muslims . 15 Sha'ban : Mid-Sha'ban , or Night of Forgiveness . For Twelvers , also the birthday of Muhammad al - Mahdi , the Twelfth Imam . 1 Ramadan : First day of fasting . 27 Ramadan : Nuzul al - Qur'an . The most probable day Muhammad received the first verses of the Quran. ( 17 Ramadan in Indonesia and Malaysia ) Last third of Ramadan which includes Laylat al - Qadr . 1 Shawwal : Eid ul - Fitr . 8 -- 13 Dhu al - Hijjah : The Hajj to Mecca . 9 Dhu al - Hijjah : Day of Arafa . 10 Dhu al - Hijjah : Eid al - Adha . Days considered important predominantly for Shia Muslims : 13 Rajab : Birthday of Ali ibn Abi Talib 21 Ramadan : Martyrdom of Ali ibn Abi Talib . 3 Sha'ban : Birthday of Husayn ibn Ali . 9 Rabi ' al - Awwal : Eid - e-Shuja ' ( Revenge taken by Mukhtar al - Thaqafi ) . Days considered important for Sunni Muslims ( especially in India & parts of Asia ) : 6 Rajab : Urs of Moinuddin Chishti . Generally the sixth day of every month is celebrated and observed as Chatthi . 11 Rabi ' al - Akhir : Urs of Abdul - Qadir Gilani . Generally the 11th day of every month is celebrated and observed as Gyarvi . Converting Hijri to Gregorian date or vice versa Civil and Hijri establishment dates of a library in Old City , Jerusalem Conversions may be made by using the Tabular Islamic calendar , or , for greatest accuracy ( one day in 15,186 years ) , via the Jewish calendar . Theoretically , the days of the months correspond in both calendars if the displacements which are a feature of the Jewish system are ignored . The table below gives , for nineteen years , the Muslim month which corresponds to the first Jewish month . Year AD Year AH Muslim month 2011 1432 5 2012 1433 5 2013 1434 5 2014 1435 6 2015 1436 6 2016 1437 7 2017 1438 7 2018 1439 7 2019 1440 8 2020 1441 8 Year AD Year AH Muslim month 2021 1442 8 2022 1443 9 2023 1444 9 2024 1445 10 2025 1446 10 2026 1447 10 2027 1448 11 2028 1449 11 2029 1450 11 This table may be extended since every nineteen years the Muslim month number increases by seven . When it goes above twelve , subtract twelve and add one to the year AH . From AD412 to AD632 inclusive the month number is 1 and the calculation gives the month correct to a month or so . AD622 corresponds to BH1 and AH1 . For earlier years , year BH = ( 623 or 622 ) -- year AD ) . An example calculation : What is the civil date and year AH of the first day of the first month in the year AD 20875 ? We first find the Muslim month number corresponding to the first month of the Jewish year which begins in AD20874 . Dividing 20874 by 19 gives quotient 1098 and remainder 12 . Dividing 2026 by 19 gives quotient 106 and remainder 12 . 2026 is chosen because it gives the same remainder on division by 19 as 20874 . The two years are therefore ( 1098 -- 106 ) = 992 × 19 years apart . The Muslim month number corresponding to the first Jewish month is therefore 992 × 7 = 6944 higher than in 2026 . To convert into years and months divide by twelve -- 6944 / 12 = 578 years and 8 months . Adding , we get 1447y 10m + 20874y -- 2026y + 578y 8m = 20874y 6m . Therefore , the first month of the Jewish year beginning in AD20874 corresponds to the sixth month of the Muslim year AH20874 . The worked example in Conversion between Jewish and civil dates , shows that the civil date of the first day of this month ( ignoring the displacements ) is Friday , 14 June . The year AH20875 will therefore begin seven months later , on the first day of the eighth Jewish month , which the worked example shows to be 7 January , AD20875 ( again ignoring the displacements ) . The date given by this method , being calculated , may differ by a day from the actual date , which is determined by observation . A reading of the section which follows will show that the year AH20875 is wholly contained within the year AD20875 , also that in the Gregorian calendar this correspondence will occur one year earlier . The reason for the discrepancy is that the Gregorian year ( like the Julian ) is slightly too long , so the Gregorian date for a given AH date will be earlier and the Muslim calendar catches up sooner . Current correlations An Islamic year will be entirely within a Gregorian year of the same number in the year 20874 , after which year the number of the Islamic year will always be greater than the number of the concurrent civil year . The Islamic calendar year of 1429 occurred entirely within the civil calendar year of 2008 . Such years occur once every 33 or 34 Islamic years ( 32 or 33 civil years ) . More are listed here : Islamic year within civil year Islamic Civil Difference 1060 1650 590 1093 1682 589 1127 1715 588 1161 1748 587 1194 1780 586 1228 1813 585 1261 1845 584 1295 1878 583 1329 1911 582 1362 1943 581 1396 1976 580 1429 2008 579 1463 2041 578 1496 2073 577 1530 2106 576 1564 2139 575 Because a Hijri or Islamic lunar year is between 10 and 12 days shorter than a civil year , it begins 10 -- 12 days earlier in the civil year following the civil year in which the previous Hijri year began . Once every 33 or 34 Hijri years , or once every 32 or 33 civil years , the beginning of a Hijri year ( 1 Muharram ) coincides with one of the first ten days of January . Subsequent Hijri New Years move backward through the civil year back to the beginning of January again , passing through each civil month from December to January . Uses The Islamic calendar is now used primarily for religious purposes , and for official dating of public events and documents in Muslim countries . Because of its nature as a purely lunar calendar , it can not be used for agricultural purposes and historically Islamic communities have used other calendars for this purpose : the Egyptian calendar was formerly widespread in Islamic countries , and the Iranian calendar and the 1789 Ottoman calendar ( a modified Julian calendar ) were also used for agriculture in their countries . In the Levant and Iraq the Aramaic names of the Babylonian calendar are still used for all secular matters . In Morocco , the Berber calendar ( another Julian calendar ) is still used by farmers in the countryside . These local solar calendars have receded in importance with the near - universal adoption of the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes . The Saudi Arabia uses the lunar Islamic calendar . In Indonesia , the Javanese calendar , created by Sultan Agung in 1633 , combines elements of the Islamic and pre-Islamic Saka calendars . British author Nicholas Hagger writes that after seizing control of Libya , Muammar Gaddafi `` declared '' on 1 December 1978 `` that the Muslim calendar should start with the death of the prophet Mohammed in 632 rather than the hijra ( Mohammed 's ' emigration ' from Mecca to Medina ) in 622 '' . This put the country ten solar years behind the standard Muslim calendar . However , according to the 2006 Encyclopedia of the Developing World , `` More confusing still is Qaddafi 's unique Libyan calendar , which counts the years from the Prophet 's birth , or sometimes from his death . The months July and August , named after Julius and Augustus Caesar , are now Nasser and Hannibal respectively . '' Reflecting on a 2001 visit to the country , American reporter Neil MacFarquhar observed , `` Life in Libya was so unpredictable that people were n't even sure what year it was . The year of my visit was officially 1369 . But just two years earlier Libyans had been living through 1429 . No one could quite name for me the day the count changed , especially since both remained in play ... Event organizers threw up their hands and put the Western year in parentheses somewhere in their announcements . '' Computer support Hijri support was available in later versions of traditional Visual Basic , and is also available in the . NET Framework . Since the release of Java 8 , the Islamic calendar is supported in the new Date and Time API . See also Islamic and Jahili months Pre-Islamic calendar References ^ Jump up to : Watt , W. Montgomery . `` Hidjra '' . In P.J. Bearman ; Th . Bianquis ; C.E. Bosworth ; E. van Donzel ; W.P. Heinrichs . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Brill Academic Publishers . ISSN 1573 - 3912 . Jump up ^ http://www.sharjah.ae/registration-locations.aspx?Val=111 contribution - url = missing title ( help ) , Official site , Government of Sharjah , retrieved 21 January 2017 . Jump up ^ The exact dates depend on which variant of the Islamic calendar is followed . ^ Jump up to : F.C. De Blois , `` TA'RĪKH '' : I. 1. iv . `` Pre-Islamic and agricultural calendars of the Arabian peninsula '' , The Encyclopaedia of Islam , 2nd edition , X : 260 . ^ Jump up to : A. Moberg , `` NASI ' '' , The Encyclopaedia of Islam , 2nd , VII : 977 . ^ Jump up to : Abu Ma'shar al - Balkhi ( 787 -- 886 ) , Kitab al - Uluf , Journal Asiatique , series 5 , xi ( 1858 ) 168 +. ( in French ) ( in Arabic ) Jump up ^ For an overview of the various theories and a discussion of the problem of `` hindsight chronology '' in early and pre-Islamic sources , see Maurice A. McPartlan , The Contribution of Qu'rān and Hadīt to Early Islamic Chronology ( Durham , 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Mahmud Effendi ( 1858 ) , as discussed in Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby , Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars ( London : 1901 ) , pp. 460 -- 470 . Jump up ^ According to `` Tradition '' , repeatedly cited by F.C. De Blois . Jump up ^ Muḥammad al - Khuḍarī Bayk ( 1935 ) . Muḥāḍarāt tārīkh al - Umam al - Islāmiyya. 2 ( 4th ed . ) . Al - maktaba al - tijāriyya . pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of Islam , 2nd edition , Index , p. 441 ^ Jump up to : al - Biruni , `` Intercalation of the Ancient Arabs '' , The Chronology of Ancient Nations , tr. C. Edward Sachau , ( London : William H. Allen , 1000 / 1879 ) , pp. 13 -- 14 , 73 -- 74 . Jump up ^ A. Moberg , `` NASI ' '' , E.J. Brill 's first encyclopaedia of Islam Jump up ^ Bab . Talmud , Sanhedrin , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Bonner 2011 , page 21 Jump up ^ From an illustrated manuscript of Al - Biruni 's 11th - century Vestiges of the Past ( Bibliothèque Nationale , Paris , Arabe 1489 fol . 5v . ( Bibliothèque Nationale on - line catalog ) . See also : Robert Hillenbrand , `` Images of Muhammad in al - Bīrūnī 's Chronology of Ancient Nations '' , in : R. Hillenbrand ( ed . ) , Persian Painting from the Mongols to the Qajars : Studies in Honour of Basil W. Robinson ( London / New York : I.B. Tauris Publishers , 2000 ) , pp. 129 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Quran 9 : 36 -- 37 Jump up ^ Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby , Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars ( London : 1901 ) 370 . Jump up ^ `` Center for Muslim - Jewish Engagement '' . usc.edu . Archived from the original on 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Richards , E.G. ( 2012 ) . `` Calendars '' ( PDF ) . In Urban , Sean E. ; Seidelmann , P. Kenneth . Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac . Mill Valley , CA : University Science Books . p. 606 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 891389 - 85 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hanif , Muhammad ( 18 February 2010 ) . `` The significance of the 12th of Rabi al - Awwal '' . Minhaj - ul - Quran . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby , Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars ( 1901 ) 376 . Jump up ^ Chronology of Prophetic Events , Fazlur Rehman Shaikh ( 2001 ) p. 52 Ta - Ha Publishers Ltd . Jump up ^ Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby , Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars ( 1901 ) pp. 373 -- 5 , 382 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` Calendrica '' . Archived from the original on 16 February 2005 . Jump up ^ al - Biruni , The chronology of ancient nations , tr. C. Edward Sachau ( 1000 / 1879 ) 327 . Jump up ^ `` NASA phases of the moon 601 -- 700 '' . Archived from the original on 8 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Emile Biémont , Rythmes du temps , Astronomie et calendriers , De Borck , 2000 , 393p Jump up ^ `` tabsir.net '' . Jump up ^ Karim Meziane et Nidhal Guessoum : La visibilité du croissant lunaire et le ramadan , La Recherche n ° 316 , janvier 1999 , pp. 66 -- 71 Jump up ^ `` Calculations or Sighting for starting an Islamic month '' . www.moonsighting.com . Archived from the original on 8 May 2017 . Retrieved 16 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Oumma ( 23 June 2010 ) . `` Le mois islamique est - il universel ou national ? '' . Oumma . Jump up ^ Allal el Fassi : `` Aljawab assahih wannass - hi al - khaliss ' an nazilati fas wama yata'allaqo bimabda - i acchouhouri al - islamiyati al - arabiyah '' , `` ( ... ) and the beginning of Islamic Arab months '' , report prepared at the request of King Hassan II of Morocco , Rabat , 1965 ( 36 p . ) , with no indication of editor . Jump up ^ Muhammad Mutawalla al - Shaârawi : Fiqh al - halal wal haram ( edited by Ahmad Azzaâbi ) , Dar al - Qalam , Beyrouth , 2000 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Some theologians also interpret Surah al - Baqarah 2 : 185 as requiring direct sighting , but they represent only a minority . The Quranic verse reads as follows : `` 185 . The month of Ramadân in which was revealed the Qur'ân , a guidance for mankind and clear proofs for the guidance and the criterion ( between right and wrong ) . So whoever of you sights ( the crescent on the first night of ) the month ( of Ramadân i.e. , is present at his home ) , he must observe Saum ( fasts ) that month , and whoever is ill or on a journey , the same number ( of days which one did not observe Saum ( fasts ) must be made up ) from other days . God intends for you ease , and He does not want to make things difficult for you . ( He wants that you ) must complete the same number ( of days ) , and that you must magnify God ( i.e. , to say Takbîr ( '' Allāhu - Akbar `` , ( i.e. ) `` God is the Most Great '' ) on seeing the crescent of the months of Ramadân and Shawwâl ) for having guided you so that you may be grateful to Him . '' Jump up ^ `` Interpretation of the Meaning of The Noble Quran Translated into the English Language By Dr. Muhammad Taqi - ud - Din Al - Hilali Ph. D. & Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan '' . Archived from the original on 27 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Abderrahman al - Haj : `` The faqih , the politician and the determination of lunar months '' ( in arabic ) Jump up ^ Allal el Fassi : `` Aljawab assahih ... '' op . cit . Jump up ^ The dynasty of Fatimids in Egypt used a tabular pre-calculated calendar over a period of two centuries , between the 10th and 12th centuries , before a change of political regime reactivated the procedure of observation of the new moon . Jump up ^ `` The Islamic Calendar '' . Jump up ^ `` أوائل الشهور العربية ... هل يجوز شرعاً إثباتها '' . Jump up ^ For a detailed discussion of Shakir 's legal opinion on the subject , see `` Issue N ° 9 '' in Khalid Chraibi : Issues in the Islamic Calendar , Tabsir.net Jump up ^ `` Fiqh Council of North America Islamic lunar calendar '' . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zulfikar Ali Shah The astronomical calculations : a fiqhi discussion '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Islamic Center of Boston , Wayland '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ For a detailed discussion of the issues and the FCNA and ECFR positions , see : Khalid Chraibi : Can the Umm al Qura calendar serve as a global Islamic calendar ? Tabsir.net Jump up ^ `` Français du Culte Musulman ( CFCM ) : Ramadan moubarak http://oumma.com/13434/ramadan-moubarak and Nidhal Guessoum : Quel sera le premier jour du mois de Ramadan 2012 ? ( On which date will Ramadan 2012 begin ) ? http://oummatv.tv/13306/sera-premier-jour-mois-de-ramadan '' Check url = value ( help ) . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Islamic Calendar of Turkey '' . Jump up ^ `` Crescent sighting using the Uml al Qura calendar in Saudi Arabia '' ( PDF ) . ( 268 KB ) Jump up ^ `` The Umm al - Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia '' . Jump up ^ `` Log in - Meetup '' . progmuslim.meetup.com . Jump up ^ `` tabsir.net '' . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia adopts Gregorian calendar '' . 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ The prince 's time machine : Saudi Arabia adopts the Gregorian calendar The Economist , Dec 17th 2016 Jump up ^ The `` Kuwaiti Algorithm '' ( Robert van Gent ) Jump up ^ Gast , M. ; Delheur , J. ; E.B. `` Calendrier '' . Encyclopédie Berbère , 11 ( Bracelets -- Caprarienses ) ( in French ) . OpenEdition . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ the start of each lunar month determined not ahead of time by astronomical calculation , but only after the crescent moon is sighted by the proper religious authorities . ( source : Tripp , Culture Shock , 2009 : p. 154 - 5 ) Jump up ^ Hagger , Nicholas ( 2009 ) . The Libyan Revolution : Its Origins and Legacy . Winchester , UK : O Books . p. 109 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the Developing World ( 2007 ) , volume 3 , p. 1338 . Jump up ^ Neil MacFarquhar ( 2010 ) . The Media Relations Department of Hizbollah Wishes You a Happy Birthday : Unexpected Encounters in the Changing Middle East . ReadHowYouWant . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4587 - 6009 - 8 . pages 37 -- 38 . External links Islamic calendar at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) `` Hegira '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . Helmer Aslaksen The Islamic Calendar Khalid Chraibi , The reform of the Islamic calendar : the terms of the debate , Tabsir.net , September 2012 Months of the Islamic calendar ( AH ) Muharram Safar Rabi ' I Rabi ' II Jumada I Jumada II Rajab Sha ` ban Ramadan Shawwal Dhu al - Qidah Dhu al - Hijjah Time Key concepts Past history deep time Present Future Futures studies Far future in religion Far future in science fiction and popular culture Timeline of the far future Eternity Eternity of the world Measurement and standards Chronometry UTC UT TAI Unit of time Planck time Second Minute Hour Day Week Month Season Year Decade Century Millennium Tropical year Sidereal year Samvatsara Measurement systems Time zone Six - hour clock 12 - hour clock 24 - hour clock Daylight saving time Solar time Sidereal time Metric time Decimal time Hexadecimal time Calendars Gregorian Julian Hebrew Islamic Lunar Solar Hijri Mayan Intercalation Leap second Leap year Clocks Horology History of timekeeping devices Main types astrarium atomic quantum hourglass marine sundial sundial markup schema watch mechanical stopwatch water - 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hud ( hoopoe ) of Solomon The kalb ( dog ) of the sleepers of the cave The namlah ( female ant ) of Solomon The nūn ( fish or whale ) of Jonah The nāqat ( she - camel ) of Saleh Non-related Dābbat al - Arḍ ( Beast of the Earth ) Ḥimār ( Wild ass ) Qaswarah ( `` Lion '' , `` beast of prey '' or `` hunter '' ) Angels Angels of Hell Mālik Zabāniyah Angel of the Trumpet ( Isrāfīl or Raphael ) Jibrīl ( Gabriel ) Mīkāl ( Michael ) ' Izrā'īl Malakul - Mawt ( Azrael , Angel of Death ) Riḍwān Munkar Nakir Harut and Marut Kirāman Kātibīn ( Honourable Scribes ) Raqib Atid Jinn ' Ifrīt Jann Mārid ( `` Rebellious one '' ) Shayāṭīn ( Demons ) Iblīs the ( Chief ) Shayṭān ( Devil ) Qarīn Prophets Mentioned Ādam ( Adam ) Al - Yasa ' ( Elisha ) Ayyūb ( Job ) Dāwūd ( David ) Dhūl - Kifl ( Ezekiel ? ) Hārūn ( Aaron ) Hūd ( Eber ? ) Idrīs ( Enoch ? ) Ilyās ( Elijah ) ' Imrān ( Joachim the father of Maryam ) Isḥāq ( Isaac ) Ismā'īl ( Ishmael ) Dhabih Ullah Isma'il Ṣādiq al - Wa 'd ( Fulfiller of the Promise ) Lūṭ ( Lot ) Ṣāliḥ Shu'ayb ( Jethro , Reuel or Hobab ? ) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd ( Solomon son of David ) ' Uzair ( Ezra ? ) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā ( John the Baptist the son of Zechariah ) Ya'qūb ( Jacob ) Isrā'īl ( Israel ) Yūnus ( Jonah ) Dhūn - Nūn ( `` He of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' or `` Owner of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' ) Ṣāḥib al - Ḥūt ( `` Companion of the Whale '' ) Yūsuf ibn Ya'qūb ( Joseph son of Jacob ) Zakariyyā ( Zechariah ) Ulu - l - ' Azm Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Al - Masīḥ ( The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam ( Son of Mary ) Mūsā Kalīmullāh ( Moses He who spoke to God ) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh ( Abraham Friend of God ) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Debatable ones Dhūl - Qarnain ( Cyrus the Great ? ) Luqmān Maryam ( Mary ) Ṭālūt ( Saul or Gideon ? ) Implied Irmiyā ( Jeremiah ) Ṣamū'īl ( Samuel ) Yūsha ' ibn Nūn ( Joshua , companion and successor of Moses ) People of Prophets Evil ones Āzar ( possibly Terah ) Fir'awn ( Pharaoh of Moses ' time ) Hāmān Jālūt ( Goliath ) Qārūn ( Korah , cousin of Moses ) As - Sāmirī Abī Lahab Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Good ones Adam 's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Believer of Ya - Sin Family of Noah Father Lamech Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos Luqman 's son People of Aaron and Moses Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Imra'at Fir'awn ( Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim or Bithiah ) Khidr Magicians of the Pharaoh Moses ' wife Moses ' sister - in - law Mother Sister People of Abraham Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo Ishmael 's mother Isaac 's mother People of Jesus Disciples ( including Peter ) Mary 's mother Zechariah 's wife People of Joseph Brothers ( including Binyāmin ( Benjamin ) and Simeon ) Egyptians ' Azīz ( Potiphar , Qatafir or Qittin ) Malik ( King Ar - Rayyān ibn Al - Walīd ) ) Wife of ' Azīz ( Zulaykhah ) Mother People of Solomon Mother Queen of Sheba Vizier Zayd Implied or not specified Abrahah Bal'am / Balaam Barsisa Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua Luqman 's son Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Rahmah the wife of Ayyub Shaddad Groups Mentioned Aṣḥāb al - Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aṣḥāb as - Sabt ( Companions of the Sabbath ) Christian apostles Ḥawāriyyūn ( Disciples of Jesus ) Companions of Noah 's Ark Aṣḥāb al - Kahf war - Raqīm ( Companions of the Cave and Al - Raqaim ? Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of a township in Surah Ya - Sin People of Yathrib or Medina Qawm Lūṭ ( People of Sodom and Gomorrah ) Nation of Noah Tribes , ethnicities or families A'rāb ( Arabs or Bedouins ) ʿĀd ( people of Hud ) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubba ' ( People of Tubba ) People of Saba ' or Sheba Quraysh Thamūd ( people of Saleh ) Aṣḥāb al - Ḥijr ( `` Companions of the Stoneland '' ) ' Ajam Ar - Rūm ( literally `` The Romans '' ) Banī Isrā'īl ( Children of Israel ) Mu'tafikāt ( The overthrown cities of Sodom and Gomorrah ) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣḥāb al - Aykah ( `` Companions of the Wood '' ) Qawm Yūnus ( People of Jonah ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Ahl al - Bayt ( `` People of the Household '' ) Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Daughters of Abraham 's nephew Lot ( Ritha , Za'ura , et al . ) Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul - Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Wives of Muhammad Household of Salih People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Aṣḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Anṣār ( Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers , literally ' Helpers ' ) Muhajirun ( Emigrants from Mecca to Medina ) People of Mecca Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ( son of Adam ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Ya'jūj wa Ma'jūj ( Gog and Magog ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) Implicitly mentioned Amalek Ahl as - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus & Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Kāfirūn ( Infidels ) Zoroastrians Munāfiq ūn ( Hypocrites ) Muslims People of the Book ( Ahl al - Kitāb ) Naṣārā ( Christian ( s ) or People of the Injil ) Ruhban ( Christian monks ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Yahūd ( Jews ) Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Rabbani / Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Locations Mentioned Al - Arḍ Al - Muqaddasah ( `` The Holy Land '' ) ' Blessed ' Land In the Arabian Peninsula ( excluding Madyan ) Al - Aḥqāf ( `` The Sandy Plains , '' or `` the Wind - curved Sand - hills '' ) Iram dhāt al - ' Imād ( Iram of the Pillars ) Al - Madīnah ( formerly Yathrib ) ' Arafāt Al - Ḥijr ( Hegra ) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah ( Mecca ) Bakkah Ḥaraman Āminan ( `` Sanctuary ( which is ) Secure '' ) Ka'bah ( Kaaba ) Maqām Ibrāhīm ( Station of Abraham ) Safa and Marwah Saba ' ( Sheba ) ' Arim Saba ' ( Dam of Sheba ) Rass Al - Jannah ( Paradise , literally `` The Garden '' ) Jahannam ( Hell ) In Mesopotamia : Al - Jūdiyy Munzalanm - Mubārakan ( `` Place - of - Landing Blessed '' ) Bābil ( Babylon ) Qaryat Yūnus ( `` Township of Jonah , '' that is Nineveh ) Door of Hittah Madyan ( Midian ) Majma ' al - Baḥrayn Miṣr ( Mainland Egypt ) Salsabīl ( A river in Paradise ) Sinai Region or Tīh Desert Al - Wād Al - Muqaddas Ṭuwan ( The Holy Valley of Tuwa ) Al - Wādil - Ayman ( The valley on the ' righthand ' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai ) Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Miḥrāb Monastery Masjid ( Mosque , literally `` Place of Prostration '' ) Al - Mash'ar Al - Ḥarām ( `` The Sacred Grove '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Aqṣā ( Al - Aqsa Mosque , literally `` The Farthest Place - of - Prostration '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Ḥarām ( The Sacred Mosque of Mecca ) Masjid al - Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina , possibly : Masjid Qubā ' ( Quba Mosque ) The Prophet 's Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Implied Antioch Antakya Arabia Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas & ' Ariha Bilād ar - Rāfidayn ( Mesopotamia ) Canaan Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār an - Nadwa Al - Ḥijāz ( literally `` The Barrier '' ) Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) & Al - Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira & Ghar al - Thawr ( Cave of the Bull ) Ta'if Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Plant matter Baṣal ( Onion ) Fūm ( Garlic or wheat ) Shaṭ ' ( Shoot ) Sūq ( Plant stem ) Zar ' ( Seed ) Fruits ' Adas ( Lentil ) Baql ( Herb ) Ḥabb dhul - ' aṣf ( Corn of the husk ) Qith - thā ' ( Cucumber ) Rummān ( Pomegranate ) Tīn ( Fig ) Ukul khamṭ ( Bitter fruit or food of Sheba ) Zaytūn ( Olive ) In Paradise Forbidden fruit of Adam Bushes , trees or plants Plants of Sheba Athl ( Tamarisk ) Sidr ( Lote - tree ) Līnah ( Tender Palm tree ) Nakhl ( Date palm ) Rayḥān ( Scented plant ) Sidrat al - Muntahā Zaqqūm Islamic holy books Al - Injīl ( The Gospel of Jesus ) Al - Qur'ān ( The Book of Muhammad ) Ṣuḥuf - i Ibrāhīm ( Scroll ( s ) of Abraham ) At - Tawrāt ( The Torah ) Ṣuḥuf - i - Mūsā ( Scroll ( s ) of Moses ) Tablets of Stone Az - Zabūr ( The Psalms of David ) Umm al - Kitāb ( `` Mother of the Book ( s ) '' ) Objects of people or beings Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Tābūt as - Sakīnah ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) ' Ansāb Idols of Israelites : Baal The ' ijl ( golden calf statue ) of Israelites Idols of Noah 's people : Nasr Suwā ' Wadd Yaghūth Ya'ūq Idols of Quraysh : Al - Lāt Al - ' Uzzá Manāt Jibt and Ṭāghūt Celestial bodies Maṣābīḥ ( literally ' lamps ' ) : Al - Qamar ( The Moon ) Kawākib ( Planets ) Al - Arḍ ( The Earth ) Nujūm ( Stars ) Ash - Shams ( The Sun ) Liquids Mā ' ( Water or fluid ) Nahr ( River ) Yamm ( River or sea ) Sharāb ( Drink ) Events , incidents , occasions or times Incident of Ifk Laylat al - Qadr Mubahalah Sayl al - ' Arim ( Flood of the Great Dam of Marib in Sheba ) The Farewell Pilgrimage Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Battles or military expeditions Battle of al - Aḥzāb ( `` the Confederates '' ) Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Days Al - Jumu'ah ( The Friday ) As - Sabt ( The Sabbath or Saturday ) Days of battles Days of Hajj Doomsday Months of the Islamic calendar Four holy months Ramaḍān Pilgrimages Al - Ḥajj ( literally `` The Pilgrimage '' , the Greater Pilgrimage ) Al - ' Umrah ( The Lesser Pilgrimage ) Times for Prayer or Remembrance Times for Duʿāʾ ( ' Invocation ' ) , Ṣalāh and Dhikr ( ' Remembrance ' , including Taḥmīd ( ' Praising ' ) , Takbīr and Tasbīḥ ) : Al - ' Ashiyy ( The Afternoon or the Night ) Al - Ghuduww ( `` The Mornings '' ) Al - Bukrah ( `` The Morning '' ) Aṣ - Ṣabāḥ ( `` The Morning '' ) Al - Layl ( `` The Night '' ) Al - ' Ishā ' ( `` The Late - Night '' ) Aẓ - Ẓuhr ( `` The Noon '' ) Dulūk ash - Shams ( `` Decline of the Sun '' ) Al - Masā ' ( `` The Evening '' ) Qabl al - Ghurūb ( `` Before the Setting ( of the Sun ) '' ) Al - Aṣīl ( `` The Afternoon '' ) Al - Aṣr ( `` The Afternoon '' ) Qabl ṭulū ' ash - Shams ( `` Before the rising of the Sun '' ) Al - Fajr ( `` The Dawn '' ) Implied Event of Ghadir Khumm Laylat al - Mabit The first pilgrimage Note : The names are sorted alphabetically . Standard form : Islamic name / Biblical name ( title or relationship ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_calendar&oldid=856457533 '' Categories : Islamic calendar Islamic terminology Hidden categories : Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with French - language external links Articles with Arabic - language external links CS1 errors : external links Pages with URL errors All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Use dmy dates from April 2013 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Walon Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 97 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 10 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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Alcohol laws of Wisconsin
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Alcohol laws of Wisconsin - wikipedia Alcohol laws of Wisconsin Jump to : navigation , search The alcohol laws of Wisconsin consist of both statewide statutes and local ordinances governing the sale of alcohol . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Retail sale of alcohol 3 Beverage sale of alcohol 4 Drinking age 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) When Wisconsin became a state , settlers from the eastern United States ( known as Yankees ) took issue with the consumption of alcohol by German immigrants on Sunday , as well as the prevalence of alcoholism . The Wisconsin legislature passed a law in 1849 that made liquor sellers liable for the costs incurred by local governments in supporting alcoholics . Ten years later , the state prohibited liquor sales on Sundays . In 1872 , alcohol regulation reached new heights in the state with the passage of the Graham Law . This legislation prohibited drunkenness and the sale of alcohol to minors , and required all liquor sellers to post a $2,000 bond ( more than $30,000 in 2007 U.S. dollars ) . German - Americans fought the new law in the courts and at the ballot box . Although they lost challenges in the courts , they were able to elect a legislature friendlier to alcohol consumption . In 1874 , the new lawmakers passed less restrictive laws that lowered the bond to $500 , allowed Sunday liquor sales , and created certain safe havens for liquor sellers to escape liability for alcoholics . Alcohol consumption was banned in Wisconsin during Prohibition ( 1920 - 1933 ) . But even before Prohibition ended , Wisconsin created work - arounds . In 1926 , voters approved a referendum allowing the manufacture of beer , if not its consumption . The state repealed its law enforcing Prohibition in 1929 . Wisconsin Senator John J. Blaine sponsored the Act that later became the Twenty - first Amendment to the United States Constitution , ending Prohibition . The state was the second to ratify the amendment on April 25 , 1933 . Retail sale of alcohol ( edit ) State law prohibits retail sale of liquor and wine between 9 : 00 p.m. and 6 : 00 a.m. , and beer between midnight and 6 : 00 a.m. State law allows local municipalities to further restrict retail sales of alcohol , or ban the issuance of retail liquor licenses altogether . Local ordinances often prohibit retail beer sale after 9 : 00 p.m. At least two municipalities in Wisconsin prohibited the retail sale of alcohol until recently : the city of Sparta , and the village of Ephraim . In the April 1 , 2014 Wisconsin spring election , voters in Sparta narrowly passed a referendum to allow the sale of beer and wine in groceries and convenience stores . The ban on the sale of liquor within the city remains in effect . In the April 5 , 2016 , voters in Ephraim passed a referendum to allow the sale of beer and wine in restaurants and businesses . Beverage sale of alcohol ( edit ) State law requires that bars be closed between 2 : 00 a.m. and 6 : 00 a.m. Monday through Friday and between 2 : 30 a.m. and 6 : 00 a.m. on Saturday and Sunday . Exceptions are made on New Year 's Eve , when no closing is required , and for changes in Daylight Saving Time . State law does not permit municipalities to further restrict when bars must be closed . Municipalities may elect , however , to prohibit the issuance of liquor licenses , making the municipality effectively dry . Drinking age ( edit ) The drinking age in Wisconsin is 21 . Those under the legal drinking age may be served , possess , or consume alcohol if they are with a parent , legal guardian , or spouse who is of legal drinking age . Those age 18 to 20 may also possess ( but not consume ) alcohol as part of their employment . The 1983 Wisconsin Act 74 , effective July 1 , 1984 , created a drinking age of 19 . Meeting in special session at the call of the governor , the legislature enacted 1985 Wisconsin Act 337 , which raised the drinking age to 21 and brought the state into compliance with the NMDA ( National Minimum Drinking Age ) on September 1 , 1986 . The NMDA law was amended to permit an exception for those persons who were between ages 18 and 21 on the effective date of the law . Wisconsin 19 - and 20 - year - olds were `` grandfathered in '' by this exception after enactment of Act 337 . In effect , the state did not have a uniform age of 21 until September 1 , 1988 . See also ( edit ) Dry county List of dry communities by U.S. state # Wisconsin Tavern League of Wisconsin References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Joseph A. Ranney , ' Aliens and `` Real Americans '' : Law & Ethnic Assimilation in Wisconsin , 1846 - 1920 ' , Wisconsin Lawyer . Jump up ^ Consumer Price Index ( CPI ) Conversion Factors 1774 to estimated 2019 to Convert to Dollars of 2007 http://oregonstate.edu/cla/polisci/faculty-research/sahr/cv2007.pdf Jump up ^ Joseph A. Ranney . `` Demon rum and Sunday lager : The temperence movemenet ( sic ) in Wisconsin '' . Jump up ^ Wisconsin Historical Society . Brewing and Prohibition . http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp-051/?action=more_essay Jump up ^ Amendments to the Constitution http://www.house.gov/house/Constitution/Amend.html ^ Jump up to : Wisconsin Department of Revenue . Wisconsin Alcohol Beverage and Tobacco Laws for Retailers . May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Wis . Stat . 125.05 http://www.legis.state.wi.us/statutes/Stat0125.pdf Jump up ^ ' Referendum on beer , alcohol sales fails , ' La Crosse Tribune , April 6 , 2011 , p . B2 . Jump up ^ Chris Hubbuch , `` Sparta again says no to alcohol sales , '' La Crosse Tribune , April 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.spartanewspapers.com/headlines.html Jump up ^ http://www.ephraim-wisconsin.com/ephraim/ephraim+history/default.asp Jump up ^ City of Oshkosh , Wisconsin Resolution , July 25 , 2006 http://www.ci.oshkosh.wi.us/weblink8/0/doc/430545/Page1.aspx Jump up ^ City of Sparta beer referendum narrowly passes Jump up ^ ' Ephraim dry no more , ' Samantha Hernandez , Green Bay Press - Gazette , April 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin State Statutes section 125.07 ( 1 ) '' . Wisconsin State Statutes . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau , Brief 95 - 3 : The Minimum Drinking Age in Wisconsin ( hide ) Alcohol laws of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_laws_of_Wisconsin&oldid=804366223 '' Categories : Alcohol law in the United States by state Wisconsin law Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 14 : 48 . About Wikipedia
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can you buy alcohol in wisconsin on sunday
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Miss USA
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Miss USA - Wikipedia Miss USA This is the current revision of this page , as edited by NewYorkActuary ( talk contribs ) at 04 : 32 , 29 August 2017 ( Reverted 2 edits by Hpcidaniello ( talk ) : Watermarked and not an appropriate `` fair use '' . ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 04 : 32 , 29 August 2017 by NewYorkActuary ( talk contribs ) ( Reverted 2 edits by Hpcidaniello ( talk ) : Watermarked and not an appropriate `` fair use '' . ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Miss America , Miss World America , Miss U.S. International , or Miss Earth United States . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The template Infobox organization is being considered for merging . '' Miss USA Formation 1952 Type Beauty pageant Headquarters New York City Location United States Membership Miss Universe Official language English President Paula Shugart Affiliations William Morris Endeavor Website missusa.com The Miss USA is an American beauty pageant that has been held annually since 1952 to select the American entrant in the Miss Universe pageant . The Miss Universe Organization operates both pageants , as well as Miss Teen USA . The pageant was owned by Donald Trump from 1996 to 2015 , and was previously broadcast on NBC . In September 2015 , WME / IMG purchased the pageant from Trump . Currently , Fox holds the broadcast rights for the pageant . The current Miss USA is Kára McCullough of the District of Columbia who was crowned on May 14 , 2017 in Las Vegas , Nevada . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Competition 3 State competitions 4 Winners 5 Recent titleholders 5.1 Winners ' gallery 6 Awards 7 Locations 8 Special feature episodes 9 Reality television 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) The Miss USA pageant was conceived in 1950 when Yolande Betbeze , winner of the rival Miss America pageant , refused to pose for publicity pictures while wearing a swimsuit . Pageant sponsor Catalina decided to pull their sponsorship off the pageant and create their own competition . Other owners have included a subsidiary of Gulf + Western Industries , ITT Corporation , and billionaire Donald Trump . The first Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants were held concurrently in Long Beach , California in 1952 ; the first Miss USA winner was Miss New York USA Jackie Loughery . There were thirty delegates in the first year of competition , and many states did not compete every year during the first two decades of the pageant 's history . From the 1970s , each state and the District of Columbia have sent a delegate each year . Alaska first competed in 1959 and Hawaii in 1960 . Both had competed at Miss Universe until this time . The pageant aired on CBS from 1963 until 2002 , and for many years was known for having a CBS game show host as pageant host . John Charles Daly hosted the show from 1963 -- 1966 , Bob Barker from 1967 ( he was not a regular for the CBS network until 1972 when he became host of The Price Is Right which he hosted until 2007 ) until 1987 ( at which point he quit in a dispute over fur coats ) , Alan Thicke in 1988 , Dick Clark from 1989 to 1993 , and Bob Goen from 1994 to 1996 . The show 's highest ratings were in the early 1980s , when it regularly topped the Nielsen ratings . Viewership dropped sharply from the 1990s to the 2000s , from an estimated viewership of 20 million to an average of 7 million from 2000 -- 2001 . In 2002 , owner Donald Trump brokered a new deal with NBC , giving them half - ownership of the Miss USA , Miss Universe and Miss Teen USA and moving them to NBC on an initial five - year contract . The pageants were first shown on NBC in 2003 . Historically , the winner of the Miss USA title represented the U.S. in its sister pageant Miss Universe . Since its inception , eight Miss USA titleholders have gone on to win Miss Universe . In the mid-1960s , the organization established a rule that when a Miss USA wins the Miss Universe title , the first runner - up assumes the Miss USA title for the remainder of the year . This occurred in 1980 , 1995 , 1997 , and 2012 . In 1967 , the first runner - up Susan Bradley of California declined the title and the crown went to the second runner - up Cheryl Patton of Florida . The only instance when a first runner - up assumed the title of Miss USA prior to this period was in 1957 , when Mary Leona Gage of Maryland resigned after it was discovered she was married . The winner is assigned a one - year contract with the Miss Universe Organization , traveling across the United States , and in some cases overseas , to spread messages about the control of diseases , peace , and public awareness of AIDS . Aside from the job , the winner also receives a cash allowance for her entire reign , a New York Film Academy scholarship , a modelling portfolio , beauty products , clothes , shoes , as well as styling , healthcare , and fitness services by different sponsors of the pageant . She also gains exclusive access to events such as fashion shows and opening galas , as well as access to casting calls and modeling opportunities throughout New York City . When Donald Trump owned the pageant , the winner was given the use of a Trump Place apartment in New York City during her reign , which she shared with the Miss Universe and Miss Teen USA titleholders . If the winner , for any reason , can not fulfill her duties as Miss USA , including if she wins the title of Miss Universe , the 1st runner - up takes over . See also : Miss USA 2015 § Controversy In late - June 2015 , both NBC and Spanish - language network Univision announced that they would cut their ties with Donald Trump and the Miss Universe Organization in response to remarks Trump made relating to undocumented immigrants during the launch of his 2016 U.S. presidential campaign , resulting in both Miss USA and Miss Universe being dropped from their schedules . NBCUniversal also plans to take steps to remove itself from the MUO joint venture . Trump threatened to sue both companies over the decision ; on June 30 , 2015 , Trump sued Univision for defamation and breach of contract . In February 2016 , Donald Trump and Univision reached a settlement ending the litigation . The terms of the settlement remain confidential . As a result , Miss USA 2015 was carried via a webcast on the pageant 's website . The pagent was sold to WME / IMG in September 2015 . On July 1 , digital cable network Reelz announced they would televise the 2015 pageant . In 2016 , Fox started broadcasting the pageant . Competition ( edit ) The modern pageant consists of a preliminary competition held a week before the pageant when all contestants are judged in swimsuit , gown , and interview competitions . State competitions ( edit ) Main article : List of Miss USA states and territories Every year , each state holds a preliminary competition to choose their delegate for the Miss USA pageant . In some states ( such as Texas and Florida ) , local pageants are also held to determine delegates for the state competition . The state winners hold the title `` Miss State USA '' for the year of their reign . The most successful state is Texas , which has had the most semi-finalists and winners , including five consecutive Miss USA titleholders during the 1980s . Other successful states include California , New York , Alabama , Tennessee , and Georgia . The least successful states are Delaware , placing only once in 2015 ; Montana , which has not placed since the 1950s ; South Dakota , which has only placed three times ( the last time in 2016 ) , and Wyoming , which gained only its second placement in 2010 . The only state which has produced more than one Miss Universe is South Carolina . The Miss Universe Organization licenses out the state pageants to pageant directors , who in some cases are responsible for more than one state . The directorial groups are the following : RPM Productions ( Alabama , Louisiana , North Carolina , South Carolina ) , Vanbros ( Arkansas , Illinois , Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska , and Oklahoma ) . Future Productions ( Colorado , Iowa , Minnesota , North Dakota , South Dakota , Wisconsin , Wyoming ) . Pageant Associates ( Connecticut , Indiana , Pennsylvania , Vermont , West Virginia ) . Pageants NW Productions ( Idaho , Montana , Oregon , Washington ) . Crystal Group ( Texas ) . Greenwood Productions ( Georgia , Mississippi , Tennessee ) . D&D Productions ( Delaware , Maryland , New Jersey , Rhode Island ) . Proctor Productions ( Michigan , Ohio ) . Casting Crown Productions ( Arizona , Utah ) . Top 10 Productions ( California ) . Smoak Productions ( Nevada ) . Connie Clark Harrison ( Kentucky ) . KPJ Productions ( Virginia ) . Clemente Productions ( Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire ) . Garness Productions ( Alaska ) . New Media Productions ( Hawaii ) . Debbie Miller and Cindy Provost ( New York ) . Laura 's Productions ( New Mexico ) . Five Crown Pageant Productions ( District of Columbia ) . Winners ( edit ) The oldest woman to win Miss USA is Miss USA 2015 , Olivia Jordan of Oklahoma , at 26 years and 10 months old . The oldest woman to be crowned Miss USA is Miss USA 2012 , Nana Meriwether of Maryland , at 27 years old and 7 months . Meriwether succeeded Olivia Culpo who won the title of Miss Universe 2012 . The tallest Miss USA is Miss USA 2012 , Nana Meriwether , of Maryland at 6 feet and 1 inch ( 185 cm ) . The first Asian - American woman to win Miss USA was Macel Wilson of Hawaii in 1962 ; the first Latina was Laura Martinez - Herring of Texas in 1985 ; the first African - American , Carole Gist of Michigan in 1990 ; and the first Miss USA of Middle - Eastern descent was Rima Fakih of Michigan in 2010 . Brandi Sherwood of Idaho is the only woman to have held both the Miss Teen USA and Miss USA titles . She was Miss Idaho Teen USA , Miss Teen USA 1989 , Miss Idaho USA 1997 , first runner - up at Miss USA 1997 , and in May 1997 assumed the Miss USA title after Brook Lee of Hawaii won the Miss Universe pageant . Nine other Miss USA titleholders have also previously competed at Miss Teen USA . These include : Shanna Moakler ( 1995 ) , ( Miss Rhode Island Teen USA 1992 ) , Ali Landry ( 1996 ) , ( Miss Louisiana Teen USA 1990 ) , Kimberly Pressler ( 1999 ) ( Miss New York Teen USA 1994 ) , Lynnette Cole ( 2000 ) ( Miss Tennessee Teen USA 1995 ) , Susie Castillo ( 2003 ) ( Miss Massachusetts Teen USA 1998 ) , Chelsea Cooley ( 2005 ) ( Miss North Carolina Teen USA 2000 ) , Tara Conner ( 2006 ) ( Miss Kentucky Teen USA 2002 ) , Rachel Smith ( 2007 ) ( Miss Tennessee Teen USA 2002 ) , Alyssa Campanella ( 2011 ) ( Miss New Jersey Teen USA 2007 ) . Five Miss USA titleholders have also competed at Miss America . These included : Miriam Stevenson , Carlene King Johnson and Carol Morris ( 1954 -- 1956 ) , Mai Shanley ( 1984 ) , and Shandi Finnessey ( 2004 ) . Shandi Finnessey , Miss USA 2004 and Miss Missouri 2002 won a preliminary evening gown award at Miss America 2003 . Also , Miriam Stevenson placed in the top 10 at Miss America 1954 as Miss South Carolina 1953 . Many Miss USA winners have gone to pursue careers in the entertainment industry . Those who have been successful in the industry include Summer Bartholomew , Deborah Shelton , Laura Martinez - Herring , Kelli McCarty , Shanna Moakler , Frances Parker , Ali Landry , Kenya Moore , Brandi Sherwood , Kimberly Pressler , Susie Castillo , Shandi Finnessey , Rachel Smith , and Crystle Stewart . Recent titleholders ( edit ) For full list and details , see List of Miss USA titleholders . Year Miss USA State Host City Placement at Miss Universe 2017 Kára McCullough District of Columbia Las Vegas , Nevada TBA 2016 Deshauna Barber District of Columbia Las Vegas , Nevada Top 9 2015 Olivia Jordan Oklahoma Baton Rouge , Louisiana 2nd Runner - Up 2014 Nia Sanchez Nevada Baton Rouge , Louisiana 1st Runner - Up 2013 Erin Brady Connecticut Las Vegas , Nevada Top 10 Winners ' gallery ( edit ) Miss USA 2016 Deshauna Barber , District of Columbia Miss USA 2014 Nia Sanchez , Nevada Miss USA 2013 Erin Brady , Connecticut Miss USA 2012 Nana Meriwether , Maryland ( Became Miss USA after Olivia Culpo became Miss Universe 2012 ) . Miss Universe 2012 Olivia Culpo , Rhode Island . Miss USA 2011 Alyssa Campanella , California Miss USA 2010 Rima Fakih , Michigan Miss USA 2009 Kristen Dalton , North Carolina Miss USA 2008 Crystle Stewart , Texas Miss USA 2007 Rachel Smith , Tennessee Miss USA 2006 Tara Conner , Kentucky Miss USA 2005 Chelsea Cooley , North Carolina Miss USA 2004 Shandi Finnessey , Missouri Miss USA 2003 Susie Castillo , Massachusetts Miss USA 2002 Shauntay Hinton , District of Columbia Miss USA 2001 Kandace Krueger , Texas Miss Universe 1997 Brook Lee , Hawaii Miss USA 1996 Ali Landry , Louisiana Miss USA 1995 Shanna Moakler , New York ( Became Miss USA after Chelsi Smith became Miss Universe 1995 ) . Miss USA 1991 Kelli McCarty , Kansas Miss USA 1987 Michelle Royer , Texas Miss USA 1986 Christy Fichtner , Texas Miss USA 1985 Laura Harring , Texas Miss USA 1983 Julie Hayek , California Miss Universe 1980 Shawn Weatherly , South Carolina Miss Universe 1967 Sylvia Hitchcock , Alabama Miss Universe & Miss USA 1956 Carol Morris , Iowa Awards ( edit ) The awards most frequently presented at Miss USA are Miss Amity ( also known as Miss Congeniality ) and Miss Photogenic . The Miss Amity Award is chosen by the delegates , and recognizes those who are the friendliest and make the pageant experience the most enjoyable . From 1952 to 1964 , when the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants were concurrent events , the award could be won by a contestant competing either for Miss USA or Miss Universe . In fact , in 1960 , there was a tie , with the award going to Miss Universe Myanmar , Myint Myint May , and Miss Louisiana USA , Rebecca Fletcher . In 2015 , Alaska and Delaware tied for the Miss Congeniality award . Vermont has won five Miss Amity / Congeniality awards , two more than any other state . The Miss Photogenic prize was first awarded in 1965 and was chosen by journalists until 1996 when it was chosen by an internet vote for the first time . There has been only one tie in this award 's history : in 1980 , when it was shared between Jineane Ford of Arizona and Elizabeth Kim Thomas of Ohio . The state that has won the most Photogenic awards is Virginia . Louisiana won both the first Miss Amity and Photogenic awards given to a Miss USA contestant . Other awards that have been presented include Best State Costume ( 1962 -- 1993 ) , Style ( 1995 -- 2001 ) and Most Beautiful Eyes ( 1993 ) . In 1998 , a special Distinguished Achievement award was given to Halle Berry . Berry was Miss Ohio USA 1986 and placed 1st runner - up to Christy Fichtner of Texas . She later went on to become an acclaimed actress and Oscar winner . Locations ( edit ) In the first eight years of competition ( 1952 -- 1959 ) , the Miss USA pageant was held in Long Beach , California . The competition moved to Miami Beach , Florida in 1960 and stayed there until 1971 . In 1972 , the pageant was held in Puerto Rico , the only time the pageant has been held outside the continental United States . That pageant was rocked by an explosion at the host hotel . From 1972 onwards , the pageant has been held in various locations , generally being held in each location for two to three years . As of 2017 , the pageant has been held in the following states : Alabama ( Mobile 1989 ) , California , ( Long Beach 1952 -- 1959 , Los Angeles 2004 , 2007 ) , Florida ( Miami Beach 1960 -- 1971 , Lakeland 1984 -- 1985 , Miami 1986 ) , Indiana ( Gary 2001 -- 2002 ) , Kansas ( Wichita 1990 -- 1993 ) , Louisiana ( Shreveport 1997 -- 1998 and Baton Rouge 2014 -- 2015 ) , Maryland ( Baltimore 2005 -- 2006 ) , Missouri ( Branson 1999 -- 2000 ) , Mississippi ( Biloxi 1979 -- 1982 ) , Nevada ( Las Vegas 2008 -- 2013 , 2016 -- 2017 ) , New Mexico ( Albuquerque 1987 ) , New York ( New York City 1973 , Niagara Falls 1974 -- 1976 ) , South Carolina ( Charleston 1977 -- 1978 ) , Tennessee ( Knoxville 1983 ) , Texas ( El Paso 1988 , South Padre Island 1994 -- 1996 , San Antonio 2003 ) . Special feature episodes ( edit ) Since 2003 , a number of delegates have been involved in special episodes of regular programs broadcast by NBC . From 2003 -- 2005 , six delegates each year were chosen to participate in a special Miss USA edition of Fear Factor , with the victorious contestant taking the title `` Miss Fear Factor USA '' and a prize of $ 50,000 ( $25,000 of which was to be donated to a charity of the winner 's choice ) . These were broadcast immediately prior to the live pageant broadcast . In 2006 , Chelsea Cooley and twenty - six delegates participated as briefcase models in a Miss USA special of Deal or No Deal . In 2010 , ten Miss USA and Miss Universe winners competed for charity on a special `` Last Beauty Standing '' edition of Minute to Win It . Reality television ( edit ) Many Miss USA and Miss Teen USA delegates have participated in reality television shows and other television game shows . Well known delegates who later competed in reality shows are Danni Boatwright , winner of Survivor : Guatemala , Nicole O'Brian and Christie Lee Woods of The Amazing Race 5 , Shandi Finnessey and Shanna Moakler on Dancing with the Stars , Jennifer Murphy of The Apprentice 4 , and Tori Fiorenza of The Challenge : Cutthroat . In 2007 , Pageant Place , a reality television show featuring Rachel Smith , Riyo Mori , Hilary Cruz , Katie Blair , and Tara Conner aired on MTV . On June 19 , 2011 , Bravo Television 's Andy Cohen co-hosted the event 's 60th anniversary live in Las Vegas with E ! News and Fashion Police 's Giuliana Rancic . They also hosted the 2012 pageant . See also ( edit ) Miss U.S. International Miss World America Miss Earth United States Miss Teen USA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WME - IMG ACQUIRES THE MISS UNIVERSE ORGANIZATION '' . Miss Universe . September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Deam , Jenny ( 2005 - 10 - 11 ) . `` There she goes ... Miss America Once queen of the airwaves , beauty pageant is left homeless '' . Denver Post . p . F01 . Jump up ^ `` Gulf + Western Industries announces reorganization plan '' . PR Newswire. 1985 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 1996 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Trump buys Miss Universe , two other beauty pageants '' . The Globe and Mail . p . B14 . Jump up ^ Colon , Marisa ( 1999 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Long Beach , Calif. , Consultant Coaches Beauty Contestants '' . Press - Telegram . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 1980 - 05 - 21 ) . `` U.S. pulchritude tops TV charts '' . The Globe and Mail . p . P15 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 1982 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Pageant tops Nielsen ratings '' . The Globe and Mail . p . P15 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 1983 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Beauty pageant most - watched show '' . The Globe and Mail . p . P15 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( 2002 - 06 - 22 ) . `` There She Goes : Pageants Move to NBC '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Trump moves pageants from CBS to NBC '' . St. Petersburg Times . 2002 - 06 - 22 . p. 2B . Jump up ^ Froelich , Janis ( 1989 - 10 - 27 ) . `` News anchor shuns beauty queen past '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 1D . ^ Jump up to : `` USA Sherwood '' . Associated Press . 1997 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( 2007 - 06 - 21 ) . `` Are Trump 's Beauties at Home With the Camera ? They 'll Have to Be '' . Washington Post . p . C07 . Jump up ^ `` NBC : Done With Donald Trump , Miss USA , Miss Universe -- Update '' . Deadline . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump Hits Univision With $500 M Miss USA Lawsuit , Network Calls It `` Ridiculous '' -- Update `` . Deadline . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump & Univision Reach Settlement Surrounding Miss USA Pageant '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Miss USA To Be Streamed After NBC And Pageant Co-Hosts Bail '' . Deadline . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WME / IMG Acquires Miss Universe Organization From Donald Trump '' . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ http://mashable.com/2015/07/02/miss-usa-reelz/ Jump up ^ http://www.tvinsider.com/article/49807/miss-universe-and-miss-usa-pageants-to-air-on-fox/ Jump up ^ `` Beauty business -- as usual ; Miss USA contest fights the blemishes '' . USA Today . 1988 - 03 - 01 . p. 01D . Jump up ^ Associated press ( 1991 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Pair who groomed beauty queens fired as Miss Texas USA directors '' . The Dallas Morning News . p. 29A . Jump up ^ `` ' Royalty ' Happy Overseas '' . Albuquerque Journal . 2001 - 05 - 16 . p . D2 . Jump up ^ Knowles , David ( 2010 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Rima Fakih , First Muslim Miss USA - David Knowles - Paradigms Lost '' . True / Slant . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Shawnae Jebbia of Massachusetts Crowned `` Miss USA 1998 '' `` . Business Wire. 2007 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Explosion of undetermined cause rocks site of Miss USA pageant '' . New York Times Abstracts. 1972 - 05 - 21 . p. 35 . Jump up ^ `` Tori Hall Fiorenza Real World Challenge pictures , bio , dating '' . Poptower.com. 1986 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Lee , Felicia ( 2007 - 10 - 10 ) . `` Three Crowns Sharing One Apartment '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Andy Cohen on Hosting the Miss USA Pageant : I Want to Bring Out the Competition - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com. 2011 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Miss USA 2012 : Olivia Culpo Crowned , Beats Latina Beauties Fox News Latino '' . Latino.foxnews.com. 2012 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Miss USA . Official website ( show ) Miss Universe Organization Miss Universe Miss USA Miss Teen USA ( show ) Miss USA 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Miss Universe Organization Titleholders ( show ) Miss USA state pageants Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming ( show ) Miss Universe participant countries and territories ( hide ) Active ( 1952 -- present ) Albania Angola Argentina Aruba Australia Austria Bahamas Barbados Belgium Belize Bolivia Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islands Bulgaria Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cayman Islands Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Curaçao Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Ethiopia Finland France Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Great Britain Greece Guam Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea Kosovo Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Lithuania Malaysia Malta Mauritius Mexico Montenegro Myanmar Namibia Netherlands Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Romania Russia Serbia Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka St. Lucia Sweden Switzerland Tanzania Thailand Trinidad & Tobago Turkey Turks & Caicos Ukraine Uruguay United States US Virgin Islands Venezuela Vietnam Zambia ( hide ) Inactive since 2014 ( under IMG / WMG ) American Samoa ( 1978 ) Antigua & Barbuda ( 2008 ) Azerbaijan ( 2013 ) Benin ( 1962 ) Bermuda ( 1997 ) Bonaire ( 1999 ) Chinese Taipei ( 2004 ) Cook Islands ( 1999 ) Cote d'Ivoire ( 1986 ) Cuba ( 1967 ) Cyprus ( 2012 ) Dominica ( 1985 ) Democratic Republic of Congo ( 1986 ) Estonia ( 2013 ) Fiji ( 1981 ) Gambia ( 1986 ) Gibraltar ( 1990 ) Grenada ( 1964 ) Jordan ( 1960 ) Latvia ( 2006 ) Lesotho ( 1978 ) Liberia ( 1977 ) Luxembourg ( 1994 ) Madagascar ( 1961 ) Micronesia ( 1975 ) Morocco ( 1978 ) Northern Marianas ( 2006 ) Papua New Guinea ( 1986 ) Samoa ( 1986 ) Senegal ( 1987 ) Seychelles ( 1995 ) St. Kitts & Nevis ( 1981 ) St. Maarten ( 1982 ) St. Vincent and the Grenadines ( 2006 ) Suriname ( 1999 ) Swaziland ( 1994 ) Tunisia ( 1971 ) Vanuatu ( 1978 ) Zimbabwe ( 2001 ) ( hide ) Inactive territories and dependencies ( 1952 -- 2000 ) Region of China Hong Kong ( 1952 -- 2000 ) Constituent country of Denmark Greenland ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Overseas regions of France French Guiana ( 1977 -- 1984 ) Guadeloupe ( 1977 -- 1984 ) Martinique ( 1957 -- 1984 ) New Caledonia ( 1982 ) Réunion ( 1977 -- 1986 ) St. Matin ( 2000 - 2006 ) Tahiti ( 1962 -- 1985 ) Part of United Kingdom England ( 1955 -- 1990 ) Scotland ( 1961 -- 1990 ) Wales ( 1961 - 1990 ) Part of Japan Okinawa ( 1963 - 1968 ) Bantustans of South Africa Bophuthatswana ( 1979 ) Transkei ( 1979 - 1983 ) Territories of United States Alaska ( 1952 - 1958 ) Hawaii ( 1952 - 1959 ) ( show ) Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Grit ( since 2016 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( since 2013 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) The Exorcist ( since 2016 ) The F Word ( since 2017 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Home Free ( since 2015 ) Hotel Hell ( since 2012 ) The Last Man on Earth ( since 2015 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) Lucifer ( since 2016 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) The Mick ( since 2017 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) New Girl ( since 2011 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) Wayward Pines ( since 2015 ) The X-Files ( 1993 -- 2002 ; since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Upcoming 9 - 1 - 1 ( TBA ) Famous ( TBA ) Ghosted ( 2017 ) The Gifted ( 2017 ) L.A. to Vegas ( TBA ) The Orville ( 2017 ) The Resident ( TBA ) See also 4Kids TV Fox Kids Speed on Fox Weekend Marketplace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miss_USA&oldid=797782282 '' Categories : 1952 establishments in California American awards Beauty pageants in the United States CBS network shows Miss Universe Organization Miss USA NBC network shows Recurring events established in 1952 Miss Universe by country Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons العربية Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 04 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who competes in miss universe miss america or miss usa
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"The Miss USA is an American beauty pageant that has been held annually since 1952 to select the American entrant in the Miss Universe pageant. The Miss Universe Organization operates both pageants, as well as Miss Teen USA."
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"Miss USA"
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Jim Tavaré
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Jim Tavaré - wikipedia Jim Tavaré Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jim Tavaré Jim Tavaré ( 1963 - 04 - 30 ) 30 April 1963 ( age 54 ) Essex , England Medium Stand - up , television Website jimtavare.org Jim Tavaré ( / ˈtævəreɪ / ; born 30 April 1963 ) is an English stand - up comedian , actor , and musician . He is best known for his work on The Sketch Show on ITV , which won a BAFTA award . He played the role of Tom ( the owner of the Leaky Cauldron ) in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , and has appeared in several music videos , including Roots Manuva 's `` Too Cold '' , McFly 's `` It 's All About You '' ( for BBC Comic Relief ) , Phoenix Foundation 's `` Thames Soup '' , and Letlive 's `` Banshee '' . Life and career ( edit ) Tavaré was born in Essex , England in 1963 . When he was 7 , he and his family moved to Cheshire , where he eventually attended art school in Northwich . After finishing his art studies , he moved to London , where he worked with Corin Redgrave . As a result , he successfully auditioned for and attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art . Tavaré 's first film appearance was as a student in Another Country ( 1984 ) with Rupert Everett and Colin Firth . Although uncredited , he was a featured extra appearing in numerous scenes throughout the film . Tavaré was Colin Firth 's stand - in for the duration of the film . Charles Spencer , Diana , Princess of Wales 's brother , was also an uncredited extra . Tavaré eventually branched out into stand - up comedy with a unique act which featured his double bass , an instrument he had learned to play during his childhood . In 1995 , Tavaré wrote and starred in a series of short silent films for BBC2 , titled Jim Tavaré Pictures Presents . On Channel Five , he had a skit series of his own that he co-wrote with Ricky Gervais , called The Jim Tavaré Show . He appeared three times in the Royal Variety Performance and subsequently worked for Prince Charles at several private engagements , including at a private Christmas party and at a gala held at Highgrove in front of Queen Elizabeth II and 13 other crowned heads of state . He became renowned in the UK as Prince Charles 's favourite comedian . Following an appearance at the Montreal Just For Laughs festival , CBS commissioned a special episode of the American series Wings based on and written entirely around his comedy act . Tavaré starred in this episode , which was called `` Take My Life Please '' . Tavaré co-wrote and appeared in the BAFTA - winning ITV series The Sketch Show , alongside Lee Mack , Tim Vine , Ronni Ancona , Karen Taylor , and Kitty Flanagan . In 2004 , Tavaré appeared in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban as Tom the Innkeeper . In 2008 , he finished in fourth place on Last Comic Standing 6 , having been the only overseas act ever to have reached the final show . He performed a 63 - date national tour with the other four Last Comic Standing finalists throughout the US . He appeared in the fifth series of the David Duchovny comedy - drama Californication as an English butler to a hip - hop mogul played by Wu - Tang Clan frontman RZA . He made a guest - star appearance in season 5 of the comedy and spy drama Chuck , the TV show Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , and on Comedy Central 's Tosh. 0 . In September 2013 , he began filming the role of The Dog Catcher in Syco Entertainment 's feature film Pudsey : The Movie alongside David Walliams , Jessica Hynes , and John Sessions . In 2014 , Tavaré appeared in Camp Abercorn , a web series that depicts a fictional Boy Scouts of America camp and how one of its gay staff members deals with their exclusion policy . In March 2017 , Tavaré was in an intensive care unit after being injured in a collision with a car . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://directors.findthecompany.co.uk/l/5665618/Mr-Jim-Tavare Jump up ^ `` An exclusive interview with -- Jim Tavaré by Pete Austin '' . 2015 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Julian ( 2015 - 07 - 23 ) . Keeping Quiet : Visual Comedy in the Age of Sound . Andrews UK Limited . ISBN 9781909183834 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter actor Jim Tavare is back home after breaking his neck in a car crash - BBC Newsbeat '' . BBC Newsbeat. 2017 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Tavaré '' . Lease Movies . Archived from the original on 8 August 2014 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter actor Jim Tavare in intensive care with broken neck and punctured lung '' . BBC News . 9 March 2017 . Sources ( edit ) Sit - Down Comedy ( contributor to anthology , ed . Malcolm Hardee & John Fleming ) Ebury Press / Random House , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 188924 - 3 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 188924 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Jim_Tavaré&oldid = 809658986 '' Categories : 1963 births Living people 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors 20th - century British comedians 21st - century British comedians Actors from Cheshire Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art English double - bassists English male comedians English male film actors English male television actors Last Comic Standing contestants Male actors from Essex People from Cheshire ( before 1974 ) Hidden categories : EngvarB from November 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2013 BLP articles lacking sources from September 2011 All BLP articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 15 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who did jim tavare play in harry potter
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"Jim Tavaré (/ˈtævəreɪ/; born 30 April 1963)[1] is an English stand-up comedian, actor, and musician. He is best known for his work on The Sketch Show on ITV, which won a BAFTA award. He played the role of Tom (the owner of the Leaky Cauldron) in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, and has appeared in several music videos, including Roots Manuva's \"Too Cold\", McFly's \"It's All About You\" (for BBC Comic Relief), Phoenix Foundation's \"Thames Soup\", and Letlive's \"Banshee\"."
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"Tom (the owner of the Leaky Cauldron)"
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History of Costa Rica
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History of Costa Rica - wikipedia History of Costa Rica Jump to : navigation , search The first natives in Costa Rica were hunters and gatherers , and Costa Rica served as an `` Intermediate Region '' between Mesoamerican and Andean native cultures . In 1502 , Christopher Columbus made landfall in Costa Rica . Soon after , his forces overcame the indigenous people . He incorporated the territory into the Captaincy General of Guatemala as a province of New Spain in 1524 . For the next 300 years , Costa Rica was a colony of Spain . As a result , Costa Rica 's culture has been greatly influenced by the culture of Spain . During this period , Costa Rica remained sparsely developed and impoverished . Following the Mexican War of Independence ( 1810 -- 1821 ) , Costa Rica became part of the independent Mexican Empire in 1821 . Subsequently , Costa Rica was part of the Federal Republic of Central America in 1823 , before gaining full independence in 1838 . Its economy struggled due to lack of connections with European suppliers . In 1856 , Costa Rica resisted American settlers from mounting a take - over of the government . After 1869 , Costa Rica established a democratic government . After the Costa Rican Civil War in 1948 , the government drafted a new constitution , guaranteeing universal suffrage and the dismantling of the military . Today , Costa Rica is a democracy that relies on technology and eco-tourism for its economy . Although poverty has declined since the turn of the 21st century , economic problems still exist . Costa Rica is facing problems of underemployment , foreign and internal debt , and a trade deficiency . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-Columbian Costa Rica 1.1 Hunter - gatherers ( 10,000 -- 2,000 BC ) 2 Spanish colonization 3 Independence from Spain 4 United Provinces of Central America 5 Democracy 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Pre-Columbian Costa Rica ( edit ) Main article : Pre-Columbian history of Costa Rica Pre-Columbian Ceramics from Nicoya , Costa Rica In Pre-Columbian times , the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the `` Intermediate Area , '' between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions . The northwest of the country , the Nicoya Peninsula , was the southernmost point of Nahuatl cultural influence when the Spanish conquerors ( conquistadores ) came in the sixteenth century . The central and southern portions of the country had Chibcha influences . The indigenous people have influenced modern Costa Rican culture to a relatively small degree . In the years soon after European encounter , many of the people died due to infectious diseases , such as measles and smallpox , which were endemic among the Europeans but to which they had no immunity . Hunter - gatherers ( 10,000 -- 2,000 BC ) ( edit ) The oldest evidence of human occupation in Costa Rica is associated with the arrival of groups of hunter - gatherers about 10,000 to 7,000 years BC , with ancient archaeological evidence ( stone tool making ) located in the Turrialba Valley , at sites called Guardiria and Florence , with matching quarry and workshop areas with presence of type clovis spearheads and South American inspired arrows . All this suggests the possibility that in this area two different cultures coexisted . The people of this era were nomadic . They were organized in family - based bands of about 20 to 30 members . Their usual prey animals were called megafauna , such as giant armadillos and sloths , mastodons , etc . These became extinct about 8,000 years before the modern era . The first settlers had to adapt to hunting smaller animals and develop appropriate strategies to adjust to the new conditions . Spanish colonization ( edit ) The colonial period began when Christopher Columbus reached the eastern coast of Costa Rica on his fourth voyage on September 18 , 1502 . Numerous subsequent Spanish expeditions followed , eventually leading to the first Spanish colony in Costa Rica , Villa Bruselas founded in 1524 . Violent uprising of Indians in Talamanca region , 1709 During most of the colonial period , Costa Rica was the southernmost province of the Captaincy General of Guatemala , which was nominally part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain ( i.e. , Mexico ) . In practice it operated as a largely autonomous entity within the Spanish Empire . Costa Rica 's distance from the capital in Guatemala , its legal prohibition under Spanish law against trading with its southern neighbors in Panama , then part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada ( i.e. , Colombia ) , and the lack of resources such as gold and silver , resulted in Costa Rica attracting few inhabitants . It was a poor , isolated , and sparsely inhabited region within the Spanish Empire . a Spanish governor in 1719 described Costa Rica as `` the poorest and most miserable Spanish colony in all America . '' The area suffered a lack of indigenous population available for forced labor , which meant that most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work their own land . This prevented the establishment of large haciendas . For all these reasons Costa Rica was by and large unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to develop on its own . The small landowners ' relative poverty , the lack of a large indigenous labor force , the population 's ethnic and linguistic homogeneity , and Costa Rica 's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and the Andes , all contributed to the development of an autonomous and individualistic agrarian society . Even the Governor had to farm his own crops and tend to his own garden due to his poverty . Independence from Spain ( edit ) José María Castro Madriz formally declared Costa Rica as independent from the Federal Republic of Central America in 1848 . In the early 19th century , Napoleon 's occupation of Spain led to the outbreak of revolts all across Spanish America . In New Spain , all of the fighting by those seeking independence was done in the center of that area from 1810 to 1821 , what today is central Mexico . Once the Viceroy was defeated in the capital city -- today Mexico City -- in 1821 , the news of independence was sent to all the territories of New Spain , including the Intendencies of the former Captaincy of Guatemala . Costa Rica joined the other Central American Intendancies in a joint declaration of independence from Spain , the 1821 Act of Independence . On October 13 , 1821 the documents arrived at Cartago , and an emergency meeting was called upon by Governor Juan Manuel de Cañas . There were many ideas on what to do upon gaining independence , such as joining Mexico , joining Guatemala or Nueva Granada ( today Colombia ) . A group was declared ( Junta de Legados ) , which created the temporary Junta Gubernativa Superior . Meanwhile , `` the clouds clear up '' ( `` Mientras se aclaraban los nublados del día '' ) , was a famous phrase of the events of the day . Independence from Spain was acknowledged and ratified on October 29 , 1821 by the colonial authorities . It was then ratified in the cities of San José on November 1 , 1821 , at Cartago on November 3rd , 1821 , at Heredia on November 11 , 1821 , and Alajuela on November 25th , 1821 . After the declaration of independence , the New Spain parliament intended to establish a commonwealth whereby the King of Spain , Ferdinand VII , would also be Emperor of New Spain , but in which both countries were to be governed by separate laws and with their own legislative offices . Should the king refuse the position , the law provided for a member of the House of Bourbon to accede to the New Spain throne . Ferdinand VII did not recognize the colony 's independence and said that Spain would not allow any other European prince to take the throne of New Spain . By request of Parliament , the president of the regency , Agustín de Iturbide , was proclaimed emperor of New Spain , which was renamed as Mexico . The Mexican Empire was the official name given to this monarchical regime from 1821 to 1823 . The territory of the Mexican Empire included the continental intendancies and provinces of New Spain proper ( including those of the former Captaincy General of Guatemala ) ( See : History of Central America ) . United Provinces of Central America ( edit ) In 1823 , a revolution in Mexico ousted Emperor Agustín de Iturbide . A new Mexican congress voted to allow the Central American Intendancies to decide their own fate . That year , the United Provinces of Central America was formed of the five Central American Intendancies under General Manuel José Arce . The Intendancies took the new name of States . The United Provinces federation , not strongly united to begin with , rapidly disintegrated under the pressures of intra-provincial rivalries . Following full independence in 1838 , Costa Rica had no regular trade routes established to export their coffee to European markets . They had problems with lack of infrastructure producing problems in transportation : the coffee - growing areas were mainly in the Central Valley and had access only to the port of Puntarenas on the Pacific Coast . Before the Panama Canal was opened , ships from Europe had to sail around Cape Horn in order to get to the Pacific Coast . In 1843 , the country established a trade route to Europe with the help of William Le Lacheur , a Guernsey merchant and shipowner . In 1856 , William Walker , an American filibuster , began incursions into Central America . After landing in Nicaragua , he proclaimed himself as president of Nicaragua and re-instated slavery , which had been abolished . He intended to expand into Costa Rica and after he entered that territory , the country declared war against his forces . Led by Commander in Chief of the Army of Costa Rica , President Juan Rafael Mora Porras , the filibusters were defeated and forced out of the country . Costa Rican forces followed the filibusters into Rivas , Nicaragua , where in a final battle , William Walker and his forces were finally pushed back . Juan Santamaría , a drummer boy from Alajuela who lost his life torching the filibusters ' stronghold , was killed in this final battle . He is today remembered as a national hero . Democracy ( edit ) An era of peaceful democracy in Costa Rica began in 1869 with elections . Costa Rica has avoided much of the violence that has plagued Central America . Since the late nineteenth century , only two brief periods of violence have marred its democratic development . In 1917 -- 19 , Federico Tinoco Granados ruled as a dictator . In 1948 , José Figueres Ferrer led an armed uprising in the wake of a disputed presidential election . `` With more than 2,000 dead , the 44 - day Costa Rican Civil War resulting from this uprising was the bloodiest event in twentieth - century Costa Rican history . '' The victorious junta drafted a constitution guaranteeing free elections with universal suffrage and the abolition of the military . Figueres became a national hero , winning the first election under the new constitution in 1953 . Since then Costa Rica has been one of the few democracies to operate without a standing army . The nation has held 16 successive presidential elections , all peaceful , the latest being in 2014 . Costa Rica 's economy went under a transformation in 1978 . The country went from being `` an economic development success story '' to entering a severe socio - economic crisis . Costa Rica relied on the exportation of bananas and coffee . In 1978 , coffee prices dropped , and its revenues declined . In 1979 , the price of oil , a main imported item , increased sharply and rapidly , plunging the country into crisis . In order to help improve the economy , President Rodrigo Carazo continued to borrow money internationally . In return , this led the country to be more in debt . Once a largely agricultural country , Costa Rica has transformed to relying on technology industry and services , and eco-tourism . Costa Rica 's major source of export income is technology based . Microsoft , Motorola , Intel and other technology - related firms have established operations in Costa Rica . Local companies create and export software as well as other computer - related products . Tourism is growing at an accelerated pace , and many believe that income from this tourism may soon become the major contributor to the nation 's GDP . Traditional agriculture , particularly coffee and bananas , continues to be an important part of Costa Rica 's exports . A Pre-Columbian incense burner with a crocodile lid ( 500 - 1350 CE ) . See also ( edit ) List of Presidents of Costa Rica Politics of Costa Rica General : History of Central America Spanish colonization of the Americas References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Costa Rica . '' Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia ( 2014 ) : 1p. 1. ; accessed 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Greater Nicoya Culture - Precolumbian culture of Costa Rica and Nicaragua Nicoya Jump up ^ The Story Of ... Smallpox Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived May 1 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Costa Rica : Colonial Times '' . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Shafer , D. Michael ( 1994 ) . Winners and losers : how sectors shape the developmental prospects of states . Ithaca , N.Y. : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8188 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica -- Cartago '' . Costarica.com. 2009 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Mi Patria , Fascículo # 5 , `` Acta de la Independencia de Costa Rica '' , La Nación , September 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ history of costa rica Jump up ^ The Biography of William Walker Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived November 17 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Sawchuk , Dana M. The Costa Rican Catholic Church , Social Justice , And The Rights Of Workers , 1979 -- 1996 . ( Electronic Resource ) . n.p. : Waterloo , Ont . : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , 2004 ( Baltimore , Md . : Project MUSE 2012 ) ( Baltimore , Md . : Project MUSE , 2014 ) , 2012 . Louisiana State University . Web . 19 February 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Charles Knight , ed. ( 1866 ) . `` Republic of Costa Rica '' . Geography . English Cyclopaedia. 2 . London : Bradbury , Evans , & Co . External links ( edit ) History of the Republic of Costa Rica from `` Costa Rica Handbook '' by Christopher Baker Costa Rican Archaeology Brief History of Costa rica.com Early History of Costa Rica Democracy in Costa Rica Costa Rica Civil War Costa Rica articles History Pre-Columbian history New Granada Captaincy General ( Guatemalan ) Federal Republic of Central America Civil War ( 1948 ) Geography Cities Deforestation Earthquakes Islands Mountains National parks Rivers Water resources Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics Administrative divisions Elections Foreign relations International rankings Legislative Assembly Deputies Military Political parties Presidents Public finances Supreme Court Mayors Economy Agriculture Colón ( currency ) Telecommunications Tourism Transport Unions Society Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Languages Religion Water supply and sanitation Culture Anthem Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Literature Media Music Public holidays Sport Outline Index Portal History of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Costa_Rica&oldid=804591014 '' Categories : History of Costa Rica Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Deutsch Español Français Ido Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 00 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did costa rica gain independence from spain
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"Independence from Spain was acknowledged and ratified on October 29, 1821 by the colonial authorities. It was then ratified in the cities of San José on November 1, 1821, at Cartago on November 3rd, 1821, at Heredia on November 11, 1821, and Alajuela on November 25th, 1821.[8]"
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"October 29, 1821"
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The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci)
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The Last Supper ( Leonardo da Vinci ) - wikipedia The Last Supper ( Leonardo da Vinci ) This article is about the Leonardo da Vinci painting . For other uses , see The Last Supper ( disambiguation ) . The Last Supper Il Cenacolo or L'Ultima Cena Artist Leonardo da Vinci Year 1490s ( Julian ) Medium Tempera , Gesso 460 cm ( 180 in ) × 880 cm ( 350 in ) Location Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan Coordinates 45 ° 28 ′ 00 '' N 9 ° 10 ′ 15 '' E / 45.466666666667 ° N 9.1708333333333 ° E / 45.466666666667 ; 9.1708333333333 Coordinates : 45 ° 28 ′ 00 '' N 9 ° 10 ′ 15 '' E / 45.466666666667 ° N 9.1708333333333 ° E / 45.466666666667 ; 9.1708333333333 Website legraziemilano.it/il-cenacolo/ ( edit on Wikidata ) The Last Supper ( Italian : Il Cenacolo ( il tʃeˈnaːkolo ) or L'Ultima Cena ( ˈlultima ˈtʃeːna ) ) is a late 15th - century mural painting by Leonardo da Vinci housed by the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan . It is one of the world 's most recognizable paintings . The work is presumed to have been started around 1495 -- 96 and was commissioned as part of a plan of renovations to the church and its convent buildings by Leonardo 's patron Ludovico Sforza , Duke of Milan . The painting represents the scene of the Last Supper of Jesus with his apostles , as it is told in the Gospel of John , 13 : 21 . Leonardo has depicted the consternation that occurred among the Twelve Disciples when Jesus announced that one of them would betray him . Due to the methods used , a variety of environmental factors , and intentional damage , very little of the original painting remains today despite numerous restoration attempts , the last being completed in 1999 . Contents 1 Painting 1.1 Important copies 2 Medium 3 Damage and restorations 3.1 Major restoration 4 The Last Supper in culture 4.1 Painting , mosaic , and photography 4.2 Modern art 4.3 Literature 4.4 Film and television 5 Other speculation 6 Notes 7 Further reading 8 External links Painting ( edit ) Crucifixion , opposite Leonardo 's Last Supper The Last Supper , ca . 1520 , by Giovanni Pietro Rizzoli , called Giampietrino ( active 1508 -- 1549 ) , after Leonardo da Vinci , Oil on canvas , in the collection of The Royal Academy of Arts , London ; full - scale copy that was the main source for the twenty - year restoration of the original ( 1978 - 1998 ) . It includes several lost details such as Christ 's feet and the salt cellar spilled by Judas . Giampietrino is thought to have worked closely with Leonardo when he was in Milan . The painting hung in the chapel of Magdalen College , Oxford from 1992 . The Last Supper , ca . 1520 , Andrea Solari , after Leonardo da Vinci , oil on canvas , in the Leonardo da Vinci Museum , Tongerlo Abbey . The Last Supper measures 460 cm × 880 cm ( 180 in × 350 in ) and covers an end wall of the dining hall at the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan , Italy . The theme was a traditional one for refectories , although the room was not a refectory at the time that Leonardo painted it . The main church building had only recently been completed ( in 1498 ) , but was remodeled by Bramante , hired by Ludovico Sforza to build a Sforza family mausoleum . The painting was commissioned by Sforza to be the centerpiece of the mausoleum . The lunettes above the main painting , formed by the triple arched ceiling of the refectory , are painted with Sforza coats - of - arms . The opposite wall of the refectory is covered by the Crucifixion fresco by Giovanni Donato da Montorfano , to which Leonardo added figures of the Sforza family in tempera . ( These figures have deteriorated in much the same way as has The Last Supper . ) Leonardo began work on The Last Supper in 1495 and completed it in 1498 -- he did not work on the painting continuously . The beginning date is not certain , as the archives of the convent for the period have been destroyed , and a document dated 1497 indicates that the painting was nearly completed at that date . One story goes that a prior from the monastery complained to Leonardo about the delay , enraging him . He wrote to the head of the monastery , explaining he had been struggling to find the perfect villainous face for Judas , and that if he could not find a face corresponding with what he had in mind , he would use the features of the prior who complained . A study for The Last Supper from Leonardo 's notebooks showing nine apostles identified by names written above their heads The Last Supper specifically portrays the reaction given by each apostle when Jesus said one of them would betray him . All twelve apostles have different reactions to the news , with various degrees of anger and shock . The apostles are identified from a manuscript ( The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci p. 232 ) with their names found in the 19th century . ( Before this , only Judas , Peter , John and Jesus were positively identified . ) From left to right , according to the apostles ' heads : Bartholomew , James , son of Alphaeus , and Andrew form a group of three ; all are surprised . Judas Iscariot , Peter , and John form another group of three . Judas is wearing green and blue and is in shadow , looking rather withdrawn and taken aback by the sudden revelation of his plan . He is clutching a small bag , perhaps signifying the silver given to him as payment to betray Jesus , or perhaps a reference to his role within the 12 disciples as treasurer . He is also tipping over the salt cellar . This may be related to the near - Eastern expression to `` betray the salt '' meaning to betray one 's Master . He is the only person to have his elbow on the table and his head is also horizontally the lowest of anyone in the painting . Peter looks angry and is holding a knife pointed away from Christ , perhaps foreshadowing his violent reaction in Gethsemane during Jesus ' arrest . The youngest apostle , John , appears to swoon . Jesus Apostle Thomas , James the Greater , and Philip are the next group of three . Thomas is clearly upset ; the raised index finger foreshadows his incredulity of the Resurrection . James the Greater looks stunned , with his arms in the air . Meanwhile , Philip appears to be requesting some explanation . Matthew , Jude Thaddeus , and Simon the Zealot are the final group of three . Both Jude Thaddeus and Matthew are turned toward Simon , perhaps to find out if he has any answer to their initial questions . In common with other depictions of the Last Supper from this period , Leonardo seats the diners on one side of the table , so that none of them has his back to the viewer . Most previous depictions excluded Judas by placing him alone on the opposite side of the table from the other eleven disciples and Jesus , or placing halos around all the disciples except Judas . Leonardo instead has Judas lean back into shadow . Jesus is predicting that his betrayer will take the bread at the same time he does to Saints Thomas and James to his left , who react in horror as Jesus points with his left hand to a piece of bread before them . Distracted by the conversation between John and Peter , Judas reaches for a different piece of bread not noticing Jesus too stretching out with his right hand towards it ( Matthew 26 : 23 ) . The angles and lighting draw attention to Jesus , whose turned right cheek is located at the vanishing point for all perspective lines ; his hands are located at the golden ratio of half the height of the composition . The painting contains several references to the number 3 , which represents the Christian belief in the Holy Trinity . The Apostles are seated in groupings of three ; there are three windows behind Jesus ; and the shape of Jesus ' figure resembles a triangle . The painting can also be interpreted using the Fibonacci series : 1 table , 1 central figure , 2 side walls , 3 windows and figures grouped in threes , 5 groups of figures , 8 panels on the walls and 8 table legs , and 13 individual figures . There may have been other references that have since been lost as the painting deteriorated . Important copies ( edit ) Two early copies of The Last Supper are known to exist , presumed to be work by Leonardo 's assistants . The copies are almost the size of the original , and have survived with a wealth of original detail still intact . One , by Giampietrino , is in the collection of the Royal Academy of Arts , London , and the other , by Cesare da Sesto , is installed at the Church of St. Ambrogio in Ponte Capriasca , Switzerland . A third copy ( oil on canvas ) is painted by Andrea Solari ( c. 1520 ) and is on display in the Leonardo da Vinci Museum of the Tongerlo Abbey , Belgium . Medium ( edit ) For this work , Leonardo sought a greater detail and luminosity than could be achieved with traditional fresco . He painted The Last Supper on a dry wall rather than on wet plaster , so it is not a true fresco . Because a fresco can not be modified as the artist works , Leonardo instead chose to seal the stone wall with a double layer of dried plaster . Then , borrowing from panel painting , he added an undercoat of white lead to enhance the brightness of the oil and tempera that was applied on top . This was a method that had been described previously , by Cennino Cennini in the 14th century . However , Cennini had recommended the use of secco for the final touches alone . These techniques were important for Leonardo 's desire to work slowly on the painting , giving him sufficient time to develop the gradual shading or chiaroscuro that was essential in his style . Damage and restorations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A protective structure was built in front of the da Vinci wall fresco . This photo shows the bombing damage in 1943 , suggesting the magnitude of the greater damage that was averted . Because the painting was on a thin exterior wall , the effects of humidity were felt more keenly , and the paint failed to properly adhere to the wall . Because of the method used , soon after the painting was completed on February 9 , 1498 it began to deteriorate . As early as 1517 , the painting was starting to flake , and in 1532 Gerolamo Cardano described it as `` blurred and colorless compared with what I remember of it when I saw it as a boy '' . By 1556 -- fewer than sixty years after it was finished -- Leonardo 's biographer Giorgio Vasari described the painting as already `` ruined '' and so deteriorated that the figures were unrecognizable . By the second half of the sixteenth century Gian Paolo Lomazzo stated that `` the painting is all ruined '' . In 1652 , a doorway was cut through the ( then unrecognisable ) painting , and later bricked up ; this can still be seen as the irregular arch shaped structure near the center base of the painting . It is believed , through early copies , that Jesus ' feet were in a position symbolizing the forthcoming crucifixion . In 1768 , a curtain was hung over the painting for the purpose of protection ; it instead trapped moisture on the surface , and whenever the curtain was pulled back , it scratched the flaking paint . A first restoration was attempted in 1726 by Michelangelo Bellotti , who filled in missing sections with oil paint then varnished the whole mural . This repair did not last well and another restoration was attempted in 1770 by an otherwise unknown artist named Giuseppe Mazza . Mazza stripped off Bellotti 's work then largely repainted the painting ; he had redone all but three faces when he was halted due to public outrage . In 1796 , French revolutionary anti-clerical troops used the refectory as an armory ; they threw stones at the painting and climbed ladders to scratch out the Apostles ' eyes . The refectory was then later used as a prison ; it is not known if any of the prisoners may have damaged the painting . In 1821 , Stefano Barezzi , an expert in removing whole frescoes from their walls intact , was called in to remove the painting to a safer location ; he badly damaged the center section before realizing that Leonardo 's work was not a fresco . Barezzi then attempted to reattach damaged sections with glue . From 1901 to 1908 , Luigi Cavenaghi first completed a careful study of the structure of the painting , then began cleaning it . In 1924 , Oreste Silvestri did further cleaning , and stabilised some parts with stucco . During World War II , on August 15 , 1943 , the refectory was struck by Allied bombing ; protective sandbagging prevented the painting from being struck by bomb splinters , but it may have been damaged further by the vibration . From 1951 to 1954 , another clean - and - stabilise restoration was undertaken by Mauro Pelliccioli . Major restoration ( edit ) The painting as it looked in the 1970s The painting 's appearance by the late 1970s had become badly deteriorated . From 1978 to 1999 , Pinin Brambilla Barcilon guided a major restoration project which undertook to stabilize the painting , and reverse the damage caused by dirt and pollution . The 18th - and 19th - century restoration attempts were also reverted . Since it had proved impractical to move the painting to a more controlled environment , the refectory was instead converted to a sealed , climate - controlled environment , which meant bricking up the windows . Then , detailed study was undertaken to determine the painting 's original form , using scientific tests ( especially infrared reflectoscopy and microscopic core - samples ) , and original cartoons preserved in the Royal Library at Windsor Castle . Some areas were deemed unrestorable . These were re-painted using watercolor in subdued colors intended to indicate they were not original work , while not being too distracting . This restoration took 21 years and , on 28 May 1999 , the painting was returned to display . Intending visitors were required to book ahead and could only stay for 15 minutes . When it was unveiled , considerable controversy was aroused by the dramatic changes in colors , tones , and even some facial shapes . James Beck , professor of art history at Columbia University and founder of ArtWatch International , had been a particularly strong critic . Michael Daley , director of ArtWatch UK , has also complained about the restored version of the painting . He has been critical of Christ 's right arm in the image which has been altered from a draped sleeve to what Daley calls `` muff - like drapery '' . The Last Supper in culture ( edit ) The Last Supper made in salt in Wieliczka Salt Mine ( Poland ) The Last Supper has frequently been referenced , reproduced , or parodied in Western culture . Some of the more notable examples are : Painting , mosaic , and photography ( edit ) A 16th - century oil on canvas copy is conserved in the abbey of Tongerlo , Antwerp , Belgium . It reveals many details that are no longer visible on the original . The Roman mosaic artist Giacomo Raffaelli made another life - sized copy ( 1809 -- 1814 ) in the Viennese Minoritenkirche . Modern art ( edit ) In 1955 , Salvador Dalí painted The Sacrament of the Last Supper , with Jesus portrayed as blond and clean shaven , pointing upward to a spectral torso while the apostles are gathered around the table heads bowed so that none may be identified . It is reputed to be one of the most popular paintings in the collection of the National Gallery of Art in Washington , D.C. In 1986 , Andy Warhol was commissioned to produce a series of paintings based on The Last Supper that were exhibited initially in Milan . This was his last series of paintings before his death . Sculptor Marisol Escobar rendered The Last Supper as a life - sized , three - dimensional , sculptural assemblage using painted and drawn wood , plywood , brownstone , plaster , and aluminum . This work , Self - Portrait Looking at The Last Supper , ( 1982 -- 84 ) is in New York 's Metropolitan Museum of Art . In 1988 , Susan Dorothea White painted The First Supper showing 13 women from all regions of the world , with the woman in the position of Leonardo 's Christ figure being an Australian aboriginal . In 2001 , Chinese artist Zeng Fanzhi painted Last Supper , showing 13 mask - wearing people seated at a table strewn with watermelon fragments . The oil painting was sold for $23.3 million at Sotheby 's auction on October 7 , 2013 , setting a new record for contemporary Asian artwork . In 1998 , modern artist Vik Muniz displayed a recreation of The Last Supper , made entirely out of Bosco Chocolate Syrup . Literature ( edit ) Author Mary Shelley describes her impression of the painting in her travel narrative , Rambles in Germany and Italy published in 1844 : First we visited the fading inimitable fresco of Leonardo da Vinci . How vain are copies ! not in one , nor in any print , did i ever see the slightest approach to the expression in our Savior 's face , such as it is in the original . Majesty and love -- these are the words that would describe it -- joined to an absence of all guile that expresses the divine nature more visibly than I ever saw it in any other picture . -- Mary Shelley , Travel Writing ( 1996 ) , Pages 131 -- 132 Film and television ( edit ) In Luis Buñuel 's Spanish film Viridiana , a tableau vivant of Leonardo 's painting is staged with beggars . Another beggar ' photographs ' the scene by flashing them . This scene contributed to its refusal by the Vatican who called it `` blasphemous . '' In Norman Jewison 's 1973 film version of `` Jesus Christ Superstar '' , in the Last Supper sequence , Jesus and the 12 apostles briefly mimic the posture of each character in Da Vinci 's painting The painting is parodied in Mel Brooks 's movie History of the World , Part I , making Leonardo a contemporary of Jesus . It is also parodied in the original movie MASH , in the scene where Hawkeye Pierce stages a `` last supper '' for Walt ( Painless ) Waldowski before his planned suicide . The various doctors , all in surgical scrubs , pose in imitation of the painting . Many parodies of the painting appear on the small screen , including The Simpsons ' Season 16 episode `` Thank God , It 's Doomsday , '' with Homer as Jesus and Moe and his other patrons as the disciples ; That ' 70s Show 's first - season episode `` Streaking , '' with Eric flanked by his friends ( and Jackie wondering why everyone is sitting on the same side of the table ) ; and South Park 's Season 13 episode `` Margaritaville , '' with Kyle and his friends eating at a pizza parlor . In one episode of the CBC drama Murdoch Mysteries called Barenaked Ladies , the suspects recreate the poses of Peter , Judas and Thomas in their victims . Other speculation ( edit ) Detail of the `` beloved disciple '' to Jesus 's right , identified by art historians as the apostle John , but speculated in The Da Vinci Code and similar works to actually be Mary Magdalene in disguise . The Last Supper has been the target of much speculation by writers and historical revisionists alike , usually centered on purported hidden messages or hints found within the painting , especially since the publication of the novel The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown in 2003 . Dan Brown proposed that the person to Jesus ' right ( left of Jesus from the viewer 's perspective ) is actually Mary Magdalene disguised as the Apostle John . This speculation originated in earlier books The Templar Revelation ( 1997 ) by Lynn Picknett and The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail by Michael Baigent , Henry Lincoln and Richard Leigh ( 1982 ) . Art historians hold that the figure is the Apostle John , who only appears feminine due to Leonardo 's characteristic fascination with blurring the lines between the sexes , a quality which is found in his other paintings , such as St. John the Baptist ( painted c. 1513 -- 1516 ) . Christopher Hodapp and Alice Von Kannon comment `` If he ( John ) looks effeminate and needs a haircut , so does James , the second figure on the left . '' . Furthermore , according to Ross King , an expert on Italian art , Mary Magdalene 's appearance at the last supper would not have been controversial and Leonardo would have had no motive to disguise her as one of the other disciples , since she was widely venerated in her role as the `` Apostle to the Apostles '' and was the patron of the Dominican Order , for whom The Last Supper was painted . There would have even been precedent for it , since the earlier Italian Renaissance painter Fra Angelico had included her in his painting of the Last Supper . Giovanni Maria Pala , an Italian musician , has indicated that the positions of hands and loaves of bread can be interpreted as notes on a musical staff and , if read from right to left , as was characteristic of Leonardo 's writing , form a musical composition . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Leonardo Da Vinci 's ' The Last Supper ' reveals more secrets '' . sciencedaily.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci -- . `` Santa Maria delle Grazie -- Milan '' . Inexhibit . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chapel with return Renaissance painrefting '' . Oxford Times . 14 September 2017 . p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Maria delle Grazie & The Last Supper '' . Timeout.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Leonardo 's Itinerary : Early maturity in Milan ( 1482 - 1499 ) '' . Museo Galileo . 5 March 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Clark. Leonardo da Vinci , Penguin Books 1939 , 1993 , p144 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Supper '' . lairweb.org.nz . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` DaVinci '' . The Mark Steel Lectures . Series 2 . Episode 2 . The Open University . 7 October 2003 . BBC . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci -- Complete by Leonardo da Vinci '' . Gutenberg.org. 1 January 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Cfr . Matthew 26 : 15 ; John 12 : 6 and 13 : 29 . ^ Jump up to : White , Susan D. ( 2006 ) . Draw Like Da Vinci . London : Cassell Illustrated , p. 132 . ISBN 9781844034444 . Jump up ^ `` Last Supper ( copy after Leonardo ) '' . University of the Arts , London . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Leonardo 's Last Supper '' . Smart history presented by the Khan Academy . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Supper '' . The Last Supper . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Wykes , Alan ( 1969 ) . Doctor Cardano , physician extraordinary . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Phillip William ( 24 May 1999 ) . `` The Last Supper or a dog 's dinner ? '' . The Guardian . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Dayla Alberge ( 14 March 2012 ) . `` Have art restorers ruined Leonardo 's masterpiece ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Haden - Guest , Anthony ( 3 August 1999 ) . `` Warhol 's Last Supper '' . Artnet . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Self - Portrait Looking at The Last Supper '' . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Susan White - veelzijdig werk , Kunstbeeld ( Amsterdam ) Oct. 1990 , vol. 14 ( 10 ) p. 62 ( translation ) Jump up ^ Allen , Christopher . ' Ludicrous Leonardo ' , The Sydney Morning Herald , 23 December 1988 , p. 10 Jump up ^ `` Zeng 's ' Last Supper ' Sells for Record $23.3 Million at Sotheby 's Auction '' . WSJ.com . October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Vicki ( 25 September 1998 ) . `` ART REVIEW ; It 's a Leonardo ? It 's a Corot ? Well , No , It 's Chocolate Syrup '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Shelley , Mary ( 1996 ) . Travel Writing . London : Pickering . pp. 131 -- 132 . ISBN 1 - 85196 - 084 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : King , Ross ( 2012 ) . Leonardo and the Last Supper . New York City , New York and London , England : Bloomsbury . pp. 187 -- 189 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7475 - 9947 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher Hodapp , Alice Von Kannon , The Templar Code For Dummies , page 257 ( Wiley Publishing , Inc. , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 12765 - 0 ) . Jump up ^ Rossella Lorenzi ( 9 November 2007 ) . `` Leonardo 's ' Last Supper ' Hides True Da Vinci Code '' . Discovery News . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Da Vinci 's `` Last Supper '' has hidden music ( includes link to recording ) `` . Extra.beloblog.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ mp3 file of the composition , hosted.ap.org Further reading ( edit ) Steinberg , Leo . Leonardo 's Incessant ' Last Supper ' `` . New York : Zone Books , 2001 . Detailed review of Steinberg 's ' Incessant Last Supper ' at 3 Pipe Problem Bertelli , Carlo ( November 1983 ) . `` Restoration Reveals The Last Supper '' . National Geographic . Vol. 164 no . 5 . pp. 664 -- 684 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci . Official website External video Leonardo 's Last Supper , video , Smarthistory Leonardo 's Last Supper and the three layers John the Apostle in Art Leonardo da Vinci : anatomical drawings from the Royal Library , Windsor Castle , exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art , which contains material on The Last Supper ( see index ) Zoomable version Tourist Information Tickets Last Supper in art Paintings ( by artist ) Barocci Bouts del Castagno Cranach Crespi Dali El Greco Fernandes Ghirlandaio Perugino Rosselli Rubens Tintoretto Veronese da Vinci Visual arts portal Christianity portal Leonardo da Vinci List of works Science and inventions Personal life Paintings Medusa The Annunciation The Baptism of Christ The Madonna of the Carnation Ginevra de ' Benci Benois Madonna The Adoration of the Magi St. Jerome in the Wilderness Madonna Litta Virgin of the Rocks Portrait of a Musician Lady with an Ermine The Madonna and Child with the Infant St. John the Baptist The Holy Infants Embracing La Belle Ferronnière Salvator Mundi Madonna of the Yarnwinder The Virgin and Child with St. Anne Mona Lisa Head of a Woman ( La Scapigliata ) Leda and the Swan St. John the Baptist Works on walls The Last Supper Sala delle Asse The Battle of Anghiari Sculptures Sforza monument ( unexecuted ) Horse and Rider Rearing Horse and Mounted Warrior Works on paper Vitruvian Man Portrait of a Young Fiancée The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist Head of Christ The Martyrdom of St Sebastian Self - portrait Studies of the Fetus in the Womb Manuscripts Codex Arundel Codex Atlanticus Codex on the Flight of Birds Codex Leicester Codex Madrid Codex Trivulzianus A Treatise on Painting Museums Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci ( Milan ) Museo Ideale Leonardo da Vinci ( Vinci ) Other projects De divina proportione Architonnerre Leonardo 's crossbow Leonardo 's fighting vehicle Leonardo 's robot Leonardo 's self - propelled cart Octant projection Viola organista Leonardeschi Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio Cesare da Sesto Giampietrino Giovanni Agostino da Lodi Bernardino Luini Cesare Magni Marco d'Oggiono Francesco Melzi Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis Salaì Andrea Solari Posthumous fame Cultural references Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations Things named after Leonardo Tourism in Milan Religious sites Cathedral Milan Cathedral Basilica di Santa Tecla Basilicas S Ambrogio S Calimero S Carlo al Corso S. 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Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial
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Beaumont - Hamel Newfoundland memorial - wikipedia Beaumont - Hamel Newfoundland memorial Jump to : navigation , search Beaumont - Hamel Newfoundland Memorial Veterans Affairs Canada Commonwealth War Graves Commission Caribou statue , Newfoundland Regiment Memorial , Beaumont - Hamel For the Newfoundland Regiment on the opening day of the Battle of the Somme and World War I Newfoundland forces members whose graves are unknown . Unveiled 7 June 1925 Location 50 ° 04 ′ 25 '' N 02 ° 38 ′ 53 '' E / 50.07361 ° N 2.64806 ° E / 50.07361 ; 2.64806 Coordinates : 50 ° 04 ′ 25 '' N 02 ° 38 ′ 53 '' E / 50.07361 ° N 2.64806 ° E / 50.07361 ; 2.64806 near Beaumont - Hamel , France Designed by Rudolph Cochius ( landscape ) Basil Gotto ( memorial ) Total commemorated 814 To the Glory of God and in perpetual remembrance of those officers and men of the Newfoundland Forces who gave their lives by Land and Sea in the Great War and who have no known graves . Statistics source : Cemetery details . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . National Historic Site of Canada Official name Beaumont - Hamel Newfoundland Memorial National Historic Site of Canada Designated The Beaumont - Hamel Newfoundland Memorial is a memorial site in France dedicated to the commemoration of Dominion of Newfoundland forces members who were killed during World War I . The 74 - acre ( 300,000 m ) preserved battlefield park encompasses the grounds over which the Newfoundland Regiment made their unsuccessful attack on 1 July 1916 during the first day of the Battle of the Somme . The Battle of the Somme was the regiment 's first major engagement , and during an assault that lasted approximately 30 minutes the regiment was all but wiped out . Purchased in 1921 by the people of Newfoundland , the memorial site is the largest battalion memorial on the Western Front , and the largest area of the Somme battlefield that has been preserved . Along with preserved trench lines , there are a number of memorials and cemeteries contained within the site . Officially opened by British Field Marshal Earl Haig in 1925 , the memorial site is one of only two National Historic Sites of Canada located outside of Canada . ( The other is the Canadian National Vimy Memorial ) . The memorial site and experience of the Newfoundland Regiment at Beaumont - Hamel has come to represent the Newfoundland First World War experience . As a result , it has become a Newfoundland symbol of sacrifice and a source of identity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Battle of the Somme 1.2 The rest of the war 2 History 3 The site 3.1 29th Division Memorial 3.2 Newfoundland Regiment Memorial 3.3 51st Division Monument 3.4 The Danger Tree 3.5 Visitors Centre 4 Influence on Newfoundland 5 Notes 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) During the First World War , Newfoundland was a largely rural Dominion of the British Empire with a population of 240,000 , and not yet part of Canada . The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 led the Government of Newfoundland to recruit a force for service with the British Army . Even though the island had not possessed any formal military organization since 1870 , enough men soon volunteered that an entire battalion was formed , and later maintained throughout the war . The regiment trained at various locations in the United Kingdom and increased from an initial contingent of 500 men to full battalion strength of 1,000 men , before being deployed . After a period of acclimatization in Egypt , the regiment was deployed at Suvla Bay on the Gallipoli peninsula with the 29th British Division in support of the Gallipoli Campaign . With the close of the Gallipoli Campaign the regiment spent a short period recuperating before being transferred to the Western Front in March 1916 . Battle of the Somme ( edit ) The Hawthorn Mine explosion . Photo by Ernest Brooks . In France , the regiment regained battalion strength in preparation for the Battle of the Somme . The regiment , still with the 29th British Division , went into the line in April 1916 at Beaumont - Hamel . Beaumont - Hamel was situated near the northern end of the 45 - kilometre front being assaulted by the joint French and British force . The attack , originally scheduled for 29 June 1916 was postponed by two days to July 1 , 1916 , partly on account of inclement weather , partly to allow more time for the artillery preparation . The 29th British Division , with its three infantry brigades faced defences manned by experienced troops of the 119th ( Reserve ) Infantry Regiment of the 26th ( Wurttemberg ) Reserve Division . The 119th ( Reserve ) Infantry Regiment had been involved in the invasion of France in August 1914 and had been manning the Beaumont - Hamel section of the line for nearly 20 months prior to the battle . The German troops were spending a great deal of their time not only training but fortifying their position , including the construction of numerous deep dugouts and at least two tunnels . The infantry assault by the 29th British Division on 1 July 1916 was to be preceded ten minutes earlier by a mine explosion under the heavily fortified Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt . The explosion of the 18,000 kilogram ( 40,000 lb ) Hawthorn Mine underneath the German lines successfully destroyed a major enemy strong point but also served to alert the German forces to the imminent attack . Following the explosion , troops of the 119th ( Reserve ) Infantry Regiment immediately deployed from their dugouts into the firing line , even preventing the British from taking control of the resulting crater as they had planned . When the assault finally began , the troops from the 86th and 87th Brigade of the 29th British Division were quickly stopped . With the exception of the 1st Battalion of the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers on the right flank , the initial assault foundered in No Man 's Land at , or short of , the German barbed wire . At divisional headquarters , Major - General Beauvoir De Lisle and his staff were trying to unravel the numerous and confusing messages coming back from observation posts , contact aircraft and the two leading brigades . There were indications that some troops had broken into and gone beyond the German first line . In an effort to exploit the perceived break in the German line he ordered the 88th Brigade , which was in reserve , to send forward two battalions to support attack . Newfoundland soldiers waiting in St. John 's Road support trench At 8 : 45 a.m. the Newfoundland Regiment and 1st Battalion of the Essex Regiment received orders to move forward . The Newfoundland Regiment was situated at St. John 's Road , a support trench 250 yards ( 230 m ) behind the British forward line and out of sight of the enemy . Movement forward through the communication trenches was not possible because they were congested with dead and wounded men and under shell fire . Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Lovell Hadow , the battalion commander , decided to move immediately into attack formation and advance across the surface , which involved first navigating through the British barbed wire defences . As they breasted the skyline behind the British first line , they were effectively the only troops moving on the battlefield and clearly visible to the German defenders . Subjected to the full force of the 119th ( Reserve ) Infantry Regiment , most of the Newfoundland Regiment who had started forward were dead , dying or wounded within 15 to 20 minutes of leaving St. John 's Road trench . Most reached no further than the Danger Tree , a skeleton of a tree that lay in No Man 's Land that was being utilized as a landmark . So far as can be ascertained , 22 officers and 758 other ranks were directly involved in the advance . Of these , all the officers and slightly under 658 other ranks became casualties . Of the 780 men who went forward only about 110 survived unscathed , of whom only 68 were available for roll call the following day . For all intents and purposes the Newfoundland Regiment had been wiped out , the unit as a whole having suffered a casualty rate of approximately 80 % . The only unit to suffer greater casualties during the attack was the 10th Battalion of the West Yorkshire Regiment , attacking west of Fricourt village . The rest of the War ( edit ) It was a magnificent display of trained and disciplined valour , and its assault only failed of success because dead men can advance no further . Major - General Sir Beauvoir De Lisle referring to the Newfoundland Regiment at Beaumont - Hamel After July 1916 , the Beaumont - Hamel front remained relatively quiet while the Battle of the Somme continued to the south . In the final act in the Somme Offensive , Beaumont - Hamel was assaulted by the 51st ( Highland ) Division on 13 November 1916 on the opening of the Battle of the Ancre . Within two days , all the 29th Division objectives of 1 July had been taken along with a great many German prisoners . The area of the memorial site then became a rear area with troops lodged in the former German dugouts and a camp was established in the vicinity of the present Y Ravine Cemetery . With the German withdrawal in March 1917 to the Hindenburg Line , about 30 kilometres from Beaumont - Hamel , the battlefield salvage parties moved in , many dugouts were closed off and initial efforts were probably made to restore some of the land to agriculture . However , in March 1918 , the German Spring Offensive was here checked on exactly the same battle lines as before . Until the Battle of Amiens and the German withdrawal in late August 1918 , the protagonists confronted each other over the same ground , although the only actions were those of routine front line trench raids , patrols and artillery harassment . History ( edit ) In 1921 , Newfoundland purchased the ground over which the Newfoundland Regiment made its unsuccessful attack during the first day of the Battle of the Somme . Much of the credit for the establishment of the 74 - acre ( 300,000 m ) memorial site is given to Lieutenant Colonel Tom Nangle , the former Roman Catholic Priest of the regiment . As Director of Graves Registration and Enquiry and Newfoundland 's representative on the Imperial War Graves Commission he negotiated with some 250 French landowners for the purchase of the site . He also played a leading role in selecting and developing the sites where the Newfoundland memorials currently stand , as well as supervising the construction of each memorial . The memorials , including that at the Beaumont - Hamel Newfoundland Memorial site , were constructed for the Government of Newfoundland between 1924 and 1925 . The Beaumont - Hamel Newfoundland Memorial site was officially opened , and the memorial unveiled , by Field Marshal Earl Haig on 7 June 1925 . Since Newfoundland 's confederation with Canada in 1949 , the Canadian Government , through the Department of Veterans Affairs , has been responsible for the site 's maintenance and care . The site had fallen into some disrepair during the German occupation of France in the Second World War and following confederation the replacement of the original site cabin with a modern building as well as some trench restoration work was undertaken in time for the 45th anniversary of the battle . The memorial site was established as one of only two National Historic Sites of Canada located outside of Canada by the then Minister of Canadian Heritage Sheila Copps on 10 April 1997 . The site ( edit ) The preserved battlefield today The Beaumont - Hamel Newfoundland Memorial site is situated 9 kilometres ( 6 mi ) north of Albert , France near the village of Beaumont - Hamel in an area containing numerous cemeteries and memorials related to the Battle of the Somme . The site is one of the few places on the former Western Front where a visitor can see the trench lines of the First World War and the related terrain in a preserved natural state . It is the largest site dedicated to the memory of the Newfoundland Regiment , the largest battalion memorial on the Western Front , and the largest area of the Somme battlefield that has been preserved . Although the site was founded to honour the memory of the Newfoundland Regiment , it also contains a number of memorials as well as four cemeteries maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission ; that of Y Ravine Cemetery , Hawthorn Ridge Cemeteries No. 1 and No. 2 and the unusual mass burial site of Hunter 's Cemetery . Beyond being a popular location for battlefield tours the site is also an important location in the burgeoning field of First World War battlefield archaeology , because of its preserved and largely undisturbed state . The ever - increasing number of visitors to the Memorial has resulted in the authorities taking measures to control access by fencing off certain areas of the former battlefield . 29th Division memorial ( edit ) Near the entrance to site is situated a memorial to the 29th British Division , the division of which the Newfoundland Regiment was a part . Lieutenant - General Beauvoir De Lisle , wartime commander of the 29th British Division , unveiled the monument the morning of the official opening of the site on 7 June 1925 . Each wartime unit of the 29th British Division sent a representative to form a guard of honour for the occasion . Afterwards , this detachment , joined by French infantry from Arras formed the honour guard for the unveiling of the Beaumont - Hamel Newfoundland Memorial . Newfoundland Regiment memorial ( edit ) The memorial is one of six memorials erected by the Government of Newfoundland following the First World War . Five were erected in France and Belgium and the sixth at Bowring Park in St. John 's , Newfoundland , Canada . The memorial is a bronze caribou , the emblem of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment , standing atop a cairn of Newfoundland granite facing the former foe with head thrown high in defiance . At the Beaumont - Hamel Newfoundland Memorial site the mound rises approximately 50 feet ( 15 m ) from ground level . The mounds are also surrounded by native Newfoundland plants . At the base of the Beaumont - Hamel Newfoundland Memorial mound , three bronze tablets carry the names of 820 members of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment , the Newfoundland Royal Naval Reserve , and the Mercantile Marines who gave their lives in the First World War and have no known grave . The memorial is situated close to the headquarters dugout of the 88th Brigade , the brigade of which the Newfoundland Regiment was a part . Sixteen memorial designs were submitted to Nangle for review . He recommended that the government accept British sculptor Basil Gotto 's plan to erect five identical caribou statues in memory of the regiment . Gotto was already well known in Newfoundland as he had been previously commissioned to execute the statue of the Fighting Newfoundlander located in Bowring Park . The landscape architect who designed the sites and supervised their construction , was Rudolph Cochius , a native of the Netherlands living in St. John 's . It was decided to plant many of Newfoundland 's native tree species , such as spruce , dogberry and juniper , along the boundaries of the site . In total , over 5,000 trees were transplanted before the project was completed in 1925 . The memorial was unveiled at the official opening of the site by Field Marshal Earl Haig on 7 June 1925 . Those that participated or were present included Chief of the French General Staff , Marshal of France Marie Émile Fayolle , Newfoundland Colonial Secretary John Bennett , Lieutenant Generals Aylmer Hunter - Weston and Beauvoir De Lisle , Major - General D.E. Cayley and former regimental commanding officers Lieutenant - Colonel Arthur Lovell and Adolph Ernest Bernard . 51st Division monument ( edit ) Main article : 51st ( Highland ) Division Monument ( Beaumont - Hamel ) Overlooking Y Ravine is the memorial to 51st ( Highland ) Division . The ground originally donated by the commune of Beaumont - Hamel to the Veterans of the 51st Division was found to be unstable because of the many dugouts beneath it . Lieutenant Colonel Nangle offered a location overlooking Y Ravine within the Beaumont - Hamel Newfoundland Memorial site . The Y ravine had been the scene of fierce fighting for the division on 13 November 1916 . The selected sculptor for the 51st Division Monument was George Henry Paulin . The base of the monument consists of rough blocks of Rubislaw granite which were produced by Garden & Co. in Aberdeen , Scotland , and are assembled in a pyramid form . Company Sergeant Major Bob Rowan of the Glasgow Highlanders was used as the model for the kilted figure atop the memorial . The figure faces east towards the village of Beaumont - Hamel . On the front is a plaque inscribed in Gaelic : La a'Blair s'math n Cairdean which in English translates as `` Friends are good on the day of battle '' . The 51st Division Monument was unveiled on 28 September 1924 by Marshal of France Ferdinand Foch , the former Allied Supreme Commander . The memorial was rededicated on 13 July 1958 , the front panel now referring to not only those who died during the First World War but the Second as well . A wooden Celtic cross directly across the track from the memorial was originally sited at High Wood and subsequently moved to the Newfoundland site . The cross commemorates the men of the 51st Highland Division who fell at High Wood in July 1916 . The Danger tree ( edit ) Danger Tree site and replica . The Danger Tree had been part of a clump of trees located about halfway into No Man 's Land and had originally been used as a landmark by a Newfoundland Regiment trench raiding party in the days before the Battle of the Somme . British and German artillery bombardments eventually stripped the tree of leaves and left nothing more than a shattered tree trunk . During the Newfoundland Regiment 's infantry assault , the tree was once again used as a landmark , where the troops were ordered to gather . The tree was however a highly visible landmark for the German artillery and the site proved to be a location where the German shrapnel was particularly deadly . As a result , the regiment suffered a large concentration of casualties around the tree . A replica representation of the twisted tree now stands at the spot . Visitors Centre ( edit ) There is a Visitors ' Centre which exhibits the historical and social circumstances of Newfoundland at the beginning of the 20th century and traces the history of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment and some of its personalities . A Memorial room within the Centre houses a copy of the Newfoundland Book of Remembrance , along with a bronze plaque listing the Battle Honours won by the Royal Newfoundland Regiment . The centre also incorporates the administrative offices and site archive . Canadian student guides based at the site are available to provide guided tours or explain particular facets of the battlefield and the Newfoundland involvement . Influence on Newfoundland ( edit ) Postage stamp honouring the Royal Newfoundland Regiment . The significance of the events at Beaumont - Hamel on the first day of the Battle of the Somme was perhaps most strongly felt by the Dominion of Newfoundland , as it was the first great conflict experienced by that dominion . Newfoundland was left with a sense of loss that marked an entire generation . The effects on the post-war generation were compounded by chronic financial problems caused both by Newfoundland 's large debt from the war , and a prolonged post-war economic recession due to a decline in the fisheries . Lasting impressions of the war experience are ever - prevalent on the island . In Canada , 1 July is celebrated as Canada Day , in recognition of Canadian confederation . In the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador the date is Memorial Day , in remembrance of the Newfoundland Regiment 's losses at Beaumont - Hamel . Memorial University College , now Memorial University of Newfoundland , was originally established as a memorial to Newfoundlanders who had lost their lives in active service during the First World War . Lastly , the six caribou memorials and the National War Memorial erected following the First World War , and the establishment of the preserved battlefield park at Beaumont - Hamel which is visited by thousands of tourists a year . The Beaumont - Hamel Newfoundland Memorial site also serves an informal ambassadorial function , educating visitors not only about the experience of the Newfoundland Regiment but also regarding the history of the island . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Quoting the diaries of the German 119th ( Reserve ) Infantry Regiment . Jump up ^ A German flare to indicate shells were falling short of target was mistakenly identified as a British flare used to indicate the first objective had been taken . Jump up ^ Of these five , four were erected in France , and one in Belgium . The French caribou memorials are : this one at Beaumont - Hamel ; the Gueudecourt ( Newfoundland ) Memorial , the Monchy - le - Preux ( Newfoundland ) Memorial ; and the memorial at Masnières . The Belgian caribou memorial is at Courtrai . Jump up ^ Memorial Day has been recognized since 1917 , during Newfoundland 's Dominion period . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jacqueline Hucker ( 2012 ) . `` Monuments of the First and Second World Wars '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Historica Foundation . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Hopkins pp. 153 -- 156 Jump up ^ Nicholson p. 98 Jump up ^ Nicholson p. 88 Jump up ^ Nicholson pp. 121 -- 154 Jump up ^ Nicholson pp. 155 -- 192 Jump up ^ Nicholson p. 480 Jump up ^ Nicholson pp. 239 -- 242 Jump up ^ Nicholson pp. 253 , 261 ^ Jump up to : Nicholson p. 243 Jump up ^ Sheldon p. 66 Jump up ^ Rose & Nathanail p. 404 Jump up ^ Rose & Nathanail pp. 404 -- 405 Jump up ^ Nicholson p. 264 -- 265 Jump up ^ Nicholson p. 266 ^ Jump up to : Nicholson p. 268 ^ Jump up to : Nicholson p. 270 ^ Jump up to : Nicholson p. 271 Jump up ^ Nicholson pp. 270 , 273 ^ Jump up to : Nicholson p. 274 Jump up ^ Farr p. 88 Jump up ^ Gilbert p. 64 ^ Jump up to : Gilbert p. 235 Jump up ^ Gilbert p. 235 -- 238 ^ Jump up to : `` Beaumont Hamel Newfoundland Memorial '' . Veterans Affairs Canada . 2008 - 06 - 17 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Gilbert p. 252 -- 253 Jump up ^ Gilbert p. 254 Jump up ^ Nicholson p. 282 ^ Jump up to : Nicholson p. 518 ^ Jump up to : `` Commemorations : Overseas '' . Newfoundland and the Great War . Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage . n.d . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholson p. 533 Jump up ^ `` Beaumont - Hamel National Historic Site of Canada '' . Historic Places . Parks Canada . 2 April 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CWGC : : Cemetery Details -- Beaumont - Hamel ( Newfoundland ) Memorial '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . n.d . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Rose & Nathanail p. 216 Jump up ^ Lloyd p. 120 Jump up ^ `` Somme > The Somme Revisited > The Battlefield Today > Battlefield Tour 1 > Newfoundland Memorial Park Beaumont - Hamel '' . Imperial War Museum . n.d. Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Saunders pp. 101 -- 108 Jump up ^ Dolamore pp. 12 -- 17 Jump up ^ Gough p. 699 Jump up ^ Busch p. 151 ^ Jump up to : Nicholson p. 517 Jump up ^ Nicholson p. 516 Jump up ^ Dolman p. 532 Jump up ^ Salmond p. 271 Jump up ^ Salmond p. 270 Jump up ^ Steele p. 200 -- 201 Jump up ^ Busch pp. 150 , 157 Jump up ^ Steele p. 14 Jump up ^ Busch p. 157 Jump up ^ Nicholson p. 283 Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Memorial History '' . Memorial University of Newfoundland. 2006 - 03 - 30 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . References ( edit ) Boyer , Robert ( Summer 2006 ) . `` The Battle of the Somme -- 90th Anniversary : The 1st Newfoundland Regiment at Beaumont Hamel , 1st July 1916 '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Army Journal . Department of National Defence. 9 ( 2 ) : 4 -- 8 . ISSN 1712 - 9745 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 05 . Busch , Briton Cooper ( 2003 ) . Canada and the Great War : Western Front Association Papers . Montreal : McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 2570 - X . Dolamore , Mike ( 2001 ) . `` Seeing beneath the battlefield -- geophysical prospection at the Vimy and Newfoundland Memorial Parks ( News from the Durand Group ) '' . Battlefields Review . Wharncliffe Publishing Ltd ( 15 ) : 12 -- 17 . Gilbert , Martin ( 2006 ) . The Somme : Heroism and Horror in the First World War . New York : Henry Hold & Co . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 8127 - 5 . Gough , Paul ( 2007 ) . `` ' Contested memories : Contested site ' : Newfoundland and its unique heritage on the Western Front '' . The Round Table . 96 ( 393 ) : 693 -- 705 . Hopkins , John Castell ( 1916 ) . The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs -- 1915 . Toronto : Annual Review Publishing Company Limited . Dolman , Bernard ( 1954 ) . Who 's who in Art . London : Art Trade Press , Ltd . Farr , Don ( 2007 ) . The Silent General : A Biography of Haig 's Trusted Great War Comrade - in - Arms . Solihull : Helion & Company Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 874622 - 99 - 4 . Lloyd , David ( 1998 ) . Battlefield tourism : pilgrimage and the commemoration of the Great War in Britain , Australia and Canada , 1919 -- 1939 . Oxford : Berg Publishing . ISBN 1 - 85973 - 174 - 0 . Nicholson , Gerald W.L. ( 1962 ) . Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War : Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914 -- 1919 . Ottawa : Queen 's Printer and Controller of Stationary . Nicholson , Gerald W.L. ( 2006 ) ( 1964 ) . The Fighting Newfoundlander : A History of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment . Carleton Library ; 209 ( 2nd ed . ) . Montreal : McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 3133 - 5 . Rose , Edward ( 2000 ) . Geology and Warfare : Examples of the Influence of Terrain and Geologists on Military Operations . London : Geological Society . ISBN 0 - 85052 - 463 - 6 . Salmond , James Bell ( 1953 ) . The history of the 51st Highland Division , 1939 -- 1945 . Edinburgh : William Blackwood and Sons . Saunders , Nicholas ( 2002 ) . `` Excavating memories : archaeology and the Great War , 1914 -- 2001 '' . Antiquity . Portland Press . 76 ( 291 ) : 101 -- 108 . Sheldon , Jack ( 2006 ) . The Germans at Beaumont Hamel . London : Pen and Swords Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 443 - 2 . Steele , Owen William ( 2003 ) . David Richard Facey - Crowther , ed . Lieutenant Owen William Steele of the Newfoundland Regiment : diary and letters . Montreal : McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 2428 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Newfoundland and Labrador portal Canadian Armed Forces portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beaumont - Hamel Newfoundland Memorial . Newfoundland and the Great War by Heritage Newfoundland Beaumont - Hamel Newfoundland Memorial Beaumont - Hamel Memorial Park at Find a Grave Newfoundland Memorial at Find a Grave World War I War Memorials in France Monuments aux Morts World War I World War I casualties World War I memorials Articles by department Aisne Eastern Somme Oise Western Somme Memorials Australia Australian Memorial Park Mont Saint - Quentin Australian war memorial V.C. 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when did the battle of beaumont hamel end
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List of FIFA World Cup finals
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List of FIFA World Cup finals - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup finals For a list of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals , see List of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals . List of FIFA World Cup finals France celebrating after their win against Croatia in the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final Founded 1930 Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 204 ( qualifiers ) 32 ( finals ) Current champions France ( 2nd title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930 . It is contested by the men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The tournament has taken place every four years , except in 1942 and 1946 , when the competition was cancelled due to World War II . The most recent World Cup , hosted by Russia in 2018 , was won by France , who beat Croatia 4 -- 2 in regulation time . The World Cup final match is the last of the competition , and the result determines which country is declared world champions . If after 90 minutes of regular play the score is a draw , an additional 30 - minute period of play , called extra time , is added . If such a game is still tied after extra time , it is then decided by a penalty shoot - out . The team winning the penalty shoot - out are then declared champions . The tournament has been decided by a one - off match on every occasion except 1950 , when the tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil was the decisive match ( and one of the last two matches of the tournament ) which put them ahead on points and ensured that they finished top of the group as world champions . Therefore , this match is regarded by FIFA as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . In the 21 tournaments held , 79 nations have appeared at least once . Of these , 13 have made it to the final match , and eight have won . With five titles , Brazil is the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have participated in every World Cup finals tournament . Italy and Germany have four titles . Current champion France , along with past champions Uruguay and Argentina , have two titles each , while England and Spain have one each . The team that wins the finals receive the FIFA World Cup Trophy , and their name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy . The 1970 and 1994 , along with the 1986 , 1990 and 2014 games are to date the only matches competed by the same teams ( Brazil -- Italy and Argentina -- Germany respectively ) . As of 2018 , the 1934 final remains the latest final to have been between two teams playing their first final . The final match of the most recent tournament in Russia took place at the country 's biggest sports complex , the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow . The 1930 and the 1966 games are the only ones that did not take place on a Sunday . The former did on a Wednesday and the latter on a Saturday . As of 2018 , only nations from Europe and South America have competed in a World Cup final . Six nations have won the final as host : Uruguay , Italy , England , Germany , Argentina and France . Two nations have lost the final as host : Brazil and Sweden . Contents 1 List of finals 2 Results 3 Footnotes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links List of finals ( edit ) 1930 1978 1950 , 2014 1962 1966 1938 , 1998 2006 1934 , 1990 2002 1970 , 1986 1982 1958 1954 1994 2018 2022 Locations of FIFA World Cup finals Key to the list of finals Match was won during extra time Match was won on a penalty shoot - out The `` Year '' column refers to the year the World Cup was held , and wikilinks to the article about that tournament . The wikilinks in the `` Final score '' column point to the article about that tournament 's final game . Links in the `` Winners '' and `` Runners - up '' columns point to the articles for the national football teams of the countries , not the articles for the countries . List of finals matches , their venues and locations , the finalists , and final scores Year Winners Final score Runners - up Venue Location Attendance References 1930 Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina Estadio Centenario Montevideo , Uruguay 80,000 1934 Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Stadio Nazionale PNF Rome , Italy 50,000 1938 Italy 4 -- 2 Hungary Stade Olympique de Colombes Paris , France 45,000 1950 Uruguay 2 -- 1 Brazil Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 199,854 1954 West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary Wankdorf Stadium Bern , Switzerland 60,000 1958 Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden Råsunda Stadium Solna , Sweden 51,800 1962 Brazil 3 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Estadio Nacional Santiago , Chile 69,000 1966 England 4 -- 2 West Germany Wembley Stadium London , England 93,000 1970 Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 107,412 West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Olympiastadion Munich , West Germany 75,200 1978 Argentina 3 -- 1 Netherlands Estadio Monumental Buenos Aires , Argentina 71,483 1982 Italy 3 -- 1 West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Madrid , Spain 90,000 1986 Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 114,600 1990 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Stadio Olimpico Rome , Italy 73,603 1994 Brazil 0 -- 0 Italy Rose Bowl Pasadena , United States 94,194 1998 France 3 -- 0 Brazil Stade de France Saint - Denis , France 80,000 2002 Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany International Stadium Yokohama , Japan 69,029 2006 Italy 1 -- 1 France Olympiastadion Berlin , Germany 69,000 Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands Soccer City Johannesburg , South Africa 84,490 2014 Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 74,738 2018 France 4 -- 2 Croatia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow , Russia 78,011 Upcoming finals Year Team 1 Team 2 Venue Location Attendance References 2022 Lusail Iconic Stadium Lusail , Qatar 2026 TBD United States Results ( edit ) Map of winning countries Results by nation National team Wins Runners - up Total finals Years won Years runners - up Brazil 5 7 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 1950 , 1998 Germany 8 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 Italy 6 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 1970 , 1994 Argentina 5 1978 , 1986 1930 , 1990 , 2014 France 1998 , 2018 2006 Uruguay 0 1930 , 1950 -- England 0 1966 -- Spain 0 -- Netherlands 0 -- 1974 , 1978 , 2010 Czechoslovakia 0 -- 1934 , 1962 Hungary 0 -- 1938 , 1954 Sweden 0 -- 1958 Croatia 0 -- 2018 Results by confederation Confederation Appearances Winners Runners - up UEFA 28 12 16 CONMEBOL 14 9 5 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This follows FIFA 's consideration that the national teams of West Germany / Germany , Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic , Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro / Serbia , and USSR / Russia are combined respectively for record - keeping . Jump up ^ Technically the 1958 final was also between two first timers , but Brazil 's 1950 group game defeat is generally counted as a previous `` final '' appearance for the team . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ The 1950 FIFA World Cup did not have a final , rather , the tournament was decided by a 4 - team round robin phase . Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage . Jump up ^ Score was 2 -- 2 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 120 minutes . Brazil won 3 -- 2 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 120 minutes . Italy won 5 -- 3 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . See also ( edit ) List of FIFA World Cup opening matches FIFA World Cup referees References ( edit ) Book : FIFA World Cup General `` World Cup 1930 -- 2014 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Laws of the Game '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 3 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All - time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930 - 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Spotlight on Brazil '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Taça da Copa do Mundo chega ao Brasil ( World Cup trophy arrives in Brazil ) '' . Globo TV . 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/11174070/Russias-Luzhniki-Stadium-ahead-of-schedule-for-2018-World-Cup-Final.html Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1934 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 23 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Italy 1934 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1938 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Janela , Mike ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` World Cup Rewind : Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Brazil 1950 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 FIFA World Cup Switzerland '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Switzerland 1954 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 FIFA World Cup Sweden '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Sweden 1958 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Chile 1962 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1966 FIFA World Cup England '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- England 1966 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1970 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 26 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- West Germany 1974 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 12 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Argentina 1978 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Spain 1982 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1986 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Italy 1990 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1994 FIFA World Cup USA '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- USA 1994 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1998 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Japan & South Korea 2002 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zidane off as Italy win World Cup '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netherlands 0 -- 1 Spain ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estadio Do Maracana , Rio de Janeiro '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website FIFA World Cup champions 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup Final venues Estadio Centenario ( 1930 ) Stadio Nazionale PNF ( 1934 ) Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir ( 1938 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 1950 ) Wankdorf Stadium ( 1954 ) Råsunda Stadium ( 1958 ) Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos ( 1962 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1966 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1970 ) Olympiastadion ( 1974 ) Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti ( 1978 ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ( 1982 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1986 ) Stadio Olimpico ( 1990 ) Rose Bowl ( 1994 ) Stade de France ( 1998 ) International Stadium Yokohama ( 2002 ) Olympiastadion ( 2006 ) FNB Stadium ( 2010 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 2014 ) Luzhniki Stadium ( 2018 ) Lusail Iconic Stadium ( 2022 ) TBA ( 2026 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals&oldid=854075621 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup finals FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup - winning countries Lists of FIFA World Cup matches Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 20 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who won the last fifa world cup soccer championship
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"List of FIFA World Cup finals\nFrance celebrating after their win against Croatia in the 2018 FIFA World Cup FinalFounded\n1930Region\nInternational (FIFA)Number of teams\n204 (qualifiers)32 (finals)Current champions\n France (2nd title)Most successful team(s)\n Brazil (5 titles)"
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Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds
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Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds - wikipedia Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds This article is about The Beatles ' song . For the comic book character `` Lucy in the Sky '' , see Karolina Dean . `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' The 1996 US jukebox single release of the song , backed with `` When I 'm Sixty - Four '' Song by the Beatles from the album Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Published Northern Songs Ltd . Released 26 May 1967 Recorded 1 March 1967 Studio EMI , London Genre Psychedelic rock , psychedelic pop Length 3 : 28 Label Parlophone ( R6022 ) Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin Audio sample file help `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' is a song credited to Lennon -- McCartney that appears on the Beatles ' 1967 album Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . John Lennon started production of the song , and then Paul McCartney contributed to it in a songwriting session . Lennon 's son Julian inspired the song with a nursery school drawing he called `` Lucy -- in the sky with diamonds '' . Shortly after the song 's release , speculation arose that the first letter of each of the title nouns intentionally spelled `` LSD '' . Lennon consistently denied this , insisting the song 's fantastical imagery was inspired by Lewis Carroll 's Alice in Wonderland books , a claim repeatedly confirmed by Paul McCartney . Despite persistent rumours , the song was never officially banned by the BBC , and aired contemporaneously on BBC Radio at least once , on 20 May 1967 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Recording 3 Origin 3.1 Julian 's drawing 3.2 LSD rumours 3.3 Alice In Wonderland 4 Reception 5 Personnel 6 Legacy 7 Elton John version 7.1 Development and release 7.2 Personnel 8 Chart history 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 9 The Flaming Lips version 10 Other versions 11 References 11.1 Notes 11.2 Bibliography 12 External links Composition ( edit ) Most of the song is in simple triple metre ( time ) , but the chorus is in time . The song modulates between musical keys , using the key of A major for verses , B ♭ major for the pre-chorus , and G major for the chorus . It is sung by Lennon over an increasingly complicated underlying arrangement which features a tamboura , played by George Harrison , lead electric guitar put through a Leslie speaker , played by Harrison , and a counter melody on Lowrey organ played by McCartney and taped with a special organ stop sounding `` not unlike a celeste '' . Session tapes from the initial 1 March 1967 recording of this song reveal Lennon originally sang the line `` Cellophane flowers of yellow and green '' as a broken phrase , but McCartney suggested that he sing it more fluidly to improve the song . Recording ( edit ) The recording of `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' began with rehearsals in Studio 2 at Abbey Road on 28 February 1967 . The instrumental backing was finished the following evening . On the first take , track one of the four - track tape contained acoustic guitar and piano , track two McCartney 's Lowrey organ , track three Starr 's drums , and track four a guide vocal by Lennon during the verses . Take eight replaced the guide vocal with Harrison 's tamboura . The four tracks of this take were then mixed together and recorded on the first track of a second four - track tape . On 2 March , Lennon 's double - tracked vocals , accompanied by McCartney on the choruses , were recorded to tracks two and three . McCartney 's bass and Harrison 's lead guitar occupied track four . Eleven mono mixes of the song were made at the 2 March session , but they were rejected in favour of the final mono mix created on 3 March . A stereo mix was made on 7 April . Outtakes from the recording sessions have been officially released . The Beatles ' Anthology 2 , released in 1996 , contained a composite remix , with ingredients from takes six , seven , and eight , while the first take of the song was featured on the two - disc and six - disc versions of the 50th - anniversary edition of Sgt . Pepper in 2017 . The six - disc collection also included take five and the last of the eleven mono mixes made on 2 March 1967 . Origin ( edit ) Julian 's drawing ( edit ) Lennon 's inspiration for the song came when his son , Julian , showed him a nursery school drawing he called `` Lucy -- in the Sky with Diamonds '' , depicting his classmate Lucy O'Donnell ( later Lucy Vodden ) . Julian Lennon said , `` I do n't know why I called it that or why it stood out from all my other drawings , but I obviously had an affection for Lucy at that age . I used to show Dad everything I 'd built or painted at school , and this one sparked off the idea ... '' Vodden , in a BBC radio interview in 2007 , said , `` I remember Julian and I both doing pictures on a double - sided easel , throwing paint at each other , much to the horror of the classroom attendant ... Julian had painted a picture and on that particular day his father turned up with the chauffeur to pick him up from school . '' Vodden died in 2009 at age 46 after suffering from lupus . According to both Lennon and Ringo Starr , who witnessed the moment , Julian first uttered the song 's title upon returning home from nursery school . Lennon later recalled of the painting and the phrase , `` I thought that ( it was ) beautiful . I immediately wrote a song about it . '' LSD rumours ( edit ) Rumours of the connection between the title of `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' and the initialism `` LSD '' began circulating shortly after the release of the Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band LP in June 1967 . Paul McCartney gave two interviews that same month admitting to having taken the drug . Lennon later said he was surprised at the idea the song title was a hidden reference to LSD , countering the song `` was n't about that at all '' , and it `` was purely unconscious that it came out to be LSD . Until someone pointed it out , I never even thought of it . I mean , who would ever bother to look at initials of a title ? ... It 's not an acid song . '' Paul McCartney confirmed Lennon 's claim on several occasions , the earliest in 1968 : When you write a song and you mean it one way , and someone comes up and says something about it that you did n't think of -- you ca n't deny it . Like `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds , '' people came up and said , cunningly , `` Right , I get it . L-S-D , '' and it was when ( news ) papers were talking about LSD , but we never thought about it . McCartney further rebuffed the claims in a 1997 BBC Radio interview with Michael Parkinson by saying , `` It was n't about LSD . Because otherwise it would have been called ' LITSWD . ' Because the initials are n't ' LSD . ' Lucy in the sky with diamonds is more like that . '' In a 2004 interview with Uncut magazine , McCartney confirmed it was `` pretty obvious '' drugs did influence some of the group 's compositions at that time , including `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' , though he tempered this analysis by adding , `` ( I ) t 's easy to overestimate the influence of drugs on the Beatles ' music . '' In 2017 , the first take of the song was issued leading up to the release of the 50th anniversary special edition of Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ; the story about Julian 's painting was confirmed as the inspiration of the song , as opposed to the LSD reference . Alice in Wonderland ( edit ) According to both Lennon and McCartney , the lyrics were largely derived from the literary style of Alice In Wonderland . Lennon had read and admired the works of Lewis Carroll , and the title of Julian 's drawing reminded him of the `` Which Dreamed it ? '' chapter of Through the Looking Glass in which Alice floats in a `` boat beneath a sunny sky '' : It was Alice in the boat . She is buying an egg and it turns into Humpty - Dumpty . The woman serving in the shop turns into a sheep and the next minute they are rowing in a rowing boat somewhere and I was visualizing that . McCartney remembered of the song 's composition , `` We did the whole thing like an Alice In Wonderland idea , being in a boat on the river ... Every so often it broke off and you saw Lucy in the sky with diamonds all over the sky . This Lucy was God , the Big Figure , the White Rabbit . '' He later recalled helping Lennon finish the song at Lennon 's Kenwood home , specifically claiming he contributed the `` newspaper taxis '' and `` cellophane flowers '' lyrics ; Lennon 's 1968 interview with Rolling Stone magazine confirmed McCartney 's contribution . Lennon 's original handwritten lyrics sold at auction in 2011 for $230,000 . Reception ( edit ) Rolling Stone magazine described the song as `` Lennon 's lavish daydream '' and music critic Richie Unterberger said `` ' Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds ' was one of the best songs on the Beatles ' famous Sgt . Pepper album , and one of the classic songs of psychedelia as a whole . There are few other songs that so successfully evoke a dream world , in both the sonic textures and words . '' In a review for the BBC , Chris Jones described the track as `` nursery rhyme surrealism '' that contributed to Sgt . Pepper 's `` revolutionary ... sonic carpet that enveloped the ears and sent the listener spinning into other realms . '' Hilary Saunders of Paste called the song `` a perfectly indulgent introduction to psych - rock '' . In later interviews , Lennon expressed disappointment with the Beatles ' arrangement of the recording , complaining inadequate time was taken to fully develop his initial idea for the song . He also said he had not sung it very well . `` I was so nervous I could n't sing , '' he told journalist Ray Connolly , `` but I like the lyrics . '' Personnel ( edit ) According to authors Kevin Ryan and Brian Kehew , and John Winn : John Lennon -- double - tracked lead vocals , maracas Paul McCartney -- harmony vocals , Lowrey organ , bass George Harrison -- acoustic guitar , tambura , lead guitar Ringo Starr -- drums George Martin -- piano Legacy ( edit ) Lennon mentioned `` Lucy in the Sky '' in the Beatles ' song `` I Am the Walrus '' . In November 1967 John Fred and his Playboy Band released a parody / tribute song called `` Judy in Disguise ( With Glasses ) '' which topped the US Billboard Hot 100 chart for two weeks and reached the number one spot in a number of other countries around the world . Pink Floyd namechecks `` Lucy in the sky '' on `` Let There Be More Light '' , the opening song on A Saucerful of Secrets ( 1968 ) . The name of the German band Tangerine Dream was inspired by the line `` tangerine trees and marmalade skies '' . A 3.2 - million - year - old , 40 % complete fossil skeleton of an Australopithecus afarensis specimen discovered in 1974 was named `` Lucy '' because the Beatles song was being played loudly and repeatedly on a tape recorder in the camp . The phrase `` Lucy in the sky '' became `` Lucy in disguise '' to the anthropologists , because they initially did not understand the impact of their discovery . The song 's title serves as the namesake of the fictional character Lucy Heartfilia from the Fairy Tail manga and anime series created by Hiro Mashima . Elton John version ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' Single by Elton John from the album Elton John 's Greatest Hits Volume II B - side `` One Day ( At a Time ) '' Released 18 November 1974 Recorded Summer 1974 Length 6 : 16 5 : 54 ( 7 '' version ) Label MCA ( US ) DJM ( UK ) Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) Gus Dudgeon Elton John singles chronology `` The Bitch Is Back '' ( 1974 ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' ( 1974 ) `` Philadelphia Freedom '' ( 1975 ) In 1974 , Elton John released a cover version as a single . Recorded at the Caribou Ranch , it featured backing vocals and guitar by John Lennon under the pseudonym Dr. Winston O'Boogie ( Winston being Lennon 's middle name ) . The single topped the US Billboard pop charts for two weeks in January 1975 as well as the Canadian RPM national singles chart for four weeks spanning January and February , eventually . The B - side of the single was also a John Lennon composition , `` One Day ( At a Time ) '' , from Lennon 's 1973 album Mind Games . As with the A-side , Lennon appears on the B - side , playing guitar . Development and release ( edit ) In the US it was certified Gold on 29 January 1975 by the RIAA . During their collaboration , Elton John appeared on John Lennon 's song `` Whatever Gets You Thru the Night '' . Lennon promised to appear live with Elton at Madison Square Garden if `` Whatever Gets You Thru the Night '' became a # 1 single . It did , and on Thanksgiving Night , 28 November 1974 , Lennon kept his promise . They performed `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' , `` Whatever Gets You thru the Night '' , and `` I Saw Her Standing There '' . In introducing `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' , Elton John said he believed it to be `` one of the best songs ever written . '' The Lennon - sung `` I Saw Her Standing There '' ( credited to the Elton John Band featuring John Lennon ) was originally released in 1975 on the B - side of Elton John 's `` Philadelphia Freedom '' single . In 1981 , all three live songs were issued on 28th November 1974 , an Elton John EP . In 1990 , the three songs were made available on the Lennon box set . In 1996 , they were also included on the remastered edition of Elton John 's Here and There album . Elton John once stated that `` ' Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds ' is a song that I never do in a set at a concert simply because it reminds me too much of John Lennon . This is the same with ' Empty Garden ' . '' It was a part of his standard repertoire from 1974 until 1976 , and sporadically until 1998 . It also appeared in the 1976 musical documentary All This and World War II . Personnel ( edit ) Elton John -- lead and backing vocals , piano , mellotron , harpsichord John Lennon ( as Dr. Winston O'Boogie ) -- backing vocals , guitars Davey Johnstone -- backing vocals , electric guitar , sitar Dee Murray -- bass guitar , backing vocals Nigel Olsson -- drums , backing vocals Ray Cooper -- tambourine , tubular bells , gong , maracas , mark tree , congas Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 -- 75 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Canadian RPM Top Singles Germany ( Official German Charts ) 31 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 10 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Rank Australia 33 Canada 7 US Billboard Hot 100 34 The Flaming Lips version ( edit ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' Single by The Flaming Lips featuring Miley Cyrus and Moby from the album With a Little Help from My Fwends Released 18 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) Format Digital download Length 5 : 47 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Lennon - McCartney The Flaming Lips singles chronology `` Love the World You Find '' ( 2007 ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' ( 2014 ) `` We a Famly '' ( 2017 ) Miley Cyrus singles chronology `` Adore You '' ( 2013 ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' ( 2014 ) `` Teardrop '' ( 2016 ) Moby singles chronology `` A Case for Shame '' ( 2013 ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' ( 2014 ) `` Rio '' ( 2014 ) A cover version by the Flaming Lips was included on their album With a Little Help from My Fwends , released on Warner Bros . The song , featuring vocals from Miley Cyrus and Moby , was released as official single on 18 May 2014 . All proceeds from record sales go to the Bella Foundation , an organisation in Oklahoma City that helps provide veterinary care to needy pet owners . Other versions ( edit ) In 1968 , William Shatner on The Transformed Man In 1977 , the London Symphony Orchestra on Classic Rock In 1978 , Natalie Cole on the album Natalie Live ! In 1978 , Stargard in the movie Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band In 1987 , the Hooters as a B - side to `` Johnny B . '' In 1987 , Pianist / composer John Bayless on his Bach on Abbey Road album ( entire song in 3 / 4 time , including choruses , as a Bachian minuet ) In 1988 , The Christians on the charity compilation album Sgt . Pepper Knew My Father In 1988 , Frank Zappa parodied the song in live concerts as `` Louisiana Hooker with Herpes '' , with lyrics about Jimmy Swaggart and his sex scandal In 1992 , Marilyn Manson & the Spooky Kids parodied the song as `` Luci in the Sky with Demons '' on the cassette tape The Family Jams In 1996 , American - born mexican singer Betsy Pecanins on the album Solo Beatles In 2001 , the Black Crowes on the soundtrack of the movie I Am Sam In 2001 , Brazilian singer Rita Lee on Aqui , Ali , Em Qualquer Lugar album In 2003 , Hyde on the single `` Horizon '' In 2004 , Jan Linton ( as Dr Jan Guru ) on the album `` Planet Japan '' In 2005 , Katie Melua on Piece by Piece In 2006 , PUFFY on the Hataraku Otoko single , for the anime series Hataraki Man In 2007 , Bono and The Edge performed the song on the Across the Universe soundtrack In 2007 , Athlete ( band ) recorded the song for BBC Radio 2 's Sergeant Pepper 40th anniversary show at Abbey Road Studios . It was broadcast 2 June 2007 . It was produced and mixed by Geoff Emerick with Richard Lush . In 2009 , Easy Star 's Lonely Hearts Dub Band In 2009 , Cheap Trick released Sgt . Pepper Live , which included the song In 2012 , Mac Miller released `` Desperado '' , which samples the song in its outro In 2013 , British - Brazilian artist Dan Torres released a version from theme of the telenovela Império . In 2016 , Pink performs the song for the Netflix animated series Beat Bugs . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 123 . `` In the United Kingdom Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ... was rush - released six days ahead of its official date , June 1 . '' Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , pp. 312 . Jump up ^ Compton 2017 , p. 180 . ^ Jump up to : Sheff 2000 , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Lennon , John ( 8 September 1971 ) . `` The Dick Cavett Show '' ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Dick Cavett . New York : ABC . ^ Jump up to : Aldridge , Alan ( 14 January 1968 ) . `` Paul McCartney 's Guide to the Beatles ' Songbook '' . Los Angeles Times Magazine . Los Angeles . pp. 19 -- 24 . ^ Jump up to : Beatles , The ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . p. 242 . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : McCartney , Paul ( 12 October 1997 ) . `` Sunday Supplement '' ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Michael Parkinson . London : BBC Radio Two . Jump up ^ Ezard , John ( 29 December 1967 ) . `` BBC and Film Board give order to play down on drug scenes '' . The Guardian . London . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Crosby , John ( 11 June 1967 ) . `` Little Things Mean a Lot '' . The Observer . London . p. 38 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Bans Song In Beatles Album '' . Washington Post . Washington , D.C. Reuters. 21 May 1967 . p . A25 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Tony ( 1 September 1967 ) . `` Pop : Tomorrow and Tomorrow '' . London Magazine . London . p. 73 . Jump up ^ Everett , Kenny ( host ) ( 20 May 1967 ) . Where It 's At . BBC Light Programme . Jump up ^ Hal Leonard 1993 , pp. 646 -- 650 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1998 , pp. 100 -- 101 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan & Kehew 2006 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1998 , p. 100 . ^ Jump up to : Winn 2009 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Winn 2009 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Howlett , Kevin ( 2017 ) . Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Super Deluxe Edition ( booklet ) . The Beatles . London : Apple Records . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Super Deluxe Edition ( CD sleeve ) . The Beatles . London : Apple Records . 2017 . Jump up ^ The Guardian 2009 . Jump up ^ Kral 2009 . Jump up ^ BBC Radio 2 , Sounds of the 60s , 2 February 2008 Jump up ^ Goddard , Caroline ( September 2009 ) . `` Beatles ' muse Lucy Vodden dies '' . She knows Entertainment . SheKnows LLC . Retrieved 16 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lucy Vodden , Who Inspired a Beatles Song , Dies at 46 '' . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Starr , Ringo ( 25 June 1983 ) . `` Ringo 's Yellow Submarine '' ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Jim Ladd . Los Angeles : ABC Radio Network . Jump up ^ Davies , Hunter ( 1968 ) . The Beatles . London : William Heinemann . p. 530 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 33874 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Michael ( 2000 ) . Sixties Rock : Garage , Psychedelic and Other Satisfactions . University of Illinois Press . p. 63 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Thomas ( 16 June 1967 ) . `` The New Far - Out Beatles '' . Life . Chicago : Time Inc. p. 101 . Retrieved 8 Dec 2016 . Jump up ^ McCartney , Paul ( 19 June 1967 ) . `` Interview with Paul McCartney '' . ITV Evening News ( Interview ) . London : Independent Television News . Jump up ^ `` McCartney : Of Course Those Songs Were About Drugs '' . Washington Post . Washington , D.C. Associated Press . 3 June 2004 . p . C02 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles ' First Take Of ' Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds ' '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Everett , Walter . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver through the Anthology . Oxford University Press , USA , 1999 , p. 104 Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/john-lennon-the-rolling-stone-interview-19681123?page=2 Jump up ^ Morgan , David . `` Lennon 's `` Lucy in the Sky '' lyrics sell for $230 K `` . CBS News . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone 2003 . Jump up ^ Unterberger 2009 . Jump up ^ Jones 2007 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Hilary ( 28 August 2015 ) . `` The 50 Best Beatles Songs '' . Paste . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ songfacts.com . Jump up ^ Winn 2009 , pp. 91 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Classic Rock '' . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Anon . `` Judy in Disguise Lyrics by John Fred '' . CD Universe . CD Universe / Muze Inc . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Hawtin , Steve . `` Song title 888 - Judy in Disguise ( With Glasses ) '' . tsort.info . tsort . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ DeRogatis , Jim ( 2003 ) . Turn on Your Mind : Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock . Milwaukee : Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 263 . ISBN 0 - 634 - 05548 - 8 . Jump up ^ Johanson & Edey 1981 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA -- Searchable Database : Elton John '' . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Sheff 2000 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John Band Featuring John Lennon And Muscle Shoals Horns , The * - 28th November , 1974 at Discogs '' . Discogs.com. 28 November 1974 . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( doc ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Lucy in the sky with diamonds in Canadian Top Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Elton John -- Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Elton John -- Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` 1974 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 14 December 1974 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian-charts.com Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ `` The Flaming Lips Announce Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Tribute Album Release Date '' . Pitchfork. 16 May 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Flaming Lips ' ' Sgt . Peppers ' Tribute Album Out this Fall '' . Rolling Stone . 16 May 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` First Listen : The Flaming Lips , ' With A Little Help From My Fwends ' '' . NPR.org. 19 October 2014 . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HMV Planet Japan : Dr Jan Guru '' . Jump up ^ Flávio Ricco ( 15 July 2014 ) . `` Globo escala The Beatles para tema de abertura de `` Império '' `` . UOL . Jump up ^ G1 ( 21 July 2014 ) . `` Dan Torres canta ' Lucy in the sky with diamonds ' na abertura de ' Império ' '' . G1 - Música . Jump up ^ `` Pink Sings the Beatles Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds '' . Bibliography ( edit ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' . AllMusic . January 2010 . The Beatles - Complete Scores . Milwaukee : Hal Leonard Publishing Corporation . 1993 . ISBN 0 - 7935 - 1832 - 6 . `` Beatles song ' inspiration ' dies '' . BBC News . 28 September 2009 . `` The Beatles ' Lucy in the Sky dies , aged 46 '' . The Guardian . London . 28 September 2009 . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 . Brooks , Richard ( 7 June 2009 ) . `` Julian Lennon comforts ailing Lucy in the sky '' . The Times . London . Compton , Todd ( 2017 ) . Who Wrote the Beatle Songs ? A History of Lennon - McCartney . San Jose : Pahreah Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9988997 - 0 - 1 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver Through the Anthology . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0 . Hoyle , Ben ( 28 September 2009 ) . `` Real - life ' Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds ' dies at 46 '' . The Times . London . Johanson , Donald Carl ; Edey , Maitland ( 1981 ) . Lucy , the Beginnings of Humankind . St Albans : Granada . ISBN 0 - 586 - 08437 - 1 . Jones , Chris ( 2007 ) . `` Review of The Beatles Sgt Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' . BBC News . Retrieved 19 November 2009 . Shriver , Jerry ( 23 November 2009 ) . `` Julian Lennon , Decade Later , Back in Music Biz With ' Lucy ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . Kral , Georgia ( 9 June 2009 ) . `` Julian Lennon Aids Real - Life ' Lucy ' '' . Spinner . Kung , Michelle ( 28 September 2009 ) . `` Lucy Vodden , of `` Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds '' Song Fame , Dies `` . The Wall Street Journal . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . `` Lucy In The Sky with Diamonds Songfacts '' . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Miles , Barry ( 1997 ) . Paul McCartney : Many Years From Now . New York : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5249 - 6 . Ryan , Kevin ; Kehew , Brian ( 2006 ) . Recording The Beatles . Curvebender Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9785200 - 0 - 7 . Sheff , David ( 2000 ) . All We Are Saying : The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25464 - 4 . Sherwin , Adam ( 1 June 2007 ) . `` Housewife Lucy , formerly in the sky with diamonds '' . The Australian . `` Sir Paul Reveals Beatles ' Drug Use '' . BBC News . 2 June 2004 . Unterberger , Richie ( 2009 ) . `` Review of ' Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds ' '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 19 November 2009 . Winn , John C. ( 2009 ) . That Magic Feeling : The Beatles ' Recorded Legacy , Volume Two , 1966 -- 1970 . New York , NY : Three Rivers Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 45239 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Alan W. Pollack 's Notes on `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Songs Side one `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' `` Getting Better '' `` Fixing a Hole '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite ! '' Side two `` Within You Without You '' `` When I 'm Sixty - Four '' `` Lovely Rita '' `` Good Morning Good Morning '' `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( Reprise ) '' `` A Day in the Life '' Non-album single `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` Penny Lane '' Outtakes `` Only a Northern Song '' `` Carnival of Light '' Tribute albums Easy Star 's Lonely Hearts Dub Band Sgt . Pepper Knew My Father Sgt . Pepper Live Sgt . Petsound 's Lonely Hearts Club Band With a Little Help from My Fwends Related articles The Beatles discography Sgt . Pepper 's cover Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( film ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( soundtrack ) It Was Twenty Years Ago Today Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band on the Road Yellow Submarine ( film ) `` Tina in the Sky with Diamonds '' Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters Elton John songs 1960s and 1970s `` Skyline Pigeon '' ( 1968 ) `` I 've Been Loving You '' ( 1968 ) `` Lady Samantha '' ( 1969 ) `` It 's Me That You Need '' ( 1969 ) `` Border Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Rock and Roll Madonna '' ( 1970 ) `` From Denver to L.A. '' ( 1970 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1970 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Friends '' ( 1971 ) `` Levon '' ( 1971 ) `` Tiny Dancer '' ( 1972 ) `` Rocket Man '' ( 1972 ) `` Honky Cat '' ( 1972 ) `` I Think I 'm Going to Kill Myself '' ( 1972 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters '' ( 1972 ) `` Crocodile Rock '' ( 1972 ) `` Elderberry Wine '' ( 1972 ) `` Daniel '' ( 1972 ) `` Teacher I Need You '' ( 1973 ) `` Funeral for a Friend / Love Lies Bleeding '' ( 1973 ) `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' ( 1973 ) `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road '' ( 1973 ) `` Step into Christmas '' ( 1973 ) `` Candle in the Wind '' ( 1974 ) `` Bennie and the Jets '' ( 1974 ) `` Harmony '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1974 ) `` The Bitch Is Back '' ( 1974 ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' ( 1974 ) `` Philadelphia Freedom '' ( 1975 ) `` I Saw Her Standing There '' ( 1975 ) `` Someone Saved My Life Tonight '' ( 1975 ) `` Island Girl '' ( 1975 ) `` Grow Some Funk of Your Own '' ( 1976 ) `` I Feel Like a Bullet ( In the Gun of Robert Ford ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Pinball Wizard '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( 1976 ) `` Cage the Songbird '' ( 1976 ) `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' ( 1976 ) `` Bite Your Lip ( Get Up and Dance ! ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Crazy Water '' ( 1977 ) `` The Goaldiggers Song '' ( 1977 ) `` Ego '' ( 1978 ) `` Part - Time Love '' ( 1978 ) `` Song for Guy '' ( 1978 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Mama Ca n't Buy You Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Johnny B. Goode '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Little Jeannie '' ( 1980 ) `` Sartorial Eloquence ( Do n't Ya Wanna Play This Game No More ? ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Dear God '' ( 1980 ) `` Whatever Gets You thru the Night '' ( 1981 ) `` Nobody Wins '' ( 1981 ) `` Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever '' ( with Kiki Dee , 1981 ) `` Blue Eyes '' ( 1982 ) `` Empty Garden ( Hey Hey Johnny ) '' ( 1982 ) `` Ball and Chain '' ( 1982 ) `` All Quiet on the Western Front '' ( 1982 ) `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' ( 1983 ) `` I 'm Still Standing '' ( 1983 ) `` Sad Songs ( Say So Much ) '' ( 1984 ) `` Passengers '' ( 1984 ) `` Nikita '' ( 1985 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1985 ) `` Wrap Her Up '' ( 1985 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1988 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Go on with You Like That '' ( 1988 ) `` Town of Plenty '' ( 1988 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters ( Part Two ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Healing Hands '' ( 1989 ) `` Sacrifice '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Club at the End of the Street '' ( 1990 ) `` You Gotta Love Someone '' ( 1990 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1991 ) `` The One '' ( 1992 ) `` Runaway Train '' ( 1992 ) `` The Last Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Simple Life '' ( 1993 ) `` True Love '' ( 1993 ) `` Shakey Ground '' ( 1994 ) `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' ( 1994 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' ( 1994 ) `` Circle of Life '' ( 1994 ) `` Believe '' ( 1995 ) `` Made in England '' ( 1995 ) `` When the Money 's Gone '' ( 1995 ) `` You Can Make History ( Young Again ) '' ( 1996 ) `` The Madness of King Scar '' ( 1997 ) `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' ( 1997 ) `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' ( 1997 ) `` Written in the Stars '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` I Want Love '' ( 2001 ) `` This Train Do n't Stop There Anymore '' ( 2002 ) `` Original Sin '' ( 2002 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 2003 ) `` Ghetto Gospel '' ( 2005 ) `` Electricity '' ( 2005 ) `` The Bridge '' ( 2006 ) `` Joseph , Better You than Me '' ( 2008 ) `` Tiny Dancer ( Hold Me Closer ) '' ( 2009 ) Related articles Albums discography Videography Book : Elton John Category : Elton John Miley Cyrus songs Discography Meet Miley Cyrus `` See You Again '' `` Start All Over '' `` I Miss You '' Breakout `` Breakout '' `` 7 Things '' `` Fly on the Wall '' The Time of Our Lives `` Party In The U.S.A. '' `` When I Look at You '' `` The Climb '' Ca n't Be Tamed `` Liberty Walk '' `` Who Owns My Heart '' `` Ca n't Be Tamed '' `` Every Rose Has Its Thorn '' Bangerz `` Adore You '' `` We Ca n't Stop '' `` SMS ( Bangerz ) '' `` 4x4 '' `` Wrecking Ball '' `` # GetItRight '' `` Drive '' `` FU '' `` Someone Else '' Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz `` Dooo It ! '' `` BB Talk '' `` Lighter '' Younger Now `` Younger Now '' `` Malibu '' `` Week Without You '' `` Inspired '' Collaborations `` Ready , Set , Do n't Go '' `` Send It On '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Nothing to Lose '' `` Decisions '' `` Ashtrays and Heartbreaks '' `` Fall Down '' `` ( I Wanna ) Channing All Over Your Tatum '' `` 23 '' `` Real and True '' `` Feelin ' Myself '' `` Come Get It Bae '' `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' Other songs `` I Thought I Lost You '' `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' `` Part of Your World '' `` Hoedown Throwdown '' `` I Hope You Find It '' `` Butterfly Fly Away '' `` My Sad Christmas Song '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucy_in_the_Sky_with_Diamonds&oldid=844808477 '' Categories : The Beatles songs 1967 songs Elton John songs 1974 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles British psychedelic rock songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney Songs published by Northern Songs Song recordings produced by Gus Dudgeon Mondegreens Lysergic acid diethylamide MCA Records singles DJM Records singles Warner Bros. Records singles Parlophone singles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Use British English from June 2011 Use dmy dates from June 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from May 2010 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 09 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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Eight Below
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Eight Below - wikipedia Eight Below Not to be confused with 6 Below : Miracle on the Mountain . Eight Below Theatrical release poster Directed by Frank Marshall Produced by Patrick Crowley David Hoberman Screenplay by David DiGillio Based on Antarctica by Toshirô Ishidô Koreyoshi Kurahara Tatsuo Nogami Susumu Saji Starring Paul Walker Bruce Greenwood Moon Bloodgood Jason Biggs Music by Mark Isham Cinematography Don Burgess Edited by Christopher Rouse Production company Walt Disney Pictures Spyglass Entertainment Mandeville Films The Kennedy / Marshall Company Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date February 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 17 ) Running time 120 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $120.5 million Eight Below is a 2006 American survival drama film based on Antarctica by Toshirô Ishidô , Koreyoshi Kurahara , Tatsuo Nogami and Susumu Saji . It was produced by Patrick Crowley and David Hoberman , directed by Frank Marshall with music by Mark Isham and written by David DiGilio . It stars Paul Walker , Bruce Greenwood , Moon Bloodgood , and Jason Biggs . It was released theatrically on February 17 , 2006 , by Walt Disney Pictures in the United States . The film is set in Antarctica , but was filmed in Svalbard , Norway , Greenland , and British Columbia , Canada . The film received positive reviews from critics and it earned $120.4 million on a $40 million budget . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Background 3.1 Sled dogs 4 Release 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Box office 5 Awards 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1993 , Jerry Shepard is a guide at an Antarctica research base under contract with the National Science Foundation . UCLA professor , Dr. Davis McClaren , arrives at the base . He presses Shepard to take him to Mount Melbourne to find a rare meteorite from Mercury . Shepard decides that the only way to get to Mount Melbourne is by dog sled . Shepard and McClaren make it to Mount Melbourne , but are called back to base camp due to an approaching heavy storm . McClaren begs for more time , and Shepard gives him half a day , which is enough time to find a fragment of the meteorite . En route back to base , McClaren slips down an embankment , breaking his leg and falling into freezing water . Shepard uses the lead dog Maya to carry a rope to McClaren and pulls him out . The two battle hypothermia , frostbite and near whiteout conditions as the dogs lead them home . Once there , the entire human crew is immediately evacuated , while the dogs are left behind . Certain that their pilot will return within days for the dogs , Shepard tightens their collars to ensure they can not get loose and run away . But because of the harsh weather conditions , no rescue can be attempted until the next spring - and by then the dogs will be dead . Back at home , Shepard tries to secure a plane to return and save the dogs , but no one is willing to finance the risky expedition . Five months later , Shepard makes one last attempt to get back . McClaren realizes the magnitude of his ingratitude and uses the remaining balance of his grant money to finance a rescue mission . Shepard acknowledges that there is almost no chance that any of the dogs have survived this long , but he owes it to his team to go back for them . After being left behind , the eight sled dogs -- lead dog Maya , Old Jack , Shorty , Dewey , Truman , Shadow , Buck , and the young Max , wait in the freezing conditions for Shepard to return . After two weeks without eating , they free themselves to forage for food , except Old Jack who remains attached to the chain . Some time later , Dewey slips and falls down an incline , where he is fatally injured . The team stays with him until morning , but have to leave as he has already died . In the blizzard , Max becomes separated from the group . Maya manages to lead the team to the Russian base , which is unsecured and full of food , while Max finds his way back to the American base , which is still locked and abandoned . Setting back out into the wilderness , Max finds the carcass of a dead Orca , but is driven off by a leopard seal . Maya and the team are nearby , and Max lures the seal away so the team can eat . It doubles back and attacks Maya , who is badly injured when it claps its reptile - like maw onto her paw . The team , now reunited , continue traveling . They are starving , freezing and exhausted , and eventually the injured Maya collapses into the snow . The dogs lie down beside their leader as the snow piles up around them . They have been on their own for nearly six months . Shepard makes it back to base with the others and is dismayed to find the body of Old Jack , still attached to the chain , and no sign of the other dogs . He hears the sound of barking and sees Max , Shorty , Truman , Shadow and Buck come over the horizon . After a joyous reunion , Shepard attempts to load the dogs into the snowmobile , but Max runs off , with Shepard in hot pursuit . Max leads him to Maya , lying in the snow -- weak , but alive . With six of his eight sled dogs in tow , Shepard and his crew head back to civilization , with the last scene showing a grave for the two fallen dogs , Old Jack and Dewey . Cast ( edit ) Paul Walker as Jerry Shepard Bruce Greenwood as Dr. Davis McClaren Moon Bloodgood as Katie Jason Biggs as Charlie Cooper Gerard Plunkett as Dr. Andy Harrison August Schellenberg as Mindo Wendy Crewson as Eve McClaren Belinda Metz as Rosemary Paris Connor Christopher Levins as Eric McClaren Duncan Fraser as Captain Lovett Dan Ziskie as Navy Commander Michael David Simms as Armin Butler Daniel Bacon as Bureaucrat # 2 Laara Sadiq as Bureaucrat # 3 Malcolm Stewart as Charles Buffett Background ( edit ) The 1958 ill - fated Japanese expedition to Antarctica inspired the 1983 hit film Antarctica , of which Eight Below is a remake . Eight Below adapts the events of the 1958 incident , moved forward to 1993 . In the 1958 event , fifteen Sakhalin Husky sled dogs were abandoned when the expedition team was unable to return to the base . When the team returned a year later , two dogs were still alive . Another seven were still chained up and dead , five were unaccounted for , and one died just outside Showa Station . The film was dedicated to the memory of Koreyoshi Kurahara , the director of Antarctica , who died four years before it was released . Sled dogs ( edit ) In Eight Below there are two Alaskan Malamutes ( Buck and Shadow ) and six Siberian Huskies ( Max , Maya , Truman , Dewey , Shorty , and Old Jack ) . Each actor - dog had help from other dogs that performed stunts and pulled sleds . In all , over 30 dogs were used to portray the film 's eight canine characters . Max , Maya , Dewey , and Buck ( Old Jack 's stunt double ) were played by dogs seen in Disney 's Snow Dogs . The animal filming was supervised by the American Humane Association , and the film carries the standard `` No animals were harmed ... '' disclaimer , despite an on - set incident in which a trainer used significant force to break up an animal fight . Release ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 72 % , based on 146 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Featuring a stellar cast of marooned mutts , who deftly display emotion , tenderness , loyalty and resolve , Eight Below is a heartwarming and exhilarating adventure film . '' Roger Ebert from Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , and said `` Eight Below succeeds as an effective story . '' BBC liked the movie as well , but did not like its long length ( 2 hours ) . Reel.com liked it , saying `` the movie succeeds at drawing you into their incredible adventure '' . However , the San Francisco Chronicle disliked the film , saying : `` The movie is overly long and much too intense for small children , yet it 's filled with dialogue and plot turns that are too juvenile to thrill adult audiences . '' William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer reacted favorably ( `` the dog actors will melt your heart '' ) , but pointed out , as did other reviewers , that `` Antarctica buffs '' will be critical of errors , such as portraying midwinter events occurring in `` balmy , blazing daylight at a time Antarctica is locked in round - the - clock darkness and temperatures of 140 degrees below . '' Box Office ( edit ) According to Box Office Mojo , the film opened at # 1 on February 17 , 2006 , with a total weekend gross of $20,188,176 in 3,066 theaters , averaging to about $6,584 per theater . The film closed on June 1 , 2006 with a total worldwide gross of $120,453,565 ( $81,612,565 domestic and $38,841,000 overseas ) . Awards ( edit ) Wins ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards : ASCAP Award , Top Box Office Films ( Mark Isham ) 2007 . Nominations Satellite Awards : Satellite Award , Best Youth DVD , 2006 . Home media ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The film was released on separate format widescreen and full screen editions on DVD on June 20 , 2006 . It was also released on PlayStation Portable ( an original widescreen format ) on June 26 , 2006 . The film was released on high definition Blu - ray for an original widescreen presentation on September 19 , 2006 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ French , Philip ( April 23 , 2006 ) . `` Eight Below '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arnold , William ( February 16 , 2006 ) . `` ' Eight Below ' warms the heart despite faux paws '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen , Michael ( 2006 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Eight Below '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` A True ' Survivor ' Story , Dog Version '' . The Washington Post . 2006 - 02 - 16 . pp. C12 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Animals were Harmed '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2013 - 11 - 25 . pp. C12 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Eight Below at Rotten Tomatoes . Last accessed : February 04 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2006 - 02 - 17 ) . `` Eight Below '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Smith , Neil ( 2006 - 04 - 16 ) . `` Eight Below '' . BBC . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Knight , Tim . `` Eight Below '' . Reel.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hartlaub , Peter ( 2006 - 02 - 17 ) . `` Man 's 8 best friends get the cold shoulder '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Arnold , William ( 2006 - 02 - 17 ) . `` ' Eight Below ' warms the heart despite faux paws '' . seattlepi.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Eight Below at Box Office Mojo . External links ( edit ) Official website Eight Below on IMDb Eight Below at AllMovie Films directed by Frank Marshall Arachnophobia ( 1990 ) Alive ( 1993 ) Congo ( 1995 ) Eight Below ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eight_Below&oldid=852158786 '' Categories : 2006 films English - language films 2000s drama films American drama films American films American remakes of Japanese films American survival films Drama films based on actual events Films scored by Mark Isham Films about animals Films about dogs Films about friendship Films about solitude Films directed by Frank Marshall Films set in 1993 Films set in Antarctica Films set in British Columbia Films set in Greenland Films set in Norway Films shot in British Columbia Films shot in Greenland Films shot in New Zealand Films shot in Norway Mandeville Films films Mushing films Spyglass Entertainment films The Kennedy / Marshall Company films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 01 : 40 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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what are the names of the dogs in eight below
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[
"In Eight Below there are two Alaskan Malamutes (Buck and Shadow) and six Siberian Huskies (Max, Maya, Truman, Dewey, Shorty, and Old Jack). Each actor-dog had help from other dogs that performed stunts and pulled sleds. In all, over 30 dogs were used to portray the film's eight canine characters. Max, Maya, Dewey, and Buck (Old Jack's stunt double) were played by dogs seen in Disney's Snow Dogs.[4] The animal filming was supervised by the American Humane Association, and the film carries the standard \"No animals were harmed...\" disclaimer, despite an on-set incident in which a trainer used significant force to break up an animal fight.[5]\n",
"In Eight Below there are two Alaskan Malamutes (Buck and Shadow) and six Siberian Huskies (Max, Maya, Truman, Dewey, Shorty, and Old Jack). Each actor-dog had help from other dogs that performed stunts and pulled sleds. In all, over 30 dogs were used to portray the film's eight canine characters. Max, Maya, Dewey, and Buck (Old Jack's stunt double) were played by dogs seen in Disney's Snow Dogs.[4] The animal filming was supervised by the American Humane Association, and the film carries the standard \"No animals were harmed...\" disclaimer, despite an on-set incident in which a trainer used significant force to break up an animal fight.[5]\n",
"In Eight Below there are two Alaskan Malamutes (Buck and Shadow) and six Siberian Huskies (Max, Maya, Truman, Dewey, Shorty, and Old Jack). Each actor-dog had help from other dogs that performed stunts and pulled sleds. In all, over 30 dogs were used to portray the film's eight canine characters. Max, Maya, Dewey, and Buck (Old Jack's stunt double) were played by dogs seen in Disney's Snow Dogs.[4] The animal filming was supervised by the American Humane Association, and the film carries the standard \"No animals were harmed...\" disclaimer, despite an on-set incident in which a trainer used significant force to break up an animal fight.[5]\n",
"In Eight Below there are two Alaskan Malamutes (Buck and Shadow) and six Siberian Huskies (Max, Maya, Truman, Dewey, Shorty, and Old Jack). Each actor-dog had help from other dogs that performed stunts and pulled sleds. In all, over 30 dogs were used to portray the film's eight canine characters. Max, Maya, Dewey, and Buck (Old Jack's stunt double) were played by dogs seen in Disney's Snow Dogs.[4] The animal filming was supervised by the American Humane Association, and the film carries the standard \"No animals were harmed...\" disclaimer, despite an on-set incident in which a trainer used significant force to break up an animal fight.[5]\n",
"In Eight Below there are two Alaskan Malamutes (Buck and Shadow) and six Siberian Huskies (Max, Maya, Truman, Dewey, Shorty, and Old Jack). Each actor-dog had help from other dogs that performed stunts and pulled sleds. In all, over 30 dogs were used to portray the film's eight canine characters. Max, Maya, Dewey, and Buck (Old Jack's stunt double) were played by dogs seen in Disney's Snow Dogs.[4] The animal filming was supervised by the American Humane Association, and the film carries the standard \"No animals were harmed...\" disclaimer, despite an on-set incident in which a trainer used significant force to break up an animal fight.[5]\n",
"In Eight Below there are two Alaskan Malamutes (Buck and Shadow) and six Siberian Huskies (Max, Maya, Truman, Dewey, Shorty, and Old Jack). Each actor-dog had help from other dogs that performed stunts and pulled sleds. In all, over 30 dogs were used to portray the film's eight canine characters. Max, Maya, Dewey, and Buck (Old Jack's stunt double) were played by dogs seen in Disney's Snow Dogs.[4] The animal filming was supervised by the American Humane Association, and the film carries the standard \"No animals were harmed...\" disclaimer, despite an on-set incident in which a trainer used significant force to break up an animal fight.[5]\n",
"In Eight Below there are two Alaskan Malamutes (Buck and Shadow) and six Siberian Huskies (Max, Maya, Truman, Dewey, Shorty, and Old Jack). Each actor-dog had help from other dogs that performed stunts and pulled sleds. In all, over 30 dogs were used to portray the film's eight canine characters. Max, Maya, Dewey, and Buck (Old Jack's stunt double) were played by dogs seen in Disney's Snow Dogs.[4] The animal filming was supervised by the American Humane Association, and the film carries the standard \"No animals were harmed...\" disclaimer, despite an on-set incident in which a trainer used significant force to break up an animal fight.[5]\n",
"In Eight Below there are two Alaskan Malamutes (Buck and Shadow) and six Siberian Huskies (Max, Maya, Truman, Dewey, Shorty, and Old Jack). Each actor-dog had help from other dogs that performed stunts and pulled sleds. In all, over 30 dogs were used to portray the film's eight canine characters. Max, Maya, Dewey, and Buck (Old Jack's stunt double) were played by dogs seen in Disney's Snow Dogs.[4] The animal filming was supervised by the American Humane Association, and the film carries the standard \"No animals were harmed...\" disclaimer, despite an on-set incident in which a trainer used significant force to break up an animal fight.[5]\n"
] |
[
"Buck",
"Shadow",
"Max",
"Maya",
"Truman",
"Dewey",
"Shorty",
"Old Jack"
] |
8144934632739610351
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Don't Look Back in Anger
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Do n't Look Back in Anger - wikipedia Do n't Look Back in Anger `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' Single by Oasis from the album ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? B - side `` Step Out '' `` Underneath the Sky '' `` Cum On Feel the Noize '' Released 19 February 1996 Format CD 7 '' vinyl 12 '' vinyl cassette Recorded June 1995 at Rockfield Studios , Monmouth , Wales Genre Britpop Length 4 : 47 Label Creation Songwriter ( s ) Noel Gallagher Producer ( s ) Owen Morris Noel Gallagher Oasis singles chronology `` Wonderwall '' ( 1995 ) `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( 1996 ) `` Champagne Supernova '' ( 1996 ) `` Wonderwall '' ( 1995 ) `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( 1996 ) `` Champagne Supernova '' ( 1996 ) ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? track listing 12 tracks `` Hello '' `` Roll with It '' `` Wonderwall '' `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' `` Hey Now ! '' Untitled `` Some Might Say '' `` Cast No Shadow '' `` She 's Electric '' `` Morning Glory '' Untitled `` Champagne Supernova '' `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' is a song by the English rock band Oasis . It was released on 19 February 1996 as the fifth single from their second studio album , ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? ( 1995 ) . The song was written by the band 's guitarist and main songwriter , Noel Gallagher . It became the band 's second single to reach number one on the UK Singles Chart , where it also went platinum . `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' was also the first Oasis single with lead vocals by Noel ( who had previously only sung lead on B - sides ) instead of his brother , Liam . It is one of the band 's signature songs , and was played at almost every single live show from its release to the dissolution of the band . It was ranked number one on a list of the ' 50 Most Explosive Choruses ' by the NME , and was voted as the fourth most popular number - one single of the last 60 years in the UK by the public in conjunction with the Official Charts Company 's 60th anniversary . On 29 May 2017 , Absolute Radio 90s broadcast a programme counting down the top 50 songs written by Noel Gallagher to mark his 50th birthday with `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' being voted as number one . Contents 1 Background 2 Live performances 2.1 Manchester Arena bombing 3 Release 4 Critical reception 5 Chart performance 6 Music video 6.1 Covers 7 In popular culture 8 Personnel 9 Track listing 10 Charts and certifications 10.1 Weekly charts 10.2 Year - end charts 10.3 Certifications 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Noel Gallagher was so excited about the potential of the song when he first wrote it that he used an acoustic set to perform a work - in - progress version , without the second verse and a few other slight lyrical differences , at an Oasis concert at the Sheffield Arena on 22 April 1995 . He said before playing that he 'd only written it the previous Tuesday ( 18 April 1995 ) and that he did n't even have a title for it yet . The title was picked as a reference to the 1979 David Bowie song `` Look Back in Anger '' from the seminal art rock album Lodger , with Bowie 's work being a massive Oasis influence . Noel Gallagher said of the song , `` ( It ) reminds me of a cross between `` All the Young Dudes '' and ( something ) the Beatles might have done . '' Of the character `` Sally '' referred to in the song he commented , `` I do n't actually know anybody called Sally . It 's just a word that fit , y'know , might as well throw a girl 's name in there . '' Noel Gallagher ( from Uncut magazine August 2007 ) : `` We were in Paris playing with the Verve , and I had the chords for that song and started writing it . We were due to play two days later . Our first - ever big arena gig , it 's called Sheffield Arena now . At the sound check , I was strumming away on the acoustic guitar , and our kid ( Liam ) said , ' What 's that you 're singin ' ? ' I was n't singing anyway , I was just making it up . And our kid said , ' Are you singing ' So Sally can wait ' ? ' And I was like -- that 's genius ! So I started singing , ' So Sally can wait . ' I remember going back to the dressing room and writing it out . It all came really quickly after that . '' Gallagher claims that the character `` Lyla '' , from Oasis ' 2005 single is the sister of Sally . In the interview on the DVD released with the special edition of Stop the Clocks , Gallagher also revealed that a girl approached him and asked him if Sally was the same girl as in the Stone Roses ' track `` Sally Cinnamon '' . Gallagher replied that he had never thought of that but thought it was good anyway . Noel Gallagher admits that certain lines from the song are lifted from John Lennon : `` I got this tape in the United States that had apparently been burgled from the Dakota Hotel and someone had found these cassettes . Lennon was starting to record his memoirs on tape . He 's going on about ' trying to start a revolution from me bed , because they said the brains I had went to my head . ' I thought ' Thank you , I 'll take that ' ! '' `` Revolution from me bed '' most likely refers to Lennon 's notorious bed - ins in 1969 . The piano in the introduction of the song strongly resembles Lennon 's `` Imagine '' , as well as `` Watching the Wheels '' . As Oasis are often criticised for borrowing parts of other artists ' songs for their own , Noel Gallagher commented on the intro 's similarity to `` Imagine '' saying , `` In the case of Do n't Look Back in Anger -- I mean , the opening piano riff 's `` Imagine '' . 50 % of it 's put in there to wind people up , and the other 50 % is saying ' look , this is how songs like `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' come about -- because they 're inspired by songs like `` Imagine '' ' . And no matter what people might think , there will be some 13 year old kid out there who 'll read an interview and think ' `` Imagine '' ? I 've never heard that song . ' and he might go and buy the album , you know what I mean ? '' Gallagher also admits that he was under the influence of illegal substances when he wrote the song and to this day he claims he does not know what it means . Live performances ( edit ) The song became a favourite at Oasis 's live performances . Noel Gallagher encouraged the crowd to sing along and often kept quiet during the first chorus , allowing the fans instead to sing along while he played the song 's guitar part . During the Dig Out Your Soul Tour , Noel Gallagher abandoned the song 's previous , full - band live arrangement in favour of a much slower , primarily acoustic arrangement in a lower key ( B major ) . From 2008 through Oasis 's breakup , the song was performed by Gallagher on his Gibson J - 200 acoustic guitar backed up by Gem Archer on electric guitar , and Chris Sharrock playing tambourine . On 11 and 12 July 2009 , during performances of the song at London 's Wembley Stadium , Gallagher did n't sing a word ; instead , he stood back , played guitar , and allowed the crowd to sing the entire song . Since 2011 , he has alternated between the acoustic version and the original arrangement when playing the song with his solo project , Noel Gallagher 's High Flying Birds . Oasis became the first act since the Jam to perform two songs on the same showing of Top of the Pops , performing `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' , followed by their cover of Slade 's `` Cum On Feel the Noize '' , also on the single . In June 2017 , Liam Gallagher performed an a cappella version of the song at Glastonbury , making it the first time he has performed the song rather than Noel . Manchester Arena bombing ( edit ) Oasis formed in Manchester in 1991 , and following the Manchester Arena bombing after a concert by US singer Ariana Grande on 22 May 2017 , the song was used by the people of Manchester in remembrance of the bombing 's 22 victims and to show the city 's spirit . The song was sung by students of Manchester 's Chetham 's music school on 23 May , and on 25 May it was spontaneously sung by the crowd gathered for a minute of silence in the city centre . The woman who started the singing told The Guardian , `` I love Manchester , and Oasis is part of my childhood . Do n't Look Back in Anger -- that 's what this is about : we ca n't be looking backwards to what happened , we have to look forwards to the future . '' The song came back into the charts , along with Ariana Grande 's `` One Last Time , '' which was number one in the iTunes single charts as of 26 May . On 27 May , the song was performed as a tribute by 50,000 audience members of a performance by The Courteeners in Manchester . It was performed by Coldplay 's Chris Martin and Jonny Buckland on either side of Ariana Grande at the One Love Manchester concert on 4 June 2017 . Martin introduced the song by saying `` Ariana , you 've been singing a lot for us , so I think we in Britain want to sing for you . This is called `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' , and this is from us to you `` . It was also performed by the military band of the French Republican Guard on 13 June 2017 , at the France versus England football match at the Stade de France , as a tribute to the victims of the attacks in Manchester and , more recently , London . Release ( edit ) The single 's picture sleeve contains a photo by Brian Cannon . He intended the cover as a homage to the incident where Ringo Starr , having briefly left the Beatles in 1968 during the recording of the White Album , was persuaded to return and George Harrison decorated Starr 's drum kit in red , white and blue flowers to show their appreciation . The B - side `` Step Out '' was originally intended for the ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? album but was taken off after Stevie Wonder requested 10 per cent of the royalties as the chorus bore a similarity to his hit `` Uptight ( Everything 's Alright ) '' . Also , because of this , Wonder , Henry Cosby and Sylvia Moy received credit for writing the song , along with Noel . The song 's chart success coincided with its usage at the end of the final episode of the BBC television drama Our Friends in the North . The show 's producers had included the track without knowing it was going to be released as a single . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' was met with high critical praise and it became a commercial hit . Billboard said of the tune , `` Noel Gallagher reveals a deft sense of timing and craft that turn his improprieties into masterful pop gems . '' In a 2006 readers ' poll conducted by Q magazine , `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' was voted the 20th best song of all time . In May 2007 , NME magazine placed `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' at number 14 in its list of the `` 50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever '' . Chart performance ( edit ) The song reached No. 1 in the singles charts of Ireland and the United Kingdom , and it was a moderate success by reaching the top 60 in various countries . The song was the 10th - biggest - selling single of 1996 in the UK . It is Oasis 's second biggest selling single in the UK , with sales of 970,000 , going platinum in the process . The song returned to the UK charts in 2017 following Chris Martin and Jonny Buckland 's cover version at the One Love Manchester concert , reaching number 25 . `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' is also Oasis 's sixth biggest Billboard hit in the US , reaching the number 10 spot on the Modern Rock Tracks for the week of 22 June 1996 . Music video ( edit ) The video for the song was directed by Nigel Dick and features Patrick Macnee , the actor who played John Steed in the 1960s television series The Avengers , apparently a favourite of Oasis . It features the band being driven to a mansion similar to the Playboy Mansion and performing the song there ; a group of women dressed in white also occasionally lip sync to the lyrics . While filming the video , drummer Alan White met future wife Liz Atkins . They married on 13 August 1997 at Studley Priory Hotel in Oxfordshire , but later divorced . There are two versions of the music video . One being posted by Vevo which got 82 million views and the other one posted by the band themselves which generated over 84 million views . Covers ( edit ) Glay covered the song for their 2011 album Rare Collectives Vol. 4 . The Killers covered this song at V Festival 2012 . In popular culture ( edit ) This section appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture , using references to reliable sources , rather than simply listing appearances . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) The song was included as the closing track on Oasis 's compilation album , Stop the Clocks . It is available for the music video game series Rock Band as a downloadable track . On the Wii version of the original Rock Band game , this song is included . It can also be found on - disc in the 2014 edition of Rocksmith . The song has been used in a multiple television programmes since its original release : 11 March 1996 : it played over the end credits of the final episode of the BBC Two drama serial Our Friends in the North the very week it was at the top of the UK charts . 11 January 2004 : the song was in episode 11 of the show Cold Case titled `` Hubris '' . 5 November 2007 : portions of this song appear as a motif in episode 7 of Chuck titled `` Chuck Versus the Alma Mater '' . 3 September 2009 : the song was used in episode six of We Are Klang during the 1990s flashback scene . 4 September 2010 : the song was used as the ending theme for the live - action film adaptation of the Japanese manga series BECK . 11 April 2011 : the song was used in the closing scene of the North American Being Human season 1 finale titled `` A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Me Killing You '' . It is played during a flashback showing the body of Sally Malik being taken away as Aidan Waite and Josh Levinson walk past her house , not having met her ghost yet , which watches the ambulance pull away . This resembles the lyrics in the song `` as we 're walking on by , her soul slides away '' . 16 February 2018 : In the web series Everything Sucks ! the song was featured along with Wonderwall . Personnel ( edit ) Noel Gallagher -- vocals , lead and rhythm guitars , mellotron , e-bow Liam Gallagher - tambourine Paul `` Bonehead '' Arthurs -- piano , rhythm guitar Paul `` Guigsy '' McGuigan -- bass Alan White -- drums Track listing ( edit ) All songs were written by Noel Gallagher , except where noted . CD CRESCD 221 ( re-issued as RKISCD 018 ) `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' -- 4 : 47 `` Step Out '' ( Gallagher / Wonder / Cosby / Moy ) -- 3 : 40 `` Underneath the Sky '' -- 3 : 20 `` Cum On Feel the Noize '' ( Holder / Lea ) -- 5 : 09 7 '' CRE 221 `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' -- 4 : 47 `` Step Out '' ( Gallagher / Wonder / Cosby / Moy ) -- 3 : 40 12 '' CRE 221T `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' -- 4 : 47 `` Step Out '' ( Gallagher / Wonder / Cosby / Moy ) -- 3 : 40 `` Underneath the Sky '' -- 3 : 20 Cassette CRECS 221 `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' -- 4 : 47 `` Step Out '' ( Gallagher / Wonder / Cosby / Moy ) -- 3 : 40 CD re-issue ( US ) 34K78356 `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' -- 4 : 47 `` Cum on Feel the Noize '' ( Holder / Lea ) -- 5 : 09 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 19 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 35 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 24 Canada Rock / Alternative ( RPM ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 13 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 57 Iceland ( Tonlist ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( Hit Parade Italia ) 19 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 33 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 30 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 20 Norway ( VG - lista ) 19 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 27 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 55 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Zimbabwe ( ZIMA ) 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Position Canada Rock / Alternative ( RPM ) 39 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 100,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BPI website , Search `` Oasis '' Archived 11 January 2013 at WebCite . Bpi.co.uk . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` ' Do n't Look Back in Anger ' by Oasis tops NME 's 50 Most Explosive Choruses list '' . NME. 28 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Queen 's ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' named as ' UK 's Favourite Number One single ' News '' . NME. 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Oasis : Mad For It ( 1996 , 2 / 4 ) on YouTube ( 2008 - 07 - 22 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Paul ( 2003 ) . The Rough Guide to Cult Pop : The Songs , the Artists , the Genres , the Dubious Fashions . Rough Guides . p. 107 . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 229 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hurry , Pam ( 2001 ) . Heinemann Advanced Music . Heinemann . p. 170 . ISBN 0 - 435 - 81258 - 0 . Jump up ^ Davina Earl ( 13 August 2005 ) . `` Noel Gallagher 's Plea For Help '' . Gigwise . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ OASIS - Do n't Look Back In Anger - Wembley Stadium 11 / 07 / 2009 on YouTube . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Liam Gallagher performs Do n't Look Back In Anger at Glastonbury '' . 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Perraudin , Frances ; Halliday , Josh ( 2017 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Do n't Look Back in Anger becomes symbol of Manchester 's spirit '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Oasis classic re-enters the charts after crowds sing it at Manchester memorial - NME '' . NME. 2017 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 50,000 Fans Sing Oasis At First Manchester Concert Since Attacks '' . 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Michelle ( 4 June 2017 ) . `` Coldplay Sing Oasis ' `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' to Ariana Grande in Manchester : Watch `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` France v England : French fans sing God Save The Queen '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 June 2017 . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oasis -- The Stories Behind Their Cryptic Album and Single Sleeve Art '' . nme.com. 18 August 2015 . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Flick , Larry ( 1996 - 06 - 15 ) , `` Singles : Pop '' . Billboard. 108 ( 24 ) : 74 Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Songs Ever '' . Q. 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever '' . NME. 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Sexton , Paul ( 2005 - 08 - 27 ) , `` OASIS '' . Billboard. 117 ( 35 ) : 36 Jump up ^ Oasis -- Do n't Look Back In Anger . YouTube . 17 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Oasis -- Do n't Look Back In Anger ( Official Video ) . YouTube . 18 February 2008 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GLAY to cover Oasis song `` Do n't Look Back In Anger '' over the radio `` . Tokyohive.com. 24 February 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the Killers Cover Oasis ' ' Do n't Look Back in Anger ' '' . Spin . Jump up ^ Taylor , Steve ( 2004 ) . The A to X of Alternative Music . Continuum International Publishing Group , p. 170 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 8217 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers , Oasis to Do Beck Film 's Themes '' . Anime News Network . 30 March 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 9529 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Rock / Alternative Tracks : Issue 9659 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Oasis : Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Tonlist Top 40 '' . DV . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete : O '' . hitparadeitalia.it . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 12 , 1996 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Oasis : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Oasis Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Oasis Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ * Zimbabwe . Kimberley , C. Zimbabwe : singles chart book . Harare : C. Kimberley , 2000 Jump up ^ `` RPM Year End Alternative Top 50 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese single certifications -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Do n't Look Back in Anger in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( 14 June 2018 ) . `` Rick Astley and Oasis join UK 's best - selling singles of all time '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Oasis Noel Gallagher Liam Gallagher Paul `` Guigsy '' McGuigan Paul `` Bonehead '' Arthurs Tony McCarroll Alan White Gem Archer Andy Bell Zak Starkey Chris Sharrock Studio albums Definitely Maybe ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? Be Here Now Standing on the Shoulder of Giants Heathen Chemistry Do n't Believe the Truth Dig Out Your Soul Live albums Familiar to Millions Live from The Roundhouse Compilations Definitely Maybe ( singles box ) Morning Glory ( singles box ) The Masterplan Stop the Clocks Time Flies ... 1994 -- 2009 Extended plays Live Demonstration Boy with the Blues Singles `` Supersonic '' `` Shakermaker '' `` Live Forever '' `` Cigarettes & Alcohol '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' `` Whatever '' `` Some Might Say '' `` Roll with It '' `` Morning Glory '' `` Wonderwall '' `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' `` Champagne Supernova '' `` D'You Know What I Mean ? '' `` Stand by Me '' `` All Around the World '' `` Do n't Go Away '' `` Acquiesce '' `` Go Let It Out '' `` Who Feels Love ? '' `` Sunday Morning Call '' `` Where Did It All Go Wrong ? '' `` The Hindu Times '' `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' `` Little by Little '' / `` She Is Love '' `` Songbird '' `` Lyla '' `` The Importance of Being Idle '' `` Let There Be Love '' `` Lord Do n't Slow Me Down '' `` The Shock of the Lightning '' `` I 'm Outta Time '' `` Falling Down '' Other songs `` Slide Away '' `` Half the World Away '' `` Talk Tonight '' `` Acquiesce '' `` The Masterplan '' `` Stop the Clocks '' `` Boy with the Blues '' Video albums Live by the Sea ... There and Then Familiar to Millions Definitely Maybe Lord Do n't Slow Me Down Time Flies ... 1994 -- 2009 Tours Definitely Maybe Tour ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? Tour Be Here Now Tour Standing on the Shoulder of Giants Tour The Tour of Brotherly Love Heathen Chemistry Tour Do n't Believe the Truth Tour Dig Out Your Soul Tour Related Articles Discography Awards Band members Songs Big Brother Recordings Oasis : Supersonic Bands Beady Eye Heavy Stereo Hurricane # 1 Noel Gallagher 's High Flying Birds Ride The Rain No Way Sis People Jay Darlington Tony Griffiths Terry Kirkbride Alan McGee Scott McLeod Owen Morris Dave Sardy Paul Stacey Steve White Albums and Songs The Dreams We Have as Children Standing on the Edge of the Noise `` Wibbling Rivalry '' `` Stop the Clocks '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Look_Back_in_Anger&oldid=853224247 '' Categories : Oasis ( band ) songs 1996 singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Scotland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Creation Records singles Music videos directed by Nigel Dick Rock ballads 1995 songs Songs written by Noel Gallagher Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use dmy dates from May 2012 Use British English from May 2012 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with trivia sections from May 2018 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadarock Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 07 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who sings on don't look back in anger
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"\"Don't Look Back in Anger\" is a song by the English rock band Oasis. It was released on 19 February 1996 as the fifth single from their second studio album, (What's the Story) Morning Glory? (1995). The song was written by the band's guitarist and main songwriter, Noel Gallagher. It became the band's second single to reach number one on the UK Singles Chart, where it also went platinum.[1] \"Don't Look Back in Anger\" was also the first Oasis single with lead vocals by Noel (who had previously only sung lead on B-sides) instead of his brother, Liam.\n"
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"Noel Gallagher"
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Boston Red Sox spring training home
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Boston Red Sox spring training home - wikipedia Boston Red Sox spring training home Jump to : navigation , search Since 1993 , the city of Fort Myers in Lee County , Florida , United States has been the Spring training home of the Boston Red Sox when the club moved from Winter Haven . Boston trains at the JetBlue Park at Fenway South since the ballpark opened in 2012 , and the minor - league facility , featuring five full fields , is also within the Fenway South complex . The Minnesota Twins play their spring training at Hammond Stadium , which is also located in Fort Myers . Each spring the two teams will play five of their preseason games against each other in a series known as the Mayor 's Cup . New spring facility opened in 2012 ( edit ) The Red Sox 's spring training lease with Fort Myers runs through 2019 , however , the Red Sox began toying with exercising an early out in their contract that allowed them to leave following the 2009 spring season . Chief operating officer Mike Dee met with Sarasota officials on April 25 , 2008 to discuss the possibility of the Red Sox moving to Sarasota 's Ed Smith Stadium once its current spring inhabitants , the Baltimore Orioles , move to their new spring home in Sarasota . On October 28 , 2008 , the Lee County commission voted 13 - 11 to approve an agreement with the Boston Red Sox to build a new spring - training facility for the team in south Lee County . Dee was present in the chambers for the vote , and took the agreement back to Boston to meet with team owner John W. Henry and other team officials . On November 15 , 2008 , the Red Sox signed an agreement with Lee County that will keep their spring training home in the Fort Myers area for 20 more years . Wednesday , April 10 , 2008 , the Lee County commissioners selected the Watermen - Pinnacle site on Daniels Parkway ( a little more than a mile east of Interstate 75 ) as the site for the new facility . On March 29 , 2011 , it was announced that the new field would be named JetBlue Park at Fenway South . The park was named JetBlue Park after JetBlue Airlines , which has maintained major operations at Boston 's Logan International Airport since 2004 . The new stadium opened in March , 2012 . Many characteristics of the stadium were taken from Fenway Park , including a 37 - foot ( 11 m ) Green Monster wall in left field , featuring seating on top of and behind the wall . Included in the wall is a restored version of the manual scoreboard that was housed at Fenway for almost 30 years , beginning in the 1970s . The field dimensions at JetBlue Park are identical to those at Fenway . Previous Boston Red Sox Spring Training Locations ( edit ) Charlottesville , Virginia ( 1901 ) Augusta , Georgia ( 1902 ) Macon , Georgia ( 1903 - 06 ) Little Rock , Arkansas ( 1907 - 08 ) Hot Springs , Arkansas : Majestic Park , Whittington Park , ( 1909 - 10 , 1912 - 18 , 1920 - 23 ) Redondo Beach , California ( 1911 ) Tampa , Florida ( 1919 ) San Antonio , Texas ( 1924 ) New Orleans , Louisiana ( 1925 - 27 ) Bradenton , Florida ( 1928 - 29 ) Pensacola , Florida ( 1930 - 31 ) Savannah , Georgia ( 1932 ) Sarasota , Florida ( 1933 - 42 , 1946 - 58 ) Medford , Massachusetts ( 1943 - 44 ) Atlantic City , New Jersey ( 1945 ) Scottsdale , Arizona ( 1959 - 65 ) Winter Haven , Florida ( 1966 - 92 ) Fort Myers , Florida ( 1993 - present ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` County targets 2012 for Red Sox project by Glenn Miller , Fort Myers News - Press '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Lee County commissioners approve Red Sox agreement '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox to stay in Fort Myers for 30 more springs '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue puts stamp on Red Sox Complex '' . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/blog/boston/red-sox/post/_/id/9145/sox-new-facility-to-be-named-jet-blue-park ^ Jump up to : Abraham , Peter ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` Red Sox announce spring training ticket prices at new JetBlue Park '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 07 . 2005 Spring Training On Line Boston Red Sox Formerly the Boston Americans Based in Boston , Massachusetts Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Owners and executives Managers Coaches Captains Broadcasters Opening Day starters First - round draft picks Logos and uniforms Hall of Fame Ballparks Huntington Avenue Grounds Braves Field Fenway Park Spring training Venues Majestic Park Plant Field Whittington Park Riverside Park Ninth Street Park Payne Park Bader Field Scottsdale Stadium Chain of Lakes Park City of Palms Park JetBlue Park at Fenway South Culture Red Sox Nation Royal Rooters `` Nuf Ced '' McGreevy Curse of the Bambino Green Monster Pesky 's Pole Wally the Green Monster Victoria Snelgrove `` Tessie '' `` Dirty Water '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Dream On '' `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Three Little Birds '' Field of Dreams Good Will Hunting Fever Pitch Moneyball Game 6 The Town The Jimmy Fund Yawkey Way Kenmore Square Citgo Sign Golden Outfield Carl Beane Sherm Feller Cheers Still , We Believe : The Boston Red Sox Movie Four Days in October Red Sox Rule Lore Cy Young 's perfect game Slaughter 's Mad Dash Babe Ruth 's 573 - foot home run into Alligator Farm 1948 AL tie - breaker game The Impossible Dream Carlton Fisk waves it fair 1978 AL East tie - breaker game Bill Buckner 's error Aaron Boone 's home run The bloody sock `` Idiots '' break the curse Boston Strong Rivalries New York Yankees Administration Owners : Fenway Sports Group John W. Henry Tom Werner President and CEO : Sam Kennedy President of Baseball Operations : Dave Dombrowski General Manager : Vacant Manager : Alex Cora World Series Championships ( 8 ) 1903 1912 1915 1916 1918 2007 2013 League Pennants ( 13 ) 1903 1904 1912 1915 1916 1918 1946 1967 1986 2007 2013 Division championships ( 9 ) 1986 1988 1990 1995 2007 2013 2016 2017 Wild card berths ( 7 ) 1998 1999 2003 2005 2008 2009 Minor league affiliates AAA Pawtucket Red Sox AA Portland Sea Dogs A Adv . Salem Red Sox Greenville Drive Short A Lowell Spinners Rookie GCL Red Sox DSL Red Sox Broadcasting Television New England Sports Network ( NESN ) Radio WEEI - FM Radio network affiliates Broadcasters Dave O'Brien Jerry Remy Joe Castiglione Tim Neverett Uri Berenguer Juan Oscar Baez Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990s 1990 1991 1993 1995 1998 1999 2000s 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Red_Sox_spring_training_home&oldid=802894499 '' Categories : Boston Red Sox spring training venues Sports in Fort Myers , Florida Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 03 : 19 . About Wikipedia
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where is the red sox spring training held
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"Since 1993, the city of Fort Myers in Lee County, Florida, United States has been the Spring training home of the Boston Red Sox when the club moved from Winter Haven. Boston trains at the JetBlue Park at Fenway South since the ballpark opened in 2012, and the minor-league facility, featuring five full fields, is also within the Fenway South complex."
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"JetBlue Park at Fenway South"
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Channel Tunnel
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Channel tunnel - wikipedia Channel tunnel Jump to : navigation , search Channel Tunnel Map of the Channel Tunnel Overview Location English Channel ( Strait of Dover ) Coordinates 51 ° 00 ′ 45 '' N 1 ° 30 ′ 15 '' E / 51.0125 ° N 1.5041 ° E / 51.0125 ; 1.5041 Coordinates : 51 ° 00 ′ 45 '' N 1 ° 30 ′ 15 '' E / 51.0125 ° N 1.5041 ° E / 51.0125 ; 1.5041 Status Active Start Folkestone , Kent , England , United Kingdom ( 51 ° 5 ′ 49.5 '' N 1 ° 9 ′ 21 '' E / 51.097083 ° N 1.15583 ° E / 51.097083 ; 1.15583 ( Folkestone Portal ) ) End Coquelles , Pas - de-Calais , Hauts - de-France , France ( 50 ° 55 ′ 22 '' N 1 ° 46 ′ 50.16 '' E / 50.92278 ° N 1.7806000 ° E / 50.92278 ; 1.7806000 ( Coquelles Portal ) ) Operation Opened 6 May 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 06 ) ( tunnel ) 14 November 1994 ( passenger service ) Owner Eurotunnel Operator Eurotunnel Eurostar DB Schenker Rail ( UK ) Character Through - rail passenger and freight . Vehicle shuttle . Technical Line length 50.45 km ( 31.35 mi ) No. of tracks 2 single track tunnels 1 service tunnel Track gauge 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ) ( standard gauge ) Electrified 25 kV AC OHLE , 5.87 m Operating speed 160 kilometres per hour ( 99 mph ) ( hide ) Channel Tunnel / Eurotunnel Legend High Speed 1 to Ashford International South Eastern Main Line to Ashford International Dollands Moor LC ( AHBC ) DC ┇ AC changeover Dollands Moor Freight Yard Grange Alders Viaduct ( 526 m 575 yd ) │ Balancing Ponds Viaduct ( 120 m 131 yd ) Dover Line Viaduct ( 116 m 127 yd ) South Eastern Main Line to Dover Priory M20 / A20 Viaduct ( 309 m 338 yd ) HS1 / CTRL Eurotunnel - 1.659 km - 1.031 mi Cheriton Cut - and - Cover Tunnel ( 1010 m 1105 yd ) Folkestone Shuttle Terminal ( Cheriton ) - 4.436 km - 2.756 mi Folkestone Shuttle Sidings Cheriton Junction Service Road Castle Hill Tunnel Portal 0 km 0 mi UK Crossovers 0.478 km 0.297 mi Holywell Cut - and - Cover Tunnel 0.882 km 0.548 mi Shakespeare Cliff Shaft ( Adits A1 & A2 ) English Channel UK Undersea Crossover 17.062 km 10.602 mi United Kingdom France 26.988 km 16.77 mi French Undersea Crossover 34.688 km 21.554 mi Manche Sangatte Shaft Beussingues Tunnel Portal 50.459 km 31.354 mi Beussingues Trench French Crossover Service Road LGV Nord to Calais - Fréthun and Lille Europe LGV Nord / Lille to Fontinettes Railway ┇ Eurotunnel Fréthun Freight Yard Coquelles Eurotunnel Depot Lille to Fontinettes Railway to Les Fontinettes Calais Shuttle Terminal ( Coquelles ) 57.795 km 35.912 mi Mileages from Castle Hill Tunnel Portal Mileages to terminals measured around terminal loops The Channel Tunnel ( French : Le tunnel sous la Manche ; also nicknamed Chunnel ) is a 50.45 - kilometre ( 31.35 mi ) rail tunnel linking Folkestone , Kent , in the United Kingdom , with Coquelles , Pas - de-Calais , near Calais in northern France , beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover . At its lowest point , it is 75 m ( 250 ft ) deep below the sea bed , and 115 m ( 380 ft ) below sea level . At 37.9 kilometres ( 23.5 mi ) , the tunnel has the longest undersea portion of any tunnel in the world , although the Seikan Tunnel in Japan is both longer overall at 53.85 kilometres ( 33.46 mi ) and deeper at 240 metres ( 790 ft ) below sea level . The speed limit for trains in the tunnel is 160 kilometres per hour ( 99 mph ) . The tunnel carries high - speed Eurostar passenger trains , the Eurotunnel Shuttle for road vehicles -- the largest such transport in the world -- and international goods trains . The tunnel connects end - to - end with the LGV Nord and High Speed 1 high - speed railway lines . Ideas for a cross-Channel fixed link appeared as early as 1802 , but British political and press pressure over the compromising of national security stalled attempts to construct a tunnel . An early attempt at building a Channel Tunnel was made in the late 19th century , on the English side `` in the hope of forcing the hand of the English Government '' . The eventual successful project , organised by Eurotunnel , began construction in 1988 and opened in 1994 . At £ 5.5 billion ( 1985 prices ) , it was at the time the most expensive construction project ever proposed . The cost finally came in at £ 9 billion ( $21 billion ) , well over its predicted budget . Since its construction , the tunnel has faced a few mechanical problems . Both fires and cold weather have temporarily disrupted its operation . Illegal immigrants have attempted to use the tunnel to enter the UK since 1997 , creating the ongoing issue of the Migrants around Calais on the French side , causing both diplomatic disagreement , as well as violence . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Earlier proposals 1.2 Initiation of project 1.3 Arrangement 1.4 Construction 1.5 Completion 2 Engineering 2.1 Geology 2.2 Surveying 2.3 Tunnelling 2.4 Railway design 2.4. 1 Communications 2.4. 2 Power supply 2.4. 3 Signalling 2.4. 4 Track system 2.4. 5 Ventilation , cooling and drainage 2.5 Rolling stock 2.5. 1 Eurotunnel Shuttle 2.5. 2 Freight locomotives 2.5. 3 International passenger 2.5. 4 Service locomotives 3 Operation 3.1 Usage and services 3.1. 1 Passenger traffic volumes 3.1. 2 Freight traffic volumes 3.1. 3 Economic performance 3.1. 4 Security 4 Terminals 5 Regional impact 6 Unauthorized immigration 6.1 Diplomatic efforts 6.2 Deaths 7 Mechanical incidents 7.1 Fires 7.2 Train failures 7.3 Safety 8 Unusual traffic 9 Mobile network coverage 10 Other ( non-transport ) services 11 Channel Tunnel in popular culture 12 See also 13 References 14 Sources 15 Further reading 16 External links Origins ( edit ) Earlier proposals ( edit ) Key dates * 1802 : Albert Mathieu put forward a cross-Channel tunnel proposal . 1875 : The Channel Tunnel Company Ltd began preliminary trials 1882 : The Abbot 's Cliff heading had reached 897 yards ( 820 m ) and that at Shakespeare Cliff was 2,040 yards ( 1,870 m ) in length January 1975 : A UK -- France government - backed scheme , that started in 1974 , was cancelled February 1986 : The Treaty of Canterbury was signed , allowing the project to proceed June 1988 : First tunnelling commenced in France December 1988 : UK TBM commenced operation December 1990 : Service tunnel broke through under the Channel May 1994 : Tunnel formally opened by Queen Elizabeth II and President Mitterrand Mid-1994 : Freight and passenger trains commenced operation November 1996 : Fire in a lorry shuttle severely damaged the tunnel November 2007 : High Speed 1 , linking London to the tunnel , opened September 2008 : Another fire in a lorry shuttle severely damaged the tunnel December 2009 : Eurostar trains stranded in the tunnel due to melting snow affecting the trains ' electrical hardware November 2011 : First commercial freight service run on High Speed 1 In 1802 , Albert Mathieu - Favier , a French mining engineer , put forward a proposal to tunnel under the English Channel , with illumination from oil lamps , horse - drawn coaches , and an artificial island positioned mid-Channel for changing horses . Mathieu - Favier 's design envisaged a bored two - level tunnel with the top tunnel used for transport and the bottom one for groundwater flows . In 1839 , Aimé Thomé de Gamond , a Frenchman , performed the first geological and hydrographical surveys on the Channel , between Calais and Dover . Thomé de Gamond explored several schemes and , in 1856 , he presented a proposal to Napoleon III for a mined railway tunnel from Cap Gris - Nez to Eastwater Point with a port / airshaft on the Varne sandbank at a cost of 170 million francs , or less than £ 7 million . Thomé de Gamond 's plan of 1856 for a cross-Channel link , with a port / airshaft on the Varne sandbank mid-Channel In 1865 , a deputation led by George Ward Hunt proposed the idea of a tunnel to the Chancellor of the Exchequer of the day , William Ewart Gladstone . Around 1866 , William Low and Sir John Hawkshaw promoted ideas , but apart from preliminary geological studies none were implemented . An official Anglo - French protocol was established in 1876 for a cross-Channel railway tunnel . In 1881 , the British railway entrepreneur Sir Edward Watkin and Alexandre Lavalley , a French Suez Canal contractor , were in the Anglo - French Submarine Railway Company that conducted exploratory work on both sides of the Channel . On the English side a 2.13 - metre ( 7 ft ) diameter Beaumont - English boring machine dug a 1,893 - metre ( 6,211 ft ) pilot tunnel from Shakespeare Cliff . On the French side , a similar machine dug 1,669 m ( 5,476 ft ) from Sangatte . The project was abandoned in May 1882 , owing to British political and press campaigns asserting that a tunnel would compromise Britain 's national defences . These early works were encountered more than a century later during the TML project . In 1919 , during the Paris Peace Conference , the British prime minister , David Lloyd George , repeatedly brought up the idea of a Channel tunnel as a way of reassuring France about British willingness to defend against another German attack . The French did not take the idea seriously , and nothing came of Lloyd George 's proposal . In the 1920s Winston Churchill was an advocate for the Channel Tunnel , using that exact nomenclature in an essay entitled `` Should Strategists Veto The Tunnel ? '' The essay was published on 27 July 1924 in the Weekly Dispatch , and argued vehemently against those that believed the tunnel could be used by a Continental enemy in an invasion of Britain . Churchill extolled his enthusiasm for the project again in an article for the Daily Mail on 12 February 1936 , `` Why Not A Channel Tunnel ? '' There was another proposal in 1929 , but nothing came of this discussion and the idea was shelved . Proponents estimated construction to be about US $150 million . The engineers had addressed the concerns of both nations ' military leaders by designing two sumps -- one near the coast of each country -- that could be flooded at will to block the tunnel . This design feature did not override the concerns of both nations ' military leaders , and other concerns about hordes of undesirable tourists who would disrupt English habits of living . Military fears continued during the Second World War . After the fall of France , as Britain prepared for an expected German invasion , a Royal Navy officer in the Directorate of Miscellaneous Weapons Development calculated that Hitler could use slave labour to build two Channel tunnels in 18 months . The estimate caused rumours that Germany had already begun digging . A British film from Gaumont Studios , The Tunnel ( also called TransAtlantic Tunnel ) , was released in 1935 as a futuristic science fiction project concerning the creation of a transatlantic tunnel . It referred briefly to its protagonist , a Mr. McAllan , as having completed a British Channel tunnel successfully in 1940 , five years into the future of the film 's release . By 1955 , defence arguments had become less relevant due to the dominance of air power , and both the British and French governments supported technical and geological surveys . In 1958 the 1881 workings were cleared in preparation for a £ 100,000 geological survey by the Channel Tunnel Study Group . 30 % of the funding came from the Channel Tunnel Co Ltd , the largest shareholder of which was the British Transport Commission , as successor to the South Eastern Railway . A detailed geological survey was carried out in 1964 -- 65 . Although the two countries agreed to build a tunnel in 1964 , the phase 1 initial studies and signing of a second agreement to cover phase 2 took until 1973 . Construction work of this government - funded project to create two tunnels designed to accommodate car shuttle wagons on either side of a service tunnel started on both sides of the Channel in 1974 . On 20 January 1975 , to the dismay of their French partners , the now - governing Labour Party in Britain cancelled the project due to uncertainty about EEC membership , doubling cost estimates and the general economic crisis at the time . By this time the British tunnel boring machine was ready and the Ministry of Transport was able to do a 300 m ( 980 ft ) experimental drive . This short tunnel was reused as the starting and access point for tunnelling operations from the British side . The cancellation costs were estimated to be £ 17 million . Opposition to the tunnel over the decades reflected the high value the British placed on their insularity , and their preference for imperial links that they controlled directly . Only after the British Empire collapsed in the 1950s , and air travel replaced sea travel , could they appreciate the desirability of closer ties to the continent . With opposition fading , the government could more carefully consider the long - term economic and strategic value , and the new sense of a European identity . The British government 's attitude toward a tunnel changed from hostility in 1948 to acceptance and promotion in 1964 . This change reflected not only a more favourable view of being part of European unity , but also the calculation that the tunnel would provide economic advantages , especially if Britain ever joined the European Economic Community . By the 1960s , British attitudes toward the tunnel also reflected a realistic reappraisal of the country 's international status : after Suez 1956 everyone realized the islands were no longer a super-power . Britain 's prestige and security now seemed safest when tied closely to the continent . Initiation of project ( edit ) See also : Premiership of Margaret Thatcher § Channel Tunnel In 1979 , the `` Mouse - hole Project '' was suggested when the Conservatives came to power in Britain . The concept was a single - track rail tunnel with a service tunnel , but without shuttle terminals . The British government took no interest in funding the project , but Margaret Thatcher , the prime minister , said she had no objection to a privately funded project . In 1981 Thatcher and François Mitterrand , the French president , agreed to establish a working group to evaluate a privately funded project . In June 1982 the Franco - British study group favoured a twin tunnel to accommodate conventional trains and a vehicle shuttle service . In April 1985 promoters were invited to submit scheme proposals . Four submissions were shortlisted : a rail proposal based on the 1975 scheme presented by Channel Tunnel Group / France -- Manche ( CTG / F -- M ) , Eurobridge : a 4.5 km ( 2.8 mi ) span suspension bridge with a roadway in an enclosed tube Euroroute : a 21 km ( 13 mi ) tunnel between artificial islands approached by bridges , and Channel Expressway : large diameter road tunnels with mid-channel ventilation towers . The cross-Channel ferry industry protested under the name `` Flexilink '' . In 1975 there was no campaign protesting against a fixed link , with one of the largest ferry operators ( Sealink ) being state - owned . Flexilink continued rousing opposition throughout 1986 and 1987 . Public opinion strongly favoured a drive - through tunnel , but ventilation issues , concerns about accident management , and fear of driver mesmerisation led to the only shortlisted rail submission , CTG / F-M , being awarded the project in January 1986 . Among reasons given for the selection was that it caused least disruption to shipping in the Channel , least environmental disruption , was the best protected against terrorism , and was the most likely to attract sufficient private finance . Arrangement ( edit ) A block diagram describing the organisation structure used on the project . Eurotunnel is the central organisation for construction and operation ( via a concession ) of the tunnel The British Channel Tunnel Group consisted of two banks and five construction companies , while their French counterparts , France -- Manche , consisted of three banks and five construction companies . The role of the banks was to advise on financing and secure loan commitments . On 2 July 1985 , the groups formed Channel Tunnel Group / France -- Manche ( CTG / F -- M ) . Their submission to the British and French governments was drawn from the 1975 project , including 11 volumes and a substantial environmental impact statement . The design and construction was done by the ten construction companies in the CTG / F-M group . The French terminal and boring from Sangatte was undertaken by the five French construction companies in the joint venture group GIE Transmanche Construction . The English Terminal and boring from Shakespeare Cliff was undertaken by the five British construction companies in the Translink Joint Venture . The two partnerships were linked by TransManche Link ( TML ) , a bi-national project organisation . The Maître d'Oeuvre was a supervisory engineering body employed by Eurotunnel under the terms of the concession that monitored project activity and reported back to the governments and banks . In France , with its long tradition of infrastructure investment , the project garnered widespread approval . In April the French National Assembly gave unanimous support and , in June 1987 , after a public inquiry , the Senate gave unanimous support . In Britain , select committees examined the proposal , making history by holding hearings away from Westminster , in Kent . In February 1987 , the third reading of the Channel Tunnel Bill took place in the House of Commons , and was carried by 94 votes to 22 . The Channel Tunnel Act gained Royal assent and passed into law in July . Parliamentary support for the project came partly from provincial members of Parliament on the basis of promises of regional Eurostar through train services that never materialised ; the promises were repeated in 1996 when the contract for construction of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link was awarded . The tunnel is a build - own - operate - transfer ( BOOT ) project with a concession . TML would design and build the tunnel , but financing was through a separate legal entity , Eurotunnel . Eurotunnel absorbed CTG / F-M and signed a construction contract with TML , but the British and French governments controlled final engineering and safety decisions , now in the hands of the Channel Tunnel Safety Authority . The British and French governments gave Eurotunnel a 55 - year operating concession ( from 1987 ; extended by 10 years to 65 years in 1993 ) to repay loans and pay dividends . A Railway Usage Agreement was signed between Eurotunnel , British Rail and SNCF guaranteeing future revenue in exchange for the railways obtaining half of the tunnel 's capacity . Private funding for such a complex infrastructure project was of unprecedented scale . An initial equity of £ 45 million was raised by CTG / F-M , increased by £ 206 million private institutional placement , £ 770 million was raised in a public share offer that included press and television advertisements , a syndicated bank loan and letter of credit arranged £ 5 billion . Privately financed , the total investment costs at 1985 prices were £ 2.6 billion . At the 1994 completion actual costs were , in 1985 prices , £ 4.65 billion : an 80 % cost overrun . The cost overrun was partly due to enhanced safety , security , and environmental demands . Financing costs were 140 % higher than forecast . Construction ( edit ) Working from both the English side and the French side of the Channel , eleven tunnel boring machines or TBMs cut through chalk marl to construct two rail tunnels and a service tunnel . The vehicle shuttle terminals are at Cheriton ( part of Folkestone ) and Coquelles , and are connected to the English M20 and French A16 motorways respectively . Tunnelling commenced in 1988 , and the tunnel began operating in 1994 . In 1985 prices , the total construction cost was £ 4.65 billion ( equivalent to £ 13 billion in 2015 ) , an 80 % cost overrun . At the peak of construction 15,000 people were employed with daily expenditure over £ 3 million . Ten workers , eight of them British , were killed during construction between 1987 and 1993 , most in the first few months of boring . Completion ( edit ) Class 319 EMUs ran excursions trips into the tunnel from Sandling railway station on 7 May 1994 , the first passenger trains to do so A two - inch ( 50 - mm ) diameter pilot hole allowed the service tunnel to break through without ceremony on 30 October 1990 . On 1 December 1990 , Englishman Graham Fagg and Frenchman Phillippe Cozette broke through the service tunnel with the media watching . Eurotunnel completed the tunnel on time , and it was officially opened , one year later than originally planned , by Queen Elizabeth II and the French president , François Mitterrand , in a ceremony held in Calais on 6 May 1994 . The Queen travelled through the tunnel to Calais on a Eurostar train , which stopped nose to nose with the train that carried President Mitterrand from Paris . Following the ceremony President Mitterrand and the Queen travelled on Le Shuttle to a similar ceremony in Folkestone . A full public service did not start for several months . The Channel Tunnel Rail Link ( CTRL ) , now called High Speed 1 , runs 69 miles ( 111 km ) from St Pancras railway station in London to the tunnel portal at Folkestone in Kent . It cost £ 5.8 billion . On 16 September 2003 the prime minister , Tony Blair , opened the first section of High Speed 1 , from Folkestone to north Kent . On 6 November 2007 the Queen officially opened High Speed 1 and St Pancras International station , replacing the original slower link to Waterloo International railway station . High Speed 1 trains travel at up to 300 km / h ( 186 mph ) , the journey from London to Paris taking 2 hours 15 minutes , to Brussels 1 hour 51 minutes . In 1994 , the American Society of Civil Engineers elected the tunnel as one of the seven modern Wonders of the World . In 1995 , the American magazine Popular Mechanics published the results . Engineering ( edit ) The Channel Tunnel exhibit at the National Railway Museum in York , England , showing the circular cross section of the tunnel with the overhead line powering a Eurostar train . Also visible is the segmented tunnel lining Surveying undertaken in the 20 years before construction confirmed earlier speculations that a tunnel could be bored through a chalk marl stratum . The chalk marl is conducive to tunnelling , with impermeability , ease of excavation and strength . The chalk marl runs along the entire length of the English side of the tunnel , but on the French side a length of 5 kilometres ( 3 mi ) has variable and difficult geology . The tunnel consists of three bores : two 7.6 - metre ( 25 ft ) diameter rail tunnels , 30 metres ( 98 ft ) apart , 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) in length with a 4.8 - metre ( 16 ft ) diameter service tunnel in between . The three bores are connected by cross-passages and piston relief ducts . The service tunnel was used as a pilot tunnel , boring ahead of the main tunnels to determine the conditions . English access was provided at Shakespeare Cliff , French access from a shaft at Sangatte . The French side used five tunnel boring machines ( TBMs ) , the English side six . The service tunnel uses Service Tunnel Transport System ( STTS ) and Light Service Tunnel Vehicles ( LADOGS ) . Fire safety was a critical design issue . Between the portals at Beussingue and Castle Hill the tunnel is 50.5 kilometres ( 31 mi ) long , with 3.3 kilometres ( 2 mi ) under land on the French side and 9.3 kilometres ( 6 mi ) on the UK side , and 37.9 kilometres ( 24 mi ) under sea . It is the third - longest rail tunnel in the world , behind the Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland and the Seikan Tunnel in Japan , but with the longest under - sea section . The average depth is 45 metres ( 148 ft ) below the seabed . On the UK side , of the expected 5 million cubic metres ( 6.5 × 10 ^ cu yd ) of spoil approximately 1 million cubic metres ( 1.3 × 10 ^ cu yd ) was used for fill at the terminal site , and the remainder was deposited at Lower Shakespeare Cliff behind a seawall , reclaiming 74 acres ( 30 ha ) of land . This land was then made into the Samphire Hoe Country Park . Environmental impact assessment did not identify any major risks for the project , and further studies into safety , noise , and air pollution were overall positive . However , environmental objections were raised over a high - speed link to London . Geology ( edit ) Geological profile along the tunnel as constructed . For most of its length the tunnel bores through a chalk marl stratum ( layer ) Successful tunnelling required a sound understanding of the topography and geology and the selection of the best rock strata through which to dig . The geology of this site generally consists of northeasterly dipping Cretaceous strata , part of the northern limb of the Wealden - Boulonnais dome . Characteristics include : Continuous chalk on the cliffs on either side of the Channel containing no major faulting , as observed by Verstegan in 1605 . Four geological strata , marine sediments laid down 90 -- 100 million years ago ; pervious upper and middle chalk above slightly pervious lower chalk and finally impermeable Gault Clay . A sandy stratum , glauconitic marl ( tortia ) , is in between the chalk marl and gault clay . A 25 -- 30 - metre ( 82 -- 98 ft ) layer of chalk marl ( French : craie bleue ) in the lower third of the lower chalk appeared to present the best tunnelling medium . The chalk has a clay content of 30 -- 40 % providing impermeability to groundwater yet relatively easy excavation with strength allowing minimal support . Ideally the tunnel would be bored in the bottom 15 metres ( 49 ft ) of the chalk marl , allowing water inflow from fractures and joints to be minimised , but above the gault clay that would increase stress on the tunnel lining and swell and soften when wet . On the English side , the stratum dip is less than 5 ° ; on the French side this increases to 20 ° . Jointing and faulting are present on both sides . On the English side , only minor faults of displacement less than 2 metres ( 7 ft ) exist ; on the French side , displacements of up to 15 metres ( 49 ft ) are present owing to the Quenocs anticlinal fold . The faults are of limited width , filled with calcite , pyrite and remoulded clay . The increased dip and faulting restricted the selection of route on the French side . To avoid confusion , microfossil assemblages were used to classify the chalk marl . On the French side , particularly near the coast , the chalk was harder , more brittle and more fractured than on the English side . This led to the adoption of different tunnelling techniques on the two sides . The Quaternary undersea valley Fosse Dangaered , and Castle Hill landslip at the English portal , caused concerns . Identified by the 1964 -- 65 geophysical survey , the Fosse Dangaered is an infilled valley system extending 80 metres ( 262 ft ) below the seabed , 500 metres ( 1,640 ft ) south of the tunnel route in mid-channel . A 1986 survey showed that a tributary crossed the path of the tunnel , and so the tunnel route was made as far north and deep as possible . The English terminal had to be located in the Castle Hill landslip , which consists of displaced and tipping blocks of lower chalk , glauconitic marl and gault debris . Thus the area was stabilised by buttressing and inserting drainage adits . The service tunnel acted as a pilot preceding the main ones , so that the geology , areas of crushed rock , and zones of high water inflow could be predicted . Exploratory probing took place in the service tunnel , in the form of extensive forward probing , vertical downward probes and sideways probing . Surveying ( edit ) Marine soundings and samplings by Thomé de Gamond were carried out during 1833 -- 67 , establishing the seabed depth at a maximum of 55 metres ( 180 ft ) and the continuity of geological strata ( layers ) . Surveying continued over many years , with 166 marine and 70 land - deep boreholes being drilled and over 4,000 - line - kilometres of marine geophysical survey completed . Surveys were undertaken in 1958 -- 1959 , 1964 -- 1965 , 1972 -- 1974 and 1986 -- 1988 . The surveying in 1958 -- 59 catered for immersed tube and bridge designs as well as a bored tunnel , and thus a wide area was investigated . At this time , marine geophysics surveying for engineering projects was in its infancy , with poor positioning and resolution from seismic profiling . The 1964 -- 65 surveys concentrated on a northerly route that left the English coast at Dover harbour ; using 70 boreholes , an area of deeply weathered rock with high permeability was located just south of Dover harbour . Given the previous survey results and access constraints , a more southerly route was investigated in the 1972 -- 73 survey , and the route was confirmed to be feasible . Information for the tunnelling project also came from work before the 1975 cancellation . On the French side at Sangatte , a deep shaft with adits was made . On the English side at Shakespeare Cliff , the government allowed 250 metres ( 820 ft ) of 4.5 - metre ( 15 ft ) diameter tunnel to be driven . The actual tunnel alignment , method of excavation and support were essentially the same as the 1975 attempt . In the 1986 -- 87 survey , previous findings were reinforced , and the characteristics of the gault clay and the tunnelling medium ( chalk marl that made up 85 % of the route ) were investigated . Geophysical techniques from the oil industry were employed . Tunnelling ( edit ) Typical cross section , with the service tunnel between twin rail ones ; shown linking the rail tunnels is a piston relief duct , necessary to manage pressure changes due to the movement of trains Tunnelling was a major engineering challenge , with the only precedent being the undersea Seikan Tunnel in Japan . A serious risk with underwater tunnels is major water inflow due to the pressure from the sea above , under weak ground conditions . The tunnel also had the challenge of time : being privately funded , early financial return was paramount . The objective was to construct two 7.6 - metre - diameter ( 25 ft ) rail tunnels , 30 metres ( 98 ft ) apart , 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) in length ; a 4.8 - metre - diameter ( 16 ft ) service tunnel between the two main ones ; pairs of 3.3 - metre - diameter ( 11 ft ) cross-passages linking the rail tunnels to the service one at 375 - metre ( 1,230 ft ) spacing ; piston relief ducts 2 metres ( 7 ft ) in diameter connecting the rail tunnels 250 metres ( 820 ft ) apart ; two undersea crossover caverns to connect the rail tunnels , with the service tunnel always preceding the main ones by at least 1 kilometre ( 0.6 mi ) to ascertain the ground conditions . There was plenty of experience with excavating through chalk in the mining industry , while the undersea crossover caverns were a complex engineering problem . The French one was based on the Mount Baker Ridge freeway tunnel in Seattle ; the UK cavern was dug from the service tunnel ahead of the main ones , to avoid delay . Precast segmental linings in the main TBM drives were used , but two different solutions were used . On the French side , neoprene and grout sealed bolted linings made of cast iron or high - strength reinforced concrete were used ; on the English side , the main requirement was for speed so bolting of cast - iron lining segments was only carried out in areas of poor geology . In the UK rail tunnels , eight lining segments plus a key segment were used ; in the French side , five segments plus a key . On the French side , a 55 - metre ( 180 ft ) diameter 75 - metre ( 246 ft ) deep grout - curtained shaft at Sangatte was used for access . On the English side , a marshalling area was 140 metres ( 459 ft ) below the top of Shakespeare Cliff , the New Austrian Tunnelling method ( NATM ) was first applied in the chalk marl here . On the English side , the land tunnels were driven from Shakespeare Cliff - same place as the marine tunnels - not from Folkestone . The platform at the base of the cliff was not large enough for all of the drives and , despite environmental objections , tunnel spoil was placed behind a reinforced concrete seawall , on condition of placing the chalk in an enclosed lagoon , to avoid wide dispersal of chalk fines . Owing to limited space , the precast lining factory was on the Isle of Grain in the Thames estuary , which used Scottish granite aggregate delivered by ship from the Foster Yeoman coastal super quarry at Glensanda in Loch Linnhe on the west coast of Scotland . On the French side , owing to the greater permeability to water , earth pressure balance TBMs with open and closed modes were used . The TBMs were of a closed nature during the initial 5 kilometres ( 3 mi ) , but then operated as open , boring through the chalk marl stratum . This minimised the impact to the ground , allowed high water pressures to be withstood and it also alleviated the need to grout ahead of the tunnel . The French effort required five TBMs : two main marine machines , one main land machine ( the short land drives of 3 km ( 2 mi ) allowed one TBM to complete the first drive then reverse direction and complete the other ) , and two service tunnel machines . On the English side , the simpler geology allowed faster open - faced TBMs . Six machines were used , all commenced digging from Shakespeare Cliff , three marine - bound and three for the land tunnels . Towards the completion of the undersea drives , the UK TBMs were driven steeply downwards and buried clear of the tunnel . These buried TBMs were then used to provide an electrical earth . The French TBMs then completed the tunnel and were dismantled . A 900 mm ( 35 in ) gauge railway was used on the English side during construction . In contrast to the English machines , which were given alphanumeric names , the French tunnelling machines were all named after women : Brigitte , Europa , Catherine , Virginie , Pascaline , Séverine . At the end of the tunnelling , one machine was on display at the side of the M20 motorway in Folkestone until Eurotunnel sold it on eBay for £ 39,999 to a scrap metal merchant . Another machine ( T4 `` Virginie '' ) still survives on the French side , adjacent to Junction 41 on the A16 , in the middle of the D243E3 / D243E4 roundabout . On it are the words `` hommage aux batisseurs du tunnel '' , meaning `` tribute to the builders of the tunnel '' . Railway design ( edit ) Interior of the Eurotunnel Shuttle , used to carry motor vehicles through the Channel Tunnel ( cars are unable to be driven through it ) between its two termini . This shuttle is the largest railway wagon in the world . Communications ( edit ) There are three communication systems : concession radio ( CR ) for mobile vehicles and personnel within Eurotunnel 's Concession ( terminals , tunnels , coastal shafts ) ; track - to - train radio ( TTR ) for secure speech and data between trains and the railway control centre ; Shuttle internal radio ( SIR ) for communication between shuttle crew and to passengers over car radios . This service was discontinued within one year of opening because of drivers ' difficulty setting their radios to the correct frequency ( 88.8 MHz ) . Power supply ( edit ) Power is delivered to the locomotives via an overhead line ( catenary ) at 25 kV 50 Hz . All tunnel services run on electricity , shared equally from English and French sources . There are two sub-stations fed at 400 kV at each terminal , but in an emergency the tunnel 's lighting ( about 20,000 light fittings ) and plant can be powered solely from either England or France . The traditional railway south of London uses a 750 V DC third rail to deliver electricity , but since the opening of High Speed 1 there is no longer any need for tunnel trains to use the third rail system . High Speed 1 , the tunnel and the LGV Nord all have power provided via overhead catenary at 25 kV 50 Hz . The railways on `` classic '' lines in Belgium are also electrified by overhead wires , but at 3000 V DC . Signalling ( edit ) A cab signalling system gives information directly to train drivers on a display . There is a train protection system that stops the train if the speed exceeds that indicated on the in - cab display . TVM430 , as used on LGV Nord and High Speed 1 , is used in the tunnel . The TVM signalling is interconnected with the signalling on the high - speed lines either side , allowing trains to enter and exit the tunnel system without stopping . The maximum speed is 160 km / h . Signalling in the tunnel is coordinated from two control centres : The main control centre at the Folkestone terminal , and a backup at the Calais terminal , which is staffed at all times and can take over all operations in the event of a breakdown or emergency . Track system ( edit ) This section may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . The talk page may contain suggestions . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Conventional ballasted tunnel - track was ruled out owing to the difficulty of maintenance and lack of stability and precision . The Sonneville International Corporation 's track system was chosen based on reliability and cost - effectiveness based on good performance in Swiss tunnels and worldwide . The type of track used is known as Low Vibration Track ( LVT ) . Like ballasted track the LVT is of the free floating type , held in place by gravity and friction . Reinforced concrete blocks of 100 kg support the rails every 60 cm and are held by 12 mm thick closed cell polymer foam pads placed at the bottom of rubber boots . The latter separate the blocks ' mass movements from the lean encasement concrete . Ballastless track provides extra overhead clearance necessary for the passage of larger trains . The corrugated rubber walls of the boots add a degree of isolation of horizontal wheel - rail vibrations , and are insulators of the track signal circuit in the humid tunnel environment . UIC60 ( 60 kg / m ) rails of 900A grade rest on 6 mm ( 0.2 in ) rail pads , which fit the RN / Sonneville bolted dual leaf - springs . The rails , LVT - blocks and their boots with pads were assembled outside the tunnel , in a fully automated process developed by the LVT inventor , Mr. Roger Sonneville . About 334,000 Sonneville blocks were made on the Sangatte site . Maintenance activities are less than projected . Initially the rails were ground on a yearly basis or after approximately 100MGT of traffic . Ride quality continues to be noticeably smooth and of low noise . Maintenance is facilitated by the existence of two tunnel junctions or crossover facilities , allowing for two - way operation in each of the six tunnel segments thereby created , and thus providing safe access for maintenance of one isolated tunnel segment at a time . The two crossovers are the largest artificial undersea caverns ever built ; 150 m long , 10 m high and 18 m wide . The English crossover is 8 km ( 5 mi ) from Shakespeare Cliff , and the French crossover is 12 km ( 7 mi ) from Sangatte . Ventilation , cooling and drainage ( edit ) The ventilation system maintains the air pressure in the service tunnel higher than in the rail tunnels , so that in the event of a fire , smoke does not enter the service tunnel from the rail tunnels . Two cooling water pipes in each rail tunnel circulate chilled water to remove heat generated by the rail traffic . Pumping stations remove water in the tunnels from rain , seepage , and so on . Rolling stock ( edit ) Entrance to the tunnel near Coquelles , France Eurotunnel shuttle ( edit ) Main articles : Eurotunnel Shuttle and Eurotunnel Class 9 Initially 38 Le Shuttle locomotives were commissioned , with one at each end of a shuttle train . The shuttles have two separate halves : single and double deck . Each half has two loading / unloading wagons and 12 carrier wagons . Eurotunnel 's original order was for nine tourist shuttles . Heavy goods vehicle ( HGV ) shuttles also have two halves , with each half containing one loading wagon , one unloading wagon and 14 carrier wagons . There is a club car behind the leading locomotive . Eurotunnel originally ordered six HGV shuttle rakes . Freight locomotives ( edit ) See also : British Rail Class 92 Forty - six Class 92 locomotives for hauling freight trains and overnight passenger trains ( the Nightstar project , which was abandoned ) were commissioned , running on both overhead AC and third - rail DC power . However , RFF does not let these run on French railways , so there are plans to certify Alstom Prima II locomotives for use in the tunnel . International passenger ( edit ) Main articles : British Rail Class 373 and British Rail Class 374 Thirty - one Eurostar trains , based on the French TGV , built to UK loading gauge with many modifications for safety within the tunnel , were commissioned , with ownership split between British Rail , French national railways ( SNCF ) and Belgian national railways ( SNCB ) . British Rail ordered seven more for services north of London . Around 2010 , Eurostar ordered ten trains from Siemens based on its Velaro product . Germany ( DB ) has since around 2005 tried to get permission to run train services to London . At the end of 2009 , extensive fire - proofing requirements were dropped and DB received permission to run German Intercity - Express ( ICE ) test trains through the tunnel . In June 2013 DB was granted access to the tunnel . In June 2014 the plans were shelved , because there are special safety rules that requires custom made trains ( DB calls them Class 407 ) . Service locomotives ( edit ) Diesel locomotives for rescue and shunting work are Eurotunnel Class 0001 and Eurotunnel Class 0031 . Operation ( edit ) The following chart presents the estimated number of passengers and tonnes of freight , respectively , annually transported through the Channel Tunnel since 1994 , in millions : Million passengers Million tonnes of freight Usage and services ( edit ) The British terminal at Cheriton in west Folkestone . The terminal services shuttle trains that carry vehicles , and is linked to the M20 motorway The Folkestone White Horse viewed at Cheriton terminal Transport services offered by the tunnel are as follows : Eurotunnel Le Shuttle roll - on roll - off shuttle service for road vehicles and their drivers and passengers , Eurostar passenger trains , through freight trains . Both the freight and passenger traffic forecasts that led to the construction of the tunnel were overestimated ; in particular , Eurotunnel 's commissioned forecasts were over-predictions . Although the captured share of Channel crossings was forecast correctly , high competition ( especially from budget airlines which expanded rapidly in the 1990s and 2000s ) and reduced tariffs led to low revenue . Overall cross-Channel traffic was overestimated . With the EU 's liberalisation of international rail services , the tunnel and High Speed 1 have been open to competition since 2010 . There have been a number of operators interested in running trains through the tunnel and along High Speed 1 to London . In June 2013 , after several years , DB obtained a licence to operate Frankfurt -- London trains , not expected to run before 2016 because of delivery delays of the custom - made trains . Passenger traffic volumes ( edit ) Cross-tunnel passenger traffic volumes peaked at 18.4 million in 1998 , dropped to 14.9 million in 2003 , then rose to 21.0 million in 2014 . At the time of the decision about building the tunnel , 15.9 million passengers were predicted for Eurostar trains in the opening year . In 1995 , the first full year , actual numbers were a little over 2.9 million , growing to 7.1 million in 2000 , then dropping to 6.3 million in 2003 . Eurostar was initially limited by the lack of a high - speed connection on the British side . After the completion of High Speed 1 in two stages in 2003 and 2007 , traffic increased . In 2008 , Eurostar carried 9,113,371 passengers , a 10 % increase over the previous year , despite traffic limitations due to the 2008 Channel Tunnel fire . Eurostar passenger numbers continued to increase , reaching 10,397,894 in 2014 . Year Passengers transported ... by Eurostar ( actual ticket sales ) by Eurotunnel Passenger Shuttles ( estimated , millions ) Total ( estimated , millions ) 1994 ~ 100,000 0.2 0.3 1995 2,920,309 4.4 7.3 4,995,010 7.9 12.9 1997 6,004,268 8.6 14.6 1998 6,307,849 12.1 18.4 1999 6,593,247 11.0 17.6 2000 7,130,417 9.9 17.0 2001 6,947,135 9.4 16.3 2002 6,602,817 8.6 15.2 2003 6,314,795 8.6 14.9 7,276,675 7.8 15.1 2005 7,454,497 8.2 15.7 2006 7,858,337 7.8 15.7 2007 8,260,980 7.9 16.2 2008 9,113,371 7.0 16.1 2009 9,220,233 6.9 16.1 9,528,558 7.5 17.0 2011 9,679,764 9.3 19.0 2012 9,911,649 10.0 19.9 2013 10,132,691 10.3 20.4 2014 10,397,894 10.6 21.0 2015 10,399,267 10.5 20.9 2016 10,011,337 10.7 20.7 only passengers taking Eurostar to cross the Channel Freight traffic volumes ( edit ) Freight volumes have been erratic , with a major decrease during 1997 due to a closure caused by a fire in a freight shuttle . Freight crossings increased over the period , indicating the substitutability of the tunnel by sea crossings . The tunnel has achieved a market share close to or above Eurotunnel 's 1980s predictions but Eurotunnel 's 1990 and 1994 predictions were overestimates . For through freight trains , the first year prediction was 7.2 million gross tonnes ; the actual 1995 figure was 1.3 M gross tonnes . Through freight volumes peaked in 1998 at 3.1 M tonnes . This fell back to 1.21 M tonnes in 2007 , increasing slightly to 1.24 M tonnes in 2008 . Together with that carried on freight shuttles , freight growth has occurred since opening , with 6.4 M tonnes carried in 1995 , 18.4 M tonnes recorded in 2003 and 19.6 M tonnes in 2007 . Numbers fell back in the wake of the 2008 fire . Year Freight Transported ( tonnes ) through freight trains Eurotunnel Truck Shuttles ( est. ) Total ( est . ) 1994 0 800,000 800,000 1995 1,349,802 5,100,000 6,400,000 2,783,774 6,700,000 9,500,000 1997 2,925,171 3,300,000 6,200,000 1998 3,141,438 9,200,000 12,300,000 1999 2,865,251 10,900,000 13,800,000 2000 2,947,385 14,700,000 17,600,000 2001 2,447,432 15,600,000 18,000,000 2002 1,463,580 15,600,000 17,100,000 2003 1,743,686 16,700,000 18,400,000 1,889,175 16,600,000 18,500,000 2005 1,587,790 17,000,000 18,600,000 2006 1,569,429 16,900,000 18,500,000 2007 1,213,647 18,400,000 19,600,000 2008 1,239,445 14,200,000 15,400,000 2009 1,181,089 10,000,000 11,200,000 1,128,079 14,200,000 15,300,000 2011 1,324,673 16,400,000 17,700,000 2012 1,227,139 19,000,000 20,200,000 2013 1,363,834 17,700,000 19,100,000 2014 1,648,047 18,700,000 20,350,000 2015 1,420,000 19,300,000 20,720,000 2016 1,040,000 21,300,000 22,340,000 Eurotunnel 's freight subsidiary is Europorte 2 . In September 2006 EWS , the UK 's largest rail freight operator , announced that owing to cessation of UK - French government subsidies of £ 52 million per annum to cover the tunnel `` Minimum User Charge '' ( a subsidy of around £ 13,000 per train , at a traffic level of 4,000 trains per annum ) , freight trains would stop running after 30 November . Economic performance ( edit ) Shares in Eurotunnel were issued at £ 3.50 per share on 9 December 1987 . By mid-1989 the price had risen to £ 11.00 . Delays and cost overruns led to the price dropping ; during demonstration runs in October 1994 it reached an all - time low . Eurotunnel suspended payment on its debt in September 1995 to avoid bankruptcy . In December 1997 the British and French governments extended Eurotunnel 's operating concession by 34 years , to 2086 . Financial restructuring of Eurotunnel occurred in mid-1998 , reducing debt and financial charges . Despite the restructuring , The Economist reported in 1998 that to break even Eurotunnel would have to increase fares , traffic and market share for sustainability . A cost benefit analysis of the tunnel indicated that there were few impacts on the wider economy and few developments associated with the project , and that the British economy would have been better off if it had not been constructed . Under the terms of the Concession , Eurotunnel was obliged to investigate a cross-Channel road tunnel . In December 1999 road and rail tunnel proposals were presented to the British and French governments , but it was stressed that there was not enough demand for a second tunnel . A three - way treaty between the United Kingdom , France and Belgium governs border controls , with the establishment of control zones wherein the officers of the other nation may exercise limited customs and law enforcement powers . For most purposes these are at either end of the tunnel , with the French border controls on the UK side of the tunnel and vice versa . For some city - to - city trains , the train is a control zone . A binational emergency plan coordinates UK and French emergency activities . In 1999 Eurostar posted its first net profit , having made a loss of £ 925m in 1995 . In 2005 Eurotunnel was described as being in a serious situation . In 2013 , operating profits rose 4 per cent from 2012 , to £ 54 million . Security ( edit ) There is a need for full passport controls , since this is the border between the Schengen Area and the Common Travel Area . There are juxtaposed controls , meaning that passports are checked before boarding first by officials belonging to departing country and then officials of the destination country . These are only placed at the main Eurostar stations : French officials operate at London St Pancras , Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International , while British officials operate at Calais - Fréthun , Lille - Europe , Brussels - South and Paris - Gare du Nord . There are security checks before boarding as well . For the shuttle road - vehicle trains , there are juxtaposed passport controls before boarding the trains . For Eurostar trains travelling from places south of Paris , there is no passport and security check before departure , and those trains must stop in Lille at least 30 minutes to allow all passengers to be checked . No checks are done on board . There have been plans for services from Amsterdam , Frankfurt and Cologne to London , but a major reason to cancel them was the need for a stop in Lille . The reason for juxtaposed controls is a wish to prevent illegal immigration before reaching British soil , and because a check of all passengers on a train can take 30 minutes , which creates long queues if done at arrival . Terminals ( edit ) Main articles : Eurotunnel Calais Terminal and Eurotunnel Folkestone Terminal Automobile entering a shuttle wagon at the French terminal at Coquelles The terminals ' sites are at Cheriton ( near Folkestone in the United Kingdom ) and Coquelles ( near Calais in France ) . The terminals are designed to transfer vehicles from the motorway onto trains at a rate of 700 cars and 113 heavy vehicles per hour . The UK site uses the M20 motorway for access . The terminals are organised with the frontier controls juxtaposed with the entry to the system to allow travellers to go onto the motorway at the destination country immediately after leaving the shuttle . The area of the UK site was severely constrained and the design was challenging . The French layout was achieved more easily . To achieve design output , the shuttles accept cars on double - deck wagons ; for flexibility , ramps were placed inside the shuttles to provide access to the top decks . At Folkestone there are 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) of main - line track , 45 turnouts and eight platforms . At Calais there are 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) of track and 44 turnouts . At the terminals the shuttle trains traverse a figure eight to reduce uneven wear on the wheels . There is a freight marshalling yard west of Cheriton at Dollands Moor Freight Yard . Regional impact ( edit ) A 1996 report from the European Commission predicted that Kent and Nord - Pas de Calais had to face increased traffic volumes due to general growth of cross-Channel traffic and traffic attracted by the tunnel . In Kent , a high - speed rail line to London would transfer traffic from road to rail . Kent 's regional development would benefit from the tunnel , but being so close to London restricts the benefits . Gains are in the traditional industries and are largely dependent on the development of Ashford International passenger station , without which Kent would be totally dependent on London 's expansion . Nord - Pas - de-Calais enjoys a strong internal symbolic effect of the Tunnel which results in significant gains in manufacturing . The removal of a bottleneck by means like the tunnel does not necessarily induce economic gains in all adjacent regions . The image of a region being connected to the European high - speed transport and active political response are more important for regional economic development . Some small - medium enterprises located in the immediate vicinity of the terminal have used the opportunity to re-brand the profile of their business with positive effect , such as The New Inn at Etchinghill which was able to commercially exploit its unique selling point as being ' the closest pub to the Channel Tunnel ' . Tunnel - induced regional development is small compared to general economic growth . The South East of England is likely to benefit developmentally and socially from faster and cheaper transport to continental Europe , but the benefits are unlikely to be equally distributed throughout the region . The overall environmental impact is almost certainly negative . Since the opening of the tunnel , small positive impacts on the wider economy have been felt , but it is difficult to identify major economic successes directly attributed to the tunnel . The Eurotunnel does operate profitably , offering an alternative transportation mode unaffected by poor weather . High costs of construction did delay profitability , however , and companies involved in the tunnel 's construction and operation early in operation relied on government aid to deal with debts amounted . Unauthorized immigration ( edit ) See also : Migrants around Calais and Calais jungle Illegal Immigrants and would - be asylum seekers have used the tunnel to attempt to enter Britain . By 1997 , the problem had attracted international press attention , and by 1999 , the French Red Cross opened the first migrant centre at Sangatte , using a warehouse once used for tunnel construction ; by 2002 , it housed up to 1,500 people at a time , most of them trying to get to the UK . In 2001 , most came from Afghanistan , Iraq , and Iran , but African countries were also represented . Eurotunnel , the company that operates the crossing , said that more than 37,000 migrants were intercepted between January and July 2015 . Approximately 3,000 migrants , mainly from Ethiopia , Eritrea , Sudan and Afghanistan , were living in the temporary camps erected in Calais at the time of an official count in July 2015 . An estimated 3,000 to 5,000 migrants were waiting in Calais for a chance to get to England . Britain and France operate a system of Juxtaposed controls on immigration and customs , where investigations happen before travel . France is part of the Schengen Agreement , which border checks between member nations have largely been abolished , but the United Kingdom is not . Most illegal immigrants and would - be asylum seekers who got into Britain found some way to ride a freight train . Trucks are loaded onto freight trains . In a few instances , groups of migrants were able to stowaway in the cargo area of a tanker truck carrying liquid chocolate and managed to survive , though they did not enter the UK in one attempt . Although the facilities were fenced , airtight security was deemed impossible ; migrants would even jump from bridges onto moving trains . In several incidents people were injured during the crossing ; others tampered with railway equipment , causing delays and requiring repairs . Eurotunnel said it was losing £ 5m per month because of the problem . In 2001 and 2002 , several riots broke out at Sangatte , and groups of migrants ( up to 550 in a December 2001 incident ) stormed the fences and attempted to enter en masse . Other migrants use the Eurostar passenger train . They arrive as legitimate Eurostar passengers , but without proper entry papers . Diplomatic efforts ( edit ) Local authorities in both France and the UK called for the closure of the Sangatte migrant camp , and Eurotunnel twice sought an injunction against the centre . The United Kingdom blamed France for allowing Sangatte to open , and France blamed both the UK for its lax asylum rules , and the EU for not having a uniform immigration policy . The cause célèbre nature of the problem even included journalists detained as they followed migrants onto railway property . In 2002 , after the European Commission told France that it was in breach of European Union rules on the free transfer of goods because of the delays and closures as a result of its poor security , a double fence was built at a cost of £ 5 million , reducing the numbers of migrants detected each week reaching Britain on goods trains from 250 to almost none . Other measures included CCTV cameras and increased police patrols . At the end of 2002 , the Sangatte centre was closed after the UK agreed to absorb some migrants . On 23 and 30 June 2015 , striking workers associated with MyFerryLink damaged the sections of track by burning car tires , leading to all trains being cancelled and a backlog of vehicles . Hundreds seeking to reach Britain made use of the situation to attempt to stowaway inside and underneath transport trucks destined for the United Kingdom . Extra security measures including : £ 2 - million upgrade of detection technology ; £ 1 million extra for dog searches ; £ 12 million ( over three years ) towards a joint fund with France for security surrounding the Port of Calais . Deaths ( edit ) Migrants take great risks to evade security precautions . By 2002 , a dozen migrants have died in crossing attempts . In the two months from June to July 2015 , ten migrants died near the French tunnel terminal , during a period when 1,500 attempts to evade security precautions were being made each day . On 6 July 2015 , a migrant died while attempting to climb onto a freight train while trying to reach Britain from the French side of the Channel . The previous month an Eritrean man was killed under similar circumstances . During the night of 28 July 2015 , one person aged 25 -- 30 , was found dead , after a night in which 1,500 -- 2,000 migrants had attempted to enter the Eurotunnel terminal . On 4 August 2015 , a Sudanese migrant walked nearly the entire length of one of the tunnels . He was arrested close to the British side , after having walked about 30 miles ( 48 km ) through the tunnel . On 20 June 2017 , a lorry driver was killed when migrants stopped vehicles on the A16 autoroute with a tree trunk , in order to stowaway in the cargo area . A van registered in Poland hit the lorry , and burst into fire , killing the van driver . Nine migrants from Eritrea have been arrested in connection with this incident . Mechanical incidents ( edit ) Fires ( edit ) Main articles : 1996 Channel Tunnel fire and 2008 Channel Tunnel fire There have been three fires in the tunnel , all on the heavy goods vehicle ( HGV ) shuttles , that were significant enough to close the tunnel , as well as other more minor incidents . On 9 December 1994 , during an `` invitation only '' testing phase , a fire broke out in a Ford Escort car whilst its owner was loading it onto the upper deck of a tourist shuttle . The fire started at about 10 : 00 , with the shuttle train stationary in the Folkestone terminal and was put out about 40 minutes later with no passenger injuries . On 18 November 1996 , a fire broke out on an HGV shuttle wagon in the tunnel , but nobody was seriously hurt . The exact cause is unknown , although it was neither a Eurotunnel equipment nor rolling stock problem ; it may have been due to arson of a heavy goods vehicle . It is estimated that the heart of the fire reached 1,000 ° C ( 1,800 ° F ) , with the tunnel severely damaged over 46 metres ( 151 ft ) , with some 500 metres ( 1,640 ft ) affected to some extent . Full operation recommenced six months after the fire . On 21 August 2006 , the tunnel was closed for several hours when a truck on an HGV shuttle train caught fire . On 11 September 2008 , a fire occurred in the Channel Tunnel at 13 : 57 GMT . The incident started on an HGV shuttle train travelling towards France . The event occurred 11 kilometres ( 6.8 mi ) from the French entrance to the tunnel . No one was killed but several people were taken to hospitals suffering from smoke inhalation , and minor cuts and bruises . The tunnel was closed to all traffic , with the undamaged South Tunnel reopening for limited services two days later . Full service resumed on 9 February 2009 after repairs costing € 60 million . On 29 November 2012 , the tunnel was closed for several hours after a truck on an HGV shuttle caught fire . On 17 January 2015 , both tunnels were closed following a lorry fire which filled the midsection of Running Tunnel North with smoke . Eurostar cancelled all services . The shuttle train had been heading from Folkestone to Coquelles and stopped adjacent to cross-passage CP 4418 just before 12 : 30 UTC . Thirty - eight passengers and four members of Eurotunnel staff were evacuated into the service tunnel , and then transported to France using special STTS road vehicles in the Service Tunnel . The passengers and crew were taken to the Eurotunnel Fire / Emergency Management Centre close to the French portal . Train failures ( edit ) On the night of 19 / 20 February 1996 , about 1,000 passengers became trapped in the Channel Tunnel when Eurostar trains from London broke down owing to failures of electronic circuits caused by snow and ice being deposited and then melting on the circuit boards . On 3 August 2007 , an electrical failure lasting six hours caused passengers to be trapped in the tunnel on a shuttle . On the evening of 18 December 2009 , during the December 2009 European snowfall , five London - bound Eurostar trains failed inside the tunnel , trapping 2,000 passengers for approximately 16 hours , during the coldest temperatures in eight years . A Eurotunnel spokesperson explained that snow had evaded the train 's winterisation shields , and the transition from cold air outside to the tunnel 's warm atmosphere had melted the snow , resulting in electrical failures . One train was turned back before reaching the tunnel ; two trains were hauled out of the tunnel by Eurotunnel Class 0001 diesel locomotives . The blocking of the tunnel led to the implementation of Operation Stack , the transformation of the M20 motorway into a linear car park . The occasion was the first time that a Eurostar train was evacuated inside the tunnel ; the failing of four at once was described as `` unprecedented '' . The Channel Tunnel reopened the following morning . Nirj Deva , Member of the European Parliament for South East England , had called for Eurostar chief executive Richard Brown to resign over the incidents . An independent report by Christopher Garnett ( former CEO of Great North Eastern Railway ) and Claude Gressier ( a French transport expert ) on the 18 / 19 December 2009 incidents was issued in February 2010 , making 21 recommendations . On 7 January 2010 , a Brussels -- London Eurostar broke down in the tunnel . The train had 236 passengers on board and was towed to Ashford ; other trains that had not yet reached the tunnel were turned back . Safety ( edit ) The Channel Tunnel Safety Authority is responsible for some aspects of safety regulation in the tunnel ; it reports to the IGC . ( hide ) Channel Tunnel safety North running tunnel Service tunnel South running tunnel Emergency door every 375 m The service tunnel is used for access to technical equipment in cross-passages and equipment rooms , to provide fresh - air ventilation and for emergency evacuation . The Service Tunnel Transport System ( STTS ) allows fast access to all areas of the tunnel . The service vehicles are rubber - tyred with a buried wire guidance system . The 24 STTS vehicles are used mainly for maintenance but also for firefighting and in emergencies . `` Pods '' with different purposes , up to a payload of 2.5 -- 5 t ( 2.8 -- 5.5 tons ) , are inserted into the side of the vehicles . The vehicles can not turn around within the tunnel , and are driven from either end . The maximum speed is 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) when the steering is locked . A fleet of 15 Light Service Tunnel Vehicles ( LADOGS ) was introduced to supplement the STTSs . The LADOGS have a short wheelbase with a 3.4 m ( 11 ft ) turning circle , allowing two - point turns within the service tunnel . Steering can not be locked like the STTS vehicles , and maximum speed is 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) . Pods up to 1 tonne can be loaded onto the rear of the vehicles . Drivers in the tunnel sit on the right , and the vehicles drive on the left . Owing to the risk of French personnel driving on their native right side of the road , sensors in the vehicles alert the driver if the vehicle strays to the right side . The three tunnels contain 6,000 tonnes ( 6,600 tons ) of air that needs to be conditioned for comfort and safety . Air is supplied from ventilation buildings at Shakespeare Cliff and Sangatte , with each building capable of providing 100 % standby capacity . Supplementary ventilation also exists on either side of the tunnel . In the event of a fire , ventilation is used to keep smoke out of the service tunnel and move smoke in one direction in the main tunnel to give passengers clean air . The tunnel was the first main - line railway tunnel to have special cooling equipment . Heat is generated from traction equipment and drag . The design limit was set at 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) , using a mechanical cooling system with refrigeration plants on both sides that run chilled water circulating in pipes within the tunnel . Trains travelling at high speed create piston - effect pressure changes that can affect passenger comfort , ventilation systems , tunnel doors , fans and the structure of the trains , and which drag on the trains . Piston relief ducts of 2 - metre ( 7 ft ) diameter were chosen to solve the problem , with 4 ducts per kilometre to give close to optimum results . Unfortunately this design led to unacceptable lateral forces on the trains so a reduction in train speed was required and restrictors were installed in the ducts . The safety issue of a possible fire on a passenger - vehicle shuttle garnered much attention , with Eurotunnel noting that fire was the risk attracting the most attention in a 1994 safety case for three reasons : the opposition of ferry companies to passengers being allowed to remain with their cars ; Home Office statistics indicating that car fires had doubled in ten years ; and the long length of the tunnel . Eurotunnel commissioned the UK Fire Research Station - now part of the Building Research Establishment - to give reports of vehicle fires , and liaised with Kent Fire Brigade to gather vehicle fire statistics over one year . Fire tests took place at the French Mines Research Establishment with a mock wagon used to investigate how cars burned . The wagon door systems are designed to withstand fire inside the wagon for 30 minutes , longer than the transit time of 27 minutes . Wagon air conditioning units help to purge dangerous fumes from inside the wagon before travel . Each wagon has a fire detection and extinguishing system , with sensing of ions or ultraviolet radiation , smoke and gases that can trigger halon gas to quench a fire . Since the HGV wagons are not covered , fire sensors are located on the loading wagon and in the tunnel . A 10 - inch ( 250 mm ) water main in the service tunnel provides water to the main tunnels at 125 - metre ( 410 ft ) intervals . The ventilation system can control smoke movement . Special arrival sidings accept a train that is on fire , as the train is not allowed to stop whilst on fire in the tunnel , unless continuing its journey would lead to a worse outcome . Eurotunnel has banned a wide range of hazardous goods from travelling in the tunnel . Two STTS ( Service Tunnel Transportation System ) vehicles with firefighting pods are on duty at all times , with a maximum delay of 10 minutes before they reach a burning train . Unusual traffic ( edit ) See also : Cycling in the Channel Tunnel In 2009 , former F1 racing champion John Surtees drove a Ginetta G50 EV electric sports car prototype from England to France , using the service tunnel , as part of a charity event . He was required to keep to the 50 - kilometre - per - hour ( 30 mph ) speed limit . To celebrate the 2014 Tour de France 's transfer from its opening stages in Britain to France in July of that year , Chris Froome of Team Sky rode a bicycle through the service tunnel , becoming the first solo rider to do so . The Crossing took under an hour , reaching speeds of 40 mph -- faster than most cross-channel ferries . Mobile network coverage ( edit ) Since 2012 , French operators Bouygues Telecom , Orange and SFR have covered Running Tunnel South , the tunnel bore normally used for travel from France to Britain . In January 2014 , UK operators EE and Vodafone signed ten - year contracts with Eurotunnel for Running Tunnel North . The agreements will enable both operators ' subscribers to use 2G and 3G services . Both EE and Vodafone plan to offer LTE services on the route ; EE said it expected to cover the route with LTE connectivity by summer 2014 . EE and Vodafone will offer Channel Tunnel network coverage for travellers from the UK to France . Eurotunnel said it also held talks with Three UK but has yet to reach an agreement with the operator . On 6 May 2014 , Eurotunnel announced that they had installed equipment from Alcatel - Lucent to cover Running Tunnel North and simultaneously to provide mobile service ( GSM 900 / 1800 MHz and UMTS 2100 MHz ) by EE , O and Vodafone . The service of EE and Vodafone commenced on the same date as the announcement . O service was expected to be available soon afterwards . On 21 November 2014 , EE announced that it had previously switched on LTE earlier in September 2014 . O turned on 2G , 3G and 4G services in November 2014 . Whilst Vodafone 's 4G was due to go live later . Other ( non-transport ) services ( edit ) Another usage of the Channel Tunnel is the 1,000 MW high - voltage direct current ElecLink connecting the electrical grids of the two countries , scheduled for 2019 at a cost of € 580m . The foundation stone of the Folkestone Converter Station was laid in February 2017 , by Jesse Norman , Minister for Industry and Energy . Channel tunnel in Popular culture ( edit ) In A Diplomatic Incident , the eleventh episode of the British sitcom Yes , Prime Minister , first screened in 1987 , Jim Hacker decides who is to negotiate with the French government over questions such as whether French or English should come first on signs and menus , and where the legal boundary between France and England should be in the tunnel . See also ( edit ) British Rail Class 373 Irish Sea tunnel Japan - Korea Undersea Tunnel List of rail megaprojects Marmaray Samphire Hoe Strait of Gibraltar crossing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Institution of Civil Engineers ( Great Britain ) ( 1995 ) . The Channel Tunnel : Transport systems , Volume 4 . 108 . Thomas Telford . p. 22 . ISBN 9780727720245 . Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionary of English ( 2nd ed . ) . OUP Oxford . 11 August 2005 . ISBN 3 - 411 - 02144 - 6 . Jump up ^ Stobart , Janet ( 20 December 2009 ) . `` Rail passengers spend a cold , dark night stranded in Chunnel '' . 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Eurotunnel. 15 January 2008 . Retrieved 21 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eurotunnel 2009 traffic and revenue figures '' . Eurotunnel. 10 January 2010 . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic and Revenue 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Eurotunnel . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 revenue and traffic figures for the Eurotunnel Group '' ( PDF ) . Eurotunnel . Retrieved 23 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Groupe Eurotunnel SA : traffic and revenue for 2013 '' . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eurotunnel Group 2014 Traffic and Revenue '' . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eurotunnel gets backing for freight service '' . AFX . Agence France - Presse. 28 October 2004 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Dominic ( 3 September 2006 ) . `` Chunnel cash row threatens freight trains '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 3 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Megaprojects and Risk : An Anatomy of Ambition '' ( PDF ) . josephcoates.com . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Flyvbjerg et al. pp. 32 -- 34 Jump up ^ Flyvbjerg , B. Buzelius ; N. Rothengatter , W ( 2003 ) . Megaprojects and Risk . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 68 -- 69 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 00946 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Eurotunnel unveils plans for second link '' . Birmingham Post . 6 January 2000 . Jump up ^ `` The CPS : Channel Tunnel '' . Crown Prosecution Service . Archived from the original on 20 February 2008 . Retrieved 11 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Kirkland p. 331 Jump up ^ `` Facts and figures Eurotunnel 2000 - 2004 / Forecast 2005 : Commentry and a suggestion '' . Adacte.com . June 2005 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2009 . Retrieved 21 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar hails ' record - breaking ' year as profits jump '' . The Independent ( UK ) . 5 March 2014 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Kirkland pp. 255 -- 270 Jump up ^ Kirkland pp. 157 -- 174 Jump up ^ European Commission pp. 220 -- 222 Jump up ^ European Commission pp. 248 -- 252 Jump up ^ Fayman , Sonia ; Metge , Pierre ( September 1995 ) . `` The regional impact of the Channel Tunnel : Qualitative and quantitative analysis '' . European Planning Studies . 3 ( 3 ) : 333 . doi : 10.1080 / 09654319508720310 . Jump up ^ Button , Kenneth ( July 1990 ) . `` The Channel Tunnel : The Economic Implications for the South East of England '' . The Geographical Journal . Blackwell Publishing . 156 ( 2 ) : 187 -- 199 . doi : 10.2307 / 635327 . JSTOR 635327 . Jump up ^ Flyvbjerg et al. p. 68 -- 69 Jump up ^ `` Eurotunnel revenues boosted by shuttle demand '' . UK : BBC . 18 January 2011 . Retrieved 18 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Michael ( 10 February 2004 ) . `` Eurotunnel calls for government support after record £ 1.3 bn loss '' . The Independent . UK . Retrieved 21 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eurotunnel has £ 4bn too much debt '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 12 January 2005 . Retrieved 21 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Clark , Andrew ( 21 February 2006 ) . `` Debt - laden Channel tunnel rail link is ' nationalised ' '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 21 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Kremer , Pierre ( February 2002 ) . `` Sangatte : A place of hope and despair '' . The Magazine of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement . Retrieved 4 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Caryl ( 17 November 2001 ) . `` Strangers in a strange land '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 4 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Britain and France Scramble as Channel Becomes Choke Point in Migration Crisis '' . The New York Times . 29 July 2015 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Singapore , Jessica Elgot Patrick Wintour in ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` Calais : man killed as migrants make 1,500 attempts to enter Eurotunnel site '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ ( www.dw.com ) , Deutsche Welle . `` More refugees attempt to reach Britain through Channel Tunnel News DW 30 July 2015 '' . DW.COM . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Adamson , Daniel Silas ; Akbiek , Mamdouh ( 31 March 2015 ) . `` I nearly drowned in chocolate '' . BBC World Service . Jump up ^ Stephens , Avril ( 31 July 2007 ) . `` Desperate journeys fraught with danger '' . CNN . Retrieved 4 August 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Europe 's most notorious refugee camp '' . BBC News . 12 July 2002 . Retrieved 5 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Webster , Paul ( 27 December 2007 ) . `` Police braced for new tunnel raid '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 4 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` UK / Ireland : Asylum ( news digest ) '' . Migration News . May 1998 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2013 . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 World Press Freedom Review : France '' . International Press Institute . Archived from the original on 24 October 2007 . Retrieved 4 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Sangatte asylum talks due '' . BBC News . 26 September 2002 . Retrieved 4 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Tunnel security to be tightened '' . BBC News . 31 May 2002 . Retrieved 4 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Broughton , Philip Delves ; Sparrow , Andrew ( 27 September 2002 ) . `` Blunkett reaches deal to shut Sangatte camp '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 25 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Calais mayor threatens to block port if UK fails to help deal with migrants '' . The Guardian . Agence France - Presse. 2 September 2014 . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cross-Channel transport improving after Calais migrant chaos '' . BBC News . 24 June 2014 . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Calais : Polizei kesselt Hunderte Flüchtlinge am Eurotunnel ein '' . Der Spiegel ( in German ) . 31 July 2015 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Calais : man killed as migrants make 1,500 attempts to enter Eurotunnel site '' . The Guardian . 29 July 2015 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Migrant dies on UK - bound freight train near Calais '' . The Guardian . 7 July 2015 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Migrant reportedly dies trying to board Channel tunnel freight train '' . The Guardian . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Calais in Frankreich : 2000 Flüchtlinge in einer Nacht am Eurotunnel '' . Der Spiegel . 29 July 2015 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Bilefsky , Dan ( 7 August 2015 ) . `` Sudanese Migrant Tries to Reach England by Walking Length of Channel Tunnel '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Van driver dies as he crashes into tail - back after migrants set up roadblock near Calais '' . Russia : RT . 20 June 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wolmar , Christian ( 10 December 1994 ) . `` Fire raises Channel Tunnel fears '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 25 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Inquiry into the fire on Heavy Goods Vehicle Shuttle 7539 on 18 November 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Channel Tunnel Safety Authority . May 1997 . ISBN 0 - 11 - 551931 - 9 . Retrieved 21 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Kirkland , C.J. ( 2002 ) . `` The fire in the Channel Tunnel '' ( PDF ) . Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology . 17 ( 2 ) : 129 -- 132 . doi : 10.1016 / S0886 - 7798 ( 02 ) 00014 - 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lorry fire closes Channel Tunnel '' . BBC News . 21 August 2006 . Retrieved 21 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Rail Accident Investigation Branch ( October 2007 ) . Fire on HGV shuttle in the Channel Tunnel 21 August 2006 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Rail Accident Report . Department for Transport . Jump up ^ Robert Wright ( 12 September 2008 ) . `` Channel tunnel fire causes further cancellations '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 21 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Channel Tunnel Fire Evacuation '' . Sky News . 11 September 2008 . Retrieved 9 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eurotunnel fully open to traffic '' . Eurotunnel.com . Retrieved 14 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fire in the Channel Tunnel '' . ITV. 29 November 2012 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Channel Tunnel closed and services hit after lorry fire '' . BBC . 17 January 2015 . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ RAIB ( 28 January 2015 ) . `` Fire on board a freight shuttle in the Channel Tunnel '' ( press release ) . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . shuttle 7340 made a controlled stop in the tunnel at cross-passage 4418 Jump up ^ Wolmar , Christian ( 22 February 1996 ) . `` Wrong kind of snow in tunnel ... '' The Independent . UK . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Delays after Channel Tunnel fault '' . BBC News . 3 August 2007 . Retrieved 14 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Severe Weather Brings Eurostar to a Halt '' . Sky News . 19 December 2009 . Retrieved 19 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Bird , Steve ; Lindsay , Robert ( 21 December 2009 ) . `` Eurostar blames ' fluffy ' snow for weekend chaos '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Gray , Melissa ( 19 December 2009 ) . `` Eurostar services cancelled as snow brings havoc '' . CNN . Retrieved 19 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Randall , David ; Lakhani , Nina ( 20 December 2009 ) . `` Thousands stranded in Eurostar chaos '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 20 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Passengers trapped on Eurostar trains relive ordeal '' . BBC News . 20 December 2009 . Retrieved 20 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Cole , Rob ( 18 December 2009 ) . `` ' Nightmare ' Over For Stranded Passengers '' . Sky News . Retrieved 19 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Passengers home after trapped in Channel Tunnel '' . The Press Association . 19 December 2009 . Retrieved 19 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chaos in Eurotunnel as several trains break down '' . Amsterdam News.Net. 19 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 19 December 2009 . `` Four Eurostars broken down at one time -- it 's absolutely unprecedented '' , John Keefe of Eurotunnel ... `` There 's never actually been an evacuation of a Eurostar train in the fifteen years that the tunnel has been opened and last night we evacuated two whole trains to get people off '' , Jump up ^ `` Eurotunnel rescues Eurostar '' ( PDF ) . Eurotunnel Press Release . 19 December 2009 . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar transports 500 vulnerable passengers to France '' . BBC News . 20 December 2009 . Retrieved 14 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Woodman , Peter ( 12 February 2010 ) . `` Eurostar rapped over Channel Tunnel breakdown '' . The Independent . UK . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Garnett , Christopher ; Gressier , M. Claude ( 12 February 2010 ) . `` Eurostar Independent Review '' ( PDF report ) . Eurostar . Retrieved 27 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar disrupted after new breakdown in Channel tunnel '' . The Independent . London . 7 January 2009 . Retrieved 7 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stricken Eurostar train towed out of Channel Tunnel '' . Reuters. 7 January 2010 . Retrieved 14 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Channel Tunnel Safety Authority '' . Channel Tunnel Intergovernmental Commission . 2013 . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Kirkland pp. 247 -- 254 ^ Jump up to : Kirkland pp. 212 -- 230 Jump up ^ The Channel Tunnel Experience Lessons for the Future pp. 19 -- 23 Jump up ^ Kirkland pp. 231 -- 240 Jump up ^ McFarlane , Andrew ( 12 September 2008 ) . `` Focus turns to cause of tunnel blaze '' . BBC News . Retrieved 12 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary '' . Jump up ^ `` Formula One : Surtees drives through Channel Tunnel '' . The Independent . 17 November 2009 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Froome cycles through the Channel Tunnel '' . The Daily Telegraph . 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Chris Froome , Team Sky and Jaguar : ' Cycling Under The Sea ' on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Are you sure this is the right way Chris ? Tour de France favourite Froome becomes the first person ever to cycle UNDER the sea from England to France in channel tunnel '' . Daily Mail . 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Sahota , Dawinderpal ( 9 January 2014 ) . `` EE and Vodafone offer Channel Tunnel network coverage '' . Telecoms.com . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eurotunnel completes mobile telephone and internet connections in Channel Tunnel '' ( PDF ) . Eurotunnel. 6 May 2014 . Retrieved 7 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 4G From EE Live in the Channel Tunnel '' . EE. 21 November 2014 . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Garwood , Michael ( 21 November 2014 ) . `` EE and O2 now providing full 2G , 3G , and 4G access in Eurotunnel '' . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ElecLink '' . Eleclink . ElecLink . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foundation laid for UK - France link '' . reNEWS - Renewable Energy News . 23 February 2017 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Contracts awarded for ElecLink interconnector '' . 4c Offshore . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eurorunnel Press Release 23 Feb 2017 '' ( PDF ) . eleclink . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Sources ( edit ) Anderson , Graham ; Roskrow , Ben ( 1994 ) . The Channel Tunnel Story . London : E & FN Spon . ISBN 0 - 419 - 19620 - X . Bonavia , Michael R ( 1987 ) . The Channel Tunnel Story . Newton Abbot : David & Charles . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 8964 - 5 . European Commission . Directorate - General for Regional Policy and Cohesion. ( 1996 ) . The regional impact of the Channel Tunnel throughout the Community . Luxembourg : European Commission . ISBN 92 - 826 - 8804 - 6 . Flyvbjerg , B. ; Buzelius , N. ; Rothengatter , W. ( 2003 ) . Megaprojects and Risk : An Anatomy of Ambition . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 00946 - 4 . Foreign & Commonwealth Office ( 1994 ) . The Channel Tunnel Story : The world 's longest undersea tunnel system . London : Foreign & Commonwealth Office . Grayson , Richard S. ( 1996 ) . `` The British Government , the Channel Tunnel and European Unity , 1948 - 64 '' . European History Quarterly . 26 ( 3 ) : 415 -- 436 . Institution of Civil Engineers ( 1989 ) . The Channel Tunnel . London : Thomas Telford . ISBN 0 - 7277 - 1546 - 1 . Kirkland , Colin J. , ed. ( 1995 ) . Engineering the Channel Tunnel . London : Chapman and Hall . ISBN 0 - 419 - 17920 - 8 . Redford , Duncan ( 2014 ) . `` Opposition to the Channel Tunnel , 1882 -- 1975 : Identity , Island Status and Security '' . History . 99 ( 334 ) : 100 -- 120 . Whiteside , Thomas ( 1962 ) . The Tunnel under the Channel . Rupert Hart - Davis . ISBN 0 - 684 - 83243 - 7 . Wilson , Jeremy ; Spick , Jerome ( 1994 ) . Eurotunnel -- The Illustrated Journey . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 255539 - 5 . Further reading ( edit ) Dupont , Christophe ( 1990 ) . `` The Channel Tunnel Negotiations , 1984 -- 1986 : Some aspects of the process and its outcome '' . Negotiation Journal . 6 ( 1 ) : 71 -- 80 . Forbes , Horace Courtenay Gammell ( 1883 ) . Shall we have a Channel tunnel ? . Aberdeen : A. Brown & Co . Holliday , Ian ( 1992 ) . `` The politics of the Channel Tunnel '' . Parliamentary Affairs . 45 (. 2 ) : 188 -- 204 . `` Main tunnel dig starts '' . RAIL . No. 93 . EMAP National Publications . 6 -- 19 April 1989 . p. 6 . ISSN 0953 - 4563 . OCLC 49953699 . Moore , Gary ; Sutton , Philip ( 30 November -- 13 December 1989 ) . `` Eurotunnel competes service tunnel '' . RAIL . EMAP National Publications ( 110 ) : 7 . ISSN 0953 - 4563 . OCLC 49953699 . `` New Plan For Channel Tunnel '' . Popular Mechanics . May 1929 . Article on a post-WW1 plan for a tunnel that was scrapped by the Great Depression . A total cost figure of 150 million was given in 1929 Stokes , Sir John . `` Chapter 14 : Chunnel '' . fortunecity.com . Archived from the original on 28 May 2009 . Autobiography of Sir John Stokes regarding 1882 deliberations External links ( edit ) ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eurotunnel . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Portal : Channel Tunnel Official website Tribute website at chunnel.com `` Chunnel Tunnel 1880 Attempt '' . ubbrit.org.uk . Channel Tunnel on OpenStreetMap wiki `` Channel Tunnel '' . Structurae . Channel Tunnel Construction TransManche Link LGV Nord High Speed 1 Folkestone Terminal Calais Terminal Corporate Eurotunnel Group Eurostar ( U.K. ) Ltd . SNCF NMBS / SNCB Passenger services Eurostar Freight services Eurotunnel Shuttle Europorte Channel Trains Eurotunnel Class 0001 Eurotunnel Class 0031 Eurotunnel Class 9 British Rail Class 92 British Rail Class 373 British Rail Class 374 Other Rail transport in France Rail transport in the United Kingdom Channel Tunnel Safety Authority 1996 Channel Tunnel fire 2008 Channel Tunnel fire Cycling in the Channel Tunnel Eurostar Stations London St Pancras International Ebbsfleet International Ashford International Calais - Fréthun Lille - Europe Brussels - South Paris Gare du Nord Marne la Vallée - Chessy ( Disneyland Paris ) Lyon - Part - Dieu Avignon TGV Marseille - Saint - Charles Winter only Moûtiers - Salins - Brides - les - Bains Aime - La Plagne Bourg - Saint - Maurice Lines High Speed 1 Channel Tunnel LGV Nord HSL 1 LGV Interconnexion Est LGV Sud - Est LGV Rhône - Alpes LGV Méditerranée Rolling stock e300 e320 Proposed Stratford International LGV Picardie HSL - Zuid Rotterdam Centraal Amsterdam Centraal Other High - speed rail ICE TGV Thalys Rail transport in the United Kingdom Rail transport in France Rail transport in Belgium VIAF : 264227408 GND : 4269804 - 2 SUDOC : 029481007 BNF : cb121099128 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Channel_Tunnel&oldid=806675589 '' Categories : Tunnels completed in 1994 Channel Tunnel Coastal construction Eurostar France -- United Kingdom border crossings Railway tunnels in England Railway tunnels in France Rail transport in France Rail transport in England Transport in Kent Transport in Shepway Undersea tunnels in Europe International tunnels International railway lines Transport in Pas - de-Calais Standard gauge railways in England Standard gauge railways in France Railway lines opened in 1994 Buildings and structures in Pas - de-Calais 1994 establishments in France 1994 establishments in England 25 kV AC railway electrification Hidden categories : Inconsistent articles All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Articles with dead external links from April 2015 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from October 2017 EngvarB from May 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Wikipedia articles that are too technical from May 2014 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from May 2014 All articles needing expert attention Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული لۊری شومالی Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 14 : 02 . 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is there a car tunnel under the english channel
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Jeepers Creepers 2
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Jeepers Creepers 2 - wikipedia Jeepers Creepers 2 Jump to : navigation , search Jeepers Creepers 2 Theatrical release poster Directed by Victor Salva Produced by Tom Luse Written by Victor Salva Starring Ray Wise Jonathan Breck Music by Bennett Salvay Cinematography Don E. FauntLeRoy Edited by Ed Marx Production company American Zoetrope Capitol Films Myriad Pictures Distributed by United Artists Release date August 29 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 29 ) Running time 104 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $17 million Box office $63.1 million Jeepers Creepers 2 is a 2003 American horror film written and directed by Victor Salva , produced by American Zoetrope , Capitol Films , Myriad Pictures and distributed by United Artists , a Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer division . The film is a sequel to the 2001 horror film Jeepers Creepers . Francis Ford Coppola executive produced the film . The film was followed by Jeepers Creepers 3 , which received a limited release in theaters in 2017 , 14 years after the second film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Box office 3.2 Awards 4 Sequel 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) On its twenty - second day of feeding , the Creeper , disguised as a scarecrow , abducts young Billy Taggart in front of his father Jack and elder brother Jack Jr . The next day , a school bus carrying a high school basketball team and cheerleaders suffers a blowout , after one of the wheels is hit by a hand - crafted shuriken ( throwing star ) made out of bone . Cheerleader Minxie has a vision of Billy and Darry Jenner , the Creeper 's victim from the first film , who attempt to warn her about the Creeper , before he blows out another tire , disabling the bus . With the party stranded , the Creeper abducts the coaches and the bus driver . When he returns he singles out several of the students , including Dante , Jake , Scotty , Bucky , and Double D. Minxie has another vision in which Darry explains that every twenty - third spring , for twenty - three days , the creature emerges from hibernation to eat humans . After hearing several police reports , the Taggarts go hunting for the Creeper and make radio contact with the school bus . The Creeper attacks Bucky , but Rhonda impales him through the head with a javelin . He then kills Dante , and uses his severed head as a replacement for its own . The students leave the bus , but when the Creeper returns , they are chased into a field , where the Creeper kills Jake and takes Scotty . After the Creeper attacks Bucky on the bus again , Taggart shoots it with a home - made harpoon ; but the Creeper manages to escape and flips the truck . Izzy , Rhonda , and Double D attempt to escape in a truck and are chased by the Creeper , causing the vehicle to crash . Despite missing an arm and leg , the Creeper continues to pursue Double D until Taggart arrives and shoots it in the head with the harpoon . Taggart repeatedly stabs the Creeper in the chest but the creature goes into a hibernation state before it can die . Twenty - three years later , a group of teenagers drive to Taggart 's farm , where the Creeper is a sideshow attraction , and see Taggart watching it with the harpoon at his side . When they ask him if he is waiting for something , Taggart looks up at the Creeper and says , `` About three more days , give or take a day or two . '' Cast ( edit ) Jonathan Breck as the Creeper Ray Wise as Jack Taggart , Sr . Luke Edwards as Jack `` Jackie '' Taggart , Jr . Garikayi Mutambirwa as Deaundre `` Double D '' Davis Nicki Aycox as Minxie Hayes Eric Nenninger as Scott `` Scotty '' Braddock Travis Schiffner as Izzy Bohen Marieh Delfino as Rhonda Truitt Billy Aaron Brown as Andy `` Bucky '' Buck Lena Cardwell as Chelsea Farmer Josh Hammond as Jake Spencer Al Santos as Dante Belasco Kasan Butcher as Kimball `` Big K '' Ward Drew Tyler Bell as Jonny Young Diane Delano as Bus Driver Betty Borman Thom Gossom , Jr. as Coach Charlie Hanna Tom Tarantini as Coach Dwayne Barnes Shaun Fleming as Billy Taggart Justin Long as Darius `` Darry '' Jenner ( cameo ) Reception ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , reports that 23 % of 122 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review ; the average rating is 4.2 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads : `` Jeepers Creepers 2 is competently made , but it does n't have the scares of the original . '' Metacritic rated it 36 / 100 based on 29 reviews . Andy Klein of Variety wrote , `` Few things are scarier than a sequel to a bad movie , but , in fact , Jeepers Creepers 2 is substantially better than its predecessor , even while staying strictly within the genre 's well - defined boundaries . '' Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter wrote , `` The sequel has got the creepy bits down cold but lacks a fair share of scares . '' Roger Ebert , writing for The Chicago Sun - Times , rated the film one out of four stars and said , `` Victor Salva 's Jeepers Creepers 2 supplies us with a first - class creature , a fourth - rate story , and dialogue possibly created by feeding the screenplay into a pasta maker . '' In The New York Times , Dave Kehr wrote that creature lacks personality when the concept is retooled into a film series . Gene Seymour of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the sequel lacks the mood of the first film , and the teen protagonists are too annoying to draw the audience 's sympathy . However , Seymour praised Wise 's performance . In a positive review , Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club called it `` the rare sequel that 's not only bigger than its predecessor , but also better '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` C + '' on an A+ to F scale . Box Office ( edit ) Jeepers Creepers 2 opened in 3,124 theaters and had a U.S. domestic gross of US $ 35,667,218 . Other international takings were $27,435,448 , and the worldwide gross was $63,102,666 , slightly higher than the original . It displaced its predecessor , Jeepers Creepers , to become the new record holder for the highest ever Labor Day opening weekend four - day gross , holding the record until the 2005 release of Transporter 2 . After the 2015 Labor Day weekend , Jeepers Creepers 2 still holds the # 5 spot with the # 7 spot still held by Jeepers Creepers . Allowing for films that had been released prior to Labor Day , Jeepers Creepers 2 holds the # 9 spot after the 2015 Labor Day four - day weekend . Awards ( edit ) Nomination -- Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films Nomination -- Saturn Award Best Horror Film Nomination -- Motion Picture Sound Editors : Golden Reel Award Best Sound Editing in a Feature Film ( David Bondelevitch and Victor Salva ) Sequel ( edit ) In September 2015 , Jeepers Creepers 3 was officially greenlit . The film was slated to begin filming in April 2016 until production was halted when Victor Salva was boycotted from filming in Canada for his criminal past The film was eventually released in a one - night - only showing on September 26th , 2017 , 14 years after the release of Jeepers Creepers 2 . It grossed $2.3 million in theaters . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` JEEPERS CREEPERS 2 ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . March 31 , 2003 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jeepers Creepers 2 ( 2003 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeepers Creepers 2 '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jeepers Creepers 2 ( 2003 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jeepers Creepers II '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Klein , Andy ( August 28 , 2003 ) . `` Review : ' Jeepers Creepers 2 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen , Michael ( August 29 , 2003 ) . `` Jeepers Creepers 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2006 . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( August 29 , 2003 ) . `` Jeepers Creepers 2 '' . The Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 -- via RogerEbert.com . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave ( August 29 , 2003 ) . `` Jeepers Creepers 2 ( 2003 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seymour , Gene ( August 29 , 2003 ) . `` Unnecessary sequel creeps in once again '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rabin , Nathan ( September 2 , 2003 ) . `` Jeepers Creepers 2 '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . ^ Jump up to : All Time Labor Day Weekend - Opening . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ All Time Labor Weekend - All Movies . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jeepers Creepers 3 ' in the Works From Producer Francis Ford Coppola '' . Jump up ^ Orange , B. Alan ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) . `` Jeepers Creepers 3 Shooting Next Month , Gina Philips to Return as Trish ? '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` The Third ' Jeepers Creepers ' is Currently in Pre-production ( Exclusive ) '' . Bloody Disgusting . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Jeepers Creepers 2 Official website Jeepers Creepers 2 on IMDb Jeepers Creepers 2 at Box Office Mojo Jeepers Creepers 2 at Rotten Tomatoes Jeepers Creepers 2 at Metacritic Jeepers Creepers Jeepers Creepers Jeepers Creepers 2 Jeepers Creepers 3 Films directed by Victor Salva Clownhouse ( 1989 ) The Nature of the Beast ( 1995 ) Powder ( 1995 ) Rites of Passage ( 1999 ) Jeepers Creepers ( 2001 ) Jeepers Creepers 2 ( 2003 ) Peaceful Warrior ( 2006 ) Rosewood Lane ( 2011 ) Dark House ( 2014 ) Jeepers Creepers 3 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeepers_Creepers_2&oldid=814606672 '' Categories : 2003 films English - language films 2003 horror films American films American teen horror films Monster movies American road movies 2000s road movies American sequel films American Zoetrope films United Artists films Films directed by Victor Salva Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 21 : 09 . About Wikipedia
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who played the creature in the movie jeepers creepers
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Ice age
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Ice age - wikipedia Ice age Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a generic geological period of temperature reduction . For the most recent glacial period commonly referred to as the Ice Age , see Last glacial period and Pleistocene . For other uses , see Ice age ( disambiguation ) . An artist 's impression of ice age Earth at glacial maximum . Based on : Crowley , T.J. ( 1995 ) . `` Ice age terrestrial carbon changes revisited '' . Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 9 ( 3 ) : 377 -- 389 . Bibcode : 1995GBioC ... 9 ... 377C . doi : 10.1029 / 95GB01107 . An ice age is a period of long - term reduction in the temperature of Earth 's surface and atmosphere , resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers . Within a long - term ice age , individual pulses of cold climate are termed `` glacial periods '' ( or alternatively `` glacials '' or `` glaciations '' or colloquially as `` ice age '' ) , and intermittent warm periods are called `` interglacials '' . In the terminology of glaciology , ice age implies the presence of extensive ice sheets in both northern and southern hemispheres . By this definition , we are in an interglacial period -- the Holocene -- of the ice age . The ice age began 2.6 million years ago at the start of the Pleistocene epoch , because the Greenland , Arctic , and Antarctic ice sheets still exist . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of ice age theory 2 Evidence for ice ages 3 Major ice ages 4 Glacials and interglacials 5 Positive and negative feedback in glacial periods 5.1 Positive feedback processes 5.2 Negative feedback processes 6 Causes of ice ages 6.1 Changes in Earth 's atmosphere 6.1. 1 Human - induced changes 6.2 Position of the continents 6.3 Fluctuations in ocean currents 6.4 Uplift of the Tibetan plateau and surrounding mountain areas above the snowline 6.5 Variations in Earth 's orbit ( Milankovitch cycles ) 6.6 Variations in the Sun 's energy output 6.7 Volcanism 7 Recent glacial and interglacial phases 7.1 Glacial stages in North America 7.2 Last Glacial Period in the semiarid Andes around Aconcagua and Tupungato 8 Effects of glaciation 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Origin of ice age theory Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land life Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Axis scale : millions of years . Orange labels : known ice ages . Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline In 1742 Pierre Martel ( 1706 -- 1767 ) , an engineer and geographer living in Geneva , visited the valley of Chamonix in the Alps of Savoy . Two years later he published an account of his journey . He reported that the inhabitants of that valley attributed the dispersal of erratic boulders to the glaciers , saying that they had once extended much farther . Later similar explanations were reported from other regions of the Alps . In 1815 the carpenter and chamois hunter Jean - Pierre Perraudin ( 1767 -- 1858 ) explained erratic boulders in the Val de Bagnes in the Swiss canton of Valais as being due to glaciers previously extending further . An unknown woodcutter from Meiringen in the Bernese Oberland advocated a similar idea in a discussion with the Swiss - German geologist Jean de Charpentier ( 1786 -- 1855 ) in 1834 . Comparable explanations are also known from the Val de Ferret in the Valais and the Seeland in western Switzerland and in Goethe 's scientific work . Such explanations could also be found in other parts of the world . When the Bavarian naturalist Ernst von Bibra ( 1806 -- 1878 ) visited the Chilean Andes in 1849 -- 1850 , the natives attributed fossil moraines to the former action of glaciers . Meanwhile , European scholars had begun to wonder what had caused the dispersal of erratic material . From the middle of the 18th century , some discussed ice as a means of transport . The Swedish mining expert Daniel Tilas ( 1712 -- 1772 ) was , in 1742 , the first person to suggest drifting sea ice in order to explain the presence of erratic boulders in the Scandinavian and Baltic regions . In 1795 , the Scottish philosopher and gentleman naturalist , James Hutton ( 1726 -- 1797 ) , explained erratic boulders in the Alps by the action of glaciers . Two decades later , in 1818 , the Swedish botanist Göran Wahlenberg ( 1780 -- 1851 ) published his theory of a glaciation of the Scandinavian peninsula . He regarded glaciation as a regional phenomenon . Only a few years later , the Danish - Norwegian geologist Jens Esmark ( 1762 -- 1839 ) argued a sequence of worldwide ice ages . In a paper published in 1824 , Esmark proposed changes in climate as the cause of those glaciations . He attempted to show that they originated from changes in Earth 's orbit . During the following years , Esmark 's ideas were discussed and taken over in parts by Swedish , Scottish and German scientists . At the University of Edinburgh Robert Jameson ( 1774 -- 1854 ) seemed to be relatively open to Esmark 's ideas , as reviewed by Norwegian professor of glaciology Bjørn G. Andersen ( 1992 ) . Jameson 's remarks about ancient glaciers in Scotland were most probably prompted by Esmark . In Germany , Albrecht Reinhard Bernhardi ( 1797 -- 1849 ) , a geologist and professor of forestry at an academy in Dreissigacker , since incorporated in the southern Thuringian city of Meiningen , adopted Esmark 's theory . In a paper published in 1832 , Bernhardi speculated about former polar ice caps reaching as far as the temperate zones of the globe . In 1829 , independently of these debates , the Swiss civil engineer Ignaz Venetz ( 1788 -- 1859 ) explained the dispersal of erratic boulders in the Alps , the nearby Jura Mountains , and the North German Plain as being due to huge glaciers . When he read his paper before the Schweizerische Naturforschende Gesellschaft , most scientists remained sceptical . Finally , Venetz convinced his friend Jean de Charpentier . De Charpentier transformed Venetz 's idea into a theory with a glaciation limited to the Alps . His thoughts resembled Wahlenberg 's theory . In fact , both men shared the same volcanistic , or in de Charpentier 's case rather plutonistic assumptions , about the Earth 's history . In 1834 , de Charpentier presented his paper before the Schweizerische Naturforschende Gesellschaft . In the meantime , the German botanist Karl Friedrich Schimper ( 1803 -- 1867 ) was studying mosses which were growing on erratic boulders in the alpine upland of Bavaria . He began to wonder where such masses of stone had come from . During the summer of 1835 he made some excursions to the Bavarian Alps . Schimper came to the conclusion that ice must have been the means of transport for the boulders in the alpine upland . In the winter of 1835 to 1836 he held some lectures in Munich . Schimper then assumed that there must have been global times of obliteration ( `` Verödungszeiten '' ) with a cold climate and frozen water . Schimper spent the summer months of 1836 at Devens , near Bex , in the Swiss Alps with his former university friend Louis Agassiz ( 1801 -- 1873 ) and Jean de Charpentier . Schimper , de Charpentier and possibly Venetz convinced Agassiz that there had been a time of glaciation . During the winter of 1836 / 37 , Agassiz and Schimper developed the theory of a sequence of glaciations . They mainly drew upon the preceding works of Venetz , de Charpentier and on their own fieldwork . Agassiz appears to have been already familiar with Bernhardi 's paper at that time . At the beginning of 1837 , Schimper coined the term `` ice age '' ( `` Eiszeit '' ) for the period of the glaciers . In July 1837 Agassiz presented their synthesis before the annual meeting of the Schweizerische Naturforschende Gesellschaft at Neuchâtel . The audience was very critical and some opposed to the new theory because it contradicted the established opinions on climatic history . Most contemporary scientists thought that the Earth had been gradually cooling down since its birth as a molten globe . In order to overcome this rejection , Agassiz embarked on geological fieldwork . He published his book Study on Glaciers ( `` Études sur les glaciers '' ) in 1840 . De Charpentier was put out by this , as he had also been preparing a book about the glaciation of the Alps . De Charpentier felt that Agassiz should have given him precedence as it was he who had introduced Agassiz to in - depth glacial research . Besides that , Agassiz had , as a result of personal quarrels , omitted any mention of Schimper in his book . All together , it took several decades until the ice age theory was fully accepted by scientists . This happened on an international scale in the second half of the 1870s following the work of James Croll , including the publication of Climate and Time , in Their Geological Relations in 1875 , which provided a credible explanation for the causes of ice ages . Evidence for ice ages There are three main types of evidence for ice ages : geological , chemical , and paleontological . Geological evidence for ice ages comes in various forms , including rock scouring and scratching , glacial moraines , drumlins , valley cutting , and the deposition of till or tillites and glacial erratics . Successive glaciations tend to distort and erase the geological evidence , making it difficult to interpret . Furthermore , this evidence was difficult to date exactly ; early theories assumed that the glacials were short compared to the long interglacials . The advent of sediment and ice cores revealed the true situation : glacials are long , interglacials short . It took some time for the current theory to be worked out . The chemical evidence mainly consists of variations in the ratios of isotopes in fossils present in sediments and sedimentary rocks and ocean sediment cores . For the most recent glacial periods ice cores provide climate proxies from their ice , and atmospheric samples from included bubbles of air . Because water containing heavier isotopes has a higher heat of evaporation , its proportion decreases with colder conditions . This allows a temperature record to be constructed . However , this evidence can be confounded by other factors recorded by isotope ratios . The paleontological evidence consists of changes in the geographical distribution of fossils . During a glacial period cold - adapted organisms spread into lower latitudes , and organisms that prefer warmer conditions become extinct or are squeezed into lower latitudes . This evidence is also difficult to interpret because it requires ( 1 ) sequences of sediments covering a long period of time , over a wide range of latitudes and which are easily correlated ; ( 2 ) ancient organisms which survive for several million years without change and whose temperature preferences are easily diagnosed ; and ( 3 ) the finding of the relevant fossils . Despite the difficulties , analysis of ice core and ocean sediment cores has shown periods of glacials and interglacials over the past few million years . These also confirm the linkage between ice ages and continental crust phenomena such as glacial moraines , drumlins , and glacial erratics . Hence the continental crust phenomena are accepted as good evidence of earlier ice ages when they are found in layers created much earlier than the time range for which ice cores and ocean sediment cores are available . Major ice ages Timeline of glaciations , shown in blue . There have been at least five major ice ages in the earth 's past ( the Huronian , Cryogenian , Andean - Saharan , Karoo Ice Age and the Quaternary glaciation ) . Outside these ages , the Earth seems to have been ice - free even in high latitudes . Ice age map of northern Germany and its northern neighbours . Red : maximum limit of Weichselian glacial ; yellow : Saale glacial at maximum ( Drenthe stage ) ; blue : Elster glacial maximum glaciation . Rocks from the earliest well established ice age , called the Huronian , formed around 2.4 to 2.1 Ga ( billion years ) ago during the early Proterozoic Eon . Several hundreds of km of the Huronian Supergroup are exposed 10 -- 100 km north of the north shore of Lake Huron extending from near Sault Ste . Marie to Sudbury , northeast of Lake Huron , with giant layers of now - lithified till beds , dropstones , varves , outwash , and scoured basement rocks . Correlative Huronian deposits have been found near Marquette , Michigan , and correlation has been made with Paleoproterozoic glacial deposits from Western Australia . The next well - documented ice age , and probably the most severe of the last billion years , occurred from 850 to 630 million years ago ( the Cryogenian period ) and may have produced a Snowball Earth in which glacial ice sheets reached the equator , possibly being ended by the accumulation of greenhouse gases such as CO produced by volcanoes . `` The presence of ice on the continents and pack ice on the oceans would inhibit both silicate weathering and photosynthesis , which are the two major sinks for CO at present . '' It has been suggested that the end of this ice age was responsible for the subsequent Ediacaran and Cambrian explosion , though this model is recent and controversial . The Andean - Saharan occurred from 460 to 420 million years ago , during the Late Ordovician and the Silurian period . Sediment records showing the fluctuating sequences of glacials and interglacials during the last several million years . The evolution of land plants at the onset of the Devonian period caused a long term increase in planetary oxygen levels and reduction of CO levels , which resulted in the Karoo Ice Age . It is named after the glacial tills found in the Karoo region of South Africa , where evidence for this ice age was first clearly identified . There were extensive polar ice caps at intervals from 360 to 260 million years ago in South Africa during the Carboniferous and early Permian Periods . Correlatives are known from Argentina , also in the center of the ancient supercontinent Gondwanaland . The current ice age , the Pliocene - Quaternary glaciation , started about 2.58 million years ago during the late Pliocene , when the spread of ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere began . Since then , the world has seen cycles of glaciation with ice sheets advancing and retreating on 40,000 - and 100,000 - year time scales called glacial periods , glacials or glacial advances , and interglacial periods , interglacials or glacial retreats . The earth is currently in an interglacial , and the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago . All that remains of the continental ice sheets are the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and smaller glaciers such as on Baffin Island . Ice ages can be further divided by location and time ; for example , the names Riss ( 180,000 -- 130,000 years bp ) and Würm ( 70,000 -- 10,000 years bp ) refer specifically to glaciation in the Alpine region . The maximum extent of the ice is not maintained for the full interval . The scouring action of each glaciation tends to remove most of the evidence of prior ice sheets almost completely , except in regions where the later sheet does not achieve full coverage . Evidence of a recent , extreme ice age on Mars was published by the journal Science in 2016 . Just 370,000 years ago , the planet would have appeared more white than red . Glacials and interglacials See also : Glacial period and Interglacial Shows the pattern of temperature and ice volume changes associated with recent glacials and interglacials Minimum and maximum glaciation Minimum ( interglacial , black ) and maximum ( glacial , grey ) glaciation of the northern hemisphere Minimum ( interglacial , black ) and maximum ( glacial , grey ) glaciation of the southern hemisphere Within the ice ages ( or at least within the current one ) , more temperate and more severe periods occur . The colder periods are called glacial periods , the warmer periods interglacials , such as the Eemian Stage . Glacials are characterized by cooler and drier climates over most of the earth and large land and sea ice masses extending outward from the poles . Mountain glaciers in otherwise unglaciated areas extend to lower elevations due to a lower snow line . Sea levels drop due to the removal of large volumes of water above sea level in the icecaps . There is evidence that ocean circulation patterns are disrupted by glaciations . Since the earth has significant continental glaciation in the Arctic and Antarctic , we are currently in a glacial minimum of a glaciation . Such a period between glacial maxima is known as an interglacial . The glacials and interglacials also coincided with changes in Earth 's orbit called Milankovitch cycles . The earth has been in an interglacial period known as the Holocene for around 11,700 years , and an article in Nature in 2004 argues that it might be most analogous to a previous interglacial that lasted 28,000 years . Predicted changes in orbital forcing suggest that the next glacial period would begin at least 50,000 years from now , even in absence of human - made global warming ( see Milankovitch cycles ) . Moreover , anthropogenic forcing from increased greenhouse gases might outweigh orbital forcing for as long as intensive use of fossil fuels continues . Positive and negative feedback in glacial periods Each glacial period is subject to positive feedback which makes it more severe , and negative feedback which mitigates and ( in all cases so far ) eventually ends it . Positive feedback processes Ice and snow increase Earth 's albedo , i.e. they make it reflect more of the sun 's energy and absorb less . Hence , when the air temperature decreases , ice and snow fields grow , and this continues until competition with a negative feedback mechanism forces the system to an equilibrium . Also , the reduction in forests caused by the ice 's expansion increases albedo . Another theory proposed by Ewing and Donn in 1956 hypothesized that an ice - free Arctic Ocean leads to increased snowfall at high latitudes . When low - temperature ice covers the Arctic Ocean there is little evaporation or sublimation and the polar regions are quite dry in terms of precipitation , comparable to the amount found in mid-latitude deserts . This low precipitation allows high - latitude snowfalls to melt during the summer . An ice - free Arctic Ocean absorbs solar radiation during the long summer days , and evaporates more water into the Arctic atmosphere . With higher precipitation , portions of this snow may not melt during the summer and so glacial ice can form at lower altitudes and more southerly latitudes , reducing the temperatures over land by increased albedo as noted above . Furthermore , under this hypothesis the lack of oceanic pack ice allows increased exchange of waters between the Arctic and the North Atlantic Oceans , warming the Arctic and cooling the North Atlantic . ( Current projected consequences of global warming include a largely ice - free Arctic Ocean within 5 -- 20 years , see Arctic shrinkage . ) Additional fresh water flowing into the North Atlantic during a warming cycle may also reduce the global ocean water circulation . Such a reduction ( by reducing the effects of the Gulf Stream ) would have a cooling effect on northern Europe , which in turn would lead to increased low - latitude snow retention during the summer . It has also been suggested that during an extensive glacial , glaciers may move through the Gulf of Saint Lawrence , extending into the North Atlantic Ocean far enough to block the Gulf Stream . Negative feedback processes Ice sheets that form during glaciations cause erosion of the land beneath them . After some time , this will reduce land above sea level and thus diminish the amount of space on which ice sheets can form . This mitigates the albedo feedback , as does the lowering in sea level that accompanies the formation of ice sheets . Another factor is the increased aridity occurring with glacial maxima , which reduces the precipitation available to maintain glaciation . The glacial retreat induced by this or any other process can be amplified by similar inverse positive feedbacks as for glacial advances . According to research published in Nature Geoscience , human emissions of carbon dioxide ( CO ) will defer the next ice age . Researchers used data on Earth 's orbit to find the historical warm interglacial period that looks most like the current one and from this have predicted that the next ice age would usually begin within 1,500 years . They go on to say that emissions have been so high that it will not . Causes of ice ages The causes of ice ages are not fully understood for either the large - scale ice age periods or the smaller ebb and flow of glacial -- interglacial periods within an ice age . The consensus is that several factors are important : atmospheric composition , such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane ( the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years ) changes in the earth 's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles , the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth 's surface , which affect wind and ocean currents , variations in solar output , the orbital dynamics of the Earth -- Moon system , the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes . Some of these factors influence each other . For example , changes in Earth 's atmospheric composition ( especially the concentrations of greenhouse gases ) may alter the climate , while climate change itself can change the atmospheric composition ( for example by changing the rate at which weathering removes CO ) . Maureen Raymo , William Ruddiman and others propose that the Tibetan and Colorado Plateaus are immense CO `` scrubbers '' with a capacity to remove enough CO from the global atmosphere to be a significant causal factor of the 40 million year Cenozoic Cooling trend . They further claim that approximately half of their uplift ( and CO `` scrubbing '' capacity ) occurred in the past 10 million years . Changes in Earth 's atmosphere There is evidence that greenhouse gas levels fell at the start of ice ages and rose during the retreat of the ice sheets , but it is difficult to establish cause and effect ( see the notes above on the role of weathering ) . Greenhouse gas levels may also have been affected by other factors which have been proposed as causes of ice ages , such as the movement of continents and volcanism . The Snowball Earth hypothesis maintains that the severe freezing in the late Proterozoic was ended by an increase in CO levels in the atmosphere , mainly from volcanoes , and some supporters of Snowball Earth argue that it was caused in the first place by a reduction in atmospheric CO . The hypothesis also warns of future Snowball Earths . In 2009 , further evidence was provided that changes in solar insolation provide the initial trigger for the earth to warm after an Ice Age , with secondary factors like increases in greenhouse gases accounting for the magnitude of the change . Human - induced changes There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100 -- 1000 years , the sharp increases in human activity , especially the burning of fossil fuels , has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun 's heat . The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period , and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice . A 2012 investigation finds that dinosaurs released methane through digestion in a similar amount to humanity 's current methane release , which `` could have been a key factor '' to the very warm climate 150 million years ago . William Ruddiman has proposed the early anthropocene hypothesis , according to which the anthropocene era , as some people call the most recent period in the earth 's history when the activities of the human species first began to have a significant global impact on the earth 's climate and ecosystems , did not begin in the 18th century with the advent of the Industrial Era , but dates back to 8,000 years ago , due to intense farming activities of our early agrarian ancestors . It was at that time that atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations stopped following the periodic pattern of the Milankovitch cycles . In his overdue - glaciation hypothesis Ruddiman states that an incipient glacial would probably have begun several thousand years ago , but the arrival of that scheduled glacial was forestalled by the activities of early farmers . At a meeting of the American Geophysical Union ( December 17 , 2008 ) , scientists detailed evidence in support of the controversial idea that the introduction of large - scale rice agriculture in Asia , coupled with extensive deforestation in Europe began to alter world climate by pumping significant amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere over the last 1,000 years . In turn , a warmer atmosphere heated the oceans making them much less efficient storehouses of carbon dioxide and reinforcing global warming , possibly forestalling the onset of a new glacial age . Position of the continents The geological record appears to show that ice ages start when the continents are in positions which block or reduce the flow of warm water from the equator to the poles and thus allow ice sheets to form . The ice sheets increase Earth 's reflectivity and thus reduce the absorption of solar radiation . With less radiation absorbed the atmosphere cools ; the cooling allows the ice sheets to grow , which further increases reflectivity in a positive feedback loop . The ice age continues until the reduction in weathering causes an increase in the greenhouse effect . There are three known configurations of the continents which block or reduce the flow of warm water from the equator to the poles : A continent sits on top of a pole , as Antarctica does today . A polar sea is almost land - locked , as the Arctic Ocean is today . A supercontinent covers most of the equator , as Rodinia did during the Cryogenian period . Since today 's Earth has a continent over the South Pole and an almost land - locked ocean over the North Pole , geologists believe that Earth will continue to experience glacial periods in the geologically near future . Some scientists believe that the Himalayas are a major factor in the current ice age , because these mountains have increased Earth 's total rainfall and therefore the rate at which carbon dioxide is washed out of the atmosphere , decreasing the greenhouse effect . The Himalayas ' formation started about 70 million years ago when the Indo - Australian Plate collided with the Eurasian Plate , and the Himalayas are still rising by about 5 mm per year because the Indo - Australian plate is still moving at 67 mm / year . The history of the Himalayas broadly fits the long - term decrease in Earth 's average temperature since the mid-Eocene , 40 million years ago . Fluctuations in ocean currents Another important contribution to ancient climate regimes is the variation of ocean currents , which are modified by continent position , sea levels and salinity , as well as other factors . They have the ability to cool ( e.g. aiding the creation of Antarctic ice ) and the ability to warm ( e.g. giving the British Isles a temperate as opposed to a boreal climate ) . The closing of the Isthmus of Panama about 3 million years ago may have ushered in the present period of strong glaciation over North America by ending the exchange of water between the tropical Atlantic and Pacific Oceans . Analyses suggest that ocean current fluctuations can adequately account for recent glacial oscillations . During the last glacial period the sea - level has fluctuated 20 -- 30 m as water was sequestered , primarily in the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets . When ice collected and the sea level dropped sufficiently , flow through the Bering Strait ( the narrow strait between Siberia and Alaska is about 50 m deep today ) was reduced , resulting in increased flow from the North Atlantic . This realigned the thermohaline circulation in the Atlantic , increasing heat transport into the Arctic , which melted the polar ice accumulation and reduced other continental ice sheets . The release of water raised sea levels again , restoring the ingress of colder water from the Pacific with an accompanying shift to northern hemisphere ice accumulation . Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding Mountain areas above the snowline Matthias Kuhle 's geological theory of Ice Age development was suggested by the existence of an ice sheet covering the Tibetan Plateau during the Ice Ages ( Last Glacial Maximum ? ) . According to Kuhle , the plate - tectonic uplift of Tibet past the snow - line has led to a surface of c. 2,400,000 square kilometres ( 930,000 sq mi ) changing from bare land to ice with a 70 % greater albedo . The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling , triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age . Because this highland is at a subtropical latitude , with 4 to 5 times the insolation of high - latitude areas , what would be Earth 's strongest heating surface has turned into a cooling surface . Kuhle explains the interglacial periods by the 100,000 - year cycle of radiation changes due to variations in Earth 's orbit . This comparatively insignificant warming , when combined with the lowering of the Nordic inland ice areas and Tibet due to the weight of the superimposed ice - load , has led to the repeated complete thawing of the inland ice areas . Variations in Earth 's orbit ( Milankovitch cycles ) The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth 's orbit around the Sun . Each cycle has a different length , so at some times their effects reinforce each other and at other times they ( partially ) cancel each other . Past and future of daily average insolation at top of the atmosphere on the day of the summer solstice , at 65 N latitude . There is strong evidence that the Milankovitch cycles affect the occurrence of glacial and interglacial periods within an ice age . The present ice age is the most studied and best understood , particularly the last 400,000 years , since this is the period covered by ice cores that record atmospheric composition and proxies for temperature and ice volume . Within this period , the match of glacial / interglacial frequencies to the Milanković orbital forcing periods is so close that orbital forcing is generally accepted . The combined effects of the changing distance to the Sun , the precession of the Earth 's axis , and the changing tilt of the Earth 's axis redistribute the sunlight received by the Earth . Of particular importance are changes in the tilt of the Earth 's axis , which affect the intensity of seasons . For example , the amount of solar influx in July at 65 degrees north latitude varies by as much as 22 % ( from 450 W / m2 to 550 W / m2 ) . It is widely believed that ice sheets advance when summers become too cool to melt all of the accumulated snowfall from the previous winter . Some believe that the strength of the orbital forcing is too small to trigger glaciations , but feedback mechanisms like CO may explain this mismatch . While Milankovitch forcing predicts that cyclic changes in the Earth 's orbital elements can be expressed in the glaciation record , additional explanations are necessary to explain which cycles are observed to be most important in the timing of glacial -- interglacial periods . In particular , during the last 800,000 years , the dominant period of glacial -- interglacial oscillation has been 100,000 years , which corresponds to changes in Earth 's orbital eccentricity and orbital inclination . Yet this is by far the weakest of the three frequencies predicted by Milankovitch . During the period 3.0 -- 0.8 million years ago , the dominant pattern of glaciation corresponded to the 41,000 - year period of changes in Earth 's obliquity ( tilt of the axis ) . The reasons for dominance of one frequency versus another are poorly understood and an active area of current research , but the answer probably relates to some form of resonance in the Earth 's climate system . Recent work suggests that the 100K year cycle dominates due to increased southern - pole sea - ice increasing total solar reflectivity . The `` traditional '' Milankovitch explanation struggles to explain the dominance of the 100,000 - year cycle over the last 8 cycles . Richard A. Muller , Gordon J.F. MacDonald , and others have pointed out that those calculations are for a two - dimensional orbit of Earth but the three - dimensional orbit also has a 100,000 - year cycle of orbital inclination . They proposed that these variations in orbital inclination lead to variations in insolation , as the Earth moves in and out of known dust bands in the solar system . Although this is a different mechanism to the traditional view , the `` predicted '' periods over the last 400,000 years are nearly the same . The Muller and MacDonald theory , in turn , has been challenged by Jose Antonio Rial . Another worker , William Ruddiman , has suggested a model that explains the 100,000 - year cycle by the modulating effect of eccentricity ( weak 100,000 - year cycle ) on precession ( 26,000 - year cycle ) combined with greenhouse gas feedbacks in the 41,000 - and 26,000 - year cycles . Yet another theory has been advanced by Peter Huybers who argued that the 41,000 - year cycle has always been dominant , but that the Earth has entered a mode of climate behavior where only the second or third cycle triggers an ice age . This would imply that the 100,000 - year periodicity is really an illusion created by averaging together cycles lasting 80,000 and 120,000 years . This theory is consistent with a simple empirical multi-state model proposed by Didier Paillard . Paillard suggests that the late Pleistocene glacial cycles can be seen as jumps between three quasi-stable climate states . The jumps are induced by the orbital forcing , while in the early Pleistocene the 41,000 - year glacial cycles resulted from jumps between only two climate states . A dynamical model explaining this behavior was proposed by Peter Ditlevsen . This is in support of the suggestion that the late Pleistocene glacial cycles are not due to the weak 100,000 - year eccentricity cycle , but a non-linear response to mainly the 41,000 - year obliquity cycle . Variations in the Sun 's energy output This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There are at least two types of variation in the Sun 's energy output In the very long term , astrophysicists believe that the Sun 's output increases by about 7 % every one billion ( 10 ) years . Shorter - term variations such as sunspot cycles , and longer episodes such as the Maunder Minimum , which occurred during the coldest part of the Little Ice Age . The long - term increase in the Sun 's output can not be a cause of ice ages . Volcanism Volcanic eruptions may have contributed to the inception and / or the end of ice age periods . At times during the paleoclimate , carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today . Volcanoes and movements in continental plates contributed to high amounts of CO in the atmosphere . Carbon dioxide from volcanoes probably contributed to periods with highest overall temperatures . One suggested explanation of the Paleocene - Eocene Thermal Maximum is that undersea volcanoes released methane from clathrates and thus caused a large and rapid increase in the greenhouse effect . There appears to be no geological evidence for such eruptions at the right time , but this does not prove they did not happen . Recent glacial and interglacial phases Northern hemisphere glaciation during the last ice ages . The setup of 3 to 4 kilometer thick ice sheets caused a sea level lowering of about 120 m . Main article : Timeline of glaciation This section needs expansion with : Recent glacial and interglacial phases in other areas outside North America . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2008 ) Glacial stages in North America The major glacial stages of the current ice age in North America are the Illinoian , Eemian and Wisconsin glaciation . The use of the Nebraskan , Afton , Kansan , and Yarmouthian stages to subdivide the ice age in North America has been discontinued by Quaternary geologists and geomorphologists . These stages have all been merged into the Pre-Illinoian in the 1980s . During the most recent North American glaciation , during the latter part of the Last Glacial Maximum ( 26,000 to 13,300 years ago ) , ice sheets extended to about 45th parallel north . These sheets were 3 to 4 kilometres ( 1.9 to 2.5 mi ) thick . This Wisconsin glaciation left widespread impacts on the North American landscape . The Great Lakes and the Finger Lakes were carved by ice deepening old valleys . Most of the lakes in Minnesota and Wisconsin were gouged out by glaciers and later filled with glacial meltwaters . The old Teays River drainage system was radically altered and largely reshaped into the Ohio River drainage system . Other rivers were dammed and diverted to new channels , such as Niagara Falls , which formed a dramatic waterfall and gorge , when the waterflow encountered a limestone escarpment . Another similar waterfall , at the present Clark Reservation State Park near Syracuse , New York , is now dry . The area from Long Island to Nantucket , Massachusetts was formed from glacial till , and the plethora of lakes on the Canadian Shield in northern Canada can be almost entirely attributed to the action of the ice . As the ice retreated and the rock dust dried , winds carried the material hundreds of miles , forming beds of loess many dozens of feet thick in the Missouri Valley . Post-glacial rebound continues to reshape the Great Lakes and other areas formerly under the weight of the ice sheets . The Driftless Area , a portion of western and southwestern Wisconsin along with parts of adjacent Minnesota , Iowa , and Illinois , was not covered by glaciers . See also : Glacial history of Minnesota Last glacial period in the semiarid Andes around Aconcagua and tupungato A specially interesting climatic change during glacial times has taken place in the semi-arid Andes . Beside the expected cooling down in comparison with the current climate , a significant precipitation change happened here . So , researches in the presently semiarid subtropic Aconcagua - massif ( 6,962 m ) have shown an unexpectedly extensive glacial glaciation of the type `` ice stream network '' . The connected valley glaciers exceeding 100 km in length , flowed down on the East - side of this section of the Andes at 32 -- 34 ° S and 69 -- 71 ° W as far as a height of 2,060 m and on the western luff - side still clearly deeper . Where current glaciers scarcely reach 10 km in length , the snowline ( ELA ) runs at a height of 4,600 m and at that time was lowered to 3,200 m asl , i.e. about 1,400 m . From this follows that -- beside of an annual depression of temperature about c. 8.4 ° C -- here was an increase in precipitation . Accordingly , at glacial times the humid climatic belt that today is situated several latitude degrees further to the S , was shifted much further to the N . Effects of glaciation Scandinavia exhibits some of the typical effects of ice age glaciation such as fjords and lakes . See also : Glacial landform Although the last glacial period ended more than 8,000 years ago , its effects can still be felt today . For example , the moving ice carved out the landscape in Canada ( See Canadian Arctic Archipelago ) , Greenland , northern Eurasia and Antarctica . The erratic boulders , till , drumlins , eskers , fjords , kettle lakes , moraines , cirques , horns , etc. , are typical features left behind by the glaciers . The weight of the ice sheets was so great that they deformed the Earth 's crust and mantle . After the ice sheets melted , the ice - covered land rebounded . Due to the high viscosity of the Earth 's mantle , the flow of mantle rocks which controls the rebound process is very slow -- at a rate of about 1 cm / year near the center of rebound area today . During glaciation , water was taken from the oceans to form the ice at high latitudes , thus global sea level dropped by about 110 meters , exposing the continental shelves and forming land - bridges between land - masses for animals to migrate . During deglaciation , the melted ice - water returned to the oceans , causing sea level to rise . This process can cause sudden shifts in coastlines and hydration systems resulting in newly submerged lands , emerging lands , collapsed ice dams resulting in salination of lakes , new ice dams creating vast areas of freshwater , and a general alteration in regional weather patterns on a large but temporary scale . It can even cause temporary reglaciation . This type of chaotic pattern of rapidly changing land , ice , saltwater and freshwater has been proposed as the likely model for the Baltic and Scandinavian regions , as well as much of central North America at the end of the last glacial maximum , with the present - day coastlines only being achieved in the last few millennia of prehistory . Also , the effect of elevation on Scandinavia submerged a vast continental plain that had existed under much of what is now the North Sea , connecting the British Isles to Continental Europe . The redistribution of ice - water on the surface of the Earth and the flow of mantle rocks causes changes in the gravitational field as well as changes to the distribution of the moment of inertia of the Earth . These changes to the moment of inertia result in a change in the angular velocity , axis , and wobble of the Earth 's rotation . The weight of the redistributed surface mass loaded the lithosphere , caused it to flex and also induced stress within the Earth . The presence of the glaciers generally suppressed the movement of faults below . However , during deglaciation , the faults experience accelerated slip triggering earthquakes . Earthquakes triggered near the ice margin may in turn accelerate ice calving and may account for the Heinrich events . As more ice is removed near the ice margin , more intraplate earthquakes are induced and this positive feedback may explain the fast collapse of ice sheets . In Europe , glacial erosion and isostatic sinking from weight of ice made the Baltic Sea , which before the Ice Age was all land drained by the Eridanos River . See also Global cooling International Union for Quaternary Research Irish Sea Glacier Late Glacial Maximum Little Ice Age Post-glacial rebound Timeline of glaciation References Jump up ^ Imbrie , J. ; Imbrie , K.P ( 1979 ) . 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CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Ice ages Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ice age . Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article about Ice age . Cracking the Ice Age from PBS Montgomery , Keith ( 2010 ) . `` Development of the glacial theory , 1800 -- 1870 '' . Historical Simulation Raymo , M. ( July 2011 ) . `` Overview of the Uplift - Weathering Hypothesis '' . Eduard Y . Osipov , Oleg M. Khlystov . Glaciers and meltwater flux to Lake Baikal during the Last Glacial Maximum . Black , R. ( 9 January 2012 ) . `` Carbon emissions ' will defer Ice Age ' '' . BBC News : Science and Environment . Ice ages Quaternary Current Antarctica Greenland Iceland Pleistocene Last glacial period 1st : Würm , Wisconsin , Weichselian , Devensian / Midlandian , Pinedale / Fraser , Greenland , Merida , Llanquihue 2nd : Riss , Illinoian , Saale , Wolstonian , Santa María 3rd -- 6th : Mindel , Pre-Illinoian , Elster , Anglian , Rio Llico 7th -- 8th : Günz , Pre-Illinoian , Elbe or Menapian , Beestonian , Caracol Carboniferous -- Permian Karoo ( 360 Mya to 260 Mya ) Ordovician -- Silurian Andean - Saharan ( 460 Mya to 430 Mya ) Ediacaran Gaskiers ( 579.63 to 579.63 Mya ) Baykonurian ( 547 to 541.5 Mya ) Cryogenian Sturtian ( 717 to 660 Mya ) ; Marinoan ( 650 to 635 Mya ) Paleoproterozoic Huronian ( 2.4 to 2.1 Gya ) Mesoarchean Pongola ( 2.9 to 2.78 Gya ) Related topics Greenhouse and icehouse Earth Great Oxygenation Event Snowball Earth Interglacial Milankovitch cycles Stadial Timeline of glaciation Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth Greenhouse Earth Tropical temperatures may reach poles Icehouse Earth Global climate during an ice age Snowball Earth Earth 's surface entirely or nearly frozen over Warm period Interglacials Stadials and Interstadials Glacials Cold period Continental glaciations General Canadian Shield Glacial history of Minnesota Lake Agassiz Lake Chicago Lake Tight Last Glacial Maximum Laurentide Ice Sheet List of prehistoric lakes Post-glacial rebound Proglacial lake Teays River Timeline of glaciation Landforms Erosional Fjord Glacial striae Ribbon lake Roche moutonnée Tunnel valley U-shaped valley Depositional Drumlin Drumlin field Erratic block Moraine Pulju moraine Rogen moraine Terminal moraine Till plain Veiki moraine Glacifluvial Diluvium Esker Giant current ripples Kame Kame delta Kettle hole Outwash fan Sandur North American places Canada Arrowhead Provincial Park , Ontario Big Rock ( glacial erratic ) , Alberta Cypress Hills ( Canada ) , Saskatchewan Eramosa River , Ontario Eskers Provincial Park , British Columbia Foothills Erratics Train , Alberta Lion 's Head Provincial Park , Ontario Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine , Ontario Ovayok Territorial Park , Nunavut United States Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area , Wisconsin Coteau des Prairies , South Dakota Devil 's Lake State Park , Wisconsin Glacial Lake Wisconsin , Wisconsin Glacial Lakes State Park , Minnesota Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area , Wisconsin Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail , Idaho , Oregon & Washington Ice Age National Scientific Reserve , Wisconsin Ice Age Trail , Wisconsin Interstate State Park , Minnesota & Wisconsin Kelleys Island , Ohio Kettle Moraine State Forest , Wisconsin Lake Bonneville , Utah Lake Lahontan , Nevada Lake Missoula , Montana Mill Bluff State Park , Wisconsin Oneida Lake , New York Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area , Wisconsin Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field , Washington Yosemite National Park , California Eurasian and Antarctic places Antarctica Hardangerfjord Killary Harbour Lambert Glacier Monte Rosa Ross Ice Shelf Svalbard Time periods Illinoian Stage Interglacial Interstadial Last glacial period Little Ice Age Older Dryas Pleistocene Pre-Illinoian Stage Quaternary glaciation Sangamonian Stage Wisconsin glaciation Younger Dryas Geology portal Paleontology portal HDS : 7771 NDL : 00563846 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice_age&oldid=799892226 '' Categories : Ice ages Climate history Glaciology Geological history of the Great Lakes History of science Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 errors : dates CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 errors : chapter ignored Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Articles needing additional references from January 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from March 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Zeêuws 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 12 : 51 . 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New Zealand national rugby union team
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New Zealand national Rugby union team - wikipedia New Zealand national Rugby union team Jump to : navigation , search `` All Blacks '' redirects here . For other uses , see All Blacks ( disambiguation ) . New Zealand Nickname ( s ) All Blacks Emblem Silver fern Union New Zealand Rugby Union Head coach Steve Hansen Captain Kieran Read Most caps Richie McCaw ( 148 ) Top scorer Dan Carter ( 1598 ) Top try scorer Doug Howlett ( 49 ) First colours Second colours World Rugby ranking Current 1 ( as of 27 June 2016 ) Highest 1 ( 2016 ) Lowest 3 ( 2003 ) First international Australia 3 -- 22 New Zealand ( Sydney , Australia ; 15 August 1903 ) defecit 19 points Biggest win New Zealand 145 -- 17 Japan ( Bloemfontein , South Africa ; 4 June 1995 ) defecit 128 Biggest defeat Australia 28 -- 7 New Zealand ( Sydney , Australia ; 28 August 1999 ) defecit 21 points World Cup Appearances 8 ( First in 1987 ) Best result Champions , 1987 , 2011 , 2015 Website www.allblacks.com The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly called the All Blacks , represent New Zealand in men 's rugby union , which is regarded as the country 's national sport . The side has won the last two Rugby World Cups , in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . They have a 77 % winning record in test match rugby , and are the only international side with a winning record against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have lost to only six of the 19 nations they have played in test matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . The All Blacks are statistically the best side to have played the game , and jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation . New Zealand competes with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship . The All Blacks have won the trophy fourteen times in the competition 's twenty - one - year history . New Zealand have achieved a Grand Slam ( defeating England , Wales , Scotland , and Ireland in one tour ) four times -- 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 . The All Blacks have been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award nine times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . All Black coaches have won World Rugby Coach of the Year nine times since the award 's 2001 launch . The team 's first match was in 1884 , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney . The following year they hosted their first ever home test , a match against a British Isles side in Wellington . This was followed by a 34 - game ( including 5 tests ) tour of Europe and North America in 1905 , where the team suffered only one defeat -- their first ever test loss , against Wales . New Zealand 's early uniforms consisted of a black jersey with a silver fern and white knickerbockers . By the 1905 tour , they were wearing all black , except for the silver fern , and their name `` All Blacks '' dates from this time . The team perform a haka , a Māori challenge or posture dance , before each match . The haka performed has traditionally been Te Rauparaha 's Ka Mate , although since 2005 Kapa o Pango is often performed . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Introduction of rugby to New Zealand 1.2 International competition begins 1.3 Development of a legacy 1.4 Controversial tours 1.5 Early World Cups 1.6 Professionalism 1.7 Henry era 1.8 Hansen era 2 Jersey 3 Haka 4 Record 4.1 Overall 4.2 World Cup 4.3 Tri Nations and The Rugby Championship 5 Players 5.1 Current squad 5.2 Notable players 5.3 Individual all - time records 6 Coaches 7 Home grounds 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Works cited 12 External links History ( edit ) Introduction of Rugby to New Zealand ( edit ) The team that toured New South Wales in 1884 Rugby union -- almost universally referred to as rugby in New Zealand -- was introduced to New Zealand by Charles Monro in 1870 ; Monro discovered the sport while completing his studies at Christ 's College , Finchley , England . The first recorded game in New Zealand took place in May 1870 in Nelson between the Nelson club and Nelson College . The first provincial union , the Canterbury Rugby Football Union , was formed in 1879 , and in 1882 New Zealand 's first internationals were played when New South Wales ( NSW ) toured the country . NSW did not face a New Zealand representative team but played seven provincial sides -- the tourists won four games and lost three . Two years later the first New Zealand team to travel overseas toured New South Wales ; where New Zealand won all eight of their games . A privately organised British team , which later became the British and Irish Lions , toured New Zealand in 1888 . No test matches were played , and the side only played provincial sides . The British players were drawn mainly from Northern England , but there were representatives from Wales and Scotland . International competition begins ( edit ) See also : The Original All Blacks In 1892 , following the canvassing of provincial administrators by Ernest Hoben , the New Zealand Rugby Football Union ( NZRFU ) was formed by the majority of New Zealand 's provincial unions , but did not include Canterbury , Otago or Southland . The first officially sanctioned New Zealand side toured New South Wales in 1893 , where the Thomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches . The following year New Zealand played its first home `` international '' game , losing 8 -- 6 to New South Wales . The team 's first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators , and resulted in a 22 -- 3 victory . The Original All Blacks that toured the British Isles , France and the United States during 1905 -- 06 . The team won 34 of their 35 tour matches . A representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905 . The side is now known as the Originals , as the All Blacks name emerged during this tour when , according to team member Billy Wallace , a London newspaper reported that the New Zealanders played as if they were `` all backs '' . Wallace claimed that because of a typographical error , subsequent references were to `` All Blacks '' . This account is most likely a myth -- because of their black playing strip , the side was probably referred to as the Blacks before they left New Zealand . Even though the name All Blacks most likely existed before the trip , the tour did popularise it . The Originals played 35 matches on tour , and their only loss was a 3 -- 0 defeat to Wales in Cardiff . The match has entered into the folklore of both countries because of a controversy over whether All Black Bob Deans scored a try which would have earned his team a 3 -- 3 draw . In contrast to the success of the Originals on the field , the team did antagonise some in the Home Nations ' rugby establishment ; both administrators and the press complained that the All Blacks did not play the game within the amateur and gentlemanly spirit promoted by the International Rugby Football Board . This complaint continued to dog New Zealand teams until the 1930s . The success of the Originals had uncomfortable consequences for the amateur NZRFU . In 1907 , a party of professional players was assembled to tour the British Isles and play rugby league -- a professional offshoot of rugby union that was played by clubs that split from England 's Rugby Football Union ( RFU ) due to disagreements over financial compensation for players . When the All Golds , as the team came to be known , returned they established rugby league in New Zealand , and a large number of players switched to the professional code . English and Welsh authorities were alarmed by the threat of professionalism to rugby in New Zealand , and in 1908 an Anglo - Welsh side undertook a tour to New Zealand to help promote the amateur values under which they believed sport should be played . The tourists were defeated 2 -- 0 in the three - test series by New Zealand , but the Anglo - Welsh did manage to draw the second test 3 -- 3 . Development of a legacy ( edit ) International rugby was suspended during the First World War , but a New Zealand Services team did compete in inter-services competition known as the King 's Cup . After their departure from Europe the side toured South Africa before their return to New Zealand , and that tour paved the way for a South African team to tour New Zealand in 1921 . The Springboks -- as the South African team is known -- played New Zealand in a test series that ended all square . New Zealand conducted a return tour to South Africa in 1928 , and the test series was again drawn ; both teams winning two tests each . The 1924 All Black tourists to the British Isles and France were dubbed the Invincibles because they won every game . However , the team was deprived of a potential Grand Slam when Scotland refused to play them because they were upset the tour was organised through the RFU rather than the IRFB . The first British Isles side since 1908 toured New Zealand in 1930 . Although the Lions won the first test , the home side regrouped and went on to win the series 3 -- 1 . New Zealand toured the British Isles again in 1935 -- 36 , losing only three games -- including two tests -- during a 30 - match tour . In one of these losses , Prince Obolensky famously scored two tries to help England to a 13 -- 0 win ; their first over New Zealand . The All Blacks at the climax of their haka before a 1932 test against Australia . In 1937 , South Africa toured New Zealand and decisively won the test series despite losing the first test ; this 1937 South African team has been described as the best team ever to leave New Zealand . It was not until 1949 that New Zealand next played the Springboks when they toured South Africa with Fred Allen as captain . Although each test against South Africa was very close , New Zealand lost the series 4 -- 0 . As part of the tour , a contingent of 26 All Blacks travelled to Rhodesia for two non-test exhibition matches . The Rhodesia side beat the All Blacks 10 -- 8 in Bulawayo , and then drew 3 -- 3 in the follow up match in Salisbury . At the same time as an All Black team was touring South Africa , Australia were touring New Zealand . The two tours coincided because Māori players were not able to go to South Africa at the time , meaning the Australians , played against a New Zealand team made up of the best Māori and the reserve non-Māori players , while the South Africans encountered the best pākehā ( non-Māori ) players . On the afternoon of 3 September New Zealand , captained by Johnny Smith , were beaten 11 -- 6 by Australia in Wellington . New Zealand then lost their second test 16 -- 9 , which gave Australia a Bledisloe Cup series win in New Zealand for the first time . 1949 was an annus horribilis for the All Blacks as they lost all six of their test matches , and the experience of playing two test series simultaneously has not been repeated . The two consecutive series losses to South Africa made their 1956 tour of New Zealand highly anticipated . New Zealand were captained by Bob Duff and coached by Bob Stuart , and their 3 -- 1 series win was their first over the Springboks and the Springboks ' first series loss that century . During the series , New Zealand introduced Don Clarke , and brought prop Kevin Skinner out of retirement to help secure the win . Skinner , a former New Zealand boxing champion , had retired from international rugby , but was convinced to return for the third and fourth tests . One reason for Skinner 's selection was to `` sort out '' the South African props , while Clarke become known as `` The Boot '' for his goal kicking . New Zealand 's 3 -- 1 series win over the Lions in 1959 proved to be the start of a dominant period in All Black rugby . This was followed by the 1963 -- 64 tour to Britain and Ireland , led by Wilson Whineray , in which New Zealand were deprived of a Grand Slam by a scoreless draw with Scotland . The only loss on this tour was to Newport RFC , who won 3 -- 0 at Rodney Parade , Newport on 30 October 1963 . The 1967 side won three tests against the home nations , but was unable to play Ireland because of a foot - and - mouth scare . This tour formed part of New Zealand 's longest winning streak , between 1965 and 1970 , of 17 test victories . This was also the longest test winning streak by any nation at the time ; it would be equalled by the Springboks in 1998 , and surpassed by Lithuania in 2010 . Although the 1966 Lions were defeated 0 -- 4 in their New Zealand tour , there was a reversal of fortune five years later when the 1971 Lions , under the captaincy of Welshman John Dawes , beat New Zealand in a test series , which remains the Lions ' only series victory in New Zealand . The 1972 -- 3 tourists narrowly missed a Grand Slam with a draw against Ireland . The tour was notable for the sending home of prop Keith Murdoch , who was alleged to have been involved in a brawl in a Cardiff hotel while celebrating the defeat of Wales . It was on this tour New Zealand lost 9 - 3 in an epic battle against Llanelli RFC littered with Welsh and British Lions caps In 1978 , Graham Mourie captained New Zealand to their first Grand Slam , including a 13 -- 12 victory over Wales . That game generated controversy after New Zealand won as the result of a late penalty . Lock Andy Haden had dived out of a line - out in an attempt to earn a penalty , but referee Roger Quittenden insisted the penalty was against Welsh lock Geoff Wheel for jumping off the shoulder of Frank Oliver . New Zealand 's only loss on the tour was the famous 12 -- 0 defeat by Irish province Munster at Thomond Park . Later a play which focused on the loss was written by John Breen , called Alone it Stands . Controversial tours ( edit ) Police outside Eden Park before an All Blacks ' match during the 1981 Springbok tour For the 1960 All Blacks tour of South Africa , the South African authorities insisted that Maori players be excluded from the team . The subsequent controversy led to the New Zealand Rugby Union refusing any other tour for the following 10 years until the 1970 tour , when Maori players were accepted as `` honorary whites '' . ( See Halt All Racist Tours . ) The 1976 All Blacks tour of apartheid South Africa generated much controversy and led to the boycott of the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal by 33 African nations after the IOC refused to ban the team . New Zealand again failed to win the test series in South Africa : they did not do so until 1996 , after the fall of apartheid . The 1976 tour contributed to the Gleneagles Agreement being adopted by the Commonwealth Heads of State in 1977 . The 1981 South African tour to New Zealand sparked protests against South Africa 's apartheid policy , the likes of which had not been seen in New Zealand since the 1951 waterfront dispute . The NZRU had invited the Springboks to tour as the Muldoon government refused to involve politics in sport . Although New Zealand won the test series , two of the tour 's provincial games were cancelled and the whole tour was marred by violence and protest . The third and final test match of the tour is sometimes known as the Flour Bomb test , as an anti-apartheid activist in a Cessna light aircraft dropped leaflets , flares , a parachute - supported banner reading `` Biko '' and flour bombs into Auckland 's Eden Park throughout the match , felling a New Zealand player . During the tour the country experienced unrest , and the tour had a significant impact on New Zealand society . The 1985 All Blacks tour to South Africa was cancelled after legal action on the grounds that it would breach the NZRU 's constitution . In 1986 , a rebel tour to South Africa took place that had not been authorised by the NZRU and the team , named the Cavaliers , included many All Blacks . Those that participated in the tour received a ban for two tests from the NZRU when they returned to New Zealand . Allegations that players received payment for the tour were never proved . Early World Cups ( edit ) New Zealand hosted and won the inaugural World Cup in 1987 beating France 29 -- 9 in the final . New Zealand conceded only 52 points and scored 43 tries in six games en route to the title , beating Italy , Fiji , Argentina , Scotland , Wales and France . By the 1991 World Cup New Zealand were an ageing side , co-coached by Alex Wyllie and John Hart . After beating hosts England in the tournament opener , they struggled during pool matches against the United States and Italy , and won their quarter - final against Canada . They were then knocked out by eventual winners Australia 16 -- 6 in their semi-final at Lansdowne Road . In the wake of the tournament , there were many retirements , including coach Wyllie , who had enjoyed an 86 % win rate during 29 tests in charge . Laurie Mains replaced Wyllie in 1992 , and was given the job of preparing the side for the 1995 event in South Africa . New Zealand were again one of the favourites to take the championship . Their status as favourites was enhanced when a young Jonah Lomu scored four tries against England in the 45 -- 29 semi-final win . They managed to take hosts South Africa to extra time in the final , before losing 15 - 12 to Joel Stransky 's drop goal . Professionalism ( edit ) New Zealand playing England at Twickenham in 2006 The professional era in rugby union began in 1995 , spurred by creation of the SANZAR group ( a combination of South Africa , New Zealand and Australia ) which was formed with the purpose of selling broadcast rights for two new competitions , the domestic Super 12 competition and the Tri-Nations . The first Tri-Nations was contested in 1996 , with New Zealand winning all four of their tests to take the trophy . After a 1996 Tri-Nations match hosted by South Africa , won 29 -- 18 by New Zealand , preceded a separate three - match test series between the two sides . Under new coach John Hart and the captaincy of Sean Fitzpatrick , New Zealand won a test series in South Africa for the first time . Fitzpatrick rated the series win higher than the 1987 World Cup victory in which he had participated . The next three seasons saw mixed results for New Zealand , who won all their Tri-Nations tests in 1997 before losing the title for the first time in 1998 . In 1998 New Zealand lost all five tests in the Tri-Nations and Bledisloe Cup series ( two to South Africa and three to Australia ) , the first time they had lost four tests in succession since 1949 . The following year they suffered their worst test loss , 28 -- 7 to Australia in Sydney . At the 1999 World Cup later that year , the All Blacks dominated their pool , handing England a 30 -- 16 defeat at Twickenham . They advanced past Scotland 30 -- 18 in the quarter - finals to play France at Twickenham . After New Zealand finished the first half 17 -- 10 ahead , France then produced a famous half of rugby to which New Zealand had no answer , winning 43 -- 31 . Hart subsequently resigned as coach and was replaced by co-coaches Wayne Smith and Tony Gilbert . Under Smith and Gilbert , New Zealand came second in the 2000 and 2001 Tri-Nations , and in neither season did the side reclaim the Bledisloe Cup -- which had been lost in 1998 . Both coaches were replaced by John Mitchell on 3 October 2001 , and he went on to coach New Zealand to victory in both the 2002 and 2003 Tri-Nations , as well as regaining the Bledisloe Cup in 2003 . The All Blacks entered the 2003 World Cup as one of the favourites and dominated their pool , running up wins against Italy , Canada and Tonga , before winning one of the most competitive matches of the tournament against Wales . They defeated South Africa in their quarter - final , a team they had never beaten at the World Cup , 29 -- 9 , but lost to Australia 22 -- 10 in the semi-final in Sydney . Afterwards , Mitchell had to reapply as coach , but the NZRU instead appointed Graham Henry . Henry era ( edit ) Henry 's tenure began with a double victory over 2003 Rugby World Cup winners England in 2004 . The two games had an aggregate score of 72 -- 15 , and England were kept try-less . Despite the winning start to Henry 's tenure , the Tri-Nations was a mixed success with two wins and two losses . The competition was the closest ever , bonus points decided the outcome , and New Zealand finishing last . The 2004 season finished with three wins in Europe , including a record 45 -- 6 victory over France under new captain and outside centre Tana Umaga . In 2005 New Zealand whitewashed the touring British and Irish Lions after Brian O ' Driscoll ( Irish ) , Lions ' star , received a spear tackle from two New Zealanders in the first test during their three - match test series , won the Tri-Nations , and achieved a second Grand Slam over the Home Nations for the first time since 1978 . They went on to sweep the major IRB ( now World Rugby ) awards in which they were named : Team of the Year , Henry was named Coach of the Year , and first five - eighth Dan Carter was Player of the Year . New Zealand were nominated for the Laureus World Sports Award for Team of the Year in 2006 for their 2005 performance . The following year they again took the Tri-Nations Series after winning their first five matches , three against Australia and two against South Africa . They lost their final match of the series against South Africa . They completed their end of year tour unbeaten , with record away wins over France , England and Wales . New Zealand were named 2006 IRB Team of the Year and were nominated for the Laureus World Sports Award for the second time , while flanker and newly appointed captain Richie McCaw was named IRB Player of the Year for the first time . The 2007 season started off with two mid-year tests against France . New Zealand won the tests 42 -- 11 at Eden Park and 61 -- 10 at Westpac Stadium . A third game , against Canada , resulted in a 64 -- 13 win , although the game was more competitive than the scoreline indicated . New Zealand 's first Tri-Nations game of 2007 was against the Springboks in Durban , South Africa . New Zealand scored two tries in the final ten minutes of the game to win 26 -- 21 . The following week against the Wallabies at the Melbourne Cricket Ground the Wallabies upset New Zealand to win 20 -- 15 , New Zealand 's first loss to Australia since 2004 . The All Blacks won their following home games to successfully defend the Tri-Nations Series for 2007 . New Zealand entered the 2007 Rugby World Cup as favourites , and topped their pool , beating Scotland , Italy , Romania and Portugal by at least 40 points . However , they then suffered a defeat by hosts France in the quarter - finals in Cardiff . Following the loss to France coach Graham Henry 's job was reappointed amid vocal debate and comment , despite then Crusaders coach Robbie Deans being a strong contender . New Zealand playing Tonga in the 2011 Rugby World Cup The 2008 season started with three mid-year tests , the first against Ireland at Westpac Stadium , Wellington . The final two games were against England , the first at Eden Park and the second at AMI Stadium in Christchurch . New Zealand played their first Tri-Nations game against South Africa at Westpac Stadium in Wellington winning 19 -- 8 but a week later at Carisbrook in Dunedin they lost to South Africa 28 -- 30 , ending a 30 - match winning streak at home , their previous loss in New Zealand being against England in 2003 . New Zealand played their next Tri-Nations match on 26 July against Australia at Stadium Australia in Sydney , losing 34 -- 19 but a week later against Australia at Eden Park in New Zealand won 39 -- 10 . The greatest victory for New Zealand in the 2008 season was beating South Africa 19 -- 0 in Cape Town at Newlands Stadium . New Zealand played their final match on 13 September against Australia at Suncorp Stadium in Brisbane winning 28 -- 24 and retaining the Bledisloe Cup and the Tri-Nations . The All Blacks opened the 2009 season with a 22 -- 27 loss to France at Carisbrook , but defeated them 14 -- 10 in Wellington a week later . On points difference , France won the Dave Gallaher Cup for the first time . A week later the All Blacks defeated Italy 27 -- 6 in Christchurch . They finished second in the Tri-Nations Series , behind South Africa who lost only one game , and ended the series with a 33 -- 6 win over Australia in Wellington . In 2010 the All Blacks won the Tri-Nations series for the tenth time after three successive victories against South Africa , also retaining the Bledisloe Cup after consecutive victories against Australia . During 2010 New Zealand were undefeated for 15 test matches . Despite losing the 2011 Tri-Nations after a loss to Australia in Brisbane , but still entered the 2011 Rugby World Cup as one of the favourites . The All Blacks went through their pool matches undefeated , and after defeating Argentina , and then Australia , faced France in the final . New Zealand scored one try and a penalty to narrowly win 8 -- 7 . Henry stepped down as coach following the World Cup , and was replaced as head coach by his assistant Steve Hansen . Hansen era ( edit ) The Tri-Nations was expanded to include Argentina in 2012 , and subsequently renamed The Rugby Championship . The All Blacks went undefeated in the inaugural tournament , and went through the year unbeaten until their last match of the year , where they lost to England at Twickenham . In 2013 New Zealand hosted France in a three - match series -- their first meeting since the 2011 World Cup final . They won all three tests , before going unbeaten in the 2013 Rugby Championship . In November 2013 , New Zealand became the first rugby nation in the professional era to achieve a 100 % record in a calendar year . At the 2014 Rugby Championship , the All Blacks drew Australia and lost to South Africa in the away matches , but won the other four matches and the tournament . At the shortened 2015 Rugby Championship , the All Blacks lost to Australia and was runner - up . The team entered the 2015 Rugby World Cup and again went undefeated in their pool matches . They defeated France 62 - 13 in the Quarter - Final , South Africa 20 - 18 in the Semi-Final and Australia 34 - 17 in the Final to become the first nation to retain their World Champion title and the first to win the Rugby World Cup three times . The All Blacks went undefeated at the 2016 Rugby Championship , claiming bonus points at each match , under new captain and Number 8 , Kieran Read and vice-captain and fullback Ben Smith . Smith and wing Israel Dagg were also the joint highest try scorers in the competition with 5 each , while first - five - eighth Beauden Barrett was the highest points scorer of the competition with 81 in total . 2016 did hold a historic loss with the All Blacks losing their first ever game to Ireland for the first time after 111 years of success , losing 40 - 29 . However , in the test following New Zealand redeemed themselves by defeating Ireland for the 28th time , out of 30 tests , 21 - 9 Jersey ( edit ) All Blacks jerseys The 1905 Jersey The Adidas Jersey worn between July 1999 and August 2011 The current New Zealand jersey is entirely black ( currently referred to as the ' blackest ' jersey ever created ) except the Adidas logo , the NZRU silver fern on the front and the AIG logo in the lower center ( all of which are darkened from previously ) . The 1884 New Zealand tour to Australia was the first overseas New Zealand rugby tour , and featured clothing very different from today 's jersey . Back then , the team donned a dark blue jersey , with gold fern on the left of the jumper . In 1893 the NZRU stipulated at its annual general meeting that the uniform would be black jersey with a silver fern and white knickerbockers . However historic photographs suggest white shorts may have been used instead during these early years . Sometime between 1897 and 1901 there was a change ; by 1901 the team met NSW in a black jersey , a canvas top with no collar , and a silver fern . In 2006 , New Zealand wore an embroidered remembrance poppy on their jersey sleeve when playing France during the end - of - year tour . The poppy honours the ANZAC soldiers who died on the beaches of Gallipoli . Captain Richie McCaw said `` We want to honour the overseas service of New Zealanders . It is an important part of our history as a country and a team . '' During the 2011 Rugby World Cup the All Blacks had an embroidered William Webb Ellis cup on the sleeve of their jerseys with the year ' 1987 ' underneath . This was to signify which year the team had won the tournament . Each of the four teams who had won the competition had the same detailing on their jerseys . Adidas is paying the NZRFU $200 million over nine years , expecting New Zealand to win around 75 % of their matches . Nike also looked at sponsoring New Zealand in 1996 , but went with Tiger Woods instead . The change kit has traditionally been white with black shorts . After a few years playing with a change kit of grey shirt and black shorts , the NZRU announced a return to the traditional white jersey and black shorts in May 2009 . For the 30 July 2011 Springboks match in Wellington , the All Black jersey introduced a white collar in homage to that sported by the 1987 World Cup - winning team . In 2012 , the NZRU took the controversial step of allowing American insurance and financial services company , AIG , to promote themselves on the centre - front of the All Black jersey . In return , the NZRU would receive direct financial sponsorship that was not revealed ; the deal was estimated to be worth approximately $80 million over five years . Adidas have been the All Blacks ' kit suppliers since 1999 , taking over from Canterbury . In June 2017 , after releasing a special edition jersey for the impending three tests against the British and Irish Lions , it was announced that the partnership between the All Blacks and Adidas had been extended to at least 2023 . 1905 `` Originals '' Home 1924 `` The Invincibles '' Home 1950s - 1999 Home 1999 - 2003 Home 2003 - 2005 Home 2007 - 2009 Home 2007 - 2009 Away 2011 - 2012 Home 2011 - 2012 Away 2015 - 2016 Home 2015 Rugby World Cup Home Haka ( edit ) Main article : Haka ( sports ) New Zealand perform Ka Mate before a match against France in November 2006 The All Blacks perform a haka ( Māori challenge ) before each international match . The haka has been closely associated with New Zealand rugby ever since a tour of Australia and the United Kingdom by the 1888 -- 89 New Zealand Native football team , though the New Zealand team that toured New South Wales in 1884 may also have performed a haka . The New Zealand native team that toured Britain in 1888 and 1889 used Ake Ake Kia Kaha , and the 1903 team in Australia used a mocking haka , Tupoto koe , Kangaru ! . The 1905 All Blacks began the tradition of using Ka Mate -- a haka composed in the 19th century by Ngāti Toa leader Te Rauparaha . The 1924 All Blacks used a specially composed haka Ko Niu Tireni , but later All Blacks reverted to Ka Mate . In August 2005 , before the Tri-Nations test match between New Zealand and South Africa at Carisbrook stadium in Dunedin , New Zealand performed a new haka , Kapa o Pango , specially composed by Derek Lardelli and intended to reflect the Polynesian - influenced multicultural make - up of contemporary New Zealand . Kapa o Pango was to be performed on special occasions and was not intended to replace Ka Mate . Kapa o Pango concludes with what has been interpreted as a `` throat slitting '' gesture that led to accusations that Kapa o Pango encourages violence , and sends the wrong message to All Blacks fans . However , according to Lardelli , the gesture represents `` drawing vital energy into the heart and lungs '' . In November 2006 , at the Millennium Stadium , Cardiff , New Zealand performed the haka in the dressing room prior to the match -- instead of on the field immediately before kick - off -- after a disagreement with the Welsh Rugby Union , which had wanted Wales to sing their national anthem after the haka . In 2008 , New Zealand played Munster at Thomond Park . Before the match , Munster 's four New Zealanders challenged their opponents by performing a haka before the All Blacks started theirs . On the same tour , Wales responded by silently refusing to move after New Zealand 's haka , and the two teams simply stared at each other until the referee forced them to start the game . Record ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) World Rugby Rankings Top 30 rankings as of 11 September 2017 Rank Change * Team Points New Zealand 95.21 England 90.14 South Africa 85.81 Ireland 85.39 5 Australia 84.05 6 Scotland 82.47 7 Wales 81.73 8 France 79.63 9 Fiji 79.48 10 Argentina 78.00 11 Japan 73.79 12 Georgia 73.41 13 Tonga 71.72 14 Italy 71.00 15 Romania 70.27 16 Samoa 69.67 17 United States 65.84 18 Uruguay 63.15 19 Spain 63.15 20 Russia 63.13 21 Namibia 61.40 22 Hong Kong 60.00 23 Germany 59.78 24 Canada 59.47 25 Portugal 57.26 26 Belgium 56.94 27 Kenya 56.21 28 Chile 54.76 29 Brazil 54.50 30 Switzerland 53.63 * Change from the previous week New Zealand 's historical rankings Source : World Rugby - Graph updated to 20 February 2017 See also : List of All Blacks tours and series New Zealand have only ever been beaten by six test nations , and they are the only international team to have a winning record against every nation they have played . They have won 432 of their 560 test matches -- 77.14 % ( see table ) , and have lost at home only 38 times . Since World Rankings were introduced by World Rugby in October 2003 , New Zealand have occupied the number one ranking the majority of the time . In the decade from 2000 to 2009 , New Zealand won 100 tests ( 82 % winning percentage ) . New Zealand 's longest winning streak is 18 test victories ( a Tier 1 joint world record ) , achieved between 2015 and 2016 . In 2013 they won every test they played during a calendar year . The All Blacks hold the record for most consecutive test wins at home -- a 47 - match winning streak , achieved between 2009 and 2017 . Their longest unbeaten streak is 23 tests ( from 1987 to 1990 ) with one game being drawn . Their all - time points record for tests stands at 15,253 points for and 7,344 against ( updated 16 September 2017 ) . Many national teams ' heaviest defeats have occurred against New Zealand -- the national teams of Argentina , Fiji , France , Ireland , Japan , Portugal , Samoa , South Africa and Tonga have all suffered their greatest defeats at the hands of New Zealand . The All Blacks ' largest test win was 145 -- 17 against Japan in 1995 , while their heaviest loss was a 28 -- 7 loss to Australia in 1999 . Below is summary of New Zealand test results , updated 16 September 2017 : Opponent Played Won Lost Drawn Win % For Aga Diff Argentina 25 24 0 96.00 % 1013 355 + 658 Australia 160 111 42 7 69.38 % 3357 2250 + 1107 British and Irish Lions 41 30 7 73.17 % 700 399 + 301 Canada 5 5 0 0 100.00 % 313 54 + 259 England 40 32 7 80.00 % 969 560 + 409 Fiji 5 5 0 0 100.00 % 364 50 + 314 France 57 44 12 77.19 % 1431 745 + 686 Georgia 0 0 100.00 % 43 10 + 33 Ireland 30 28 93.33 % 862 359 + 503 Italy 13 13 0 0 100.00 % 754 128 + 626 Japan 0 0 100.00 % 282 30 + 252 Namibia 0 0 100.00 % 58 14 + 44 Pacific Islanders 0 0 100.00 % 41 26 + 15 Portugal 0 0 100.00 % 108 13 + 95 Romania 0 0 100.00 % 99 14 + 85 Samoa 7 7 0 0 100.00 % 411 72 + 339 Scotland 30 28 0 93.33 % 900 332 + 568 South Africa 94 56 35 59.57 % 1920 1458 + 462 Tonga 5 5 0 0 100.00 % 326 35 + 291 United States 0 0 100.00 % 171 15 + 156 Wales 33 30 0 90.91 % 1037 356 + 681 World XV 0 66.67 % 94 69 + 25 Total 560 432 108 20 77.14 % 15253 7344 + 7909 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : New Zealand at the Rugby World Cup Year Round Played Won Drew Lost Pts For Against Champions 6 6 0 0 298 52 1991 Third place 6 5 0 142 74 1995 Runners - up 6 5 0 327 119 1999 Fourth place 6 0 255 111 2003 Third place 7 6 0 361 101 2007 Quarter - finals 5 0 327 55 2011 Champions 7 7 0 0 301 72 2015 Champions 7 7 0 0 290 97 Total -- 50 44 -- 6 2,301 681 New Zealand have won the World Cup three times , the only team as of now to have done so . They beat France in the final of the 1987 inaugural competition held in New Zealand and Australia , defeated France again in the final of the 2011 tournament , also hosted in New Zealand , and most recently defeated Australia in England in 2015 , making them the first and only team to win the World Cup in consecutive tournaments . In 1991 , they lost their semi-final to Australia before winning the playoff for third . In 1995 , they reached the final , before losing in extra time to hosts South Africa . They finished in fourth place in 1999 , after losing their semi-final and then the third - place playoff game . In 2003 , New Zealand were knocked out by hosts Australia in their semi-final , before finishing third . The 2007 World Cup saw their worst tournament , being knocked out in the quarterfinals by the host nation France ; until this they were the only team to have reached the semifinals of every tournament . As a result of the poor performance in the 2007 World Cup the NZRU commissioned a 47 - page report to detail the causes of the failure . The All Blacks have never lost a World Cup pool match , and have finished top of their pool in all seven tournaments . New Zealand holds several World Cup records : most World Cup Matches ( 48 ) , most points in one match ( 145 versus Japan in 1995 ) , most cumulative points over all World Cups ( 2,248 ) , most tries overall ( 306 ) , most conversions ( 222 ) and also the record for the most points scored in the first half of a knockout game at the Rugby World Cup ( 29 ) ( against France 2015 ) along with the largest knockout margin ( 49 ) in the same match . Several individual players also hold World Cup records ; Jonah Lomu for most World Cup tries ( 15 over two World Cups ) ( Currently tied with South Africa 's Bryan Habana ) , Marc Ellis with most tries in a match ( 6 versus Japan in 1995 ) , Grant Fox with most points in one tournament ( 126 in 1987 ) , and Simon Culhane with most points in a single game ( 45 versus Japan in 1995 ) . Tri nations and the Rugby Championship ( edit ) New Zealand 's only annual tournament is a competition involving the Southern Hemisphere 's top national teams . From 1996 through 2011 , they competed in the Tri Nations against Australia and South Africa . In 2012 , Argentina joined the competition , which was renamed The Rugby Championship . New Zealand 's record of 14 tournament wins ( the most recent in 2016 ) and 74 match wins is well ahead of the other teams ' records . The Bledisloe Cup is contested between New Zealand and Australia , and the Freedom Cup between New Zealand and South Africa , as part of the Tri Nations and The Rugby Championship . Tri Nations ( 1996 -- 2011 ) Nation Games Points Bonus points Table points Championships played won drawn lost for against diff New Zealand 72 50 0 22 1936 1395 + 541 32 232 10 Australia 72 29 42 1531 1721 − 190 34 152 South Africa 72 28 43 1480 1831 − 351 24 138 Rugby Championship ( 2012 -- ) Nation Games Points Bonus points Table points Championships played won drawn lost for against diff New Zealand 31 28 1075 506 + 569 17 115 Australia 31 14 15 684 794 − 110 5 59 South Africa 31 14 15 740 722 + 18 12 62 0 Argentina 31 27 546 1023 − 477 9 23 0 Updated : 17 September 2017 Source : espnscrum.com Players ( edit ) Current squad ( edit ) New Zealand 's 34 - man squad for the 2017 Rugby Championship . On 10 August , Jordie Barrett withdrew from the squad due to injury and was replaced by David Havili . On 13 August , Dane Coles ruled out of the first round of the Rugby Championship and Ricky Riccitelli was called as cover . On 20 August , Kane Hames , Akira Ioane and Atu Moli temporarily joined the squad ahead of the second round of the Championship . On 24 August , Jeffery Toomaga - Allen was called up to the squad after Owen Franks was ruled out of the second round game against Australia . Franks was later ruled out for the remainder of the Championship . On 4 September , Blake Gibson was called up to the squad as injury cover for Sam Cane . On 10 September , Joe Moody was ruled out for the remaining matches in the Championship and Kane Hames was recalled as his replacement . All squad members play rugby in New Zealand . Note : Caps correct as of 16 September 2017 Player Position Date of Birth ( Age ) Caps Franchise / province Coles , Dane Dane Coles Hooker ( 1986 - 12 - 10 ) 10 December 1986 ( age 30 ) 52 Hurricanes / Wellington Harris , Nathan Nathan Harris Hooker ( 1992 - 03 - 08 ) 8 March 1992 ( age 25 ) 9 Chiefs / Bay of Plenty Riccitelli , Ricky Ricky Riccitelli Hooker ( 1995 - 02 - 03 ) 3 February 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 Hurricanes / Taranaki Taylor , Codie Codie Taylor Hooker ( 1991 - 03 - 31 ) 31 March 1991 ( age 26 ) 23 Crusaders / Canterbury Crockett , Wyatt Wyatt Crockett Prop ( 1983 - 01 - 24 ) 24 January 1983 ( age 34 ) 65 Crusaders / Canterbury Franks , Owen Owen Franks Prop ( 1987 - 12 - 23 ) 23 December 1987 ( age 29 ) 95 Crusaders / Canterbury Hames , Kane Kane Hames Prop ( 1988 - 08 - 28 ) 28 August 1988 ( age 29 ) Chiefs / Tasman Laulala , Nepo Nepo Laulala Prop ( 1991 - 11 - 06 ) 6 November 1991 ( age 25 ) 7 Chiefs / Counties Manukau Moli , Atunaisa Atunaisa Moli Prop ( 1995 - 06 - 12 ) 12 June 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 Chiefs / Waikato Moody , Joe Joe Moody Prop ( 1988 - 09 - 18 ) 18 September 1988 ( age 29 ) 31 Crusaders / Canterbury Toomaga - Allen , Jeffery Jeffery Toomaga - Allen Prop ( 1990 - 11 - 19 ) 19 November 1990 ( age 26 ) Hurricanes / Wellington Tu'ungafasi , Ofa Ofa Tu'ungafasi Prop ( 1992 - 04 - 19 ) 19 April 1992 ( age 25 ) 8 Blues / Auckland Barrett , Scott Scott Barrett Lock ( 1993 - 11 - 20 ) 20 November 1993 ( age 23 ) 11 Crusaders / Taranaki Retallick , Brodie Brodie Retallick Lock ( 1991 - 05 - 31 ) 31 May 1991 ( age 26 ) 68 Chiefs / Hawke 's Bay Romano , Luke Luke Romano Lock ( 1986 - 02 - 16 ) 16 February 1986 ( age 31 ) 28 Crusaders / Canterbury Whitelock , Sam Sam Whitelock Lock ( 1988 - 10 - 12 ) 12 October 1988 ( age 28 ) 91 Crusaders / Canterbury Cane , Sam Sam Cane Flanker ( 1992 - 01 - 13 ) 13 January 1992 ( age 25 ) 48 Chiefs / Bay of Plenty Fifita , Vaea Vaea Fifita Flanker ( 1992 - 06 - 17 ) 17 June 1992 ( age 25 ) Hurricanes / Wellington Gibson , Blake Blake Gibson Flanker ( 1995 - 04 - 19 ) 19 April 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 Blues / Auckland Kaino , Jerome Jerome Kaino Flanker ( 1983 - 04 - 06 ) 6 April 1983 ( age 34 ) 81 Blues / Auckland Savea , Ardie Ardie Savea Flanker ( 1993 - 10 - 14 ) 14 October 1993 ( age 23 ) 20 Hurricanes / Wellington Squire , Liam Liam Squire Flanker ( 1991 - 03 - 20 ) 20 March 1991 ( age 26 ) 11 Highlanders / Tasman Ioane , Akira Akira Ioane Number 8 ( 1995 - 01 - 16 ) 16 January 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 Blues / Auckland Read , Kieran Kieran Read ( c ) Number 8 ( 1985 - 10 - 26 ) 26 October 1985 ( age 31 ) 104 Crusaders / Counties Manukau Kerr - Barlow , Tawera Tawera Kerr - Barlow Half - back ( 1990 - 08 - 15 ) 15 August 1990 ( age 27 ) 26 Chiefs / Waikato Perenara , TJ TJ Perenara Half - back ( 1992 - 01 - 23 ) 23 January 1992 ( age 25 ) 37 Hurricanes / Wellington Smith , Aaron Aaron Smith Half - back ( 1988 - 11 - 21 ) 21 November 1988 ( age 28 ) 65 Highlanders / Manawatu Barrett , Beauden Beauden Barrett First five - eighth ( 1991 - 05 - 27 ) 27 May 1991 ( age 26 ) 57 Hurricanes / Taranaki Sopoaga , Lima Lima Sopoaga First five - eighth ( 1991 - 02 - 03 ) 3 February 1991 ( age 26 ) 11 Highlanders / Southland Crotty , Ryan Ryan Crotty Centre ( 1988 - 09 - 23 ) 23 September 1988 ( age 28 ) 30 Crusaders / Canterbury Havili , David David Havili Centre ( 1994 - 12 - 23 ) 23 December 1994 ( age 22 ) 0 Crusaders / Tasman Laumape , Ngani Ngani Laumape Centre ( 1993 - 04 - 22 ) 22 April 1993 ( age 24 ) Hurricanes / Manawatu Lienert - Brown , Anton Anton Lienert - Brown Centre ( 1995 - 04 - 15 ) 15 April 1995 ( age 22 ) 17 Chiefs / Waikato Williams , Sonny Bill Sonny Bill Williams Centre ( 1985 - 08 - 03 ) 3 August 1985 ( age 32 ) 40 Blues / Waikato Dagg , Israel Israel Dagg Wing ( 1988 - 06 - 06 ) 6 June 1988 ( age 29 ) 66 Crusaders / Hawke 's Bay Ioane , Rieko Rieko Ioane Wing ( 1997 - 03 - 18 ) 18 March 1997 ( age 20 ) 7 Blues / Auckland Milner - Skudder , Nehe Nehe Milner - Skudder Wing ( 1990 - 12 - 15 ) 15 December 1990 ( age 26 ) 10 Hurricanes / Manawatu Naholo , Waisake Waisake Naholo Wing ( 1991 - 05 - 08 ) 8 May 1991 ( age 26 ) 13 Highlanders / Taranaki McKenzie , Damian Damian McKenzie Fullback ( 1995 - 04 - 25 ) 25 April 1995 ( age 22 ) 6 Chiefs / Waikato Smith , Ben Ben Smith Fullback ( 1986 - 06 - 01 ) 1 June 1986 ( age 31 ) 64 Highlanders / Otago Notable players ( edit ) Captain of the `` Original All Blacks '' that toured Britain and Ireland in 1905 , Dave Gallaher is an inductee into the World Rugby Hall of Fame Main article : List of New Zealand national rugby union players Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame ; Sir Fred Allen , Don Clarke , Sean Fitzpatrick , Grant Fox , Dave Gallaher , Michael Jones , Ian Kirkpatrick , Sir John Kirwan , Sir Brian Lochore , Jonah Lomu , Sir Colin Meads , Graham Mourie , George Nepia , Joe Warbrick and Sir Wilson Whineray . Joe Warbrick represented New Zealand on their historic 1884 tour to Australia , but is better known for selecting and captaining the 1888 -- 89 New Zealand Native football team that embarked on a 107 - match tour of New Zealand , Australia and the British Isles . The New Zealand Natives were the first New Zealand team to wear black uniforms , and the first to perform a haka . Dave Gallaher played in New Zealand 's first ever test match in 1903 and also captained the 1905 Originals . Along with Billy Stead , Gallaher authored the famous rugby book The Complete Rugby Footballer . At the age of only 19 , George Nepia played in all 30 matches on the Invincibles tour of 1924 -- 25 . Nepia played 37 All Blacks games ; his last was against the British Isles in 1930 . Sir Fred Allen captained all of his 21 matches for New Zealand , including six tests , between 1946 and 1949 . He eventually moved on to coaching New Zealand between 1966 and 1968 . New Zealand won all 14 of their test matches with Allen as coach . Five hall of Fame inductees , including the first New Zealander named to the World Rugby Hall of Fame , played during the 1960s . Don Clarke was an All Black between 1956 and 1964 and during this period he broke the record at the time for All Black test points . Clarke famously scored six penalties in one match -- a record at the time -- to give New Zealand an 18 -- 17 victory over the British Isles at Dunedin in 1959 . Sir Wilson Whineray played 32 tests , captaining New Zealand in 30 of them . He played prop and also number 8 between 1957 and 1965 . New Zealand lost only four of their 30 tests with Whineray as captain . On 21 October 2007 , Whineray became the first New Zealander to earn induction to the World Rugby Hall of Fame . In Sir Colin Meads ' New Zealand Rugby Museum profile , he is described as `` New Zealand 's equivalent of Australia 's Sir Donald Bradman or the United States of America 's Babe Ruth . '' Meads , nicknamed Pinetree , played 133 games for New Zealand , including 55 tests . In 1999 the New Zealand Rugby Monthly magazine named Meads the New Zealand player of the century . Ian Kirkpatrick played 39 tests , including 9 as captain , between 1967 and 1977 . He scored 16 tries in his test career , a record at the time . The only All Blacks Hall of Famer to debut in the 1970s was flanker Graham Mourie . He captained 19 of his 21 tests and 57 of his 61 overall All Blacks matches between 1976 and 1982 . Most notably , in 1978 he was captain of the first All Blacks side to complete a Grand Slam over the four Home Nations sides . Colin Meads , New Zealand 's player of the century . The 1987 World Cup champions were coached by Sir Brian Lochore who had represented New Zealand in 25 tests between 1964 and 1971 , including 17 as captain . He was knighted in 1999 for his lifetime services to rugby . Four of the 1987 World Cup squad that he had coached are also inductees in the Hall of Fame . Sir John Kirwan played a total of 63 tests between 1984 and 1994 , scoring 35 tries , an All Blacks record at the time . In the 1987 World Cup opener against Italy , Kirwan raced 90 meters to score one of the tries of the tournament . An All Black from 1984 to 1993 , Grant Fox was one of New Zealand 's greatest point - scorers with 1067 points , including 645 test points . Fox played 46 tests , including the 1987 World Cup final against France . Known as The Iceman , Michael Jones was one of the greatest open side flankers of all time . Born in Auckland , New Zealand , Jones first played international rugby for Samoa , then for New Zealand , playing 55 tests between 1987 and 1998 . Due to his Christian faith , Jones never played rugby on Sundays , resulting in him not playing in the 1991 World Cup semi-final against Australia , and also in him not being picked for the 1995 World Cup squad . The team 's captain , David Kirk , was inducted into the World Rugby Hall alongside Lochore ; all other World Cup - winning captains through 2007 ( minus the already - inducted Australian John Eales ) were also enshrined at this ceremony . For many years the most capped test All Black was Sean Fitzpatrick , with 92 appearances . He played in the 1987 World Cup after incumbent Andy Dalton was injured , and was appointed All Blacks captain in 1992 , continuing in the role until his retirement in 1997 . He played 346 first class rugby matches . Jonah Lomu is generally regarded as the first true global superstar of rugby union . He was the youngest player ever to appear in a test as an All Black , making his debut at age 19 years , 45 days in 1994 . Lomu , a wing , had unique physical gifts ; even though he stood 1.96 m ( 6 ft 5 in ) and weighed 119 kg ( 262 lb ) , making him both the tallest and heaviest back ever to play for New Zealand , he could run 100 metres in under 11 seconds . He burst on the international scene in the 1995 Rugby World Cup , scoring seven tries in the competition . Four of those tries came in New Zealand ' semifinal win over England , including an iconic try in which he bulldozed England 's Mike Catt on his way to the try line . He would add eight more tries in the 1999 Rugby World Cup . Perhaps most remarkably , Lomu played virtually his entire top - level career in the shadow of a serious kidney disorder which ended his test career in 2002 and ultimately led to a transplant in 2004 . Even with his career hampered and eventually shortened by his health issues , he scored 37 tries in 63 tests . Lomu was inducted into the World Rugby Hall in October 2011 , and was specifically recognised as one of four new inductees `` who had left an indelible mark on Rugby World Cup for their moments of magic , inspiration or feats '' . Individual All - time records ( edit ) Richie McCaw is the most capped rugby player of all time , and was the first New Zealander to play 100 test matches Main article : List of New Zealand national rugby union team player records The record for most test points for not only New Zealand , but any nation , is held by Dan Carter with 1,598 from 112 tests . He surpassed Andrew Mehrtens ' All Black record total of 967 points from 70 tests in the All Blacks ' win over England on 21 November 2009 . On 27 November 2010 Dan Carter scored a penalty against Wales to pass Jonny Wilkinson 's previous world record of 1,178 points . Carter also holds the record for points against Australia with 366 . The All Blacks ' record test try scorer is Doug Howlett with 49 tries , who overtook Christian Cullen 's 46 during the 2007 World Cup . The world record for tries in a calendar year is held by Joe Rokocoko , with 17 tries in 2003 ; he also became the first All Black to score ten tries in his first five tests , as well as the first All Black to score at least two tries in each of four consecutive tests . In test matches , the most capped All Black is Richie McCaw with 148 caps . The record for most tests as captain is held by Richie McCaw with 110 . The youngest All Black in a test match was Jonah Lomu , capped at age 19 years , 45 days , whilst the oldest test player was Ned Hughes at 40 years , 123 days . Coaches ( edit ) The current head coach of the All Blacks is Steve Hansen , who has held the position since 2012 . He is assisted by Ian Foster and Wayne Smith . Due to the definition and role of All Blacks coach varying so much prior to the 1949 All Blacks tour of South Africa , the following table only includes coaches appointed since . Name Years Tests Won Drew Lost Win percentage Alex McDonald 1949 0 0 0 % Tom Morrison 1950 , 55 -- 56 12 8 66.7 % Len Clode 1951 0 0 100 % Arthur Marslin 1953 -- 54 5 0 60 % Dick Everest 1957 0 0 100 % Jack Sullivan 1958 -- 60 11 6 54.5 % Neil McPhail 1961 -- 65 20 16 80 % Ron Bush 1962 0 0 100 % Sir Fred Allen 1966 -- 68 14 14 0 0 100 % Ivan Vodanovich 1969 -- 71 10 5 40 % Bob Duff 1972 -- 73 8 6 75 % John Stewart 1974 -- 76 11 6 54.5 % Jack Gleeson 1977 -- 78 13 10 0 76.9 % Eric Watson 1979 -- 80 9 5 0 55.6 % Peter Burke 1981 -- 82 11 9 0 81.8 % Bryce Rope 1983 -- 84 12 9 75 % Sir Brian Lochore 1985 -- 87 18 14 77.8 % Alex Wyllie 1988 -- 91 29 25 86.2 % Laurie Mains 1992 -- 95 34 23 10 67.6 % John Hart 1996 -- 99 41 31 9 75.6 % Wayne Smith 2000 -- 01 17 12 0 5 70.6 % John Mitchell 2002 -- 03 28 23 82.1 % Sir Graham Henry 2004 -- 11 103 88 0 15 85.4 % Steve Hansen 2012 -- 76 68 5 89.5 % Home grounds ( edit ) Eden Park North Harbour Stadium Waikato Stadium Westpac Stadium Forsyth Barr Stadium AMI Stadium Yarrow Stadium McLean Park Map showing locations of current home grounds in New Zealand Like other major rugby nations Argentina , Australia , France and South Africa , New Zealand does not have an official stadium for its national team . Instead , the All Blacks play their test matches at a variety of venues throughout New Zealand . Prior to the construction of Westpac Stadium in 1999 , Wellington 's test venue was Athletic Park . Athletic Park was the venue for the first All Blacks test match in New Zealand against Great Britain in 1904 . The first home test match played outside the main centres of Auckland , Christchurch , Dunedin or Wellington was in 1996 at McLean Park in Napier . Eden Park and AMI Stadium were upgraded in preparation for the 2011 Rugby World Cup . By that time , the NZRU no longer considered Carisbrook a suitable test venue , and a covered sports stadium was proposed as a replacement . Dunedin City Council approved the new stadium in March 2008 , land acquisition proceeded from August to October of that year , and the new venue opened in August 2011 , in time for the World Cup . AMI Stadium was significantly damaged during the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake , with cracks in some stands and the playing surface badly damaged by liquefaction as well as damage to infrastructure and streets surrounding the venue . As a result of the damage all scheduled 2011 World Cup games to be held in Christchurch were moved to other regions . test rugby returned to Christchurch in 2012 at Rugby League Park . Although the stands at that venue were damaged severely enough that they had to be torn down , infrastructure damage was much less severe than at AMI Stadium , and the playing surface survived relatively intact . The stadium was rebuilt with a permanent capacity of 17,000 , with temporary seating allowing for 9,000 more spectators . Ground First Test First Test Last Test Tests Held Win Percent Last Loss Athletic Park , Wellington , North Island 1904 v British Lions 1904 1999 42 69 % 25 July 1998 Tahuna Park , Dunedin , South Island 1905 v Australia 1905 1905 100 % Never Potter 's Park , Auckland , North Island 1908 v British Lions 1905 1905 100 % Never Carisbrook , Dunedin , South Island 1908 v British Lions 1908 2011 v Fiji 38 86 % 13 June 2009 AMI Stadium , Christchurch , South Island Formerly Lancaster Park and Jade Stadium 1913 v Australia 1913 v Australia 48 81 % 1 August 1998 AMI Stadium , Christchurch , South Island Formerly Rugby League Park 2012 Ireland 2012 2016 v. South Africa 100 % Never Eden Park , Auckland , North Island 1921 v South Africa 1921 2016 v Australia 74 83 % 3 July 1994 Epsom Showgrounds , Auckland , North Island 1958 v Australia 1958 1958 100 % Never Forsyth Barr Stadium , Dunedin , South Island 2012 v South Africa 2012 2016 v Wales 100 % Never McLean Park , Napier , North Island v Western Samoa 2014 v Argentina 100 % Never North Harbour Stadium , North Shore City , North Island 1997 Fiji 1997 2005 v Fiji 6 100 % Never Rugby Park , Hamilton , North Island 1997 v Argentina 1997 1997 100 % Never Westpac Stadium , Wellington , North Island 2000 v Australia 2000 2016 v Wales 17 88 % 1 July 2017 Waikato Stadium , Hamilton , North Island 2002 v Italy 2002 2016 v Argentina 12 89 % 12 September 2009 Yarrow Stadium , New Plymouth , North Island 2008 v Samoa 2008 2013 v France 100 % Never TOTAL 238 81.93 % See also ( edit ) Rugby union portal 1888 -- 89 New Zealand Native football team Junior All Blacks List of New Zealand rugby union Test matches List of New Zealand rugby union haka performances Māori All Blacks New Zealand Heartland XV New Zealand national team nomenclature based on the `` All Blacks '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ They are Australia , England , France , South Africa , Wales and Ireland . Jump up ^ The British Isles side is now known as the British and Irish Lions . Jump up ^ Canterbury , Otago and Southland objected to the requirement that NZRFU executive committee members needed to live in Wellington . They eventually all joined the NZRFU , but the residency rule did not change until 1986 . Jump up ^ Six of the New South Welshmen were New Zealanders living in Sydney . Jump up ^ Tries were worth three points at the time . Jump up ^ Amateurism was not just about not playing for money . Many in the traditional rugby establishment believed that : `` Excessive striving for victory introduced an unhealthy spirit of competition , transforming a character - building ' mock fight ' into ' serious fighting ' . Training and specialization degraded sport to the level of work '' . Jump up ^ The Anglo - Welsh are officially acknowledged as a British and Irish Lions side despite Ireland and Scotland refusing to contribute any players . Jump up ^ This restriction on non-White players representing New Zealand in South Africa lasted until the 1970 tour , when four players of Māori or Samoan ancestry were allowed into the country as `` honorary whites '' . Jump up ^ Unlike South Africa and New Zealand , Lithuania did not have to play any Tier 1 or Tier 2 national teams . Jump up ^ Bonus points could be earned via two means ; by scoring four tries or more in one match , or through losing a match by seven points or less . Jump up ^ They have been defeated in tests by two combined teams however ; the British and Irish Lions , and a World XV . Jump up ^ The next oldest test player was Frank Bunce , aged 35 years , 305 days ; over four years younger than Hughes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sport , Fitness and Leisure '' . New Zealand Official Yearbook . Statistics New Zealand . 2000 . Archived from the original on 7 June 2011 . Retrieved 21 July 2008 . Traditionally New Zealanders have excelled in rugby union , which is regarded as the national sport , and track and field athletics . ^ Jump up to : `` Rugby World Rankings '' . World Rugby . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Rugby Awards Past Winners '' . World Rugby . Archived from the original on 21 November 2014 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarthy ( 1968 ) , pg. 11 . Jump up ^ Davies , Sean ( 27 September 2006 ) . `` All Black magic : New Zealand rugby '' . UK : BBC . Archived from the original on 31 March 2013 . Retrieved 12 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Ryan ( 1993 ) , pg. 16 . Jump up ^ Gifford ( 2004 ) , pg 27 . Jump up ^ McCarthy ( 1968 ) , pg. 12 . Jump up ^ Slatter ( 1974 ) , pg. 33 . Jump up ^ Gifford ( 2004 ) , p 29 . Jump up ^ Gifford ( 2004 ) , p 30 . Jump up ^ Fagan ( 2013 ) , pg. 52 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Gifford ( 2004 ) , pg 32 . Jump up ^ Mulholland ( 2009 ) , pg. 11 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy ( 1968 ) , pg. 23 . Jump up ^ McCarthy ( 1968 ) , pg. 24 . Jump up ^ Elliott ( 2012 ) , pg. 109 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Blacks -- The Name ? '' . New Zealand Rugby Museum . Archived from the original on 26 March 2013 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Elliott ( 2012 ) , pg. 192 . Jump up ^ McLean ( 1959 ) , pg. 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Ryan ( 2011 ) , pg. 1409 -- 1422 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy ( 1968 ) , pg. 51 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Elliott ( 2012 ) , pg. 222 -- 224 . Jump up ^ Vincent ( 1998 ) , pg 124 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy ( 1968 ) , pg. 56 . Jump up ^ Ryan ( 2011 ) , pg. 1411 . Jump up ^ Vincent ( 1998 ) , pg 123 . Jump up ^ McCarthy ( 1968 ) , pg. 61 . Jump up ^ McCarthy ( 1968 ) , pg. 66 . Jump up ^ McCarthy ( 1968 ) , pg. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Harding ( 2000 ) , pg. 234 -- 235 . Jump up ^ McLean ( 1987 ) , pg 42 . Jump up ^ Palenski ( 2003 ) , pg 74 . Jump up ^ McCarthy ( 1968 ) , pg. 132 -- 134 . Jump up ^ McCarthy ( 1968 ) , pg. 140 . Jump up ^ Sherlock , Grant ( 8 January 2009 ) . `` Statue for rugby 's Russian prince '' . BBC News . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Palenski ( 2003 ) , pg 192 . Jump up ^ Harding ( 2000 ) , pg. 39 . Jump up ^ Harding ( 2000 ) , pg. 43 . Jump up ^ Harding ( 2000 ) , pg. 48 . Jump up ^ McCarthy ( 1968 ) , pg. 207 . Jump up ^ `` 354th All Black Game '' . New Zealand Rugby Museum . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 353rd All Black Game '' . New Zealand Rugby Museum . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy ( 1968 ) , pg. 217 -- 218 . ^ Jump up to : Howell ( 2005 ) , pg. 128 . Jump up ^ Mulholland ( 2009 ) , pg. 164 -- 165 . Jump up ^ `` 67th All Black test : 362nd All Black Game '' . All Blacks . Retrieved 8 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Verdon ( 2000 ) , pg. 109 . Jump up ^ Harding ( 2000 ) , pg. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Harding ( 2000 ) , pg. 56 . Jump up ^ Verdon ( 2000 ) , pg. 119 . Jump up ^ `` Don Clarke ( 1933 -- 2002 ) '' . New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame . 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New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 14 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Watters , Steve . `` From Montreal to Gleneagles '' . New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 14 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Watters , Steve . `` A war played out twice a week '' . New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 14 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Ruth ( 8 July 2006 ) . `` Protests a turning point in the history of New Zealand '' . NZ Herald . Retrieved 15 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Luxford , Bob . `` Bernie Fraser '' . Rugby Museum . Retrieved 15 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Millen , Julia ( 7 April 2006 ) . `` Blazey , Cecil Albert 1909 -- 98 '' . Dictionary of New Zealand Biography . Retrieved 15 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby Chronology '' . rfu.com . Archived from the original on 4 June 2013 . Retrieved 15 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup in New Zealand and Australia '' . Rugby Museum . Retrieved 15 November 2006 . 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Jump up ^ All Blacks squad named for 2017 Investec Rugby Championship Jump up ^ Jordie Barrett out , David Havili in Jump up ^ Coles suffers setback , out of first Bledisloe Test Jump up ^ All Blacks call in Akira Ioane and four others to join squad in Dunedin ahead of second Bledisloe Test Jump up ^ Franks out of Dunedin Test Jump up ^ All Blacks continue to manage change Jump up ^ All Blacks call in uncapped Blues tearaway as injuries hit hard , Steve Hansen gives him big wraps Jump up ^ Joe Moody 's season over - All Blacks call up Kane Hames Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brendan ( 17 November 2005 ) . `` Joining the legends an added bonus for Wood '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 15 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Sixth Induction Dinner -- 2007 '' . Rugby Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Warbrick '' . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 23 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . 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SANZAR Saga : Ten Years of Super 12 and Tri-Nations Rugby. Harper Collins Publishers . ISBN 1 - 86950 - 566 - 2 . McCarthy , Winston ( 1968 ) . Haka ! The All Blacks Story . London : Pelham Books . McLean , Terry ( 1959 ) . Great Days in New Zealand Rugby . Wellington , New Zealand : A.H. & A.W. Reed . McLean , Terry ( 1987 ) . New Zealand Rugby Legends . Auckland , New Zealand : MOA Publications . ISBN 0 - 908570 - 15 - 5 . Mulholland , Malcolm ( 2009 ) . Beneath the Māori Moon : An Illustrated History of Māori Rugby . Huia Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86969 - 305 - 3 . Palenski , Ron ( 2003 ) . Century in Black : 100 Years of All Black test Rugby . Hodder Moa Beckett Publishers Limited . ISBN 1 - 86958 - 937 - 8 . Peatey , Lance ( 2011 ) . In Pursuit of Bill : A Complete History of the Rugby World Cup . New Holland Publishers . ISBN 9781742571911 . Ryan , Greg ( 1993 ) . Forerunners of the All Blacks . Christchurch , New Zealand : Canterbury University Press . 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New Zealand All Blacks official website New Zealand Rugby Union official site Awards Preceded by Richard Hadlee Halberg Awards -- Supreme Award 2011 2015 Succeeded by Mark Todd Preceded by All Whites Succeeded by Hamish Bond & Eric Murray Preceded by Hamish Bond & Eric Murray Succeeded by Lisa Carrington New award Halberg Awards -- New Zealand Team of the Year 1997 2006 2011 2013 2015 Succeeded by Paul MacDonald & Ian Ferguson Preceded by Team New Zealand Succeeded by All Blacks Preceded by All Blacks Succeeded by Equestrian Eventing Team Preceded by Nathan Twaddle & George Bridgewater Succeeded by Men 's Coxless Four Preceded by All Whites Succeeded by Hamish Bond & Eric Murray Preceded by Hamish Bond & Eric Murray Preceded by Hamish Bond & Eric Murray Succeeded by Peter Burling & Blair Tuke Rugby union in New Zealand Governing body New Zealand Rugby National teams Men 's New Zealand Sevens U-20 Schoolboys Defunct : U-21 U-19 Women 's New Zealand Sevens Other notable teams Barbarians Cavaliers Classic All Blacks Heartland XV Junior All Blacks Māori All Blacks Competitions Super Rugby Mitre 10 Cup Heartland Championship Meads Cup Lochore Cup Ranfurly Shield Hanan Shield Bayleys National Sevens Women 's Provincial Championship Related articles International players International player records International tours and series New Zealand at the Rugby World Cup History International rugby union teams Tier 1 teams Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales Tier 2 teams Canada Fiji Georgia Japan Namibia Portugal Romania Russia Samoa Spain Tonga United States Uruguay Tier 3 ( Development One ) teams Belgium Brazil Chile Germany Hong Kong Ivory Coast Kenya South Korea Zimbabwe Tier 3 ( Development Two ) teams American Samoa Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Barbados Bermuda Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Cayman Islands China Chinese Taipei Colombia Cook Islands Costa Rica Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Finland Ghana Greece Guam Guyana Hungary India Indonesia Iran Israel Jamaica Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malaysia Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Monaco Mongolia Morocco Netherlands Nigeria Niue Norway Pakistan Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Rwanda Senegal Serbia Singapore Slovenia Solomon Islands Sri Lanka St Lucia St Vincent and the Grenadines Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Tahiti Tanzania Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Zambia French Rugby Federation Mayotte Réunion Guadeloupe Martinique New Caledonia Wallis and Futuna Non-affiliated to World Rugby Algeria Benin Burkina Faso Catalonia Central Africa Chad Congo Curaçao Democratic Republic of the Congo Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Egypt Estonia Gabon Gibraltar Guatemala Jordan Lebanon Libya Macau Montenegro Niger Panama Qatar San Marino Slovakia St. Kitts and Nevis Turkey Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu Combination teams African Leopards British and Irish Lions Pacific Islanders South American XV Defunct teams Arabian Gulf Commonwealth of Independent States Czechoslovakia East Africa East Germany Nyasaland ( Malawi ) Soviet Union West Germany Yugoslavia Head - 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Plano, Texas
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Plano , Texas - Wikipedia Plano , Texas For other places named Plano , see Plano ( disambiguation ) § Places in the United States . City in Texas , United States Plano , Texas City City of Plano Granite Park in May 2011 Flag Logo Nickname ( s ) : Gymnastics Capital of the World Location of Plano in Collin County , Texas Plano Location of Plano in Texas Plano Plano ( the US ) Show map of Texas Show map of the US Show all Coordinates : 33 ° 01 ′ 11 '' N 96 ° 41 ′ 56 '' W / 33.01972 ° N 96.69889 ° W / 33.01972 ; - 96.69889 Coordinates : 33 ° 01 ′ 11 '' N 96 ° 41 ′ 56 '' W / 33.01972 ° N 96.69889 ° W / 33.01972 ; - 96.69889 Country United States State Texas Counties Collin Denton Incorporated 1873 Government Type Council - Manager City council Mayor Harry LaRosiliere City manager Bruce D. Glasscock Area City 71.6 sq mi ( 185.5 km ) Land 71.6 sq mi ( 185.5 km ) Water 0.1 sq mi ( 0.2 km ) Elevation 666 ft ( 203 m ) Population ( 2012 ) City 269,776 ( city proper ) ( US : 69th ) Density 3,820.2 / sq mi ( 1,474.99 / km ) Metro 7,102,796 ( DFW Metroplex ) Demonym Planoite Time zone UTC − 6 ( CST ) Summer ( DST ) UTC − 5 ( CDT ) ZIP Codes 75023 - 26 , 75074 - 75 , 75086 , 75093 - 94 Area codes 214 , 469 , 972 FIPS code 48 - 58016 Website www.plano.gov Plano ( / ˈpleɪnoʊ / PLAY - noh ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas , located approximately twenty miles north of downtown Dallas . The city of Plano is a part of the Dallas - Fort Worth metropolitan area . Plano lies mostly within Collin County , but includes a small portion that extends into Denton County . The city 's population was 259,841 at the 2010 census , making it the ninth most populous city in the state of Texas and the 69th most populous in the United States . The city is a hub for many corporate headquarters . Plano is also considered to be the safest city in the nation , according to Forbes . Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 Foreign - born residents 3.2 Chinese Americans 4 Economy 4.1 Headquarters of major corporations 5 Parks and recreation 6 Law and government 6.1 Local government 6.2 Politics 6.3 State representation 6.4 Federal representation 6.5 Fire Department ( Plano Fire Department ) 6.6 Police Department ( Plano Police Department ) 7 Education 7.1 Primary and secondary schools 7.2 Colleges and universities 7.3 Public libraries 7.4 Miscellaneous education 8 Transportation 9 Notable people 10 Sister cities 11 Historic sites 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links History ( edit ) See also : Timeline of Plano , Texas Plano , Texas in 1891 . Toned lithograph by A.E. Downs , Boston . Published by T.M. Fowler & James B. Moyer . Amon Carter Museum , Fort Worth , Texas European settlers came to the area near present - day Plano in the early 1840s . Facilities such as a sawmill , a gristmill , and a store soon brought more people to the area . A mail service was established , and after rejecting several names for the nascent town ( including naming it in honor of then - President Millard Fillmore ) , residents suggested the name Plano ( from the Spanish word for `` flat '' ) , as a reference to the local terrain , unvaried and devoid of any trees . The name was accepted by the post office . In 1872 , the completion of the Houston and Central Texas Railway helped the city to grow , and it was incorporated in 1873 . By 1874 , the population had grown to more than 500 . In 1881 , a fire raged through the business district , destroying most of the buildings . The town was rebuilt and business again flourished through the 1880s . Also in 1881 , the city assumed responsibility for what would eventually become Plano Independent School District ( PISD ) , ending the days of it being served only by private schools . At first , the population of Plano grew slowly , reaching 1,304 in 1900 , and rising to 3,695 in 1960 . By 1970 , Plano began to feel some of the boom its neighbors had experienced after World War II . A series of public works projects and a change in taxes that removed the farming community from the town helped increase the overall population . In 1970 , the population reached 17,872 , and by 1980 , it had exploded to 72,000 . Sewers , schools , and street development kept pace with this massive increase , largely because of Plano 's flat topography , grid layout , and planning initiatives . During the 1980s , many large corporations moved their headquarters to the city , including J.C. Penney and Frito - Lay , which encouraged further growth . By 1990 , the population reached 128,713 , dwarfing the county seat of McKinney . In 1994 , the city was recognized as an All - America City . By 2000 , the population grew to 222,030 , making it one of Dallas ' largest suburbs . Plano is surrounded by other municipalities and therefore can not expand in area , and there is little undeveloped land remaining within the city limits . However , as of July 2012 , one large tract of land was being developed : Turnpike Commons at the intersection of Renner Road and the George Bush Turnpike ( bordered also by Shiloh Road to the east ) . The development is expected to feature apartments , medical facilities , restaurants , a Race Trac gas station , and a hotel . There was an epidemic of heroin abuse among young people in the 1990s . The Plano authorities created an anti-drug campaign with the name `` Operation Rockfest . '' In 2013 , Plano received top - scoring nationally in a livability index according to an algorithm created by AreaVibes.com , a Toronto - based company specializing in such data . The chart can be found here : Best Places to Live in America . AreaVibes ranked Plano at the top of the list of U.S. cities with populations between 100,000 and 10,000,000 . Another chart , Best Places to Live in 2013 , also has Plano ranked number 1 . In September 2017 , a mass shooting occurred where 9 people were killed . Geography ( edit ) According to the United States Census Bureau , Plano has a total area of 71.6 square miles ( 185.5 km ) . Places adjacent to Plano , Texas The Colony Frisco Allen Carrollton Plano Parker Dallas Richardson Murphy Plano , Texas Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 2.4 53 31 2.9 58 35 3.4 66 42 3.7 73 51 5.7 83 61 4.1 88 69 2.3 93 72 93 71 3.2 85 64 4.2 76 53 3.7 63 42 3.2 55 34 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Source : Weather.com/ NWS show Metric conversion J J J O 62 12 − 1 74 14 86 19 6 93 23 11 144 28 16 104 31 21 59 34 22 55 34 22 80 29 18 108 24 12 94 17 6 82 13 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Plano is about 17 miles ( 27 km ) from Downtown Dallas . Climate ( edit ) Plano is in the humid subtropical climate zone . The highest recorded temperature was 118 ° F ( 48 ° C ) in 1936 . On average , the coolest month is January and the warmest is July . The lowest recorded temperature was - 7 ° F ( - 22 ° C ) in 1930 . The maximum average precipitation occurs in May . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1870 155 -- 1880 556 258.7 % 1890 842 51.4 % 1900 1,304 54.9 % 1910 1,258 − 3.5 % 1920 1,715 36.3 % 1930 1,554 − 9.4 % 1940 1,582 1.8 % 1950 2,126 34.4 % 1960 3,695 73.8 % 1970 17,872 383.7 % 1980 72,331 304.7 % 128,713 77.9 % 2000 222,030 72.5 % 259,841 17.0 % Est. 2016 286,057 10.1 % U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2010 , Plano had 259,841 people , 99,131 households and 69,464 families , up from 80,875 households and 60,575 families in the 2000 census . The population density was 3,629.1 people per square mile ( 1,400.8 / km ) . There were 103,672 housing units at an average density of 1,448.6 per square mile ( 559.3 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 66.9 % White ( 58.4 % Non-Hispanic White ) , 7.6 % Black , 0.36 % Native American , 16.9 % Asian ( 6.5 % Asian Indian , 5.2 % Chinese , 1.2 % Vietnamese , 1.2 % Korean , 0.6 % Filipino , 0.2 % Japanese , 1.9 % Other ) , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 3.86 % from other races , and 3.0 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino made up 14.7 % of the population ( 10.6 % Mexican , 0.5 % Puerto Rican , 0.2 % Cuban , 3.5 % Other ) Map of racial distribution in Plano , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian , Hispanic or Other ( yellow ) As of 2009 western Plano has a higher concentration of Asians , while eastern Plano has a higher concentration of Hispanics and Latinos . Of the 99,131 households , 35.8 % had children under the age of 18 . Married couples accounted for 56.7 % ; 9.7 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 29.9 % were non-families . Approximately 24.4 % of all households were individuals , and 5.3 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.61 , and the average family size was 3.15 . Data indicates that 28.7 % of Plano 's population was under the age of 18 , 7.0 % was 18 to 24 , 36.5 % was 25 to 44 , 22.9 % was 45 to 64 , and 4.9 % was 65 years of age or older . The median age was 34 years . For every 100 females , there were 99.3 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 97.2 males . According to a 2007 estimate , the median income for a household in the city was $84,492 , and the median income for a family is $101,616 . About 3.0 % of families and 4.3 % of the population live below the poverty line , including 4.6 % of those under age 18 and 7.8 % of those age 65 or over . In 2007 , Plano had the highest median income of a city with a population exceeding 250,000 in the nation , at $84,492 . As of 2010 , Plano has a median income of $103,913 annually . According to crime statistics , there were four homicides in Plano in 2006 , the lowest homicide rate of all U.S. cities of 250,000 or more population . Foreign - born residents ( edit ) As of the 2000 U.S. Census , of the foreign - born residents , 17 % were from China , 9 % from India , and 4 % from Vietnam ; a total of 30 % of foreign - born residents came from these three countries . That year , 22 % of Plano 's foreign - born originated in Mexico . Chinese Americans ( edit ) See also : History of Chinese Americans in Dallas - Fort Worth Plano , along with Houston , has one of the state 's two major concentrations of Chinese Americans . The 2010 U.S. Census stated that there were 14,500 ethnic Chinese in Plano . Out of the cities with 250,000 and more residents , Plano has the sixth largest percentage of ethnic Chinese , making up 5.2 % of the city 's population . Charlie Yue , the executive vice president of the Association of Chinese Professionals , stated that he estimated that about 30,000 Plano residents are Chinese and that many `` do n't participate in government activities , like the census . '' Chinese professionals began to settle Plano by 1991 . As of 2011 the Chinese restaurants in DFW catering to ethnic Chinese are mainly in Plano and Richardson . Most of the DFW - area Chinese cultural organizations are headquartered in Plano and Richardson . Plano has six Chinese churches and supermarkets including 99 Ranch Market and Jusgo Supermarket . Economy ( edit ) Rent - A-Center headquarters office building in Plano , Texas The Shops at Willow Bend , Plano 's upscale shopping mall According to the Plano Economic Development 2017 Leading Employers Report , the top 10 employers in Plano are : # Employer # of Employees Capital One Finance 5,500 DXC Technology 4,000 Bank of America Home Loans 3,400 Red Bee Media ( fka Ericsson Broadcast and Media Services ) 3,200 5 Toyota Motor North America , Inc . 2,900 6 Frito - Lay 2,500 7 J.C. Penney Company , Inc . 2,420 8 NTT Data Services ( fka Dell Services ) 2,250 9 Texas Health Plano ( fka Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Plano ) 1,680 10 Medical City Plano ( fka Medical Center of Plano ) 1,600 Approximately 80 % of Plano 's visitors are business travelers , due to its close proximity to Dallas and the many corporations headquartered in Plano . The city also has a convention center that is owned and operated by the city . Plano has made a concerted effort to draw retail to its downtown area and the Legacy West in an effort to boost sales tax returns . There are three malls in the city : The Shops at Willow Bend , Collin Creek Mall , and The Shops at Legacy , an area that has apartments , shops , and restaurants constructed with the New Urbanism philosophy . An experimental luxury Walmart Supercenter is at Park Boulevard and the Dallas North Tollway . Headquarters of major corporations ( edit ) Some of the country 's largest and most recognized companies have their headquarters in Plano . Tree - lined Legacy Drive in the 75024 ZIP Code , between Preston Road and Dallas North Tollway , has many corporate campuses . The following companies have corporate headquarters ( Fortune 1000 headquarters ) or major regional offices in Plano : Alliance Data At Home Beal Bank Cookies by Design Cinemark Theatres Crossmark Denbury Resources Diodes Incorporated FedEx Office Fogo de Chão Frito - Lay Hilti North America Huawei Device USA J.C. Penney Keurig Dr Pepper Main Event Entertainment Masergy Communications Mooyah National Business Research Institute NTT Data Services Pizza Hut Rent - A-Center Robot Entertainment Siemens PLM Software Toyota Motor North America Tyler Technologies Yum China Holdings Zoës Kitchen In 2014 Toyota Motor North America announced its U.S. headquarters will move from Torrance , California in the Los Angeles metropolitan area to Plano . In 2015 , Liberty Mutual also announced their plans to build a new corporate campus just a few blocks east of Toyota , bringing an estimated 5,000 jobs to the community . In January 2016 , JP Morgan Chase and mortgage giant Fannie Mae announced they would be moving regional operations to Plano , bringing a combined 7,000 new jobs to the community . Parks and Recreation ( edit ) Haggard Park in October 2015 Dickens in Downtown Plano 2014 Lighting of the Tree Although Plano is named for the flat plains of the area , large trees abound in the city 's many parks . One such tree , estimated to be over 200 years old , resides in Bob Woodruff park near Rowlett Creek on the city 's east side . There are two main open space preserves : Arbor Hills Nature Preserve ( 200 acres ) and Oak Point Park and Nature Preserve ( 800 acres ) . Bob Woodruff Park and Oak Point Park and Nature Preserve are connected by biking trails , making the green space one large uninterrupted park space that is larger than Central Park in New York City ( 840 acres ) . Go Ape , a family - friendly place with outdoor activities like zip lining and Tarzan swings , is at Oak Point Park and Preserve . The yearly Plano Balloon Festival that happens every September is also in Oak Point Park and Preserve . Total acreage of all spaces managed by the Parks department totals 3,830.81 . The Plano Master Plan has the acreage growing to 4,092.63 when complete . There are five recreation centers : Tom Muehlenbeck Recreation Center , Carpenter Park Recreation Center , Oak Point Recreation Center , Liberty Recreation Center , and Douglass Community Center . Carpenter Park Recreation Center , Oak Point Recreation Center , and Tom Muehlenbeck Recreation Center have an indoor pool , while Liberty Recreation Center , has an outdoor pool . Plano Senior Recreation Center is a recreation center dedicated to seniors . There are three swimming pools owned by Plano Parks & Recreation : Harry Rowlinson Community Natatorium , Jack Carter Pool , and Plano Aquatic Center . All of the pools are indoor except for Jack Carter Pool . Douglass Community Center houses the Boys & Girls Club of Collin County . For pet owners , there is The Dog Park at Jack Carter Park . The City of Plano also owns and operates three performing arts venues and one conference center under the auspices of the Parks and Recreation Department . These venues include the Courtyard Theater , the Cox Playhouse , the Amphitheater at Oak Point Park , and the Oak Point Park Nature and Retreat Center . A fourth performance venue , McCall Plaza , is under construction in the historic Downtown Plano neighborhood . Neighborhood Parks : 249.13 acres Linear Parks : 629.27 acres Community Parks : 1,120.65 acres Open Space Preserves : 1,324.13 acres Special Use Areas : 46.57 acres Golf Courses : 461.06 acres Law and government ( edit ) See also : List of mayors of Plano , Texas Local government ( edit ) The Municipal Center in October 2015 Plano is governed by the council - manager form of government , with a part - time city council that sets city policy and a city manager who is responsible for city operations . The Plano City Council consists of eight members elected by popular on a nonpartisan basis in staggered odd - year elections every other May . Council members and the mayor are elected by and serve the city at large . However , the council members serving in places one , two , three , and four must reside in that district , and the mayor always serves in place six . The mayor receives a yearly stipend of $8,400 , and each council member receives $6,000 . All council members , including the mayor , serve a maximum of two consecutive four - year terms . The mayor and city council members could serve for a maximum of three consecutive three - year terms until voters approved changes to the city charter in 2011 . The 38th and current Mayor of Plano is businessman Harry LaRosiliere , who was elected as the first African - American mayor of Plano in May 2013 . Plano elected its first African - American city council member , David Perry , in 1990 . On December 8 , 2014 , the city council passed an amendment to its civil rights act to include sexual orientation and gender identity as protected . The amendment has not yet taken effect . In the 2008 fiscal year Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the city reported $194 million in revenue , $212 million in expenditures , $278 million in total assets , $31.4 million in total liabilities , and $337 million in cash and investments . The city of Plano is a voluntary member of the North Central Texas Council of Governments association , the purpose of which is to coordinate individual and collective local governments and facilitate regional solutions , eliminate unnecessary duplication , and enable joint decisions . Plano is part of the North Texas Municipal Water District headquartered in Wylie , Texas . Lake Lavon is the principal source of raw water for the district . Plano 's Water Distribution System : 10 Elevated Towers 12 Ground Storage Tanks 54.5 Million Gallon Water Storage Capacity 5 Pump Stations 225 Million Gallon Daily Pumping Capacity 1,080 Miles of Water Mains 65,965 Metered Service Connections Fire and EMS services are provided by the Plano Fire Department . Politics ( edit ) Dallas ' wealthy northern suburbs are solidly Republican and Plano , the largest of these suburbs , was ranked as the fifth most conservative city in the United States by the Bay Area Center for Voting Research in 2005 . However , the city has become more competitive in statewide elections as its population has diversified , culminating in 2016 , when Republican Donald Trump received 49.4 % of the city 's vote to Democrat Hillary Clinton 's 44.4 % . Cathie Adams , a long - time conservative activist and past chairwoman of the Republican Party of Texas , is from Plano . In 2014 , Plano 's City Council passed an expansion of the city 's Equal Rights Policy that included anti-discrimination protections for gay , lesbian , and transgender individuals . The ordinance drew the ire of conservative groups such as the Liberty Institute , which argued that the ordinance infringed on the religious rights of business owners . Many civil rights organizations were not supportive either , such as the Human Rights Campaign . The Human Rights Campaign argued that the policy 's exclusion of transgender individuals rendered the ordinance not worth defending . State representation ( edit ) Plano is split between the 66th and 67th Districts in the Texas House of Representatives , and is wholly contained in Texas Senate District 8 . Republican Matt Shaheen represents Texas House District 66 , and Republican Jeff Leach has represented Texas House District 67 since 2013 . Republican Van Taylor represents Texas Senate District 8 . Federal representation ( edit ) Republican Congressman Sam Johnson has represented Texas 's 3rd congressional district since 1991 , although Plano has only been in the district since 2003 . Plano is represented in the United States Senate by Republicans Ted Cruz and John Cornyn . The United States Postal Service has several post offices in the area . There are full service offices on 18th St. , Jupiter Rd. , Coit Rd. , Parker Rd. , and Hedgcoxe Rd . Fire Department ( Plano Fire Department ) ( edit ) The Plano Fire Department has 386 full - time firefighters who operate out of 13 stations . Police Department ( Plano Police Department ) ( edit ) The Plano Police Department is an accredited agency and is the principal law enforcement agency serving Plano . The department is led by Chief of Police Gregory W. Rushin , a former FBI agent , with over 34 years of law enforcement experience . The Plano Police Department has about 600 sworn officers and civilian employees . The department is a member of the North Texas Crime Commission and uses the Crime Stoppers program . In 2010 and 2011 , Forbes.com ranked Plano the `` Safest City in America '' for cities with populations over 250,000 . Plano is consistently recognized and awarded by the National Association of Town Watch ( National Night Out Awards ) , the National Sheriff 's Association , and the U.S. Department of Justice for `` Excellence in Neighborhood Watch '' . Education ( edit ) There are 70 public schools , 16 private schools , two campuses of the Collin County Community College District ( Collin College ) , and six libraries in Plano . Primary and Secondary schools ( edit ) Plano West Senior High School The Plano Independent School District serves most of the city . Student enrollment has increased dramatically over the past few decades . Plano has a unique high school system , in which grades 9 - 10 attend a high school and grades 11 - 12 attend a senior high . There are three senior high schools ( grades 11 - 12 ) in PISD ; Plano East , Plano , and Plano West . In Newsweek 's 2012 list of best national high schools , Plano West was ranked as 22nd ( # 1 in Texas ) , Plano Senior as 108th , and Plano East as 243rd . Small portions of Plano are served by the Lewisville Independent School District , Frisco Independent School District , and Allen Independent School District . Plano schools graduate more of their students than comparable districts . In 2010 , 93 % of Plano Independent Student District students graduated from high school , 18 percentage points higher than Dallas ISD 's rate . In 2012 , Plano Independent School District announced that 128 seniors were selected as National Merit Semifinalists . Plano has given $1.2 billion in property tax revenue to other school districts through the Texas `` Robin Hood '' law , which requires school districts that are designated as affluent to give a percentage of their property tax revenue to other districts outside of the county . In 2008 , PISD gave $86 million . Controversy erupted when the salaries of teachers in less affluent districts - such as Garland ISD , m - exceeded the salaries of teachers in districts that had to pay into `` Robin Hood '' . In the 2013 -- 14 school year , Plano ISD has opened two 4 - year high school Academies , one focusing on STEAM ( STEM education plus Media Arts ) and the other on health science . Additionally , the district has modified its existing International Baccalaureate program to allow freshman and sophomores in the program to be housed at Plano East Senior High School . In addition to Catholic primary and middle schools , the Roman Catholic Diocese of Dallas operates John Paul II High School in Plano . Non-Catholic private schools in Plano include Great Lakes Academy , Spring Creek Academy , Yorktown Education , and Prestonwood Christian Academy . In addition , the Collin County campus of Coram Deo Academy is in the One Church ( previously Four Corners Church ) facility in Plano . Colleges and universities ( edit ) Entrance to the Spring Creek campus of Collin College in Plano , Texas Plano is the home to two campuses of Collin College , one at the Courtyard Center on Preston Park Boulevard and the larger Spring Creek Campus on Spring Creek Parkway at Jupiter . SMU - in - Plano , formerly SMU - in - Legacy , a branch of Southern Methodist University , is a graduate university serving the needs of 3,000 working professionals . Its academic programs include business , engineering and computer training , education , and continuing education . It also features The Guildhall at SMU , which offers a masters program in video game development . DBU North , a satellite campus of Dallas Baptist University , is in west Plano , and offers undergraduate and graduate courses and houses the admissions and academic counseling offices . Public libraries ( edit ) The Plano Public Library System ( PPLS ) consists of the W.O. Haggard , Jr . Library , the Maribelle M. Davis Library , the Gladys Harrington Library , the Christopher A. Parr Library , the L.E.R. Schimelpfenig Library , and the Municipal Reference Library . The Haggard Library houses the system 's administrative offices . Miscellaneous education ( edit ) Many Chinese parents in Plano enroll their children in supplementary schools , where they get additional mathematics education and / or Chinese language education . Transportation ( edit ) A DART Red Line train at the Downtown Plano station Plano is one of 12 suburbs of Dallas that opt into the Dallas Area Rapid Transit ( DART ) public transportation system . During most of its membership in DART , Plano was lightly served by bus lines , but in 2002 , the Red Line of the DART Light Rail project opened stations in Downtown Plano and at Parker Road , which provide access to commuters traveling to work elsewhere in the Dallas area . The Orange Line traverses the same route for selected weekday / peak hour trips . The Cotton Belt Rail Line is also planned to run through Southern Plano . Approximately 1 % of the city 's population uses DART . The Parker Road station charged for parking for non-member city residents from April 2 , 2012 -- April 3 , 2014 as a part of the Fair Share Parking initiative . Two DART park - and - ride bus facilities , separate from the rail lines , are within Plano : Jack Hatchell Transit Center and Northwest Plano Park & Ride . Plano was the first city in Collin County to adopt a master plan for its road system . The use of multi-lane , divided highways for all major roads allows for higher speed limits , generally 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) , but sometimes up to 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) on the northern section of Preston Road . Plano is served directly by several major roadways and freeways . Central Plano is bordered to the east by U.S. Highway 75 , the west by Dallas North Tollway , the south by President George Bush Turnpike , and the north by Texas State Highway 121 . Preston Road ( Texas State Highway 289 ) is a major thoroughfare that runs through the city . Plano is the largest city in Texas without an Interstate Highway . Plano opened a new interchange at Parker Rd. and U.S. 75 in December 2010 . The single - point interchange is the first of its kind in Texas . The design is intended to reduce severe congestion at this interchange . According to reports traffic congestion has been reduced 50 - 75 % . Plano is roughly 30 miles northeast of Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport ; it is the primary airport serving Plano residents and visitors . Notable people ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Stephen J. Anderson , animated film director Anousheh Ansari , engineer and co-founder and chairwoman of Prodea Systems Bryn Apprill , voice actress affiliated with Funimation Lance Armstrong , former professional cyclist Jake Arrieta , Cy Young Award - winning pitcher for 2016 World Series champion Chicago Cubs , Plano East alumnus Justin Blalock , offensive tackle for Atlanta Falcons Spencer Boldman , actor , played Adam ( a bionic superhero with super strength ) on Disney XD original series Lab Rats Kyle Bosworth , NFL player , Jacksonville Jaguars Jake Brendel , NFL player , Miami Dolphins Rex Burkhead , NFL player , New England Patriots Fred Couples , professional golfer , formerly lived in Plano Chace Crawford , actor Kenton Duty , actor ; played Gunther Hessenheffer on Disney Channel original series Shake It Up ! C.H. Greenblatt , creator of the TV animated series Chowder ( TV series ) ; writer for the TV animated show SpongeBob SquarePants . Bob Guccione , publisher of Penthouse Brad Hawkins , actor who starred on VR Troopers ; country singer and martial artist . Michael Irvin , player for Dallas Cowboys , inducted into Pro Football Hall of Fame Jimmy King , basketball player , University of Michigan and NBA John Leake , NFL player , Atlanta Falcons and Green Bay Packers Nastia Liukin , gymnastics , 5 - time Olympic medalist including all - around gold and nine - time world medalist Hunter Mahan , professional golfer Kevin McCarthy , famed Texas radio broadcaster Kevin McHale , actor on TV series Glee , singer Billy McKinney , Major League Baseball outfielder Hunter Parrish , actor Candice Patton , actress , played Iris West on CW 's The Flash Charlie Peprah , NFL safety , Dallas Cowboys and Green Bay Packers Julius Randle , NBA Basketball Player , Lakers Boz Scaggs , musician and recording artist Meenakshi Seshadri , former Bollywood actress Florence Shapiro , Republican member of Texas Senate , known for sponsoring `` Ashley 's Laws '' Lyon Sprague de Camp , fantasy writer Matt Shaheen , Republican member of Texas House of Representatives from Plano ; former Collin County precinct commissioner Barbara Staff , co-chairman of 1976 Ronald Reagan Texas presidential primary campaign Jonathan Stickland , member of Texas House of Representatives from Tarrant County ; born in Plano in 1983 Van Taylor , Republican state senator from Plano ; former state representative ; Iraq War officer T.J. Thyne , actor , played Dr. Jack Hodgins , an entomologist , in TV series Bones Travis Tope , actor Alan Tudyk , actor Michael Urie , actor , played Marc St. James in TV series Ugly Betty Jeffery Xiong , chess grandmaster Sister cities ( edit ) Plano has six sister cities designated by Sister Cities International . This program 's presence is seen in Plano ISD schools , where representatives from sister cities often meet and tour . Ivanovo , Ivanovo Oblast , Russia Brampton , Ontario , Canada ( 2000 ) Gumi , North Gyeongsang , South Korea San Pedro Garza García , Nuevo León , Mexico ( 1995 ) Hsinchu , Taiwan ( 2003 ) City of Port Adelaide Enfield , South Australia , Australia Historic sites ( edit ) Plano Station , Texas Electric Railway ( 1908 ) Heritage Farmstead Museum ( 1891 ) For a more thorough list of Plano 's history see this link Plano Conservancy 's Historic Plano Tour References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hageland , Kevin ( January 8 , 2009 ) . `` Anatomy of a top 10 list '' . Plano Star Courier . Plano , Texas : Star Local News . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Plano , Texas ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 United States Census '' . 2010 United States Census . 2010 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Greenfield , Beth . `` # 1 Plano , Texas - pg. 1 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Plano Timeline '' ( PDF ) . Plano , Texas : City of Plano . February 17 , 2011 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Schell , Shirley ; Wells , Frances B. `` Plano , TX '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All - America Cities by State ( 1949 -- 2009 ) '' ( PDF ) . All - America City Award . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goad , Kimberly . `` The Shooter . '' D Magazine . December 1999 . Retrieved on June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Heid , Jason . `` How Plano Kicked Its Heroin Habit , How Dallas ' Thomas Jefferson High School Is Kicking Its Own . '' D Magazine . January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved on June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ areavibes . `` Top 10 Cities - Best Places To Live 2013 '' . www.areavibes.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Friends Remember Victims Of Plano Mass Shooting : ' Full Of Love ' '' . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haag , Matthew . `` Maybe Toyota moved to Plano because the suburb is a lot like Torrance , Calif . '' ( Archive ) . The Dallas Morning News . May 6 , 2014 . Retrieved on September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Plano ( city ) , Texas '' . State & County QuickFacts . U.S. Census Bureau . ^ Jump up to : Brettell , Caroline B. ' `` Big D '' Incorporating New Immigrants in a Sunbelt Suburban Metropolis ' ( Chapter 3 ) . In : Singer , Audrey , Susan Wiley Hardwick , and Caroline Brettell . Twenty - First Century Gateways : Immigrant Incorporation in Suburban America ( James A. Johnson metro series ) . Brookings Institution Press , 2009 . ISBN 0815779283 , 9780815779285 . Start p. 53 . CITED : p. 61 . Jump up ^ `` Plano 2007 Income Estimates '' . 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC5i.com '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Offenses Known to Law Enforcement by State by City , 2006 '' . Uniform Crime Report , 2006 . FBI . 2007 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brettell , Caroline B. ' `` Big D '' Incorporating New Immigrants in a Sunbelt Suburban Metropolis ' ( Chapter 3 ) . In : Singer , Audrey , Susan Wiley Hardwick , and Caroline Brettell . Twenty - First Century Gateways : Immigrant Incorporation in Suburban America ( James A. Johnson metro series ) . Brookings Institution Press , 2009 . ISBN 0815779283 , 9780815779285 . Start p. 53 . CITED : p. 64 . Jump up ^ Railey , Kimberley . `` Cornyn seeks to lure Chinese Americans to GOP '' ( Archive ) . The Dallas Morning News . September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved on September 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kripke , Pamela Gwyn . `` Why 30,000 Chinese People Call Plano Home '' ( Archive ) . D Magazine . June 2012 . Retrieved on September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meyers , Jessica . `` Rare Chinese bilingual program highlights Plano schools ' diversity '' ( Archive ) . The Dallas Morning News . November 4 , 2011 . Retrieved on September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Leslie . `` Best in DFW : Chinese restaurants '' ( Archive ) . The Dallas Morning News . March 9 , 2011 . Updated February 10 , 2013 . Retrieved on September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Connie Dufner . `` Asian supermarket bonanza : 7 great places to shop in North Texas '' . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Upscale mall Shops at Willow Bend opens today in Plano to offer array of stores new to Texas '' . The Fort Worth Star - Telegram . August 3 , 2001 . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Legacy Town Center '' . Plano , Texas : Legacy In Plano . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bivins , Ralph ( February 13 , 2000 ) . `` The Woodlands becomes a leader in office construction '' . Houston Chronicle . pp. Business 8 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Headquarters Regional Offices '' . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Karen Robinson , `` Fogo de Chão plans North Texas expansion to Uptown , Plano '' Dallas News , June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Huawei Device USA , Inc . HQ '' . Jump up ^ `` Robot Entertainment '' . Jump up ^ `` tylertech.com '' . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Jerry and David Undercoffler . `` Toyota to move jobs and marketing headquarters from Torrance to Texas . '' Los Angeles Times . April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved on April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steve Brown , Dallas Morning News . `` ( 1 ) . '' Dallas Morning News . April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved on May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JPMorgan Chase picks Plano 's Legacy West for new 6,000 - employee campus '' . Bizbeatblog.dallasnews.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Plano 's map of big trees '' . Tx-plano2.civicplus.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Plano 's Bi-centennial Bur Oak '' . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Plano , TX '' . Goape.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Plano Park Master Plan '' . Plano.gov . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Plano , TX - Official Website '' . Plano.gov . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Plano Stages - City of Plano '' . planostages.com . City of Plano . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` City Council '' . Plano , Texas : City of Plano. 2013 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Boardman , Ananada ( 2013 ) . `` Plano , McKinney to vote on change to city council terms '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schnyder , Mark ( 2013 ) . `` Plano Elects First Black Mayor '' . NBCDFW.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Matthew ( 2013 ) . `` David Perry , Plano 's first black city council member , has died '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hundley , Wendy ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Plano approves controversial Equal Rights Policy '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City of Plano CAFR '' ( PDF ) . Plano , Texas : City of Plano. 2008 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bay Area Center for Voting Research Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` November 8 , 2016 Combined Election Day and Early Ballots - Statement of Votes Cast . '' Collin County Election Result Archive . Retrieved on October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Joint / General Election - November 8 , 2016 : Official Results . '' Denton County , TX Elections . Retrieved on October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ford , Zack . `` Plano , Texas Passes LGBT Nondiscrimination Protections Despite Vocal Opposition '' . Jump up ^ `` Opponents of Plano 's LGBT policy say petition drive successful '' . Jump up ^ `` HRC Unlikely to Defend Plano Nondiscrimination Ordinance '' . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TCFP Regulated Departments by Size '' . Texas Commission on Fire Protection . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Plano CALEA Accreditation '' . Yudu.com . p. 20 . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the Chief of Police '' . The City of Plano . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Safest Cities '' . Forbes . October 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Night Out Awards : 2013 Award Winners '' . National Association of Town Watch . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secondary schools '' . Plano , Texas . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Best High Schools 2012 '' . Newsweek . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 6 Reasons Why Everyone is Moving to Plano '' . SpareFoot . November 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 128 Seniors Named Semifinalists in National Merit Program '' . Plano ISD . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Budget FAQ '' . Plano , Texas . 2008 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Plano ISD mutes criticism of ' Robin Hood ' as its annual funding hit declines The Dallas Morning News . Dallasnews.com . Retrieved on July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Programs of Plano '' . Plano ISD . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Collin County Campus Archived October 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Coram Deo Academy . Retrieved on October 12 , 2011 . `` Located at One Church - 2400 State Highway 121 , Plano , TX '' Jump up ^ `` Campuses '' . Plano , Texas . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SMU Plano '' . Plano , Texas . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guild hall / '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DBU North Dallas Baptist University '' . www.dbu.edu . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` General Information . '' Plano Public Library System . Retrieved on October 17 , 2011 . `` W.O. Haggard , Jr . Library 2501 Coit Road ( 75075 ) '' and `` Library Administration 2501 Coit Road '' Jump up ^ `` Former Plano resident , 7 - time Tour de France winner Lance Armstrong retires '' . Dallas Morning News . Dallas , Texas : Dallas Morning News . February 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Blalock '' . 2014 NFL Enterprises LLC . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spencer Boldman '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . 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West Texas Historical Association Yearbook. 86 : 81 -- 2 . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Stickland 's Biography '' . votesmart.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ T.J. Thyne Jump up ^ `` Little - Known Actor Mulls Three High - Profile Film Offers ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Tudyk '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Urie '' . New York Observer . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interactive City Directory : City of Ivanovo , Russia '' . Sister Cities International . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` International Affairs '' . Plano.gov . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2011 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Municipal Cooperation , 1967 - Present '' ( PDF ) . Brampton : Flower City . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.plano.gov/DocumentCenter/Home/View/7498 Jump up ^ `` Hsinchu celebrates ties with its Texas sister city '' . Taipei Times . September 24 , 2003 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Interactive City Directory : Adelaide - Enfield , Australia '' . Sister Cities International . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of the history of Plano , Texas External links ( edit ) Dallas -- Fort Worth Metroplex portal Find more aboutPlano , Texasat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Plano Economic Development Plano from the Handbook of Texas Online Plano , Texas at Curlie Plano , Texas Primary and secondary schools Plano ISD Plano Senior Plano East Senior Plano West Senior Clark High Jasper High Shepton High Vines High Williams High Plano ISD Academy Allen ISD Frisco ISD Lewisville ISD John Paul II High Coram Deo Academy Collin County Campus Closed Plano Christian Academy Other education Collin College Government Plano City Council Mayor of Plano , Texas Landmarks Collin Creek Mall Heritage Farmstead Museum Interurban Railway Museum Legacy West The Shops at Willow Bend Transportation Jack Hatchell Transit Center Downtown Plano ( DART station ) Northwest Plano Park & Ride Parker Road ( DART station ) Culture Plano Balloon Festival Nature Preserves Arbor Hills Oak Point History Timeline This list is incomplete . Municipalities and communities of Collin County , Texas , United States County seat : McKinney Cities Allen Anna Blue Ridge Carrollton ‡ Celina ‡ Dallas ‡ Farmersville Frisco ‡ Garland ‡ Josephine ‡ Lavon Lowry Crossing Lucas McKinney Melissa Murphy Nevada Parker Plano ‡ Princeton Richardson ‡ Royse City ‡ Sachse ‡ Van Alstyne ‡ Weston Wylie ‡ Towns Fairview Hebron ‡ New Hope Prosper ‡ St. Paul CDP Westminster Other unincorporated communities Altoga Arnold Beverly Hill Bloomdale Branch Buckner Chambersville Chambliss Clear Lake Climax Collin Copeville Cowley Culleoka Deep Water Point Estates Desert Fayburg Forest Grove Frognot Kelly Lavon Beach Estates Lavon Shores Estates Little Ridge Marilee Milligan Millwood New Mesquite Pebble Beach Sunset Acres Pecan Grove Pike Rhea Mills Rockhill Roland Sedalia Snow Hill Trinity Park Valdasta Verona Walnut Grove Wetsel Winningkoff Yucote Acres Historical communities Lebanon Lolaville Renner Shepton Ghost towns Biggers Nickelville Parris Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Municipalities and communities of Denton County , Texas , United States County seat : Denton Cities Argyle Aubrey Carrollton ‡ Celina ‡ Coppell ‡ Corinth Dallas ‡ Denton Fort Worth ‡ Frisco ‡ Grapevine ‡ Haslet ‡ Highland Village Justin Krugerville Krum Lake Dallas Lakewood Village Lewisville ‡ Little Elm Oak Point Pilot Point Plano ‡ Roanoke Sanger Southlake ‡ The Colony Towns Bartonville Copper Canyon Corral City Cross Roads DISH Double Oak Flower Mound ‡ Hackberry Hebron ‡ Hickory Creek Lincoln Park Northlake Ponder Prosper ‡ Providence Village Shady Shores Trophy Club ‡ Westlake ‡ CDPs Lantana Paloma Creek Paloma Creek South Savannah Unincorporated communities Alliance ‡ Bolivar Navo Ghost towns Alton Elizabethtown Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Arlington Counties Collin Dallas Denton Ellis Hood Hunt Johnson Kaufman Parker Rockwall Somervell Tarrant Wise Major cities Dallas Fort Worth Arlington Cities and towns 100k -- 300k Carrollton Denton Frisco Garland Grand Prairie Irving Lewisville McKinney Mesquite Plano Richardson Cities and towns 25k -- 99k Allen Bedford Cedar Hill Cleburne The Colony Coppell DeSoto Duncanville Euless Farmers Branch Flower Mound Grapevine Haltom City Highland Village Hurst Keller Lancaster Mansfield North Richland Hills Rockwall Rowlett Southlake Wylie Cities and towns 10k -- 25k Addison Balch Springs Benbrook Burleson Colleyville Corinth Ennis Forest Hill Forney Greenville Sachse Saginaw Seagoville Terrell University Park Watauga Waxahachie Weatherford White Settlement State of Texas Austin ( capital ) Topics Architecture Climate Cuisine Geography Government Healthcare History Languages Law Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV National Historic Landmarks Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places Sites Sports Symbols Texans Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Texas Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Politics Regions Ark ‐ La ‐ Tex Big Bend Blackland Prairies Brazos Valley Central Texas Coastal Bend Concho Valley Cross Timbers Deep East Texas East Texas Edwards Plateau Golden Triangle Hill Country Llano Estacado Northeast Texas North Texas Osage Plains Panhandle Permian Basin Piney Woods Rio Grande Valley Southeast Texas South Plains South Texas Texoma Trans - Pecos West Texas Metropolitan areas Abilene Amarillo Austin -- Round Rock Beaumont -- Port Arthur Brownsville -- Harlingen College Station -- Bryan Corpus Christi Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Arlington El Paso Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land Killeen -- Temple Laredo Longview Lubbock McAllen -- Edinburg -- Mission Midland Odessa San Angelo San Antonio -- New Braunfels Sherman -- Denison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls Counties See : List of counties in Texas Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Texas Sylvester Turner ( D ) ( Houston ) Ron Nirenberg ( I ) ( San Antonio ) Mike Rawlings ( D ) ( Dallas ) Steve Adler ( D ) ( Austin ) Betsy Price ( R ) ( Fort Worth ) Dee Margo ( R ) ( El Paso ) Jeff Williams ( R ) ( Arlington ) Joe McComb ( R ) ( Corpus Christi ) Harry LaRosiliere ( I ) ( Plano ) Pete Saenz ( D ) ( Laredo ) Dan Pope ( R ) ( Lubbock ) Douglas Athas ( Garland ) Beth Van Duyne ( R ) ( Irving ) Ginger Nelson ( Amarillo ) Ron Jensen ( Grand Prairie ) Tony Martinez ( Brownsville ) Johnny Isbell ( Pasadena ) Brian Loughmiller ( R ) ( McKinney ) Stan Pickett ( Mesquite ) Jim Darling ( McAllen ) Jeff Cheney ( Frisco ) Jose Segarra ( Killeen ) Kyle Deaver ( Waco ) Kevin Falconer ( R ) ( Carrollton ) Jerry Morales ( Midland ) Chris Watts ( Denton ) Norm Archibald ( Abilene ) Becky Ames ( R ) ( Beaumont ) David Turner ( Odessa ) Alan McGraw ( Round Rock ) Glenn Barham ( Wichita Falls ) Paul Voelker ( Richardson ) Dean Ueckert ( Lewisville ) Martin Heines ( Tyler ) Tom Reid ( Pearland ) Nancy Berry ( College Station ) WorldCat Identities GND : 6100949 - 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Priest
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Priest - wikipedia Priest Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Priest ( disambiguation ) . A Roman Catholic priest elevating the chalice after the consecration during a Solemn Mass A vajracharya ( thunderbolt - carrier ) , a Newar Buddhist priest . Roman Catholic Parish Priest from the Belgian Congo A priest or priestess ( feminine ) ( / priːst / from Greek πρεσβύτερος presbýteros through Latin presbyter , `` elder '' , or from Old High German priast , prest , from Vulgar Latin `` provost '' `` one put over others '' , from Latin praepositus `` person placed in charge '' ) , is a religious leader authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion , especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deities . They also have the authority or power to administer religious rites ; in particular , rites of sacrifice to , and propitiation of , a deity or deities . Their office or position is the priesthood , a term which also may apply to such persons collectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Etymology 3 Historical religions 3.1 Ancient priests and priestesses 3.2 Ancient Egypt 3.3 Ancient Rome 3.4 Ancient Greece 4 Abrahamic religions 4.1 Judaism 4.2 Christianity 4.2. 1 Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy 4.2. 2 Anglican or Episcopalian 4.2. 3 Protestantism 4.2. 4 Latter Day Saints 4.3 Islam 5 Eastern religions 5.1 Hinduism 5.2 Zoroastrianism 5.3 Taoism 6 Indigenous and ethnic religions 6.1 Shintoism 6.2 Africa 7 Neo-Paganism 7.1 Wicca 8 Dress 9 Assistant priest 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Description ( edit ) According to the trifunctional hypothesis of prehistoric Proto - Indo - European society , priests and priestesses have existed since the earliest of times and in the simplest societies , most likely as a result of agricultural surplus and consequent social stratification . The necessity to read sacred texts and keep temple or church records helped foster literacy in many early societies . Priests exist in many religions today , such as all or some branches of Judaism , Christianity , Shintoism , Hinduism . They are generally regarded as having positive contact with the deity or deities of the religion to which they subscribe , often interpreting the meaning of events and performing the rituals of the religion . There is no common definition of the duties of priesthood between faiths ; but generally it includes mediating the relationship between one 's congregation , worshippers , and other members of the religious body , and its deity or deities , and administering religious rituals and rites . These often include blessing worshipers with prayers of joy at marriages , after a birth , and at consecrations , teaching the wisdom and dogma of the faith at any regular worship service , and mediating and easing the experience of grief and death at funerals -- maintaining a spiritual connection to the afterlife in faiths where such a concept exists . Administering religious building grounds and office affairs and papers , including any religious library or collection of sacred texts , is also commonly a responsibility -- for example , the modern term for clerical duties in a secular office refers originally to the duties of a cleric . The question of which religions have a `` priest '' depends on how the titles of leaders are used or translated into English . In some cases , leaders are more like those that other believers will often turn to for advice on spiritual matters , and less of a `` person authorized to perform the sacred rituals . '' For example , clergy in Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy are priests , but in Protestant Christianity they are typically minister and pastor . The terms priest and priestess are sufficiently generic that they may be used in an anthropological sense to describe the religious mediators of an unknown or otherwise unspecified religion . In many religions , being a priest or priestess is a full - time position , ruling out any other career . Many Christian priests and pastors choose or are mandated to dedicate themselves to their churches and receive their living directly from their churches . In other cases it is a part - time role . For example , in the early history of Iceland the chieftains were titled goði , a word meaning `` priest '' . As seen in the saga of Hrafnkell Freysgoði , however , being a priest consisted merely of offering periodic sacrifices to the Norse gods and goddesses ; it was not a full - time role , nor did it involve ordination . In some religions , being a priest or priestess is by human election or human choice . In Judaism the priesthood is inherited in familial lines . In a theocracy , a society is governed by its priesthood . Etymology ( edit ) The word `` priest '' , is ultimately derived from Greek , via Latin presbyter , the term for `` elder '' , especially elders of Jewish or Christian communities in Late Antiquity . It is possible that the Latin word was loaned into Old English , and only from Old English reached other Germanic languages via the Anglo - Saxon mission to the continent , giving Old Icelandic prestr , Old Swedish präster , Old High German priast. Old High German also has the disyllabic priester , priestar , apparently derived from Latin independently via Old French presbtre . The Latin presbyter ultimately represents Greek presbyteros , the regular Latin word for `` priest '' being sacerdos , corresponding to Greek hiereus . That English should have only the single term priest to translate presbyter and sacerdos came to be seen as a problem in English Bible translations . The presbyter is the minister who both presides and instructs a Christian congregation , while the sacerdos , offerer of sacrifices , or in a Christian context the eucharist , performs `` mediatorial offices between God and man '' . The feminine English noun , priestess , was coined in the 17th century , to refer to female priests of the pre-Christian religions of classical antiquity . In the 20th century , the word was used in controversies surrounding the ordination of women . In the case of the ordination of women in the Anglican communion , it is more common to speak of `` priests '' , regardless of gender . Vestal Virgin priestess of Ancient Rome Historical religions ( edit ) Further information : Vedic priesthood and Druid In historical polytheism , a priest administers the sacrifice to a deity , often in highly elaborate ritual . In the Ancient Near East , the priesthood also acted on behalf of the deities in managing their property . Priestesses in antiquity often performed sacred prostitution , and in Ancient Greece , some priestesses such as Pythia , priestess at Delphi , acted as oracles . Ancient priests and priestesses ( edit ) Sumerian and Akkadian Entu or EN were top - ranking priestesses who were distinguished with special ceremonial attire and held equal status to high priests . They owned property , transacted business , and initiated the hieros gamos ceremony with priests and kings . Nadītu served as priestesses in the temples of Inanna in the ancient city of Erech . They were recruited from the highest families in the land and were supposed to remain childless , owned property , and transacted business . The Sumerian word NIN , EREŠ in Akkadian , is the sign for `` lady . '' NIN. DINGIR ( Akkadian entu ) `` divine lady , '' a priestess . In Sumerian epic texts such as Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta , Nu - Gig were priestesses in temples dedicated to Inanna and may be a reference to the goddess herself . Puabi of Ur was a Semitic Akkadian queen or a priestess . In several other Sumerian city - states , the ruling governor or king was also a head priest with the rank of ensi , such as at Lagash . Control of the `` holy '' city of Nippur and its temple priesthood generally meant hegemony over most of Sumer , as listed on the Sumerian King List ; at one point , the Nippur priesthood conferred the title of queen of Sumer on Kugbau , a popular taverness from nearby Kish ( who was later deified as Kubaba ) . In the Hebrew Bible , ( קדשה ) Qedesha or Kedeshah , derived from the root Q-D - Š were temple prostitutes usually associated with the goddess Asherah . Quadishtu served in the temples of the Sumerian goddess Qetesh . Ishtaritu specialized in the arts of dancing , music , and singing and they served in the temples of Ishtar . In the Epic of Gilgamesh , priestess Shamhat , a temple prostitute , tamed wild Enkidu after `` six days and seven nights . '' En - hedu - ana , Akkadian 2285 -- 2250 BCE was the first known holder of the title , `` En Priestess . '' Gerarai fourteen Athenian matrons of Dionysus who presided over sacrifices and participated in the festivals of Anthesteria . Ancient Egypt ( edit ) In Egyptian ideology , the right and obligation to interact with the gods belonged to the pharaoh . He delegated this duty to priests , who were effectively bureaucrats authorized to act on his behalf . Priests staffed temples throughout Egypt , giving offerings to the cult statues in which the gods were believed to take up residence and performing other rituals for their benefit . Little is known about what training may have been required of priests , and the selection of personnel for positions was affected by a tangled set of traditions , although the pharaoh had the final say . In the New Kingdom , when temples owned great estates , the high priests of the most important cult -- that of Amun at Karnak -- were important political figures . High - ranking priestly roles were usually held by men . Women were generally relegated to lower positions in the temple hierarchy , although some held specialized and influential positions , especially that of the God 's Wife of Amun , whose religious importance overshadowed the High Priests of Amun in the Late Period . Antonia Minor as a priestess of Ceres ( 36 BCE -- 37 CE ) Ancient Rome ( edit ) See also : College of Pontifices In Ancient Rome and throughout Italy , the ancient sanctuaries of Ceres and Proserpina were invariably led by female sacerdotes , drawn from women of local and Roman elites . It was the only public priesthood attainable by Roman matrons and was held in great honor . Ancient Greece ( edit ) The Pythia was the title of a priestess at the very ancient temple of Delphi that was dedicated to the Earth Mother . She was widely credited for her prophecies . The priestess retained her role when the temple was rededicated to Apollo , giving her a prominence unusual for a woman in the male - dominated culture of classical Greece . Phrygian Sibyl was the priestess presiding over an Apollonian oracle at Phrygia , a historical kingdom in the Anatolian highlands . Abrahamic religions ( edit ) Judaism ( edit ) Main article : Kohen In ancient Israel the priests were required by the Law of Moses to be of direct paternal descendency from Aaron , Moses ' elder brother . In Exodus 30 : 22 -- 25 God instructs Moses to make a holy anointing oil to consecrate the priests `` for all of eternity . '' During the times of the two Jewish Temples in Jerusalem , the Aaronic priests were responsible for the daily and special Jewish holiday offerings and sacrifices within the temples , these offerings are known as the korbanot . In Hebrew the word `` priest '' is kohen ( singular כהן kohen , plural כּהנִים kohanim ) , hence the family names Cohen , Cahn , Kahn , Kohn , Kogan , etc . These families are from the tribe of Levi ( Levites ) and in twenty - four instances are called by scripture as such ( Jerusalem Talmud to Mishnaic tractate Maaser Sheini p. 31a ) . In Hebrew the word for `` priesthood '' is kehunnah . Since the destruction of the Second Temple , and ( therefore ) the cessation of the daily and seasonal temple ceremonies and sacrifices , Kohanim in traditional Judaism ( Orthodox Judaism and to some extent , Conservative Judaism ) continue to perform a number of priestly ceremonies and roles such as the Pidyon HaBen ( redemption of a first - born son ) ceremony and the Priestly Blessing , and have remained subject , particularly in Orthodox Judaism , to a number of restrictions , such as restrictions on certain marriages and ritual purity ( see Kohanic disqualifications ) . Orthodox Judaism regard the kohanim as being held in reserve for a future restored Temple . In all branches of Judaism , Kohanim do not perform roles of propitiation , sacrifice , or sacrament . Rather , a kohen 's principal religious function is to perform the Priestly Blessing , and , provided he is rabbinically qualified , to serve as an authoritative judge ( posek ) and expositor of Jewish halakha law . Christianity ( edit ) See also : Priesthood of all believers A Roman Catholic priest , Saint Josemaría Escrivá , celebrating the holy sacrifice of the Mass Some clergy and religious , such as these , who are Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross and live in the Netherlands , wear distinctive clothing which distinguishes them from other clergy , whether secular or religious Eastern Orthodox priest wearing epitrachelion ( stole ) and epimanikia ( cuffs ) , Mtskheta , Republic of Georgia With the spread of Christianity and the formation of parishes , the Greek word ἱερεύς ( hiereus ) , and Latin sacerdos , which Christians had since the 3rd century applied to bishops and only in a secondary sense to presbyters , began in the 6th century to be used of presbyters , and is today commonly used of presbyters , distinguishing them from bishops . Today the term `` priest '' is used in Roman Catholicism , Eastern Orthodoxy , Anglicanism , Oriental Orthodoxy , the Church of the East , and some branches of Lutheranism to refer to those who have been ordained to a ministerial position through receiving the sacrament of Holy Orders , although `` presbyter '' is also used . Since the Protestant Reformation , non-sacramental denominations are more likely to use the term `` elder '' to refer to their pastors . However , nowhere in the New Testament is a Christian pastor ( besides Christ ) titled `` hiereus , '' the distinctive Greek word for `` priest , '' and thus its rendering into English is seen as an etymological corruption of the Greek word `` presbuteros , '' which means `` elder , '' and which is the word for the lead category of Christian leaders in the New Testament church , under the Lord Jesus Christ , the great High Priest ( archiereus ) . In the New Testament , it is taught that as Christ made the perfect sacrifice for the forgiveness of sins , then believers have direct access to the Father through Him , ( Hebrews 10 : 19 ) with the only priesthood that is named under Christ in the church being that which consists of all believers . The New Testament Epistle to the Hebrews in particular draws a distinction between the Jewish priesthood and the high priesthood of Christ ; it teaches that the sacrificial atonement by Jesus Christ on Calvary has made the Jewish priesthood and its prescribed ritual sacrifices redundant , along with the rest of the ceremonial acts of the Mosaic law , see Christian views on the Old Covenant for details . Thus , for Christians , Christ himself is the only high priest , and Christians have no priesthood independent or distinct from participation in the priesthood of Christ , the head of the Church . The one sacrifice of Christ , which he offered `` once for all '' ( Hebrews 10 : 10 ) on the Cross , provides eternal sanctification and redemption . Roman Catholics , Eastern Orthodox , High Church Anglicans , Lutherans , and some Methodists consider the sacrifice to be `` re-presented '' in the Eucharist . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) claims to uphold all priesthood positions of the primitive gospel by the laying on of hands . The most known form of distinctive clothing for the priest is the easily identifiable clerical collar ( or Roman collar ) , which takes form in either the traditional cassock , or modern day clerical shirt . The typical modern version consists of a white plastic tab , inserted into a specially made collar of a black shirt , although traditional cloth collars are still worn . Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy ( edit ) Main articles : Priesthood ( Catholic Church ) and Priesthood ( Orthodox Church ) The most significant liturgical acts reserved to priests in these traditions are the administration of the Sacraments , including the celebration of the Holy Mass or Divine Liturgy ( the terms for the celebration of the Eucharist in the Latin and Byzantine traditions , respectively ) , and the Sacrament of Reconciliation , also called Confession . The sacraments of Anointing of the Sick ( Extreme Unction ) and Confirmation or Chrismation are also administered by priests , though in the Western tradition Confirmation is ordinarily celebrated by a bishop . In the East , Chrismation is performed by the priest ( using oil specially consecrated by a bishop ) immediately after Baptism , and Unction is normally performed by several priests ( ideally seven ) , but may be performed by one if necessary . In the West , Holy Baptism may be celebrated by anyone . The Vatican catechism states that `` According to Latin tradition , the spouses as ministers of Christ 's grace mutually confer upon each other the sacrament of Matrimony '' . Thus marriage is a sacrament administered by the couple to themselves , but may be witnessed and blessed by a deacon , or priest ( who usually administers the ceremony ) . In the East , Holy Baptism and Marriage ( which is called `` Crowning '' ) may be performed only by a priest . If a person is baptized in extremis ( i.e. , when in fear of immediate death ) , only the actual threefold immersion together with the scriptural words ( Matthew 28 : 19 ) may be performed by a layperson or deacon . The remainder of the rite , and Chrismation , must still be performed by a priest , if the person survives . The only sacrament which may be celebrated only by a bishop is that of Ordination ( cheirotonia , `` Laying - on of Hands '' ) , or Holy Orders . In these traditions , only men who meet certain requirements may become priests . In Roman Catholicism the canonical minimum age is twenty - five . Bishops may dispense with this rule and ordain men up to one year younger . Dispensations of more than a year are reserved to the Holy See ( Can . 1031 § § 1 , 4 . ) A Catholic priest must be incardinated by his bishop or his major religious superior in order to engage in public ministry . In Orthodoxy , the normal minimum age is thirty ( Can . 9 of Neocaesarea ) but a bishop may dispense with this if needed . In neither tradition may priests marry after ordination . In the Roman Catholic Church , priests in the Latin Rite , which covers the vast majority of Roman Catholicism , must be celibate except under special rules for married clergy converting from certain other Christian confessions . Married men may become priests in Eastern Orthodoxy and the Eastern Catholic Churches , but in neither case may they marry after ordination , even if they become widowed . Candidates for bishop are chosen only from among the celibate . Orthodox priests will either wear a clerical collar similar to the above mentioned , or simply a very loose black robe that does not have a collar . Anglican or episcopalian ( edit ) The role of a priest in the Anglican Communion is largely the same as within the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Christianity , except that canon law in almost every Anglican province restricts the administration of confirmation to the bishop , just as with ordination . Whilst Anglican priests who are members of religious orders must remain celibate ( although there are exceptions , such as priests in the Anglican Order of Cistercians ) , the secular clergy -- bishops , priests , and deacons who are not members of religious orders -- are permitted to marry before or after ordination ( although in most provinces they are not yet permitted to marry a person of the same sex . ) The Anglican churches , unlike the Roman Catholic or Eastern Christian traditions , have allowed the ordination of women as priests ( referred to as `` priests '' not `` priestesses '' ) in some provinces since 1971 . This practice remains controversial , however ; a minority of provinces ( 10 out of the 38 worldwide ) retain an all - male priesthood . Most Continuing Anglican churches do not ordain women to the priesthood . As Anglicanism represents a broad range of theological opinion , its presbyterate includes priests who consider themselves no different in any respect from those of the Roman Catholic Church , and a minority who prefer to use the title presbyter in order to distance themselves from the more sacrificial theological implications which they associate with the word priest . While priest is the official title of a member of the presbyterate in every Anglican province worldwide , the ordination rite of certain provinces ( including the Church of England ) recognizes the breadth of opinion by adopting the title The Ordination of Priests ( also called Presbyters ) . Historically , the term priest has been more associated with the `` High Church '' or Anglo - Catholic wing , whereas the term `` minister '' has been more commonly used in `` Low Church '' or Evangelical circles . Protestantism ( edit ) The general priesthood or the priesthood of all believers , is a Christian doctrine derived from several passages of the New Testament . It is a foundational concept of Protestantism . It is this doctrine that Martin Luther adduces in his 1520 To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation in order to dismiss the medieval Christian belief that Christians were to be divided into two classes : `` spiritual '' and `` temporal '' or non-spiritual . The conservative reforms of Lutherans are reflected in the theological and practical view of the ministry of the Church . Much of European Lutheranism follows the traditional catholic governance of deacon , priest and bishop . The Lutheran archbishops of Finland , Sweden , etc. and Baltic countries are the historic national primates ( See the original Catholic Church ) and some ancient cathedrals and parishes in the Lutheran church were constructed many centuries before the Reformation . Indeed , ecumenical work within the Anglican communion and among Scandinavian Lutherans mutually recognize the historic apostolic legitimacy and full communion . Likewise in America , Lutherans have embraced the apostolic succession of bishops in the full communion with Episcopalians and most Lutheran ordinations are performed by a bishop . The Roman Catholic Church , however , does not recognise Episcopalians or Lutherans as having legitimate apostolic succession . Ordained Protestant clergy often have the title of pastor , minister , reverend , etc . In some Lutheran churches , ordained clergy are called priests , while in others the term pastor is preferred . Latter Day Saints ( edit ) Main article : Priesthood ( Latter Day Saints ) 1898 depiction of the Restoration of the Aaronic Priesthood . In the Latter Day Saint movement , priesthood is the power and authority of God given to man , including the authority to perform ordinances and to act as a leader in the church . A body of priesthood holders is referred to as a quorum . Priesthood denotes elements of both power and authority . The priesthood includes the power Jesus gave his apostles to perform miracles such as the casting out of devils and the healing of sick ( Luke 9 : 1 ) . Latter Day Saints believe that the Biblical miracles performed by prophets and apostles were performed by the power of priesthood , including the miracles of Jesus , who holds all of the keys of the priesthood . The priesthood is formally known as the `` Priesthood after the Order of the Son of God '' , but to avoid the too frequent use of the name of deity , the priesthood is referred to as the Melchizedek priesthood ( Melchizedek being the high priest to whom Abraham paid tithes ) . As an authority , priesthood is the authority by which a bearer may perform ecclesiastical acts of service in the name of God . Latter Day Saints believe that acts ( and in particular , ordinances ) performed by one with priesthood authority are recognized by God and are binding in heaven , on earth , and in the afterlife . In addition , Latter Day Saints believe that leadership positions within the church are legitimized by the priesthood authority . Islam ( edit ) See also : Clergy § Islam Islam has no sacerdotal priesthood , as every believer ( mu'min ) is individually empowered to engage with God directly , without any mediator . There are , however , a variety of academic and administrative offices which have evolved to assist Muslims with this task ; a full discussion can be found at Clergy # Islam . Eastern religions ( edit ) Hinduism ( edit ) A yagya being performed Hindu priests historically were members of the Brahmin caste . Priests are ordained and trained as well . There are two types of Hindu priests , pujaris ( swamis , yogis , and gurus ) and purohits ( pundits ) . A pujari performs rituals in a temple . These rituals include bathing the murtis ( the statues of the gods / goddesses ) , performing puja , a ritualistic offering of various items to the Gods , the waving of a ghee or oil lamp also called an offering in light , known in Hinduism as aarti , before the murtis . Pujaris are often married . A purohit , on the other hand , performs rituals and saṃskāras ( sacraments ) outside of the temple . There are special purohits who perform only funeral rites . In many cases , a purohit also functions as a pujari . Both women and men are ordained as purohits and pujaris . There are many priests in India who perform their work both inside and outside temples . The ones who perform it inside are called `` pujaris '' who are more common and are more significant in society . A few tasks of these `` pujaris '' would be to clean or bathe the statue of the God in the temple . They do earn from this but do not demand too much money . The other more debatable priests are the purohits who perform their duties outside the temple . They act as God for poor people and by talking or by providing ' hope ' , they earn a living . Zoroastrianism ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Zoroastrianism , the priesthood is reserved for men and is a mostly hereditary position . The priests prepare a drink from a sacred plant , which is called the haoma ritual . They officiate the Yasna , pouring libations into the sacred fire to the accompaniment of ritual chants . Taoism ( edit ) The Taoist priest is called a Daoshi ( 道士 `` master of the Dao '' p. 488 ) . Daoshi act as interpreters of the principles of Yin - Yang 5 elements ( fire , water , soil , wood , and metal p. 53 ) school of ancient Chinese philosophy , as they relate to marriage , death , festival cycles , and so on . The Daoshi seeks to share the benefits of meditation with his or her community through public ritual and liturgy ( p. 326 ) . In the ancient priesthood before the Tang , the priest was called Jijiu ( `` libationer '' p. 550 ) , with both male and female practitioners selected by merit . The system gradually changed into a male only hereditary Daoshi priesthood until more recent times ( p. 550,551 ) . Indigenous and ethnic religions ( edit ) Further information : shaman and medicine man Shintoism ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Shinto priest and priestess in Japan . The shinto priest is called a kannushi ( 神主 , lit . `` Master of the kami '' ) , originally pronounced kamunushi , sometimes referred to as a shinshoku ( 神職 ) . A Kannushi is the person responsible for the maintenance of a Shinto shrine , or jinja , purificatory rites , and for leading worship and veneration of a certain kami . Additionally , priests are aided by miko ( 巫女 , `` shrine maidens '' ) for many rites as a kind of shaman or medium . The maidens may either be family members in training , apprentices , or local volunteers . Saiin were female relatives of the Japanese emperor ( termed saiō ) who served as High Priestesses in Kamo Shrine . Saiō also served at Ise Shrine . Saiin priestesses usually were elected from royalty . In principle , Saiin remained unmarried , but there were exceptions . Some Saiin became consorts of the emperor , called Nyōgo in Japanese . The Saiin order of priestesses existed throughout the Heian and Kamakura periods . Africa ( edit ) The Yoruba people of western Nigeria practice an indigenous religion with a chiefly hierarchy of priests and priestesses that dates to AD 800 -- 1000 . Ifá priests and priestesses bear the titles Babalawo for men and Iyanifa for women . Priests and priestesses of the varied Orisha are titled Babalorisa for men and Iyalorisa for women . Initiates are also given an Orisa or Ifá name that signifies under which deity they are initiated . For example , a Priestess of Oshun may be named Osunyemi , and a Priest of Ifá may be named Ifáyemi . This ancient culture continues to this day as initiates from all around the world return to Nigeria for initiation into the traditional priesthood , and varied derivative sects in the New World ( such as Cuban Santeria and Brazilian Umbanda ) use the same titles to refer to their officers as well . Neo-paganism ( edit ) Wicca ( edit ) According to traditional Wiccan beliefs , every member of the religion is considered a priestess or priest , as it is believed that no person can stand between another and the Divine . However , in response to the growing number of Wiccan temples and churches , several denominations of the religion have begun to develop a core group of ordained priestesses and priests serving a larger laity . This trend is far from widespread , but is gaining acceptance due to increased interest in the religion . Dress ( edit ) The dress of religious workers in ancient times may be demonstrated in frescoes and artifacts from the cultures . The dress is presumed to be related to the customary clothing of the culture , with some symbol of the deity worn on the head or held by the person . Sometimes special colors , materials , or patterns distinguish celebrants , as the white wool veil draped on the head of the Vestal Virgins . Priestess officiating before an altar while nude to demonstrate purity , Attic red - figure kylix by Chairias , c. 510 -- 500 BC , Ancient Agora Museum in Athens Occasionally the celebrants at religious ceremonies shed all clothes in a symbolic gesture of purity . This was often the case in ancient times . An example of this is shown to the left on a Kylix dating from c. 500 BC where a priestess is featured . Modern religious groups tend to avoid such symbolism and some may be quite uncomfortable with the concept . The retention of long skirts and vestments among many ranks of contemporary priests when they officiate may be interpreted to express the ancient traditions of the cultures from which their religious practices arose . An Anglican priest in choir dress In most Christian traditions , priests wear clerical clothing , a distinctive form of street dress . Even within individual traditions it varies considerably in form , depending on the specific occasion . In Western Christianity , the stiff white clerical collar has become the nearly universal feature of priestly clerical clothing , worn either with a cassock or a clergy shirt . The collar may be either a full collar or a vestigial tab displayed through a square cutout in the shirt collar . Eastern Christian priests mostly retain the traditional dress of two layers of differently cut cassock : the rasson ( Greek ) or podriasnik ( Russian ) beneath the outer exorasson ( Greek ) or riasa ( Russian ) . If a pectoral cross has been awarded it is usually worn with street clothes in the Russian tradition , but not so often in the Greek tradition . Distinctive clerical clothing is less often worn in modern times than formerly , and in many cases it is rare for a priest to wear it when not acting in a pastoral capacity , especially in countries that view themselves as largely secular in nature . There are frequent exceptions to this however , and many priests rarely if ever go out in public without it , especially in countries where their religion makes up a clear majority of the population . Pope John Paul II often instructed Catholic priests and religious to always wear their distinctive ( clerical ) clothing , unless wearing it would result in persecution or grave verbal attacks . Christian traditions that retain the title of priest also retain the tradition of special liturgical vestments worn only during services . Vestments vary widely among the different Christian traditions . In modern Pagan religions , such as Wicca , there is no one specific form of dress designated for the clergy . If there is , it is a particular of the denomination in question , and not a universal practice . However , there is a traditional form of dress , ( usually a floor - length tunic and a knotted cord cincture , known as the cingulum ) , which is often worn by worshipers during religious rites . Among those traditions of Wicca that do dictate a specific form of dress for its clergy , they usually wear the traditional tunic in addition to other articles of clothing ( such as an open - fronted robe or a cloak ) as a distinctive form of religious dress , similar to a habit . Assistant priest ( edit ) In many religions there are one or more layers of assistant priests . In the Ancient Near East , hierodules served in temples as assistants to the priestess . In ancient Judaism , the Priests ( Kohanim ) had a whole class of Levites as their assistants in making the sacrifices , in singing psalms and in maintaining the Temple . The Priests and the Levites were in turn served by servants called Nethinim . These lowest level of servants were not priests . An assistant priest is a priest in the Anglican and Episcopal churches who is not the senior member of clergy of the parish to which they are appointed , but is nonetheless in priests ' orders ; there is no difference in function or theology , merely in ' grade ' or ' rank ' . Some assistant priests have a `` sector ministry '' , that is to say that they specialize in a certain area of ministry within the local church , for example youth work , hospital work , or ministry to local light industry . They may also hold some diocesan appointment part - time . In most ( though not all ) cases an assistant priest has the legal status of assistant curate , although it should also be noted that not all assistant curates are priests , as this legal status also applies to many deacons working as assistants in a parochial setting . The corresponding term in the Catholic Church is `` parochial vicar '' -- an ordained priest assigned to assist the pastor ( Latin : parochus ) of a parish in the pastoral care of parishioners . Normally , all pastors are also ordained priests ; occasionally an auxiliary bishop will be assigned that role . In Wicca , the leader of a coven or temple ( either a high priestess or high priest ) often appoints an assistant . This assistant is often called a ' deputy ' , but the more traditional terms ' maiden ' ( when female and assisting a high priestess ) and ' summoner ' ( when male and assisting a high priest ) are still used in many denominations . See also ( edit ) Archpriest Brahmin Clergy Gothi Hieromonk Holy Orders List of fictional clergy and religious figures Mobad Oracle Ordination of women Pastor Presbyterorum Ordinis , decree on the priesthood from the Second Vatican Council Priest shortage Priesthood ( Latter Day Saints ) Priesthood ( Orthodox Church ) Ritualism in the Church of England Sacerdotalism Shaman Vedic priesthood Vicar Volkhv References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Webster 's New World Dictionary of the American Language , College Edition , The World Publishing Company , Cleveland OH , s.v. `` priest '' Jump up ^ Joseph B. Lightfoot , Epistle to the Philippians ; a revised text , with introduction , etc. , 2nd ed. 1869 , p. 184 , cited after OED . Jump up ^ Dening , Sarah ( 1996 ) . The Mythology of Sex -- Ch. 3 . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 861207 - 2 . Jump up ^ Black , Jeremy ( 1998 ) . Reading Sumerian Poetry . Cambridge University Press . p. 142 . ISBN 0 - 485 - 93003 - X . Jump up ^ `` Hebrew Lexicon : : H6948 ( KJV ) '' . cf.blueletterbible.org . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Blue Letter Bible , Lexicon results for qĕdeshah ( Strong 's H2181 ) , incorporating Strong 's Concordance ( 1890 ) and Gesenius 's Lexicon ( 1857 ) . Jump up ^ Also transliterated qĕdeshah , q deshah , qědēšā , qedashah , kadeshah , kadesha , qedesha , kdesha . A modern liturgical pronunciation would be k'deysha Jump up ^ Prioreschi , Plinio ( 1991 ) . A History of Medicine . Horatius Press . p. 376 . ISBN 1 - 888456 - 00 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sauneron , Serge ( 2000 ) ( 1988 ) . The Priests of Ancient Egypt , New Edition . Translated by David Lorton . Cornell University Press . pp. 32 -- 36 , 89 -- 92 Jump up ^ Sauneron 2000 , pp. 42 -- 47 , 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ Doxey , Denise M. , `` Priesthood '' , in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt ( 2001 ) , vol . III , pp. 69 -- 70 Jump up ^ A Roman matron was any mature woman of the upper class , married or unmarried . Females could serve public cult as Vestal Virgins but few were chosen , and then only from young maidens of the upper class . Jump up ^ Barbette Stanley Spaeth , The Roman goddess Ceres , University of Texas Press , 1996 , pp. 4 -- 5 , 9 , 20 ( historical overview and Aventine priesthoods ) , 84 -- 89 ( functions of plebeian aediles ) , 104 -- 106 ( women as priestesses ) : citing among others Cicero , In Verres , 2.4. 108 ; Valerius Maximus , 1.1. 1 ; Plutarch , De Mulierum Virtutibus , 26 . Jump up ^ Garhammer , Erich ( 2005 ) . `` Priest , Priesthood 3 . Roman Catholicism '' . In Erwin Fahlbusch . Encyclopedia of Christianity. 4 . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . p. 348 . ISBN 9780802824165 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis Chester Smolarski , ' ' Sacred Mysteries ' ' ( Paulist Press 1995 ISBN 9780809135516 ) , p. 128 '' . Google.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ An example of the use of `` presbyter '' is found in Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1554 Jump up ^ Buchanan , Colin ( February 27 , 2006 ) . Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism . USA : Scarecrow Press . p. 367 . ISBN 978 - 0810853270 . Jump up ^ Merkle , Benjamin L. ( November 29 , 2007 ) . 40 Questions about Elders and Deacons . Grand Rapids , MI : November 29 , 2007 . pp. 52 , 53 . ISBN 978 - 0825433641 . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1362 -- 1367 '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peter M. Doll , ' ' Anglicanism and Orthodoxy ' ' ( Peter Lang 2006 ISBN 9783039105809 ) , pp. 206 -- 207 '' . Google.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church -- The sacrament of Matrimony '' . vatican.va . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Miller , Michael ( May 17 , 2008 ) . `` Peoria diocese ordains its first married priest '' . Peoria Journal Star . p . C8 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . About 100 Episcopal priests , many of them married , have become Roman Catholic priests since a `` pastoral provision '' was created by Pope John Paul II in 1980 , said ( Doug ) Grandon , director of catechetics for the diocese . ( ... ) His family life will remain the same , he said . Contrary to popular misunderstandings , he wo n't have to be celibate . Jump up ^ Emma John ( July 4 , 2010 ) . `` Should women ever be bishops ? '' . The Observer . London . Jump up ^ Sulaiman Kakaire . `` Male bishops speak out on female priests '' . Jump up ^ Anglican Church of Canada . `` Minister or Priest ? '' . Jump up ^ `` The Protestant Heritage '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Lew , Irene ( 2008 - 02 - 26 ) . `` Indian City Opens Doorway to Female Hindu Priests '' . Women 's eNews . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Mathai , Kamini ( 2008 - 10 - 18 ) . `` Masti , mehendi mark Karva Chauth in city ( Chennai ) '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Pregadio , Fabrizio ( 2008 ) The Encyclopedia of Taoism , Volume 1 Psychology Press ISBN 0700712003 at Google books : pp. 488 -- 90 pp. 53 -- 54 pp. 326 -- 29 pp. 550 -- 51 Jump up ^ Asante , M.K. ; Mazama , A. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of African Religion . 1 . SAGE Publications . ISBN 9781412936361 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Walter , M.N. ; Fridman , E.J.N. ( 2004 ) . Shamanism : An Encyclopedia of World Beliefs , Practices , and Culture . 1 . ABC - CLIO . p. 451 . ISBN 9781576076453 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Priesthood '' . Paganwiccan.about.com. 2014 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Leadership '' . Patheos.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Priesthood -- Temple of the Good Game '' . Goodgame.org.nz . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Look up priest in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Priests . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Priest Description of the problem of Roman Catholic and Old Catholic reunion with respect to the female priesthood Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Priest '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Priest '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . GND : 4047233 - 4 NDL : 00571243 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priest&oldid=804145458 '' Categories : Priests Religious leadership roles Ecclesiastical titles Anglican ecclesiastical offices Eastern Christian ecclesiastical offices Religious terminology Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from February 2012 Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Беларуская Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 01 : 39 . 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Muscat
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Muscat - wikipedia Muscat Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the capital and largest city of Oman . For the grape , see Muscat ( grape ) . For other uses , see Muscat ( disambiguation ) . Muscat مسقط City Muscat Gate Muscat Location of Muscat in Oman Coordinates : 23 ° 36 ′ N 58 ° 33 ′ E / 23.600 ° N 58.550 ° E / 23.600 ; 58.550 Coordinates : 23 ° 36 ′ N 58 ° 33 ′ E / 23.600 ° N 58.550 ° E / 23.600 ; 58.550 Country Oman Governorate Muscat Government Type Absolute monarchy Sultan Qaboos bin Said Area Land 273.9 km ( 105.8 sq mi ) Metro 3,797 km ( 1,466 sq mi ) Population ( May 2017 ) 1,560,330 Density 450 / km ( 1,200 / sq mi ) Metro 1,560,330 Time zone GST ( UTC + 4 ) Website Muscat Municipality Muscat ( Arabic : مسقط , Masqaṭ pronounced ( ˈmasqatʕ ) ) is the capital and largest metropolitan city of Oman . It is also the seat of government and largest city in the Governorate of Muscat . Muscat is also considered as a Global City . According to the National Centre for Statistics and Information ( NCSI ) , the total population of Muscat Governorate reached 1.28 million as of September 2015 . The metropolitan area spans approximately 3,500 km ( 1,400 sq mi ) and includes six provinces called wilayats . Known since the early 1st century CE as an important trading port between the west and the east , Muscat was ruled by various indigenous tribes as well as foreign powers such as the Persians , the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire at various points in its history . A regional military power in the 18th century , Muscat 's influence extended as far as East Africa and Zanzibar . As an important port - town in the Gulf of Oman , Muscat attracted foreign tradesmen and settlers such as the Persians and the Balochis . Since the ascension of Qaboos bin Said as Sultan of Oman in 1970 , Muscat has experienced rapid infrastructural development that has led to the growth of a vibrant economy and a multi-ethnic society . The rocky Western Al Hajar Mountains dominate the landscape of Muscat . The city lies on the Arabian Sea along the Gulf of Oman and is in the proximity of the strategic Straits of Hormuz . Low - lying white buildings typify most of Muscat 's urban landscape , while the port - district of Muttrah , with its corniche and harbour , form the north - eastern periphery of the city . Muscat 's economy is dominated by trade , petroleum and porting . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography 4 Climate 5 Economy 6 Demographics 7 Notable landmarks 8 Notable people 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) Ptolemy 's Map of Arabia identifies the territories of Cryptus Portus and Moscha Portus . Scholars are divided in opinion on which of the two related to the city of Muscat . Similarly , Arrianus references Omana and Moscha in Voyage of Nearchus . Interpretations of Arrianus ' work by William Vincent and Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville conclude that Omana was a reference to Oman , while Moscha referred to Muscat . Similarly , other scholars identify Pliny the Elder 's reference to Amithoscuta to be Muscat . The origin of the word Muscat is disputed . Some authors claim that the word has Arabic origins -- from moscha , meaning an inflated hide or skin . Other authors claim that the name Muscat means anchorage or the place of `` letting fall the anchor '' . Other derivations include muscat from Old Persian , meaning strong - scented , or from Arabic , meaning falling - place , or hidden . Cryptus Portus is synonymous with Oman ( `` hidden land '' ) . But `` Ov - man '' ( Omman ) , and the old Sumerian name Magan ( Maa - kan ) , means sea - people in Arabic . An inhabitant is a Muscatter , Muscatian , Muscatite or Muscatan . History ( edit ) See also : Timeline of Muscat , Oman Muscat harbour , ca . 1903 . Visible in the background is Fort Al Jalali . Muscat in 2013 A view of Muscat ca . 1902 Evidence of communal activity in the area around Muscat dates back to the 6th millennium BCE in Ras al - Hamra , where burial sites of fishermen have been found . The graves appear to be well formed and indicate the existence of burial rituals . South of Muscat , remnants of Harappan pottery indicate some level of contact with the Indus Valley Civilisation . Muscat 's notability as a port was acknowledged as early as the 1st century CE by the Greek geographer Ptolemy , who referred to it as Cryptus Portus ( the Hidden Port ) , and by Pliny the Elder , who called it Amithoscuta . The port fell to a Sassanid invasion in the 3rd century CE , under the rule of Shapur I , while conversion to Islam occurred during the 7th century . Muscat 's importance as a trading port continued to grow in the centuries that followed , under the influence of the Azd dynasty , a local tribe . The establishment of the First Imamate in the 9th century CE was the first step in consolidating disparate Omani tribal factions under the banner of an Ibadi state . However , tribal skirmishes continued , allowing the Abbasids of Baghdad to conquer Oman . The Abbasids occupied the region until the 11th century , when they were driven out by the local Yahmad tribe . Power over Oman shifted from the Yahmad tribe to the Azdi Nabahinah clan , during whose rule , the people of coastal ports such as Muscat prospered from maritime trade and close alliances with the Indian subcontinent , at the cost of the alienation of the people of the interior of Oman . Al Alam Palace in Muscat The Portuguese admiral Afonso de Albuquerque sailed to Muscat in 1507 , in an attempt to establish trade relations . As he approached the harbor , his ships were fired on . He then decided to conquer Muscat . Most of the city burned to the ground during and after the fighting . The Portuguese maintained a hold on Muscat for over a century , despite challenges from Persia and a bombardment of the town by the Ottoman Turks in 1546 . The Turks twice captured Muscat from the Portuguese , in the Capture of Muscat ( 1552 ) and 1581 - 88 . The election of Nasir bin Murshid Al - Ya'rubi as Imam of Oman in 1624 changed the balance of power again in the region , from the Persians and the Portuguese to local Omanis . On August 16 , 1648 the Imam dispatched an army to Muscat , which captured and demolished the high towers of the Portuguese , weakening their grip over the town . Decisively , in 1650 , a small but determined body of the Imam 's troops attacked the port at night , forcing an eventual Portuguese surrender on January 23 , 1650 . A civil war and repeated incursions by the Persian king Nader Shah in the 18th century destabilised the region , and further strained relations between the interior and Muscat . This power vacuum in Oman led to the emergence of the Al Bu Sa'id dynasty , which has ruled Oman ever since . `` Muscat is a large and very populous town , flanked on both sides with high mountains and the front is close to the water 's edge ; behind , towards the interior , there is a plain as large as the square of Lisbon , all covered with salt pans . ( T ) here are orchards , gardens , and palm groves with wells for watering them by means of swipes and other engines . The harbour is small , shaped like a horse - shoe and sheltered from every wind . '' -- Afonso de Albuquerque , after the fall of Muscat , in 1507 . Muscat 's naval and military supremacy was re-established in the 19th century by Said bin Sultan , who signed a treaty with U.S. President Andrew Jackson 's representative Edmund Roberts on September 21 , 1833 . Having gained control over Zanzibar , in 1840 Said moved his capital to Stone Town , the ancient quarter of Zanzibar City ; however , after his death in 1856 , control over Zanzibar was lost when it became an independent sultanate under his sixth son , Majid bin Said ( 1834 / 5 -- 1870 ) , while the third son , Thuwaini bin Said , became the Sultan of Oman . During the second half of the 19th century , the fortunes of the Al Bu Sa ` id declined and friction with the Imams of the interior resurfaced . Muscat and Muttrah were attacked by tribes from the interior in 1895 and again in 1915 . A tentative ceasefire was brokered by the British , which gave the interior more autonomy . However , conflicts among the disparate tribes of the interior , and with the Sultan of Muscat and Oman continued into the 1950s , and eventually escalated into the Dhofar Rebellion ( 1962 ) . The rebellion forced the Sultan Said bin Taimur to seek the assistance of the British in quelling the uprisings from the interior . The failed assassination attempt of April 26 1966 on Said bin Taimur led to the further isolation of the Sultan , who had moved his residence from Muscat to Salalah , amidst the civilian armed conflict . On July 23 , 1970 , Qaboos bin Said , son of the Sultan , staged a bloodless coup d'état in the Salalah palace with the assistance of the British , and took over as ruler . Muscat harbor during World War I With the assistance of the British , Qaboos bin Said put an end to the Dhofar uprising and consolidated disparate tribal territories . He renamed the country the Sultanate of Oman ( called Muscat and Oman hitherto ) , in an attempt to end to the interior 's isolation from Muscat . Qaboos enlisted the services of capable Omanis to fill positions in his new government , drawing from such corporations as Petroleum Development Oman ( PDO ) . New ministries for social services such as health and education were established . The construction of Mina Qaboos , a new port conceived initially by Sa ` id bin Taimur , was developed during the early days of Qaboos ' rule . Similarly , a new international airport was developed in Muscat 's Seeb district . A complex of offices , warehouses , shops and homes transformed the old village of Ruwi in Muttrah into a commercial district . The first five - year development plan in 1976 emphasised infrastructural development of Muscat , which provided new opportunities for trade and tourism in the 1980s -- 1990s , attracting migrants from around the region . On June 6 , 2007 , Cyclone Gonu hit Muscat causing extensive damage to property , infrastructure and commercial activity . Muscat might hold the 2016 Arab League Summit . Early photographs of the city and harbor , taken in the early 20th century by German explorer and photographer , Hermann Burchardt , are now held at the Ethnological Museum of Berlin . Geography ( edit ) Muscat by SPOT Satellite Muscat 's rugged terrain , with plutonic Western Al Hajar Mountains dotting the landscape Muscat is located in northeast Oman , at 24 ° 00 ′ N 57 ° 00 ′ E / 24.000 ° N 57.000 ° E / 24.000 ; 57.000 . The Tropic of Cancer passes south of the area . It is bordered to its west by the plains of the Al Batinah Region and to its east by Ash Sharqiyah Region . The interior plains of the Ad Dakhiliyah Region border Muscat to the south , while the Gulf of Oman forms the northern and western periphery of the city . The water along to coast of Muscat runs deep , forming two natural harbours , in Muttrah and Muscat . The Western Al Hajar Mountains run through the northern coastline of the city . Volcanic rocks are apparent in the Muscat area , and are composed of serpentine and diorite , extending along the Gulf of Oman coast for ten or twelve 16 kilometres ( 9.9 mi ) from the district of Darsait to Yiti . Plutonic rocks constitute the hills and mountains of Muscat and span approximately 30 miles ( 48 km ) from Darsait to Ras Jissah . These igneous rocks consists of serpentine , greenstone and basalt , typical of rocks in southeastern regions of the Arabian Peninsula . South of Muscat , the volcanic rock strata are broken up and distorted , rising to a maximum height of 6,000 feet ( 1,800 m ) , in Al Dakhiliyah , a region which includes Jebel Akhdar , the country 's highest range . The hills in Muscat are mostly devoid of vegetation but are rich in iron . The halophytic sabkha type desert vegetation is predominant in Muscat . The Qurum Nature Reserve contains plants such as the Arthrocnemum Macrostachyum and Halopeplis Perfoliata . Coral reefs are common in Muscat . Acropora reefs exist in the sheltered bays of the satellite towns of Jussah and Khairan . Additionally , smaller Porites reef colonies exist in Khairan , which have fused to form a flat - top pavement is visible at low tide . Crabs and spiny crayfish are found in the waters of the Muscat area , as are sardines and bonito . Glassfish are common in freshwater estuaries , such as the Qurum Nature Reserve . The Al Sultan Qaboos Street forms the main artery of Muscat , running west - to - east through the city . The street eventually becomes Al Nahdah Street near Al Wattayah . Several inter-city roads such as Nizwa Road and Al Amrat Road , intersect with Al Sultan Qaboos Road ( in Rusail and Ruwi , respectively ) . Muttrah , with the Muscat Harbour , Corniche , and Mina Qaboos is located in the north - eastern coastline of the city , adjacent to the Gulf of Oman . Other coastal districts of Muscat include Darsait , Mina Al Fahal , Ras Al Hamar , Al Qurum Heights , Al Khuwair and Al Seeb . Residential and commercial districts further inland include Al Hamriyah , Al Wadi Al Kabir , Ruwi , Al Wattayah , Madinat Qaboos , Al Azaiba and Al Ghubra . Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Muscat Muscat features a hot , arid climate ( Köppen climate classification BWh ) with long and very hot summers and warm `` winters '' . Annual rainfall in Muscat is about 10 cm ( 4 in ) , falling mostly from December to April . In general precipitation is scarce in Muscat , with several months on average seeing only a trace of rainfall . However , in recent years , heavy precipitation events from tropical systems originating in the Arabian Sea have affected the city . Cyclone Gonu in June 2007 and Cyclone Phet in June 2010 affected the city with damaging winds and rainfall amounts exceeding 100 mm ( 4 in ) in just a single day . The climate generally is very hot and also very humid in the summer , with temperatures frequently reaching as high as 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) in the summer . ( hide ) Climate data for Muscat Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 34.6 ( 94.3 ) 38.2 ( 100.8 ) 41.5 ( 106.7 ) 44.9 ( 112.8 ) 48.3 ( 118.9 ) 48.5 ( 119.3 ) 49.1 ( 120.4 ) 49.2 ( 120.6 ) 47.2 ( 117 ) 43.6 ( 110.5 ) 39.4 ( 102.9 ) 37.8 ( 100 ) 49.2 ( 120.6 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 26.1 ( 79 ) 29.8 ( 85.6 ) 34.7 ( 94.5 ) 39.5 ( 103.1 ) 40.4 ( 104.7 ) 38.6 ( 101.5 ) 36.2 ( 97.2 ) 36.3 ( 97.3 ) 35.0 ( 95 ) 30.5 ( 86.9 ) 27.1 ( 80.8 ) 33.31 ( 91.96 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 21.3 ( 70.3 ) 21.9 ( 71.4 ) 25.2 ( 77.4 ) 29.8 ( 85.6 ) 34.2 ( 93.6 ) 35.2 ( 95.4 ) 34.3 ( 93.7 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 31.4 ( 88.5 ) 29.7 ( 85.5 ) 25.7 ( 78.3 ) 22.6 ( 72.7 ) 28.61 ( 83.5 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) 17.6 ( 63.7 ) 20.7 ( 69.3 ) 24.7 ( 76.5 ) 29.1 ( 84.4 ) 30.6 ( 87.1 ) 30.4 ( 86.7 ) 28.4 ( 83.1 ) 27.5 ( 81.5 ) 24.9 ( 76.8 ) 20.9 ( 69.6 ) 18.9 ( 66 ) 24.25 ( 75.65 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) 2.3 ( 36.1 ) 7.0 ( 44.6 ) 10.3 ( 50.5 ) 17.2 ( 63 ) 21.6 ( 70.9 ) 23.5 ( 74.3 ) 21.3 ( 70.3 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 14.3 ( 57.7 ) 9.4 ( 48.9 ) 4.5 ( 40.1 ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 12.8 ( 0.504 ) 24.5 ( 0.965 ) 15.9 ( 0.626 ) 17.1 ( 0.673 ) 7.0 ( 0.276 ) 0.9 ( 0.035 ) 0.2 ( 0.008 ) 0.8 ( 0.031 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 1.0 ( 0.039 ) 6.8 ( 0.268 ) 13.3 ( 0.524 ) 100.3 ( 3.949 ) Average relative humidity ( % ) 63 64 58 45 42 49 60 67 63 55 60 65 57.6 Mean monthly sunshine hours 268.6 244.8 278.3 292.5 347.4 325.7 277.7 278.6 303.9 316.9 291.9 267.0 3,493.3 Source : NOAA Economy ( edit ) Stadium Racing in Muscat Muscat 's economy , like that of Oman , is dominated by trade . The more traditional exports of the city included dates , mother of pearl , and fish . Many of the souks of Muttrah sell these items and traditional Omani artefacts . Petroleum Development Oman ( PDO ) has been central to Muscat 's economy since at least 1962 and is the country 's second largest employer , after the government . PDO 's major shareholders include Royal Dutch / Shell , Total , and Partex and its production is estimated to be about 720,000 barrels per day ( 114,000 m / d ) . Muscat also has major trading companies such as Suhail Bahwan Group , which is a trading partner for corporations such as Toshiba , Subaru , Seiko , Hewlett Packard , General Motors , RAK Ceramics ; Saud Bahwan Group whose trading partners are Toyota , Daihatsu , KIA and Hertz Rent - a-Car ; Zubair Automotive whose trading partners include Mitsubishi , and Chrysler brands such as Dodge ; and Moosa AbdulRahman Hassan which operates as one of the oldest automotive agencies in the entire region being established in 1927 . The private Health Care sector of Muscat , Oman has numerous hospitals and clinics . The Muscat Securities Market is the principal stock exchange of Oman . It is located in Central Business District of Muscat and it was established in 1988 , and has since distinguished itself as a pioneer among its regional peers in terms of transparency and disclosure regulations and requirements . Ruwi , the main business district of Muscat Mina'a Sultan Qaboos , Muscat 's main trading port , is a trading hub between the Persian Gulf , the Indian subcontinent and the Far East with an annual volume of about 1.6 million tons . However , the emergence of the Jebel Ali Free Zone in neighboring Dubai , United Arab Emirates , has made that port the premier maritime trading port of the region with about 44 million tons traded in cargo annually . Many infrastructural facilities are owned and operated by the government of Oman . Omantel is the major telecommunications organization in Oman and provides local , long - distance and international dialing facilities and operates as the country 's only ISP . Recent liberalization of the mobile telephone market has seen the establishment of a second provider -- Nawras . Muscat is home to multibillion - dollar conglomerate Ck Industries with their headquarters located in Ruwi . Ajman based Amtek Industries also have a couple of offices around the city . It is also home to Galfar Engineering , headed by P. Mohammed Ali . The airline Oman Air has its head office on the grounds of Muscat International Airport . Demographics ( edit ) According to the 2003 census conducted by the Oman Ministry of National Economy , the population of Muscat is over 630,000 , which included 370,000 males and 260,000 females . Muscat formed the second largest governorate in the country , after Al Batinah , accounting for 27 % of the total population of Oman . As of 2003 , Omanis constituted 60 % of the total population of Muscat , while expatriates accounted for about 40 % . The population density of the city was 162.1 per km . The governorate of Muscat comprises six wilayats : Muttrah , Bawshar , Seeb , Al Amrat , Muscat and Qurayyat . Of the wilayats , Seeb , located in the western section of the governorate , was the most populous ( with over 220,000 residents ) , while Muttrah had the highest number of expatriates ( with over 100,000 ) . Approximately 71 % of the population was within the 15 -- 64 age group , with the average Omani age being 23 years . About 10 % of the population is illiterate , an improvement when compared to the 18 % illiteracy rate recorded during the 1993 census . Expatriates accounted for over 60 % of the labour force , dominated by males , who accounted for 80 % of the city 's total labour . A majority of expatriates ( 34 % ) engineering - related occupations , while most Omanis worked in engineering , clerical , scientific or technical fields . The defense sector was the largest employer for Omanis , while construction , wholesale and retail trade employed the largest number of expatriates . The ethnic makeup of Muscat has historically been influenced by people not native to the Arabian Peninsula . British Parliamentary papers dating back to the 19th century indicate the presence of a significant Hindu Gujarati merchants in the city Indeed , four Hindu temples existed in Muscat ca . 1760 . Christianity flourished in Oman ( Bēṯ Mazūnāyē `` land of the Maganites '' ; a name deriving from its Sumerian designation ) from the late 4th century to early 5th century . Missionary activity by the Assyrians of the Church of the East resulted in a significant Christian population living in the region , with a bishop being attested by 424 AD under the Metropolitan of Fars and Arabia . The rise of Islam saw the Syriac and Arabic - speaking Christian population eventually disappear . It is thought to have been brought back in by the Portuguese in 1507 . Protestant missionaries established a hospital in Muscat in the 19th century . Like the rest of Oman , Arabic is the predominant language of the city . In addition , English , Balochi , Swahili and South Asian languages such as Hindi , Konkani , Marathi , Gujarati , Malayalam , Tamil and Urdu are spoken by the residents of Muscat . Islam is the predominant religion in the city , with most followers being Ibadi Muslims . Non-Muslims are allowed to practice their religion , but may not proselytize publicly or distribute religious literature . Notable landmarks ( edit ) The Port Sultan Qaboos The city has numerous mosques including the Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque , Ruwi Mosque , Saeed bin Taimoor and Zawawi Mosque . A few Shi'ite mosques also exist here . Muscat has a number of museums . These include Museum of Omani Heritage , National Museum of Oman , Oman Children 's Museum , Bait Al Zubair , Oman Oil and Gas Exhibition Centre , Omani French Museum , Sultan 's Armed Forces Museum and the Omani Aquarium and Marine Science and Fisheries Centre . The Bait Al Falaj Fort played an important role in Muscat 's military history . Recent projects include an opera house which opened on October 14 , 2011 . One of the most notable new projects is the Oman National Museum . It is expected to be an architectural jewel along with the Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque . Visitors are also encouraged to visit Old Muscat and the Old Palace . The main shopping district is situated in Al Qurum Commercial Area , however shopping malls are spread out throughout the city . One of the largest malls in Oman is Oman Avenues Mall , located in Ghubra . The main airport is Muscat International Airport around 25 km ( 16 mi ) from the city 's business district of Ruwi and 15 to 20 km from the main residential localities of Al - Khuwair , Madinat Al Sultan Qaboos , Shati Al - Qurm and Al - Qurm . Muscat is the headquarters for the local Oman Air , which flies to several destinations within the Middle East , the Indian Subcontinent , East Africa and Europe . Other airlines such as Qatar Airways , Turkish Airlines , KLM , SriLankan , Royal Jordanian , British Airways , PIA , Jet Airways , Lufthansa , Emirates , Swiss International Air Lines , Kuwait Airways , Air India and Thai Airways also fly through Muscat International Airport . Muscat International Airport The Muscat area is well serviced by paved roads and dual - carriageway connects most major cities and towns in the country . Since November 2015 , Public transportation in Muscat has been revamped with a bus network connecting most important parts of the city with a modern Mwasalat ( earlier Oman National Transport Company ( ONTC ) buses . Mwasalat buses were procured from VDL Company of The Netherlands and they have several hi - tech features . Route 1 ( Ruwi - Mabela ) serves people travelling major shopping destinations ( Oman Avenues Mall , Muscat Grand Mall , Qurum City Centre , Muscat City Centre , Markaz al Bhaja ) and Muscat Airport . Route 2 ( Ruwi - Wadi Kabir ) serves the residential and industrial district of Wadi Kabir . Route 3 ( Ruwi - Wadi Adei ) serves the downmarket residential belt of Wadi Adei . Route 4 ( Ruwi - Mattrah ) serves the tourist destination of Muttrah Corniche , Al Alam Palace , National Museum and Port Sultan Qaboos . Route 5 ( Ruwi - Amerat ) serves the rapidly developing Amerat suburb . Route 6 ( Ruwi - SQU&KOM ) serves the student community of Sultan Qaboos University ( SQU ) and the office commuters of Knowledge Oasis Muscat ( KOM ) . There is no rail or metro network in the country . Several forms of public transport are popular in Oman . Most popular are the `` Baiza '' buses , so named for the lower denomination of the Omani rial , the baiza ( an adaptation of the Indian lower denomination paisa ) . These are relatively inexpensive and service all major roadways , as well as a wide and loose network of smaller byways in the greater Muscat metropolitan area , opportunistically dropping off and picking up passengers at any location . Less popular and slightly more expensive are large public buses , coloured red and green , whose service is limited to major roadways and point - to - point travel routes between Oman 's major cities and towns . Taxis , also colour - coded orange and white , provide semi-personal transportation in the form of both individual hire and the same opportunistic roadway service as Baiza buses . Baiza buses and colour - coded orange - and - white taxis are unmetered , after several government initiatives to introduce meters were rejected . The fare is set by way of negotiation , although taxi drivers usually adhere to certain unwritten rules for fares within the city . In many countries , one is advised to negotiate a fare with the driver before getting into a taxi . However , in Oman , asking for the fare beforehand often demonstrates a passenger 's newness and unfamiliarity with the area . One should always find out the normally accepted fare for one 's journey from one 's hotel or host before looking for a taxi . Taxis will also generally take passengers to locations out of the city , including Sohar , Buraimi and Dubai . A rail network named Oman Rail is expected to be completed by 2018 . This will connect Oman with the GCC countries . Notable people ( edit ) Mahesh Bhupathi ( b . 1974 ) , Indian tennis player , studied at the Indian School , Muscat Sarah - Jane Dias ( b . 1974 ) , Indian Actress , studied at the Indian School , Muscat Isla Fisher ( b . 1976 ) , Australian actress , born to Scottish parents and lived in Australia Ali Al - Habsi ( b . 1981 ) , Omani professional footballer , captain of the Oman national and goalkeeper for English club Reading Sneha Ullal ( b . 1987 ) , Indian Bollywood Actress , studied at the Indian School , Muscat See also ( edit ) Old Muscat References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UNdata - country profile - Oman '' . Jump up ^ `` The population of the Sultanate by the end of May 2015 '' . Jump up ^ الدراسات الاجتماعية . Ministry of Education , Sultanate of Oman . ^ Jump up to : Foster ( 1844 ) , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Foster ( 1844 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Foster ( 1844 ) , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Foster ( 1844 ) , p. 173 Jump up ^ Miles ( 1997 ) , p. 468 . Jump up ^ Hailman ( 2006 ) , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Philips ( 1966 ) , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Room ( 2003 ) , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Rice ( 1994 ) , p. 255 - 256 Jump up ^ Foster ( 1844 ) , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2002 ) , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Miles ( 1997 ) , p. 167 Jump up ^ Miles ( 1997 ) , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Miles ( 1997 ) , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Miles ( 1997 ) , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Cotheal , Alexander I. ( 2008 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Treaty between the United States of America and the Sultân of Masḳaṭ : The Arabic Text '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society ( free ) format = requires url = ( help ) . JSTOR. 4 ( 1854 ) : 341 -- 343 . JSTOR 592284 . Jump up ^ JE Peterson 's Britannica entry ( 1990 ) , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Long ( 2007 ) , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Middle East Policy ( 2004 ) , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Middle East Policy ( 2004 ) , p. 128 Jump up ^ View of the city and city walls in 1904 ( Click on photo to enlarge ) ; Muscat 's wall and gate . Jump up ^ Miles ( 1997 ) , p. 399 . Jump up ^ Ghazanfar ( 1998 ) , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Salm ( 1993 ) , p. 52 Jump up ^ Miles ( 1997 ) , p. 410 . Jump up ^ Barth ( 2002 ) , p. 292 . Jump up ^ `` Seeb Climate Normals '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amtek '' . Amtek.ae . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Contact '' . Galfar.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us '' . Omanair.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Oman Census ( 2003 ) , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Oman Census ( 2003 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Oman Census ( 2003 ) , Data and Other Indicators Jump up ^ British Parliamentary Papers ( 1876 ) , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Kechichian ( 1995 ) , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Fahlbusch ( 1999 ) , p. 829 . Jump up ^ Peterson ( 2004 ) , p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` Museums '' . Omanet.om . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2009 . Retrieved January 18 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of the history of Muscat , Oman omancensus.net ( PDF ) Miles , Samuel Barrett ; Robin Bidwell ( 1997 ) . The Countries and Tribes of the Persian Gulf . Garnet & Ithaca Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 873938 - 56 - 0 . Ghazanfar , Shahina A. ; Martin Fisher ( 1998 ) . Vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula . Springer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7923 - 5015 - 6 . Salm , Rodney V. ; Rolf A.C. Jensen ; Vassili Papastavrou ( 1993 ) . Marine Fauna of Oman . IUCN . ISBN 978 - 2 - 8317 - 0180 - 6 . 2010 Preliminary Results ( PDF ) Phillips , Wendell ( 1966 ) . Unknown Oman . D. McKay Co. p. 4 . Room , Adrian ( 2003 ) . Placenames of the World : Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features , Countries , Capitals , Territories , Cities and Historic Sites . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1814 - 5 . Barth , Hans - Jörg ; Benno Böer ( 2002 ) . Sabkha Ecosystems : The Arabian Peninsula and Adjacent Countries . Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 0504 - 6 . Census Administration . `` Final Results of the Census 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of the National Economy , Government of Oman . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 3 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Census Administration . `` Data & Indicators of the Population '' . Ministry of the National Economy , Government of Oman . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Parliamentary Papers . London : United Kingdom Parliament . 1876 . Kechichian , Joseph A. ( 1995 ) . Oman and the World : The Emergence of an Independent Foreign Policy . Great Britain : RAND Corporation . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8330 - 2332 - 2 . Fahlbusch , Erwin ; Geoffrey William Bromiley ; David B. Barrett ( 1999 ) . The Encyclopedia of Christianity . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2415 - 8 . Rice , Michael ( 1994 ) . The Archeology of the Arabian Gulf . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 03268 - 1 . Potter , Lawrence ; Sick , Gary ( 2002 ) . Security in the Persian Gulf . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 23950 - 3 . Long , David E. ; Reich , Bernard ; Gasiorowski , Mark ( 2007 ) . The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa . Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 4361 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muscat . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Muscat . Middle East portal Ministry of Foreign Affairs Official Ministry Of Tourism site omancensus.net ( PDF ) Oman Avenues Mall Capitals of Asia Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics North and Central Asia South Asia Southeast Asia West and Southwest Asia Ashgabat , Turkmenistan Astana , Kazakhstan * Bishkek , Kyrgyzstan Dushanbe , Tajikistan Moscow , Russia * Tashkent , Uzbekistan East Asia Beijing , China Hong Kong , Hong Kong ( China ) Macau , Macau ( China ) Pyongyang , North Korea Seoul , South Korea Taipei , Taiwan ( ROC ) Tokyo , Japan Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia Kabul , Afghanistan Dhaka , Bangladesh Diego Garcia , BIOT ( UK ) Islamabad , Pakistan Kathmandu , Nepal Kotte / Colombo , Sri Lanka Malé , Maldives New Delhi , India Thimphu , Bhutan Bandar Seri Begawan , Brunei Bangkok , Thailand Dili , East Timor Flying Fish Cove , Christmas Island ( Australia ) Hanoi , Vietnam Jakarta , Indonesia * Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Manila , Philippines Naypyidaw , Myanmar Phnom Penh , Cambodia Singapore Vientiane , Laos West Island , Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ( Australia ) Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates Amman , Jordan Ankara , Turkey * Baghdad , Iraq Baku , Azerbaijan * Beirut , Lebanon Cairo , Egypt * Doha , Qatar Jerusalem , Israel / Palestine † Kuwait City , Kuwait Manama , Bahrain Muscat , Oman Nicosia , Cyprus * North Nicosia , Northern Cyprus * Riyadh , Saudi Arabia Sana'a , Yemen Stepanakert , Artsakh * Sukhumi , Abkhazia * Tbilisi , Georgia * Tehran , Iran Tskhinvali , South Ossetia * Yerevan , Armenia * * Transcontinental country . † Disputed . See : Positions on Jerusalem . Capitals of Arab countries Africa Asia Algiers , Algeria Cairo , Egypt Djibouti , Djibouti El Aaiun ( proclaimed ) Tifariti ( de facto ) , Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Khartoum , Sudan Mogadishu , Somalia Moroni , Comoros Nouakchott , Mauritania Rabat , Morocco Tripoli , Libya Tunis , Tunisia Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates Amman , Jordan Baghdad , Iraq Beirut , Lebanon Damascus , Syria Doha , Qatar Jerusalem ( proclaimed ) Ramallah ( de facto ) , Palestine Kuwait City , Kuwait Manama , Bahrain Muscat , Oman Riyadh , Saudi Arabia Sana'a , Yemen An unrecognised or partially - recognised nation Arab Capital of Culture Cairo 1996 ( Egypt ) Tunis 1997 ( Tunisia ) Sharjah 1998 ( United Arab Emirates ) Beirut 1999 ( Lebanon ) Riyadh 2000 ( Saudi Arabia ) Kuwait City 2001 ( Kuwait ) Amman 2002 ( Jordan ) Rabat 2003 ( Morocco ) San'a 2004 ( Yemen ) Khartoum 2005 ( Sudan ) Muscat 2006 ( Oman ) Algiers 2007 ( Algeria ) Damascus 2008 ( Syria ) Jerusalem 2009 ( State of Palestine ) Doha 2010 ( Qatar ) Sirte 2011 ( Libya ) Manama 2012 ( Bahrain ) Baghdad 2013 ( Iraq ) Tripoli 2014 ( Libya ) Constantine 2015 ( Algeria ) Sfax 2016 ( Tunisia ) Portuguese overseas empire North Africa 15th century 1415 -- 1640 Ceuta 1458 -- 1550 Alcácer Ceguer ( El Qsar es Seghir ) 1471 -- 1550 Arzila ( Asilah ) 1471 -- 1662 Tangier 1485 -- 1550 Mazagan ( El Jadida ) 1487 -- 16th century Ouadane 1488 -- 1541 Safim ( Safi ) 1489 Graciosa 16th century 1505 -- 1541 Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué ( Agadir ) 1506 -- 1525 Mogador ( Essaouira ) 1506 -- 1525 Aguz ( Souira Guedima ) 1506 -- 1769 Mazagan ( El Jadida ) 1513 -- 1541 Azamor ( Azemmour ) 1515 -- 1541 São João da Mamora ( Mehdya ) 1577 -- 1589 Arzila ( Asilah ) Sub-Saharan Africa 15th century 1455 -- 1633 Anguim 1462 -- 1975 Cape Verde 1470 -- 1975 São Tomé 1471 -- 1975 Príncipe 1474 -- 1778 Annobón 1478 -- 1778 Fernando Poo ( Bioko ) 1482 -- 1637 Elmina ( São Jorge da Mina ) 1482 -- 1642 Portuguese Gold Coast 1508 -- 1547 Madagascar 1498 -- 1540 Mascarene Islands 16th century 1500 -- 1630 Malindi 1501 -- 1975 Portuguese Mozambique 1502 -- 1659 Saint Helena 1503 -- 1698 Zanzibar 1505 -- 1512 Quíloa ( Kilwa ) 1506 -- 1511 Socotra 1557 -- 1578 Accra 1575 -- 1975 Portuguese Angola 1588 -- 1974 Cacheu 1593 -- 1698 Mombassa ( Mombasa ) 17th century 1645 -- 1888 Ziguinchor 1680 -- 1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá 1687 -- 1974 Bissau 18th century 1728 -- 1729 Mombassa ( Mombasa ) 1753 -- 1975 Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe 19th century 1879 -- 1974 Portuguese Guinea 1885 -- 1974 Portuguese Congo Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753 . Or 1600 . A factory ( Anosy Region ) and small temporary coastal bases . Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879 . Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s . Middle East ( Persian Gulf ) 16th century 1506 -- 1615 Gamru ( Bandar Abbas ) 1507 -- 1643 Sohar 1515 -- 1622 Hormuz ( Ormus ) 1515 -- 1648 Quriyat 1515 -- ? Qalhat 1515 -- 1650 Muscat 1515 ? -- ? Barka 1515 -- 1633 ? Julfar ( Ras al - Khaimah ) 1521 -- 1602 Bahrain ( Muharraq Manama ) 1521 -- 1529 ? Qatif 1521 ? -- 1551 ? Tarut Island 1550 -- 1551 Qatif 1588 -- 1648 Matrah 17th century 1620 -- ? Khor Fakkan 1621 ? -- ? As Sib 1621 -- 1622 Qeshm 1623 -- ? Khasab 1623 -- ? Libedia 1624 -- ? Kalba 1624 -- ? Madha 1624 -- 1648 Dibba Al - Hisn 1624 ? -- ? Bandar - e Kong Indian subcontinent 15th century 1498 -- 1545 Laccadive Islands ( Lakshadweep ) 16th century Portuguese India 1500 -- 1663 Cochim ( Kochi ) 1501 -- 1663 Cannanore ( Kannur ) 1502 -- 1658 1659 -- 1661 Quilon ( Coulão / Kollam ) 1502 -- 1661 Pallipuram ( Cochin de Cima ) 1507 -- 1657 Negapatam ( Nagapatnam ) 1510 -- 1961 Goa 1512 -- 1525 1750 Calicut ( Kozhikode ) 1518 -- 1619 Portuguese Paliacate outpost ( Pulicat ) 1521 -- 1740 Chaul ( Portuguese India ) 1523 -- 1662 Mylapore 1528 -- 1666 Chittagong ( Porto Grande De Bengala ) 1531 -- 1571 Chaul 1531 -- 1571 Chalé 1534 -- 1601 Salsette Island 1534 -- 1661 Bombay ( Mumbai ) 1535 Ponnani 1535 -- 1739 Baçaím ( Vasai - Virar ) 1536 -- 1662 Cranganore ( Kodungallur ) 1540 -- 1612 Surat 1548 -- 1658 Tuticorin ( Thoothukudi ) 1559 -- 1961 Daman and Diu 1568 -- 1659 Mangalore ( Portuguese India ) 1579 -- 1632 Hugli 1598 -- 1610 Masulipatnam ( Machilipatnam ) 1518 -- 1521 Maldives 1518 -- 1658 Portuguese Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) 1558 -- 1573 Maldives 17th century Portuguese India 1687 -- 1749 Mylapore 18th century Portuguese India 1779 -- 1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli East Asia and Oceania 16th century 1511 -- 1641 Portuguese Malacca ( Malaysia ) 1512 -- 1621 Maluku ( Indonesia ) 1522 -- 1575 Ternate 1576 -- 1605 Ambon 1578 -- 1650 Tidore 1512 -- 1665 Makassar 1557 -- 1999 Macau ( China ) 1580 -- 1586 Nagasaki ( Japan ) 17th century 1642 -- 1975 Portuguese Timor ( East Timor ) 19th century Portuguese Macau 1864 -- 1999 Coloane 1851 -- 1999 Taipa 1890 -- 1999 Ilha Verde 20th century Portuguese Macau 1938 -- 1941 Lapa and Montanha ( Hengqin ) 1975 is the year of East Timor 's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia . In 2002 , East Timor 's independence was fully recognized . North America & North Atlantic 15th century ( Atlantic islands ) 1420 Madeira 1432 Azores 16th century ( Canada ) 1500 -- 1579 ? Terra Nova ( Newfoundland ) 1500 -- 1579 ? Labrador 1516 -- 1579 ? Nova Scotia South America & Antilles 16th century 1500 -- 1822 Brazil 1534 -- 1549 Captaincy Colonies of Brazil 1549 -- 1572 Brazil 1572 -- 1578 Bahia 1572 -- 1578 Rio de Janeiro 1578 -- 1607 Brazil 1621 -- 1815 Brazil 1536 -- 1620 Barbados 17th century 1621 -- 1751 Maranhão 1680 -- 1777 Nova Colónia do Sacramento 18th century 1751 -- 1772 Grão - Pará and Maranhão 1772 -- 1775 Grão - Pará and Rio Negro 1772 -- 1775 Maranhão and Piauí 19th century 1808 -- 1822 Cisplatina ( Uruguay ) 1809 -- 1817 Portuguese Guiana ( Amapá ) 1822 Upper Peru ( Bolivia ) Coats of arms of Portuguese colonies Evolution of the Portuguese Empire Portuguese colonial architecture Portuguese colonialism in Indonesia Portuguese colonization of the Americas Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia Muscat Governorate Capital : Muscat Abu Nukhayl Ad Duwaykah Al Amarat Al Bustan Al Jafnayn Al Khawd Ash Shutayfi Bandar Jissah Bandar Khayran Bawshar Bayt al Falaj Bin ` Umran Falaj Falaj ash Sham Fath al Bu Sa ` id Ghallah Ghubrah Ghursheba Halban Hamriyah Haramil Hayl al ` Umayr Jal Jifar Kalbuh Lansab Ma ` abilah Manumah Muscat Matrah Mawalih Mu ` skar al Murtafi ` ah Qantab Riyam Rusayl Ruwi Sad Saruq Sayh al Malih Seeb Sidab Suraj Tawiyan Tawiyan Yiti Taww Wadi Kabir Wutayyah Yenkit Yiti VIAF : 130198269 LCCN : n81110529 GND : 4239248 - 2 BNF : cb12237079c ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muscat&oldid=832727996 '' Categories : Muscat , Oman Populated places in the Muscat Governorate Capitals in Asia Populated coastal places in Oman Populated places established in the 2nd century Former Portuguese colonies Port cities in the Arabian Peninsula Gulf of Oman 2nd - century establishments Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Arabic - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Acèh Afrikaans አማርኛ Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 डोटेली 116 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 17 : 46 . 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when did muscat become the capital of oman
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Catch-22 (logic)
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Catch - 22 ( logic ) - wikipedia Catch - 22 ( logic ) A catch - 22 is a paradoxical situation from which an individual can not escape because of contradictory rules . The term was coined by Joseph Heller , who used it in his 1961 novel Catch - 22 . An example is : `` How am I supposed to gain experience ( to find a good job ) if I 'm constantly turned down for not having any ? '' Catch - 22s often result from rules , regulations , or procedures that an individual is subject to , but has no control over , because to fight the rule is to accept it . Another example is a situation in which someone is in need of something that can only be had by not being in need of it ( e.g , a bank will never issue someone a loan if they need the money ) . One connotation of the term is that the creators of the `` catch - 22 '' situation have created arbitrary rules in order to justify and conceal their own abuse of power . Contents 1 Origin and meaning 1.1 Other appearances in the novel 1.2 Significance of the number 22 2 Usage 3 Logic 4 See also 5 References Origin and meaning ( edit ) Joseph Heller coined the term in his 1961 novel Catch - 22 , which describes absurd bureaucratic constraints on soldiers in World War II . The term is introduced by the character Doc Daneeka , an army psychiatrist who invokes `` Catch - 22 '' to explain why any pilot requesting mental evaluation for insanity -- hoping to be found not sane enough to fly and thereby escape dangerous missions -- demonstrates his own sanity in creating the request and thus can not be declared insane . This phrase also means a dilemma or difficult circumstance from which there is no escape because of mutually conflicting or dependent conditions . `` You mean there 's a catch ? '' `` Sure there 's a catch , '' Doc Daneeka replied . `` Catch - 22 . Anyone who wants to get out of combat duty is n't really crazy . '' There was only one catch and that was Catch - 22 , which specified that a concern for one 's own safety in the face of dangers that were real and immediate was the process of a rational mind . Orr was crazy and could be grounded . All he had to do was ask ; and as soon as he did , he would no longer be crazy and would have to fly more missions . Orr would be crazy to fly more missions and sane if he did n't , but if he was sane , he had to fly them . If he flew them , he was crazy and did n't have to ; but if he did n't want to , he was sane and had to . Yossarian was moved very deeply by the absolute simplicity of this clause of Catch - 22 and let out a respectful whistle . Different formulations of `` Catch - 22 '' appear throughout the novel . The term is applied to various loopholes and quirks of the military system , always with the implication that rules are inaccessible to and slanted against those lower in the hierarchy . In chapter 6 , Yossarian is told that Catch - 22 requires him to do anything his commanding officer tells him to do , regardless of whether these orders contradict orders from the officer 's superiors . In a final episode , Catch - 22 is described to Yossarian by an old woman recounting an act of violence by soldiers : `` Catch - 22 says they have a right to do anything we ca n't stop them from doing . '' `` What the hell are you talking about ? '' Yossarian shouted at her in bewildered , furious protest . `` How did you know it was Catch - 22 ? Who the hell told you it was Catch - 22 ? '' `` The soldiers with the hard white hats and clubs . The girls were crying . ' Did we do anything wrong ? ' they said . The men said no and pushed them away out the door with the ends of their clubs . ' Then why are you chasing us out ? ' the girls said . ' Catch 22 , ' the men said . All they kept saying was ' Catch - 22 , Catch - 22 . What does it mean , Catch 22 ? What is Catch - 22 ? '' `` Did n't they show it to you ? '' Yossarian demanded , stamping about in anger and distress . `` Did n't you even make them read it ? '' `` They do n't have to show us Catch - 22 , '' the old woman answered . `` The law says they do n't have to . '' `` What law says they do n't have to ? '' `` Catch - 22 . '' According to literature professor Ian Gregson , the old woman 's narrative defines `` Catch - 22 '' more directly as the `` brutal operation of power '' , stripping away the `` bogus sophistication '' of the earlier scenarios . Other appearances in the novel ( edit ) Besides referring to an unsolvable logical dilemma , Catch - 22 is invoked to explain or justify the military bureaucracy . For example , in the first chapter , it requires Yossarian to sign his name to letters that he censors while he is confined to a hospital bed . One clause mentioned in chapter 10 closes a loophole in promotions , which one private had been exploiting to reattain the attractive rank of Private First Class after any promotion . Through courts - martial for going AWOL , he would be busted in rank back to private , but Catch - 22 limited the number of times he could do this before being sent to the stockade . At another point in the book , a prostitute explains to Yossarian that she can not marry him because he is crazy , and she will never marry a crazy man . She considers any man crazy who would marry a woman who is not a virgin . This closed logic loop clearly illustrated Catch - 22 because by her logic , all men who refuse to marry her are sane and thus she would consider marriage ; but as soon as a man agrees to marry her , he becomes crazy for wanting to marry a non-virgin , and is instantly rejected . At one point , Captain Black attempts to press Milo into depriving Major Major of food as a consequence of not signing a loyalty oath that Major Major was never given an opportunity to sign in the first place . Captain Black asks Milo , `` You 're not against Catch - 22 , are you ? '' In chapter 40 , Catch - 22 forces Colonels Korn and Cathcart to promote Yossarian to Major and ground him rather than simply sending him home . They fear that if they do not , others will refuse to fly , just as Yossarian did . Significance of the number 22 ( edit ) Main articles : Catch - 22 § Explanation of the novel 's title , and Catch - 22 Heller originally wanted to call the phrase ( and hence , the book ) by other numbers , but he and his publishers eventually settled on 22 . The number has no particular significance ; it was chosen more or less for euphony . The title was originally Catch - 18 , but Heller changed it after the popular Mila 18 was published a short time beforehand . Usage ( edit ) The term `` catch - 22 '' has filtered into common usage in the English language . In a 1975 interview , Heller said the term would not translate well into other languages . James E. Combs and Dan D. Nimmo suggest that the idea of a `` catch - 22 '' has gained popular currency because so many people in modern society are exposed to frustrating bureaucratic logic . They write : Everyone , then , who deals with organizations understands the bureaucratic logic of Catch - 22 . In high school or college , for example , students can participate in student government , a form of self - government and democracy that allows them to decide whatever they want , just so long as the principal or dean of students approves . This bogus democracy that can be overruled by arbitrary fiat is perhaps a citizen 's first encounter with organizations that may profess ' open ' and libertarian values , but in fact are closed and hierarchical systems . Catch - 22 is an organizational assumption , an unwritten law of informal power that exempts the organization from responsibility and accountability , and puts the individual in the absurd position of being excepted for the convenience or unknown purposes of the organization . Along with George Orwell 's `` doublethink '' , `` Catch - 22 '' has become one of the best - recognized ways to describe the predicament of being trapped by contradictory rules . A significant type of definition of alternative medicine has been termed a catch - 22 . In a 1998 editorial co-authored by Marcia Angell , a former editor of the New England Journal of Medicine , argued that : `` It is time for the scientific community to stop giving alternative medicine a free ride . There can not be two kinds of medicine -- conventional and alternative . There is only medicine that has been adequately tested and medicine that has not , medicine that works and medicine that may or may not work . Once a treatment has been tested rigorously , it no longer matters whether it was considered alternative at the outset . If it is found to be reasonably safe and effective , it will be accepted . But assertions , speculation , and testimonials do not substitute for evidence . Alternative treatments should be subjected to scientific testing no less rigorous than that required for conventional treatments . '' This definition has been described by Robert L. Park as a logical catch - 22 which ensures that any Complementary and alternative medicine ( CAM ) method which is proven to work `` would no longer be CAM , it would simply be medicine . '' Logic ( edit ) The archetypal catch - 22 , as formulated by Heller , involves the case of John Yossarian , a U.S. Army Air Forces bombardier , who wishes to be grounded from combat flight . This will only happen if he is evaluated by the squadron 's flight surgeon and found `` unfit to fly '' . `` Unfit '' would be any pilot who is willing to fly such dangerous missions , as one would have to be mad to volunteer for possible death . However , to be evaluated , he must request the evaluation , an act that is considered sufficient proof for being declared sane . These conditions make it impossible to be declared `` unfit '' . The `` Catch - 22 '' is that `` anyone who wants to get out of combat duty is n't really crazy '' . Hence , pilots who request a mental fitness evaluation are sane , and therefore must fly in combat . At the same time , if an evaluation is not requested by the pilot , he will never receive one and thus can never be found insane , meaning he must also fly in combat . Therefore , Catch - 22 ensures that no pilot can ever be grounded for being insane even if he is . A logical formulation of this situation is : 1 . ( E → ( I ∧ R ) ) ( \ displaystyle ( E \ rightarrow ( I \ land R ) ) ) For a person to be excused from flying ( E ) on the grounds of insanity , they must both be insane ( I ) and have requested an evaluation ( R ) . ( premise ) 2 . ( I → ¬ R ) ( \ displaystyle ( I \ rightarrow \ neg R ) ) An insane person ( I ) does not request an evaluation ( ¬ R ) because they do not realize they are insane . ( premise ) 3 . ( ¬ I ∨ ¬ R ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ neg I \ lor \ neg R ) ) Either a person is not insane ( ¬ I ) or does not request an evaluation ( ¬ R ) . ( 2 . and material implication ) 4 . ( ¬ ( I ∧ R ) ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ neg ( I \ land R ) ) ) No person can be both insane ( I ) and request an evaluation ( R ) . ( 3 . and De Morgan 's laws ) 5 . ( ¬ E ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ neg E ) ) Therefore , no person can be excused from flying ( ¬ E ) because no person can be both insane and have requested an evaluation . ( 4. , 1 . and modus tollens ) The philosopher Laurence Goldstein argues that the `` airman 's dilemma '' is logically not even a condition that is true under no circumstances ; it is a `` vacuous biconditional '' that is ultimately meaningless . Goldstein writes : The catch is this : what looks like a statement of the conditions under which an airman can be excused flying dangerous missions reduces not to the statement ( i ) ' An airman can be excused flying dangerous missions if and only if Cont ' ( where ' Cont ' is a contradiction ) ( which could be a mean way of disguising an unpleasant truth ) , but to the worthlessly empty announcement ( ii ) ' An airman can be excused flying dangerous missions if and only if it is not the case that an airman can be excused flying dangerous missions ' If the catch were ( i ) , that would not be so bad -- an airman would at least be able to discover that under no circumstances could he avoid combat duty . But Catch - 22 is worse -- a welter of words that amounts to nothing ; it is without content , it conveys no information at all . See also ( edit ) Logic portal Novels portal Begging the question Cornelian dilemma Deadlock Double bind False dilemma Feedback loop Hobson 's choice -- taking what is offered or taking nothing Ironic process theory Kobayashi Maru -- a choice presented in Star Trek `` The Lady , or the Tiger ? '' -- a no - win situation List of paradoxes Morton 's fork Mu Ninety - ninety rule No - win situation Pyrrhic victory Social trap Strange loop Vicious circle Zugzwang References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Catch - 22 '' . Random House Dictionary . Random House . 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Catch 22 '' , Oxford Advanced Learners ' Dictionary , accessed 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jacquelyn . `` When an Employer Requires Experience and You Have None '' . Forbes . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Beidler , Philip D. ( 1995 ) . Scriptures for a Generation : What We Were Reading in the ' 60s . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 0820317878 . It is Catch - 22 : Doc Daneeka explains how anybody who is crazy has a right to ask to be removed from combat status but how anybody who asks is revealing a rational concern for his own safety that makes him not crazy ; Jump up ^ Margot A. Henriksen , Dr. Strangelove 's America : Society and Culture in the Atomic Age ; University of California Press , 1997 ; ISBN 0 - 520 - 08310 - 5 ; p. 250 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Heller '' , Gale Encyclopedia of Biography , accessed via Answers.com , 16 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : James E. Combs & Dan D. Nimmo , The Comedy of Democracy ; Westport , CT : Praeger ( Greenwood Publishing Group ) , 1996 ; ISBN 0 - 275 - 94979 - 6 ; p. 152 . Jump up ^ Ian Gregson , Character and Satire in Post War Fiction ; London : Continuum , 2006 ; ISBN 9781441130006 ; p. 38 . Jump up ^ Aldridge , John W. ( 1986 - 10 - 26 ) . `` The Loony Horror of it All -- ' Catch - 22 ' Turns 25 '' . The New York Times . p . Section 7 , Page 3 , Column 1 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` A classic by any other name '' , The Telegraph , 18 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Richard King , `` 22 Going on 50 : Half a century later , the world is full of Catch - 22s '' ; The Smart Set , 20 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Angell , M. ; et al. ( 1998 ) . `` Alternative medicine -- The risks of untested and unregulated remedies '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 339 ( 12 ) : 839 -- 41 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199809173391210 . PMID 9738094 . Jump up ^ Park , Robert L. , Alternative Medicine : The Clinton Commission 's Catch - 22 . Jump up ^ Heller , Joseph ( 1999 ) . Catch - 22 : A Novel . Simon and Schuster . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 86513 - 3 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Laurence Goldstein , `` The Barber , Russell 's paradox , catch - 22 , God , contradiction and more : A defence of a Wittgensteinian conception of contradiction '' ; in The law of non-contradiction : new philosophical essays , ed . Graham Priest , Jc Beall & Bradley Armour - Garb ; Oxford University Press , 2004 . Paradoxes Philosophical Analysis Buridan 's bridge Dream argument Epicurean Fiction Fitch 's knowability Free will Goodman 's Hedonism Liberal Meno 's Mere addition Moore 's Newcomb 's Nihilism Omnipotence Preface Rule - following White horse Zeno 's Logical Self - reference Barber Berry Bhartrhari 's Court Crocodile Curry 's Epimenides Grelling -- Nelson Kleene -- Rosser Liar Card Pinocchio Quine 's Yablo 's Richard 's Russell 's Socratic Hilbert 's Hotel Vagueness Theseus ' ship Sorites Others Barbershop Catch - 22 Drinker Entailment Lottery Plato 's beard Raven Ross ' Unexpected hanging Economic Allais Antitrust Arrow information Bertrand Braess 's Competition Income and fertility Downs -- Thomson Easterlin Edgeworth Ellsberg European Gibson 's Giffen good Icarus Jevons Leontief Lucas Mandeville 's Mayfield 's Metzler Plenty Productivity Prosperity Scitovsky Service recovery St. Petersburg Thrift Toil Tullock Value Decision theory Abilene Apportionment Arrow 's Buridan 's ass Chainstore Condorcet 's Decision - making Downs Ellsberg Fenno 's Fredkin 's Green Hedgehog 's Inventor 's Kavka 's toxin puzzle Morton 's fork Navigation Newcomb 's Parrondo 's Prevention Prisoner 's dilemma Tolerance Willpower List of paradoxes Joseph Heller 's Catch - 22 Catch - 22 Catch - 22 Closing Time Catch - 22 ( film ) Catch - 22 ( play ) Catch - 22 ( miniseries ) Catch - 22 ( logic ) Characters John Yossarian Capt . Aardvark Chaplain Tappman C.I.D. Investigators Col. Cathcart Doc Daneeka Maj . Major Milo Minderbinder Nately Orr Scheisskopf Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catch-22_(logic)&oldid=853424327 '' Categories : Catch - 22 Dilemmas English - language idioms Metaphors referring to war and violence Metaphors Logical paradoxes Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch فارسی Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 18 : 05 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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where does the catch 22 phrase come from
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One More Light
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One More Light - wikipedia One More Light Jump to : navigation , search One More Light Studio album by Linkin Park Released May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) Recorded September 2015 -- February 2017 Studio Various ( show ) Larrabee Studios , Van Nuys , California Sphere Studios , Los Angeles , California The Pool Recording Studio , London , UK The Warehouse Studio , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Genre Pop pop rock electropop Length 35 : 19 Label Warner Bros . Machine Shop Producer Brad Delson Mike Shinoda Linkin Park chronology The Hunting Party ( 2014 ) The Hunting Party 2014 One More Light ( 2017 ) Singles from One More Light `` Heavy '' Released : February 16 , 2017 `` Talking to Myself '' Released : July 25 , 2017 `` One More Light '' Released : October 3 , 2017 One More Light is the seventh studio album by American rock band Linkin Park . It was released on May 19 , 2017 through Warner Bros. and Machine Shop . It serves as the last Linkin Park record to feature lead vocalist Chester Bennington before his death , which came on July 20 , 2017 . The band recorded the album between September 2015 and February 2017 in multiple studios . Band members Brad Delson and Mike Shinoda served as the album 's primary producers . The sound of One More Light has been described as being more pop - focused , departing from the alternative metal sound of their previous album , The Hunting Party ( 2014 ) . The album features guest vocal appearances from Pusha T , Stormzy , and Kiiara , and production and songwriting collaborations with Julia Michaels , Justin Tranter , Ross Golan , Andrew Goldstein , blackbear , and Eg White . The album is also the band 's first feature a title track , as they felt that the song `` One More Light '' was the heart of the album . The album 's lead single , `` Heavy '' , featuring Kiiara , was released on February 16 , 2017 . `` Battle Symphony '' , `` Good Goodbye '' , and `` Invisible '' were released as promotional singles prior to the album 's release . `` Talking to Myself '' and `` One More Light '' were released as radio singles later on . The album performed well commercially , debuting at number one in several countries ; it became the band 's fifth number - one album on the Billboard 200 , as well . It was certified gold in three countries and silver by the BPI in the UK . Despite a positive commercial performance , it received mixed reviews from music critics . This , along with accusations of selling out , prompted an angry response from Bennington . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Recording 4 Artwork and packaging 5 Promotion 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Band response 7 Track listing 8 Personnel 9 Charts 10 Certifications 11 References Background ( edit ) In 2014 , Linkin Park released their sixth studio album The Hunting Party . The album , produced by Mike Shinoda and Brad Delson , marked a shift from the overall rock sound in their previous albums produced with help of Rick Rubin . The pre-production of One More Light began in mid-2015 during The Hunting Party Tour by Shinoda on his phone . The main production began as soon as the tour ended . In the process , the band decided to write songs with some external help . They worked with Zayed Hassan , which resulted in his song `` Sailing Through the Clouds '' , Martin Garrix , Hot Karl , Mike Baczor of the band Her0 , The Lonely Island , which resulted in `` Things in My Jeep '' , and One Ok Rock . None of these collaborations , however , made the final version of the album . The album marks the second to be self - produced following The Hunting Party . Composition ( edit ) As a new concept to the band , all the songs featured on the album began with vocals being recorded first . They worked on the story first , then the hook , and finally the music . In an interview with Zane Lowe , Shinoda explained the composition as , `` In terms of the style of the record , it 's one of the most diverse stylistically , there 's more genres mashed into this album than anything we 've ever put out . You do n't hear a lot of super heavy guitars . There is n't any screaming on the record . '' He adds , `` To some extent it is a very polished record . Stylistically we wanted to blend all of the sound and genres together in a way you ca n't tell them apart '' . As to why they chose `` Heavy '' to present the album to the world , he told Billboard , `` One of the reasons why we chose ' Heavy ' as the first single is because it is really the core sound of the album . This was n't a scenario where the whole album sounds one way and the single sounds different . This is how the album sounds . So we wanted to go out with a song like that , where everybody can get a sense of the direction of this body of work . '' According to him , a lot of songs on the album can make the listener think of old songs by The Cure or Tears For Fears . In an interview with MusicRadar Brad Delson explained , `` I wound up putting a lot of guitar on this album . There 's a lot of layers and a lot of different guitars . The guitar work is nuanced and complementary to all of the other elements that we have put in there . I find guitar to be a dominant ingredient in any soup . The minute I put loud heavy guitars into an arrangement , I feel like it is a heavy colour . One of the goals of the production of this album was to do away with any notion of genre . We were looking at ways to juxtapose influences that we have in ways that you have n't heard before . Building the guitar work into that was a fun challenge . I love the guitar work and tones that our engineer Ethan helped create with me and Mike ( Shinoda ) throughout this album . Even though you do n't hear guitar in the foreground in a heavy - handed way , there really is a ton of guitar on this album , and I 'm really proud of it . '' -- Brad Delson Further elaborating on his guitar work , Delson said , `` I love the acoustic work on ' Sharp Edges ' . I really like all of the layering of guitars on ' Invisible ' as well . There 's also a really unique presentation of the guitar in a way that I do n't think we 've ever done on a song called ' Sorry For Now ' . That was one of the things that we were really excited about - it is wildly different to anything else that we have been doing . '' The albums features collaborations with songwriters and other artists . `` Heavy '' features vocals by pop singer Kiiara , and `` Good Goodbye '' features verses by rappers Pusha T and Stormzy . Genre-wise , the album has been described as pop , pop rock and electropop . Recording ( edit ) The band had been writing and recording mostly in Los Angeles but also had a few sessions in London and Canada where they worked with a few songwriters . In Los Angeles , the band started working at the Larrabee Studios where they had worked for their previous album . After noticing the band needed a bit more space they shifted to Sphere Studios . Starting in the early 2016 the band decided , for the first time , to open up their process to fans through social media by doing live streams , posting pictures and videos of their day by day in the studio , and sending studio updates to their mailing list . In an interview with Billboard , Shinoda said `` We 've focused almost exclusively on songwriting , not on sound , not on genre , not on arrangement , on words and melodies . And that is something Rick ( Rubin ) has always told us to do years past and we never listened because we started always track first . Now we 're writing songs and now we 're just starting to get into the style of that . '' While working with Justin Parker in London , Mike also learned a different approach to songwriting : to write without any sound in mind and , instead , write with meaning in mind . Instead of writing tracks piece by piece , the band would n't leave a session without having a song . It would all start as a conversation , and out of those the songs would build progressively from a chord progression to lyrics . In a promotional teaser , Shinoda said : `` The one thing that I am super excited about , I really wan na like make the riskiest songs now , because I feel like we 're at the point where it 's like , `` okay , we 've handled so many things '' and risky could be a lot of different kinds of risky . Risky could mean the most weirdest , the weirdest thing , weirdest chord progressions or whatever , or could be the poppiest thing that comes to mind . That we just got like we made that work like it sounds like us , it does n't sound weird , it sounds like very cool , and I wan na make some songs where you go like `` holy shit '' That 's where we got ta find that . '' -- Mike Shinoda While most of the collaborators on the album were just songwriters , the band also brought in vocal producers because they wanted a different perspective on how to approach the vocals . Among the collaborators are Justin Parker , Conner Youngblood , Jon Green , blackbear , Andrew Goldstein , Eg White , Emily Wright , Andrew Bolooki , Andrew Dawson , RAC , Corrin Roddick , and Ross Golan . American singer Kiiara also had a seven - hour session with Linkin Park to record her vocals for `` Heavy '' , and rappers Stormzy and Pusha T contributed to the album with original verses . In the past the band had a different approach to collaborations , as explained by Mike : `` Usually it means we 've finished the song but we 'll ask somebody to add something to the top of it . '' He added : `` Generally , here 's how it would work : we 'd get in the room with someone , and start on something from scratch with them . We worked mostly in the same way we always write songs , but with extra firepower in the room . '' Artwork and packaging ( edit ) In an interview with Kerrang ! magazine , Shinoda explained that the children seen on the album cover are those of a friend of the band and represent what the band members feel when their respective families get together . The photo was shot at Venice Beach by Frank Maddocks , who has previously contributed to artworks for Deftones and Green Day 's Revolution Radio . The album was made available on Linkin Park 's official website in five different packages : CD + LPU membership , vinyl + LPU Membership , CD bundle , vinyl bundle , and the `` Just Give Me Everything '' box set . All offers were accompanied by an LPU digital membership . Both the CD bundle and vinyl bundle include a One More Light T - shirt and a silver Linkin Park logo enamel pin . The box set was bound inside a special One More Light super deluxe box with a 48 - page hardcover book featuring all the best photos from the album package and all the lyrics , a unique 2.4 '' × 1.8 '' instant photo of the band , and an gold enamel pin set featuring a Linkin Park pin , a LP Hex logo pin , and a `` OML '' logo pin . It also included both the CD and vinyl versions of the album as well as the One More Light T - shirt . Promotion ( edit ) Chester Bennington ( left ) and Mike Shinoda ( right ) performed fourteen press promo shows for the promotion of the album Main article : One More Light Tour The first single , `` Heavy '' , was released via Los Angeles radio station KROQ on February 16 , 2017 . The track is a duet with American singer and songwriter Kiiara , marking the first time a Linkin Park song from a studio album has featured a female vocalist . The song was written by Linkin Park with Julia Michaels and Justin Tranter , while Emily Wright and Andrew Bolooki handled vocal production . The band released a second track from the album , `` Battle Symphony '' , on March 16 , 2017 , with an accompanying lyric video . A third track from the album , `` Good Goodbye '' , was released for download on April 13 , 2017 , along with an accompanying lyric video followed by a music video . The song features American rapper Pusha T and English hip hop artist Stormzy . On May 10 , 2017 , the band put out one final pre-release track , `` Invisible '' , with an accompanying lyric video . `` Talking to Myself '' was sent to alternative radio July 25 , 2017 , as the album 's second official single . The music video for `` Talking to Myself '' was released on July 20 , 2017 , the same day that band member Chester Bennington died . In early 2017 , the band introduced Linkin Park Global Ambassadors , which were selected each for a country . The ambassadors would promote the Linkin Park updates in their respective countries . The Ambassadors were also given various tasks respective to the updates . For promotional purposes , a picture of TV color bars was uploaded to the Instagram by the Linkin Park Global Ambassadors and many other people related to the band such as Joe Hahn , Mike Shinoda , Chester Bennington , Phoenix , Lorenzo Errico , Adam Ruehmer , Jim Digby , Christian Tachiera , Tobias Fance , Frank Maddocks , Tal Cooperman , and Warner Bros. Records ' official account . The band also released a series of 8 videos on their official website showing fans their process of creating songs for the album . On February 13 , Linkin Park tweeted a blank grid , and each of the Linkin Park Global Ambassadors tweeted a numbered image . When put together , the images formed the album cover . The lyrics of `` Heavy '' were unveiled on Genius on the same day . Linkin Park did a stripped - down performance with Kiiara at NRG Studios , which was broadcast live on Facebook the same day `` Heavy '' was released along with its lyric video and the album pre-order . The stripped - down version of the song was performed on various occasions . Shinoda and Bennington played the song fourteen times at different venues for the promotion . The band played the song on The Late Late Show with James Corden and at the ECHO Awards 2017 with Kiiara . Acoustic performances of the lead single by Chester Bennington and Mike Shinoda helped promote One More Light . A few of them included performances with Kiiara , Waxx , and Sofia Karlberg . The band were set to embark on a world tour in the promotion of the album , which began in South America in May 2017 . The tour included stops at various festivals , including the Download Festival Paris , Aerodrome Festival , NovaRock , Impact Festival , I - Days Milano , Hellfest , Download Festival Madrid , Hurricane Festival , Southside Festival , Telekom VOLT Fesztivál , Bråvalla Festival , Rock Werchter , and many others . The tour visited 20 cities in the South America and Europe . The North American part of the tour was cancelled following Chester Bennington 's death on July 20 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating AnyDecentMusic ? 4.0 / 10 Metacritic 46 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Classic Rock Magazine Consequence of Sound D+ London Evening Standard Newsday B+ NME Rock Sound 6 / 10 At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album has an average score of 46 out of 100 based on 7 reviews , which indicates `` mixed or average '' reviews . NME criticized the album 's quality , giving it a 2 / 10 score and concluding that `` It 's harsh to criticise a great band for trying something different , and it 's not an issue that this is a pop album . The issue is that it 's weak and contrived commercial move ( perhaps to compete with the likes of Twenty One Pilots ) '' . Neil Z . Yeung of AllMusic agreed , stating that `` The issue is n't that it 's a pop effort ; indeed , they get points for a brave attempt so outside of their wheelhouse . The problem is that much of One More Light is devoid of that visceral charge that previously defined much of their catalog ... there 's no feral screaming from Chester Bennington , there are barely any riffs , and DJ Hahn has disappeared beneath the textured studio sheen . '' Team Rock criticized the move away from rock music , stating that the album `` makes Ed Sheeran sound like Extreme Noise Terror ... With One More Light , Linkin Park have waved goodbye to rock . '' Troy L. Smith at The Plain Dealer described `` Invisible '' and `` Nobody Can Save Me '' as `` well - rounded pop songs , '' but also noting `` That wo n't stop Linkin Park diehards from getting a sweet tooth from the whiny `` Halfway Right '' or the boring title track . Heck , even Skrillex - like EDM ca n't save `` Sorry for Now '' from corny territory . '' Consequence of Sound criticized the album for sounding like it was trying to `` chase the trend of pop - EDM in an attempt to capitalize on its ubiquity '' and sound `` as if they were selected by committee '' , leading the album to sound like `` a muddled mess of a record from a band that completely abandoned any sense of identity '' . Newsday gave the album a B+ and praised the band 's new direction , comparing it to the works of Coldplay and Owl City and concluding `` One More Light shows how well Linkin Park has absorbed the current pop scene and applied it to their own music to genuinely reflect who they are today , not who some fans want them to be . '' Band response ( edit ) The band , specifically frontman Chester Bennington , lashed out in response to the negative reception of One More Light 's material . As documented through Spin magazine , in an interview with Music Week , Bennington , at the accusations that the band had `` sold out '' , suggested that those people should `` stab ( themselves ) in the face '' and `` move the fuck on '' from the band 's past sound . Similarly , in a separate interview with Kerrang , Bennington , in response to claims of selling out with the album , said `` If you 're gon na be the person who says like ' they made a marketing decision to make this kind of record to make money ' you can fucking meet me outside and I will punch you in your fucking mouth . '' In the same interview , Mike Shinoda also rejected the claims that they had made the album `` for monetary reasons '' , responding ; `` that 's not how I operate . '' Bennington explained that the accusation of `` selling out '' angered him because he saw it as a personal attack , concluding that `` when you make it personal , like a personal attack against who we are as people , like , dude , shut up . That means that I can actually have feelings about it and most of the time my feelings are ' I want to kill you . ' '' In response to the comments , Slipknot and Stone Sour frontman Corey Taylor stated that he understood Bennington 's frustrations , but advised him to `` be fortunate for what you have , be fortunate for that fact that people are still coming to see you to hear the music . Give it a little time , you have to give it a little time . '' Bennington later responded that he agreed with Taylor 's statements , saying : `` ... I agree with him . I do appreciate our fans ... I 'm human and sometimes take things too personally . Most of our fans have been very positive lately . Some ... not so much . Either way ... there is a lot of passion on both sides and I am grateful to all of our fans . Corey is a good dude and I appreciate him too ... Time to recalibrate my perspective . So I say to all of our fans ... Thank you and I love you all . Peace , love and happiness . '' Track listing ( edit ) One More Light No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Nobody Can Save Me '' Bradford Delson Jonathan Green Mike Shinoda Mike Shinoda Brad Delson Jon Green Andrew Bolooki 3 : 45 2 . `` Good Goodbye '' ( featuring Pusha T and Stormzy ) Delson Shinoda Jesse Shatkin Terrence Thornton Michael Omari Shinoda Delson Jesse Shatkin Bolooki 3 : 31 3 . `` Talking to Myself '' Ilsey Juber Delson Shinoda JR Rotem Shinoda Delson JR Rotem Bolooki Andrew Jackson 3 : 51 4 . `` Battle Symphony '' Delson Green Shinoda Shinoda Delson Bolooki 3 : 36 5 . `` Invisible '' Shinoda Justin Parker Shinoda Delson Shatkin Andrew Dawson RAC Emily Wright 3 : 34 6 . `` Heavy '' ( featuring Kiiara ) Chester Bennington Shinoda Delson Julia Michaels Justin Tranter Shinoda Delson Bolooki Wright 2 : 49 7 . `` Sorry for Now '' Shinoda Shinoda Delson Matthew Tyler Musto Andrew Goldstein Michael Keenan Bolooki 3 : 23 8 . `` Halfway Right '' Bennington Shinoda Delson Ross Golan Shinoda Delson Keenan Alexander Spit Bolooki 3 : 37 9 . `` One More Light '' Shinoda Francis White Shinoda Delson Wright 4 : 15 10 . `` Sharp Edges '' Shinoda Delson Juber Shinoda Delson RAC Wright 2 : 58 Total length : 35 : 19 Notes Track listing and credits from streaming website Qobuz . signifies a co-producer signifies an additional producer signifies a vocal producer Personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes . Linkin Park Chester Bennington -- lead vocals , backing vocals on `` Invisible '' and `` Sorry for Now '' Rob Bourdon -- drums , backing vocals Brad Delson -- guitar , backing vocals , production Phoenix -- bass , backing vocals Joe Hahn -- programming , backing vocals , creative direction Mike Shinoda -- keyboard , programming , rap vocals on `` Good Goodbye '' , lead vocals on `` Invisible '' and `` Sorry for Now '' , creative direction , engineering , photography , production Additional musicians Kiiara -- vocals on `` Heavy '' Pusha T -- rap vocals on `` Good Goodbye '' Stormzy -- rap vocals on `` Good Goodbye '' Ilsey Juber -- backing vocals on `` Talking to Myself '' and `` Sharp Edges '' Ross Golan -- backing vocals on `` Halfway Right '' Eg White -- guitar and piano on `` One More Light '' Jon Green -- additional guitar , backing vocals and bass on `` Nobody Can Save Me '' Jesse Shatkin -- additional keyboard and programming on `` Invisible '' Andrew Jackson -- additional guitar on `` Talking to Myself '' , additional production Technical Alejandro Baima -- engineering assistance Andrew Bolooki -- vocal production Andrew Dawson -- additional production Ryan DeMarti -- A&R coordination Lorenzo Errico -- photography Fraser T Smith -- vocal engineering Serban Ghenea -- mixing John Hanes -- mixing engineering Jerry Johnson -- drum technician Tom Kahre -- vocal engineering Michael Keenan -- additional production Peter J. Lee -- art direction , creative direction , design , photography Frank Maddocks -- art direction , creative direction , design , photography Manny Marroquin -- mixing Ethan Mates -- engineering Dan McCarroll -- A&R Josh Newell -- engineering Alexander Spit -- additional production Peter Standish -- marketing Christian Tachiera -- photography Jonna Terrasi -- A&R Warren Willis -- studio assistance Emily Wright -- vocal production Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Croatian Albums ( HDU ) Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 6 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 5 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) French Albums ( SNEP ) 6 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) Greek Albums ( IFPI Greece ) 43 Hungarian Albums ( MAHASZ ) Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 6 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) Mexican Albums ( AMPROFON ) 18 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 8 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 7 Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 5 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 6 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 8 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 US Top Rock Albums ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 100,000 Hungary ( MAHASZ ) Gold 3,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 60,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Linkin Park have collaborated with Stormzy . NME. April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Linkin Park -- Chart history '' Billboard 200 for Linkin Park . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shanghai : Definitely Linkin Park ! China.org.cn . July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zayed Hassan Interview / Linkin Park Contest Winner Open Labs . August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin Garrix 's Rumored Collab With Mike Shinoda Gets Leaked Your EDM Jump up ^ 246 Jensen & Matty Soundcloud Jump up ^ Rocking on the brink of stardom Berksmont News Jump up ^ Popstar : Never Stop Never Stopping - `` Things In My Jeep '' Linkin Park . May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linkin Park - One OK Rock Facebook Jump up ^ Linkin Park 's Mike Shinoda Interview ZSTG - IP February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike shinoda of linkin park interview with zane lowe beats 1 radio february 12 2017 AntiDiary February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linkin Park 's Mike Shinoda Talks ' Heavy ' New Single & Hooking up With Kiiara Billboard . February 16 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Linkin Park 's Brad Delson talks One More Light : ' There really is a ton of guitar on this album ' MusicRadar . March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linkin Park 's Chester Bennington LIVE on Facebook with 92.3 AMP 92.3 AMP Radio New York February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park - One More Light ( review ) '' . NME . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park goes ' Pop ' '' . Newsday . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Come back , nu - metal , all is forgiven : Linkin Park go soft '' . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( ALBUM REVIEW ) LINKIN PARK -- One More Light -- HEAVY Music & Film Magazine '' . heavymag.com.au . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park , One More Light Review '' . www.theartsdesk.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Shinoda fala um pouco mais sobre o novo álbum a Revista Kerrang . Road To Revolution Brasil . December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Studio Update # 6 - Mike & Brad Podcast by LINKIN_PARK , Listen free on SoundCloud Soundcloud . July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Linkin Park Talk 2016 Album at Charity Poker Tournament : ' We Have a Mountain of Material ' Billboard. April 6 , 2016 Jump up ^ Risks YouTube Jump up ^ Chester Charles Bennington Interview Live With Jonathan Clarke For Out of The Box Wn.com ^ Jump up to : Linkin Park 's Mike Shinoda Talks Pop Co-Writes Energy 103.7 Jump up ^ Jon Green - Profile Universal Music Publishing Group Jump up ^ Producer blackbear thinks `` One More Light '' is Linkin Park 's `` best album '' - Music News ABC News Radio . Jump up ^ Linkin Park -- Sorry for Now * Lyrics Genius Lyrics Jump up ^ Mike Shinoda : ' Heavy ' Single Is Core Sound Of New Linkin Park Album Blabbermouth February 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Live with Linkin Park - iHeart Radio Canada Internet Archive Jump up ^ LPAssociation Interview - Mike Shinoda Discusses New Linkin Park Album ' One More Light ' LP Association . February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park -- One More Light Lyrics '' . Genius . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The `` Just Give Me Everything '' Box Set `` . Warner Music . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vinyl + CD '' . Warner Music . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One More Light by LINKIN PARK on Apple Music '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Shinoda Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin . `` Linkin Park Share New ' Talking to Myself ' Video Just Before News of Chester Bennington 's Death '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LINKIN PARK GLOBAL AMBASSADORS Linkin Park . February 01 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LINKIN PARK To Release ' One More Light ' Album In May ; Listen To New Single ' Heavy ' '' . Blabbermouth.net . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wolfgang Spahr Udo Lindenberg Wins Big , Beth Ditto , Rag'n'Bone Man Rock Germany 's Echo Awards Billboard April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Heavy - WATCH : Linkin Park - Heavy feat Waxx SONiC 102.9 . March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linkin Park Perform Acoustic Version Of `` Heavy '' With Sofia Karlberg , Reveal European / UK Tour Theprp.com. April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linkin Park 2017 tour dates Music Festival Wizard Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linkin Park Tickets , Tour Dates 2017 & Concerts Songkick Jump up ^ `` One More Light by Linkin Park reviews Any Decent Music '' . AnyDecentMusic ? . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews and Tracks for One More Light by Linkin Park '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Linkin Park : One More Light . AllMusic Review by Neil Z . Yeung '' . AllMusic . ^ Jump up to : `` Linkin Park - One More Light album review '' . Team Rock . ^ Jump up to : Hadusek , Jon ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Linkin Park -- One More Light Album Reviews '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park , One More Light review : ' Light blips and chipmunk vocal samples ' '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' One More Light ' review : Linkin Park goes pop '' . Newsday . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Linkin Park -- ' One More Light ' Review '' . NME . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park -- ' One More Light ' '' . Rock Sound . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park tries fans ' patience on ' One More Light ' ( Review ) '' . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' One More Light ' review : Linkin Park goes pop '' . Newsday . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park 's Chester Bennington Tells Unhappy Fans to `` Move the Fuck On '' From Hybrid Theory `` . SPIN . May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Linkin Park 's Chester Bennington on fans calling sell - out : `` I will punch you in your f * cking mouth '' -- News -- Alternative Press `` . Altpress.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SPIN ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Linkin Park Threaten Fans Who Call Them Sellouts '' . SPIN . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Linkin Park Singer to Fans Crying ' Sellout ' : ' F - king Meet Me Outside ' -- Fuse '' . Fuse.tv . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Divita , Joe ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Chester Bennington Slams Those Who Feel Linkin Park Sold Out '' . Loudwire.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendell , Andrew ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Slipknot 's Corey Taylor responds to Linkin Park 's Chester Bennington 's ' Hybrid Theory ' comments : ' Be grateful ' '' . NME . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Britton , Luke Morgan ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Linkin Park 's Chester Bennington apologises for recent fan comments '' . NME . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ACE Repertory '' . Ascap.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One More Light '' . qubuz.com . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ACE Repertory '' . Ascap.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Halfway Right '' . Repertoire.bmi.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ One More Light - Linkin Park -- Download and listen to the album Qobuz Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ One More Light ( album liner notes ) . Linkin Park . Warner Bros. Records ; Machine Shop Recordings. 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park -- Chart history '' Billboard Canadian Albums Chart for Linkin Park . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP STRANIH - TJEDAN 22 . 2017 . '' ( in Croatian ) . www.hdu-toplista.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Note : On the chart page , select 201721 on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park : One More Light '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top - 75 Albums Sales Chart Week : 30 / 2017 '' . IFPI Greece . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez - lista -- 2017 . 21 . hét '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish-charts.com -- Discography Linkin Park '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Album - Semanal ( del 19 de Mayo al 25 de Mayo ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park -- Chart history '' Billboard Top Rock Albums for Linkin Park . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Linkin Park ; ' One More Light ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adatbázis -- Arany - és platinalemezek -- 2017 '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Enter One More Light in the search field and then press Enter . 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Heart of Darkness
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Heart of Darkness - wikipedia Heart of Darkness Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Heart of Darkness ( disambiguation ) . Heart of Darkness Heart of Darkness first was published as a three - part serial story in Blackwood 's Magazine Author Joseph Conrad Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Novella Published 1899 serial ; 1902 book Publisher Blackwood 's Magazine Media type Print Preceded by The Nigger of the ' Narcissus ' ( 1897 ) Followed by Lord Jim ( 1900 ) Heart of Darkness ( 1899 ) is a novella by Polish - British novelist Joseph Conrad , about a voyage up the Congo River into the Congo Free State , in the heart of Africa , by the story 's narrator Charles Marlow . Marlow tells his story to friends aboard a boat anchored on the River Thames , London , England . This setting provides the frame for Marlow 's story of his obsession with the ivory trader Kurtz , which enables Conrad to create a parallel between London and Africa as places of darkness . Central to Conrad 's work is the idea that there is little difference between so - called civilised people and those described as savages ; Heart of Darkness raises questions about imperialism and racism . Originally issued as a three - part serial story in Blackwood 's Magazine to celebrate the thousandth edition of the magazine , Heart of Darkness has been widely re-published and translated into many languages . In 1998 , the Modern Library ranked Heart of Darkness sixty - seventh on their list of the hundred best novels in English of the twentieth century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and publication 2 Plot summary 3 Reception 4 Adaptations and influences 4.1 Radio and stage plays 4.2 Film and television 4.3 Video games 4.4 Literature 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Composition and publication ( edit ) In 1890 , at the age of 32 , Conrad was appointed by a Belgian trading company to serve on one of its steamers . While sailing up the Congo river from one station to another , the captain became ill and Conrad assumed command , guiding the ship to the trading company 's innermost station . The story 's main narrator , Charles Marlow , is based upon the author himself . Joseph Conrad based Heart of Darkness on his own experiences in the Congo . When Conrad began to write the novella , eight years after returning from Africa , he drew inspiration from his travel journals . He described Heart of Darkness as `` a wild story of a journalist who becomes manager of a station in the ( African ) interior and makes himself worshipped by a tribe of savages . Thus described , the subject seems comic , but it is n't . '' The tale was first published as a three - part serial , February , March and April 1899 , in Blackwood 's Magazine ( February 1899 was the magazine 's 1000th issue : special edition ) . Then later , in 1902 , Heart of Darkness was included in the book Youth : a Narrative , and Two Other Stories ( published on 13 November 1902 , by William Blackwood ) . The volume consisted of Youth : a Narrative , Heart of Darkness and The End of the Tether in that order . For future editions of the book , in 1917 Conrad wrote an `` Author 's Note '' where he , after denying any `` unity of artistic purpose '' underlying the collection , discusses each of the three stories , and makes light commentary on the character Marlow -- the narrator of the tales within the first two stories . He also mentions how Youth marks the first appearance of Marlow . On 31 May 1902 , in a letter to William Blackwood , Conrad remarked ; `` I call your own kind self to witness ( ... ) the last pages of Heart of Darkness where the interview of the man and the girl locks in -- as it were -- the whole 30000 words of narrative description into one suggestive view of a whole phase of life and makes of that story something quite on another plane than an anecdote of a man who went mad in the Centre of Africa . '' There have been many proposed sources for the character of the antagonist , Kurtz . Georges - Antoine Klein , an agent who became ill and later died aboard Conrad 's steamer , has been identified by scholars and literary critics as one basis for Kurtz . The principal figures involved in the disastrous `` rear column '' of the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition have also been identified as likely sources , including column leader Edmund Musgrave Barttelot , slave trader Tippu Tip and the expedition 's overall leader , Welsh explorer Henry Morton Stanley . Adam Hochschild , in King Leopold 's Ghost , believes that the Belgian soldier Léon Rom is the most important influence on the character . Plot summary ( edit ) Aboard the Nellie , anchored in the River Thames near Gravesend , England , Charles Marlow tells his fellow sailors about the events that led to his appointment as captain of a river steamboat for an ivory trading company . As a child , Marlow had been fascinated by `` the blank spaces '' on maps , particularly by the biggest , which by the time he had grown up was no longer blank but turned into `` a place of darkness '' ( Conrad 10 ) . Yet there remained a big river , `` resembling an immense snake uncoiled , with its head in the sea , its body at rest curving afar over a vast country and its tail lost in the depths of the land '' ( Conrad 10 ) . The image of this river on the map fascinated Marlow `` as a snake would a bird '' ( Conrad 10 ) . Feeling as though `` instead of going to the centre of a continent I were about to set off for the centre of the earth '' , Marlow takes passage on a French steamer bound for the African coast and then into the interior ( Conrad 18 ) . After more than thirty days the ship anchors off the seat of the government near the mouth of the big river . Marlow , still some two hundred miles to go , now takes passage on a little sea - going steamer captained by a Swede . He departs some thirty miles up the river where his Company 's station is . Work on the railway is going on , involving removal of rocks with explosives . Marlow enters a narrow ravine to stroll in the shade under the trees , and finds himself in `` the gloomy circle of some Inferno '' : the place is full of diseased Africans who worked on the railroad and now await their deaths , their sickened bodies already as thin as air ( Conrad 24 -- 25 ) . Marlow witnesses the scene `` horror - struck '' ( Conrad 26 ) . Marlow has to wait for ten days in the Company 's Outer Station , where he sleeps in a hut . At this station , which strikes Marlow as a scene of devastation , he meets the Company 's impeccably dressed chief accountant who tells him of a Mr. Kurtz , who is in charge of a very important trading - post , and a widely respected , first - class agent , a `` ' very remarkable person ' '' who `` ' Sends in as much ivory as all the others put together ' '' ( Conrad 28 ) . The agent predicts that Kurtz will go very far : `` ' He will be a somebody in the Administration before long . They , above -- the Council in Europe , you know -- mean him to be ' '' ( Conrad 29 ) . Old Belgian river station on the Congo River , 1889 Marlow departs with a caravan of sixty men to travel on foot some two hundred miles into the wilderness to the Central Station , where the steamboat that he is to captain is based . On the fifteenth day of his march , he arrives at the station , which has some twenty employees , and is shocked to learn from a fellow European that his steamboat had been wrecked in a mysterious accident two days earlier . He meets the general manager , who informs him that he could wait no longer for Marlow to arrive , because the up - river stations had to be relieved , and rumours had one important station in jeopardy because its chief , the exceptional Mr. Kurtz , was ill . `` Hang Kurtz '' , Marlow thinks , irritated ( Conrad 34 ) . He fishes his boat out of the river and is occupied with its repair for some months , during which a sudden fire destroys a grass shed full of materials used to trade with the natives . While one of the natives is tortured for allegedly causing the fire , Marlow is invited in the room of the station 's brick - maker , a man who spent a year waiting for material to make bricks . Marlow gets the impression the man wants to pump him , and is curious to know what kind of information he is after . Hanging on the wall is `` a small sketch in oils , on a panel , representing a woman draped and blindfolded carrying a lighted torch '' ( Conrad 39 ) . Marlow is fascinated with the sinister effect of the torchlight upon the woman 's face , and is informed that Mr. Kurtz made the painting in the station a year ago . The brick - maker calls Kurtz `` ' a prodigy ' '' and `` ' an emissary of pity , and science , and progress ' '' , and feels Kurtz represents the `` ' higher intelligence , wide sympathies , a singleness of purpose ' '' needed for the cause Europe entrusts the Company with ( Conrad 39 ) . The man predicts Kurtz will rise in the hierarchy within two years and then makes the connection to Marlow : `` ' The same people who sent him specially also recommended you ' '' ( Conrad 39 -- 40 ) . Marlow is frustrated by the months it takes to perform the necessary repairs , made all the slower by the lack of proper tools and replacement parts at the station . During this time , he learns that Kurtz is far from admired , but more or less resented ( mostly by the manager ) . Once underway , the journey up - river to Kurtz 's station takes two months to the day . The steamboat stops briefly near an abandoned hut on the riverbank , where Marlow finds a pile of wood and a note indicating that the wood is for them and that they should proceed quickly but with caution as they near the Inner Station . The Roi des Belges ( `` King of the Belgians '' -- French ) , the Belgian riverboat Conrad commanded on the upper Congo , 1889 The journey pauses for the night about eight miles below the Inner Station . In the morning the crew awakens to find that the boat is enveloped by a thick white fog . From the riverbank they hear a very loud cry , followed by a discordant clamour . A few hours later , as safe navigation becomes increasingly difficult , the steamboat is attacked with a barrage of small arrows from the forest . The helmsman is impaled by a spear and falls at Marlow 's feet . Marlow sounds the steam whistle repeatedly , frightening the attackers and causing the shower of arrows to cease . Marlow and a pilgrim watch the helmsman die . In a flash forward , Marlow notes that the International Society for the Suppression of Savage Customs had commissioned Kurtz to write a report , which he did eloquently . A handwritten postscript , apparently added later by Kurtz , reads `` Exterminate all the brutes ! '' ( Conrad 83 ) . At Kurtz 's station Marlow sees a man on the riverbank waving his arm , urging them to land . The pilgrims , heavily armed , escort the manager on to the shore to retrieve Mr. Kurtz . The man from the bank boards the steamboat , and turns out to be a Russian wanderer who had happened to stray into Kurtz 's camp . He explains that he had left the wood and the note at the abandoned hut . Through conversation Marlow discovers just how wanton Kurtz can be ; how the natives worship him ; and how very ill he has been of late . The Russian admires Kurtz for his intellect and his insights into love , life , and justice , and suggests that he is a poet . He tells of how Kurtz opened his mind , and seems to admire him even for his power -- and for his willingness to use it . Marlow , on the other hand , suggests that Kurtz has gone mad . From the steamboat , Marlow observes the station in detail and is surprised to see near the station house a row of posts topped with the severed heads of natives . Around the corner of the house , the manager appears with the pilgrims , bearing a gaunt and ghost - like Kurtz on an improvised stretcher . The area fills with natives , apparently ready for battle , but Kurtz shouts something from the stretcher , and the natives retreat into the forest . The pilgrims carry Kurtz to the steamer and lay him in one of the cabins , where he and the manager have a private conversation . Marlow watches a beautiful native woman walk in measured steps along the shore and stop next to the steamer . When the manager exits the cabin he pulls Marlow aside and tells him that Kurtz has harmed the Company 's business in the region , that his methods are `` unsound '' . Later , the Russian reveals that Kurtz believes the Company wants to remove him from the station and kill him , and Marlow confirms that hangings had been discussed . Léon Rom , photographed c. 1880 , who some have argued served as the inspiration for Kurtz After midnight , Marlow discovers that Kurtz has left his cabin on the steamer and returned to shore . He goes ashore and finds a very weak Kurtz crawling his way back to the station house , though not too weak to call to the natives for help . Marlow threatens to harm Kurtz if he raises an alarm , but Kurtz only laments that he had not accomplished more in the region . The next day they prepare for their journey back down the river . The natives , including the ornately dressed woman , once again assemble on shore and begin to shout unintelligibly . Noticing the pilgrims readying their rifles , Marlow sounds the steam whistle repeatedly to scatter the crowd of natives . Only the woman remains unmoved , with outstretched arms . The pilgrims open fire as the current carries them swiftly downstream . Kurtz 's health worsens on the return trip , and Marlow himself becomes increasingly ill . The steamboat breaks down and , while it is stopped for repairs , Kurtz gives Marlow a packet of papers , including his commissioned report and a photograph , telling him to keep them away from the manager . When Marlow next speaks with him , Kurtz is near death ; as he dies , Marlow hears him weakly whisper : `` The horror ! The horror ! '' ( Conrad 116 ) . A short while later , the `` manager 's boy '' announces to the rest of the crew , in a scathing tone , `` Mistah Kurtz -- he dead '' ( Conrad 117 ) . The next day Marlow pays little attention to the pilgrims as they bury `` something '' in a muddy hole ( Conrad 117 ) . He falls very ill , himself near death . Upon his return to Europe , Marlow is embittered and contemptuous of the `` civilised '' world . Many callers come to retrieve the papers Kurtz had entrusted to him , but Marlow withholds them or offers papers he knows they have no interest in . He then gives Kurtz 's report to a journalist , for publication if he sees fit . Finally Marlow is left with some personal letters and a photograph of Kurtz 's fiancée , whom Kurtz referred to as `` My Intended '' ( Conrad 79 ) . When Marlow visits her , she is dressed in black and still deep in mourning , although it has been more than a year since Kurtz 's death . She presses Marlow for information , asking him to repeat Kurtz 's final words , which in fact are `` The horror ! The horror ! '' Uncomfortable , Marlow lies and tells her that Kurtz 's final word was her name . Reception ( edit ) Literary critic Harold Bloom wrote that Heart of Darkness had been analysed more than any other work of literature that is studied in universities and colleges , which he attributed to Conrad 's `` unique propensity for ambiguity . '' However , it was not a big success during Conrad 's life . When it was published as a single volume in 1902 with two more novellas , `` Youth '' and `` The End of the Tether '' , it received the least commentary from critics . F.R. Leavis referred to Heart of Darkness as a `` minor work '' and criticised its `` adjectival insistence upon inexpressible and incomprehensible mystery '' . Conrad himself did not consider it to be particularly notable . By the 1960s , though , it was a standard assignment in many college and high school English courses . In King Leopold 's Ghost ( 1998 ) , Adam Hochschild wrote that literary scholars have made too much of the psychological aspects of Heart of Darkness , while paying scant attention to Conrad 's accurate recounting of the horror arising from the methods and effects of colonialism in the Congo Free State . `` Heart of Darkness is experience ... pushed a little ( and only very little ) beyond the actual facts of the case . '' Other critiques include Hugh Curtler 's Achebe on Conrad : Racism and Greatness in Heart of Darkness ( 1997 ) . Moving beyond ideology critique , French philosopher Philippe Lacoue - Labarthe called Heart of Darkness `` one of the greatest texts of Western literature '' and used Conrad 's tale for a reflection on `` The Horror of the West . '' Chinua Achebe 's 1975 lecture on the book sparked decades of debate . Heart of Darkness is criticised in postcolonial studies , particularly by Nigerian novelist Chinua Achebe . In his 1975 public lecture `` An Image of Africa : Racism in Conrad 's Heart of Darkness '' , Achebe described Conrad 's novella as `` an offensive and deplorable book '' that de-humanised Africans . Achebe argued that Conrad , `` blinkered ... with xenophobia '' , incorrectly depicted Africa as the antithesis of Europe and civilisation , ignoring the artistic accomplishments of the Fang people who lived in the Congo River basin at the time of the book 's publication . Since the book promoted and continues to promote a prejudiced image of Africa that `` depersonalises a portion of the human race , '' he concluded that it should not be considered a great work of art . Zimbabwean Professor Dr. Rino Zhuwarara broadly agreed with Achebe , though considered it important to be `` sensitised to how peoples of other nations perceive Africa . '' In 2003 , Botswanan professor Dr. Peter Mwikisa concluded the book was `` the great lost opportunity to depict dialogue between Africa and Europe . '' In 1983 , British Professor Cedric Watts published an essay expressing indignation at his perceived implication of Achebe 's criticism : that only black people may accurately analyse and assess the novella . Dr. Stan Galloway writes , in a comparison of Heart of Darkness with Jungle Tales of Tarzan , `` The inhabitants ( of both works ) , whether antagonists or compatriots , were clearly imaginary and meant to represent a particular fictive cipher and not a particular African people . '' Fellow novelist Caryl Phillips stated after a 2003 interview that `` Achebe is right ; to the African reader the price of Conrad 's eloquent denunciation of colonisation is the recycling of racist notions of the ' dark ' continent and her people . Those of us who are not from Africa may be prepared to pay this price , but this price is far too high for Achebe . '' More recent critics have stressed that the `` continuities '' between Conrad and Achebe are profound and that a form of `` postcolonial mimesis '' ties the two authors . Adaptations and influences ( edit ) Radio and stage plays ( edit ) Orson Welles adapted and starred in Heart of Darkness in a CBS Radio broadcast on 6 November 1938 as part of his series , The Mercury Theatre on the Air . In 1939 Welles adapted the story for his first film for RKO Pictures , writing a screenplay with John Houseman . It was intended to be entirely filmed as a POV from Marlow 's eyes . Welles even filmed a short presentation film illustrating his intent . It has been reported as lost to history . The project was never realised ; one reason given was the loss of European markets after the outbreak of war . Welles hoped to still produce the film when he presented another radio adaptation of the story as his first program as producer - star of the CBS radio series This Is My Best . Welles scholar Bret Wood called the broadcast of 13 March 1945 , `` the closest representation of the film Welles might have made , crippled , of course , by the absence of the story 's visual elements ( which were so meticulously designed ) and the half - hour length of the broadcast . '' In 1991 , Australian author and playwright Larry Buttrose wrote and staged a theatrical production of Kurtz ( based on Heart of Darkness ) with the Crossroads Theatre Company , Sydney . The play was announced to be broadcast as a radio play to Australian radio audiences in August 2011 by the Vision Australia Radio Network , and also by the RPH -- Radio Print Handicapped Network across Australia . In 2011 , an operatic adaptation by composer Tarik O'Regan and librettist Tom Phillips was premiered at the Linbury Theatre of the Royal Opera House in London . A suite for orchestra and narrator was subsequently extrapolated from it . In 2015 , an adaption of Orson Welles ' screenplay by Jamie Lloyd and Laurence Bowen was aired on BBC Radio 4 . The production starred James McAvoy as Marlow . Film and television ( edit ) The CBS television anthology Playhouse 90 aired a 90 - minute loose adaptation in 1958 . This version , written by Stewart Stern , uses the encounter between Marlow ( Roddy McDowall ) and Kurtz ( Boris Karloff ) as its final act , and adds a backstory in which Marlow had been Kurtz 's adopted son . The cast includes Inga Swenson and Eartha Kitt . The most famous adaptation is Francis Ford Coppola 's 1979 motion picture Apocalypse Now based on the screenplay by John Milius , which moves the story from the Congo to Vietnam and Cambodia during the Vietnam War . In Apocalypse Now , Martin Sheen plays Captain Benjamin L. Willard , a US Army Captain assigned to `` terminate the command '' of Colonel Walter E. Kurtz . Marlon Brando played Kurtz , in one of his most famous roles . A production documentary of the film , titled Hearts of Darkness : A Filmmaker 's Apocalypse , exposed some of the major difficulties which director Coppola faced in seeing the movie through to completion . The difficulties that Coppola and his crew faced mirrored some of the themes of the book . On 13 March 1993 TNT aired a new version of the story directed by Nicolas Roeg , starring Tim Roth as Marlow and John Malkovich as Kurtz . Video games ( edit ) The video game Far Cry 2 , released on 21 October 2008 , is a loose modernised adaptation of Heart of Darkness . The player assumes the role of a mercenary operating in Africa whose task it is to kill an arms dealer , the elusive `` Jackal '' . The last area of the game is called ' The Heart of Darkness ' . The video game Spec Ops : The Line , released on 26 June 2012 , is a direct modernised adaptation of Heart of Darkness . The character John Konrad , who replaces the character Kurtz , is a reference to the author of the novella . Victoria II , a grand strategy game produced by Paradox Interactive , launched an expansion pack titled `` Heart of Darkness '' on 16 April 2013 . In it they revamped the colonial system , and naval warfare . Literature ( edit ) The novel Hearts of Darkness , by Paul Lawrence , moves the events of the novel to England in 1666 . Marlow 's journey into the jungle is reimagined as the journey of the narrator , Harry Lytle , and his friend Davy Dowling out of London and towards Shyam , a plague - stricken town that has descended into cruelty and barbarism loosely modelled on real - life Eyam . While Marlow must return to civilisation with Kurtz , Lytle and Dowling are searching for the spy James Josselin . Like Kurtz , Josselin 's reputation is immense , and the protagonists are well - acquainted with his accomplishments by the time they finally meet him . Poet Yedda Morrison 's 2012 book Darkness erases Conrad 's novella , `` whiting out '' his text so that only images of the natural world remain . James Reich 's Mistah Kurtz ! A Prelude to Heart of Darkness presents the early life of Kurtz , his appointment to his station in the Congo , and his messianic disintegration in a novel that dovetails with the conclusion of Conrad 's novella . Reich 's novel is premised upon the papers Kurtz leaves to Marlow at the end of Heart of Darkness . T.S. Eliot wrote `` Mistah Kurtz -- he dead '' at the beginning of the poem The Hollow Men , quoting the `` manager 's boy '' when he announced the death of Kurtz to the crew . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heart of Darkness Novella by Conrad -- Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2 August 2015 Jump up ^ Chinua Achebe `` An Image of Africa : Racism in Conrad 's Heart of Darkness '' in The Norton Anthology of English Literature , vol. 2 ( 7th edition ) ( 2000 ) , p. 2036 . Jump up ^ The Norton Anthology , 7th edition , ( 2000 ) , p. 1957 . Jump up ^ National Library of Scotland : Blackwoods magazine exhibition Jump up ^ 100 Best Archived 7 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , Modern Library 's website . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bloom 2009 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Karl & Davies 1986 , p. 407 Jump up ^ Karl & Davies 1986 , p. 417 Jump up ^ Bloom 2009 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Hochschild , Adam : King Leopold 's Ghost . New York , Houghton Mifflin Company , 1998 , pp. 98 ; 145 , Jump up ^ Ankomah , Baffour ( October 1999 ) . `` The Butcher of Congo '' . New African . Jump up ^ Bloom 2009 , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Moore 2004 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Moore 2004 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Hochschild 1999 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Curtler , Hugh ( March 1997 ) . `` Achebe on Conrad : Racism and Greatness in Heart of Darkness '' . Conradiana. 29 ( 1 ) : 30 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Lacoue - Labarthe , Philippe . `` The Horror of the West '' . Bloomsbury . ^ Jump up to : Podgorski , Daniel ( 6 October 2015 ) . `` A Controversy Worth Teaching : Joseph Conrad 's Heart of Darkness and the Ethics of Stature '' . The Gemsbok . Your Tuesday Tome . Retrieved 19 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chinua Achebe Biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Watts , Cedric ( 1983 ) . `` ' A Bloody Racist ' : About Achebe 's View of Conrad '' . The Yearbook of English Studies . 13 : 196 . doi : 10.2307 / 3508121 . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Achebe , Chinua ( 1978 ) . `` An Image of Africa '' . Research in African Literatures . doi : 10.2307 / 3818468 . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Moore 2004 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Mwikisa , Peter . `` Conrad 's Image of Africa : Recovering African Voices in Heart of Darkness . Mots Pluriels 13 ( April 2000 ) : 20 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Galloway , Stan . The Teenage Tarzan : A Literary Analysis of Edgar Rice Burroughs , Jungle Tales of Tarzan . Jefferson , NC : McFarland , 2010 . p. 112 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Caryl . `` Out of Africa '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Nidesh Lawtoo , `` A Picture of Africa : Frenzy , Counternarrative , Mimesis . '' Modern Fiction Studies 59. 1 ( 2013 ) : 26 -- 52 , Jump up ^ Wood , Bret , Orson Welles : A Bio-Bibliography . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press , 1990 ISBN 0 - 313 - 26538 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Larry Buttrose '' . doollee.com . Jump up ^ `` Vision Australia '' . Visionaustralia.org . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Royal Opera House Page for Heart of Darkness by Tarik O'Regan and Tom Phillips Jump up ^ Suite from Heart of Darkness first London performance , Cadogan Hall , retrieved 17 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` Orson Welles ' Heart of Darkness , Unmade Movies , Drama -- BBC Radio 4 '' . BBC . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Cast and credits are available at `` The Internet Movie Database '' . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . A full recording of the show can be viewed onsite by members of the public upon request at The Paley Center for Media ( formerly the Museum of Television & Radio ) in New York City and Los Angeles . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( 3 August 2001 ) . `` Aching Heart of Darkness '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken . Heart of Darkness . Entertainment Weekly , 11 March 1994 . Retrieved 4 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Mikel Reparaz ( 30 July 2007 ) . `` The Darkness '' . GamesRadar+ . Jump up ^ `` Africa Wins Again : Far Cry 2 's literary approach to narrative '' . Infovore.org . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Far Cry 2 -- Jorge Albor -- ETC Press '' . Cmu.edu . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spec Ops : The Line preview -- heart of darkness '' . Metro . Jump up ^ `` Victoria 2 : Heart of Darkness -- Paradox Interactive '' . Paradoxplaza.com . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hearts of Darkness '' . Allisonandbusby.com . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Yedda . `` Yedda Morrison '' . Yeddamorrison.com . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Hurley , Brian . `` Q&A with James Reich , Author of Mistah Kurtz '' . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . References ( edit ) Bloom , Harold , ed. ( 2009 ) . Joseph Conrad 's Heart of Darkness . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 1438117108 . Hochschild , Adam ( October 1999 ) . `` Chapter 9 : Meeting Mr. Kurtz '' . King Leopold 's Ghost . Mariner Books . pp. 140 -- 149 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 00190 - 5 . Karl , Frederick R. ; Davies , Laurence , eds. ( 1986 ) . The Collected Letters of Joseph Conrad -- Volume 2 : 1898 -- 1902 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 25748 - 4 . Moore , Gene M. , ed. ( 2004 ) . Joseph Conrad 's Heart of Darkness : A Casebook . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0195159969 . Murfin , Ross C. , ed. ( 1989 ) . Joseph Conrad : Heart of Darkness . A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 00761 - 2 . Sherry , Norman ( 30 June 1980 ) . Conrad 's Western World . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29808 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Farn , Regelind Colonial and Postcolonial Rewritings of `` Heart of Darkness '' -- A Century of Dialogue with Joseph Conrad ( 2004 ) . A dissertation . Firchow , P. Envisioning Africa : Racism and Imperialism in Conrad 's ' Heart of Darkness ( Lexington : University Press of Kentucky , 2000 ) . Lawtoo , Nidesh , ed . Conrad 's Heart of Darkness and Contemporary Thought : Revisiting the Horror with Lacoue - Labarthe ( London : Bloomsbury , 2012 ) . Parry , Benita Conrad and Imperialism ( London : Macmillan , 1983 ) . Said , Edward W. Joseph Conrad and the Fiction of Autobiography ( Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 1966 ) ( no ISBN ) . Watts , Cedric Conrad 's ' Heart of Darkness ' : A Critical and Contextual Discussion ( Milan : Mursia International , 1977 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Heart of Darkness Wikisource has original text related to this article : Heart of Darkness Heart of Darkness at Project Gutenberg Animated Serialized Adaptation of Heart of Darkness on Instagram Heart of Darkness on In Our Time at the BBC . Heart of Darkness ePub / Mobi versions Downloadable audio book of Heart of Darkness by LoudLit.org Heart of Darkness public domain audiobook at LibriVox Orson Welles ' Mercury Theatre on the Air audio books , also of Heart of Darkness Orson Welles Mercury Theatre 1938 , also of Heart of Darkness This Is My Best -- Heart of Darkness ( 13 March 1945 ) at the Paley Center for Media Works by Joseph Conrad Novels and novellas Almayer 's Folly An Outcast of the Islands The Nigger of the ' Narcissus ' Heart of Darkness The End of the Tether Lord Jim The Inheritors Typhoon Romance Nostromo The Secret Agent Under Western Eyes Freya of the Seven Isles Chance Victory The Shadow Line The Arrow of Gold The Rescue The Nature of a Crime The Rover Suspense Short stories `` The Idiots '' `` An Outpost of Progress '' `` The Lagoon '' `` Youth '' `` Amy Foster '' `` The Secret Sharer '' Other works The Inheritors ( 1901 ) Romance ( 1903 ) A Personal Record Last Essays Adaptations Victory ( 1919 ) Lord Jim ( 1925 ) The Silver Treasure ( 1926 ) Dangerous Paradise ( 1930 ) Sabotage ( 1936 ) Victory ( 1940 ) Outcast of the Islands ( 1951 ) Lord Jim ( 1965 ) The Rover ( 1967 ) The Duellists ( 1977 ) Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) Heart of Darkness ( 1993 ) Victory ( 1996 ) The Secret Agent ( 1996 ) Nostromo ( 1997 TV ) Gabrielle ( 2005 ) Almayer 's Folly ( 2011 ) Hanyut ( 2014 ) Spec Ops : The Line The Secret Agent Joseph Conrad 's Heart of Darkness Adaptations Apocalypse Now ( 1979 film ) Heart of Darkness ( 1993 film ) Apocalypse Now Redux ( 2001 film ) Heart of Darkness ( 2011 opera ) Related Kurtz Charles Marlow International Society for the Suppression of Savage Customs Cannibal Women in the Avocado Jungle of Death Shatterpoint `` An Image of Africa '' Hearts of Darkness : A Filmmaker 's Apocalypse Spec Ops : The Line ( 2012 video game ) VIAF : 182831945 LCCN : n2007019323 GND : 4132636 - 2 SUDOC : 02728638X BNF : cb11936152f ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_of_Darkness&oldid=800457960 '' Categories : 1899 British novels Existentialist novels British philosophical novels British novellas Novels by Joseph Conrad Philosophical novels Roman à clef novels Novels first published in serial form Fiction with unreliable narrators Frame stories Works originally published in Blackwood 's Magazine Victorian novels Novels set in colonial Africa Novels about colonialism Novels about imperialism British novels adapted into films 1902 British novels Human trophy collecting Congo Free State Travel novels Novels adapted into television programs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from September 2017 EngvarB from September 2017 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 17 : 35 . 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summary of the story heart of darkness by joseph conrad
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La La La (Naughty Boy song)
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La La La ( Naughty Boy song ) - wikipedia La La La ( Naughty Boy song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` La La La '' Single by Naughty Boy featuring Sam Smith from the album Hotel Cabana Released 18 May 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 18 ) Format Digital download Studio Cabana Studios ( Ealing Studios ) Ealing , London Genre UK garage R&B dance - pop Length 3 : 42 Label Naughty Boy Virgin EMI Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Shahid `` Naughty Boy '' Khan Al - Hakam El - Kaubaisy Frobisher Mbabazi Sam Smith James Napier James Murray Mustafa Omer Jonny Coffer Producer ( s ) Naughty Boy Komi Mojam ( co . ) Naughty Boy singles chronology `` Wonder '' ( 2012 ) `` La La La '' ( 2013 ) `` Lifted '' ( 2013 ) `` Wonder '' ( 2012 ) `` La La La '' ( 2013 ) `` Lifted '' ( 2013 ) Sam Smith singles chronology `` Lay Me Down '' ( 2013 ) Lay Me Down 2013 `` La La La '' ( 2013 ) La La La2013 `` When It 's Alright '' ( 2013 ) When It 's Alright 2013 Music video `` La La La '' on YouTube `` La La La '' is a single by British record producer Naughty Boy , featuring vocals from Sam Smith . It was released on 18 May 2013 as the second single from Naughty Boy 's debut album Hotel Cabana ( 2013 ) and it appears on the deluxe version of Smith 's debut album In the Lonely Hour . The track reached number one in 26 countries , including on the UK Singles Chart . At its time of release , it was confirmed by the Official Charts Company as the fastest - selling single of 2013 in the UK . By the end of 2013 , `` La La La '' was the sixth fastest - selling single of the year in the UK , selling 145,000 copies in the first week . This song is used as the theme song for the film The Internship . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production and composition 2 Release 3 Music video 3.1 Synopsis of the video 4 Critical reception 4.1 Accolades 5 Commercial performance 6 Usage in media 7 Track listing 8 Credits 9 Charts and certifications 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 9.3 Certifications and sales 10 Release history 11 References 12 External links Production and composition ( edit ) According to Naughty Boy , `` La La La '' was conceived from experiences similar to the song `` Do n't Speak '' by No Doubt , which `` came from something ( he ) felt '' . He states that , `` It was just before everything popped up and she was somebody I neglected while I was trying to find me . When I found me , she found it best to neglect me . It 's cool ... Covering my ears like a kid and saying , ' La . La . La . ' It 's the man - kid in me . '' `` La La La '' was written by Khan , Jonny Coffer , Al - Hakam El Kaubaisy , Frobisher Mbabazi , James Murray , Jimmy Napes , Mustafa Omer , and Sam Smith . Although Naughty Boy originally intended to write the song with Emeli Sandé , she was on tour at the time , and he wrote it with Sam Smith instead . Naughty Boy said `` It just had to be Sam because where it went from there is perfect . '' Naughty Boy and Komi produced the track , with co-production handled by Mojam . The song was produced using Logic Pro , FL Studio 11 and Reason . It was recorded and mixed at Cabana Studios ( Ealing Studios ) in Ealing , West London , and mastered by Stuart Hawkes at Metropolis Mastering Studios in London , UK . The song was finished in three hours , and was the last done for Hotel Cabana . `` La La La '' plays for three minutes and 40 seconds . The piece is performed in F ♯ minor , with the chord progression of F ♯ m -- C ♯ m -- Bm followed for most of the song , and Sam Smith 's vocals range two octaves , from C# to C# . The song performs in common time at a tempo of 126 beats per minute . The track has tones of liquid drum and bass and old - school garage , and a hook layered with a Hindi and Bollywood vocal sample . Release ( edit ) `` La La La '' premiered on BBC Radio 1Xtra in May 2013 . Smith and Naughty Boy performed `` La La La '' at the 2013 Jingle Bell Ball held by Global Radio . The track 's producer and co-writer Komi also released a remix ( `` La La La '' -- Komi and JL remix ) which received considerable airplay . Music video ( edit ) A music video to accompany the release of `` La La La '' was first released on YouTube on 18 April 2013 at a total length of four minutes and three seconds . The video is directed by Ian Pons Jewell ( who studied at the University College for the Creative Arts , now the University for the Creative Arts ) and shot in four days in La Paz , Salar de Uyuni and Potosí ( Cerro Rico ) , Bolivia . Ian Pons Jewell was commissioned by Virgin EMI to create the concept for the video , which focuses on a child 's magical journey . Jewell said that others compared the video to the Wizard of Oz and a local legend of the demon El Tío and that both legends influenced the concept of the video . Synopsis of the video ( edit ) The video starts with the opening of a door marked with the number 1111 , a number related to be a sign of change . In the music video , a young boy is being verbally abused by a man who is presumably his father . Looking out of his apartment window , he sees an unusually dressed man and his dog standing on the pavement outside . This man could be the representation of the `` Ekeko '' , a South American figure representative of good luck and abundance . The boy then puts his fingers in his ears and begins singing ' La la la ' in response to his father 's outburst . Running out of the apartment , the boy joins the mysterious figure outside and pets his dog . Seeing the boy outside , the father picks up an egg from a bird 's nest on the window - sill and throws it down at the boy . The boy and dog run away and the scene cuts from evening to daytime . The boy is walking the dog along a city street , in what is inferred to be La Paz , Bolivia , and he goes into a store front and downstairs . In the basement of the building , he finds a gymnasium and a scared - looking man who is covered in dust ; this man looks like a disgraced `` Ekeko . '' The man holds a stereo which is providing music for a group of women doing aerobics with one woman who is obviously a leader and abuses both the man and the others since their mascara is running down their cheeks from crying . The boy encourages the man to leave , but he appears reluctant . The boy then mimes the act of putting his fingers in his ears and singing ' La la la ' , and the man responds by turning off the volume on the stereo . The leader begins yelling at the man , and he puts his fingers in his ears and sings ' La la la ' in response to her tirade . The dusty man , boy and dog leave the gymnasium and are followed by the woman who yells after them as they leave . The pair then come across an ice cream vendor on the street ; a popular figure easy to find on the streets of some South American cities . The boy gives him some coins , and he takes out what appears to be a human heart from a collection in his cart . He holds the heart in the air , the boy looks at him and then slips it inside the jacket pocket of the dusty man . Echoing the Tin Man in The Wizard of Oz , the man now has a heart . The boy then looks onto the road and sees a traffic policeman dressed in an unusually colored police uniform with an elephant - like mask covering his face . His uniform , as well as his exaggerated nose and ears , are made of knitted fabric . The traffic policeman is dancing as he directs traffic , but the cars and pedestrians seem to ignore him . The boy once again mimes plugging his ears to the policeman , who then performs the gestures himself . This figure is reminiscent of artists and clowns who often perform on the streets in South American cities for money . The three leave together with the dog , and the scene cuts to their journey into a mountainous region outside of the city . They walk along disused railway tracks and pass a discarded , unplugged television that still shows images on the screen . Their journey takes them across long plains of salt flats , with the traffic policeman carrying the sleeping boy and the dusty man walking the dog . The scene cuts to nightfall where they have set up a camp fire . The boy sleeps in the arms of the traffic policeman while the dusty man holds and pats the dog . The scene cuts to the next day , where they walk up a hillside towards an abandoned mine . Leaving the dog tied at the entrance , they enter the mine . They discover El Tío sitting immobile at the end of a tunnel . At the sight of the figure , the boy begins crying and is hugged and comforted by both men . The men then leave , and the boy remains kneeling before the figure and singing ' la la la ' with his fingers in his ears . The video ends with the two men and the dog walking away from the mine . Critical reception ( edit ) Lewis Corner of Digital Spy gave the song a positive review , stating : As the Wizard of Oz reimagining in the accompanying music video suggests , Naughty Boy is at his best when presenting tales of heartbreak with an otherworldly streak . `` Yes our love is running out of time / I wo n't count the hours , rather be a coward / When our words collide , '' newcomer Sam Smith confesses to his beau over rattling beats and bewitching synths . It results in a soulful , ear - snagging masterpiece that will go down . Accolades ( edit ) It won in both the `` Best Song '' and `` Best Video '' categories at the 2013 MOBO Awards . The song was nominated for a 2014 BRIT Award for Best British Single . Commercial Performance ( edit ) `` La La La '' was announced to be the fifth biggest - selling song of 2013 in the United Kingdom . Its video was the eighth most popular YouTube video of 2013 , and the United Kingdom 's top trending video of the year . By September 2017 , it had sold 1.07 million copies in the UK . In the United States , it reached number nine on the Billboard Pop Digital Songs chart . Usage in Media ( edit ) The frame between the 1 : 30 and 1 : 31 which shows the young boy at the gym with his fingers in his ears was used in a campaign against the use of a certain type of dangerous firework called `` Pokerata '' in the Peruvian National Police 's Facebook account . However , none of the major radio stations in Peru have aired or actually airs the song . In July 2017 , a remix by DJ Speaker was used as the intro to the No Days Roff video , `` SO MANY TO TRY ! '' . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` La La La '' ( featuring Sam Smith ) 3 : 40 2 . `` La La La '' ( Komi and JL Remix ) 3 : 40 3 . `` La La La '' ( Kaos Remix ) 3 : 54 4 . `` La La La '' ( Pále Remix ) 5 : 34 5 . `` La La La '' ( DEVolution Remix ) 5 : 47 6 . `` La La La '' ( My Nu Leng Remix ) 5 : 00 US digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` La La La '' ( featuring Sam Smith ) 3 : 41 Credits ( edit ) Recording Recorded and mixed at Cabana Studios ( Ealing Studios ) in Ealing ; West London , UK . Mastered at Metropolis Mastering in London , UK . Personnel Jonny Coffer -- songwriter , strings Al - Hakam `` Komi '' El - Kaubaisy -- songwriter , producer , instruments , programming Shahid `` Naughty Boy '' Khan -- songwriter , producer , recording engineer , instruments , programming Wez Clarke -- mix engineer Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 14 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium Dance ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgium Urban ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 5 Belgium Dance ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Brazil ( ABPD ) 42 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 43 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 27 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 46 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 6 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 5 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 20 Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) 6 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 5 Italy ( FIMI ) Lebanon ( The Official Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) 10 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) 9 Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 13 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Asian ( Official Charts Company ) UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) UK Urban ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 19 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 37 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 18 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 18 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 10 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 37 Venezuela Pop Rock General ( Record Report ) 14 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 40 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 27 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 28 Belgium Dance ( Ultratop Flanders ) 19 Belgium Urban ( Ultratop Flanders ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 43 Belgium Dance ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 10 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 17 France ( SNEP ) 36 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 10 Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) 24 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 16 Israel ( Media Forest ) 21 Italy ( FIMI ) 22 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 21 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 18 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 33 Norway Summer Period ( VG - lista ) 6 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 34 Spain ( PROMUSICAE Streaming ) 20 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 55 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 19 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 Chart ( 2014 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 82 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 49 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 15,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 300,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,328,518 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 4 × Platinum 7,200,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Release date Format Label United Kingdom 19 May 2013 Digital download Naughty Boy Virgin EMI Canada 15 October 2013 United States 10 December 2013 Capitol 14 January 2014 Contemporary hit radio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Naughty Boy ( 3 ) Featuring Sam Smith ( 12 ) - La La La '' . 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Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts -- ARIA Top 100 Singles 2013 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade Singles 2013 '' ( in German ) . Austrian Charts Portal . Hung Medien . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2013 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop & Hung Medien . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2013 : Dance '' . Ultratop ( NL ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2013 : Urban '' . Ultratop ( NL ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports annuels 2013 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports annuels 2013 : Dance '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 , 2013 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Archived from the original on 26 May 2014 . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles - année 2013 '' ( in French ) . infodisc.fr . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Dance TOP 100 - 2013 '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 - radios 2013 '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Charts '' . Media Forest . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche annuali top 100 singoli digitali 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Archived from the original on 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaarlijsten 2013 '' ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2013 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2013 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Topp 20 Single Sommer 2013 '' ( in Norwegian ) . VG - lista . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Canciones 2013 '' . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Streaming 2013 '' . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2013 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - end Charts 2013 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 - 2013 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2013 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2013 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Naughty Boy -- La La La '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer - Naughty Boy feat . Sam Smith - La La La '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Naughty Boy feat . Sam Smith ; ' La La La ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Naughty Boy feat . Sam Smith -- La La La '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Naughty Boy feat . Sam Smith -- La La La '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Naughty Smith feat . Sam Smith - La La La '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Naughty Boy feat . Sam Smith ; ' La La La ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Naughty Boy feat . Sam Smith -- La La La '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Enter La La La in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Rob Copsey ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Naughty Boy -- La La La '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer - Naughty Boy feat . Sam Smith - La La La '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Streaming - Semana 49 : del 02.12. 2013 al 08.12. 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes UK -- Music -- La La La ( feat . Sam Smith ) -- EP by Naughty Boy '' . iTunes . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- La La La ( feat . Sam Smith ) -- Single by Naughty Boy '' . iTunes Canada . Retrieved 11 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- La La La ( feat . Sam Smith ) -- Single by Naughty Boy '' . iTunes US . Retrieved 11 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates ... '' All Access . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Naughty Boy Writing and production discography Albums Hotel Cabana Singles `` Never Be Your Woman '' `` Wonder '' `` La La La '' `` Lifted '' `` Think About It '' `` Home '' `` Runnin ' ( Lose It All ) '' `` Should 've Been Me '' Collaborations `` Daddy '' Sam Smith Awards Discography Studio albums In the Lonely Hour The Thrill of It All Remix albums The Lost Tapes -- Remixed Extended plays Nirvana Singles `` Bad Day All Week '' `` When It 's Alright '' `` Lay Me Down '' `` Money on My Mind '' `` Stay with Me '' `` I 'm Not the Only One '' `` Like I Can '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` Writing 's on the Wall '' `` Too Good at Goodbyes '' `` Pray '' `` Burning '' `` One Last Song '' Featured singles `` Latch '' `` La La La '' `` Moments '' `` Omen '' Other songs `` Safe with Me '' `` God Only Knows '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' Tours In the Lonely Hour Tour The Thrill of It All Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_La_La_(Naughty_Boy_song)&oldid=818981158 '' Categories : 2013 singles Naughty Boy songs Sam Smith ( singer ) songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles UK Dance Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Pop ballads Soul ballads Song recordings produced by Mojam 2013 songs UK garage songs Virgin EMI Records singles Songs written by Naughty Boy Songs written by Mustafa Omer Songs written by Jimmy Napes Songs written by Sam Smith ( singer ) Songs about betrayal Torch songs Songs written by Jonny Coffer Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Use dmy dates from September 2017 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Flanders Dance Singlechart usages for Flanders Urban Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Wallonia Dance Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Polishdance Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKdance Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Русский Slovenčina Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 18 : 26 . 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21st century
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21st century - wikipedia 21st century For a timeline of 21st - century events , see Timeline of the 21st century . For other uses , see 21st century ( disambiguation ) . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this article to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( January 2014 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Millennium : 3rd millennium Centuries : 20th century 21st century 22nd century Timelines : 20th century 21st century 22nd century State leaders : 20th century 21st century 22nd century Decades : 2000s 2010s 2020s 2030s 2040s 2050s 2060s 2070s 2080s 2090s Categories : Births -- Deaths Establishments -- Disestablishments The 21st century is the current century of the Anno Domini era or Common Era , in accordance with the Gregorian calendar . It began on January 1 , 2001 and will end on December 31 , 2100 . It is the first century of the 3rd millennium . It is distinct from the century known as the 2000s which began on January 1 , 2000 and will end on December 31 , 2099 . Contents 1 Transitions and changes 1.1 Population 2 Pronunciation 3 Events 4 Politics and wars 4.1 Events 4.1. 1 2000s 4.1. 2 2010s 4.2 New countries and territorial changes 5 Science and technology 5.1 Space exploration 5.2 Physics 5.3 Mathematics 5.4 Medicine 5.5 Storage and media 5.6 Social technology 6 Society 6.1 Civil unrest 6.2 Linguistic diversity 7 Disasters 7.1 Natural disasters 7.2 Man - made disasters 8 Economics and industry 9 Sports 9.1 International tournaments 10 Arts and entertainment 10.1 Arts 10.2 Film / film creation 10.3 Music 10.4 Social networking 11 Issues and concerns 12 Astronomical events 12.1 List of the long central solar eclipses 12.2 Other phenomena 13 See also 14 References 15 Notes 16 External links Transitions and changes ( edit ) Shanghai has become a symbol of the recent economic boom of China . The first years of the 21st century have thus far been marked by the rise of a global economy and Third World consumerism , mistrust in government , deepening global concern over terrorism and an increase in the power of private enterprise . The Arab Spring of the early 2010s led to mixed outcomes in the Arab world . The Digital Revolution which began around the 1980s also continues into the present . Millennials and Generation Z come of age and rise to prominence in this century . In contemporary history , the 21st century essentially began in 1991 ( the end of the Short Twentieth Century ) with the United States as the sole superpower in the absence of the Soviet Union , while China began its rise and the BRICS countries aimed to create more balance in the global political and economic spectrum . Religion has been declining worldwide , with an estimated 1.1 billion unaffiliated people in 2010 . The completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 marks the continual rise of life sciences , making mankind 's long - held dreams , such as curing cancer , more realistic . By the 2010s , gene therapy , first performed somatically in late 1990 and heritably in 1996 , showed promise but remains an experimental and emerging technology . Assistive reproductive technology developed in the 1980s , such as polar body biopsy and preimplantation genetic diagnosis , has allowed for the selection of genetic traits , and , along with the advent of ultrasound , has increased the number of boys and decreased the number of girls in many countries , most notably in China and India but also in other Asian and eastern Europe countries . This began in the late 1980s in China and India and after the fall of communism in the Balkans and Caucasus regions , concurrent with both the advent of capitalism in those countries and the widespread availability of reproductive technology . While digital telecommunications technology became widely used by most of the world , concerns about stress from the overuse of mobile phones , the Internet , and related technologies remain controversial . By 2013 , about 80 % of the world 's population used mobile phones . An estimated 33 % owned personal computers in 2010 , and 46 % used the Internet by 2016 , compared to about 1 % in 1996 . The distribution of modern technology is not equal -- in 2012 it was estimated that 1.5 billion people , or about 20 % of the world 's population still lacked access to electric power , with many more having only intermittent or poor access . The International Energy Agency estimates that 83 % of the global population has access to electricity as of 2013 with the percentage projected to increase to 88 % by 2030 . Population ( edit ) The world population was about 6.1 billion at the start of the 21st century . It had reached 7.3 billion in 2015 and is estimated to reach about 9.37 billion by the year 2050 . Pronunciation ( edit ) There is a debate among experts and the general public on how to pronounce specific years of the 21st century in English . Regarding this , academics suggested that since former years such as 1805 and 1905 were commonly pronounced as `` eighteen oh '' or `` nineteen oh '' five , the year 2005 should naturally have been pronounced as `` twenty oh - five '' . A less common variation would have been `` twenty nought - five '' . Generally , the early years of the 21st century were pronounced as `` two - thousand ( and ) five '' , with a change taking place in 2010 , where pronunciations often shift between the early - year standard of `` two - thousand and ten '' and the common approach used in the late 20th century of `` twenty - ten '' . The Vancouver Olympics , which took place in 2010 , was being officially referred to by Vancouver 2010 as `` the twenty - ten Olympics '' . The latest timeframes for change are usually placed at 2020 . According to The Stanley Kubrick Archives , in the press release for his film 2001 : A Space Odyssey , film director Stanley Kubrick included specific instructions for journalists to refer to the movie as `` two thousand and one '' instead of the commonplace pronunciation of `` twenty - oh - one '' . Kubrick said he did this in the hope that if the film became popular , it would influence the pronunciation of that year . Events ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of the 21st century Politics and Wars ( edit ) Main articles : List of battles since 2001 and List of ongoing armed conflicts Genocide still remains a problem in this century with the concern of the war in Darfur and the growing concern in Sri Lanka . Low estimates on the deaths in Darfur stand around 200,000 deaths with 2.5 million in displacement , there has been much outcry against the perpetrators , the Sudanese government , and the very weak international response . Also , controversies from past genocides remain commonplace in the minds of victims and average people alike . Events ( edit ) Russian President Vladimir Putin with George W. Bush and other Western leaders in Moscow , 9 May 2005 Protesters try to stop members of the G8 from attending the summit during the 27th G8 summit in Genoa , Italy by burning vehicles on the main route to the summit . 2000s ( edit ) 1998 -- 2002 -- The Second Congo War continued into the early 21st century . A 1999 ceasefire quickly broke down and a UN peacekeeping mission , MONUC , was unable to control the fighting . Troops from Rwanda and Uganda continued to support rebel groups against the Democratic Republic of the Congo and rifts also grew between Rwanda and Uganda as they accused each other of supporting rival rebel groups as well . Laurent Kabila , president of the DRC , was assassinated in January 2001 and his son , Joseph Kabila , took power . Throughout 2002 steps were made towards peace and Rwanda and Uganda both removed their troops from the country . On December 17 , 2002 , a massive treaty officially ended the war . However , the DRC only holds power in less than half of the country , with most of the eastern and northern portions still controlled by rebel groups , where there is still significant infighting . In addition , Rwanda still supports anti-DRC rebels and anti-Rwandan rebels continue to operate from the DRC . The war killed an estimated 3.9 million people , displaced nearly 5.5 million , and led to a widespread and ongoing famine that continues to result in deaths . Severe human rights violations continue to be reported . 2001 - The Nepalese Royal Massacre occurred on 1 June 2001 , at a house on the grounds of the Narayanhity Royal Palace , the residence of the Nepalese monarchy . Ten members of the family were killed during a party or monthly reunion dinner of the royal family in the house . The dead included King Birendra of Nepal and Queen Aishwarya . 2001 -- George W. Bush is inaugurated as the 43rd President of the United States . He is the second president from Bush family . 2001 -- Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo becomes the second woman President of the Philippines and the first to be the child of a previous President , Diosdado Macapagal . 2001 -- More than 200,000 Anti-globalization protesters marched in Genoa , during the 27th G8 summit . Two demonstrators were killed by the Italian police . On July 21 a group of Carabinieri attacked the school Armando Diaz , seriously injuring many peaceful protesters . Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi insisted that police used the minimum amount of force necessary to achieve their goals . 2001 -- Nineteen al - Qaeda terrorists hijack four commercial airliners and crash two of them into the World Trade Center , one into the Pentagon and one into a field in Shanksville , Pennsylvania of the United States on September 11 , killing nearly 3,000 people . The United States subsequently declares the War on Terror . September 11 attacks 2001 -- 2014 -- The Northern Alliance and NATO - led ISAF invaded Afghanistan on October 7 , 2001 , and overthrew the Al - Qaeda - supportive Taliban government . Troops remained to install a democratic government , fight a slowly escalating insurgency , and to hunt for Al - Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden who was killed by American troops nearly 10 years later , on May 2 , 2011 . On December 24 , 2014 NATO forces officially ended combat operations in Afghanistan ; but forces still remain to the present . 2001 -- The Netherlands become the first country in the world to legalize same - sex marriage . 2001 -- After 15 years of negotiations , the People 's Republic of China became a member of the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) on 11 December 2001 . 2002 -- The International Criminal Court ( ICC ) was established on July 1 . 2002 -- Switzerland , a neutral country , becomes a member of the United Nations , on September 10 . 2002 -- Jemaah Islamiyah , a violent Islamist group , claimed responsibility for the detonation of three bombs in the tourist district of Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali . The attack killed 202 people and 209 people were injured . 2002 -- After a long period of occupation by Indonesia , East Timor 's independence is recognized by Portugal and by the UN . 2003 -- present -- In February 2003 , a conflict in Darfur , Sudan , began and soon escalated into full - scale war . By 2008 it was believed that up to 400,000 people had been killed and over 2.5 million displaced . In 2005 , the ICC decided that Darfur war criminals would be tried , and on July 14 , 2008 , Sudanese president Omar al - Bashir was charged with 5 accounts of crimes against humanity and 2 accounts of war crimes , although the ICC has no power to enforce these charges . 2003 -- 2010 -- The U.S. - led coalition invaded Iraq on March 20 , 2003 , and overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein ( who was executed by the Iraqi government on December 30 , 2006 ) . Coalition troops remain in the country to install a democratic government and fight an escalating insurgency . In addition to an insurgency against the American presence , Iraq also suffered from a civil war for several years . The war was soon seen as the central front of the War on Terror by many governments , despite growing international dissatisfaction with the war . The total death toll has been estimated at near 150,000 but these estimations are highly disputed , with one highly disputed study guessing even over 1 million . After the U.S. - led coalition initiated a troop surge in 2007 , casualty numbers have decreased significantly . Combat ended , at least officially , in August 2010 . 2003 -- 2005 -- A series of nonviolent revolutions known as the colour revolutions overthrew governments in Georgia , Ukraine , Kyrgyzstan , and Lebanon . 2003 -- Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi announced that Libya would voluntarily eliminate all weapons of mass destruction . 2004 -- Ten explosions occurred at the Cercanías commuter train system of Madrid , Spain , on the morning of March 11 . The explosions killed 191 people and injured around 2,000 . 2004 -- The European Union expanded by 10 countries ( 8 former communist countries , plus Malta and Cyprus ) . 2004 -- Former U.S. president Ronald Reagan dies at the age of 93 after suffering nearly a decade from the Alzheimer 's disease . 2004 -- Palestinian leader and Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization Yasser Arafat dies in France , at the age of 75 from hemorrhagic stroke . 2004 -- Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo gets re-elected as President of the Philippines , marking the first time that a woman was re-elected to the highest position in the country . 2004 -- Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to legalize same - sex marriage . 2005 -- Pope John Paul II dies and Joseph Ratzinger of Germany is elected as Pope Benedict XVI . 2005 -- Four Islamic extremist suicide bombers set off three bombs in London ; 56 people were killed , including the four suicide bombers . 2005 -- Angela Merkel becomes the first female elected Chancellor of Germany . Angela Merkel and José Manuel Barroso 2006 -- 2008 -- The dismantling of former Yugoslavia continued after Montenegro gained independence on June 3 , 2006 , and Kosovo declared independence on February 17 , 2008 . However , Kosovo 's independence was disputed by Russia and many of its allies and was only partially recognized . 2006 -- On July 12 , Hezbollah crossed the border of Lebanon and captured two Israeli soldiers . Israel responded by sending troops across the border and bombing Hezbollah strongholds , while Hezbollah fired missiles on towns in northern Israel , approximately 6 each day . At the end of the war 1,200 Lebanese civilians , 500 Hezbollah fighteres , 44 Israeli civilians and 121 Israeli soldiers died . A ceasefire was signed on August 14 , after which Israeli troops withdrew from Lebanon . Many military sources in Israel have warned about the danger of a new Israeli - Lebanese conflict back in the year 2000 , when Israel has withdrawn from Lebanon . 2006 -- North Korea conducted its first nuclear test on October 9 . This was preceded by years of political wrangling with the U.S. over the status of their nuclear program . 2007 -- 2008 -- Nepal 's centuries - old monarchy is overthrown , and the country becomes a republic . 2007 -- Bulgaria and Romania join the European Union . 2007 -- A civil war escalated in the Gaza Strip throughout June , which resulted in Hamas eventually driving most Fatah - loyal forces from the Strip . In reaction , Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas dismissed Hamas prime minister Ismail Haniyeh and dissolved the Hamas - ruled parliament . Scattered conflict continues . Barack Obama , the first African - American president of the United States , and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev after signing the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty . 2007 -- Pratibha Patil becomes the first woman to be elected President of India . 2007 -- 2008 -- Crisis follows the Kenyan presidential election of 2007 , leading to the formation of a coalition government , with Mwai Kibaki as president and Raila Odinga as prime minister . 2007 -- On 13 December , 27 EU member states signed the Treaty of Lisbon , and entered into force on 1 December 2009 . 2008 -- Kosovo unilaterally declared independence from Serbia . Serbia refuses to recognize it and considers Kosovo as part of its territory . 2008 -- An armed conflict broke out in August 2008 between Georgia on one side , and the Russian Federation together with Ossetians and Abkhazians on the other . Russia officially recognized independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia . 2008 - Some cardes of Communist Party of Nepal ( Maoist Centre ) attacked Senior leader of Nepali Congress , Bal Chandra Poudel during an electoral period in Rasuwa , Nepal . 2008 -- Barack Obama was elected as the first African - American President of the United States . He was sworn into office in January 2009 . He is awarded the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize by the Norwegian Nobel Committee , which cited `` his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples , '' and accepted the award the following year `` deep gratitude and great humility . '' 2009 -- Filipina politician and the first female President of the Philippines and in Asia , Corazon Aquino dies at the age of 76 . 2009 -- A protest begins in Iran , after a presidential election against Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad . 2010s ( edit ) 2010 -- Julia Gillard becomes the first female Prime Minister of Australia . Julia Gillard was sworn in as the first female Prime Minister of Australia in 2010 . 2010 -- Kamla Persad - Bissessar becomes the first female Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago . 2010 -- Benigno Simeon Aquino III ( aka NoyNoy ) is the first bachelor President of the Philippines and the second to be the child of a previous president . 2010 -- Polish President Lech Kaczyński dies in the April 2010 crash near the city of Smolensk , Russia , along with 95 other people on board . 2010 -- Burmese opposition leader and 1991 Nobel Peace Prize awardee Aung San Suu Kyi is released from her house arrest after being incarcerated since 1989 . 2010 -- Arab Spring , a revolutionary wave , which began in Tunisia , on 17 December , spread throughout the Middle Eastern countries , with protests , demonstrations , riots and civil wars for free elections and human rights . 2011 -- Anders Behring Breivik carries out terrorist attacks , the first being a bomb blast which targeted government buildings in central Oslo , the second being a massacre at a youth camp on the island of Utøya . It was the deadliest attack in Norway since the Second World War , with 77 people killed and 319 injuries . 2011 -- On May 2 , Al - Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden , who was responsible for the development of the plans for the 9 / 11 attacks , is killed in a raid on his compound in Abbottabad , Pakistan by the U.S. Navy 's SEAL Team 6 ( DEVGRU ) . 2011 -- Britain 's largest tabloid newspaper , the News of the World , shuts down after 168 years in print due to the 2009 phone hacking scandal . 2011 -- Dilma Rousseff is elected as the first female President of Brazil . She served as the President until her impeachment and removal from office on 31 August 2016 . 2011 -- On July 14 , South Sudan , after January 2011 independence referendum , becomes a member of the United Nations . 2011 -- On October 20 , deposed dictator Muammar Gaddafi was captured and killed by the National Liberation Army of Libya , during Libyan Civil War . 2011 -- On December 15 , the Iraq War was declared formally over . 2011 -- Kim Jong - il , the supreme leader of North Korea , dies on December 17 . His son Kim Jong - un takes power in the country . 2012 -- Xi Jinping becomes the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China . 2012 -- In Benghazi , Libya , an attack was coordinated against two United States government facilities by members of the Islamic militant group Ansar al - Sharia on September 11 . Pope Francis in Poland 2012 -- A civil unrest broke out in Romania in January 2012 , because of the introduction of a new health reform legislation , but also by the unpopularity of Băsescu - backed Boc government . The unrest continued until Victor Ponta 's resignation in November 2015 , in the wake of the Colectiv nightclub fire . 2013 -- France intervenes with its army in Northern Mali conflict defeating the Islamists who had taken control of the country . 2013 -- Pope Benedict XVI resigns on February 28 , becoming the first pope to step down since 1415 . Benedict takes the title pope emeritus . At the subsequent papal conclave , Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio of Argentina is elected pope on March 13 , becoming the first Latin American pope . Bergoglio takes the name of Pope Francis . 2013 -- Park Geun - hye is elected President of South Korea , the first woman to hold the position . 2013 -- President of Venezuela Hugo Chavez dies due to prostate cancer and is replaced by Nicolás Maduro . 2013 -- Convicted Kurdish leader Abdullah Ocalan puts an end to the armed revolt against Turkey . 2013 -- British politician and the first female Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher dies at the age of 87 from a stroke . 2013 -- Séléka rebels seize power in Central African Republic ousting the President and government and beginning a civil war . 2013 -- Iran allows international inspections on its nuclear policy in exchange of the removal of the sanctions and the right to produce a small amount of low - grade enriched uranium , thus marking an apparent new policy towards the United Nations under Hassan Rohani 's presidency . 2013 -- Syria avoids an American intervention on its soil during the Syrian Civil War , accepting to destroy all chemical weapons stocks owned . 2013 -- Croatia becomes the 28th member of the European Union . 2013 -- China unilaterally declares an `` Air Defense Identification Zone '' in the East China Sea , including over the Senkaku Islands , a group of islands held by Japan , but claimed by both Japan and China , and the Socotra Rock , claimed by both China and South Korea . Ukraine , Euromaidan , people protesting in favor of Ukraine 's European way . Pro-Russian separatists in Donetsk , Ukraine 2013 -- South African political and civil leader Nelson Mandela died at the age of 95 from natural causes . 2013 - The South Sudanese Civil War breaks out . 2013 - 2014 - A political crisis in Thailand breaks out and the government declares martial law later . 2014 - Narendra Modi became 14th Prime Minister of India with clear majority in the election . 2014 -- Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovich is ousted amidst the Euromaidan revolution . Then Russian Federation annexed Crimea , and `` low intensity '' war in Donbass started between the Ukrainian government and Russian - backed separatists . Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 , a civilian commercial aircraft , is shot down in pro-Russian separatist - controlled territory in Eastern Ukraine , on July 17 . 2014 -- During the Syrian civil war , the terrorist group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant rises and seizes territories in northern Iraq and Syria , near the border with Turkey . The United States lead a coalition of more than 30 countries to destroy ISIL . Meanwhile , Russia lead a coalition , with Syria , Iraq and Iran , and Russia 's military action begins on September 30 , 2015 . 2014 -- Scotland , with the 2014 independence referendum , decides to remain part of the United Kingdom . 2014 -- Israel , In July 2014 tensions rose again between Hamas in the Gaza Strip and the State of Israel , Hamas fired hundreds of missiles into civilian cities in Israel , the IDF retaliated and conducted airstrikes on the Gaza Strip for more than a month , Casualties were high on both sides . 2014 -- In Burkina Faso , President Blaise Compaoré resigns amidst widespread protests ending 27 years of leadership . 2014 -- In Romania , Klaus Iohannis won the November 2014 election , becoming the first Romanian president to come from an ethnic minority . 2014 -- On December 17 , U.S. President Barack Obama and Cuban President Raúl Castro announced the beginning of a process of normalizing relations between Cuba and the United States , ending a 54 - year stretch of hostility between the nations . Meanwhile , on July 20 , 2015 , with full diplomatic relations , the embassies of both countries were opened after five decades . 2015 -- Two gunmen , brothers Saïd and Chérif Kouachi , commit a mass murder at the offices of Charlie Hebdo in Paris , on January 7 , killing 12 people . Following the attack , about two million people , including more than 40 world leaders , met in Paris for a rally of national unity , and 3.7 million people joined demonstrations across the country . The phrase Je suis Charlie became a common slogan of support at the rallies and in social media . 2015 -- Singaporean politician and the 1st Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Kuan Yew dies at the age of 91 . 2015 -- In China , the Communist Party announces the end of One - child policy after 35 years . 2015 -- The Supreme Court of the United States , in Obergefell v. Hodges , determines that same - sex couples have a constitutional right to marry . European migrant crisis in 2015 2015 -- During the ongoing European migrant crisis , Germany became the first final destination of choice for refugees and asylum seekers entering the EU . The country took in over 1 million refugees . 2015 -- Iran and P5 + 1 ( China , France , Russia , the UK , and the US + Germany ) , agree on final provisions of Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action in regards to the latter 's nuclear program . 2015 -- ISIL claimed responsibility of the shootings and suicide bombs in Paris on November 13 , which became known as the November 2015 Paris attacks . Many were killed and injured from the incident . 2015 -- Turkey shoots down a Russian Sukhoi Su - 24M attack aircraft on 24 November . This was the first case of a NATO member destroying a Russian aircraft since the attack on the Sui - ho Dam ( during the Korean War ) . 2015 -- During the UN summit on Climate Change , 193 nations agree a process to reduce carbon emissions starting in 2020 . 2016 -- Rodrigo Roa Duterte ( aka Digong ) becomes the first Mindanaoan President of the Philippines , the first local chief executive to get elected straight to the presidency , the fourth visayan to be the President after Sergio Osmeña , Manuel Roxas and Carlos P. Garcia and the oldest person ever elected to the presidency . 2016 -- In Orlando , Florida , Omar Mateen , a 29 - year - old security guard , killed 49 people and wounded 53 others in a terrorist attack inside Pulse , a gay nightclub . Turkish anti-coup rally in support of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , 22 July 2016 2016 -- The United Kingdom , with the June 2016 membership referendum , decides to leave the European Union . 2016 -- After 6 years of leadership , UK politician and Prime Minister David Cameron resigns and is replaced by Theresa May . 2016 -- Hillary Clinton becomes the Democratic Party 's nominee for president of the United States , making her the first woman to be nominated for president by a major party . 2016 -- A coup d'état was attempted in Turkey against state institutions , including , but not limited to the government and President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , on July 15 . The attempt was carried out by a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces that organized themselves as the Peace at Home Council . 2016 -- On September 2 , the 1st President of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov dies at age of 78 , after 25 years of leadership . 2016 -- Israeli politician , former president of Israel and 1994 Nobel Peace Prize awardee Shimon Peres dies at the age of 93 from a massive stroke . 2016 -- Thai longest - reigning monarch Bhumibol Adulyadej dies at the age of 88 from a long illness . 2016 -- Donald Trump is elected as the 45th President of the United States . The first without a military or political background , and the oldest person elected to a first term . He is sworn into office in January 2017 . 2016 -- Cuban political and revolutionary leader Fidel Castro dies at the age of 90 . 2016 -- On December 19 , Andrei Karlov , the Russian Ambassador to Turkey , was killed by Mevlüt Mert Altıntaş , a Turkish police officer . 2016 -- On December 19 , the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed responsibility for the 2016 Berlin attack in Germany . 12 people were killed and 49 others injured . U.S. President Donald Trump , King Salman of Saudi Arabia and Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el - Sisi touching The Orb at the 2017 Riyadh summit . 2017 -- In opposition to Donald Trump 's inauguration , millions of people in the U.S. and worldwide join the Women 's March . 2017 -- U.S. President Donald Trump signs an executive order on January 27 , 2017 , restricting travel and immigration from seven Muslim - majority countries . This order was blocked by the U.S. federal courts ; a second , related order issued by Trump was also blocked by the federal courts . The block of second order was partially removed , by the Supreme Court , in June . The Supreme Court stated they would reconsider the order in October . 2017 -- On April 6 , in response to a suspected chemical weapons attack on a rebel - held town , the U.S. military launches 59 Tomahawk cruise missiles at Shayrat Airbase in Syria . 2017 -- A terrorist drives into more than 100 people in Barcelona , Spain killing 13 and injuring many . 2017 -- Catalonia declares independence from Spain , but the Catalan Republic is not recognised by the Spanish government or any other sovereign nation . 2018 -- Paula - Mae Weekes becomes the first female President of Trinidad and Tobago on the 19th of March . 2018 - In over 900 cities internationally , people participate in demonstrations against gun violence and mass shootings , calling for stronger gun control in the March for Our Lives , which was a student - led demonstration in response to the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland , Florida that took place in February . Students from Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School , parents , and others march in the March For Our Lives protest in Parkland , FL in 2018 . 2018 - President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un meet for the 2018 North Korea -- United States summit in Singapore . New countries and territorial changes ( edit ) Some territories have gained independence during the 21st century . This is a list of sovereign states that have gained independence in the 21st century and have been recognized by the UN . Celebration of the Declaration of Independence of Kosovo East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) on May 20 , 2002 Montenegro on June 3 , 2006 Serbia on June 3 , 2006 South Sudan on July 9 , 2011 These territories have declared independence and secured relative autonomy but they have only been recognized by some UN member states : Kosovo on February 17 , 2008 ( partially recognized ) South Ossetia on August 26 , 2008 ( partially recognized ) Abkhazia on August 26 , 2008 ( partially recognized ) These territories have declared independence and secured relative autonomy but they have been recognized by no one : Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in June 2014 . Had taken over much of Iraq , Syria and Libya . It is considered a terrorist organization . These territories were annexed from a sovereign country , the action has only been recognized by some UN member states : Crimea annexed from Ukraine into the Russian Federation on March 18 , 2014 Science. and technology ( edit ) Space Exploration ( edit ) NASA successfully lands the Curiosity rover on the surface of Mars . Artist 's impression of New Horizons ' close encounter with the Pluto -- Charon system . 2001 -- Dennis Tito becomes the first space tourist by paying $19 million to board the International Space Station . 2003 -- Space Shuttle Columbia disaster February 1 . 2003 -- The Chinese space program launches its first manned space flight , Shenzhou 5 , on October 15 . This made China the third country in the world to have indigenous manned space capability . 2004 -- Mars Exploration Rovers land on Mars ; Opportunity discovers evidence that an area of Mars was once covered in water . 2004 -- SpaceShipOne makes the first privately funded human spaceflight , June 21 . 2005 -- The Huygens probe lands on Titan , the largest of Saturn 's moons , January 14 . 2006 -- The New Horizons probe is launched to Pluto , on January 19 . 2006 -- Pluto is reclassified from a planet to a dwarf planet , leaving the solar system with eight planets . 2007 -- China launches its first lunar mission with the Chang'e 1 , on October 24 . 2008 -- Chinese space program launches its third manned space flight carrying its first three - person crew and conducts its first spacewalk that makes China the third nation after Russia and USA to do that , Shenzhou 7 , on September 25 . 2008 -- Phoenix discovers water ice on Mars . 2009 -- Iran launches its first satellite , Omid , on February 2 . 2009 -- The Indian Space Research Organisation discovers water on the Moon . 2011 -- NASA launches Atlantis marking an end to its three - decade shuttle program . 2012 -- The 50th successful launch in a row for the European launcher Ariane 5 , on August 2 . 2012 -- SpaceX successfully delivers cargo to the International Space Station . 2012 -- NASA successfully lands the Curiosity rover on the surface of Mars . 2014 -- India 's Mars Orbiter Mission , the nation 's first attempt to send a spacecraft to Mars , successfully entered orbit on September 24 , making India the fourth nation in the world to reach that goal . 2014 -- The European Space Agency robotic spacecraft Philae landed successfully on the comet 67P , the first cometary landing ever . 2015 -- On July 14 , NASA 's New Horizons spacecraft became the first to fly by Pluto , on a mission to photograph and collect data on its planetary system . No other spacecraft has yet performed such a mission so far from Earth . 2015 -- On September 28 , NASA announces that liquid water has been found on Mars . 2016 -- On July 4 , NASA 's Juno space probe maneuvered into a polar orbit to study the planet Jupiter . 2017 -- Seven Earth - sized exoplanets are discovered around TRAPPIST - 1 , three of which are potentially habitable . Physics ( edit ) 2003 -- WMAP observations of the cosmic microwave background . 2010 -- The Large Hadron Collider 's first high power collisions took place in March 2010 . 2012 -- European physicists have statistically demonstrated the existence of the Higgs boson . 2013 -- A more detailed study of the cosmic microwave background done by the Planck Surveyor is published , estimating the age of the Universe to 13.8 billion years old ( 100 million years older than previously thought ) . 2016 -- LIGO announces the discovery of bursts of gravitational waves generated by cosmic collisions of black holes . Mathematics ( edit ) 2002 -- Grigori Perelman posted the first of a series of eprints to the arXiv , in which he proved the Poincaré conjecture , the first of the Millennium Prize Problems to be solved . Medicine ( edit ) Further information : Timeline of medicine and medical technology § 2000 -- present See also : Medicine in the 2010s 2003 -- Completion of the Human Genome Project 2003 -- Severe acute respiratory syndrome ( SARS ) spreads around the globe . 2005 -- The first successful partial face transplant is performed in France . 2006 -- Australian of the Year Dr Ian Frazer develops a vaccine for cervical cancer . 2007 -- Visual prosthetic ( bionic eye ) Argus II . 2008 -- Japanese scientists create a form of artificial DNA . 2008 -- Laurent Lantieri performs the first full face transplant . 2009 -- Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 spreads around the globe . 2012 -- The first successful complete face transplant is performed in Turkey . 2012 -- Doubts raised over Statin medication . 2013 -- First kidney grown in vitro in the U.S. 2013 -- First human liver grown from stem cells in Japan . 2014 -- Ebola virus spreads in west Africa , prompting the largest ever epidemic , with more than 20,000 cases . The first cases outside Africa are reported . 2016 -- The Zika virus , caused by mosquitoes , targets unborn babies , causing birth defects on newborns making pregnant women scared of traveling overseas . Storage and media ( edit ) The original iPhone , launched in 2007 . DVDs and subsequently digital video recorders ( DVRs ) replaced videotape - based VCRs at the start of the 21st century , circa 2007 . Blu - ray Disc technology emerged . Compact discs succeeded Cassettes , and they were rapidly outpaced by digital music downloads and online streaming services . As of 2018 , compact discs are still sold in stores while cassettes became obsolete during the early 21st century . High - definition television ( HDTV ) began to replace standard definition during the first decade of the century . Ultra-high - definition television ( UHDTV ) begins to emerge in the 2010s . The World Wide Web and websites became a major new medium for storing files and information . Mobile devices such as smartphones ( iPhone was introduced in 2007 ) and tablets ( iPad introduced in 2010 ) connect to the Internet . These gradually started to replace desktop and laptop computers in the early and mid-2010s , although laptop and desktop computers are still common in business , financial , medical , governmental , and educational settings . Desktop computers in home settings gradually became less common during the 2010s . Laptop computers grew rapidly in popularity from 2000 until the early 2010s , when growth leveled off due to the growth of smartphones and tablets . The smartphone and tablets became standard for many consumers . Online streaming services such as Netflix , Hulu , and Amazon Video became an alternative to traditional television and movie entertainment throughout the second decade of the 21st century . Flash drives , memory cards , and online storage mediums are replacing the more traditional forms of computer storage , such as CD - RW , although this type of media still exists . Floppy disks became obsolete by the beginning of the 21st century . Such forms of storage media is able to store massive amounts of data in smaller sizes . Broadband internet becomes widespread throughout most developed countries . Fiber optics makes extremely fast internet connections , 1 Gbit / s speeds and higher available for consumers and businesses . Lower income regions of the world use mobile internet services often delivered over 2G , 3G , or 4G / LTE wireless networks . This has created a digital divide between areas where high speed internet service is ubiquitous and where it is very limited . Broadband internet still lacks availability in isolated , rural communities compared to populated , urban and suburban communities . Virtual Reality technology becomes a widespread commercial industry in 2016 with the release of the Oculus Rift and subsequent releases of the HTC Vive and PlayStation VR . Social technology ( edit ) The Digital Revolution continued into the early 21st century with mobile usage and Internet access growing massively in the early 21st century . By the 2010s , the majority of people in the developed world had Internet access and the majority of people worldwide had a mobile phone . The Internet ( created in 1969 ) and World Wide Web ( created in 1991 ) continue to rise in popularity and social networking emerges in the early 21st century as a popular social communication , largely replacing much of the function of email , message boards and instant messaging services , although instant messaging services such as WhatsApp are popular among smartphone users as of circa 2015 . Twitter , Facebook , YouTube and Snapchat are all major examples of social media apps to gain widespread popularity . The use of webcams and front - facing cameras on PCs and related devices , and services such as Skype and FaceTime , make video calling and video conferencing a modern form of digital communication . Society ( edit ) As the century began , the generations which had experienced the crises of the mid and the late 20th century ( the Great Depression , World War II and the Cold War ) as adults , were retiring from leadership positions and public life . Taking their places were members of the postwar `` Boom '' generations , whose formative experiences were the social upheavals ( and , in the Western world , relative prosperity ) of the 1960s and 1970s . AIDS which emerged in the 1980s continued to spread yet more treatment of AIDS made the disease less of a deadly threat to those with access to treatment . A cure was still not found in the 2000s despite expectations . Same - sex marriage has slowly become more accepted , and has become legal in some countries . In 2001 the Netherlands became the first nation in the world to legalize this type of marriage . The 2000s decade saw significant change surrounding this social issue and the change has continued into the 2010s . By 2001 most Western countries had removed the remaining racial language in their laws . The early 21st century was marked by the Arab Spring Civil unrest ( edit ) Anti-globalization protests in Prague 2001 G8 Genoa summit protests Protests against the Iraq War February 15 , 2003 Iraq anti-war protest 2004 -- 2005 Orange Revolution in Ukraine 2005 civil unrest in France 2007 Georgian demonstrations 2008 Tibetan unrest Peaceful protests in Madrid . In August 2011 , Spain 's unemployment reached 21.2 % ( 46.2 % for youths ) . 2009 Icelandic financial crisis protests Tea Party protests 2009 G - 20 London summit protests 2009 -- 2010 Iranian election protests 2010 G - 20 Toronto summit protests 2010 UK student protests 2010 -- 2011 Greek protests Arab Spring Tunisian revolution 2011 Egyptian revolution 2011 Egyptian Post-Revolution protests Impact of the Arab Spring 2011 Iranian protests A Committee for the Defence of Democracy protest in Warsaw against Poland 's government , 7 May 2016 2017 -- 2018 Romanian protests against government policies and corruption , 22 January 2017 2011 Libyan civil war Syrian civil war 2011 United Kingdom anti-austerity protests 2011 London anti-cuts protest Anti-austerity movement in Portugal Spanish `` Indignants '' 2011 England riots 2011 Chilean protests 2011 Israeli social justice protests Occupy Wall Street 15 October 2011 global protests Worldwide `` Occupy '' Protests 2011 -- 2012 Russian protests Bersih 3.0 rally 2012 Catalan independence demonstration Yo Soy 132 2012 -- 13 Iraqi protests 2013 protests in Turkey 2013 protests in Brazil 2013 Egyptian coup d'état Catalan Way 2013 Thai protests 2013 Ukraine pro-European Union protests 2013 Italian social protests 2014 Ukrainian Revolution 2014 unrest in Bosnia and Herzegovina 2014 - 17 Venezuelan protests 2014 Pakistan anti-government protest 2014 Ferguson unrest 2014 Hong Kong protests 2015 Baltimore protests Catalan general strike following Catalonia 's referendum on independence , 3 October 2017 2015 Lebanese protests Protests against Donald Trump Nuit debout 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt 2017 Russian protests 2017 Catalan general strike Unite the Right rally Linguistic diversity ( edit ) As of 2009 , SIL Ethnologue catalogued 6,909 living human languages . The exact number of known living languages will vary from 5,000 to 10,000 , depending generally on the precision of one 's definition of `` language '' , and in particular on how one classifies dialects . Estimates vary depending on many factors but the general consensus is that there are between 6,000 and 7,000 languages currently spoken , and that between 50 -- 90 % of those will have become extinct by the year 2100 . The top 20 languages spoken by more than 50 million speakers each , are spoken by 50 % of the world 's population , whereas many of the other languages are spoken by small communities , most of them with fewer than 10,000 speakers . Disasters ( edit ) Natural disasters ( edit ) The tsunami striking Ao Nang in Thailand on December 26 , 2004 . New Orleans , Louisiana in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 . 2000s 2001 Gujarat earthquake -- An earthquake in Gujarat , India on January 26 , 2001 killed approximately 20,000 people . January 2001 El Salvador earthquake -- A 7.9 earthquake in El Salvador shook the whole country on January 13 , 2001 , causing a major devastating landslide , hundreds dead , thousands injured and many homeless . A month later , on February 13 , 2001 the country suffered a second earthquake -- 6.7 2003 European heat wave -- Approximately 30,000 people were killed across Europe in a summer long heat wave . 2003 Bam earthquake -- An earthquake in Bam , Iran on December 27 , 2003 , killed more than 26,000 . 2004 Hurricane Jeanne -- Over 3,000 people are killed by Hurricane Jeanne in Haiti in September 2004 . 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami -- On December 26 , 2004 , a massive undersea earthquake resulted in a massive tsunami striking southeast Asia killing approximately 230,000 . 2005 Hurricane Katrina -- The hurricane killed 1,836 in southeast Louisiana and Mississippi ( mostly in New Orleans ) and South Florida . A significant portion of the city , most of which sits below sea level , was submerged . Damages reached US $81.5 billion , making Katrina the costliest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the U.S. 2005 Kashmir earthquake -- An earthquake in Kashmir on October 8 , 2005 , killed at least 74,500 in India and Pakistan . 2008 Cyclone Nargis -- lead to catastrophic storm surge , leading to a death toll in excess of 100,000 and making millions homeless . 2008 Sichuan earthquake -- An earthquake between 7.9 and 8.0 - magnitude struck Sichuan , China , on May 12 , 2008 , killing 68,712 , with 17,921 missing . 2009 Black Saturday bushfires -- The Black Saturday bushfires were a series of bushfires that ignited or were burning across the Australian state of Victoria , Australia on and around Saturday , February 7 , 2009 . The fires occurred during extreme bushfire - weather conditions and resulted in Australia 's highest ever loss of life from a bushfire ; 173 people died and 414 were injured . 2009 L'Aquila earthquake -- A 6.3 magnitude earthquake strikes near L'Aquila ( Italy ) on April 6 , 2009 , one of the worst in Italian history . 308 were pronounced dead and more than 65,000 were made homeless . 2009 flu pandemic -- A worldwide outbreak of Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 spread around the world forming a pandemic by June 2009 . 2010s The eye of Hurricane Irene as viewed from the International Space Station on August 24 , 2011 Hurricane Maria destruction in Dominica in 2017 . 2010 Haiti earthquake -- At least 230,000 are killed in Haiti after a massive earthquake on January 12 , 2010 . As of late February 2010 , the death toll is expected to rise . Three million people were made homeless . 2010 Chile earthquake -- A massive earthquake , magnitude 8.8 , strikes the central Chilean coast on February 27 , 2010 . 2010 Yushu earthquake -- A large 6.9 magnitude earthquake struck the Yushu region of China in Qinghai near Tibet , on April 14 , 2010 , killing over 2,200 people . 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull -- A massive ash cloud is formed by the eruption of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull , on April 14 , 2010 , grounding flights across northwest Europe . Scientists began recording volcanic activity there in 2009 which increased through March 2010 culminating in the second phase eruption in April . 2010 Pakistan floods -- Began in July 2010 after record heavy monsoon rains . The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan was worst affected . At least 1,600 people were killed , thousands were rendered homeless , and more than thirteen million people were affected . Estimates from rescue service officials suggest the death toll may reach 3,000 victims . 2011 Queensland floods -- Began in December 2010 primarily in Queensland . The flood causes thousands of people to evacuate . At least 200,000 people were affected by the flood . The flood continued throughout January 2011 in Queensland , and the estimated reduction in Australia 's GDP is about A $30 billion . Cyclone Yasi -- A category 5 ( Australian Scale ) cyclone hits North Queensland with winds as strong as 290 km / hr ( 197 miles / hr ) and devastates the residents of North Queensland . February 2011 Christchurch earthquake -- 185 people died in New Zealand after a 6.3 - magnitude earthquake hit Christchurch on February 22 , 2011 , making it New Zealand 's second - deadliest natural disaster after the 1931 Hawke 's Bay earthquake . 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami -- On March 11 , 2011 , a catastrophic undersea earthquake of magnitude 9.0 occurred offshore of eastern Japan , the greatest in the country 's history and created a massive tsunami which killed 15,894 ; it also triggered the Fukushima I nuclear accidents . The overall cost for the earthquake , tsunami and nuclear accidents reached up to US $235 billion , making it the costliest natural disaster on record . 2011 Super Outbreak -- Regarded as the deadliest tornado outbreak ever recorded and dubbed the 2011 Super Outbreak , a catastrophic tornado outbreak on April 25 -- 28 affected the Southern United States and killed over 330 people , most of whom were in or from Alabama . Damages are expected to be near or over $10 billion . 2011 Joplin tornado -- On May 22 , 2011 , a devastating EF5 tornado struck Joplin , Missouri resulting in 159 casualties , making it the deadliest tornado to hit the United States since 1947 . Tropical Storm Washi -- Locally known as Sendong , it caused catastrophic flooding in the Philippine island of Mindanao on the night of December 16 , 2011 . The hardest hits were in Cagayan de Oro and Iligan City . Almost 1000 people perished , most of whom were sleeping , and President Benigno Aquino III declared a state of calamity four days later . Hurricane Sandy -- October 24 -- 30 , 2012 -- kills at least 185 people in the Caribbean , Bahamas , United States and Canada . Considerable storm surge damage causes major disruption to the eastern seaboard of the United States . Typhoon Haiyan 2013 -- kills more than 6,000 people in central Philippines . Considered to be one of the strongest storms ever , it brought major damage and loss of life to the Philippines , especially the islands of Leyte and Samar . A worldwide humanitarian effort began in the aftermath of the typhoon . 2014 Southeast Europe floods -- kill at least 80 people in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia . Floodwaters caused over 2,000 landslides across the Balkan region , spreading damage across many towns and villages . April 2015 Nepal earthquake -- An earthquake of 7.8 magnitude kills almost 9,000 people , injures another 22,000 and leaves nearly 3 million people homeless in Central Nepal . The earthquake was so strong it was felt in India , Pakistan and Bangladesh . 2016 Taiwan earthquake -- An earthquake of 6.4 magnitude kills 117 people , injures 550 , and 4 people were left missing . The earthquake resulted in 3 executives of the Weiguan developer being arrested under charges of professional negligence resulting in death . August 2016 Central Italy earthquake - A 6.2 magnitude earthquake killed 299 people and severely damaged Amatrice , Accumoli and Arquata del Tronto Man - made disasters ( edit ) Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling unit in the Gulf of Mexico on fire in 2010 On July 27 , 2002 , a Sukhoi Su - 27 fighter crashes at an air show in Ukraine , killing 77 and injuring more than 100 , making it the worst air show disaster in history . On February 1 , 2003 , at the conclusion of the STS - 107 mission , the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrates during reentry over Texas , killing all seven astronauts on board . The Black Saturday bushfires -- the deadliest bushfires in Australian history took place across the Australian state of Victoria on February 7 , 2009 during extreme bushfire - weather conditions , resulting in 173 people killed , more than 500 injured , and around 7,500 homeless . The fires came after Melbourne recorded the highest - ever temperature ( 46.4 ° C , 115 ° F ) of any capital city in Australia . The majority of the fires were ignited by either fallen or clashing power lines or deliberately lit . On April 10 , 2010 , Polish President Lech Kaczyński , his wife and 94 other people , including dozens of government officials , are killed in a plane crash . On April 20 , 2010 , an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling rig , operating in the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of Louisiana , left eleven crewmen dead and resulted in a fire that sank the rig and caused a massive - scale oil spill that may become one of the worst environmental disasters in United States history . On June 18 , 2010 oceanographer John Kessler said that the crude gushing from the well contains 40 percent methane , compared to about 5 percent found in typical oil deposits . Methane is a natural gas that could potentially suffocate marine life and create `` dead zones '' where oxygen is so depleted that nothing lives . `` This is the most vigorous methane eruption in modern human history , '' Kessler said . On June 20 an internal BP document was released by Congress revealing that BP estimated the flow could be as much as 100,000 barrels ( 4,200,000 US gallons ; 16,000 cubic metres ) per day under the circumstances that existed since the April 20 blowout . Economics and industry ( edit ) The late - 2000s financial crisis continues to affect the economy worldwide . The European sovereign - debt crisis sends Europe 's economy into decline , having a major effect on European politics . Developing countries make up for 97 % of the world 's growth , and industrialization leads to the rapid rise of BRIC economies , producing less of an American - lead hegemony in the world economy . Many American auto brands have been phased out such as Plymouth by Chrysler in 2001 and Oldsmobile by General Motors in 2004 , Pontiac and Saturn by General Motors in 2010 and Mercury by Ford in 2010 . The Dow Jones recovers and gradually rises in a bull market since 2009 with significant recovery starting in 2013 . The Dow Jones had reached the 20,000 mark for the first time in January 2017 . Sports ( edit ) At the start of the 21st century sports are very popular . The IOC 's Modern Olympic Games was the most viewed sporting event . Association football is the most popular sport worldwide with the FIFA World Cup the most viewed football event . Other sports such as rugby , cricket , baseball , basketball , ice hockey , tennis , and golf were popular globally . In cricket the emergence of the Twenty20 format as well as the creation of the Indian Premier League led to changes in the nature of the sport . American swimmer Michael Phelps won an Olympic record setting 8 Gold medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics . The Beijing Bird 's Nest Stadium during the 2008 Summer Olympics . International tournaments ( edit ) Modern Olympic Games 2002 Winter Olympics were held in Salt Lake City , Utah , United States . 2004 Summer Olympics were held in Athens , Greece . 2006 Winter Olympics were held in Turin , Italy . 2008 Summer Olympics were held in Beijing , China . 2010 Winter Olympics were held in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . 2010 Summer Youth Olympics were held in Singapore . 2012 Winter Youth Olympics were held in Innsbruck , Austria . 2012 Summer Olympics were held in London , United Kingdom . 2014 Winter Olympics were held in Sochi , Russia . 2014 Summer Youth Olympics were held in Nanjing , China . 2016 Winter Youth Olympics were held in Lillehammer , Norway . 2016 Summer Olympics were held in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil -- the first time in a South American nation . 2018 Winter Olympics were held in Pyeongchang , South Korea . 2018 Summer Youth Olympics will be held in Buenos Aires , Argentina . 2020 Winter Youth Olympics will be held in Lausanne , Switzerland . 2020 Summer Olympics will be held in Tokyo , Japan . 2022 Winter Olympics will be held in Beijing , China . 2024 Summer Olympics will be held in Paris , France . 2028 Summer Olympics will be held in Los Angeles , California , United States . Association football Portugal vs Morocco match during the 2018 World Cup in Russia 2001 Copa América was won by host country Colombia . 2002 FIFA World Cup was held in South Korea and Japan -- the first Asian countries to hold this tournament -- and won by Brazil . UEFA Euro 2004 was held in Portugal and won by Greece . 2004 Copa América was held in Peru and won by Brazil . 2005 FIFA Club World Cup was won by São Paulo FC . 2006 FIFA World Cup was held in Germany and won by Italy . 2006 FIFA Club World Cup was won by SC Internacional . 2007 Copa América was held in Venezuela and won by Brazil . 2007 FIFA Club World Cup was won by A.C. Milan . UEFA Euro 2008 was held in Austria and Switzerland and won by Spain . 2008 FIFA Club World Cup was won by Manchester United . 2009 FIFA Club World Cup was won by FC Barcelona . 2010 FIFA World Cup was held in South Africa -- the first African nation to hold this tournament -- and won by Spain for the first time . 2010 FIFA Club World Cup was won by Inter Milan . 2011 Copa América was held in Argentina and won by Uruguay . 2011 FIFA Club World Cup was won by FC Barcelona . UEFA Euro 2012 was held in Poland and Ukraine and won by Spain . 2012 FIFA Club World Cup was won by Corinthians . 2013 FIFA Club World Cup was won by Bayern Munich . 2014 FIFA World Cup was held in Brazil and won by Germany . 2014 FIFA Club World Cup was won by Real Madrid . 2015 Copa América was won by host country Chile . 2015 FIFA Club World Cup was won by Barcelona . UEFA Euro 2016 was held in France and won by Portugal . 2016 Copa América , the special centenary edition of the event , was held in the United States and won by Chile . 2016 FIFA Club World Cup was won by Real Madrid . 2018 FIFA World Cup was held in Russia -- the first Eastern European country to hold this tournament -- and won by France . 2022 FIFA World Cup will be held in Qatar -- the first Middle Eastern country to hold this tournament . Athletics Usain Bolt broke various world records , including in the 100 meter dash at the 2009 World Championships , setting the record of 9.58 seconds . A record low number of athletes failing drug tests occurred in 2008 . Aquatics Michael Phelps won six gold medals in the 2004 Summer Olympics , a record eight in the 2008 Summer Olympics ( some of those medals coming from split - second wins ) , four in the 2012 Summer Olympics , and five in the 2016 Summer Olympics , making him the most decorated Olympian of all time with a total of 28 Olympic medals in his career . Cricket 2003 Cricket World Cup was won by Australia . 2007 Cricket World Cup was won by Australia . 2007 Twenty20 World Cup was won by India . 2009 Twenty20 World Cup was won by Pakistan . 2010 Twenty20 World Cup was won by England . 2011 Cricket World Cup was won by India . 2012 Twenty20 World Cup was won by West Indies 2014 Twenty20 World Cup was won by Sri Lanka 2015 Cricket World Cup -- was won by Australia . 2016 Twenty20 World Cup was won by the West Indies . 2019 Cricket World Cup -- will be hosted by both England and Wales . 2023 Cricket World Cup -- will be hosted by India . Cycling Lance Armstrong won the Tour de France seven consecutive times between 1999 and 2005 . In 2012 , he was stripped of these titles and banned for life for drug offenses . Rugby Union 2003 Rugby World Cup -- host Australia -- was won by England 2007 Rugby World Cup -- host France -- was won by South Africa 2011 Rugby World Cup -- host New Zealand -- was won by New Zealand 2015 Rugby World Cup -- host England -- was won by New Zealand 2019 Rugby World Cup -- host Japan . Tennis ( Men ) Roger Federer won 18 Grand Slam titles ( 5 Australian Opens , 1 French Open , 7 Wimbledons , and 5 US Opens ) to surpass Pete Sampras ' record of 14 . Roger Federer , Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic completed a Career Grand Slam , winning the singles championships in the Australian Open , French Open , Wimbledon and US Open ; Nadal also won the Olympic Singles gold medal in the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics to complete a Golden Career Slam . At the 2010 Wimbledon Championships , John Isner and Nicolas Mahut completed the longest tennis match ever . Isner won 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 ( 7 ) , 7 -- 6 ( 3 ) , 70 -- 68 . In 2014 , Rafael Nadal became the first male player to win a single Grand Slam tournament ( French Open ) 9 times . Tennis ( Women ) Serena Williams won 22 Grand Slam titles ( 7 Australian Opens , 3 French Opens , 7 Wimbledons , and 5 US Opens ) in the 21st century , in addition to her 1999 US Open title . Maria Sharapova became the first female Russian player to reach No. 1 on August 22 , 2005 . China 's Li Na won the 2011 French Open , becoming the first player , male or female , from that country to win a Grand Slam . Belarusian Victoria Azarenka won the 2012 Australian Open , becoming the first player , male or female , from that country to win a Grand Slam , and also hold the No. 1 ranking ( taking over from Caroline Wozniacki ) . Motorsport Dale Earnhardt passes away after a last - lap crash during the Daytona 500 in February 2001 . NASCAR surpasses the Indianapolis 500 as the most popular motorsport in the United States . Michael Schumacher breaks many records in the first few years of the century , breaking the record for most races won ( 91 ) , most World Championships ( 7 ) , and most pole positions ( 68 ) by the time he retired in 2006 . He then announced his comeback to Formula One after three years out of the sport , in 2010 , before retiring again in 2012 . Sebastian Vettel breaks numerous records on his way to becoming Formula One 's youngest ever world champion , in 2010 at age 23 , and then the youngest ever double world champion , in 2011 at age 24 . Sébastien Loeb becomes the most successful rally driver ever , winning the World Rally Championship a record 9 consecutive times between 2004 -- 2012 . He also sets new records for the most wins , podium finishes and points scored . Casey Stoner wins his second MotoGP world title ( 2007 and 2011 ) before announcing his retirement from the sport at just 27 years of age , citing disagreement with the direction of the sport and a desire to spend more time with his family . His retirement is effective at the end of the 2012 MotoGP season . Stoner has won every MotoGP - branded race at least once . Lewis Hamilton breaks the record for most pole positions in Formula One held by Michael Schumacher which is now 69 pole positions . Golf The 2002 Ryder Cup was won by Europe 15 and a half to USA 's 12 and a half . The 2004 Ryder Cup was won by Europe 18 and a half to USA 's 9 and a half . The 2006 Ryder Cup was won by Europe again 18 and a half to USA 's 9 and a half . The 2008 Ryder Cup was won by USA 16 and a half to Europe 's 11 and a half . The 2010 Ryder Cup was won by Europe 14 and a half to USA 's 13 and a half . The 2012 Ryder Cup was won by Europe 14 and a half to USA 's 13 and a half . The 2014 Ryder Cup was won by Europe 16 and a half to USA 's 11 and a half The 2016 Ryder Cup was won by USA 17 to Europe 's 11 . 2016 -- Death of Arnold Palmer Boxing 2016 -- Death of Muhammad Ali Arts and entertainment ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Entertainment during the 21st century had evolved from the same types of entertainment which emerged around the middle of the 20th century . Sports , films , music , TV series ' and books remained popular into the early 21st century but new forms of entertainment including social networking and internet accessed videos became popular . Video games had emerged from a childhood pastime in the late 20th century to an fully grown adult pastime by the beginning of the 21st century . The most popular mediums of entertainment in the first decade at least were televisions , the internet , CDs , DVDs and paper . Digital information begins to complete its succession over analog information and storage techniques . Mark Zuckerberg co-created Facebook in his Harvard dorm room . Arts ( edit ) Main article : Contemporary art Art : 21 - Art in the 21st Century ( 2001 - 2016 ) , a PBS series Film / film creation ( edit ) 2000s - 2010s ( decade ) -- Increased popularity of computer - animated films during that decade , with DreamWorks Animation and Pixar films being the most notable , such as Madagascar , Over the Hedge , Bee Movie , the Kung Fu Panda , Rise of the Guardians , The Croods , Mr. Peabody and Sherman , Trolls , The Boss Baby and Finding Nemo , The Incredibles , Cars , Ratatouille , WALL - E , Inside Out respectively , as well as other popular computer - animated films such as , the Ice Age series , Robots , Happy Feet , Surf 's Up , Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs , Monster House , Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius and A Christmas Carol , . 2001 -- Shrek wins the first ever Academy Award for Best Animated Feature . 2003 -- The first version of the non-linear editing software Final Cut Pro is released . 2004 -- Release of the second installment of the Shrek franchise becomes the world 's highest grossing animated film at the time , overtaking Finding Nemo . Also , DreamWorks Animation became the first ever animation studio in history to release two computer animated films ( Shrek 2 and Shark Tale ) in the same year . 2004 -- The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ties the record for most Academy Award wins for a single film ( 11 ) . 2004 -- Downfall , a film depicting the final ten days of Adolf Hitler 's life , is released in Germany . The film would then become famous worldwide through countless Internet parodies . 2004 -- Release of The Polar Express , the first ever all - digital capture film and became the most - expensive animated film at the time with a budget of over $160 million . 2000s ( decade ) -- A string of finacial failures of traditionally animated films such as The Road to El Dorado , The Emperor 's New Groove , Atlantis : The Lost Empire , Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron , Treasure Planet , Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas , Home on the Range , Titan A.E. , Osmosis Jones and Looney Tunes : Back in Action , caused most of the feature animation studios to abbandon 2D animation completely to focus on computer - generated animation films . Despite the success of Lilo & Stitch , The Princess and the Frog , The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie and The Simpsons Movie , the 2D feature animation market in the US was already dead . 2006 -- Disney buys Pixar for $7.4 billion thus gaining control of the entire studio 's library of films , short films and related licenses . 2009 -- Release of Monsters vs. Aliens , the world 's first ever animated film to be directly produced in a stereoscopic 3 - D format instead of being converted into 3 - D after completion , using Intel 's InTru3D technology . 2009 -- Release of Avatar , the world 's highest - grossing film . 2000s -- Some of the decade 's most critically acclaimed films include Yi Yi , Mulholland Dr. , Spirited Away , and There Will Be Blood . 2010s -- Increasing use of 3D Camera Technology . 2010s -- Increasing popularity of 3D films with many films being released in 3D , with the best critical and financial successes being in the field of feature film animation such as Despicable Me , How To Train Your Dragon , Shrek Forever After and Megamind . 2010 -- Release of the third installment of the Toy Story franchise overtakes Shrek 2 in becoming the world 's highest grossing animated film , making over one billion dollars in the box - office . 2010 -- Tangled becomes the most - expensive animated film of all time , with a budget of over $260 million . 2011 -- Completion of the Harry Potter film series . 2011 -- Film critic and filmmaker Scout Tafoya of RogerEbert.com considers the year of 2011 as the best year for cinema , countering the notion of 1939 being film 's best year overall , citing examples such as Drive , The Tree of Life , Once Upon a Time in Anatolia , Keyhole , Contagion , The Adventures of Tintin , and Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows . He stated that `` 2011 housed not just some of the greatest art films of our age , but a revolution in the language of blockbuster filmmaking . One big - budget action film after another used digital cameras to show the world behind explosions in starker , stranger light , while constructing a backbone of classical ideas and images . '' . Animated family films include Kung Fu Panda 2 , Puss in Boots , Rango , The Adventures of Tintin , Arthur Christmas , and The Smurfs 2012 -- Disney buys Lucasfilm for $4.06 billion thus gaining control of the Star Wars franchise and related licenses . 2000s -- 2010s -- Increased popularity of comic book adaptations such as the X-Men series , the Spider - Man trilogy , Daredevil , Catwoman , the Dark Knight trilogy , Green Lantern , Man of Steel , and The Avengers . 2010s ( decade ) -- The existence of drive - in theaters is threatened by the high cost of Digital Conversion . 2000s -- 2010s ( decade ) -- Revival of biblical epics in the Hollywood and television industry such as the films The Passion of the Christ , Noah , and Exodus : Gods and Kings , and the TV series The Bible . 2010s ( decade ) -- Increased production of computer - animated films , with major film studios establishing new animation divisions such as Illumination Entertainment , Warner Animation Group and Paramount Animation , who relie on other animation studios and VFX companies to provide the animation on their films , such as Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) , Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) , The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) , The Book of Life ( 2014 ) , The Spongebob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) , The Secret Life of Pets and Sing ( both in 2016 ) , The Angry Birds Movie ( 2016 ) , Storks ( 2016 ) , The Lego Batman Movie and The Lego Ninjago Movie ( both in 2017 ) , Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) , and Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse ( 2018 ) . 2013 -- Frozen overtakes Toy Story 3 in becoming the world 's highest grossing animated film , earning over 1.2 billion dollars in the box - office and obtaining 5th place on the list of highest - grossing films of all time . 2014 -- Sony Pictures cancels the formal premier and mainstream theatrical release of The Interview after terrorist threats by a hacker who instigated the Sony Pictures hack 2015 -- Universal becomes the first major film studio in history to release three films that made over one billion dollars in the box - office , Jurassic World , Furious 7 and Minions . 2015 -- Minions becomes the first non-Disney animated film making over one billion dollars in the box - office . and obtaining 3rd place on the list of highest - grossing animated films of all time . 2015 -- Star Wars : The Force Awakens becomes the third film to gross more than 2 billion worldwide after Avatar and Titanic and obtaining 3rd place on the list of highest - grossing films of all time . 2016 -- Comcast 's NBCUniversal buys DreamWorks Animation for $3.8 billion , making it a division of the Universal Filmed Entertainment Group as an acquisition for the animation studio , thus gaining control of the entire library of its franchises and related licenses . This also gains film division Universal control and distribution to both DreamWorks Animation and Illumination Entertainment 's films , thus making it the second major studio with two feature animation divisions , after Disney 's Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar . 2016 -- Disney becomes the first major film studio in history to release four films that made over one billion dollars in the box - office , Captain America : Civil War , Rogue One : A Star Wars Story , Finding Dory and Zootopia . 2017 -- The Emoji Movie becomes the worst - reviewed and the most controversial animated film ever and one of the worst films ever . It also won 4 Razzie Awards for Worst Picture , Worst Director , Worst Screen Combo and Worst Screenplay , becoming the first ever animated film in history to do so . 2018 -- Marvel Studios becomes the first ever film production studio in history to release 2 films that grossed over 1 billion dollars in box office , Black Panther and Avengers : Infinity War . Music ( edit ) A.R. Rahman , an Indian composer became the first ever from the sub-continent to have won double Oscars for his Original score and soundtrack in 2009 . 1990s , late 2000s and 2010s -- Popularity of house , electro house , dance , hip house music David Guetta , Britney Spears , Jennifer Lopez , Shakira , Lady Gaga , Nicki Minaj , Afrojack . 1990s -- 2010s -- Popularity of hip hop music such as 2Pac , Dr. Dre , Snoop Dogg , Notorious B.I.G. , Jay - Z , Eminem , 50 Cent , Drake , Lil ' Wayne , Kendrick Lamar , Nelly , Ludacris , Kanye West , & T.I. . Late 1990s , 2000s ( decade ) , and 2010s -- Increasing use of Autotune technology . 2000s ( decade ) -- Popularity of `` emo music '' such as The Used , Matchbook Romance , My Chemical Romance , Hawthorne Heights , and AFI . 2000s ( decade ) -- Popularity of `` pop - punk '' such as Blink 182 , Green Day , Sum 41 , Simple Plan , and New Found Glory . 2000s ( decade ) -- Rising popularity in underground genres of music such as Death Metal and Black Metal , some fusion genres emerging as a specific fusion such as Blackened Death Metal . 2000s and 2010s ( decade ) -- Rising popularity in Christian Hardcore such as Underoath , Norma Jean , The Chariot , August Burns Red , Zao , and As I Lay Dying . 2000s ( decade ) -- Popularity of Christina Aguilera , Jennifer Lopez , Shakira , Beyoncé , Britney Spears and Eminem . 2000s ( decade ) -- The early 21st century has had a profound impact on the condition of music distribution . Recent advents in digital computing & storage technology have fundamentally altered industry and marketing practices as well as players in heretofore unusual rapidity . 2000s ( decade ) and 2010s -- Popularity of reality star music such as Kelly Clarkson , Daughtry , Carrie Underwood , Susan Boyle , Adam Lambert and One Direction . 2000s ( decade ) and 2010s -- Popularity of Rihanna , Beyoncé , Lady Gaga , Katy Perry , Justin Bieber , Nicki Minaj , Bruno Mars , Adele , Taylor Swift , Selena Gomez and Ke $ ha . 2000s ( decade ) -- Politics become involved in music such as Green Day , John Mayer , Radiohead , Madonna , Beyoncé and many more . 2000s ( decade ) and 2010s -- Moderate success of indie and alternative music such as Kings Of Leon , Modest Mouse , The Script , Coldplay , Stereophonics , The Killers , Arctic Monkeys , The Strokes , Florence + The Machine and The Sunshine Underground 2000s ( decade ) and 2010s -- Popularity of pop country music such as Taylor Swift , Florida Georgia Line and Luke Bryan . 2000s and 2010s -- Return of British Invasion such as Lily Allen , Mika , Clean Bandit , Cher Lloyd , Amy Winehouse , Adele , Florence + The Machine , One Direction , Ed Sheeran and Ellie Goulding . 2000s and 2010s -- Rising popularity of Canadian artists such as Justin Bieber , Drake , Avril Lavigne , Carly Rae Jepsen , and Mac Demarco 2006 -- The Single `` Hips Do n't Lie '' by Colombian artist Shakira , became the most successful song of the decade worldwide . Holding up to date as the biggest gross Single of the Century . 2009 -- A.R. Rahman won Oscars for original score and original song in Danny Boyle 's Slumdog Millionaire , becoming the first Indian composer to strike gold at the annual Hollywood awards . He was also awarded with Golden Globe and two Grammys for the same composition . 2009 -- Death of Michael Jackson . 2010s -- Popularity of dubstep and various other electronic genres such as trap , chillwave , and deep house . Artists from such genres include Skrillex , Deadmau5 and Knife Party . 2010s -- Popularity of outrageous outfits Lady Gaga , Nicki Minaj , and Miley Cyrus . Early 2010s -- Return of boy bands and teen pop such as One Direction , Demi Lovato , Ariana Grande , Jonas Brothers , Fifth Harmony and Justin Bieber . 2010s -- Explosive popularity of K - pop with the release of Psy 's Gangnam Style and subsequent fame of bands such as BTS 2015 -- Death of Lemmy . 2016 -- Death of David Bowie , at the age of 69 . He died , on January 10 , two days after the release of his final album , Blackstar . Also , American Pop musician Prince dies at the age of 57 , from a fentanyl overdose . 2016 -- George Michael , English singer , former Wham ! member , died at his Oxfordshire home at the age of 53 , on Christmas Day . 2017 -- Luis Fonsi 's Despacito becomes the most - viewed video on YouTube , exceeding 5 billion views . Social networking ( edit ) 2000s ( decade ) -- Myspace , Facebook and YouTube starts emerge in the 2000s ( decade ) , with the very first social networks in the 1990s . 2010s -- Myspace fades , but Facebook and YouTube grows popular , and new sites such as Twitter , Pinterest , and Reddit emerge . Facebook replaces Digg as the most popular media sharing site and become more similar to Digg and Pinterest in function . 2010s -- Social networking moves from the desktop platform to the more mobile platform , especially with the younger generations , with applications such as Snapchat , Whisper , Foursquare , Instagram and WhatsApp . Facebook also purchased Instagram in July 2012 . 2010s -- Cross-platform social networking is becoming popular , some examples of these are Facebook and Telegram . 2010s -- Tinder changes the face of online dating as well as dating customs . Users have the ability to `` swipe '' other users that they are interested in or not interested in , and find connection by mutual liking . 2018 -- The Facebook -- Cambridge Analytica data scandal draws international attention to the possible negative effects of social media on influencing citizen 's views , particularly in regards to the 2016 United States presidential election . Issues and concerns ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There are several points - of - view pertaining to the following items , all of which should be considered accordingly . Issues that have been frequently discussed and debated so far in this century include : Global warming . Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic ( human - induced ) global warming . The resulting economic and ecological costs are hard to predict . Some scientists argue that human - induced global warming risks considerable losses in biodiversity and ecosystem services unless considerable sociopolitical changes are introduced , particularly in patterns of mass consumption and transportation . Global Peak Oil forecast . Virtually all economic sectors rely heavily on petroleum . Fossil fuels are becoming scarce and more expensive , due to the escalating demand for petroleum ( `` oil '' ) and oil - based products such as gasoline and kerosene , unmatched by production . Discovery of new oil fields has not been sufficient to sustain current levels of production , and some fear that the earth may be running out of economically viable oil , pressing for alternatives . As Agrofuel , one possible alternative , yields further hazards for the environment and endangers food security , debate is far from over . Electric cars such as the Nissan Leaf have been built to address the problem of peak oil . Globalization . Advances in telecommunications and transportation , the expansion of capitalism and democracy , and free trade agreements have resulted in unprecedented global economic and cultural integration . This has caused ( and is continuing to cause ) economic and cultural shifts which have been the subject of considerable controversy . Dhaka , Bangladesh in 2006 . Almost 97 % of future population growth will occur in developing countries . Overpopulation . The United Nations estimates that world population will reach 9.2 billion by mid-century . Such growth raises questions of ecological sustainability and creates many economic and political disruptions . In response , many countries have adopted policies which either force or encourage their citizens to have fewer children , and others have limited immigration . Considerable debate exists over what the ultimate carrying capacity of the planet may be ; whether or not population growth containment policies are necessary ; to what degree growth can safely occur thanks to increased economic and ecological efficiency ; and how distribution mechanisms should accommodate demographic shifts . Evidence suggests that developed countries ( such as Japan ) suffer population implosion , and the population debate is strongly tied with discussions about the distribution of wealth . Poverty . Poverty remains the root cause of many of the world 's other ills , including famine , disease , and insufficient education . Poverty contains many self - reinforcing elements ( for instance , poverty can make education an unaffordable luxury , which tends to result in continuing poverty ) that various aid groups hope to rectify in this century . Microcredit lending has also started to gain a profile as a useful anti-poverty tool . Disease . AIDS , tuberculosis and malaria each kill over a million people annually . HIV remains without a cure or vaccine , and is growing rapidly in India and much of the African continent . Antibiotic resistance is a growing concern for organisms such as tuberculosis . Other diseases , such as SARS , ebola , and flu variations , are also causes for concern . The World Health Organization has warned of a possible coming flu pandemic resulting from bird flu mutations . In 2009 , there was an outbreak of swine flu whose country of origin is still unknown . War and terrorism . Active conflicts continue around the world , including civil wars in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( the largest war since World War II ) , Chechnya , Côte d'Ivoire , Somalia , Senegal , Colombia , Sudan ( mainly in Darfur ) , Libya , and Syria . The 9 / 11 terrorist attacks triggered invasions of Afghanistan and partially and controversially Iraq . The War on Terrorism has seen controversies over civil liberties , accusations of torture , continued terrorist attacks and ongoing instability , violence , and military occupation . Violence continues in the Arab -- Israeli conflict . Considerable concern remains about nuclear proliferation , especially in Iran and North Korea , and the availability of weapons of mass destruction to rogue groups . Power in international relations . Issues surrounding the cultural , economic , and military dominance of the United States and its role in the world community have become even more pointed given its recent military activities , problematic relations with the United Nations , disagreement over several international treaties , and its economic policies with regard to globalization . Integration of the European Union and the African Union have proceeded . The world map with EU / NATO countries in blue and Russia in red . Intellectual property . The increasing popularity of digital formats for entertainment media such as movies and music , and the ease of copying and distributing it via the Internet and peer - to - peer networks , has raised concerns in the media industry about copyright infringement . Much debate is proceeding about the proper bounds between protection of copyright , trademark and patent rights versus fair use and the public domain , where some argue that such laws have shifted greatly towards intellectual property owners and away from the interests of the general public in recent years , while others say that such legal change is needed to deal with a perceived threat of new technologies against the rights of authors and artists ( or , as others put it , against the outmoded business models of the current entertainment industry ) . Domain name `` cybersquatting '' and access to patented drugs and generics to combat epidemics in third - world countries are other IP concerns . Technology developments show no sign of slowing . Communications and control technology continues to augment the intelligence of individual humans , collections of humans , and machines . Cultures are forced into the position of sharply defining humanity and determining boundaries on desire , thought , communication , behavior , and manufacturing . Some , notably Ray Kurzweil , have predicted that by the middle of the century there will be a technological singularity if artificial intelligence that outsmart humans is created . In addition , some economists have expressed concerns over technological unemployment . LGBT rights are a major political issue in many places , with same sex marriage being legalized in several jurisdictions during the first two decades of the century , but outlawed by constitutional amendment in other places . Meanwhile , some countries such as Uganda and Russia moved to toughen their laws against any sort of homosexual behavior or expression . Political battles over pro - or anti-gay legislation provoked much activism in the streets and on the Internet . NATO -- Russia relations seem to remain strained as the `` Western Alliance '' and NATO square off with Russia and other nations over international policy and the future of the ex-Soviet sphere . An Eastern Europe Missile Defense Shield , military and social conflicts in former Yugoslavia and the Caucasus ( particularly Georgia and Chechnya ) , fossil fuel infrastructures like the Nabucco pipeline and the future of nuclear arsenals are among the topics that have strained the relations between the two sides with eerie reminders reminiscent of the Cold War . Water crisis . As the human population increases , so has the demand for water . Desalination has been used more and more to address this issue . War on Drugs . Increasingly , the legal , social and military battle led by governments against drug cartels around the world show little results in ending drug trading and consumption , and a constant increase in the lives taken from this struggle . Notably , after 2006 in the Mexican Drug War , more than 100,000 human lives have been lost to this conflict . Some jurisdictions have enacted some degree of legalization or decriminalization of some kinds of drugs , notably including several U.S. states legalizing marijuana either for recreational or medical use . The United Nations lists global issues on its agenda and lists a set of Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) to attempt to address some of these issues . Astronomical events ( edit ) List of the long central solar eclipses ( edit ) Solar eclipse of July 22 , 2009 , total of 6 min 38.8 s , saros 136 . Solar eclipse of January 15 , 2010 , annular of 11 min 08 s , saros 141 . The longest of the century , and also of the entire millennium . Solar eclipse of August 2 , 2027 , total of 6 min 23 s , saros 136 . Solar eclipse of January 26 , 2028 , annular of 10 min 27 s , saros 141 . Solar eclipse of August 12 , 2045 , total of 6 min 06 s , saros 136 . Solar eclipse of February 5 , 2046 , annular of 9 min 42 s , saros 141 . Solar eclipse of August 24 , 2063 , of 5 min 49 s , saros 136 . Solar eclipse of February 17 , 2064 , annular of 8 min 56 s , saros 141 . Solar eclipse of May 11 , 2078 , total of 5 min 40 s , saros 139 . Solar eclipse of November 4 , 2078 , annular of 8 min 29 s , saros 144 . Solar eclipse of May 22 , 2096 , total of 6 min 07 s , saros 139 . Solar eclipse of November 15 , 2096 , annular of 8 min 53 s , saros 144 . Other phenomena ( edit ) 2004 : Transit of Venus . December 23 , 2007 : grand conjunction , a galactic conjunction which happens every 26,000 years . 2009 : Triple conjunction Jupiter -- Neptune . 2012 : Transit of Venus . November 11 , 2019 : Transit of Mercury . Friday , April 13 , 2029 : The asteroid 99942 Apophis ( previously better known by its provisional designation 2004 MN ) will pass within 30,000 km ( 18,600 mi ) of the Earth . July 2061 : Next return of Halley 's Comet . 2063 : Triple conjunction Mars - Uranus . November 11 , 2065 : Transit of Mercury . November 22 , 2065 : At 12 : 45 UTC , Venus will occult Jupiter . This event will be the first occultation of a planet by another since January 3 , 1818 . This event will be very difficult to observe from Earth 's surface , because the elongation of Venus and Jupiter from the Sun on that date will be only 7 degrees . 2066 : Triple conjunction Jupiter - Uranus . July 15 , 2067 : At 11 : 56 UTC , Mercury will occult Neptune . This rare event will be very difficult to observe from Earth 's surface , because of the constant low elongation of Mercury from the Sun , and the magnitude of Neptune always under the limit of visibility with the naked eye . Friday , November 10 , 2084 : Transit of Earth as seen from Mars , the first and the only one in this century . November 7 , 2085 : Transit of Mercury . 2100 : Polaris appears furthest north . Polaris ' maximum apparent declination ( taking account of nutation and aberration ) will be 0.4526 ° from the celestial north pole , on March 24 , 2100 . See also ( edit ) 21st century in fiction Timelines of modern history Contemporary art References ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2006 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ `` When is the beginning of the new millennium ? Some say it is January 1 , 2000 and others January 1 , 2001 ? Who is correct ? '' . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Majority of Americans distrust the government '' . Reuters. April 19 , 2010 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ David A. Lake . `` Rational Extremism : Understanding Terrorism in the Twenty - first Century '' ( PDF ) . quote.ucsd.edu . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` Document Shows BP Estimates Spill up to 100,000 Bpd '' . ABC News . June 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Seafloor Exit '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 21st century 's 100 greatest films '' . BBC . August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Years of Metacritic : The Best Movies of the Decade '' . Metacritic . December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 21st Century ( Full List ) '' . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tafoya , Scout ( 1 December 2015 ) . `` The Unloved , Part 24 : `` Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows '' `` . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change '' . Science . 306 : 1686 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1103618 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What the World Would Look Like if All the Ice Melted '' . September 1 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World population projected to reach 7 billion in 2011 Archived April 2 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . CNN . August 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jean Meeus , Mathematical Astronomy Morsels Ch. 50 ; Willmann - Bell 1997 . Notes ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 21st century . Reuters -- The State of the World The story of the 21st century Long Bets Foundation to promote long - term thinking Long Now Long - term cultural institution Scientific American Magazine ( September 2005 Issue ) The Climax of Humanity MapReport 21st Century Event World Map Millennia Centuries Decades Years Decades and years 21st century 19th century ← 20th century ← ↔ → 22nd century → 23rd century 1990s 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030s 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040s 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050s 2050 2051 2052 2053 2054 2055 2056 2057 2058 2059 2060s 2060 2061 2062 2063 2064 2065 2066 2067 2068 2069 2070s 2070 2071 2072 2073 2074 2075 2076 2077 2078 2079 2080s 2080 2081 2082 2083 2084 2085 2086 2087 2088 2089 2090s 2090 2091 2092 2093 2094 2095 2096 2097 2098 2099 2100s 2100 2101 2102 2103 2104 2105 2106 2107 2108 2109 Centuries and millennia Millennium Century BC ( BCE ) 4th 40th 39th 38th 37th 36th 35th 34th 33rd 32nd 31st 3rd 30th 29th 28th 27th 26th 25th 24th 23rd 22nd 21st 2nd 20th 19th 18th 17th 16th 15th 14th 13th 12th 11th 1st 10th 9th 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st AD ( CE ) 1st 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 2nd 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 3rd 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=21st_century&oldid=856513487 '' Categories : 21st century 3rd millennium Centuries Contemporary history Modern history Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing cleanup from January 2014 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from January 2014 Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use mdy dates from October 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles needing additional references from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2008 Articles needing additional references from November 2006 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Перем Коми Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 139 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 19 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when does the 21th century start and end
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Passive transport
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Passive transport - wikipedia Passive transport This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Passive diffusion across a cell membrane . Passive transport is a movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input . Unlike active transport , it does not require an input of cellular energy because it is instead driven by the tendency of the system to grow in entropy . The rate of passive transport depends on the permeability of the cell membrane , which , in turn , depends on the organization and characteristics of the membrane lipids and proteins . The four main kinds of passive transport are simple diffusion , facilitated diffusion , filtration , and / or osmosis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Diffusion 2 Facilitated diffusion 3 Filtration 4 Osmosis 5 See also 6 References Diffusion ( edit ) Main article : Diffusion Passive diffusion on a cell membrane . Diffusion is the net movement of material from an area of high concentration to an area with lower concentration . The difference of concentration between the two areas is often termed as the concentration gradient , and diffusion will continue until this gradient has been eliminated . Since diffusion moves materials from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration , it is described as moving solutes `` down the concentration gradient '' ( compared with active transport , which often moves material from area of low concentration to area of higher concentration , and therefore referred to as moving the material `` against the concentration gradient '' ) . However , in many cases ( e.g. passive drug transport ) the driving force of passive transport can not be simplified to the concentration gradient . If there are different solutions at the two sides of the membrane with different equilibrium solubility of the drug , the difference in degree of saturation is the driving force of passive membrane transport . It is also true for supersaturated solutions which are more and more important owing to the spreading of the application of amorphous solid dispersions for drug bioavailability enhancement . Simple diffusion and osmosis are in some ways similar . Simple diffusion is the passive movement of solute from a high concentration to a lower concentration until the concentration of the solute is uniform throughout and reaches equilibrium . Osmosis is much like simple diffusion but it specifically describes the movement of water ( not the solute ) across a selectively permeable membrane until there is an equal concentration of water and solute on both sides of the membrane . Simple diffusion and osmosis are both forms of passive transport and require none of the cell 's ATP energy . Facilitated diffusion ( edit ) Main article : Facilitated diffusion Depiction of facilitated diffusion . Facilitated diffusion , also called carrier - mediated osmosis , is the movement of molecules across the cell membrane via special transport proteins that are embheir plasma membrane by actively taking up or excluding ions . Active transport of protons by H ATPases alters membrane potential allowing for facilitated passive transport of particular ions such as Potassium down their charge gradient through high affinity transporters and channels . Filtration ( edit ) Main articles : Filtration and Ultrafiltration ( renal ) Filtration . Filtration is movement of water and solute molecules across the cell membrane due to hydrostatic pressure generated by the cardiovascular system . Depending on the size of the membrane pores , only solutes of a certain size may pass through it . For example , the membrane pores of the Bowman 's capsule in the kidneys are very small , and only albumins , the smallest of the proteins , have any chance of being filtered through . On the other hand , the membrane pores of liver cells are extremely large , but not forgetting cells are extremely small to allow a variety of solutes to pass through and be metabolized . Osmosis ( edit ) Main articles : Osmosis and Tonicity Effect of osmosis on blood cells under different solutions . Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane . The net movement of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a solution of high water potential to an area of low water potential . A cell with a less negative water potential will draw in water but this depends on other factors as well such as solute potential ( pressure in the cell e.g. solute molecules ) and pressure potential ( external pressure e.g. cell wall ) . There are three types of Osmosis solutions : the isotonic solution , hypotonic solution , and hypertonic solution . Isotonic solution is when the extracellular solute concentration is balanced with the concentration inside the cell . In the Isotonic solution , the water molecules still moves between the solutions , but the rates are the same from both directions , thus the water movement is balanced between the inside of the cell as well as the outside of the cell . A hypotonic solution is when the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than the concentration inside the cell . In hypotonic solutions , the water moves into the cell , down its concentration gradient ( from higher to lower water concentrations ) . That can cause the cell to swell . Cells that do n't have a cell wall , such as animal cells , could burst in this solution . A hypertonic solution is when the solute concentration is higher ( think of hyper - as high ) than the concentration inside the cell . In hypertonic solution , the water will move out , causing the cell to shrink . See also ( edit ) Active transport Transport phenomena References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Borbas , E. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Investigation and Mathematical Description of the Real Driving Force of Passive Transport of Drug Molecules from Supersaturated Solutions '' . Molecular Pharmaceutics. 13 : 3816 -- 3826 . doi : 10.1021 / acs. molpharmaceut. 6b00613 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Palmgren , Michael G. ( 2001 - 01 - 01 ) . `` PLANT PLASMA MEMBRANE H+ - ATPases : Powerhouses for Nutrient Uptake '' . Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology . 52 ( 1 ) : 817 -- 845 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. arplant. 52.1. 817 . PMID 11337417 . Jump up ^ Dreyer , Ingo ; Uozumi , Nobuyuki ( 2011 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Potassium channels in plant cells '' . FEBS Journal . 278 ( 22 ) : 4293 -- 4303 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1742 - 4658.2011. 08371. x . ISSN 1742 - 4658 . Alcamo , I. Edward ( 1997 ) . `` Chapter 2 -- 5 : Passive transport '' . Biology coloring workbook . Illustrations by John Bergdahl . New York : Random House . pp. 24 -- 25 . ISBN 9780679778844 . Sadava , David ; H. Craig Heller ; Gordon H. Orians ; William K. Purves ; David M. Hillis ( 2007 ) . `` What are the passive processes of membrane transport ? '' . Life : the science of biology ( 8th ed . ) . Sunderland , MA : Sinauer Associates . pp. 105 -- 110 . ISBN 9780716776710 . Srivastava , P.K. ( 2005 ) . Elementary biophysics : an introduction . Harrow : Alpha Science Internat . pp. 140 -- 148 . ISBN 9781842651933 . hide Membrane transport Mechanisms for chemical transport through biological membranes Passive transport Simple diffusion ( or non-mediated transport ) Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Channels Carriers Active transport Uniporter Symporter Antiporter Primary active transport Secondary active transport Cytosis Endocytosis Efferocytosis Non-specific , adsorptive pinocytosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Potocytosis Receptor - mediated endocytosis Transcytosis Exocytosis Degranulation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passive_transport&oldid=838421834 '' Categories : Transport phenomena Cellular processes Membrane biology Physiology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2016 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 22 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the role of the cell membrane in passive transport
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Who's on First?
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Who 's on first ? - Wikipedia Who 's on first ? Jump to : navigation , search For the Blackford Oakes novel , see Who 's on First ( novel ) . Abbott and Costello performing `` Who 's on First ? '' `` Who 's on First ? '' is a comedy routine made famous by Abbott and Costello . The premise of the sketch is that Abbott is identifying the players on a baseball team for Costello , but their names and nicknames can be interpreted as non-responsive answers to Costello 's questions . For example , the first baseman is named `` Who '' ; thus , the utterance `` Who 's on first '' is ambiguous between the question ( `` Which person is the first baseman ? '' ) and the answer ( `` The name of the first baseman is ' Who ' '' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Sketch 3 Writing credit 4 Notable performances and derivatives 5 Real - life parallels 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) `` Who 's on First ? '' is descended from turn - of - the - century burlesque sketches that used plays on words and names . Examples are `` The Baker Scene '' ( the shop is located on Watt Street ) and `` Who Dyed '' ( the owner is named `` Who '' ) . In the 1930 movie Cracked Nuts , comedians Bert Wheeler and Robert Woolsey examine a map of a mythical kingdom with dialogue like this : `` What is next to Which . '' `` What is the name of the town next to Which ? '' `` Yes . '' In British music halls , comedian Will Hay performed a routine in the early 1930s ( and possibly earlier ) as a schoolmaster interviewing a schoolboy named Howe who came from Ware but now lives in Wye . By the early 1930s , a `` Baseball Routine '' had become a standard bit for burlesque comics across the United States . Abbott 's wife recalled him performing the routine with another comedian before teaming with Costello . Bud Abbott stated that it was taken from an older routine called `` Who 's The Boss ? '' , a performance of which can be heard in an episode of the radio comedy program It Pays to Be Ignorant from the 1940s . After they formally teamed up in burlesque in 1936 , he and Costello continued to hone the sketch . It was a big hit in 1937 , when they performed the routine in a touring vaudeville revue called `` Hollywood Bandwagon '' . In February 1938 , Abbott and Costello joined the cast of The Kate Smith Hour radio program , and the sketch was first performed for a national radio audience that March . The routine may have been further polished before this broadcast by burlesque producer John Grant , who became the team 's writer , and Will Glickman , a staff writer on the radio show . Glickman may have added the nicknames of then - contemporary baseball players like Dizzy and Daffy Dean to set up the routine 's premise . This version , with extensive wordplay based on the fact that most of the fictional baseball team 's players had `` strange nicknames '' that seemed to be questions , became known as `` Who 's on First ? '' Some versions continue with references to Enos Slaughter , which Costello misunderstands as `` He knows '' Slaughter . By 1944 , Abbott and Costello had the routine copyrighted . Abbott and Costello performed `` Who 's on First ? '' numerous times in their careers , rarely performing it exactly the same way twice . They did the routine for President Franklin Roosevelt several times . An abridged version was featured in the team 's 1940 film debut , One Night in the Tropics . The duo reprised the bit in their 1945 film The Naughty Nineties , and it is that longer version which is considered their finest recorded rendition . They also performed `` Who 's on First ? '' numerous times on radio and television ( notably in The Abbott and Costello Show episode `` The Actor 's Home '' , widely considered the definitive version ) . In 1956 , a gold record of `` Who 's on First ? '' was placed in the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown , New York . A video ( taken from The Naughty Nineties ) now plays continuously on screens at the Hall . In the 1970s , Selchow and Righter published a `` Who 's on First ? '' board game . In 1999 , Time named the routine Best Comedy Sketch of the 20th century . An early radio recording was placed in the Library of Congress 's National Recording Registry in 2003 . In 2005 , the line `` Who 's on First ? '' was included on the American Film Institute 's list of 100 memorable movie quotations . Sketch ( edit ) The names given in the routine for the players at each position are : Position Player First base Who Second base What Third base I Do n't Know Left field Why Center field Because Pitcher Tomorrow Catcher Today Shortstop I Do n't Give a Darn or I Do n't Care The name of the shortstop is not given until the very end of the routine , and the right fielder is never identified . In the Selchow and Righter board game , the right fielder 's name is `` Nobody '' . At one point in the routine , Costello thinks that the first baseman is named Naturally : Abbott : You throw the ball to first base . Costello : Then who gets it ? Abbott : Naturally . Costello : Naturally . Abbott : Now you 've got it . Costello : I throw the ball to Naturally . Abbott : You do n't ! You throw it to Who ! Costello : Naturally . Abbott : Well , that 's it -- say it that way . Costello : That 's what I said . Abbott : You did not . Costello : I said I throw the ball to Naturally . Abbott : You do n't ! You throw it to Who ! Costello : Naturally . Abbott 's explanations leave Costello hopelessly confused and infuriated , until the end of the routine when Costello finally appears to catch on . Costello : Now I throw the ball to first base , whoever it is drops the ball , so the guy runs to second . Who picks up the ball and throws it to What . What throws it to I Do n't Know . I Do n't Know throws it back to Tomorrow -- a triple play . Abbott : Yeah , it could be . Costello : Another guy gets up and it 's a long fly ball to Because . Why ? I do n't know . He 's on third , and I do n't give a darn ! Abbott : What was that ? Costello : I said , I DON 'T GIVE A DARN ! Abbott : Oh , that 's our shortstop ! That is the most commonly heard ending . `` I Do n't Care '' and `` I Do n't Give a Damn '' have also turned up on occasion , depending on the perceived sensibilities of the audience . The skit was usually performed on the team 's radio series at the start of the baseball season . In one instance it serves as a climax for a broadcast which begins with Costello receiving a telegram from Joe DiMaggio asking Costello to take over for him due to his injury . ( In this case , the unidentified right fielder would have been Costello himself . While Joe DiMaggio was best known as a center fielder , when Abbott and Costello honed the sketch in 1936 - 7 , Joe DiMaggio had played a number of games at right field ( 20 in 1936 ) . ) Writing credit ( edit ) Numerous people over the years have claimed credit for writing the sketch , but such claims typically lack reasonable corroboration . For example , in a 1993 obituary of comedy sketch writer Michael J. Musto , it stated that shortly after Abbott and Costello teamed up , they paid Musto $15 to write the script . Furthermore , several 1996 obituaries of songwriter Irving Gordon mention that he had written the sketch . Notable performances and derivatives ( edit ) The sketch has been reprised , updated , alluded to , and parodied innumerable times over the decades in all forms of media . Some notable examples include : The comedy troupe The Credibility Gap did a rock group variation on this routine involving a promoter , played by Harry Shearer , and a newspaper advertising salesman , played by David L. Lander , confusing the night 's acts as proper nouns . The acts were The Who , The Guess Who and Yes . Johnny Carson did a variation of the routine involving the then president Ronald Reagan preparing for a press briefing . In the 1988 film Rain Man , one of the film 's main characters played by actor Dustin Hoffman begins to nervously repeat the skit when his brother Charlie , played by actor Tom Cruise makes him anxious by meddling with his personal effects . Eugene Levy and Tony Rosato performed a variation on this theme on the TV series SCTV , with the rock groups The Band , The Who , and Yes . The final punchline changed to `` This is for the birds ( The Byrds ) ! '' `` Ah , they broke up long ago ! '' In an episode of Animaniacs , Slappy and Skippy Squirrel attend the 1969 Woodstock Festival , where they pay homage to the routine . Similar to the SCTV version , Slappy confuses The Who , The Band , and Yes for proper nouns . In an episode of The Simpsons , Superintendent Chalmers and Principal Skinner attempt to perform the routine , but Chalmers gives up after Skinner says his first line : `` Not the pronoun , but rather a player with the unlikely name of ' Who ' is on first . '' In 2002 playwright Jim Sherman wrote a variation called `` Hu 's on First '' featuring George W. Bush being confused when Condoleezza Rice tells him that the new leader of China is named Hu , pronounced similarly to the word `` Who '' . Bush also misunderstands Rice 's references to Yassir Arafat ( `` yes , sir '' ) and Kofi Annan ( `` coffee '' ) . The biography of Lou Costello written by his daughter Chris is titled Lou 's on First . Comedy duo Slovin & Allen performed a version of the routine updated to substitute the actual names of the mid-1990s NY Yankees for `` who '' , `` what '' , etc . The video game Keep Talking and Nobody Explodes contains a puzzle based on and named after Who 's on First , where the two players must communicate verbally to describe the contents and layout of a screen , using words and homophones of words a person would normally use in that situation . A variant of unknown origin , called `` Abbot and Costello do Hebrew , '' is popular in the Jewish American community . Its humor draws from the homophonic similarity of a number of words in English -- who , he , me , ma ( mother ) , and dog are homophones of the hebrew words for he , she , who , what , and fish respectively. ( 1 ) The skit is an easter egg on the Google Assistant and Siri . When asking `` OK Google , Who 's on first ? '' she will reply with `` Yes , he is . '' or `` Exactly . '' When asking Siri , she says `` Correct . Who is on first . '' Real - life parallels ( edit ) On October 3 , 1920 , Allie Watt played one game at second base for the Washington Senators so that , for a brief time , ' What 's on second ' . In September 2007 , Los Angeles Dodgers shortstop Chin - Lung Hu , a late - season callup from Albuquerque , got his first major league hit against the Arizona Diamondbacks ; upon stopping at first base , Dodgers announcer Vin Scully proclaimed `` Shades of Abbott and Costello , I can finally say Hu is on first base '' . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Propositional attitude Four Candles , a sketch from the British sketch comedy program The Two Ronnies with a similar premise involving misinterpreted phrases . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ On the recording , one can hear muffled laughter in the background coming from the film crew , who are trying , but failing , not to crack up during the taping . After several takes , director Jean Yarbrough decided that it was a hopeless task to get them to stop laughing , so on the last take he left the laughter in . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Furmanek , Bob ; Palumbo , Ron ( 1991 ) . Abbott and Costello in Hollywood . New York : Perigee . ISBN 0 - 399 - 51605 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` What did the baggy pants - leg say to the other ? '' . It Pays To Be Ignorant . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 -- via Archive.org . Jump up ^ This claim is made by Glickman 's son . Glickman 's obituary in Variety ( March 23 , 1983 ) does not list the sketch among his credits . Jump up ^ `` Best of the Century '' . Time . December 26 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Abbott & Costello Fan Club . Retrieved Sep 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Abbott and Costello - Whos On First Original 30 Min Live '' ( Radio ) . Abbot & Costello. Old Time Radio ( OTR ) . # 94 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` Joe DiMaggio '' . Baseball Reference . Statistics and History . Jump up ^ Neill , Brian ( November 1 , 1993 ) . `` Michael Musto , 76 , writer , filmmaker Series '' . Obituaries . St. Petersburg Times . p. 5B -- via ProQuest . Jump up ^ `` Irving Gordon '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Myrna ( December 3 , 1996 ) . `` Irving Gordon : Composer of ' Unforgettable ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( November 10 , 1999 ) . `` Sketch Artists '' . LA Weekly . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Carson as Reagan , a `` Who 's On First '' spoof `` . YouTube . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0095953/quotes Jump up ^ `` SCTV : Midnight Express Special : Cast , Reviews , Summary , and Awards '' . Allmovie.com . September 8 , 2011 . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ragamuffins / Woodstock Slappy '' . Animaniacs . Episode 59 . March 1 , 1994 . Jump up ^ Mendoza , N.F. ( August 14 , 1994 ) . `` Shows for Youngsters and Their Parents Too : ' Animaniacs ' Get on the Peace Train ; Disney 's ' Red ' Gets a Court Trial '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marge Simpson in ' Screaming Yellow Honkers ' ( 1999 ) : Quotes '' . IMDb.com . Jump up ^ `` Hey George , Hu is the new leader of China '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Costello , Chris ( 1982 ) . Lou 's on First . St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 0312499140 . Jump up ^ `` Google Assistant 101 : 70 Easter Eggs & Interesting Voice Commands '' . WonderHowTo . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Siri - isms : Who 's on first ? '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Allie Watt Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Jump up ^ Golda , Gregory J. `` Who 's on First '' . Integrative Arts 10 : The Popular Arts . Pennsylvania State University . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monstovich , B.J. `` Hu 's on 1B ! '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 -- via YouTube . External links ( edit ) `` Who 's on First ? '' by Abbott and Costello - on Baseball Almanac - accessed 2008 - 08 - 28 Who 's on First ? at BoardGameGeek An Abbott and Costello FAQ which mentions the game ( hide ) Abbott and Costello Bud Abbott Lou Costello Films One Night in the Tropics Buck Privates In the Navy Hold That Ghost Keep ' Em Flying Ride ' Em Cowboy Rio Rita Pardon My Sarong Who Done It ? It Ai n't Hay Hit the Ice In Society Lost in a Harem Here Come the Co-Eds The Naughty Nineties Abbott and Costello in Hollywood Little Giant The Time of Their Lives Buck Privates Come Home The Wistful Widow of Wagon Gap The Noose Hangs High Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein Mexican Hayride Africa Screams Abbott and Costello Meet the Killer , Boris Karloff Abbott and Costello in the Foreign Legion Abbott and Costello Meet the Invisible Man Comin ' Round the Mountain Jack and the Beanstalk Lost in Alaska Abbott and Costello Meet Captain Kidd Abbott and Costello Go to Mars Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Abbott and Costello Meet the Keystone Kops Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy Dance with Me , Henry The 30 Foot Bride of Candy Rock ( Costello only ) The World of Abbott and Costello Shorts 10,000 Kids and a Cop Television The Abbott and Costello Show ( List of episodes ) The Abbott and Costello Cartoon Show ( Abbott only ) Bits Who 's on First ? Key personnel John Grant Arthur Lubin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who%27s_on_First%3F&oldid=818023808 '' Categories : Baseball culture Comedy sketches English phrases Quotations from film and television Sports in fiction United States National Recording Registry recordings Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2015 Use mdy dates from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Norsk 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 01 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when was who's on first broadcast on radio
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Sinoatrial node
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Sinoatrial node - wikipedia Sinoatrial node Jump to : navigation , search Sinoatrial node Figure 1 shows the conduction system of the heart . The SA node is labelled 1 . Details System Electrical conduction system of the heart Artery Sinoatrial nodal artery Identifiers Latin nodus sinuatrialis Acronym ( s ) SA node MeSH A07. 541.409. 819 Dorlands / Elsevier 12577255 TA A12. 1.06. 003 FMA 9477 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The sinoatrial node ( SA node ) , also known as sinus node , is a group of cells located in the wall of the right atrium of the heart . These cells have the ability to spontaneously produce an electrical impulse ( action potential ; see below for more details ) , that travels through the heart via the electrical conduction system ( see figure 1 ) causing it to contract . In a healthy heart , the SA node continuously produces action potential , setting the rhythm of the heart and so is known as the heart 's natural pacemaker . The rate of action potential production ( and therefore the heart rate ) is influenced by nerves that supply it . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Location 1.2 Microanatomy 1.3 Blood supply 1.4 Venous drainage 2 Function 2.1 Pacemaking 3 Nerve supply 4 Clinical significance 5 History 6 Additional images 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) The sinoatrial node is a banana - shaped structure that varies in size , usually between 10 - 30 millimeters ( mm ) long , 5 -- 7 mm wide , and 1 -- 2 mm deep . Location ( edit ) The SA node is located in the wall ( myocardium ) of the right atrium , laterally to the entrance of the superior vena cava in a region called the sinus venarum ( hence sino - + atrial ) . It is positioned roughly between a groove called the crista terminalis located on the internal surface of the heart and the corresponding sulcus terminalis , on the external surface . These grooves run between the entrance of the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava Microanatomy ( edit ) Figure 2 : Low magnification stained image of the SA node ( center - right on image ) and its surrounding tissue . The SA node surrounds the sinoatrial nodal artery , seen as the open lumen . Cardiac muscle cells of the right atrium can be seen to the left of the node , and fat tissue to the right . The cells of the SA node are spread out within a mesh of connective tissue , containing nerves , blood vessels , collagen and fat . Immediately surrounding the SA node cells , are paranodal cells . These cells have structures intermediate between that of the SA node cells and the rest of the atrium . The connective tissue , along with the paranodal cells insulate the SA node from the rest of the atrium , preventing the electrical activity of the atrial cells from affecting the SA node cells . The SA node cells are smaller and paler than the surrounding atrial cells , with the average cell being around 8 micrometers in diameter and 20 - 30 micrometers in length ( 1 micrometer = 0.000001 meter ) . Unlike the atrial cells , SA node cells contain fewer mitochondria ( the power plant of the cell ) , have fewer myofibers ( contractile machinery of the cell ) and a smaller sarcoplasmic reticulum ( calcium store unit , that releases calcium for contraction ) . This means that the SA node cells are less equipped to contract , compared to the atrial and ventricular cells . Action potentials pass from one cardiac cell , to the next through pores known as gap junctions . These gap junctions are made of proteins called connexins . There are fewer gap junctions within the SA node and they are smaller in size . This is again important in insulating the SA node from the surrounding atrial cells . Blood supply ( edit ) The sinoatrial node receives its blood supply from the sinoatrial nodal artery . This blood supply , however , can differ hugely between individuals . For example , in most humans , this is a single artery , although in some cases there have been either 2 or 3 sinoatrial node arteries supplying the SA node . Also , the SA node artery , mainly originates as a branch of the right coronary artery , however in some individuals , it has arisen from the circumflex artery , which is a branch of the left coronary artery . Finally , the SA node artery commonly passes behind the superior vena cava , before reaching the SA node , however in some instances it passes in front . Despite these many differences , there does n't appear to be any advantage how many sinoatrial nodal arteries an individual has , or where they originate from Venous drainage ( edit ) There are no large veins that drain blood away from the SA node . Instead smaller venules , drain the blood directly into the right atrium . Function ( edit ) Pacemaking ( edit ) See also : Cardiac pacemaker The main role of a sinoatrial node cell is to initiate action potentials , so that it can pass throughout the heart and cause contraction . An action potential is a change in voltage ( membrane potential ) across the membrane of the cell , produced by the movement of charged atoms ( ions ) . Non-pacemaker cells ( including the ventricular and atrial cells ) have a period , immediately after an action potential , where the membrane potential remains relatively constant ; this is known as a resting membrane potential . This resting phase ( see cardiac action potential , phase 4 ) ends when another action potential reaches the cell . This produces a positive change in membrane potential ( known as depolarisation ) , which initiates the start of the next action potential . Pacemaker cells , however , do n't have this resting phase . Instead , immediately after one action potential , the membrane potential of these cells begins to depolarise again automatically , this is known as the pacemaker potential . Once the pacemaker potential reaches a set value , known as the threshold value , it then produces an action potential . Other cells within the heart ( including the purkinje fibers and atrioventricular node ; AVN ) can also initiate action potentials ; however , they do so at a slower rate and therefore , if the SA node is working , it usually beats the AVN to it . Outlined below are the 3 phases of a sinoatrial node action potential . In the ventricular action potential , there are 5 phases ( labelled 0 - 4 ) , however pacemaker action potentials do n't have an obvious phase 1 or 2 . Phase 4 Figure 3 : Sinoatrial node action potential waveform , outlining major ion currents involved ( downward deflection indicates ions moving into the cell , upwards deflection indicates ions flowing out of the cell ) . This phase is also known as the pacemaker potential . Immediately following an action potential , when the membrane potential is very negative ( it is hyperpolarised ) the voltage slowly begins to increase . This is initially due to the closing of potassium channels , which reduces the flow of potassium ions ( I ) out of the cell ( see phase 3 , below ) . Alongside the deactivation of the potassium channels , channels known as hyperpolarisation - activated cyclic nucleotide -- gated ( HCN ) channels , are activated . Activation of these channels at very negative membrane potential is an unusual property for ion channels , therefore the flow of sodium ( Na ) and some potassium ( K ) through the activated HCN channel is referred to as a funny current ( I ) . This funny current causes the membrane potential of the cell to gradually increase , as the positive charge ( Na and K ) is flowing into the cell . Another mechanism involved in pacemaker potential is known as the calcium clock . Here , calcium is released spontaneously from the sarcoplasmic reticulum ( a calcium store ) into the cell , this is known as a spontaneous Ca spark . This in - crease in calcium within the cell then activates a sodium - calcium exchanger ( NCX ) , which removes one Ca from the cell , and exchanges it for 3 Na into the cell ( therefore removing a charge of + 2 from the cell , but allowing a charge of + 3 to enter the cell ) therefore in - creasing the membrane potential . The calcium is later pumped back into the cell via calcium channels located on the cell membrane and SR membrane . The increase in membrane potential produced by these mechanisms , activates T - type calcium channels and then L - type calcium channels ( which open very slowly ) . These channels allow a flow of calcium ions ( Ca ) into the cell , making the membrane potential more positive . Phase 0 This is the depolarisation phase . When the membrane potential reaches a threshold value ( around - 20 to - 50 mV ) , it begins to rapidly depolarise ( become more positive ) . This is mainly due to the flow of Ca through the L - type calcium channels , which are now fully open . During this stage the T - type calcium channels and HCN channels deactivate . Phase 3 This phase is the repolarisation phase . This occurs due to the inactivation of the L - type calcium channels ( preventing the movement of Ca into the cell ) , and the activation of potassium channels , which allows the flow of K out of the cell , making the membrane potential more negative . Nerve supply ( edit ) Heart rate depends on the rate at which the sinoatrial node produces action potentials . At rest , heart rate is between 60 and 100 beats per minute . This is a result of the activity of two sets of nerves , one acting to slow down action potential production ( these are parasympathetic nerves ) and the other acting to speed up action potential production ( sympathetic nerves ) . The sympathetic nerves begin in the thoracic region of the spinal cord ( in particular T1 - T4 ) . These nerves release a neurotransmitter called noradrenaline ( NA ) . This binds to a receptor on the SA node membrane , called a beta - 1adrenoceptor . Binding of NA to this receptor activates a G - protein ( in particular a G - Protein , S for stimulatory ) which initiates a series of reactions ( known as the cAMP pathway ) that results in the production of a molecule called cyclic adenosinemonophosphate ( cAMP ) . This cAMP binds to the HCN channel ( see above ) . Binding of cAMP to the HCN , increases the flow of Na and K into the cell , speeding up the pacemaker potential , so producing action potentials at a quicker rate , and increaing heart rate . An increase in heart rate is known as positive chronotropy . The parasympathetic nerves supplying the SA node ( in particular the Vagus nerves ) originate in the brain . These nerves release a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine ( ACh ) . ACh binds to a receptor called an M2 muscarinic receptor , located on the SA node membrane . Activation of this M2 receptor , then activates a protein called a G - protein ( in particular G protein , i for inhibitory ) . Activation of this G - protein , blocks the cAMP pathway , reducing its effects , therefore inhibiting sympathetic activity and slowing action potential production . As well as this , the G - protein also activates a potassium channel , which allows K to flow out of the cell , making the membrane potential more negative and slowing the pacemaker potential , therefore decreasing the rate of action potential production and therefore decreasing heart rate . A decrease in heart rate is known as negative chronotropy . The first cell to produce the action potential in the SA node is n't always the same , this is known as pacemaker shift . In certain species of animals , for example , in dogs , a superior shift ( i.e. the cell that produces the fastest action potential in the SA node is higher than previously ) usually produced an increased heart rate whereas an inferior shift ( i.e. the cell producing the fastest action potential within the SA node is further down than previously ) produced a decreased heart rate . Clinical significance ( edit ) Sinus node dysfunction describes an irregular heartbeat caused by faulty electrical signals of the heart . When the heart 's sinoatrial node is defective , the heart 's rhythms become abnormal -- typically too slow or exhibiting pauses in its function or a combination , and very rarely faster than normal . Blockage of the arterial blood supply to the SA node ( most commonly due to a myocardial infarction or progressive coronary artery disease ) can therefore cause ischaemia and cell death in the SA node . This can disrupt the electrical pacemaker function of the SA node , and can result in sick sinus syndrome . If the SA node does not function , or the impulse generated in the SA node is blocked before it travels down the electrical conduction system , a group of cells further down the heart will become its pacemaker . History ( edit ) The sinoatrial node was first discovered by a young medical student , Martin Flack , in the heart of a mole , whilst his mentor , Sir Arthur Keith , was on a bicycle ride with his wife . They made the discovery in a makeshift laboratory set up in a picturesque farmhouse in Kent , England , called Mann 's Place . Their discovery was published in 1907 . Additional images ( edit ) Heart ; conduction system ( SA node labeled 1 ) Schematic representation of the atrioventricular bundle See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Cardiac pacemaker Cardiology Heart block Sinus bradycardia Sinus tachycardia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ . Keith A , Flack M. The form and nature of the muscular connections between the pri - mary divisions of the vertebrate heart . J Anat Physiol 1907 ; 41 : 172 -- 189 . Jump up ^ MONFREDI , O. , DOBRZYNSKI , H. , MONDAL , T. , BOYETT , M.R. and MORRIS , G.M. ( 2010 ) ' The anatomy and physiology of the Sinoatrial Node - A contemporary review ' , Pacing and Clinical Electro - physiology , 33 ( 11 ) , pp. 1392 -- 1406 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 8159.2010. 02838. x . Jump up ^ Csepe , Thomas A. ; Zhao , Jichao ; Hansen , Brian J. ; Li , Ning ; Sul , Lidiya V. ; Lim , Praise ; Wang , Yufeng ; Simonetti , Orlando P. ; Kilic , Ahmet ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Human Sinoatrial Node Structure : 3D Microanatomy of Sinoatrial Conduction Pathways '' . Progress in biophysics and molecular biology . 120 ( 1 - 3 ) : 164 -- 178 . ISSN 0079 - 6107 . PMC 4808362 . PMID 26743207 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pbiomolbio. 2015.12. 011 . Jump up ^ Chandler , N. , Aslanidi , O. , Buckley , D. , Inada , S. , Birchall , S. , Atkinson , A. , Kirk , D. , Monfredi , O. , Molenaar , P. , Anderson , R. , Sharma , V. , Sigg , D. , Zhang , H. , Boyett , M. and Dobrzynski , H. ( 2011 ) ' Computer three - dimensional anatomical recon - struction of the human sinus node and a novel paranodal area ' , Anatomical record ( Hoboken , N.J. : 2007 ). , 294 ( 6 ) , pp. 970 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Elsevier , Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary , Elsevier . Jump up ^ MONFREDI , O. , DOBRZYNSKI , H. , MONDAL , T. , BOY - ETT , M.R. and MORRIS , G.M. ( 2010 ) ' The anatomy and physiology of the Sinoatrial Node - A con - temporary review ' , Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology , 33 ( 11 ) , pp. 1392 -- 1406 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 8159.2010. 02838. x . Jump up ^ MON - FREDI , O. , DOBRZYNSKI , H. , MONDAL , T. , BOYETT , M.R. and MORRIS , G.M. ( 2010 ) ' The anatomy and physiology of the Sinoatrial Node - A contemporary review ' , Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiol - ogy , 33 ( 11 ) , pp. 1392 -- 1406 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 8159.2010. 02838. x . Jump up ^ 6 . Chandler NJ , Greener ID , Tellez JO , Inada S , Musa H , Molenaar P , Difrancesco D , et al. Molecular architecture of the human sinus node : Insights into the function of the cardiac pacemaker . Circulation 2009 ; 119 : 1562 -- 1575 . Jump up ^ MONFREDI , O. , DOBRZYNSKI , H. , MONDAL , T. , BOYETT , M.R. and MOR - RIS , G.M. ( 2010 ) ' The anatomy and physiology of the Sinoatrial Node - A contemporary re-view ' , Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology , 33 ( 11 ) , pp. 1392 -- 1406 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 8159.2010. 02838. x . Jump up ^ Honjo , H. , Boyett , M.R. , Kodama , I. and Toyama , J. ( 1996 ) ' Correlation between electrical activity and the size of rabbit sino - atrial node cells ' , 496 ( Pt 3 ) . Jump up ^ Boyett , Honjo , H. and Kodama , I. ( 2000 ) ' The sinoatrial node , a heterogeneous pace - maker structure ' , Cardiovascular research. , 47 ( 4 ) , pp. 658 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Boyett , Honjo , H. and Kodama , I. ( 2000 ) ' The sinoatrial node , a heterogeneous pacemaker structure ' , Cardiovascular research. , 47 ( 4 ) , pp. 658 -- 87 . Jump up ^ MONFREDI , O. , DOBRZYNSKI , H. , MONDAL , T. , BOYETT , M.R. and MORRIS , G.M. ( 2010 ) ' The anatomy and physiology of the Sinoatrial Node - A contemporary review ' , Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology , 33 ( 11 ) , pp. 1392 -- 1406 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 8159.2010. 02838. x . Jump up ^ Vikse , J. , Henry , B.M. , Roy , J. , Ramakrishnan , P.K. , Hsieh , W.C. , Walocha , J.A. and Tomaszewski , K.A. ( 2016b ) ' Anatomical variations in the Sinoatrial Nodal artery : A Meta - Analysis and clinical con - siderations ' , 11 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Anderson , K.R. , Ho , S.Y. and Anderson , R.H. ( 1979 ) ' Location and vascular supply of sinus node in human heart ' , 41 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ MONFREDI , O. , DOBRZYNSKI , H. , MONDAL , T. , BOYETT , M.R. and MORRIS , G.M. ( 2010 ) ' The anatomy and physiology of the Sinoatrial Node - A contemporary review ' , Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology , 33 ( 11 ) , pp. 1392 -- 1406 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 8159.2010. 02838. x . Jump up ^ Tsien , R.W. ; Carpenter , D.O. ( 1978 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Ionic mechanisms of pacemaker activity in cardiac Purkinje fibers '' . Federation Proceedings . 37 ( 8 ) : 2127 -- 2131 . ISSN 0014 - 9446 . PMID 350631 . Jump up ^ Vassalle , M. ( 1977 ) . `` The relationship among cardiac pacemakers : Overdrive suppression '' . Circulation Research . 41 ( 3 ) : 269 -- 77 . PMID 330018 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. res. 41.3. 269 . Jump up ^ Irisawa H , Brown HF , Giles W. Cardiac pacemaking in the sinoatrial node . Physiol Rev 1993 ; 73 : 197 -- 227 . Jump up ^ DiFrancesco , D. ( 2010 ) ' The role of the funny current in pacemaker activi - ty ' , Circulation research. , 106 ( 3 ) , pp. 434 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Joung , B. , Chen , P. and Lin , S. ( 2011 ) ' The role of the calcium and the voltage clocks in sinoatrial node dysfunction ' , Yonsei medical journal. , 52 ( 2 ) , pp. 211 -- 9 Jump up ^ Verkerk , A. , Borren , van , Peters , R. , Broekhuis , E. , Lam , K. , Coronel , R. , Bakker , de , Tan , H. and Wilders , R. ( 2007 ) ' Single cells isolated from human sinoatrial node : Action potentials and numerical reconstruction of pacemaker current ' , Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society . IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society . Annual Conference. , 2007 , pp. 904 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Clark , R.B. , Mangoni , M.E. , Lueger , A. , Couette , B. , Nargeot , J. and Giles , W.R. ( 2004 ) ' A rapidly activating delayed rectifier K+ current reg - ulates pacemaker activity in adult mouse sinoatrial node cells ' , Article , 286 ( 5 ) , pp. 1757 -- 1766 . doi : 10.1152 / ajpheart. 00753.2003 . Jump up ^ Gordan , R. , Gwathmey , J.K. and Xie , L. - H. ( 2015 ) ' Autonomic and endocrine control of cardiovascular func - tion ' , 7 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Larsson , P.H. ( 2010 ) ' How is the heart rate regulated in the sinoatrial node ? Another piece to the puzzle ' , 136 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Osterried - er W. , Noma A. , Trautwein W. ( 1980 ) On the kinetics of the potassium current activated by acetylcholine in the SA node of the rabbit heart . Pflügers Arch. 386 : 101 -- 109 . Jump up ^ MONFREDI , O. , DOBRZYNSKI , H. , MONDAL , T. , BOYETT , M.R. and MORRIS , G.M. ( 2010 ) ' The anatomy and physiology of the Sinoatrial Node - A con - temporary review ' , Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology , 33 ( 11 ) , pp. 1392 -- 1406 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 8159.2010. 02838. x . Jump up ^ Sinus node dysfunction Mount Sinai Hospital , New York Jump up ^ Junctional Rhythm at eMedicine Jump up ^ Silverman , M.E. ; Hollman , A. ( 1 October 2007 ) . `` Discovery of the sinus node by Keith and Flack : on the centennial of their 1907 publication '' . Heart . 93 ( 10 ) : 1184 -- 1187 . PMC 2000948 . PMID 17890694 . doi : 10.1136 / hrt. 2006.105049 . Jump up ^ Boyett MR , Dobrzynski H ( June 2007 ) . `` The sinoatrial node is still setting the pace 100 years after its discovery '' . Circ . Res. 100 ( 11 ) : 1543 -- 5 . PMID 17556667 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCRESAHA. 107.101101 . External links ( edit ) Anatomy figure : 20 : 06 - 01 at Human Anatomy Online , SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` The conduction system of the heart . '' Diagram at gru.net thoraxlesson4 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) ( thoraxheartinternalner ) http://www.healthyheart.nhs.uk/heart_works/heart03.shtml ( hide ) Anatomy of the heart General Surface base apex sulci coronary interatrial anterior interventricular posterior interventricular borders right left Internal atria interatrial septum pectinate muscles terminal sulcus ventricles interventricular septum trabeculae carneae chordae tendineae papillary muscle valves cusps atrioventricular septum cardiac skeleton intervenous tubercle Chambers Right heart ( venae cavae , coronary sinus ) → right atrium ( atrial appendage , fossa ovalis , limbus of fossa ovalis , crista terminalis , valve of inferior vena cava , valve of coronary sinus ) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle ( infundibulum , moderator band / septomarginal trabecula ) → pulmonary valve → ( pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation ) Left heart ( pulmonary veins ) → left atrium ( atrial appendage ) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve ( aortic sinus ) → ( aorta and systemic circulation ) Layers Endocardium heart valves Myocardium Conduction system cardiac pacemaker SA node AV node bundle of His bundle branches Purkinje fibers Pericardial cavity pericardial sinus Pericardium fibrous pericardium sternopericardial ligaments serous pericardium epicardium / visceral layer fold of left vena cava Blood supply Circulatory system Coronary circulation Coronary arteries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinoatrial_node&oldid=798804726 '' Categories : Cardiac anatomy Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 22 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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why is the sa node the pacemaker of the heart
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The Resident (TV series)
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The Resident ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Resident ( TV series ) The Resident Genre Medical drama Created by Amy Holden Jones Hayley Schore Roshan Sethi Starring Matt Czuchry Emily VanCamp Manish Dayal Shaunette Renée Wilson Bruce Greenwood Moran Atias Merrin Dungey Melina Kanakaredes Composer ( s ) Jon Ehrlich Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 14 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Amy Holden Jones Antoine Fuqua Phillip Noyce Oly Obst David Boorstein Todd Harthan Location ( s ) Atlanta , Georgia Camera setup Single - camera Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Fuqua Films 3 Arts Entertainment Nickels Productions Up Island Films 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network Fox Original release January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website The Resident is an American medical drama television series aired by Fox Broadcasting Company that premiered on January 21 , 2018 , as a mid-season replacement entry in the 2017 -- 18 television season . The fictional series focuses on the lives and duties of staff members at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital , while delving into the bureaucratic practices of the hospital industry . Formerly called The City , the show was purchased by Fox from Showtime in 2017 . It was created by Amy Holden Jones , Hayley Schore , and Roshan Sethi . On May 10 , 2017 , Fox ordered a full 14 - episode season and renewed the series for a second season on May 7 , 2018 . The first season officially concluded on May 14 , 2018 . The second season is set to premiere on September 24 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Broadcast , streaming , and home video release 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) The series revolves around the lives and actions of staff members at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital located in Atlanta , Georgia , primarily those of third - year resident internist , Conrad Hawkins ; first - year medical intern , Devon Pravesh , who is assigned to Hawkins ; as well as Nicolette `` Nic '' Nevin , a nurse practitioner and Hawkins ' love interest . Exploring the inner workings of the characters ' duties in emergency and hospital medicine , medical malpractice and deliberate violations of medical ethics are also examined , as well as the bureaucracy of the health care industry . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Matt Czuchry as Conrad Hawkins : a senior resident internist at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital . Emily VanCamp as Nicolette `` Nic '' Nevin : a nurse practitioner at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital . Manish Dayal as Devon Pravesh : a first - year resident internist at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital . Shaunette Renée Wilson as Mina Okafor : a surgical resident at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital . Bruce Greenwood as Randolph Bell : chief of surgery , later CEO , at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital . Moran Atias as Renata Morali ( season 1 ) : head of publicity at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital . Merrin Dungey as Claire Thorpe ( season 1 ) : former CEO at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital . Melina Kanakaredes as Lane Hunter ( season 1 ) : an oncologist at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital . She also owns her own clinics . Malcolm - Jamal Warner as AJ `` The Raptor '' Austin ( season 2 , recurring season 1 ) : a cardiothoracic surgeon who joins Chastain Park Memorial Hospital at Bell 's and Okafor 's urging . Glenn Morshower as Marshall Winthrop ( season 2 ; recurring season 1 ) : Conrad 's estranged father and chairman of the board at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital . Jane Leeves as Kitt Voss ( season 2 ) : an orthopaedic surgeon . Recurring ( edit ) Tasie Lawrence as Priya Nair : a reporter and Devon 's fiancée . Violett Beane as Lily Kendall ( season 1 ) : one of Lane 's chemotherapy patients . Warren Christie as Jude Silva : a trauma surgeon . Tasso Feldman as Irving Feldman : an ER doctor . Jocko Sims as Ben Wilmot : an attending doctor . Patrick R. Walker as Micah Stevens : a teacher who is a repeat patient of Conrad 's and Mina 's romantic interest . Steven Reddington as Bradley Jenkins : a former surgical doctor at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital . Catherine Dyer as Alexis Stevens : head nurse at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital . Jenna Dewan as Julian Lynn ( season 2 ) Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Phillip Noyce Amy Holden Jones & Hayley Schore & Roshan Sethi January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) 1LAP01 8.65 Randolph Bell , Chief of Surgery at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital , performs an appendectomy on a patient when an accident involving a tremor in his left hand leads to a severed artery . The patient bleeds out and the incident is covered up by the surgical team . Due to Randolph 's high complication rate , his nickname is `` HODAD '' -- Hands of Death and Destruction . Devon Pravesh reports for his first day as a resident intern ; he is assigned to third - year resident Conrad Hawkins , who comes off as `` impossible '' to work with . Conrad and nurse practitioner Nic Nevin share a private moment in an on - call room , hinting at a romantic relationship . Lily Kendall , a recurrent leukemia patient who is beloved by the hospital staff , is admitted for an infection . A combative woman with endocarditis enters the ER and loses consciousness , giving Devon a chance to run his first code . During a live stream of a surgery in which Randolph operates using the Titian -- an advanced robotic surgical tool -- Conrad discovers that surgical resident Mina Okafor is actually performing the procedure , unbeknownst to the audience . `` Independence Day '' Phillip Noyce Amy Holden Jones January 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) 1LAP02 4.70 Micah , a 28 - year - old schoolteacher with a history of heart disease , collapses in his classroom as Conrad speaks to the students about his journey of becoming a doctor . He is taken to the hospital in need of a heart transplant . During a hunting accident with Randolph and Lane Hunter , Head of Oncology at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital , a congressman collapses due to heart complications and misfires his weapon , shooting one of the hospital 's lobbyists . The congressman also needs a heart transplant which causes a confliction when a donor heart becomes available . A short - staffed ER forces Conrad to leave Devon to run the ER alone in what Conrad calls `` Independence Day '' ; Devon quickly becomes overwhelmed with his duties . Lane discharges Lily despite concerns from Devon and Nic . `` Comrades in Arms '' Rob Corn Andrew Chapman January 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) 1LAP03 4.75 A billing consultant is contracted to train staff on how to `` upcode '' procedures so the hospital can bill higher amounts ; her presence causes friction between her and some of the staff . Randolph asks a colleague for advice on a hypothetical patient with a hand tremor ; benzodiazepines are suggested as a last resort as the negative side effects can include aggression and cognitive impairment . Medical transport worker , Louisa Rodriguez , collapses from severe back pain and is diagnosed with a retroperitoneal sarcoma . It is found that she is uninsured and an undocumented immigrant , compelling Conrad and Devon to disobey hospital administration and find a surgical team willing to operate . Louisa 's procedure is successful , but her rehab will cost the hospital $2 million . Jude Silva -- an attending surgeon who previously worked alongside Conrad in the Marine Corps -- conveys his frustrations to Conrad about the bureaucracy of medicine and tries to convince Conrad to re-enlist in the military with him . `` Identity Crisis '' Bill D'Elia Elizabeth J.B. Klaviter February 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) 1LAP04 4.87 When the ER budget is cut to cover the costs of Louisa 's surgery , the department becomes understaffed and senior nurse Ellen Hundley is let go . Her replacement , an inexperienced nurse , erroneously triages a patient during a mass - casualty incident . The patient dies from a subdural hematoma and is misidentified , resulting in Conrad notifying the wrong family of their son 's death . A woman is admitted to the hospital for what she believes are gallstones ; she is diagnosed with gallbladder cancer and needs to undergo a risky and experimental operation . Mina is benched for the day when she attempts to directly assist attending surgeon Jen Kays during an operation . Randolph enjoys the benefits of the benzodiazepines he 's been taking to relieve his hand tremors . Nic experiences trouble retrieving Lily 's medical file from Lane 's chemotherapy clinic and goes directly to the clinic where she notices a treatment room that seems overcrowded with patients . 5 `` None the Wiser '' James Roday Todd Harthan & Tianna Majumdar - Langham & Chris Bessounian February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) 1LAP05 3.86 Randolph starts experiencing negative side effects from the benzodiazepines he 's been taking . Three patients are admitted to the hospital : Ed needs an atrophied testicle removed ; Christine needs surgery for an abdominal aortic aneurysm ; and York requires a procedure to remove a foreign object from his colon . All three surgeries are scheduled concurrently with Randolph performing the procedures and Mina assisting . During York 's operation , Bradley -- a surgeon just completing a 30 - hour shift -- faints , setting off a series of events and Mina is subsequently subject to a morbidity and mortality conference to address an accident that occurred during one of the procedures . Nic confides in Conrad about her suspicions of Lane 's treatment protocols and encourages Lily to seek a second opinion , prompting Lane to ban Nic from treating any of her patients . Marshall Winthrop -- an investor looking to grant financial assistance to the hospital -- is revealed to be Conrad 's father . 6 `` No Matter the Cost '' David Rodriguez Nkechi Okoro Carroll March 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 05 ) 1LAP06 4.08 Nic informs Devon she believes Lane is committing insurance fraud by overtreating her patients ; Devon resists the accusation . Lily is scheduled for a bone marrow transplant , but her blood tests reveal she is in acute renal failure and the transplant would kill her , convincing Devon of Nic 's suspicions . An ER patient , Nigel , comes in for an injured ankle and tells Conrad he has been suffering from chronic digestive pain of unknown origin that has negatively impacted his quality of life for 10 years . Exhausted from countless tests with no results , he gives Conrad 24 hours to find the cause . Randolph stops taking the benzodiazepines and learns that brain surgery is his only other option to cure his hand tremor . Nic reveals to Mina that her sister is a recovering addict and discovers that Mina has been treating underprivileged people out of her apartment . Marshall meets with Conrad to inform him that he plans to open a small , private hospital and he wishes for Conrad to manage it . 7 `` The Elopement '' Rob Corn Kevin Falls March 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) 1LAP07 3.80 In a board meeting , Claire discusses repair of the hospital 's reputation after she announces they have fallen out of the `` Top 50 Hospitals '' in the U.S. News & World Report . An arrogant baseball pitcher suffering from deep vein thrombosis is brought in by concierge physician , Spalding Massero , and is admitted to the hospital 's V.I.P. wing . After sexually harassing Nic , Conrad confronts him . Randolph 's hand tremor returns and he approaches Mina to assist him in his surgeries . Darryl , a 70 - year - old man with stage IV lung cancer , is given an extremely poor prognosis , but refuses treatment so he can spend more time with his wife . Conrad vouches for Darryl 's wishes but Lane overrides him , making Conrad suspicious . He agrees to investigate Lane 's practices with Devon and Nic . To circumvent the issues they encounter in gaining access to Lane 's clinical files , Devon intentionally piques the interest of his journalist fiancée , Priya . 8 `` Family Affair '' Thomas Carter Story by : Kevin Falls Teleplay by : Nkechi Okoro Carroll & Zachary Lutsky March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) 1LAP12 4.22 A homeless woman wanders into a charity event being held at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital ; she appears to be in a state of psychosis . It is discovered that she was illegally dropped off by another hospital and is the daughter of a wealthy and prominent family in Savannah , Georgia . Conrad and Nic disagree with her original diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia and must race against the clock to accurately diagnose her before she is taken to a psychiatric facility . Devon 's parents visit him and Priya to discuss details of their upcoming wedding . Devon 's families are in different classes within the Indian caste system , causing tension between Devon and his father . ER doctor Irving Feldman teams up with Devon to treat a male escort who ran through a glass door . Micah comes in for a check - up and displays a romantic interest in Mina . 9 `` Lost Love '' Bronwen Hughes Amy Holden Jones March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) 1LAP08 4.21 Conrad 's ex-fiancée enters the ER experiencing abdominal pain . Nic is unaware that Conrad was previously engaged and questions how well she really knows him . Claire informs Randolph that she will be terminating the employment of physicians with a high complication rate and that she has installed audio recording devices on every camera in each OR . Worried that her treatment is killing her , Lily asks Nic for a referral to seek a second opinion . After being admitted for an adverse reaction to her chemotherapy , Lane discovers that Lily has sought a second opinion and that Nic provided the referral . She orders Nic to administer a high dose of potassium to Lily over the course of 8 hours . Lane is seen entering Lily 's room after Nic leaves for the evening ; Lily goes into cardiac arrest shortly after and dies despite Conrad 's desperate efforts to revive her . 10 `` Haunted '' David Crabtree Andrew Chapman April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) 1LAP09 4.30 Distracted by the thoughts of Lily 's death , Conrad collides into a bicyclist while jogging , injuring his ankle . Claire announces that an autopsy of Lily 's body will be performed to determine the cause of death ; Lane is questionably open and encouraging of the procedure . Neurosurgeon Dr. Eileen Jacoby -- one of Conrad 's medical school professors and Mina 's idol -- is admitted to the hospital because she is seeing the ghosts of patients she had lost . The second richest man in China is admitted to the V.I.P. wing to have a tumor excised . Complications occur after Randolph completes the surgery and Jude performs an emergency operation . After accusing Randolph of malpractice , his privileges at the hospital are suspended , prompting him to leave the hospital permanently . Lane flirts with Randolph and suggests that a doctor needs to replace Claire as the hospital 's CEO . After spending a night with Nic , Conrad lies awake , haunted by the ghost of Lily . 11 `` And the Nurses Get Screwed '' Liz Allen Elizabeth J.B. Klaviter & Peter Chen April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) 1LAP10 3.96 During an operation performed by Randolph , a spark from a cautery tool causes a fire and the patient is left badly burned . An investigation is held by the hospital 's risk management department after Lily 's parents sue the facility for wrongful death . Lane is interviewed , pinning the blame on Nic , who is informed that Lily died from a potassium overdose . Conrad , Devon , and Nic begin looking for errors in Lane 's other patients . While working the ER with Irving , Devon encounters a patient with cyberchondria . Claire calls an emergency board meeting to discuss the fire in the OR in conjunction with Randolph 's complication rate . The tables are turned on Claire when Randolph , Lane , and a skilled anesthesiologist accuse her of trying to save money over patient safety . Claire is fired and Randolph is declared the hospital 's new CEO . Nic is fired by Randolph after officially being declared liable for Lily 's death . 12 `` Rude Awakenings and the Raptor '' James Roday Michael Notarile April 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 30 ) 1LAP11 3.91 After finishing a 30 - hour shift , surgical resident Bradley falls through the glass ceiling of a conference room . Randolph deduces that it 's a suicide attempt , but Conrad and Devon disagree and start searching for medical proof . Randolph orders Mina to give a tour of the facilities to a talented but extremely arrogant cardiothoracic surgeon , AJ Austin , in hopes of recruiting him to the hospital 's staff . Nic confronts Lane in a coffee shop and informs her that she is aware of Lane 's history in Nashville where she practiced under her married name , Lane Derzius . In her search for the truth , Nic meets with a former colleague of Lane 's , who confirms her suspicions . She returns home to find a strange man at her doorstep ; he proceeds to intimidate her in efforts to dissuade her from investigating Lane any further . 13 `` Run , Doctor , Run '' James Roday Todd Harthan & Tianna Majumdar - Langham & Chris Bessounian May 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 07 ) 1LAP13 4.01 A woman is admitted to the hospital for a severe headache that is causing hallucinations . Being uninsured , Conrad and Devon must diagnose and treat her before Randolph finds out and discharges her . Nic finds a way to solve her problem involving the man who has continued to stalk and intimidate her . A former patient brings his mother into the hospital , who ends up needing an `` awake '' surgery performed by AJ and Mina . Nic finds her sister , Jessie , on the floor of her home , suffering from an OxyContin overdose ; she administers Narcan and takes Jessie to the hospital . A peer from Nic 's nursing school -- who works at Lane 's clinic -- agrees to give Nic medical files to help her investigate Lane . Nic realizes she has been set up after she enters the building in the middle of the night and the police arrive . She calls Conrad from jail and asks him to take her sister to a rehab facility . 14 `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Rob Corn Amy Holden Jones & Andrew Chapman May 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) 1LAP14 4.29 After spending the night at Mina 's apartment , Micah begins having heart troubles and is readmitted to the hospital . A repeat cyberchondriac returns to the ER , informing Devon that Lane has diagnosed her with lymphoma ; her test results reveal that she has no cancer markers . Conrad 's father posts bail for Nic and she is released . Conrad and Devon update Nic on Lane 's doing and they contact the FBI . The three inform Randolph of their actions and he is forced to relieve Lane of all her patients and hospital privileges . He notifies her that the FBI have been contacted and offers to help her forge and burn documents . As she leaves her clinic with incriminating files , she is met by Randolph and the FBI , and is arrested . Nic is subsequently rehired and Conrad 's father becomes the chairman of the board at the hospital , essentially becoming Randolph 's superior . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The City a dark medical drama centers around an idealistic young doctor who begins his first day of residency under the supervision of a senior resident who appears tough and brilliant , but turns out to be a cunning and deadly psychopath . -- Showtime about early development of the series . On August 5 , 2016 , it was announced that Showtime was developing a new original series , known as The City , pitched by executive producer , Antoine Fuqua . It was also announced that Amy Holden Jones would produce the series and co-write the pilot episode along with Hayley Schore and Roshan Sethi . The series , however , was never produced and on January 20 , 2017 , it was reported that Fox purchased the series from Showtime and ordered a pilot episode under the name , The Resident . On May 10 , 2017 , the series received a full season order of 14 episodes . Phillip Noyce , an executive producer for the series , directed the first two episodes of the season after signing a multi-year deal with 20th Century Fox Television . On May 7 , 2018 , Fox renewed the series for a second season and pre-production began on June 8 , 2018 . Manish Dayal Matt Czuchry Two of the first cast members to be announced . Casting ( edit ) On February 21 , 2017 , Manish Dayal and Bruce Greenwood were the first to be cast in the series for the roles of Devon Pravesh and Soloman Bell , respectively . Greenwood 's character name was later changed to Randolph Bell . Matt Czuchry , Emily VanCamp , and Melina Kanakaredes were later announced to be starring in the series as well . Moran Atias was also cast for the role of Renta Thorpe , CEO at Chastain Park , which was originally portrayed by Valerie Cruz in the pilot . However , when Merrin Dungey joined the cast , the producers saw Atias as a better fit for the role of the hospital 's head of marketing . Dungey replaced her as the CEO and the character 's name was changed to Claire Thorpe . As the season developed , it was announced that Violett Beane was set to recur in the series , and on April 30 , 2018 , it was reported that Malcolm - Jamal Warner would have a major recurring role in the final three episodes of the season . On June 18 , 2018 it was announced that Warner and other recurring cast member , Glenn Morshower would be promoted to series regulars for the second season . The following day , it was announced that Moran Atias , Merrin Dungey and Melina Kanakaredes would not be returning , and that Jane Leeves would also be joining the cast as a regular for the second season on a one - year contract . On July 16 , 2018 , it was announced that Jenna Dewan is set to recur on season 2 . Filming ( edit ) Primary photography for the series takes place in and around Atlanta , Georgia . Exterior and some interior shots of the High Museum of Art in midtown - Atlanta were used as the backdrop for the fictional Chastain Park Memorial Hospital . Some filming also took place in Conyers , Georgia , on a production set previously used for Fox 's Sleepy Hollow . Filming for the first production block took place between March 20 and April 5 , 2017 . Broadcast , streaming , and home video release ( edit ) In the United States , new episodes are broadcast by Fox . Internationally , the series is shown on Seven Network in Australia and City in Canada . In Latin America , the series is broadcast by Fox 's Latin America counterpart . Episodes can be watched next day on the network 's website . Hulu currently owns the SVOD rights to the series , and individual episodes , or the season as a whole , are available for purchase on Amazon and iTunes . The first season DVD set was made available for pre-order in June 2018 through Amazon . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' January 21 , 2018 2.6 / 10 8.65 0.8 2.83 3.4 11.48 `` Independence Day '' January 22 , 2018 1.0 / 4 4.70 0.8 2.77 1.8 7.47 `` Comrades in Arms '' January 29 , 2018 1.0 / 4 4.75 0.9 3.04 1.9 7.79 `` Identity Crisis '' February 5 , 2018 1.1 / 4 4.87 0.8 2.95 1.9 7.82 5 `` None the Wiser '' February 26 , 2018 0.8 / 3 3.86 0.9 3.24 1.7 7.10 6 `` No Matter the Cost '' March 5 , 2018 0.9 / 3 4.08 0.7 2.98 1.6 7.05 7 `` The Elopement '' March 12 , 2018 0.8 / 3 3.80 0.7 2.90 1.5 6.70 8 `` Family Affair '' March 19 , 2018 0.9 / 4 4.22 0.7 2.87 1.6 7.09 9 `` Lost Love '' March 26 , 2018 0.9 / 4 4.21 0.7 2.90 1.6 7.11 10 `` Haunted '' April 16 , 2018 0.9 / 3 4.30 0.7 2.89 1.6 7.19 11 `` And the Nurses Get Screwed '' April 23 , 2018 0.9 / 3 3.96 0.6 2.74 1.5 6.70 12 `` Rude Awakenings and the Raptor '' April 30 , 2018 0.8 / 3 3.91 0.7 2.70 1.5 6.61 13 `` Run , Doctor , Run '' May 7 , 2018 0.8 / 3 4.01 0.6 2.62 1.4 6.63 14 `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' May 14 , 2018 0.9 / 4 4.29 0.6 2.68 1.5 6.97 Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website , Rotten Tomatoes , reported an approval rating of 61 % based on 18 reviews , with an average rating of 4.89 / 10 . On Metacritic , which uses a normalized rating to reviews , assigned a weight average score of 54 out of 100 , based on 12 critics . The first season received mostly mixed reviews . USA Today rated the series 1 / 2 out of 4 stars stating `` It 's a shame , because it 's a waste of the talents of Czuchry and VanCamp ( Revenge ) , two usually appealing TV veterans '' and `` The Resident ca n't save itself '' . Meanwhile , TV Line rated the series a B+ and said , `` The Resident takes a hard look at the thorny ethical issues surrounding today 's health - care providers . '' The first season was also often compared to ABC 's medical drama , The Good Doctor . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Ref . 2018 Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout TV Show The Resident Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' LA To Vegas ' & ' The Resident ' Get Premiere Dates on Fox '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Fox Orders Drama Pilots ' Controversy ' & ' The Resident ' from Sheldon Turner , Amy Holden Jones & Antoine Fuqua '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Velocci , Carli ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Fox Picks Up Antoine Fuqua Medical Drama ' The Resident ' to Series '' . The Wrap . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Resident ' Medical Drama Pilot from Amy Holden Jones & Antoine Fuqua Gets Fox Series Order '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident ' Renewed for Season 2 at Fox '' . Variety . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Iannucci , Rebecca ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` The Resident Season Finale Recap : Jailhouse , Rocked -- Plus : Grade It ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ @ ResidentFox ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` Season 2 is on the way . # CoNic is back September 24 ! # TheResident '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Sets Fall Premiere Dates : ' Empire ' , ' 9 - 1 - 1 ' , Recast ' Lethal Weapon ' & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gelman , Vlada ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` TVLine Items : The Resident Ups Two , When Calls the Heart Movie and More '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident ' : Jane Leeves Joins Season 2 Of Fox Drama As New Series Regular '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident ' and ' Shark Tank ' adjust down , final NFC Championship numbers : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' 9JKL ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' 9JKL ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' iZombie ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' ' Good Girls , ' all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' The Good Doctor ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' American Idol ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Supergirl , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust up , ' The Resident ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Man with a Plan ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Showtime Developing Medical Drama From Antoine Fuqua & Amy Holden Jones '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldber , Leslie ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Showtime Developing Psychopath Medical Drama From Antoine Fuqua '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Crucchiola , Jordan ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Antoine Fuqua Sells Medical Drama The City to Showtime , Is Determined to Produce Everything on TV '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Resident ' Medical Drama Pilot from Amy Holden Jones & Antoine Fuqua Gets Fox Series Order '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Phillip Noyce Sets First - Look Deal with 20th Century Fox Television , Hires New VP of Production '' . Variety . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` The Resident Renewed for Season 2 '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holden Jones , Amy ( @ aholdenj ) ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` Writers , Room Rocking # TheResident '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Resident ' : Manish Dayal Stars , Bruce Greenwood Co-Stars in Fox Drama Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . The Resident . Season 1 . Episode 1 . January 21 , 2018 . Fox . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Good Wife Vet Matt Czuchry to Star in Medical Pilot The Resident at Fox '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Emily VanCamp Set as Female Lead in Fox Medical Drama Pilot ' The Resident ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( August 21 , 2018 ) . `` Melina Kanakaredes Scrubs into Fox 's The Resident as Series Regular '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Tyrant 's Moran Atias Joins Midseason Fox Medical Drama The Resident '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Valerie Cruz Joins ' The Resident ' ; ' Las Reinas ' Adds Shalim Ortiz '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Resident ' : Merrin Dungey Joins As New Regular , Moran Atias Changes Roles '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Resident ' : Violett Beane Set to Recur in New Fox Drama '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Canfield , David ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Watch : Malcolm - Jamal Warner joins The Resident in exclusive clip '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mathews , Liam ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` Daphne from Frasier Boards The Resident for Season 2 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` The Resident Cast Shake - Up : 3 Actors Exit Ahead of Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident ' : Jenna Dewan To Recur On Season 2 Of Fox Medical Drama '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Five Takeaways from Fox 's ' The Resident , ' the Latest Atlanta - based Drama Debuting January 21 '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Conyers Rockdale Welcomes New Fox TV Series The Resident '' . Film Rockdale . May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Mary ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Now casting : FOX 's ' The Resident ' pilot seeking therapist and more Atlanta film jobs '' . Atalanta Film Jobs . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - resident , the on fox '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Repeat Prescription ! New US Medical Drama The Resident Coming to Seven '' . Mediaweek . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schedule '' . City Watch Full TV Episodes Online & See TV Schedule . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ @ CanalFox_la ( April 21 , 2018 ) . `` Nicolette Nevin es una enfermera de fuerte vocación y empatía con sus pacientes . No te pierdas # TheResident . Estreno en mayo '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Watch Full Episodes of The Resident Starring Matt Czuchry on Fox '' . Fox . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Watch The Resident Online at Hulu '' . Hulu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Resident '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Resident , Season 1 '' . iTunes . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Resident Season 1 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Originals ' on CW More Than Doubles its Live Plus Same Day Figures in Delayed Viewing '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ABC Finale of ' Designated Survivor ' Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts ' Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Resident : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Resident : Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Fox 's Medical Drama ' The Resident ' Ca n't Save Itself '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` The Resident Review : Dark Fox Drama Is the Cure for Medical - Show Fatigue '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McHenry , Jackson ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Are You Watching the Freddie Highmore Doctor Show or the Matt Czuchry Doctor Show ? '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maas , Jennifer ; Maglio , Tony ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' vs ' The Resident ' : The Tale of the ( Surgical ) Tape ( Infographic ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2018 : Riverdale Leads Final Wave of TV Nominations '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Resident on IMDb hide Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 9 - 1 - 1 ( since 2018 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( since 2014 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) The Four : Battle for Stardom ( since 2018 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Gordon Ramsay 's 24 Hours to Hell and Back ( since 2018 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) Prison Break ( 2005 -- 2009 ; since 2017 ) The Resident ( since 2018 ) Showtime at the Apollo ( since 2018 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Upcoming Last Man Standing ( 2018 ) Rel ( 2018 ) The Cool Kids ( 2018 ) Thursday Night Football ( 2018 ) The Passage ( 2019 ) Proven Innocent ( 2019 ) See also 4Kids TV Animation Domination Animation Domination High - Def Fox Kids Speed on Fox Sunday Funday Weekend Marketplace Television in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Resident_(TV_series)&oldid=850578442 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2018 American television series debuts English - language television programs 2010s American medical television series Television shows set in Atlanta Fox network shows Television series by 3 Arts Entertainment Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television shows featuring audio description Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Português Русский Suomi 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 18 : 48 ( UTC ) . 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when is the next season of the resident coming out
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"The Resident is an American medical drama television series aired by Fox Broadcasting Company that premiered on January 21, 2018, as a mid-season replacement entry in the 2017–18 television season.[1] The fictional series focuses on the lives and duties of staff members at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital, while delving into the bureaucratic practices of the hospital industry. Formerly called The City, the show was purchased by Fox from Showtime in 2017.[2] It was created by Amy Holden Jones, Hayley Schore, and Roshan Sethi.[3] On May 10, 2017, Fox ordered a full 14-episode season[4] and renewed the series for a second season on May 7, 2018.[5] The first season officially concluded on May 14, 2018.[6] The second season is set to premiere on September 24, 2018.[7][8]\n"
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Black Hawk, Colorado
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Black Hawk , Colorado - wikipedia Black Hawk , Colorado Jump to : navigation , search City of Black Hawk , Colorado Home Rule Municipality Restored historic buildings in downtown Black Hawk Nickname ( s ) : `` The City of Mills '' Motto ( s ) : `` Preserving the Past , Preparing for the Future , Still Making History '' Location of Black Hawk in Gilpin County , Colorado . Black Hawk Location of Black Hawk in Gilpin County , Colorado . Black Hawk Black Hawk ( the US ) Show map of Colorado Show map of the US Show all Coordinates : 39 ° 48 ′ 04 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 21 '' W / 39.801069 ° N 105.489224 ° W / 39.801069 ; - 105.489224 Coordinates : 39 ° 48 ′ 04 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 21 '' W / 39.801069 ° N 105.489224 ° W / 39.801069 ; - 105.489224 Country USA State State of Colorado County Gilpin County Incorporated June 12 , 1886 Government Type Home Rule Municipality City Manager Corey Hoffmann ( acting ) Area Total 2.73 sq mi ( 7.08 km ) Land 2.73 sq mi ( 7.08 km ) Water 0.00 sq mi ( 0.00 km ) Elevation 8,537 ft ( 2,602 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 118 Estimate ( 2016 ) 127 Density 46.49 / sq mi ( 17.95 / km ) Time zone MST ( UTC - 7 ) Summer ( DST ) MDT ( UTC - 6 ) ZIP code 80403 , 80422 ( PO Box ) Area code ( s ) 303 FIPS code 08 - 07025 GNIS feature ID 0204706 Website www.cityofblackhawk.org The least populous Colorado city The City of Black Hawk is a Home Rule Municipality in Gilpin County , Colorado , United States . The city population was 118 at the 2010 United States Census , making Black Hawk the least populous city ( rather than town ) in Colorado . The tiny city is an historic mining settlement founded in 1859 during the Pike 's Peak Gold Rush . Black Hawk is a part of the Denver - Aurora - Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area . Black Hawk is located adjacent to Central City , another historic mining settlement in Gregory Gulch . The two cities form the federally designated Central City / Black Hawk National Historic District . The area flourished during the mining boom of the late 19th century following the construction of mills and a railroad link to Golden . The town declined during the 20th century , but has been revived in recent years after the 1991 establishment of casino gambling following a statewide initiative in 1990 . In early 2010 , the Black Hawk city council passed a law banning the riding of bicycles in the town , drawing a reaction from bicycle advocacy groups and international press . The ban was overturned by the Colorado Supreme Court in 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Mining boom 1.2 Gambling boom 1.3 Bicycling ban controversy 2 Geography 3 Transportation 4 Demographics 5 Education 6 Attractions 7 Notable people 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Mining boom ( edit ) Black Hawk , 1864 The town is located along the north fork of Clear Creek and Gregory Gulch . Black Hawk was established in 1859 . In May 1859 the discovery of gold in Gregory Gulch by its namesake , John H. Gregory , brought thousands of prospectors and miners into the area , combing the hills for more gold veins . The Bobtail lode was discovered the following month . Hardrock mining boomed for a few years , but then declined in the mid-1860s as the miners exhausted the shallow parts of the veins that contained free gold , and found that their amalgamation mills could not recover gold from the deeper sulfide ores . Nathaniel P. Hill built Colorado 's first successful ore smelter in Black Hawk in 1868 . Hill 's smelter could recover gold from the sulfide ores , an achievement that saved hardrock mining in Black Hawk , Central City , and Idaho Springs from ruin . Other smelters were built nearby . Black Hawk 's advantageous location on North Clear Creek made it the center of ore processing for the area , and it became known as the `` City of Mills '' . The Colorado Central Railroad extended its line to the town in 1872 . A restored depot and locomotive are on display on the east side of downtown . Black Hawk was also served by the two - foot - gauge Gilpin Tramway which climbed from Black Hawk to the mines above Central City . Many historic buildings in the town have been restored following the opening of the casinos in 1991 . Gambling boom ( edit ) Ameristar Casino The town has been in heated competition for gambling revenue with its neighbor Central City since casinos opened in both towns in 1991 . Development of the area down Clear Creek from the historic Black Hawk townsite lining State Highway 119 has flourished . Gamblers from Denver pass the Blackhawk casinos before they arrive at Central City , and , as a result , Black Hawk has realized much more revenue from gambling than Central City . Gambling in Black Hawk also benefits from less restrictive building codes ; while Central City until recently limited building heights to 53 feet ( 16 m ) to preserve the historic character of the town , Black Hawk has no such limits . In an attempt to close the competitive gap , Central City built the Central City Parkway from Interstate 70 near Idaho Springs as an alternative route , leading guests first to Central City , and then to Black Hawk . The Central City Parkway opened November 19 , 2004 . However , Black Hawk continues to have three times the number of casinos , and generates more than seven times the gambling revenue that Central City does . Although the 1990 statewide referendum allowing casino gambling in Black Hawk was promoted as a way to promote historic preservation in Black Hawk , critics have charged that it has had the opposite effect , and that the historic appearance of Black Hawk has been sacrificed to allow construction of the large casinos . Tax from the gambling revenue provides funding for the State Historical Fund , administered by the Colorado Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation . Bicycling ban controversy ( edit ) Black Hawk City Hall , built in 1877 In February 2013 , the Colorado Supreme Court overturned a citywide ban on bicycle traffic through Black Hawk , ruling that the city had failed to comply with state traffic law . In 2010 , the city of Black Hawk banned bicycle use on most of the streets in the city . The ban was prompted by a surge in traffic following the change in maximum casino betting limits from $5 to $100 . Black Hawk City Manager Michael Copp said that the city council , which passed the new law , believed it was best for the casinos and their patrons . The penalty for riding a bicycle through Black Hawk was a $68 fine . Bicycle advocacy groups challenged the bike ban , with the case ultimately going to the Colorado Supreme Court . State Highway 119 and County Road 279 in Black Hawk are part of the Great Parks Bicycle Route and the Peak to Peak Scenic Byway touring route . Geography ( edit ) According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 1.95 square miles ( 5.04 km ) . Transportation ( edit ) The Black Hawk & Central City Tramway , operated by the cities of Black Hawk and Central City , provides a free shuttle between the two towns . Ramblin Express and Ace Express Coaches provides transportation from Denver . Demographics ( edit ) Historic homes in the gulch above downtown Black Hawk Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1870 1,068 -- 1880 1,540 44.2 % 1890 1,067 − 30.7 % 1900 1,200 12.5 % 1910 668 − 44.3 % 1920 253 − 62.1 % 1930 253 0.0 % 1940 289 14.2 % 1950 166 − 42.6 % 1960 171 3.0 % 1970 217 26.9 % 1980 232 6.9 % 227 − 2.2 % 2000 118 − 48.0 % 118 0.0 % Est. 2016 127 7.6 % U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000 , there were 118 people , 54 households , and 28 families residing in the city . The population density was 80.9 people per square mile ( 31.2 / km2 ) . There were 79 housing units at an average density of 54.2 per square mile ( 20.9 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 84.75 % White , 3.39 % African American , 0.85 % Native American , 5.93 % from other races , and 5.08 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.17 % of the population . There were 54 households out of which 18.5 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 40.7 % were married couples living together , 5.6 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 46.3 % were non-families. 33.3 % of all households were made up of individuals and 9.3 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.69 . In the city , the population was spread out with 17.8 % under the age of 18 , 5.9 % from 18 to 24 , 33.1 % from 25 to 44 , 34.7 % from 45 to 64 , and 8.5 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 41 years . For every 100 females there were 131.4 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 131.0 males . The median income for a household in the city was $44,583 , and the median income for a family was $52,500 . Males had a median income of $29,688 versus $20,833 for females . The per capita income for the city was $25,985 . None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line . Education ( edit ) Black Hawk Public Schools are part of the Gilpin County School District RE-1 . The district has one elementary school and one high school , Gilpin County Elementary School and Gilpin County Undivided High School . Tina Goar is the Superintendent of Schools . There are approximately 380 students enrolled in the district . Attractions ( edit ) Lace House , built 1860s , now a museum While smaller , Black Hawk has more casinos than Atlantic City , New Jersey . Ameristar Casino Resort Spa Black Hawk , owned by Ameristar Casinos Black Hawk Station Bull Durham Saloon & Casino Canyon Casino Saratoga Casino Black Hawk , owned by Saratoga Harness Racing Gilpin Hotel Casino , owned by Jacobs Entertainment Golden Gates Casino , owned by Affinity Gaming Golden Gulch Casino , owned by Affinity Gaming Golden Mardi Gras Casino , owned by Affinity Gaming Isle of Capri Black Hawk , owned by Isle of Capri Casinos Lady Luck Casino , owned by Isle of Capri Casinos The Lodge Casino , owned by Jacobs Entertainment Monarch Casino , owned by Monarch Casino & Resort , Inc . Red Dolly Casino Sasquatch Casino Wild Card Casino Z Casino Notable people ( edit ) William Frederick Cody ( `` Buffalo Bill '' ) , briefly a resident of Black Hawk while searching for gold near the town for two months Nathaniel P. Hill , Brown University chemistry professor , Black Hawk smelter magnate , U.S. senator See also ( edit ) Colorado portal Mountains portal Mining portal Index of Colorado - related articles List of cities and towns in Colorado Outline of Colorado References ( edit ) Jump up ^ City of Black Hawk official website Jump up ^ `` 2014 U.S. Gazetteer Files : Places '' . United States Census Bureau . July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Active Colorado Municipalities '' . State of Colorado , Department of Local Affairs . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2010 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Municipal Incorporations '' . State of Colorado , Department of Personnel & Administration , Colorado State Archives . 2004 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` City Manager '' . City of Black Hawk . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2011 . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jul 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ZIP Code Lookup '' . United States Postal Service . Archived from the original ( JavaScript / HTML ) on September 3 , 2007 . Retrieved September 3 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : Black Hawk city , Colorado '' . American Factfinder . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Webb v. Black Hawk , 2013 CO 9 Jump up ^ `` City of Black Hawk Colorado '' . City of Black Hawk Colorado . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Paul K. Sims and others ( 1963 ) , Economic Geology of the Central City District , Gilpin County , Colorado , US Geological Survey , Professional Paper 359 , p. 7 - 8 . Jump up ^ A.H. Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl ( 1968 ) Principal Gold - Producing Districts of the United States , US Geological Survey , Professional Paper 610 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ James E. Fell , Jr. ( 1979 ) Ores to Metals , Lincoln : Univ . Nebraska Press , pp. 27 - 54 . Jump up ^ Andy Vuong , `` Eased gambling , building rules give Central City second chance , '' Denver Post , July 1 , 2009 , p. 1A . Jump up ^ `` Colorado : Construction of KMM Parking Structure ( Black Hawk ) '' . Archive of Prominent Section 106 Cases : April 1999 . Advisory Council on Historic Preservation . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brooke , James ( September 7 , 1997 ) . `` Colorado Rethinks Bet on Historic Preservation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Calhoun , Patricia ( April 13 , 2006 ) . `` A House Divided '' . Westword . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 11 Most Endangered Places ( 2006 ) : Black Hawk & Central City '' . National Trust for Historic Preservation . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2007 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State Historical Fund , Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation , Colorado Historical Society , USA . Jump up ^ Pidd , Helen ( 2010 - 06 - 18 ) . `` That 's all , spokes : Colorado town of Black Hawk bans cyclists '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bicycles Banned in Black Hawk KMGH Denver 2010 - 06 - 07 Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Banda , P. Solomon ( 2010 - 06 - 17 ) . `` Casino city bans riding bikes through town '' . MSNBC / Associated Press . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` An Illegal Bike Ban -- Road Rights '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ BLACK HAWK SHUTTLES Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Black Hawk Schools '' . GreatSchools , Inc . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` SCHOOL DISTRICTS / BUILDINGS AND PERSONNEL '' ( PDF ) . Colorado Department of Education . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 25 , 2010 . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gilpin County School District Re -- 1 '' . Trulia Inc . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Hawk , Colorado . Black Hawk travel guide from Wikivoyage City of Black Hawk official website Photos of Black Hawk Colorado Ghost Town site provided by Rocky Mountain Profiles CDOT map of the City of Black Hawk Railroads , mines and mills of Gilpin County Municipalities and communities of Gilpin County , Colorado , United States County seat : Central City Cities Black Hawk Central City ‡ CDPs Coal Creek ‡ Rollinsville Unincorporated communities Nevadaville Pinecliffe Russell Gulch Tolland Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties ( hide ) State of Colorado Denver ( capital ) Topics Index Coloradans Elections Federal lands Geography Government Highways History Timeline Images Law Military Mountains Museums Public Defender Paleontology Rivers Symbols Transportation Tourist attractions Seal of Colorado Society Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Central Colorado Denver - Aurora - Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area Eastern Plains Front Range Grand Valley High Plains High Rockies Mineral Belt Northern Colorado Northwestern Colorado Piedmont Plateau Roan Plateau Roaring Fork Valley San Luis Valley Sangre de Cristo Mountains South - Central Colorado Southwest Colorado Uinta Mountains Uintah Basin Western Slope Municipalities Akron Alamosa Arvada Aspen Aurora Boulder Breckenridge Brighton Broomfield Cañon City Castle Rock Centennial Colorado Springs Commerce City Cortez Craig Delta Denver Durango Englewood Erie Evans Fairplay Federal Heights Fort Collins Fort Morgan Fountain Golden Glenwood Springs Grand Junction Greeley Greenwood Village Gunnison La Junta Lafayette Lakewood Lamar Leadville Littleton Longmont Louisville Loveland Montrose Northglenn Parker Platteville Pueblo Salida Steamboat Springs Sterling Superior Thornton Trinidad Vail Westminster Wheat Ridge Windsor Counties Adams Alamosa Arapahoe Archuleta Baca Bent Boulder Broomfield Chaffee Cheyenne Clear Creek Conejos Costilla Crowley Custer Delta Denver Dolores Douglas Eagle El Paso Elbert Fremont Garfield Gilpin Grand Gunnison Hinsdale Huerfano Jackson Jefferson Kiowa Kit Carson La Plata Lake Larimer Las Animas Lincoln Logan Mesa Mineral Moffat Montezuma Montrose Morgan Otero Ouray Park Phillips Pitkin Prowers Pueblo Rio Blanco Rio Grande Routt Saguache San Juan San Miguel Sedgwick Summit Teller Washington Weld Yuma ( hide ) Protected areas of Colorado Federal National Parks Black Canyon of the Gunnison Great Sand Dunes Mesa Verde Rocky Mountain National Monuments Browns Canyon ( BLM - USFS ) Canyons of the Ancients ( BLM ) Chimney Rock ( USFS ) Colorado Dinosaur Florissant Fossil Beds Hovenweep Yucca House National Recreation Areas Arapaho ( USFS ) Curecanti National Historic Sites Bent 's Old Fort Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Trails Old Spanish Trail Oregon Trail Pony Express Trail Santa Fe Trail National Scenic Trail Continental Divide Trail National Forests Arapaho Grand Mesa Gunnison Pike Rio Grande Roosevelt Routt San Isabel San Juan Uncompahgre White River National Grasslands Comanche Pawnee National Wilderness Black Canyon of the Gunnison Black Ridge Canyons Buffalo Peaks Byers Peak Cache La Poudre Collegiate Peaks Comanche Peak Dominguez Eagles Nest Flat Tops Fossil Ridge Great Sand Dunes Greenhorn Mountain Gunnison Gorge Holy Cross Hunter - Fryingpan Indian Peaks James Peak La Garita Lizard Head Lost Creek Maroon Bells - Snowmass Mesa Verde Mount Evans Mount Massive Mount Sneffels Mount Zirkel Neota Never Summer Platte River Powderhorn Ptarmigan Peak Raggeds Rawah Rocky Mountain National Park Sangre de Cristo Sarvis Creek South San Juan Spanish Peaks Uncompahgre Vasquez Peak Weminuche West Elk National Conservation Areas Dominguez - Escalante Gunnison Gorge McInnis Canyons National Wildlife Refuges Alamosa Arapaho Baca Browns Park Monte Vista Rocky Flats Rocky Mountain Arsenal Two Ponds BLM ACECs 66 Areas of Critical Environmental Concern State Colorado State Parks Arkansas Headwaters Barr Lake Boyd Lake Castlewood Canyon Chatfield Cherry Creek Cheyenne Mountain Crawford Eldorado Canyon Eleven Mile Elkhead Golden Gate Canyon Harvey Gap Highline Lake Jackson Lake James M. Robb - Colorado River John Martin Reservoir Lake Pueblo Lathrop Lone Mesa Lory Mancos Mueller Navajo North Sterling Paonia Pearl Lake Ridgway Rifle Falls Rifle Gap Roxborough Spinney Mountain St. Vrain Stagecoach State Forest Staunton Steamboat Lake Sweitzer Lake Sylvan Lake Trinidad Lake Vega Yampa River Colorado Natural Areas Aiken Canyon Ant Hill Antero - Salt Creek Arikaree River Badger Wash Blacks Gulch Blue Mountain Bonny Prairie Boston Peak Fen Boulder Mountain Park Boulder Valley Heronry Brush Creek Fen California Park Castlewood Canyon Chalk Bluffs Colorado Tallgrass Prairie Comanche Grassland Copeland Willow Carr Cross Mountain Canyon Daves Draw Deep Creek Deer Gulch Dinosaur Ridge Dome Rock Droney Gulch Duck Creek Dudley Bluffs East Lost Park East Sand Dunes Elephant Rocks Elk River Escalante Canyon Escalante Creek Fairview Fourmile Creek Fruita Paleontological Garden Park Fossil Gateway Palisade Geneva Basin Iron Fens Gothic Gunnison Gravels Haviland Lake High Creek Fen High Mesa Grassland Hoosier Ridge Hurricane Canyon Indian Spring Indian Springs Trace Fossil Irish Canyon Jimmy Creek Ken - Caryl Ranch Kremmling Cretaceous Ammonite Lake Pasture Lake San Cristobal Limestone Ridge Lookout Mountain Lost Park Lower Greasewood Creek McElmo Mexican Cut Mini-Wheeler Miramonte Reservoir Mishak Lakes Moosehead Mountain Mount Callahan Mount Callahan Saddle Mount Emmons Iron Fen Mount Goliath Narraguinnep Needle Rock North Park Phacelia Orient Mine Owl Canyon Paradise Park Park Creek Hogback Park Mesa Pawnee Woodlands Pyramid Rock Rabbit Valley Rajadero Canyon Raven Ridge Redcloud Peak Rocky Mountain Woodfrog Pond Rough Canyon Roxborough Running Creek Ryan Gulch Saddle Mountain San Miguel River Sand Creek Shell Duck Creek Shell Rock Slumgullion Earthflow South Beaver Creek South Boulder Creek South Cathedral Bluffs Specimen Mountain Staunton Tabeguache Tamarack Ranch Tern Island Treasurevault Mountain Trinidad K-T Boundary Two Buttes Unaweep Seep Uncompahgre Fritillary Wacker Ranch West Creek Wheeler Geologic White Rocks Williams Creek Yanks Gulch / Upper Greasewood Creek Natural Area Zapata Falls State Wildlife Areas 307 Colorado State Wildlife Areas Other Trails American Discovery Trail Colorado Trail Continental Divide Trail Great Divide Trail Kokopelli Trail Paradox Trail Tabeguache Trail Colorado Department of Natural Resources ( web ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Hawk,_Colorado&oldid=826409812 '' Categories : Black Hawk , Colorado Cities in Gilpin County , Colorado Cities in Colorado Colorado Mining Boom Populated places established in 1859 Gambling localities in Colorado Denver metropolitan area 1859 establishments in Kansas Territory Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Bân - lâm - gú Cebuano Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Malagasy Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Polski Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Volapük Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 23 : 25 . 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Running on Empty (album)
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Running on Empty ( album ) - wikipedia Running on Empty ( album ) Running on Empty Live album by Jackson Browne Released December 6 , 1977 Recorded August 17 - September 17 , 1977 Genre Rock Length 41 : 49 Label Asylum Producer Jackson Browne Jackson Browne chronology The Pretender ( 1976 ) The Pretender 1976 Running on Empty ( 1977 ) Hold Out ( 1980 ) Hold Out 1980 Running on Empty is the fifth album by American singer - songwriter Jackson Browne . Featuring songs themed around life on the road , the entire album was recorded on tour , either live on stage , or in locations associated with touring , such as backstage , on tour busses , or in hotel rooms . Released in 1977 , the album reached # 3 on the Billboard Pop Albums chart in 1978 and stayed on the charts for 65 weeks . The single for the title track , `` Running on Empty '' , peaked at # 11 and the follow - up single , `` The Load - Out '' / `` Stay '' , reached # 20 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart . The album received two Grammy Award nominations in 1979 : one for Album of the Year and the other for Pop Male Vocal Performance for the song `` Running on Empty '' . Contents 1 History 2 Reception 3 Reissues 4 Track listing 5 Personnel 6 Tour staff 7 Production 8 Charts 8.1 Certifications 9 References History ( edit ) In addition to tracks recorded on - stage during concerts , it also contains songs recorded in hotel rooms , on the tour bus , and backstage . It is unusual among live albums in that none of the tracks had ever appeared on a previous studio album . Browne was the sole writer on only two songs , co-writing four others and covering another four . The theme of the album was life on the road . In a Rolling Stone interview about the tour during which the album was recorded , Browne expressed pleasure at finally being able to afford the session musicians he wanted to go out on the road with him . The album was certified as a Gold record in 1977 and Platinum in 1978 by the RIAA . It reached Multi-platinum in 1997 and 2001 . It reached 7X platinum and is Browne 's best - selling album to date . In popular culture , the album cover can be seen framed and hanging on the wall next to the front door in the apartment on the set of Mork & Mindy . Reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Blender Robert Christgau B+ Rolling Stone ( no rating ) The original Rolling Stone review in 1978 by music critic Paul Nelson praised the album , writing `` What I really like about Running on Empty probably has little to do with the generosity or genius of its dual concepts , with the songwriter 's craftmanship skill , with how much I admire the music of David Lindley and the Section , but rather with Jackson Browne himself . In other words , as impressed as I am with Jackson Browne 's art , I 'm even more impressed with the humanity that shines through it . Maybe they 're inseparable , but I doubt it . '' In his retrospective review for Allmusic William Ruhlmann called the album `` Browne 's least ambitious , but perhaps most accessible , the album ironically became his biggest seller . But it is not characteristic of his other work : for many , it will be the only Browne album they will want to own , just as others always will regard it disdainfully as ' Jackson Browne lite ' . '' Music critic Robert Christgau gave the album a B+ grade : `` Jackson sounds relaxed verbally , vocally , even instrumentally ... I consider this his most attractive album . But his devotees may consider the self - effacement a deprivation . '' Blender gave the 2005 reissue a 4 of 5 star rating , stating it `` cuts deeper than most road sagas partly because Browne had the brilliant notion of recording on the fly ... It also works because he tapped the culture 's circa - 1977 sense that it was running on empty , feeling like a trashed Holiday Inn room -- Empty is about something larger than the misery of room service . '' Bill Shapiro called the album `` Audio verité -- one of the most conceptually fascinating recordings in the history of rock & roll . '' In 2004 , in The 100 Best - Selling Albums of the 70 's , Hamish Camp wrote : `` Entering somewhat of a creative lull following some sterling albums ... Running On Empty was regarded by many as lacking ambition but was nevertheless Browne 's most commercially successful of his career to date , peaking at Number Three in the US and reaching Number 28 in the UK . '' At that time , it was the twenty - third best - selling album of the 1970s . Reissues ( edit ) Running on Empty has been reissued numerous times on CD . On November 15 , 2005 , Elektra / Rhino issued a remastered version with the following additional tracks : 11 . `` Cocaine Again '' and 12 . `` Edwardsville Room 124 '' on Disc 2 of the package , which is a DVD Audio version of the album 's track lineup that features a 5.1 surround sound mix , among other bonus items , such as video montages and lyrics . Disc 1 is a remaster of the original album 's song list only . The remaster is missing the first 25 seconds of audience ambience that , on all other previous editions of the album , led into the beginning of the album 's title track . For reasons unknown , this snippet , which included the sounds of the musicians ' count into the song 's opening , was edited out on this version , though curiously the Disc 2 DVD Audio version includes the 25 seconds missing on Disc 1 . Track listing ( edit ) `` Running on Empty '' ( Browne ) -- 5 : 20 Recorded live ( 8 / 27 / 77 ) , Merriweather Post Pavilion , Columbia , MD `` The Road '' ( Danny O'Keefe ) -- 4 : 50 Recorded in room 301 ( 8 / 27 / 77 ) , Cross Keys Inn , Columbia , MD ( first -- 2 : 58 ) and live ( 9 / 7 / 77 ) , Garden State Arts Center , Holmdel , NJ `` Rosie '' ( Browne , Donald Miller ) -- 3 : 37 Recorded backstage ( 9 / 1 / 77 ) `` in the big rehearsal room '' , Saratoga Performing Arts Center , Saratoga Springs , NY Doug Haywood and tour photographer Joel Bernstein sing harmony . `` You Love the Thunder '' ( Browne ) -- 3 : 52 Recorded live ( 9 / 6 / 77 ) , Holmdel , NJ `` Cocaine '' ( Reverend Gary Davis , additional lyrics by Browne and Glenn Frey ) -- 4 : 55 Recorded in room 124 ( 8 / 17 / 77 ) , Holiday Inn , Edwardsville , IL `` Shaky Town '' ( Danny Kortchmar ) -- 3 : 36 Recorded in room 124 ( 8 / 18 / 77 ) , Holiday Inn , Edwardsville , IL Danny Kortchmar sings harmony . `` Love Needs a Heart '' ( Browne , Valerie Carter , Lowell George ) -- 3 : 28 Recorded live ( 9 / 17 / 77 ) , Universal City , CA `` Nothing but Time '' ( Browne , Howard Burke ) -- 3 : 05 Recorded `` on a bus ( a Continental Silver Eagle ) somewhere in New Jersey '' ( 9 / 8 / 77 ) Russ Kunkel is credited as playing `` snare , hi - hat , and cardboard box with foot pedal . '' The song was recorded aboard the band 's Continental Silver Eagle tour bus ( hence the lyrical reference to `` Silver Eagle '' ) while en route from Portland , Maine to their next gig in New Jersey . The bus 's engine is audible in the background throughout , and its downshift and acceleration can be plainly heard during the bridge . `` The Load - Out '' ( Browne , Bryan Garofalo ) -- 5 : 38 Recorded live ( 8 / 27 / 77 ) , Merriweather Post Pavilion , Columbia , MD `` Stay '' ( Maurice Williams ) -- 3 : 28 Recorded live ( 8 / 27 / 77 ) , Merriweather Post Pavilion , Columbia , MD David Lindley and Rosemary Butler share lead vocals with Browne . Personnel ( edit ) Jackson Browne -- guitar , piano , vocals Rosemary Butler -- background vocals , co-lead vocal on `` Stay '' Craig Doerge -- keyboards Doug Haywood -- background vocals Danny Kortchmar -- lead guitar , harmony vocals ( on `` Shaky Town '' ) Russ Kunkel -- drums , snare drum , cardboard box , hi hat David Lindley -- lap steel guitar , fiddle , co-lead vocal on `` Stay '' Leland Sklar -- bass Joel Bernstein -- background vocals ( on `` Rosie '' ) Tour staff ( edit ) Howard Burke -- tour manager Donald `` Buddah '' Miller -- production manager Jan Michael Alejandro -- drum technician Eric Deterding -- stage technician Michael Deterding -- stage technician Bill Thompson -- technician Edd Kolakowski -- Steinway piano and keyboards technician Dave Hassingar -- technician Jim Nipar -- technician Chris Cabral -- technicial advisor Alan Owen , Kevin Di Piazza and Jim Waits -- lighting crew Jim Bornhorst -- house PA mixer Bill `` Doc '' Gans -- monitor engineer Rance Caldwell -- monitor engineer Peter Golden -- booking coordination Thomas Gustaferro -- bus driver Jimmy Deluca , Bryan Lisenbee and Mike Rogers -- truck drivers Production ( edit ) Producer -- Jackson Browne Engineer -- Greg Ladanyi Recording in Hotel and Bus on Record Plant NY Remote Truck . Assistant Engineers -- David Hewitt , Norman Mershon and Mark Salwasser ( bus and hotel recordings ) ; Russell Schmitt and Tom Walsh ( stage recordings ) . Mix Assistants -- Dennis Kirk and George Ybarra Mixed at The Sound Factory ( Hollywood , CA ) . Mastered by Bernie Grundman at A&M Studios ( Hollywood , CA ) . Art Direction and Design -- Jimmy Wachtel Photography -- Joel Bernstein ( tour ) and Aaron Rapaport ( other ) . Charts ( edit ) Album Year Chart Position 1978 Billboard Pop Albums Singles Year Single Chart Position 1978 `` Running on Empty '' Billboard Pop Singles 11 1978 `` Stay / The Load - Out '' Billboard Pop Singles 20 1978 `` You Love the Thunder '' Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 109 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 100,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 100,000 United States ( RIAA ) 7 × Platinum 7,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 1979 Grammy Award Nominations and Awards http://www.india-server.com/awards/features/grammy-awards-1979-227.html Jump up ^ also found at http://www.uncut.co.uk/features/jackson-browne-album-by-album-23311 Jump up ^ RIAA Gold and Platinum award . Archived 2015 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Running on Empty > Review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , RJ . `` Running on Empty > Review '' . Blender . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Christgau , Robert . `` Running on Empty > Review '' . robertchristgau.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Paul ( March 1978 ) . `` Running on Empty > Review '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Bill ( 1991 ) . Rock & Roll Review : A Guide to Good Rock on CD . Jump up ^ Camp , Hamish ( 2004 ) . The 101 Best - Selling Albums of the 70s . Jump up ^ Rhino Records reissue . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Jackson Browne -- Running on empty '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Jackson Browne ; ' Running on empty ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Jackson Browne -- Running on empty '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select albums in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter Running on empty in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Jackson Browne -- Running on empty '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jackson Browne Studio albums Jackson Browne For Everyman Late for the Sky The Pretender Hold Out Lawyers in Love Lives in the Balance World in Motion I 'm Alive Looking East The Naked Ride Home Time the Conqueror Standing in the Breach Live albums Running on Empty Solo Acoustic , Vol. 1 Solo Acoustic , Vol. 2 Love Is Strange : En Vivo Con Tino Compilations The Next Voice You Hear : The Best of Jackson Browne The Very Best of Jackson Browne Singles `` Doctor My Eyes '' `` Rock Me on the Water '' `` Redneck Friend '' `` Take It Easy '' `` Walking Slow '' `` Fountain of Sorrow '' `` Here Come Those Tears Again '' `` The Pretender '' `` Running on Empty '' `` The Load - Out / Stay '' `` You Love the Thunder `` Boulevard '' `` That Girl Could Sing '' `` Hold On Hold Out '' `` Somebody 's Baby '' `` Lawyers in Love '' `` Tender Is the Night '' `` For a Rocker '' `` You 're a Friend of Mine '' `` For America '' `` In the Shape of a Heart '' `` Lives in the Balance '' `` I 'm Alive '' Related articles Discography Groove Masters Studios `` Song for Adam '' `` The Birds of St. Marks '' `` Jamaica Say You Will '' `` These Days '' `` For Everyman '' Looking Into You : A Tribute to Jackson Browne Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Running_on_Empty_(album)&oldid=850000537 '' Categories : Jackson Browne albums 1977 live albums Asylum Records live albums Albums recorded at A&M Studios Albums with cover art by Jimmy Wachtel Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano 日本 語 Português Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 21 : 52 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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Object Linking and Embedding
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Object linking and embedding - wikipedia Object linking and embedding Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Object Linking & Embedding ( OLE ) is a proprietary technology developed by Microsoft that allows embedding and linking to documents and other objects . For developers , it brought OLE Control Extension ( OCX ) , a way to develop and use custom user interface elements . On a technical level , an OLE object is any object that implements the IOleObject interface , possibly along with a wide range of other interfaces , depending on the object 's needs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 2.1 OLE 1.0 2.2 OLE 2.0 2.3 OLE custom controls 3 Technical details 3.1 OLE object 3.2 OLE container 3.3 Other 4 Competition 5 Interoperability 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Overview ( Edit ) OLE allows an editing application to export part of a document to another editing application and then import it with additional content . For example , a desktop publishing system might send some text to a word processor or a picture to a bitmap editor using OLE . The main benefit of OLE is to add different kinds of data to a document from different applications , like a text editor and an image editor . This creates a Compound File Binary Format document and a master file to which the document makes reference . Changes to data in the master file immediately affect the document that references it . This is called `` linking '' ( instead of `` embedding '' ) . Its primary use is for managing Compound File Binary Formats , but it is also used for transferring data between different applications using drag and drop and clipboard operations . History ( Edit ) OLE 1.0 ( Edit ) OLE 1.0 , released in 1990 , was an evolution of the original Dynamic Data Exchange ( DDE ) concept that Microsoft developed for earlier versions of Windows . While DDE was limited to transferring limited amounts of data between two running applications , OLE was capable of maintaining active links between two documents or even embedding one type of document within another . OLE servers and clients communicate with system libraries using virtual function tables , or VTBLs . The VTBL consists of a structure of function pointers that the system library can use to communicate with the server or client . The server and client libraries , OLESVR. DLL and OLECLI. DLL , were originally designed to communicate between themselves using the WM_DDE_EXECUTE message . OLE 1.0 later evolved to become an architecture for software components known as the Component Object Model ( COM ) , and later DCOM . When an OLE object is placed on the clipboard or embedded in a document , both a visual representation in native Windows formats ( such as a bitmap or metafile ) is stored , as well as the underlying data in its own format . This allows applications to display the object without loading the application used to create the object , while also allowing the object to be edited , if the appropriate application is installed . The Object Packager , a component of OLE , shipping from Windows 3.1 up to Windows XP allows a non-OLE object to be `` packaged '' so it can be embedded into an OLE client . OLE 2.0 ( Edit ) OLE 2.0 was the next evolution of OLE , sharing many of the same goals as version 1.0 , but was re-implemented on top of the Component Object Model ( COM ) instead of using VTBLs directly . New features were OLE automation , drag - and - drop , in - place activation and structured storage . Monikers evolved from OLE 1 object names , and provided a hierarchical object and resource naming system similar to URLs or URIs , which were independently invented . Windows now has merged the two technologies supporting a URL Moniker type , and a Moniker URL scheme . OLE custom controls ( Edit ) Custom controls on a Visual Basic form . OLE custom controls were introduced in 1994 as a replacement for the now deprecated Visual Basic Extension controls . Instead of upgrading these , the new architecture was based on OLE . In particular , any container that supported OLE 2.0 could already embed OLE custom controls , although these controls can not react to events unless the container supports this . OLE custom controls are usually shipped in the form of a dynamic link library with the . ocx extension . In 1996 all interfaces for controls ( except IUnknown ) were made optional to keep the file size of controls down , so they would download faster ; these were then called ActiveX Controls . Technical details ( Edit ) OLE objects and containers are implemented on top of the Component Object Model ; they are objects that can implement interfaces to export their functionality . Only the IOleObject interface is compulsory , but other interfaces may also need to be implemented if the functionality exported by those interfaces is required . To ease understanding of what follows , some terminology has to be explained . The view status of an object is whether the object is transparent , opaque , or opaque with a solid background , and whether it supports drawing with a specified aspect . The site of an object is an object representing the location of the object in its container . A container supports a site object for every object contained . What follows is a list of interfaces , grouped by the object that usually needs to implement them . Interfaces usually implemented by the OLE object are usually called on by the OLE container , and vice versa . Note that in the following list indentation indicates interface inheritance . All non-indented interfaces derive from IUnknown . OLE object ( Edit ) DataObject When implemented , enables the transfer of data , and notification of data changes . It must be implemented by objects that are to support drag - and - drop , being copied to or pasted from the clipboard , or being linked or embedded in a containing document . ObjectWithSite Allows the caller to inform the OLE object of its site . This functionality is also provided by OleObject , but ObjectWithSite can be used , when supported , if OleObject is not used for other matters . OleCache Allows visual presentations from a DataObject to be cached . This allows an embedded object to store its visual representation , thus enabling it to be displayed later without needing to start the application that was used to create the object . Usually the stock implementation is used . OleCache2 Provides more fine - grained control over caching . Usually the stock implementation is used . OleCacheControl This interface is not called by the container , but internally by the object to allow it to receive notifications of when its DataObject is running , thereby allowing it to subscribe to notifications of data changes of that object and thus allowing it to update the cached presentation properly . Usually the stock implementation is used . OleDocument Allows the OLE object to support multiple views of its data , as well as a few related functions . OleDocumentView A document object ( an object that implements OleDocument ) implements this interface for every view . It allows the caller to set the site of the object , query and set the size of the object and to show and activate it , as well as some related functions . OleWindow OleInPlaceActiveObject Called by the outermost container of an object to interact with it while it 's active , e.g. to process accelerator keys in the container 's message queue that are meant for the contained object . OleInPlaceObject Called by the container to activate or deactivate the object . IOleInPlaceObjectWindowless A windowless object is an object that does n't have its own window but it instead displayed in its container 's window . It is used by the container to relay messages received by the container 's window that are intended for the contained object . For example , if the mouse is moved over a window , Windows places a mouse move message along with the mouse coordinates in the message queue of the window . If this window contains windowless embedded objects , the message may have to be relayed to such an object if the coordinates of the mouse - pointer are over this object . For similar reasons this interface also provides access to the object 's DropTarget interface . OleLink Allows the object to support linking , e.g. by allowing the container to set the source of a linked object . Usually the stock implementation is used . OleObject Arguably the most important interface for an OLE object . For example , it allows the container to inform the object of its site , initialize the object from data , to open and close it , to query and set the size of the object , to ask for notifications on the container 's AdviseSink and to execute objects defined as `` verbs '' on the object . These verbs often include `` Open '' or `` Edit '' , but can also include other verbs . One of the verbs is defined to be the principal verb , and it is executed when the user double - clicks an object . ViewObject Allows an object to draw itself directly , without passing a DataObject to the container . For objects that support both DataObject and this interface , the underlying implementation is usually shared . ViewObject2 Additionally allows the caller to query the size of the object . ViewObjectEx Adds support for flicker - free drawing of transparent objects , hit - testing for objects with irregular shapes and setting the size of an object . OLE container ( Edit ) IAdviseSink Allows the implementer to receive notifications when the object is saved , closed , or renamed , or when its data or visual presentation changes . IAdviseSink2 Additionally allows the implementer to receive notifications when the link source of the OLE object changes . IAdviseSinkEx Additionally allows the implementer to receive notifications when the view status of the OLE object changes . IOleClientSite This interface allows the caller to obtain information on the container and location of an object , as well requesting that the object be saved , resized , shown , hidden , et cetera . IOleDocumentSite Allows the caller to ask for the object on this site to be activated immediately . If this interface is implemented , IOleClientSite , IOleInPlaceSite and IAdviseSink must be implemented as well . IOleContainer This interface allows the caller to enumerate embedded objects in a container , or to find such objects by name . It is primarily useful if the container wishes to support links to embedded objects . IOleWindow IOleInPlaceUIWindow Enables embedded objects to negotiate space for toolbars on the container 's window . IOleInPlaceFrame Allows the caller to ask the container to insert its menu items in an empty menu that will become the cooperative menu . Also allows the caller to ask the container to show or hide this menu , to show or hide dialog boxes , and to process accelerator keys received by the contained object intended for the container . IOleInPlaceSite If a container implements this interface , it allows embedded objects to be activated in place , i.e. without opening in a separate window . It provides access to the container 's IOleInPlaceUIWindow . IOleInPlaceSiteEx If a container implements this interface , it allows embedded objects to check whether they need to redraw on activation or deactivation . It also allows them to request their UI to activate . IOleInPlaceSiteWindowless If a container wishes to support windowless embedded objects , it needs to provide functionality to embedded objects to replace the functionality normally provided by an embedded object 's window . For example this interface provides a way to access the container 's window 's device context , thereby enabling the embedded object to draw in the container 's window . IOleUILinkContainer Contains the methods that the standard OLE dialog boxes that manage linked objects use to update linked objects in a container , or to query and change their sources . Used by the `` Links '' , `` Change source '' , `` Update links '' and `` Object properties '' dialog boxes . IOleUILinkInfo Additionally allows the dialog boxes to query when linked objects were last updated , and whether this was done automatically or manually . IOleUIObjInfo Contains the methods needed by the `` Object properties '' dialog box . For example if the user opens the `` Object properties '' dialog box and asks for the object to be converted to another type , a method on this interface is called . IOleUndoManager Provides a centralized undo service to both the container itself and to embedded objects . When an undoable action is performed , an IOleUndoUnit is created and added to the IOleUndoManager Other ( Edit ) IDataAdviseHolder The methods of IDataObject that pertain to data change notifications can be implemented by calling the methods of this interface . Usually the stock implementation is used . IOleAdviseHolder The methods of IOleObject that pertain to notifications can be implemented by calling the methods of this interface . Usually the stock implementation is used . IDropSource Implemented by objects that can be dragged , i.e. that can be the source of a drag - and - drop operations . When implemented it allows the object to draw drag - and - drop effects , and to specify when the object is dropped , or the drag - and - drop operation is cancelled . IDropTarget Implemented by objects that accept dropped objects , i.e. that can be the target of drag - and - drop operations . When implemented it allows the target to specify if a dropped object will be accepted , and what happens to an object after it is dropped . IOleCommandTarget Can be implemented by objects ( OLE objects , OLE containers , and other objects ) that wish to support certain standard commands . It allows callers to query if commands are supported , and to execute commands . Commands that an object might typically wish to implement may include things like `` delete '' , `` cut '' , `` copy '' , `` paste '' , `` undo '' , `` find '' , `` print '' , `` save '' , `` zoom '' , and so on . Currently 58 standard commands have been defined , and they include commands commonly used by office software , web browsers and similar applications . IOleUndoUnit Represents an action that can be undone . It contains all information necessary to undo an action . It is created by objects and containers , so that undoable actions can be added to the container 's IOleUndoManager . IOleParentUndoUnit Allows an undo unit to contain other undo units . In essence this allows the undo unit to act as an undo stack , grouping undo units together . For example , if a macro is run , all undo - able actions performed by the macro may be grouped together in one undo unit . IOleWindow This interface represents a window of a container or contained object . It allows callers to obtain the handle of the window , and to toggle the context - sensitive help function . When the context - sensitive help function is turned on , typically the mouse - pointer changes to an arrow with a question mark to indicate that clicking a user interface element will result in opening a help window . Competition ( Edit ) OpenDoc technology tried to compete with OLE . Some of Microsoft 's competitors considered OpenDoc to be more robust and easier to use ; however , OpenDoc does have some known problems . OpenDoc allowed users to view and edit information across applications , directly in competition with Microsoft 's proprietary OLE standard . In 1993 some Microsoft competitors established a consortium called the Component Integration Laboratories ( `` CIL '' ) to develop OpenDoc as an open - source standard for cross-platform linking and embedding . Microsoft announced that it would incorporate its OLE proprietary technology directly into the MS Windows operating system . Microsoft then required OLE compatibility as a condition of Microsoft 's certification of an application 's compatibility with Windows 95 . Microsoft initially announced that applications using OpenDoc would be deemed compatible with OLE , and would receive certification for Windows 95 . Microsoft later announced that applications using OpenDoc would not receive automatic certification , and might not receive certification at all . Microsoft withheld specifications and debugged versions of OLE until after it had released its competing applications . Interoperability ( Edit ) Use of Microsoft Object Linking and Embedding ( OLE ) objects limits interoperability , because these objects are not widely supported in programs for viewing or editing files ( e.g. embedding of other files inside the file , such as tables or charts from a spreadsheet application in a text document or presentation file ) . If software that understands an OLE object is not available , the object is usually replaced by a picture ( bitmap representation of the object ) or not displayed at all . See also ( edit ) OLE Automation OLE for process control ( OPC ) Component Object Model ( COM ) Distributed Component Object Model ( DCOM ) Dynamic Data Exchange ( DDE ) Internet media type Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions ( MIME ) Shscrap. dll ( shell scrap files ) References ( Edit ) ^ Jump up to : Novell ( 2004 - 11 - 12 ) , Novell Files WordPerfect Antitrust Lawsuit against Microsoft ( PDF ) , retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 ^ Jump up to : `` The Novell Antitrust Complaint ( as text ) & A Law About Antitrust and Standards Writing '' . 2004 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Bruce Byfield ( 2005 - 08 - 23 ) . `` FOSS word processors compared : OOo Writer , AbiWord , and KWord '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Sharing files between OpenOffice.org and Microsoft Office '' . 2005 - 07 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` SoftMaker Office 2008 focuses on compatibility with Microsoft Office '' . 2008 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` SoftMaker Office 2006 beta : Not a killer app '' . 2006 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Philippe Lagadec ( 2006 - 11 - 30 ) , OpenOffice / OpenDocument and Microsoft Office 2007 / Open XML security ( PDF ) , retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 Jump up ^ `` OLE object - bitmap representation ? '' . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` A Rich Edit Control That Displays Bitmaps and Other OLE Objects '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ACC : Why OLE Objects Cause Databases to Grow '' . 2007 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . External links ( Edit ) ripOLE - extracts attachments from OLE documents ( 1 ) - Microsoft Support This article is based on material taken from the Free On - line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the `` relicensing '' terms of the GFDL , version 1.3 or later . Microsoft APIs and frameworks Graphics Desktop Window Manager Direct2D Direct3D D3D ( extensions ) GDI / GDI+ WPF Silverlight WinRT XAML Windows Color System Windows Image Acquisition Windows Imaging Component DirectX Graphics Infrastructure ( DXGI ) Windows Advanced Rasterization Platform WinG Audio DirectMusic DirectSound DirectX plugin XACT Speech API XAudio2 Multimedia DirectX Media Objects Video Acceleration Xinput DirectInput DirectShow Image Mastering API Managed DirectX Media Foundation XNA Windows Media Video for Windows Web MSHTML RSS Platform JScript VBScript BHO XDR SideBar Gadgets TypeScript Data access Data Access Components ( MDAC ) ADO ADO.NET ODBC OLE DB Extensible Storage Engine Entity Framework Sync Framework Jet Engine MSXML OPC Networking Winsock LSP Winsock Kernel Filtering Platform NDIS Windows Rally BITS P2P API MSMQ MS MPI DirectPlay Communication Messaging API Telephony API WCF Administration and management Win32 console Windows Script Host WMI ( extensions ) PowerShell Task Scheduler Offline Files Shadow Copy Windows Installer Error Reporting Event Log Common Log File System Component model COM COM+ ActiveX Distributed Component Object Model . NET Framework Libraries Framework Class Library Microsoft Foundation Classes ( MFC ) Active Template Library ( ATL ) Windows Template Library ( WTL ) Device drivers WDM WDF KMDF UMDF WDDM NDIS UAA BDA VxD Security Crypto API CAPICOM Windows CardSpace Data Protection API Security Support Provider Interface ( SSPI ) . NET ASP.NET ADO.NET Remoting Silverlight TPL WCF WCS WPF WF Software factories EFx Factory Enterprise Library Composite UI CCF CSF IPC MSRPC Dynamic Data Exchange ( DDE ) Remoting WCF Accessibility Active Accessibility UI Automation Text and multilingual support DirectWrite Text Services Framework Text Object Model Input method editor Language Interface Pack Multilingual User Interface Uniscribe Microsoft Windows components Management tools App Installer Command Prompt Control Panel Applets Device Manager Disk Cleanup Disk Defragmenter Driver Verifier Event Viewer IExpress Management Console Netsh Performance Monitor Recovery Console Resource Monitor Settings Sysprep System Configuration System File Checker System Information System Policy Editor System Restore Task Manager Windows Error Reporting Windows Ink Windows Installer PowerShell Windows Update Windows Insider WinRE WMI Apps Alarms & Clock Calculator Calendar Camera Character Map Cortana Edge Fax and Scan Feedback Hub File Manager Get Help Groove Music Magnifier Mail Messaging Maps Media Player Movies & TV Mobility Center Money News Narrator Notepad OneDrive OneNote Paint Paint 3D People Phone Companion Photos Quick Assist Snipping Tool Speech Recognition Skype Sports Sticky Notes View 3D Store Tips Voice Recorder Wallet Weather Windows To Go Windows Story Remix WordPad Xbox Shell Action Center Aero AutoPlay AutoRun ClearType Explorer Search Indexing Service IFilter Saved search Namespace Special folder Start menu Taskbar Task View Windows Spotlight Windows XP visual styles Services Service Control Manager BITS CLFS Multimedia Class Scheduler Shadow Copy Task Scheduler Error Reporting Wireless Zero Configuration File systems CDFS DFS exFAT IFS FAT NTFS Hard link Junction point Mount Point Reparse point Symbolic link TxF EFS ReFS UDF Server Domains Active Directory DNS Group Policy Roaming user profiles Folder redirection Distributed Transaction Coordinator MSMQ Windows Media Services Rights Management Services IIS Remote Desktop Services WSUS SharePoint Network Access Protection PWS DFS Replication Remote Differential Compression Print Services for UNIX Remote Installation Services Windows Deployment Services System Resource Manager Hyper - V Server Core Architecture Architecture of Windows NT Startup process NT Vista CSRSS Desktop Window Manager Portable Executable EXE DLL Enhanced Write Filter Graphics Device Interface hal. dll I / O request packet Imaging Format Kernel Transaction Manager Library files Logical Disk Manager LSASS MinWin NTLDR Ntoskrnl. exe Object Manager Open XML Paper Specification Registry Resource Protection Security Account Manager Server Message Block Shadow Copy SMSS System Idle Process USER WHEA Win32 console Winlogon WinUSB Security Security and Maintenance BitLocker Data Execution Prevention Family Safety Kernel Patch Protection Mandatory Integrity Control Protected Media Path User Account Control User Interface Privilege Isolation Windows Defender Windows Firewall Compatibility COMMAND.COM Virtual DOS machine Windows on Windows WoW64 Windows Subsystem for Linux API Active Scripting WSH VBScript JScript COM ActiveX ActiveX Document COM Structured storage DCOM OLE OLE Automation Transaction Server DirectX . NET Framework Universal Windows Platform Windows Mixed Reality Windows Runtime WinUSB Games Solitaire Collection Discontinued Games 3D Pinball Chess Titans FreeCell Hearts InkBall Hold ' Em Purble Place Reversi Spider Solitaire Solitaire Tinker Apps ActiveMovie Anytime Upgrade Address Book Backup and Restore Cardfile CardSpace Contacts Desktop Gadgets Diagnostics DriveSpace DVD Maker Easy Transfer Fax Food & Drink Help and Support Center Health & Fitness HyperTerminal Internet Explorer Journal Media Center Meeting Space Messaging Messenger Mobile Device Center Movie Maker MSN Dial - up NetMeeting NTBackup Outlook Express Travel Photo Gallery Photo Viewer Program Manager Steps Recorder WinHelp Write Others ScanDisk File Protection Media Control Interface Next - Generation Secure Computing Base POSIX subsystem Interix Video for Windows Windows SideShow Windows Services for UNIX Windows System Assessment Tool WinFS Spun off to Microsoft Store DVD Player Hover ! Mahjong Minesweeper Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Object_Linking_and_Embedding&oldid=827119309 '' Categories : Inter-process communication Microsoft application programming interfaces Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from April 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from January 2016 Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kurdî Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 21 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Team Foundation Server
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Team Foundation Server - wikipedia Team Foundation Server Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain improper references to self - published sources . Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources , where they are used inappropriately . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject , potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral . Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable , independent , third - party sources . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Foundation Server Developer ( s ) Microsoft Initial release 2005 ; 13 years ago ( 2005 ) Stable release 2018 Operating system Microsoft Windows Type Version control License Trialware Website visualstudio.com/tfs Team Foundation Server ( commonly abbreviated to TFS ) is a Microsoft product that provides source code management ( either with Team Foundation Version Control or Git ) , reporting , requirements management , project management ( for both agile software development and waterfall teams ) , automated builds , lab management , testing and release management capabilities . It covers the entire application lifecycle , and enables DevOps capabilities . TFS can be used as a back - end to numerous integrated development environments ( IDEs ) but is tailored for Microsoft Visual Studio and Eclipse on all platforms . Contents ( hide ) 1 On - premises vs. online 2 Architecture 2.1 Server architecture 2.2 Extensibility 2.3 Clients 3 Work items 4 Source control 4.1 Team Foundation Version Control 4.2 Git 5 Reporting 6 Team Build 7 Release management 8 History 9 See also 10 References 11 External links On - premises vs. online ( edit ) Team Foundation Server is available in two different forms : on - premises and online . The latter form is called Visual Studio Team Services ( formerly Visual Studio Online ) . The cloud service is backed by Microsoft 's cloud platform , Microsoft Azure . It uses the same code as the on - premises version of TFS , with minor modifications , and implements the most recent features . Visual Studio Team Services requires no setup . A user signs in using a Microsoft account to set up an environment , creating projects and adding team members . New features developed in short development cycles are added to the cloud version first . These features migrate to the on - premises version as updates , at approximately three - month intervals . Architecture ( edit ) Server architecture ( edit ) Team Foundation Server is built on multi-tier , scalable architecture . The primary structure consists of an application tier responsible for processing logic and maintaining the web application portal ( referred to as Team Web Access or TWA ) . TFS is built using Windows Communication Foundation web services . These may be consumed by any client , although the client object model is recommended . The data tier and application tier can exist on the same machine . To support scalability , the application tier can be load balanced and the data tier can be clustered . If using Microsoft SQL Server 2012 , AlwaysOn SQL Server Failover Clusters and Availability Groups are supported which allows for geographic replication of data . The primary container is the project collection . A project collection is a database that contains a group of Team Projects . The Project Collection is another scalability mechanism , in that each collection can be placed on different SQL Servers or SQL Server instances . ' Oe ' configuration database per TFS instance stores project collection metadata . Data from the project collection databases is aggregated into the warehouse database , which denormalizes the data in preparation for loading into an Analysis Services cube . The warehouse and the cube allow complex trend reporting and data analysis . TFS can integrate with an existing SharePoint farm . SQL Server Reporting Services are supported for more advanced reporting against the data warehouse or the Analysis Services data cube . These installations can be on the same system or on different systems . Build servers , lab management servers , release management servers and proxy servers ( to reduce some of the load on the application tier ) , test machines and load test machines can also be added to the infrastructure . To support teams requiring enterprise project scheduling , TFS also integrates with Microsoft Project Server , which allows enterprise level portfolio management , resource management and project tracking . Extensibility ( edit ) Microsoft provides two standalone redistributed APIs for connecting to TFS . One is a Java SDK , the other is a . NET Framework SDK . These APIs allow for client connectivity to TFS . Because TFS is written on a service - oriented architecture , it can communicate with virtually any tool that can call a web service . Another extensible mechanism is subscribing to system alerts : for example , alerts that a work item was changed , or a build completed . There are approximately 20 preconfigured alerts , and teams can configure as many additional alerts as needed . When used in an extensible scenario , these alerts can be sent to a web service , triggering actions to alter or update work items ( such as implementing advanced business rules or generating work items programmatically based on a given scenario ) . The data warehouse can also be extended through the creation of custom data warehouse adapters . With the introduction of TFS 2012 , custom add - ins can also be created for Team Web Access , called Web Access Extensions . Clients ( edit ) TFS supports Visual Studio 2010 and later , Microsoft Test Manager ( MTM ) 2012 and 2013 . Eclipse , older versions of Visual Studio , and other environments can be plugged into TFS using the Microsoft Source Code Control Integration Provider ( MSSCCI Provider -- pronounced `` Miss - Key '' ) . These tools provide full access to the features in TFS . Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Project are also supported to help manage work items which allows for bulk update , bulk entry and bulk export of work items . Microsoft Project can be used to schedule work when conforming to a waterfall software development methodology . Both Excel and Project support bi-directional updates of data . This allows , for example , project managers to put a schedule in Project , have that work imported into TFS where developers update the work and then the schedule can be updated without the project manager having to perform extra work . With Team Foundation Server 2012 , Microsoft PowerPoint was also integrated with TFS to enable rapid storyboard development to help with the requirements management process . The integration provides extensible storyboard shapes that can be used to build any type of interface mockup that can then be animated with PowerPoint 's built - in functions . These storyboards can then be linked to work items . In an effort to handle the growing geographic dispersion of teams and to involve stakeholders earlier and more often in the process , Microsoft added the Feedback Client . This tool allows users to exercise an application , annotate what they are seeing with audio and video , capture screens and provide contextual feedback to the development team . This provides specific feedback on the functions of an application from a users ' perspective without requiring meetings and demonstration sessions . TFS also provides for command line tools for both Unix and Windows environments . The Power Tools for TFS include a Windows shell integration that allows users to check files in and out , add files and perform other basic tasks by right - clicking on a file or folder . Work items ( edit ) At the heart of TFS is the `` work item '' . A work item represents a thing -- it can be work that needs to be accomplished , a risk to track , a test case , a bug or virtually anything else a user can imagine . Work items are defined through the XML documents and are highly extensible . Work items are combined into a Process Template that contains these and other pieces of information to provide a development framework . TFS includes Process Templates for the Microsoft Solutions Framework for Agile , Scrum and CMMI . Teams can choose to use a built - in template or one of the many templates available for use created by third parties . Process templates can be customized using the Process Template Editor , which is part of the Power Tools . Work items can be linked to each other using different relationships to create a hierarchical tree of work items or a flat relationship between work items . Work items can also be linked to external artifacts such as web pages , documents on a file share or documents stored in another repository such as SharePoint . Work items can also be linked to source code , build results , test results and specific versions of items in source control . The flexibility in the work item system allows TFS to play many roles from requirements management to bug tracking , risk and issue tracking , as well as recording the results of reviews . The extensible linking capabilities ensure that traceability from requirements to source code to test cases and results can be accomplished and reported on for auditing purposes as well as historical understanding of changes . Source control ( edit ) Team Foundation Server supports two different types of source control - its original source control engine called Team Foundation Version Control ( TFVC ) and with the release of TFS 2013 , it supports Git as a core source control repository . Team Foundation version control ( edit ) TFVC is a centralized version control system allowing teams to store any type of artifact within its repository . TFVC supports two different types of workspaces when working with client tools - Server Workspaces and Local Workspaces . Server workspaces allow developers to lock files for check - out and provide notification to other developers that files are being edited . A frequent complaint for this model is that files on the development machine are marked as read - only . It also requires developers to `` go offline '' when the server ca n't be contacted . Local workspaces were designed to avoid these problems . In a local workspace scenario files are not read - only and they do not have to be checked out before working on them . As long as the files are on the developer 's local machine , it does n't matter if the server is connected or not . Conflicts are dealt with at check - in time . To improve performance for remote clients , TFS includes the ability to install Proxy Servers . Proxy servers allow source control contents to be cached at a site closer to the developers to avoid long network trips and the associated latency . Check - ins are still performed directly against the TFS application tier so the Proxy Server is most beneficial in read scenarios . As part of the source control engine , TFS supports a number of features to help developers ensure the code that is checked in follows configurable rules . This rule engine is called a Check - in Policy . There are several out of the box policies such as the Changeset Comments Policy which will not allow a check - in unless the developer enters a check - in comment . These policies are extensible and can be used to examine all aspects of the code being checked in , the comments and the related work items . TFS also supports a Code Analysis feature that when used independently is known as FxCop . The inclusion in TFS means that the analysis can run against code checked into the server and during automated builds . Git ( edit ) With the release of TFS 2013 , Microsoft added native support for Git . This is not a Microsoft specific implementation but a standard implementation based on the libgit2 library . This is the same library that powers the popular GitHub and the code is freely available from GitHub . Because Microsoft took the approach of using a standard library , any Git client can now be used natively with TFS ( in other words , developers can use their favorite tools and never install the standard TFS clients ) . This allows tools on any platform and any IDE that support Git to connect to TFS . For example , both Xcode and Android Studio support Git plug - ins . In addition , if developers do not want to use Microsoft 's Team Explorer Everywhere plug - in for Eclipse , they can choose to use eGit to connect to TFS . Using Git does not preclude the benefit of using TFS work item or build system . When checking code in with Git , referencing the work item ID in the check - in comment will associate the check - in with the given work item . Likewise , Team Build will also build Git projects . One of the major reasons to use TFS as a Git repository is that it is backed by SQL Server and is afforded the same protection as Team Foundation Version Control . This gives developers some choices when choosing the type of project and work style that works best for them . At this time source code can not be moved from a TFVC repository to a Git repository . However , using the Git - TF tool , a Git repo can be moved to a TFVC repository . Reporting ( edit ) Reporting has been a core component of TFS since its initial release in 2005 . The reporting infrastructure consists of a data warehouse ( Tfs_Warehouse ) which is a relational database and a SQL Server Analysis Services data cube . Both of these sources are available for reporting through SQL Server Reporting Services when this option is installed . Since these are standard database and cube structures , any tool which can point to these data sources can report from them . This includes tools such as Cognos , Tableau , Excel and other reporting tools . Included with each out of the box process template is a set of reports for reporting services which cover Build information , Test results and progress , project management , agile reports ( Backlog Overview , Release Burndown , Sprint Burndown and Velocity ) , bug and issue data . New reports can be created using Report Builder for SSRS and any of the existing reports can be modified . More specialized reporting is available for load test results . This data is available directly within Visual Studio and can be exported to Excel for detailed analysis . TFS 2013 introduced a new feature called `` light - weight reporting '' which provides for the ability to create real - time reports based on query results and which do not rely on the warehouse or cube . TFS 2012 ( and continuing into 2013 ) offers real - time burndown , velocity and CFD diagrams directly within Team Web Access . Team build ( edit ) Team Build ( Prior to TFS 2015 ) is a build server application included with Team Foundation Server . Two components make up Team Build - MSBuild and Windows Workflow Foundation . MSBuild is a declarative XML language similar to Apache Ant . WF was added to the build process starting with TFS 2010 , prior to that only MSBuild was available . The build capabilities have continued to evolve with each subsequent release of TFS . In TFS 2010 and 2012 , the WF templates ( Extensible Application Markup Language ) files were stored in source control and could be edited and versioned directly from source control . In TFS 2013 , these files were removed to eliminate clutter and streamline the build process . The WF templates can still be downloaded , edited and stored in source control if desired and TFS 2013 does not break existing TFS 2010 or 2012 build process templates . With the support of Git in TFS 2013 , Team Build has been enhanced to allow automated building of Git projects as well as TFVC projects . Windows Workflow controls the overall flow of the build process and TFS includes many pre-built workflow activities for managing common tasks that are performed during a build . MSBuild is the markup language that is found in the . proj ( csproj for C# projects and vbproj for Visual Basic projects ) files . The build system is extensible with users being able to create their own workflow activities , the ability to inject MSBuild into the process and to execute external processes . The workflow nature of the build allows for unlimited flexibility but it may take some work to achieve that flexibility . Shared and open source projects have been started to build community backed activities to enhance the capabilities of Team Build . The build process can be configured for various types of builds including scheduled builds , continuous integration , gated check - in and rolling builds . A gated check - in build will shelve code that a developer checks in , perform a `` get latest '' on the server code and perform a build . If the build succeeds , the code is checked in on behalf of the developer who submitted the code . If the build fails , the developer is notified and can fix the code before trying another check - in . Builds have retention policies with them so that they do not accumulate when not needed ( or builds can be directed not to produce any saved output ) or build output can be locked and saved forever . New with TFS 2013 is the ability to check in the build results into source control . This was a necessary enhancement to support automated builds on the TFS service where there is no drop location to place the builds . In the on - premises version build output can be configured to end up in any accessible shared folder location . The build process in TFS is also part of the traceability mechanism in that build brings together many of the artifacts that are created and stored in TFS . Assuming developers associate source code with work items on check - in , Team Build has the ability to report on the changes in each build - both source code changes and work item changes as well as test results ( this includes unit testing results as well as automated functional testing ( CodedUI ) results ) . As bugs and PBIs are resolved and integrated into builds , the work items which track these artifacts are automatically updated to indicate in which build they were successfully integrated . Combined with the testing tools , testers then get an integrated view of what code was changed in each build , but also which bugs , PBIs and other work changed from build to build . In Team Foundation Server 2015 and with Visual Studio Team Services , Microsoft has reinvented the architecture for the build engine to be based on a cross platform friendly Node. js app . Windows , Mac , and Linux build agents are currently supported . Visual Studio Team Services provides for elastic build capabilities via build hosting in Microsoft Azure . Release management ( edit ) In mid-2013 Microsoft purchased a product called InRelease from InCycle Software . InRelease was fully incorporated into Team Foundation Server 2013 . This capability complemented the automated build and testing processes by allowing a true continuous deployment solution . The tools were re-branded `` Release Management '' for TFS 2013 . The Release Management capabilities give teams the ability to perform a controlled , workflow ( provided by Windows Workflow Foundation ) driven release to Dev , Test and Production environments and provides dashboards for monitoring the progress of one or more releases . Microsoft has rebuilt Release Management for Visual Studio Team Services and on - premises version of Team Foundation Server with the new changes in 2015 Update 2 . The new version of Release Management leverages the web browser as the client , and relies on the same agent architecture as Team Foundation Build . Release Management enables DevOps capabilities for Team Foundation Server . History ( edit ) This first version of Team Foundation Server was released in 2005 . Product name Form Release year Visual Studio 2005 Team System On - premise 2005 Visual Studio Team System 2008 On - premise 2008 Team Foundation Server 2010 On - premise Team Foundation Service Preview Cloud 2012 Team Foundation Server 2012 On - premise 2012 Visual Studio Online Cloud 2013 Team Foundation Server 2013 On - premise 2013 Team Foundation Server 2015 On - premise 2015 Visual Studio Team Services Cloud 2016 Team Foundation Server 2017 On - premise 2017 Team Foundation Server 2018 On - premise 2017 See also ( edit ) Comparison of version control software Comparison of issue tracking systems Microsoft Visual SourceSafe ( VSS ) List of version control software Rational Team Concert SVNBridge , a Windows client or server side extension to TFS that allows access to TFS revision controlled items from Subversion client applications . WinOps References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Application Lifecycle Management with Visual Studio and Team Foundation Server '' . MSDN . Microsoft . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Adopting Team Explorer Everywhere '' . MSDN . Microsoft . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Release ' Cadence ' Begins with Visual Studio 2012 Update 2 '' . 1105 Media . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Availability Enhancements ( Database Engine ) '' . Microsoft . 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Team Foundation Server Architecture '' . Microsoft . 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Set alerts , get notified when changes occur '' . Microsoft . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` How to create an adapter '' . Microsoft . 2008 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Visual Studio Team Foundation Server 2012 MSSCCI Provider '' . Microsoft . 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Request and review feedback '' . Microsoft . 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` How to customize TFS 2010 work items and workflows '' . Ted Gustaf. 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Visual Studio Team Foundation Server 2013 Power Tools '' . Microsoft . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Server workspaces vs. local workspaces '' . Phil Kelley . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` How to : Install Team Foundation Proxy and set up a remote site '' . Microsoft . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` GitHub libgit2 / libgit2 '' . GitHub. 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` EGit '' . Eclipse. 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Git - TF '' . Codeplex. 2014 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Components of the TFS data warehouse '' . Microsoft . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Perspectives and measure groups provided in the Analysis Services cube for Team System '' . Microsoft . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Team Foundation Build Activities '' . Microsoft . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Community TFS Build Extensions '' . Codeplex. 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Azure - Portal '' . Microsoft . 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft acquires InRelease , adding continuous deployment to Visual Studio , Team Foundation Server '' . The Next Web . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Official website Team Foundation Server : At Work Visual Studio 2005 Team System : Enterprise - Class Source Control Using Source Code Control in Team Foundation Team Foundation Server Fundamentals : A Look at the Capabilities and Architecture Visual Studio Team System 2008 Web Access Visual Studio Application Lifecycle Management Visual Studio Team Services Java Support in Team Foundation Server and Visual Studio Team Services Team Foundation Server 2017 Release Notes Version control software Years , where available , indicate the date of first stable release . Systems with names in italics are no longer maintained or have planned end - of - life dates . 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Big Bang nucleosynthesis
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Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Wikipedia Big Bang nucleosynthesis Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Physical cosmology Big Bang Universe Age of the universe Chronology of the universe Early universe ( hide ) Inflation Nucleosynthesis Backgrounds Gravitational wave ( GWB ) Microwave ( CMB ) Neutrino ( CNB ) Expansion Future ( show ) Hubble 's law Redshift Metric expansion of space FLRW metric Friedmann equations Inhomogeneous cosmology Future of an expanding universe Ultimate fate of the universe Components Structure ( show ) Components Lambda - CDM model Dark energy Dark fluid Dark matter Structure Shape of the universe Galaxy filament Galaxy formation Large quasar group Large - scale structure Reionization Structure formation Experiments ( show ) BOOMERanG Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE ) Illustris project Planck space observatory Sloan Digital Sky Survey ( SDSS ) 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ( `` 2dF '' ) Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) Scientists ( show ) Aaronson Alfvén Alpher Bharadwaj Copernicus de Sitter Dicke Ehlers Einstein Ellis Friedman Galileo Gamow Guth Hawking Hubble Lemaître Mather Newton Penrose Penzias Rubin Schmidt Smoot Suntzeff Sunyaev Tolman Wilson Zel'dovich List of cosmologists Subject history ( show ) Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation History of the Big Bang theory Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theory Timeline of cosmological theories Cosmology portal Astronomy portal ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . 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( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In physical cosmology , Big Bang nucleosynthesis ( abbreviated BBN , also known as primordial nucleosynthesis , arch ( a ) eonucleosynthesis , archonucleosynthesis , protonucleosynthesis and pal ( a ) eonucleosynthesis ) refers to the production of nuclei other than those of the lightest isotope of hydrogen ( hydrogen - 1 , H , having a single proton as a nucleus ) during the early phases of the Universe . Primordial nucleosynthesis is believed by most cosmologists to have taken place in the interval from roughly 10 seconds to 20 minutes after the Big Bang , and is calculated to be responsible for the formation of most of the universe 's helium as the isotope helium - 4 ( He ) , along with small amounts of the hydrogen isotope deuterium ( H or D ) , the helium isotope helium - 3 ( He ) , and a very small amount of the lithium isotope lithium - 7 ( Li ) . In addition to these stable nuclei , two unstable or radioactive isotopes were also produced : the heavy hydrogen isotope tritium ( H or T ) ; and the beryllium isotope beryllium - 7 ( Be ) ; but these unstable isotopes later decayed into He and Li , as above . Essentially all of the elements that are heavier than lithium were created much later , by stellar nucleosynthesis in evolving and exploding stars . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Important parameters 2.1 Neutron -- proton ratio 2.2 Baryon -- photon ratio 3 Sequence 3.1 History of theory 3.2 Heavy elements 3.3 Helium - 4 3.4 Deuterium 4 Measurements and status of theory 5 Non-standard scenarios 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 8.1 For a general audience 8.2 Academic articles Characteristics ( edit ) There are several important characteristics of Big Bang nucleosynthesis ( BBN ) : The initial conditions ( neutron - proton ratio ) were set in the first second after the Big Bang . The fusion of nuclei occurred between roughly 10 seconds to 20 minutes after the Big Bang ; this corresponds to the temperature range when the universe was cool enough for deuterium to survive , but hot and dense enough for fusion reactions to occur at a significant rate . It was widespread , encompassing the entire observable universe . The key parameter which allows one to calculate the effects of BBN is the baryon / photon number ratio , which is a small number of order 6 x 10 . This parameter corresponds to the baryon density and controls the rate at which nucleons collide and react ; from this it is possible to calculate element abundances after nucleosynthesis ends . Although the baryon per photon ratio is important in determining element abundances , the precise value makes little difference to the overall picture . Without major changes to the Big Bang theory itself , BBN will result in mass abundances of about 75 % of hydrogen - 1 , about 25 % helium - 4 , about 0.01 % of deuterium and helium - 3 , trace amounts ( on the order of 10 ) of lithium , and negligible heavier elements . That the observed abundances in the universe are generally consistent with these abundance numbers is considered strong evidence for the Big Bang theory . In this field , for historical reasons it is customary to quote the helium - 4 fraction by mass , symbol Y , so that 25 % helium - 4 means that helium - 4 atoms account for 25 % of the mass , but less than 8 % of the nuclei would be helium - 4 nuclei . Other ( trace ) nuclei are usually expressed as number ratios to hydrogen . Important parameters ( edit ) The creation of light elements during BBN was dependent on a number of parameters ; among those was the neutron - proton ratio ( calculable from Standard Model physics ) and the baryon - photon ratio . Neutron -- proton ratio ( edit ) The neutron - proton ratio was set by Standard Model physics before the nucleosynthesis era , essentially within the first 1 - second after the Big Bang . Neutrons can react with positrons or electron neutrinos to create protons and other products in one of the following reactions : n + e + ↔ ν _̄ e + p ( \ displaystyle n + e ^ ( + ) \ leftrightarrow ( \ overline ( \ nu ) ) _ ( e ) + p ) n + ν e ↔ p + e − ( \ displaystyle n+ \ nu _ ( e ) \ leftrightarrow p + e ^ ( - ) ) At times much earlier than 1 sec , these reactions were fast and maintained the n / p ratio close to 1 : 1 . As the temperature dropped , the equilibrium shifted in favour of protons due to their slightly lower mass , and the n / p ratio smoothly decreased . These reactions continued until the decreasing temperature and density caused the reactions to become too slow , which occurred at about T = 0.7 MeV ( time around 1 second ) and is called the freeze out temperature . At freeze out , the neutron - proton ratio was about 1 / 6 . However , free neutrons are unstable with a mean life of 880 sec ; some neutrons decayed in the next few minutes before fusing into any nucleus , so the ratio of total neutrons to protons after nucleosynthesis ends is about 1 / 7 . Almost all neutrons that fused instead of decaying ended up combined into helium - 4 , due to the fact that helium - 4 has the highest binding energy per nucleon among light elements . This predicts that about 8 % of all atoms should be helium - 4 , leading to a mass fraction of helium - 4 of about 25 % , which is in line with observations . Small traces of deuterium and helium - 3 remained as there was insufficient time and density for them to react and form helium - 4 . Baryon -- photon ratio ( edit ) The baryon -- photon ratio , η , is the key parameter determining the abundances of light elements after nucleosynthesis ends . Baryons and light elements can fuse in the following main reactions : p + n → 2 H + γ ( \ displaystyle p + n \ rightarrow ( ^ ( 2 ) ( \ text ( H ) ) ) + \ gamma ) p + 2 H → 3 He + γ ( \ displaystyle p+ ( ^ ( 2 ) ( \ text ( H ) ) ) \ rightarrow ( ^ ( 3 ) ( \ text ( He ) ) ) + \ gamma ) 2 H + 2 H → 3 He + n ( \ displaystyle ( ^ ( 2 ) ( \ text ( H ) ) ) + ( ^ ( 2 ) ( \ text ( H ) ) ) \ rightarrow ( ^ ( 3 ) ( \ text ( He ) ) ) + n ) 2 H + 2 H → 3 H + p ( \ displaystyle ( ^ ( 2 ) ( \ text ( H ) ) ) + ( ^ ( 2 ) ( \ text ( H ) ) ) \ rightarrow ( ^ ( 3 ) ( \ text ( H ) ) ) + p ) 3 He + 2 H → 4 He + p ( \ displaystyle ( ^ ( 3 ) ( \ text ( He ) ) ) + ( ^ ( 2 ) ( \ text ( H ) ) ) \ rightarrow ( ^ ( 4 ) ( \ text ( He ) ) ) + p ) 3 H + 2 H → 4 He + n ( \ displaystyle ( ^ ( 3 ) ( \ text ( H ) ) ) + ( ^ ( 2 ) ( \ text ( H ) ) ) \ rightarrow ( ^ ( 4 ) ( \ text ( He ) ) ) + n ) along with some other low - probability reactions leading to Li or Be . ( An important feature is that there are no stable nuclei with mass 5 or 8 , which implies that reactions adding one baryon to He , or fusing two He , do not occur ) . Most fusion chains during BBN ultimately terminate in He ( helium - 4 ) , while `` incomplete '' reaction chains lead to small amounts of left - over H or He ; the amount of these decreases with increasing baryon - photon ratio . That is , the larger the baryon - photon ratio the more reactions there will be and the more efficiently deuterium will be eventually transformed into helium - 4 . This result makes deuterium a very useful tool in measuring the baryon - to - photon ratio . Sequence ( edit ) The main nuclear reaction chains for Big Bang nucleosynthesis Big Bang nucleosynthesis began roughly 10 seconds after the big bang , when the universe had cooled sufficiently to allow deuterium nuclei to survive disruption by high - energy photons . ( Note that the neutron - proton freeze - out time was earlier ) . This time is essentially independent of dark matter content , since the universe was highly radiation dominated until much later , and this dominant component controls the temperature / time relation . At this time there were about six protons for every neutron , but a small fraction of the neutrons decay before fusing in the next few hundred seconds , so at the end of nucleosynthesis there are about seven protons to every neutron , and almost all the neutrons are in Helium - 4 nuclei . The sequence of these reaction chains is shown on the image . One feature of BBN is that the physical laws and constants that govern the behavior of matter at these energies are very well understood , and hence BBN lacks some of the speculative uncertainties that characterize earlier periods in the life of the universe . Another feature is that the process of nucleosynthesis is determined by conditions at the start of this phase of the life of the universe , and proceeds independently of what happened before . As the universe expands , it cools . Free neutrons and protons are less stable than helium nuclei , and the protons and neutrons have a strong tendency to form helium - 4 . However , forming helium - 4 requires the intermediate step of forming deuterium . Before nucleosynthesis began , the temperature was high enough for many photons to have energy greater than the binding energy of deuterium ; therefore any deuterium that was formed was immediately destroyed ( a situation known as the deuterium bottleneck ) . Hence , the formation of helium - 4 is delayed until the universe became cool enough for deuterium to survive ( at about T = 0.1 MeV ) ; after which there was a sudden burst of element formation . However , very shortly thereafter , around twenty minutes after the Big Bang , the temperature and density became too low for any significant fusion to occur . At this point , the elemental abundances were nearly fixed , and the only changes were the result of the radioactive decay of the two major unstable products of BBN , tritium and beryllium - 7 . History of theory ( edit ) The history of Big Bang nucleosynthesis began with the calculations of Ralph Alpher in the 1940s . Alpher published the Alpher -- Bethe -- Gamow paper that outlined the theory of light - element production in the early universe . During the 1970s , there was a major puzzle in that the density of baryons as calculated by Big Bang nucleosynthesis was much less than the observed mass of the universe based on measurements of galaxy rotation curves and galaxy cluster dynamics . This puzzle was resolved in large part by postulating the existence of dark matter . Heavy elements ( edit ) A version of the periodic table indicating the origins -- including big bang nucleosynthesis -- of the elements . All elements above 103 ( lawrencium ) are also manmade and are not included . Big Bang nucleosynthesis produced no elements heavier than lithium , due to a bottleneck : the absence of a stable nucleus with 8 or 5 nucleons . This deficit of larger atoms also limited the amounts of lithium - 7 produced during BBN . In stars , the bottleneck is passed by triple collisions of helium - 4 nuclei , producing carbon ( the triple - alpha process ) . However , this process is very slow and requires much higher densities , taking tens of thousands of years to convert a significant amount of helium to carbon in stars , and therefore it made a negligible contribution in the minutes following the Big Bang . The predicted abundance of CNO isotopes produced in Big Bang nucleosynthesis is expected to be on the order of 10 that of H , making them essentially undetectable and negligible . Indeed , none of these primordial isotopes of the elements from lithium to oxygen have yet been detected , although those of beryllium and boron may be able to be detected in the future . So far , the only stable nuclides known experimentally to have been made before or during Big Bang nucleosynthesis are protium , deuterium , helium - 3 , helium - 4 , and lithium - 7 . Helium - 4 ( edit ) Main article : Helium - 4 Big Bang nucleosynthesis predicts a primordial abundance of about 25 % helium - 4 by mass , irrespective of the initial conditions of the universe . As long as the universe was hot enough for protons and neutrons to transform into each other easily , their ratio , determined solely by their relative masses , was about 1 neutron to 7 protons ( allowing for some decay of neutrons into protons ) . Once it was cool enough , the neutrons quickly bound with an equal number of protons to form first deuterium , then helium - 4 . Helium - 4 is very stable and is nearly the end of this chain if it runs for only a short time , since helium neither decays nor combines easily to form heavier nuclei ( since there are no stable nuclei with mass numbers of 5 or 8 , helium does not combine easily with either protons , or with itself ) . Once temperatures are lowered , out of every 16 nucleons ( 2 neutrons and 14 protons ) , 4 of these ( 25 % of the total particles and total mass ) combine quickly into one helium - 4 nucleus . This produces one helium for every 12 hydrogens , resulting in a universe that is a little over 8 % helium by number of atoms , and 25 % helium by mass . One analogy is to think of helium - 4 as ash , and the amount of ash that one forms when one completely burns a piece of wood is insensitive to how one burns it . The resort to the BBN theory of the helium - 4 abundance is necessary as there is far more helium - 4 in the universe than can be explained by stellar nucleosynthesis . In addition , it provides an important test for the Big Bang theory . If the observed helium abundance is significantly different from 25 % , then this would pose a serious challenge to the theory . This would particularly be the case if the early helium - 4 abundance was much smaller than 25 % because it is hard to destroy helium - 4 . For a few years during the mid-1990s , observations suggested that this might be the case , causing astrophysicists to talk about a Big Bang nucleosynthetic crisis , but further observations were consistent with the Big Bang theory . Deuterium ( edit ) Main article : Deuterium This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Deuterium is in some ways the opposite of helium - 4 , in that while helium - 4 is very stable and difficult to destroy , deuterium is only marginally stable and easy to destroy . The temperatures , time , and densities were sufficient to combine a substantial fraction of the deuterium nuclei to form helium - 4 but insufficient to carry the process further using helium - 4 in the next fusion step . BBN did not convert all of the deuterium in the universe to helium - 4 due to the expansion that cooled the universe and reduced the density , and so cut that conversion short before it could proceed any further . One consequence of this is that , unlike helium - 4 , the amount of deuterium is very sensitive to initial conditions . The denser the initial universe was , the more deuterium would be converted to helium - 4 before time ran out , and the less deuterium would remain . There are no known post-Big Bang processes which can produce significant amounts of deuterium . Hence observations about deuterium abundance suggest that the universe is not infinitely old , which is in accordance with the Big Bang theory . During the 1970s , there were major efforts to find processes that could produce deuterium , but those revealed ways of producing isotopes other than deuterium . The problem was that while the concentration of deuterium in the universe is consistent with the Big Bang model as a whole , it is too high to be consistent with a model that presumes that most of the universe is composed of protons and neutrons . If one assumes that all of the universe consists of protons and neutrons , the density of the universe is such that much of the currently observed deuterium would have been burned into helium - 4 . The standard explanation now used for the abundance of deuterium is that the universe does not consist mostly of baryons , but that non-baryonic matter ( also known as dark matter ) makes up most of the mass of the universe . This explanation is also consistent with calculations that show that a universe made mostly of protons and neutrons would be far more clumpy than is observed . It is very hard to come up with another process that would produce deuterium other than by nuclear fusion . Such a process would require that the temperature be hot enough to produce deuterium , but not hot enough to produce helium - 4 , and that this process should immediately cool to non-nuclear temperatures after no more than a few minutes . It would also be necessary for the deuterium to be swept away before it reoccurs . Producing deuterium by fission is also difficult . The problem here again is that deuterium is very unlikely due to nuclear processes , and that collisions between atomic nuclei are likely to result either in the fusion of the nuclei , or in the release of free neutrons or alpha particles . During the 1970s , cosmic ray spallation was proposed as a source of deuterium . That theory failed to account for the abundance of deuterium , but led to explanations of the source of other light elements . Measurements and status of theory ( edit ) The theory of BBN gives a detailed mathematical description of the production of the light `` elements '' deuterium , helium - 3 , helium - 4 , and lithium - 7 . Specifically , the theory yields precise quantitative predictions for the mixture of these elements , that is , the primordial abundances at the end of the big - bang . In order to test these predictions , it is necessary to reconstruct the primordial abundances as faithfully as possible , for instance by observing astronomical objects in which very little stellar nucleosynthesis has taken place ( such as certain dwarf galaxies ) or by observing objects that are very far away , and thus can be seen in a very early stage of their evolution ( such as distant quasars ) . As noted above , in the standard picture of BBN , all of the light element abundances depend on the amount of ordinary matter ( baryons ) relative to radiation ( photons ) . Since the universe is presumed to be homogeneous , it has one unique value of the baryon - to - photon ratio . For a long time , this meant that to test BBN theory against observations one had to ask : can all of the light element observations be explained with a single value of the baryon - to - photon ratio ? Or more precisely , allowing for the finite precision of both the predictions and the observations , one asks : is there some range of baryon - to - photon values which can account for all of the observations ? More recently , the question has changed : Precision observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation with the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) and Planck give an independent value for the baryon - to - photon ratio . Using this value , are the BBN predictions for the abundances of light elements in agreement with the observations ? The present measurement of helium - 4 indicates good agreement , and yet better agreement for helium - 3 . But for lithium - 7 , there is a significant discrepancy between BBN and WMAP / Planck , and the abundance derived from Population II stars . The discrepancy is a factor of 2.4 ― 4.3 below the theoretically predicted value and is considered a problem for the original models , that have resulted in revised calculations of the standard BBN based on new nuclear data , and to various reevaluation proposals for primordial proton - proton nuclear reactions , especially the abundances of Be + n → Li + p , versus Be + H → Be + p . Non-standard scenarios ( edit ) In addition to the standard BBN scenario there are numerous non-standard BBN scenarios . These should not be confused with non-standard cosmology : a non-standard BBN scenario assumes that the Big Bang occurred , but inserts additional physics in order to see how this affects elemental abundances . These pieces of additional physics include relaxing or removing the assumption of homogeneity , or inserting new particles such as massive neutrinos . There have been , and continue to be , various reasons for researching non-standard BBN . The first , which is largely of historical interest , is to resolve inconsistencies between BBN predictions and observations . This has proved to be of limited usefulness in that the inconsistencies were resolved by better observations , and in most cases trying to change BBN resulted in abundances that were more inconsistent with observations rather than less . The second reason for researching non-standard BBN , and largely the focus of non-standard BBN in the early 21st century , is to use BBN to place limits on unknown or speculative physics . For example , standard BBN assumes that no exotic hypothetical particles were involved in BBN . One can insert a hypothetical particle ( such as a massive neutrino ) and see what has to happen before BBN predicts abundances that are very different from observations . This has been done to put limits on the mass of a stable tau neutrino . See also ( edit ) Cosmology portal Astronomy portal Book : Nucleosynthesis Big Bang Chronology of the universe Nucleosynthesis Stellar nucleosynthesis Ultimate fate of the universe References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( Particle Data Group ) ; C. Patrignani ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Big - Bang nucleosynthesis '' ( PDF ) . Chin . Phys. C. 40 : 100001 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Gary Steigman ( December 2007 ) . `` Primordial Nucleosynthesis in the Precision Cosmology Era '' . Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science . 57 : 463 -- 491 . Bibcode : 2007ARNPS ... 57 ... 463S . arXiv : 0712.1100 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. nucl. 56.080805. 140437 . Jump up ^ Bertulani , Carlos A. ( 2013 ) . Nuclei in the Cosmos . World Scientific . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4417 - 66 - 2 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Achim . `` Equilibrium and change : The physics behind Big Bang Nucleosynthesis '' . Einstein Online . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/665/1/012001/pdf Jump up ^ https://arxiv.org/pdf/1403.4156v1.pdf Jump up ^ Bludman , S.A. ( December 1998 ) . `` Baryonic Mass Fraction in Rich Clusters and the Total Mass Density in the Cosmos '' . Astrophysical Journal . 508 ( 2 ) : 535 -- 538 . Bibcode : 1998ApJ ... 508 ... 535B . arXiv : astro - ph / 9706047 . doi : 10.1086 / 306412 . Jump up ^ Schramm , D.N. , The Big Bang and Other Explosions in Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics ( Singapore : World Scientific , 1995 ) , p. 175 . Jump up ^ David Toback ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 12 : Cosmic Background Radiation '' Jump up ^ David Toback ( 2009 ) . `` Unit 4 : The Evolution Of The Universe '' Jump up ^ R.H. Cyburt , B.D. Fields & K.A. Olive ( 2008 ) . `` A Bitter Pill : The Primordial Lithium Problem Worsens '' . Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2008 : 012 . Bibcode : 2008JCAP ... 11 ... 012C . arXiv : 0808.2818 . doi : 10.1088 / 1475 - 7516 / 2008 / 11 / 012 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Achim . `` Elements of the past : Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and observation '' . Einstein Online . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 24 . For a recent calculation of BBN predictions , see A. Coc ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Updated Big Bang Nucleosynthesis confronted to WMAP observations and to the Abundance of Light Elements '' . Astrophysical Journal . 600 ( 2 ) : 544 -- 552 . Bibcode : 2004ApJ ... 600 ... 544C . arXiv : astro - ph / 0309480 . doi : 10.1086 / 380121 . For the observational values , see the following articles : Helium - 4 : K.A. Olive & E.A. Skillman ( 2004 ) . `` A Realistic Determination of the Error on the Primordial Helium Abundance '' . Astrophysical Journal . 617 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 49 . Bibcode : 2004ApJ ... 617 ... 29O . arXiv : astro - ph / 0405588 . doi : 10.1086 / 425170 . Helium - 3 : T.M. Bania , R.T. Rood & D.S. Balser ( 2002 ) . `` The cosmological density of baryons from observations of 3He+ in the Milky Way '' . Nature . 415 ( 6867 ) : 54 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2002Natur. 415 ... 54B . PMID 11780112 . doi : 10.1038 / 415054a . Deuterium : J.M. O'Meara ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` The Deuterium to Hydrogen Abundance Ratio Towards a Fourth QSO : HS0105 + 1619 '' . Astrophysical Journal . 552 ( 2 ) : 718 -- 730 . Bibcode : 2001ApJ ... 552 ... 718O . arXiv : astro - ph / 0011179 . doi : 10.1086 / 320579 . Lithium - 7 : C. Charbonnel & F. Primas ( 2005 ) . `` The Lithium Content of the Galactic Halo Stars '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 442 ( 3 ) : 961 -- 992 . Bibcode : 2005A&A ... 442 ... 961C . arXiv : astro - ph / 0505247 . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20042491 . A. Korn ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` A probable stellar solution to the cosmological lithium discrepancy '' . Nature . 442 ( 7103 ) : 657 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 442 ... 657K . PMID 16900193 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0608201 . doi : 10.1038 / nature05011 . Jump up ^ Soler , F.J.P. , Froggatt , C.D. , & Muheim , F. , eds. , Neutrinos in Particle Physics , Astrophysics and Cosmology ( Baton Rouge : CRC Press , 2009 ) , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Anderson , R.W. , The Cosmic Compendium : The Big Bang & the Early Universe ( Morrisville , NC : Lulu Press , Inc. , 2015 ) , p. 54 . External links ( edit ) For a general audience ( edit ) Weiss , Achim . `` Big Bang Nucleosynthesis : Cooking up the first light elements '' . Einstein Online . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 24 . White , Martin : Overview of BBN Wright , Ned : BBN ( cosmology tutorial ) Big Bang nucleosynthesis on arxiv.org Burles , Scott ; Nollett , Kenneth M. ; Turner , Michael S. ( 1999 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Big - Bang Nucleosynthesis : Linking Inner Space and Outer Space '' . arXiv : astro - ph / 9903300 . Academic articles ( edit ) Cyburt , Richard H. ; Fields , Brian D. ; Olive , Keith A. ; Yeh , Tsung - Han ( February 2016 ) . `` Big Bang Nucleosynthesis : 2015 '' . Rev. Mod . Phys. 88 ( 1 ) : 015004 . Bibcode : 2016RvMP ... 88a5004C . arXiv : 1505.01076 . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 88.015004 . Burles , Scott ; Kenneth M. Nollett ; Michael S. Turner ( 2001 ) . `` What Is The BBN Prediction for the Baryon Density and How Reliable Is It ? '' . Phys. Rev. D. 63 ( 6 ) : 063512 . Bibcode : 2001PhRvD ... 63f3512B . arXiv : astro - ph / 0008495 . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD. 63.063512 . Report - no : FERMILAB - Pub - 00 - 239 - A Jedamzik , Karsten , `` Non-Standard Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Scenarios '' . Max - Planck - Institut für Astrophysik , Garching . Steigman , Gary , Primordial Nucleosynthesis : Successes And Challenges arXiv : astro - ph / 0511534 ; Forensic Cosmology : Probing Baryons and Neutrinos With BBN and the CBR arXiv : hep - ph / 0309347 ; and Big Bang Nucleosynthesis : Probing the First 20 Minutes arXiv : astro - ph / 0307244 R.A. Alpher , H.A. Bethe , G. Gamow , The Origin of Chemical Elements , Physical Review 73 ( 1948 ) , 803 . The so - called αβγ paper , in which Alpher and Gamow suggested that the light elements were created by hydrogen ions capturing neutrons in the hot , dense early universe . Bethe 's name was added for symmetry Gamow , G. ( 1948 ) . `` The Origin of Elements and the Separation of Galaxies '' . Physical Review . 74 : 505 -- 506 . Bibcode : 1948PhRv ... 74 ... 505G . doi : 10.1103 / physrev. 74.505. 2 . These two 1948 papers of Gamow laid the foundation for our present understanding of big - bang nucleosynthesis Gamow , G. ( 1948 ) . `` The Evolution of the Universe '' . Nature . 162 : 680 -- 2 . Bibcode : 1948Natur. 162 ... 680G . PMID 18893719 . doi : 10.1038 / 162680a0 . Alpher , R.A. ( 1948 ) . `` A Neutron - Capture Theory of the Formation and Relative Abundance of the Elements '' . Physical Review . 74 : 1737 -- 1742 . Bibcode : 1948PhRv ... 74.1737 A . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 74.1737 . R.A. Alpher and R. Herman , `` On the Relative Abundance of the Elements , '' Physical Review 74 ( 1948 ) , 1577 . This paper contains the first estimate of the present temperature of the universe Alpher , R.A. ; Herman , R. ; Gamow , G. ( 1948 ) . `` Evolution of the Universe '' . Nature . 162 : 774 -- 775 . Bibcode : 1948Natur. 162 ... 774A . doi : 10.1038 / 162774b0 . Java Big Bang element abundance calculator ( hide ) Timeline of the Big Bang Chronology of the universe Big Bang Planck epoch Grand unification epoch Electroweak epoch ( Inflationary epoch , Reheating , Baryogenesis ) Quark epoch Hadron epoch Lepton epoch Photon epoch ( Big Bang nucleosynthesis , Matter domination , Recombination ) Dark ages Habitable epoch Reionization Fate of the universe Big Crunch Big Rip Heat death of the universe Graphical timeline of the Big Bang Cosmology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis&oldid=801157674 '' Categories : Nucleosynthesis Physical cosmology Big Bang Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Self - contradictory articles from March 2017 All self - contradictory articles Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Slovenčina Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 00 : 46 . 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for heavy elements what is the ratio of neutrons to protons that predicts a stable nucleus
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"At times much earlier than 1 sec, these reactions were fast and maintained the n/p ratio close to 1:1. As the temperature dropped, the equilibrium shifted in favour of protons due to their slightly lower mass, and the n/p ratio smoothly decreased. These reactions continued until the decreasing temperature and density caused the reactions to become too slow, which occurred at about T = 0.7 MeV (time around 1 second) and is called the freeze out temperature. At freeze out, the neutron-proton ratio was about 1/6. However, free neutrons are unstable with a mean life of 880 sec; some neutrons decayed in the next few minutes before fusing into any nucleus, so the ratio of total neutrons to protons after nucleosynthesis ends is about 1/7. Almost all neutrons that fused instead of decaying ended up combined into helium-4, due to the fact that helium-4 has the highest binding energy per nucleon among light elements. This predicts that about 8% of all atoms should be helium-4, leading to a mass fraction of helium-4 of about 25%, which is in line with observations. Small traces of deuterium and helium-3 remained as there was insufficient time and density for them to react and form helium-4.[2]"
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American Sign Language
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American sign language - Wikipedia American sign language `` ASL '' redirects here . For other uses , see ASL ( disambiguation ) . `` Canadian Sign Language '' redirects here . For French Canadian Sign Language , see Quebec Sign Language . American Sign Language Langue des Signes Américaine ( in the Canadian province of Québec ) Native to United States , Canada Region English - speaking North America Native speakers 250,000 -- 500,000 in the United States ( 1972 ) L2 users : Used as L2 by many hearing people and by Hawaii Sign Language speakers . Language family French Sign - based ( possibly a creole with Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language ) American Sign Language Dialects African - American Sign Bolivian Sign Costa Rican Sign Ghanaian Sign Nigerian Sign Francophone African Sign Québec Sign Writing system None are widely accepted si5s ( ASLwrite ) , ASL - phabet , Stokoe notation , SignWriting Official status Official language in none Recognised minority language in Ontario only in domains of : legislation , education and judiciary proceedings . 40 US states recognize ASL to varying degrees , from a foreign language for school credits to the official language of that state 's deaf population . Language codes ISO 639 - 3 ase Glottolog asli1244 ASL family amer1248 ASL proper Areas where ASL or a dialect / derivative thereof is the national sign language Areas where ASL is in significant use alongside another sign language American Sign Language ( ASL ) is a natural language that serves as the predominant sign language of Deaf communities in the United States and most of Anglophone Canada . Besides North America , dialects of ASL and ASL - based creoles are used in many countries around the world , including much of West Africa and parts of Southeast Asia . ASL is also widely learned as a second language , serving as a lingua franca . ASL is most closely related to French Sign Language ( LSF ) . It has been proposed that ASL is a creole language of LSF , although ASL shows features atypical of creole languages , such as agglutinative morphology . ASL originated in the early 19th century in the American School for the Deaf ( ASD ) in Hartford , Connecticut , from a situation of language contact . Since then , ASL use has propagated widely via schools for the deaf and Deaf community organizations . Despite its wide use , no accurate count of ASL users has been taken , though reliable estimates for American ASL users range from 250,000 to 500,000 persons , including a number of children of deaf adults . ASL users face stigma due to beliefs in the superiority of oral language to sign language , compounded by the fact that ASL is often glossed in English due to the lack of a standard writing system . ASL signs have a number of phonemic components , including movement of the face and torso as well as the hands . ASL is not a form of pantomime , but iconicity does play a larger role in ASL than in spoken languages . English loan words are often borrowed through fingerspelling , although ASL grammar is unrelated to that of English . ASL has verbal agreement and aspectual marking and has a productive system of forming agglutinative classifiers . Many linguists believe ASL to be a subject -- verb -- object ( SVO ) language , but there are several alternative proposals to account for ASL word order . Contents 1 Classification 2 History 3 Population 4 Geographic distribution 5 Regional variation 5.1 Sign production 5.2 Sign variants 5.3 History and implications 6 Varieties 7 Stigma 8 Writing systems 9 Phonology 10 Grammar 10.1 Morphology 10.1. 1 Fingerspelling 10.2 Syntax 11 Iconicity 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Bibliography 16 External links Classification ( edit ) Play media Travis Dougherty explains and demonstrates the ASL alphabet . Voice - over interpretation by Gilbert G. Lensbower . ASL emerged as a language in the American School for the Deaf ( ASD ) , founded in 1817 . This school brought together Old French Sign Language , various village sign languages , and home sign systems ; ASL was created in this situation of language contact . ASL was influenced by its forerunners but distinct from all of them . The influence of French Sign Language ( LSF ) on ASL is readily apparent ; for example , it has been found that about 58 % of signs in modern ASL are cognate to Old French Sign Language signs . However , this is far less than the standard 80 % measure used to determine whether related languages are actually dialects . This suggests that nascent ASL was highly affected by the other signing systems brought by the ASD students , despite the fact that the school 's original director Laurent Clerc taught in LSF . In fact , Clerc reported that he often learned the students ' signs rather than conveying LSF : I see , however , and I say it with regret , that any efforts that we have made or may still be making , to do better than , we have inadvertently fallen somewhat back of Abbé de l'Épée . Some of us have learned and still learn signs from uneducated pupils , instead of learning them from well instructed and experienced teachers . -- Clerc , 1852 , from Woodward 1978 : 336 It has been proposed that ASL is a creole with LSF as the superstrate language and with the native village sign languages as substrate languages . However , more recent research has shown that modern ASL does not share many of the structural features that characterize creole languages . ASL may have begun as a creole and then undergone structural change over time , but it is also possible that it was never a creole - type language . There are modality - specific reasons that sign languages tend towards agglutination , for example the ability to simultaneously convey information via the face , head , torso , and other body parts . This might override creole characteristics such as the tendency towards isolating morphology . Additionally , Clerc and Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet may have used an artificially constructed form of manually coded language in instruction rather than true LSF . Although the United States , the United Kingdom , and Australia share English as a common oral and written language , ASL is not mutually intelligible with British Sign Language ( BSL ) or Auslan . All three languages show degrees of borrowing from English , but this alone is not sufficient for cross-language comprehension . It has been found that a relatively high percentage ( 37 -- 44 % ) of ASL signs have similar translations in Auslan , which for oral languages would suggest that they belong to the same language family . However , this does not seem justified historically for ASL and Auslan , and it is likely that this resemblance is due to the higher degree of iconicity in sign languages in general , as well as contact with English . American Sign Language is growing in popularity among many states . Many people in high school and colleges desire to take it as a foreign language , but until recently , it was not a creditable foreign language elective . The issue was that many did n't consider it a foreign language . ASL users , however , have a very distinct culture and way they interact when talking . Their facial expressions and hand movements reflect what they are conveying . They also have their own sentence structure which sets the language apart . American sign language is now being accepted by many colleges as a foreign language credit ; many states are making it mandatory to accept it . History ( edit ) A sign language interpreter at a presentation Prior to the birth of ASL , sign language had been used by various communities in the United States . In the United States , as elsewhere in the world , hearing families with deaf children have historically employed ad - hoc home sign , which often reaches much higher levels of sophistication than gestures used by hearing people in spoken conversation . As early as 1541 at first contact by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado , there were reports that the Plains Indians had developed a sign language to communicate between tribes of different languages . In the 19th century , a `` triangle '' of village sign languages developed in New England : one in Martha 's Vineyard , Massachusetts ; one in Henniker , New Hampshire , and one in Sandy River Valley , Maine . Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language ( MVSL ) , which was particularly important for the history of ASL , was used mainly in Chilmark , Massachusetts . Due to intermarriage in the original community of English settlers of the 1690s , and the recessive nature of genetic deafness , Chilmark had a high 4 % rate of genetic deafness. . MVSL was used even by hearing residents whenever a deaf person was present , and also in some situations where spoken language would be ineffective or inappropriate , such as during church sermons or between boats at sea . ASL is thought to have originated in the American School for the Deaf ( ASD ) , founded in Hartford , Connecticut in 1817 . Originally known as The American Asylum , At Hartford , For The Education And Instruction Of The Deaf And Dumb , the school was founded by the Yale graduate and divinity student Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet . Gallaudet , inspired by his success in demonstrating the learning abilities of a young deaf girl Alice Cogswell , traveled to Europe in order to learn deaf pedagogy from European institutions . Ultimately , Gallaudet chose to adopt the methods of the French Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris , and convinced Laurent Clerc , an assistant to the school 's founder Charles - Michel de l'Épée , to accompany him back to the United States . Upon his return , Gallaudet founded the ASD on April 15 , 1817 . The largest group of students during the first seven decades of the school were from Martha 's Vineyard , and they brought MVSL with them . There were also 44 students from around Henniker , New Hampshire , and 27 from the Sandy River valley in Maine , each of which had their own village sign language . Other students brought knowledge of their own home signs . Laurent Clerc , the first teacher at ASD , taught using French Sign Language ( LSF ) , which itself had developed in the Parisian school for the deaf established in 1755 . From this situation of language contact , a new language emerged , now known as ASL . American Sign Language Convention of March 2008 in Austin , Texas More schools for the deaf were founded after ASD , and knowledge of ASL spread to these schools . In addition , the rise of Deaf community organizations bolstered the continued use of ASL . Societies such as the National Association of the Deaf and the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf held national conventions that attracted signers from across the country . This all contributed to ASL 's wide use over a large geographical area , atypical of a sign language . Up to the 1950s , the predominant method in deaf education was oralism -- acquiring oral language comprehension and production . Linguists did not consider sign language to be true `` language '' , but rather something inferior . Recognition of the legitimacy of ASL was achieved by William Stokoe , a linguist who arrived at Gallaudet University in 1955 when this was still the dominant assumption . Aided by the civil rights movement of the 1960s , Stokoe argued for manualism , the use of sign language in deaf education . Stokoe noted that sign language shares the important features that oral languages have as a means of communication , and even devised a transcription system for ASL . In doing so , Stokoe revolutionized both deaf education and linguistics . In the 1960s , ASL was sometimes referred to as `` Ameslan '' , but this term is now considered obsolete . Population ( edit ) Counting the number of ASL signers is difficult because ASL users have never been counted by the American census . The ultimate source for current estimates of the number of ASL users in the United States is a report for the National Census of the Deaf Population ( NCDP ) by Schein and Delk ( 1974 ) . Based on a 1972 survey of the NCDP , Schein and Delk provided estimates consistent with a signing population between 250,000 and 500,000 . The survey did not distinguish between ASL and other forms of signing ; in fact , the name `` ASL '' was not yet in widespread use . Incorrect figures are sometimes cited for the population of ASL speakers in the United States based on misunderstandings of known statistics . Demographics of the deaf population have been confused with those of ASL use , since adults who become deaf late in life rarely use ASL in the home . This accounts for currently cited estimations which are greater than 500,000 ; such mistaken estimations can reach as high as 15,000,000 . A 100,000 - person lower bound has been cited for ASL users ; the source of this figure is unclear , but it may be an estimate of prelingual deafness , which is correlated with but not equivalent to signing . ASL is sometimes incorrectly cited as the third - or fourth-most - spoken language in the United States . These figures misquote Schein and Delk ( 1974 ) , who actually concluded that ASL speakers constituted the third - largest population requiring an interpreter in court . Although this would make ASL the third-most used language among monolinguals other than English , it does not imply that it is the fourth-most - spoken language in the United States , since speakers of other languages may also speak English . Geographic distribution ( edit ) ASL is used throughout Anglo - America . This contrasts with Europe , where a variety of sign languages are used within the same continent . The unique situation of ASL seems to have been caused by the proliferation of ASL through schools influenced by the American School for the Deaf , wherein ASL originated , and the rise of community organizations for the Deaf . Throughout West Africa , ASL - based sign languages are spoken by educated Deaf adults . These languages , imported by boarding schools , are often considered by associations to be the official sign languages of their countries , and are named accordingly , e.g. Nigerian Sign Language , Ghanaian Sign Language . Such signing systems are found in Benin , Burkina Faso , Ivory Coast , Ghana , Liberia , Mauritania , Mali , Nigeria , and Togo . Due to lack of data , it is still an open question how similar these sign languages are to the variety of ASL used in America . In addition to the aforementioned West African countries , ASL is reported to be used as a first language in Barbados , Bolivia , Cambodia , the Central African Republic , Chad , China ( Hong Kong ) , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Gabon , Jamaica , Kenya , Madagascar , the Philippines , Singapore , and Zimbabwe . ASL is also used as a lingua franca throughout the deaf world , widely learned as a second language . Regional variation ( edit ) Sign production ( edit ) Sign production can often vary according to location . Signers from the South tend to sign with more flow and ease . Native signers from New York have been reported as signing comparatively more quickly and sharply . Sign production of native Californian signers has also been reported as being fast as well . Research on this phenomenon often concludes this fast - paced production for signers form the coast could be due to the fast - paced nature of living in large metropolitan areas . This conclusion also supports how the ease with which Southern sign could be due to the easy going environment of the South in comparison to that of the East and West coast . Sign production can also vary depending on age and native language . For example , sign production of letters may vary in older signers . Slight differences in finger spelling production can be a signal of age . Additionally , signers who learned American Sign Language as a second language vary in production . For Deaf signers who learned a different sign language before learning American Sign Language , qualities of their native language may show in their ASL production . Some examples of this varied production are finger spelling towards the body instead of away from , and signing certain movement from bottom to top instead of top to bottom . Hearing people that learn American Sign Language also have noticeable differences in signing production . The most notable production difference of hearing people learning American Sign Language is their rhythm and arm posture . Sign variants ( edit ) Most popularly there are variants of the signs for English words such as `` birthday '' , `` pizza '' , `` Halloween '' , `` early '' , and `` soon '' . These are just a sample of the most commonly recognized signs with variant based on regional change . The sign for `` school '' is commonly varied between black and white signers . The variation between sign produced by black and white signers is sometimes referred to as Black American Sign Language . History and implications ( edit ) The prevalence of residential Deaf schools can account for much of the regional variance of signs and sign productions across the United States . Deaf schools often serve students of the state in which the school resides . This limited access to signers from other regions , combined with the residential quality of Deaf Schools promoted specific use of certain sign variants . Native signers did not have much access to signers from other regions during the beginning years of their education . It is hypothesized that because of this seclusion , certain variants of a sign prevailed over others other due to the choice of variant used by the student of the school / signers in the community . However , American Sign Language does not appear to be vastly varied when compared to other signed languages . This is because when Deaf education was beginning in the United States , many educators flocked to the American School for the Deaf in Hartford , Connecticut . This central location for the first generation of educators in Deaf education to learn American Sign Language allows ASL to be more standardized than it is variant . Varieties ( edit ) Main article : Varieties of American Sign Language Variants of ABOUT in Canadian ASL Play media About -- General sign ( Canadian ASL ) Play media About -- Atlantic Variation ( Canadian ASL ) Play media About -- Ontario Variation ( Canadian ASL ) Varieties of ASL are found throughout the world . There is little difficulty in comprehension among the varieties of the United States and Canada . Just as there are accents in speech , there are regional accents in sign . People from the South sign slower than people in the North -- even people from northern and southern Indiana have different styles . -- Walker , Lou Ann ( 1987 ) . A Loss for Words : The Story of Deafness in a Family . New York : HarperPerennial . p. 31 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 091425 - 4 . Mutual intelligibility among these ASL varieties is high , and the variation is primarily lexical . For example , there are three different words for English about in Canadian ASL ; the standard way , and two regional variations ( Atlantic and Ontario ) , as shown in the videos on the right . Variation may also be phonological , meaning that the same sign may be signed in a different way depending on the region . For example , an extremely common type of variation is between the handshapes / 1 / , / L / , and / 5 / in signs with one handshape . There is also a distinct variety of ASL used by the Black Deaf community . Black ASL evolved as a result of racially segregated schools in some states , which included the residential schools for the deaf . Black ASL differs from standard ASL in vocabulary , phonology , and some grammatical structure . While African American English ( AAE ) is generally viewed as more innovating than standard English , Black ASL is more conservative than standard ASL , preserving older forms of many signs . Black sign language speakers use more two - handed signs than in mainstream ASL , are less likely to show assimilatory lowering of signs produced on the forehead ( e.g. KNOW ) and use a wider signing space . Modern Black ASL borrows a number of idioms from AAE ; for instance , the AAE idiom `` I feel you '' is calqued into Black ASL . ASL is used internationally as a lingua franca , and a number of closely related sign languages derived from ASL are used in many different countries . Even so , there have been varying degrees of divergence from standard ASL in these imported ASL varieties . Bolivian Sign Language is reported to be a dialect of ASL , no more divergent than other acknowledged dialects . On the other hand , it is also known that some imported ASL varieties have diverged to the extent of being separate languages . For example , Malaysian Sign Language , which has ASL origins , is no longer mutually comprehensible with ASL and must be considered its own language . For some imported ASL varieties , such as those used in West Africa , it is still an open question how similar they are to American ASL . When communicating with hearing English speakers , ASL - speakers often use what is commonly called Pidgin Signed English ( PSE ) or ' contact signing ' , a blend of English structure with ASL . Various types of PSE exist , ranging from highly English - influenced PSE ( practically relexified English ) to PSE which is quite close to ASL lexically and grammatically , but may alter some subtle features of ASL grammar . Fingerspelling may be used more often in PSE than it is normally used in ASL . There have been some constructed sign languages , known as Manually Coded English ( MCE ) , which match English grammar exactly and simply replace spoken words with signs ; these systems are not considered to be varieties of ASL . Tactile ASL ( TASL ) is a variety of ASL used throughout the United States by and with the deaf - blind . It is particularly common among those with Usher 's syndrome . This syndrome results in deafness from birth followed by loss of vision later in life ; consequently , those with Usher 's syndrome often grow up in the Deaf community using ASL , and later transition to TASL . TASL differs from ASL in that signs are produced by touching the palms , and there are some grammatical differences from standard ASL in order to compensate for the lack of non-manual signing . Stigma ( edit ) In 2013 the White House published a response to a petition that gained over 37,000 signatures to officially recognize American Sign Language as a community language and a language of instruction in schools . The response is titled `` there should n't be any stigma about American Sign Language '' and addressed that ASL is a vital language for the Deaf and hard of hearing . Stigmas associated with sign languages and the use of sign for educating children often lead to the absence of sign during periods in children 's lives when they can access languages most effectively . Scholars such as Beth S. Benedict advocate not only for bilingualism ( using ASL and English training ) but also for early childhood intervention for children who are deaf . York University psychologist Ellen Bialystok has also campaigned for bilingualism , arguing that those who are bilingual acquire cognitive skills that may help to prevent dementia later in life . The majority of children born to deaf parents are hearing . These children , known as CODAs ( `` Children Of Deaf Adults '' ) are often more culturally Deaf than deaf children , the majority of whom are born to hearing parents . Unlike many deaf children , CODAs acquire ASL as well as Deaf cultural values and behaviors from birth . These bilingual hearing children may be mistakenly labeled as being `` slow learners '' or as having `` language difficulties '' due to preferential attitudes towards spoken language . Writing systems ( edit ) The ASL phrase `` American Sign Language '' , written in Stokoe notation The ASL phrase `` American Sign Language '' , written in Sutton SignWriting ASL signs for counting Although there is no well - established writing system for ASL , written sign language dates back almost two centuries . The first systematic writing system for a sign language seems to be that of Roch - Ambroise Auguste Bébian , developed in 1825 . However , written sign language remained marginal among the public . In the 1960s , linguist William Stokoe created Stokoe notation specifically for ASL . It is alphabetic , with a letter or diacritic for every phonemic ( distinctive ) hand shape , orientation , motion , and position , though it lacks any representation of facial expression , and is better suited for individual words than for extended passages of text . Stokoe used this system for his 1965 A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles . SignWriting , proposed in 1974 by Valerie Sutton , is the first writing system to gain use among the public and the first writing system for sign languages to be included in the Unicode Standard . SignWriting consists of more than 5000 distinct iconic graphs / glyphs . Currently , it is in use in many schools for the Deaf , particularly in Brazil , and has been used in International Sign forums with speakers and researchers in more than 40 countries , including Brazil , Ethiopia , France , Germany , Italy , Portugal , Saudi Arabia , Slovenia , Tunisia , and the United States . Sutton SignWriting has both a printed and an electronically produced form so that persons can use the system anywhere that oral languages are written ( personal letters , newspapers , and media , academic research ) . The systematic examination of the International Sign Writing Alphabet ( ISWA ) as an equivalent usage structure to the International Phonetic Alphabet for spoken languages has been proposed . According to some researchers , SignWriting is not a phonemic orthography and does not have a one - to - one map from phonological forms to written forms . This assertion has been disputed and the process for each country to look at the ISWA and create a phonemic / morphemic assignment of features of each sign language was proposed by researchers Msc . Roberto Cesar Reis da Costa and Madson Barreto in a thesis forum on June 23 , 2014 . The SignWriting community has an open project on Wikimedia Labs to support the various Wikimedia projects on Wikimedia Incubator and elsewhere involving SignWriting . The ASL Wikipedia request was marked as eligible in 2008 and the test ASL Wikipedia has 50 articles written in ASL using SignWriting . The most widely used transcription system among academics is HamNoSys , developed at the University of Hamburg . Based on Stokoe Notation , HamNoSys was expanded to about 200 graphs in order to allow transcription of any sign language . Phonological features are usually indicated with single symbols , though the group of features that make up a handshape is indicated collectively with a symbol . Comparison of ASL writing systems . Sutton SignWriting is on the left , followed by Si5s , then Stokoe notation in the center , with SignFont and its simplified derivation ASL - phabet on the right . Several additional candidates for written ASL have appeared over the years , including SignFont , ASL - phabet , and Si5s . For English - speaking audiences , ASL is often glossed using English words . These glosses are typically all - capitalized and are arranged in ASL order . For example , the ASL sentence DOG NOW CHASE > IX = 3 CAT , meaning `` the dog is chasing the cat '' , uses NOW to mark ASL progressive aspect and shows ASL verbal inflection for the third person ( written with > IX = 3 ) . However , glossing is not used to write the language for speakers of ASL . Phonology ( edit ) Main article : American Sign Language phonology Distinctive features in ASL Phonemic handshape / 2 / ( + closed thumb ) Phonemic handshape / 3 / ( − closed thumb ) Each sign in ASL is composed of a number of distinctive components , generally referred to as parameters . A sign may use one hand or both . All signs can be described using the five parameters involved in signed languages , which are handshape , movement , palm orientation , location and non-manual markers . Just as phonemes of sound distinguish meaning in spoken languages , these parameters are the phonemes that distinguish meaning in signed languages like ASL . Changing any one of these may change the meaning of a sign , as illustrated by the ASL signs THINK and DISAPPOINTED : THINK handshape closed fist with index finger extended orientation facing signer 's body location tip of finger in contact with forehead movement unidirectional single contacting movement DISAPPOINTED handshape ( as for THINK ) orientation ( as for THINK ) location tip of finger in contact with chin movement ( as for THINK ) There are also meaningful non-manual signals in ASL . This may include movement of the eyebrows , the cheeks , the nose , the head , the torso , and the eyes . William Stokoe proposed that these components are analogous to the phonemes of spoken languages . There has also been a proposal that these are analogous to classes like place and manner of articulation . As in spoken languages , these phonological units can be split into distinctive features . For instance , the handshapes / 2 / and / 3 / are distinguished by the presence or absence of the feature ( ± closed thumb ) , as illustrated to the right . ASL has processes of allophony and phonotactic restrictions . There is ongoing research into whether ASL has an analog of syllables in spoken language . Grammar ( edit ) Main article : American Sign Language grammar Two men and a woman signing Morphology ( edit ) ASL has a rich system of verbal inflection . This involves both grammatical aspect -- how the action of verbs flows in time -- and agreement marking . Aspect can be marked by changing the manner of movement of the verb ; for example , continuous aspect is marked by incorporating rhythmic , circular movement , while punctual aspect is achieved by modifying the sign so that it has a stationary hand position . Verbs may agree with both the subject and the object , and are marked for number and reciprocity . Reciprocity is indicated by using two one - handed signs ; for example , the sign SHOOT , made with an L - shaped handshape with inward movement of the thumb , inflects to SHOOT , articulated by having two L - shaped hands `` shooting '' at each other . ASL has a productive system of classifiers , which are used to classify objects and their movement in space . For example , a rabbit running downhill would use a classifier consisting of a bent V classifier handshape with a downhill - directed path ; if the rabbit is hopping , the path is executed with a bouncy manner . In general , classifiers are composed of a `` classifier handshape '' bound to a `` movement root '' . The classifier handshape represents the object as a whole , incorporating such attributes as surface , depth , and shape , and is usually very iconic . The movement root consists of a path , a direction and a manner . Fingerspelling ( edit ) Main article : Fingerspelling The American manual alphabet and numbers . ASL possesses a set of 26 signs known as the American manual alphabet , which can be used to spell out words from the English language . These signs make use of the 19 handshapes of ASL . For example , the signs for ' p ' and ' k ' use the same handshape but different orientations . A common misconception is that ASL consists only of fingerspelling ; although such a method ( Rochester Method ) has been used , it is not ASL . Fingerspelling is a form of borrowing , a linguistic process wherein words from one language are incorporated into another . In ASL , fingerspelling is used for proper nouns and for technical terms with no native ASL equivalent . There are also some other loan words which are fingerspelled , either very short English words or abbreviations of longer English words , e.g. O-N from English ' on ' , and A-P-T from English ' apartment ' . Fingerspelling may also be used to emphasize a word that would normally be signed otherwise . Syntax ( edit ) The basic word order of ASL is disputed . Most linguists agree that ASL is a subject -- verb -- object ( SVO ) language with various phenomena affecting this basic word order . Basic SVO sentences are signed without any pauses : FATHER -- LOVE -- CHILD `` The father loves the child . '' However , other word orders may also occur , as ASL allows the topic of a sentence to be moved to sentence - initial position , a phenomenon known as topicalization . In object - subject - verb ( OSV ) sentences , the object is topicalized , marked by a forward head - tilt and a pause : CHILD , FATHER -- LOVE `` The father loves the child . '' Even more , word orders can be obtained through the phenomenon of subject copy . In subject copy , the subject is repeated at the end of the sentence , accompanied by head nodding , either for clarification or emphasis : FATHER -- LOVE -- CHILD -- FATHER `` The father loves the child . '' ASL also allows null subject sentences , where the subject is implied rather than stated explicitly . Subjects can be copied even in a null subject sentence , in which the subject is omitted from its original position , yielding a verb -- object -- subject ( VOS ) construction : LOVE -- CHILD -- FATHER `` The father loves the child . '' Topicalization , accompanied with a null subject and a subject copy , can produce yet another word order , object -- verb -- subject ( OVS ) . CHILD , LOVE -- FATHER `` The father loves the child . '' These properties of ASL allow it a variety of word orders , leading many to question which is the true , underlying , `` basic '' order . There are several other proposals that attempt to account for the flexibility of word order in ASL . One proposal is that languages like ASL are best described with a topic -- comment structure , where words are ordered by their importance in the sentence rather than by their syntactic properties . Another hypothesis is that ASL exhibits free word order , in which syntax is not encoded in word order whatsoever , but can be encoded by other means ( e.g. head nods , eyebrow movement , body position ) . Iconicity ( edit ) A common misconception is that signs are iconically self - explanatory , that they are a transparent imitation of what they mean , or even that they are pantomime . In fact , many signs bear no resemblance to their referent , either because they were originally arbitrary symbols or because their iconicity has been obscured over time . Even so , in ASL iconicity plays a significant role ; a high percentage of signs resemble their referents in some way . This may be due to the fact that the medium of sign -- three - dimensional space -- naturally allows more iconicity than oral language . In the era of the influential linguist Ferdinand de Saussure , it was assumed that the mapping between form and meaning in language must be completely arbitrary . Although onomatopoeia is a clear exception , since words like ' choo - choo ' bear clear resemblance to the sounds that they mimic , the Saussurean approach was to treat these as marginal exceptions . ASL , with its significant inventory of iconic signs , directly challenges this theory . Research on acquisition of pronouns in ASL has shown that children do not always take advantage of the iconic properties of signs when interpreting their meaning . It has been found that when children acquire the pronoun `` you '' , the iconicity of the point ( at the child ) is often confused , being treated more like a name . This is a similar finding to research in oral languages on pronoun acquisition . It has also been found that iconicity of signs does not affect immediate memory and recall ; less iconic signs are remembered just as well as highly iconic signs . See also ( edit ) American Sign Language grammar American Sign Language literature Baby sign language Bimodal bilingualism Great ape language , of which ASL has been one attempted mode Legal recognition of sign languages Pointing Sign name ASL interpreting Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In particular , Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language , Henniker Sign Language , and Sandy River Valley Sign Language were brought to the school by students . These in turn appear to have been influenced by early British Sign Language , and did not involve input from indigenous Native American sign systems . See Padden ( 2010 : 11 ) , Lane , Pillard & French ( 2000 : 17 ) , and Johnson & Schembri ( 2007 : 68 ) . Jump up ^ The Abbé Charles - Michel de l'Épée , founder of the Parisian school Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris , was the first to acknowledge that sign language could be used to educate the deaf . An oft - repeated folk tale states that while visiting a parishioner , Épee met two deaf daughters conversing with each other using LSF . The mother explained that her daughters were being educated privately by means of pictures . Épée is said to have been inspired by these deaf children when he established the first educational institution for the deaf . See : Ruben , Robert J. ( 2005 ) . `` Sign language : Its history and contribution to the understanding of the biological nature of language '' . Acta Oto - laryngologica. 125 ( 5 ) : 464 -- 7 . doi : 10.1080 / 00016480510026287 . PMID 16092534 . Padden , Carol A. ( 2001 ) . Folk Explanation in Language Survival in : Deaf World : A Historical Reader and Primary Sourcebook , Lois Bragg , Ed . New York : New York University Press . pp. 107 -- 108 . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 9853 - 5 . Jump up ^ Whereas deafness was genetically recessive on Martha 's Vineyard , it was dominant in Henniker . On the one hand , this dominance likely aided the development of sign language in Henniker since families would be more likely to have the critical mass of deaf people necessary for the propagation of signing . On the other hand , in Martha 's Vineyard the deaf were more likely to have more hearing relatives , which may have fostered a sense of shared identity that led to more inter-group communication than in Henniker . See Lane , Pillard & French ( 2000 : 39 ) . Jump up ^ Although some surveys of smaller scope measure ASL use , such as the California Department of Education recording ASL use in the home when children begin school , ASL use in the general American population has not been directly measured . See Mitchell et al. ( 2006 : 1 ) . Jump up ^ Stokoe himself termed these cheremes , but other linguists have referred to them as phonemes . See Bahan ( 1996 : 11 ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mitchell et al. ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Province of Ontario ( 2007 ) . `` Bill 213 : An Act to recognize sign language as an official language in Ontario '' . Jump up ^ Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center . `` States that Recognize American Sign Language as a Foreign Language '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 April 2015 . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hammarström , Harald ; Forkel , Robert ; Haspelmath , Martin , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` ASLic '' . Glottolog 3.0 . Jena , Germany : Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History . Jump up ^ Hammarström , Harald ; Forkel , Robert ; Haspelmath , Martin , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` American Sign Language '' . Glottolog 3.0 . Jena , Germany : Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History . Jump up ^ About American Sign Language , Deaf Research Library , Karen Nakamura ^ Jump up to : Bahan ( 1996 ) ^ Jump up to : Padden ( 2010 ) ^ Jump up to : Kegl ( 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Johnson & Schembri ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` ASL as a Foreign Language Fact Sheet '' . www.unm.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Wilcox Phd , Sherman ( May 2016 ) . `` Universities That Accept ASL In Fulfillment Of Foreign Language Requirements '' . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burke , Sheila ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Bill Passes Requiring Sign Language Students Receive Credit '' . US News . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ceil Lucas , 1995 , The Sociolinguistics of the Deaf Community p. 80 . Jump up ^ Lane , Pillard & French ( 2000 : 17 ) Jump up ^ Groce , Nora Ellen ( 1985 ) . Everyone Here Spoke Sign Language : Hereditary Deafness on Martha 's Vineyard . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 27041 - X . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Brief History of ASD '' . American School for the Deaf . n.d . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History Of The American Asylum , At Hartford , For The Education And Instruction Of The Deaf And Dumb '' . 1893 . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong & Karchmer ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Stokoe , William C. 1960 . Sign Language Structure : An Outline of the Visual Communication Systems of the American Deaf , Studies in linguistics : Occasional papers ( No. 8 ) . Buffalo : Dept. of Anthropology and Linguistics , University of Buffalo . Jump up ^ `` American Sign Language , ASL or Ameslan '' . Handspeak.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Nyst ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Benoit Duchateau - Arminjon , 2013 , Healing Cambodia One Child at a Time , p. 180 . ^ Jump up to : American Sign Language at Ethnologue Jump up ^ Rogelio , Contreras ( November 15 , 2002 ) . `` Regional , Cultural , and Sociolinguistic Variation of ASL in the United States '' . Jump up ^ Gallaudet Department of Linguistics ( 2017 - 09 - 16 ) , Do sign languages have accents ? , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 ^ Jump up to : Valli , Clayton ( 2005 ) . Linguistics of American Sign Language : An Introduction . Washington , D.C. : Clerc Books . p. 169 . ISBN 1 - 56368 - 283 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Bailey & Dolby ( 2002 : 1 -- 2 ) Jump up ^ Lucas , Bayley & Valli ( 2003 : 36 ) ^ Jump up to : Solomon ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Bolivian Sign Language at Ethnologue Jump up ^ Hurlbut ( 2003 , 7 . Conclusion ) ^ Jump up to : Nakamura , Karen ( 2008 ) . `` About ASL '' . Deaf Resource Library . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Costello ( 2008 : xxv ) Jump up ^ Collins ( 2004 : 33 ) Jump up ^ `` A critical period for right hemisphere recruitment in American Sign Language processing '' . Nature Neuroscience. 5 : 76 -- 80 . doi : 10.1038 / nn775 . Jump up ^ Denworth , Ldyia ( 2014 ) . I Can Hear You Whisper : An Intimate Journey through the Science of Sound and Language . USA : Penguin Group . p. 293 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 525 - 95379 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop & Hicks ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Supalla & Cripps ( 2011 , ASL Gloss as an Intermediary Writing System ) ^ Jump up to : van der Hulst & Channon ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Armstrong , David F. , and Michael A. Karchmer . `` William C. Stokoe and the Study of Signed Languages . '' Sign Language Studies 9.4 ( 2009 ) : 389 - 397 . Academic Search Premier . Web . 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Stokoe , William C. ; Dorothy C. Casterline ; Carl G. Croneberg. 1965 . A dictionary of American sign languages on linguistic principles . Washington , D.C. : Gallaudet College Press Jump up ^ Everson , Michael ; Slevinski , Stephen ; Sutton , Valerie . `` Proposal for encoding Sutton SignWriting in the UCS '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Charles Butler , Center for Sutton Movement Writing , 2014 Jump up ^ `` SignWriting Symposium Presentation 32 by Roberto Costa and Madson Barreto '' . signwriting.org . Jump up ^ `` Test wikis of sign languages '' . incubator.wikimedia.org . Jump up ^ `` Request for ASL Wikipedia '' . meta.wikimedia.org . Jump up ^ Baker , Anne ; van den Bogaerde , Beppie ; Pfau , Roland ; Schermer , Trude ( 2016 ) . The Linguistics of Sign Languages : An Introduction . John Benjamins Publishing Company . ISBN 9789027212306 . Jump up ^ Valli & Lucas ( 2000 : 86 ) Jump up ^ Costello ( 2008 : xxiv ) ^ Jump up to : Neidle , Carol ( 2000 ) . The Syntax of American Sign Language : Functional Categories and Hierarchical Structures . Cambridge , MA : The MIT Press . p. 59 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 14067 - 5 . Jump up ^ Valli , Clayton ( 2005 ) . Linguistics of American Sign Language : An Introduction . Washington , D.C. : Clerc Books . p. 85 . ISBN 1 - 56368 - 283 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Valli , Clayton ( 2005 ) . Linguistics of American Sign Language : An Introduction . Washington , D.C. : Clerc Books . p. 86 . ISBN 1 - 56368 - 283 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lillo - Martin , Diane ( November 1986 ) . `` Two Kinds of Null Arguments in American Sign Language '' ( PDF ) . Natural Language and Linguistic Theory . 4 ( 4 ) : 415 . doi : 10.1007 / bf00134469 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Costello ( 2008 : xxiii ) ^ Jump up to : Liddell ( 2002 : 60 ) Jump up ^ Liddell ( 2002 : 61 ) Jump up ^ Liddell ( 2002 : 62 ) Jump up ^ Petitto , Laura A. ( 1987 ) . `` On the autonomy of language and gesture : Evidence from the acquisition of personal pronouns in American sign language '' . Cognition . 27 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / 0010 - 0277 ( 87 ) 90034 - 5 . PMID 3691016 . Jump up ^ Klima & Bellugi ( 1979 : 27 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Armstrong , David ; Karchmer , Michael ( 2002 ) , `` William C. Stokoe and the Study of Signed Languages '' , in Armstrong , David ; Karchmer , Michael ; Van Cleve , John , The Study of Signed Languages , Gallaudet University , pp. xi -- xix , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56368 - 123 - 3 , retrieved November 25 , 2012 Bahan , Benjamin ( 1996 ) . Non-Manual Realization of Agreement in American Sign Language ( PDF ) . Boston University . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Bailey , Carol ; Dolby , Kathy ( 2002 ) . The Canadian dictionary of ASL . Edmonton , AB : The University of Alberta Press . ISBN 0888643004 . Bishop , Michele ; Hicks , Sherry ( 2005 ) . `` Orange Eyes : Bimodal Bilingualism in Hearing Adults from Deaf Families '' ( PDF ) . Sign Language Studies . Gallaudet University Press . 5 ( 2 ) : 188 -- 230 . doi : 10.1353 / sls. 2005.0001 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Collins , Steven ( 2004 ) . Adverbial Morphemes in Tactile American Sign Language . Union Institute & University . Costello , Elaine ( 2008 ) . American Sign Language Dictionary . Random House . ISBN 0375426167 . Retrieved November 26 , 2012 . Hurlbut , Hope ( 2003 ) , `` A Preliminary Survey of the Signed Languages of Malaysia '' , in Baker , Anne ; van den Bogaerde , Beppie ; Crasborn , Onno , Cross-linguistic perspectives in sign language research : selected papers from TISLR ( PDF ) , Hamburg : Signum Verlag , pp. 31 -- 46 , retrieved December 3 , 2012 Johnson , Trevor ; Schembri , Adam ( 2007 ) . Australian Sign Language ( Auslan ) : An introduction to sign language linguistics . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521540569 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Kegl , Judy ( 2008 ) . `` The Case of Signed Languages in the Context of Pidgin and Creole Studies '' . In Kouwenberg , Silvia ; Singler , John . The Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Studies . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 0521540569 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Klima , Edward S. ; Bellugi , Ursula ( 1979 ) . The signs of language . Boston : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 80796 - 9 . Lane , Harlan ; Pillard , Richard ; French , Mary ( 2000 ) . `` Origins of the American Deaf - World '' ( PDF ) . Sign Language Studies . Gallaudet University Press . 1 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 44 . doi : 10.1353 / sls. 2000.0003 . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Liddell , Scott ( 2002 ) , `` Modality Effects and Conflicting Agendas '' , in Armstrong , David ; Karchmer , Michael ; Van Cleve , John , The Study of Signed Languages , Gallaudet University , pp. xi -- xix , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56368 - 123 - 3 , retrieved November 26 , 2012 Lucas , Ceil ; Bayley , Robert ; Valli , Clayton ( 2003 ) . What 's your sign for pizza ? : An introduction to variation in American Sign Language . Washington , DC : Gallaudet University Press . ISBN 1563681447 . Mitchell , Ross ; Young , Travas ; Bachleda , Bellamie ; Karchmer , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` How Many People Use ASL in the United States ? : Why Estimates Need Updating '' ( PDF ) . Sign Language Studies . Gallaudet University Press . 6 ( 3 ) . ISSN 0302 - 1475 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Nyst , Victoria ( 2010 ) , `` Sign languages in West Africa '' , in Brentari , Diane , Sign Languages , Cambridge University Press , pp. 405 -- 432 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88370 - 2 Padden , Carol ( 2010 ) , `` Sign Language Geography '' , in Mathur , Gaurav ; Napoli , Donna , Deaf Around the World ( PDF ) , New York : Oxford University Press , pp. 19 -- 37 , ISBN 0199732531 , retrieved November 25 , 2012 Solomon , Andrea ( 2010 ) . Cultural and Sociolinguistic Features of the Black Deaf Community ( Honors Thesis ) . Carnegie Mellon University . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Supalla , Samuel ; Cripps , Jody ( 2011 ) . `` Toward Universal Design in Reading Instruction '' ( PDF ) . Bilingual Basics. 12 ( 2 ) . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Valli , Clayton ; Lucas , Ceil ( 2000 ) . Linguistics of American Sign Language . Gallaudet University Press . ISBN 1 - 56368 - 097 - 1 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . van der Hulst , Harry ; Channon , Rachel ( 2010 ) , `` Notation systems '' , in Brentari , Diane , Sign Languages , Cambridge University Press , pp. 151 -- 172 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88370 - 2 External links ( edit ) American Sign Language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Find more aboutAmerican Sign Languageat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Find more aboutAmerican Sign Languageat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Textbooks from Wikibooks Data from Wikidata American Sign Language at Curlie Accessible American Sign Language vocabulary site American Sign Language discussion forum One - stop resource American Sign Language and video dictionary National Institute of Deafness ASL section National Association of the Deaf ASL information American Sign Language The American Sign Language Linguistics Research Project Video Dictionary of ASL Languages of Canada Official languages English French Indigenous languages Algonquian Abenaki Algonquin Blackfoot Cree Innu Malecite - Passamaquoddy Mi'kmaq Munsee Naskapi Ojibwe Ottawa Potawatomi Athabaskan Babine - Witsuwit'en Carrier Chilcotin Chipewyan Dogrib Gwich'in Hän Kaska Nicola Sarcee Sekani Slavey Tagish Tahltan Tutchone Inuit Inuinnaqtun Inuktitut Inupiaq Inuvialuktun Iroquoian Cayuga Mohawk Oneida Onondaga Seneca Tuscarora Wyandot Salishan Bella Coola Comox Halkomelem Lillooet Okanagan Saanich Sechelt Shuswap Squamish Thompson Wakashan Ditidaht Haisla Heiltsuk - Oowekyala Kwak'wala Nuu - chah - nulth other Beothuk Haida Kutenai Tlingit Coast Tsimshian Pidgins , creoles and mixed Algonquian -- Basque pidgin Broken Slavey Bungee Chiac Chinook Jargon Labrador Inuit Pidgin French Michif Immigrant languages Gaelic Irish Pennsylvania German Plautdietsch Ukrainian Sign languages American Sign Language Quebec Sign Language Inuk Sign Language Plains Indian Sign Language Maritime Sign Language Languages of the United States Languages in italics are extinct . English Dialects of American English African - American English Appalachian English Baltimore English Boston English Cajun English California English Chicano English Eastern New England English General American English High Tider English Inland Northern American English Miami English Mid-Atlantic American / Delaware Valley English Maine English Midland American English New England Englishes New Mexican Englishes New Orleans English New York City English New York Latino English Northern American English North - Central American English Ozark English Pacific Northwest English Pennsylvania Dutch English Philadelphia English Puerto Rican English Southern American English Texan English Tidewater English Transatlantic English Upper Michigan English Western American English Western New England English Western Pennsylvania English Yeshiva English Oral Indigenous Languages Families Algic Abenaki Anishinnabemowin Arapaho Blackfoot Cheyenne Cree Fox Gros Ventre Mahican Massachusett Menominee Mi'kmaq Mohegan - Pequot Munsee Myaamia Nanticoke Narragansett Pamlico Potawatomi Powhatan Quiripi Shawnee Unami Etchemin Loup Nawathinehena Austronesian Chamorro Hawaiian Refaluwasch Samoan Tokelauan Caddoan Arikara Caddo Wichita Kitsai Chinookan Kathlamet Tsinúk Upper Chinook Chumashan Barbareño Cruzeño Obispeño Purisimeño Ventureño Dené -- Yeniseian Ahtna Deg Xinag Dena'ina Gwich'in Hän Hupa Jicarilla Koyukon Lower Tanana Mescalero - Chiricahua Navajo Tanacross Tolowa Upper Kuskokwim Upper Tanana Western Apache Cahto Eyak Holikachuk Kwalhioqua - Clatskanie Lipan Mattole Plains Apache Tsetsaut Tututni Upper Umpqua Wailaki Eskaleut Inuit Inupiat Aleut Alutiiq Central Alaskan Yup'ik Central Siberian Yupik Chevak Cup'ik Iroquoian Cayuga Cherokee Mohawk Oneida Onondaga Osage Seneca Tuscarora Wyandot Erie Neutral Huron Nottoway Susquehannock Wenrohronon Kalapuyan Central Kalapuya Northern Kalapuya Yoncalla Keresan Cochiti Pueblo San Felipe -- Santo Domingo Zia -- Santa Ana Pueblos Western Keres Acoma Pueblo Laguna Pueblo Maiduan Konkow Maidu Nisenan Chico Muskogean Alabama Chickasaw Choctaw Koasati Mikasuki Muscogee Apalachee Palaihnihan Achumawi Atsugewi Plateau Penutian Nez Perce Sahaptin Klamath Molala Pomoan Central Pomo Eastern Pomo Kashaya Southeastern Pomo Southern Pomo Northeastern Pomo Northern Pomo Salishan Coeur d'Alene Columbia - Moses Halkomelem Klallam Lushootseed Nooksack North Straits Salish Okanagan Salish Thompson Twana Cowlitz Lower Chehalis Quinault Tillamook Upper Chehalis Siouan Assiniboine Crow Dakota Hidatsa Kansa Lakota Mandan Omaha -- Ponca Quapaw Stoney Winnebago Biloxi Catawba Chiwere Mitchigamea Moneton Ofo Tutelo - Saponi Woccon Tanoan Jemez Kiowa Picuris Southern Tiwa Taos Tewa Piro Pueblo Tsimshianic Coast Tsimshian Uto - Aztecan Comanche Hopi Ivilyuat Kawaiisu Kitanemuk Luiseño Mono Northern Paiute O'odham Serrano Shoshoni Timbisha Tübatulabal Ute - Chemehuevi Yaqui Cupeño Tongva Wakashan Makah Wintuan Nomlaki Patwin Wintu Yuk - Utian Central Sierra Miwok Southern Sierra Miwok Tule - Kaweah Yokuts Valley Yokuts Bay Miwok Buena Vista Yokuts Coast Miwok Gashowu Yokuts Kings River Yokuts Lake Miwok Northern Sierra Miwok Palewyami Plains Miwok Yuman -- Cochimí Cocopah Havasupai -- Hualapai Ipai Kumeyaay Maricopa Mojave Quechan Tiipai Yavapai Others Isolates Haida Karuk Kutenai Siuslaw Washo Yuchi Zuni Chitimacha Tonkawa Mixed or Trade Languages Chinook Jargon Michif Mohawk Dutch Manual Indigenous languages Hand Talk Anishinaabe Sign Language Blackfoot Sign Language Cheyenne Sign Language Cree Sign Language Navajo Sign Language Plateau Sign Language Isolates Hawai'i Sign Language Inuk Sign Language Keresan Pueblo Navajo Family Sign Language Oral settler languages French Louisiana Cajun Colonial Métis Missouri Muskrat New England German Pennsylvania Dutch Hutterite Plautdietsch Bernese Alsatian Texas Spanish Caló ( Chicano ) New Mexican Puerto Rican Isleño Manual settler languages Francosign American Sign Language Black American Sign Language Pro-Tactile American Sign Language Puerto Rican Sign Language BANZSL Samoan Sign Language Kentish Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language Isolates Sandy River Valley Sign Language Henniker Sign Language Immigrant languages ( number of speakers in 2010 in millions ) Spanish ( 37 ) Varieties of Chinese ( 3 ) French ( 2 ) Tagalog ( 1.6 ) Vietnamese ( 1.4 ) German ( 1.1 ) Korean ( 1.1 ) Arabic ( 0.9 ) Russian ( 0.9 ) Italian ( 0.7 ) Portuguese ( 0.7 ) Polish ( 0.6 ) Hindi ( 0.6 ) Persian ( 0.4 ) Urdu ( 0.4 ) Gujarati ( 0.4 ) Japanese ( 0.4 ) Greek ( 0.3 ) Bosnian / Croatian / Serbian language in the United States ( 0.3 ) Armenian ( 0.2 ) Khmer ( 0.2 ) Hmong ( 0.2 ) Hebrew ( 0.2 ) Laotian ( 0.2 ) Yiddish ( 0.2 ) Languages of California Indigenous Algic Wiyot Yurok Athabaskan Tolowa Hupa Mattole Cahto Wailaki Chumashan Obispeño Island Chumash Purisimeño Ineseño Barbareño Ventureño Ohlone Karkin Chochenyo Ramaytush Tamyen Awaswas Mutsun Rumsen Chalon Hokan Chimariko Karuk Achomawi Atsugewi Northeastern Pomo Eastern Pomo Southeastern Pomo Northern Pomo Central Pomo Southern Pomo Kashaya Washo Mojave Kumeyaay Yana Yahi Penutian Klamath - Mudoc Yokuts Wintu Bay Miwok Coast Miwok Lake Miwok Plains Miwok Central Sierra Miwok Northern Sierra Miwok Southern Sierra Miwok Valley Maidu Northeast Maidu Northwest Maidu Nisenan Shastan Konomihu New River Shasta Okwanuchu Shasta Uto Aztecan Cahuilla Cupeño Kawaiisu Kitanemuk Luiseño - Juaneño Mono Northern Paiute Panamint Serrano Tataviam Tongva Ute Wintuan Nomlaki Patwin Southern Patwin Wintu Yokutsan Buena Vista Yokuts , Chukchansi , Gashowu Yokuts , Kings River Yokuts , Palewyami , Tule - Kaweah Yokuts , Valley Yokuts Yukian Yuki , Wappo Language isolates and Unclassified Esselen , Chimariko , Karuk , Salinan , Takelma Plains Sign Talk Non-Indigenous Indo - European American English California English Chicano English Spanish Armenian Punjabi Russian Asian Chinese Korean Tagalog Vietnamese Francosign American Sign Language Italics indicate extinct languages Languages of Montana Indigenous Algonquian Blackfoot Cheyenne Gros Ventre Ojibwe Plains Cree Salishan Montana Salish Western Siouan Assiniboine Stoney Lakota Crow Language isolates Kutenai Non-Indigenous Indo - European American English Spanish German Swedish Uralic Finnish Languages of Oklahoma Indigenous Alabama * Arapaho Caddo Cayuga Cherokee Cheyenne Chickasaw Chiwere ( Iowa and Otoe ) Choctaw Comanche Delaware Hitchiti - Mikasuki Kansa Koasati Mescalero - Chiricahua Apache Mesquakie ( Fox , Kickapoo , and Sauk ) Muscogee Osage Ottawa Pawnee Plains Apache Ponca Potawatomi Quapaw Seneca Shawnee Tonkawa Wichita Wyandot Yuchi Sign languages American Sign Language Black American Sign Language Plains Sign Talk Non-Indigenous English German Spanish Vietnamese Italics indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere Languages of Alaska Indigenous Aleut Alutiiq Central Yup'ik Siberian Yupik Inupiaq Tlingit Eyak Ahtna Dena'ina Deg Xinag Holikachuk Upper Kuskokwim Koyukon Lower Tanana Tanacross Upper Tanana Tsetsaut Hän Gwich'in Haida Tsimshian Sign languages American Sign Language Inuk Sign Language Non-Indigenous English Spanish Ninilchik Tagalog Russian Languages of Hawai ʻi Official languages Hawaiian language English Hawaiian Pidgin Sign languages American Sign Language ( ASL ) Hawaiʻi Sign Language ( HSL ) Immigrant languages Spanish Italian German Japanese Filipino Ilokano Cantonese Korean Portuguese Mandarin Chinese French Samoan Languages of Quebec Official language French Brayon Oral Indigenous languages Algonquian Malecite - Passamaquoddy Míkmaq Anishinaabemowin ( ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ ) Wôbanakiôdwawôgan Anicinâbemowin Cree Atikamekw Īyiyū Ayimūn / Īnū Ayimūn iyuw iyimuun ( ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ ) Innu - aimun Inuit Nunavimmiutitut ( ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑎᑐᑦ ) Iroquoian Mohawk Wyandot Manual languages Francosign American Sign Language ( ASL ) Pro-Tactile American Sign Language Quebec Sign Language Plains Sign Talk Anishinaabe Sign Language Cree Sign Language Isolate Inuk Sign Language Immigrant languages English Languages of British Columbia Official language English Oral Indigenous languages Algonquian Nēhiyawēwin ( ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ ) Dené -- Yeniseian Dakelh ( ᑕᗸᒡ ) Danezaa ZaageɁ ( ᑕᓀᖚ ᖚᗀᐥ ) Danezāgé ' Nadot'en - Wets'uwet'en Tāłtān Tlingit Tse'khene Tsilhqot'in Nicola Wetal· Salishan Éy7á7juuthem Halq̓eméylem / Hul̓q̓umín̓um̓ / hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓ Nłeʔkepmxcín Scw'exmx n̓səl̓xcin sn - səlxcin North Straits Salish SENĆOŦEN Malchosen Lkwungen SEMYOME T'Sou - ke Nuxalk Secwepemctsín She shashishalhem Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim St'át'imcets Tsimshianic Gitsenimx̱ Nisg̱a'a Sgüüx̣s ( Ski : xs ) Sm'álgyax Wakashan Diitiid7aa7tx Heiltsuk - Oowekyala Haíɫzaqv ' Uik̓ala Kwak̓wala Liq̓wala Nuučaan̓uł X̄a'islak̓ala other / isolates Ktunaxa X̱aad kíl / X̱aayda kíl Manual languages Francosign American Sign Language ( ASL ) Pro-Tactile American Sign Language Plains Sign Talk Cree Sign Language Dane - zaa ( ᑕᓀᖚ ) Sign Language Plateau Sign Language Pidgins , creoles and mixed Chinook Jargon Immigrant languages French Russian Ukrainian Languages of Yukon Official languages English French Oral Indigenous languages Dené -- Yeniseian Dän kʼè Dän kʼí Dene Zágéʼ Gwich'in Häł gołan Neeʼaandeegnʼ Tā̀gish Tlingit Inuit Iñupiaq Manual Languages Francosign American Sign Language Quebec Sign Language Isolate Inuk Sign Language Trade Languages Broken Slavey Chinook Jargon Languages of Nunavut Official languages English French Inuit Language Inuinnaqtun Inuktitut Oral Indigenous languages Dené -- Yeniseian Dënesųłiné ( ᑌᓀᓱᒼᕄᓀ ) Inuit Inuvialuktun Iglulingmiut / Qikiqtaaluk uannangani Inuinnaqtun Kangiqłniq / Aivilingmiutut / Aivilimmiutut / Aivillirmiut Kangiryuarmiutun Kivallirmiutut Nattiliŋmiutut ( ᓇᑦᓯᓕᖕᒥᐅᑦᑐᑦ ) Utkuhiksalingmiutitut ( ᐅᑦᑯhᐃᒃᓴᓕᖕᒥᐅᑎᑐᑦ ) Inuktitut ( ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ ) Iglulingmiut / Qikiqtaaluk uannangani Kangiqłniq / Aivilingmiutut / Aivilimmiutut / Aivillirmiut Kivallirmiutut Nunatsiavummiutut / NunatuKavummiutut Manual Languages Francosign American Sign Language Inuit Inuit Uukturausingit ( ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐆᒃᑐᕋᐅᓯᖏᑦ ) Settler - Colonial Languages English French Francosign languages Proto Proto - LSF Africa Algerian Amslanic Francophone African Ghanaian Moroccan Nigerian Sierra Leonean Danish Malagasy Dutch Gambian Italian Tunisian Americas Libras Chilean Amslanic American Black ASL Bolivian Costa Rican Dominican Jamaican Panamanian Pro-Tactile ASL Puerto Rican Quebec Mexican Mexican Honduran Asia Amslanic Kuala Lumpur Burmese Cambodian Philippine Thai BIM BIM BISINDO Jakarta Yogyakarta Russian Mongolian Europe Catalan Valencian Dutch Estonian French Irish Italian Latvian Lithuanian Romanian Swiss - German Amslanic Greek Cypriot Austro - Hungarian Austrian Czech Hungarian Slovak Russian Bulgarian Georgian Moldovan Russian Ukrainian Yugoslav Croatian Kosovar Serbian Slovenian Yugoslav Old Belgian Flemish French Belgian Danish Danish Icelandic Norwegian Oceania Australian - Irish Italics indicate extinct languages Sign language List of sign languages List by number of signers Language families Sign languages by family Afroasiatic Mofu - Gudur Arabic Sign Egyptian Kuwaiti Libyan Qatari Unified Yemeni Iraqi -- Levantine Iraqi Levantine Arabic Jordanian Lebanese Palestinian Syrian Possible Emirati Saudi Omani Banzsl Auslan Papua New Guinean BSL Northern Ireland Fijian Maritime NZSL Sāmoan South African Swedish Finland - Swedish Portuguese Teckenspråk Viittomakieli E. Trans - Fly Meriam Francosign Proto - LSF Algerian Catalan Valencian Chilean Estonian French Irish Australian - Irish Libras Lithuanian Romanian Swiss - German Amslanic American Black ASL Protactile BIM Bolivian Burmese Cambodian Costa Rican Dominican Greek Cypriot Jamaican Kuala Lumpur Panamanian Philippine Puerto Rican Quebec Singapore BISINDO Jakarta Yogyakarta Francophone African Ethiopian Chadian Ghanaian Guinean LaSiMa Moroccan Nigerian Sierra Leonean Austro - Hungarian Austrian Czech Hungarian Slovak Ukrainian Russian Bulgarian Georgian Latvian Moldovan Mongolian Russian Yugoslav Croatian Kosovar Serbian Slovenian Yugoslav Old Belgian VGT LSFB Danish Danish Icelandic Malagasy Norwegian Dutch Dutch Gambian Italian LIS Tunisian Mexican LSM Honduran Viet - Thai Hai Phong Hanoi Ho Chi Minh Thai Germanosign German Luxembourgish Polish Shassi Indo - European Armenian Women 's Indo - Pakistani Sign Bangalore - Madras Beluchistan Bengali Bombay Calcutta Delhi Nepali North West Frontier Province Punjab - Sindh Jarrakan Miriwoong Kentish Old Kentish Chilmark Chilmark MVSL Meemul Tziij Highland Maya Nohya Mirndi Djingili Original Thai Sign Chiangmai Hai Phong Old Bangkok Paget Gorman Namibian Pama -- Nyungan Eltye eltyarrenke Iltyeme iltyeme Rdaka rdaka Manjiljarra Warlmanpa Warramunga Mudburra Ngada Umpila Western Desert Western Torres Strait Islander Yan - nhaŋu Yir Yoront Yolŋu Diyari Jaralde Kalkutungu Pitha Pitha Warluwara Paraguayan - Uruguayan Sign Paraguay Uruguay Plains Sign Talk Hand Talk Anishinaabe Apsáalooke Arikara Chaticks si Chaticks Cheyenne Coahuilteco Dane - zaa Diné Hinono'eino Hiraacá Icāk Karankawa Liksiyu Maagiadawa Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk Nakota Ni Mii Puu Niimíipuu Niitsítapi Nųmą́khų́ ki Nʉmʉnʉʉ Omaha Palus Piipaash Ppánkka Schitsu'umsh Shiwinna Sioux Taos Tickanwa tic Tháumgá Tsuu T'ina Umatilla Wazhazhe Wichita Wíyut'a / Wíblut'e Wyandot Plateau A'aninin Kalispel ʾa qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam Nesilextcl'n Secwepemcékst Sqeliz Providencia -- Cayman Sign Provisle Old Cayman ( Guyanese ) Shuwa gozoku Nihon Shuwa Suhwa Táiwān Shǒuyǔ Worrorran Worora Kinship Zhōngguó Shǒuyǔ Chinese Shanghai Shanghai Hong Kong Macau Isolates Afghan Al - Sayyid Bedouin Albanian Amami Oshima Armenian Plaa Pag Huay Hai Na Sai Atgangmuurniq Belizean Bhutanese Bökyi lagda Bribri Brunca Bura Chatino Cuban Diné Family Dogon Ecuadorian Eritrean Enga Ghandruk Ghardaia Guatemalan Guinea - Bissau Henniker Hoailona ʻŌlelo Jhankot Jumla Ka'apor Kajana Kafr Qasim Kata Kolok Kenyan Somali Keresign Kisindo Konchri Sain Lyons Macedonian Maltese Magannar Hannu Mardin Mauritian M'bour Mossi Mozambican Mumu kasa Nicaraguan Old Costa Rican Ottoman Pasa kidd Penang Persian Peruvian Rennellese Rwandan Sandy River Salvadoran Spanish Tebul Trinidad and Tobago Turkish Ugandan Venezuelan West African Adasl Burasl Mofu - Gudur Nanabinsl Yiddish Yoruban Zambian Other Ethiopian languages Laotian languages Sri Lankan languages Sudanese languages Tanzanian languages ( 7 + ) International Sign By region Sign languages by region Oceania Australia Auslan Australian - Irish Eltye eltyarrenke Iltyeme iltyeme Rdaka rdaka Manjiljarra Warlmanpa Warramunga Mudburra Ngada Umpila Western Desert Western Torres Strait Islander Yir Yoront Yolŋu Hawai'i Haoilona ʻŌlelo Sāmoa & America Sāmoa Sāmoan Aotearoa New Zealand NZSL Solomon Islands Rennellese Asia Bengal Bengali Cambodia Cambodian China Chinese Indonesia Indonesian Kata Kolok ( Benkala , Balinese ) India Alipur Bengali Indo - Pakistani Naga Iran Persian Israel Al - Sayyid Bedouin Ghardaia Israeli Kafr Qasem Yiddish Japan Amami Oshima Nihon Shuwa Korea Korean Laos Laotian Malaysia Malaysian Penang Selangor Mongolia Mongolian Nepal Ghandruk Jhankot Jumla Nepalese Philippines Philippine Saudi Arabia Saudi Singapore Singapore Sri Lanka Sri Lankan Taiwan Taiwanese Tibet Bökyi lagda Thailand Bangkok Chiangmai Thai Pasa kidd Vietnam Vietnamese Africa Algeria Algerian Ghardaia Ghana Adamorobe Nanabin Kenya Kenyan Mali Tebul LaSiMa Nigeria Bura Magannar Hannu Senegal Mbour Somalia & Djibouti Somali South Africa South African Tanzania Tanzanian Uganda Ugandan Zambia Zambian North America Plains Sign Talk Canada American Protactile Blackfoot Cree Ojibwa MSL Quebec Atgangmuurniq Plateau Mexico Chatino Mayan Mexican United States American Black American Protactile Blackfeet Cree Cheyenne Ojibwa Keresign Martha 's Vineyard Navajo Navajo Family Sandy River Valley Henniker Central and South America Argentina Argentine Belize Belizean Bolivia Bolivian Brazil Libras Ka'apor Cayman Old Cayman Chile Chilean Colombia Colombian Provisle Costa Rica Bribri Brunca Old Costa Rican New Costa Rican Ecuador Ecuadorian Guatemalan Guatemalan Mayan Honduras Honduras Nicaragua Nicaraguan Paraguay Paraguayan Peru Peruvian Sivia El Salvador Salvadoran Old Salvadoran Uruguay Uruguayan Venezuela Venezuelan Europe Armenia Armenian Austria Austrian Belgium Flemish French Belgian United Kingdom British Croatia Croatian Denmark Danish Netherlands Dutch Estonia Estonian Finland Finnish France Ghardaia French Lyons Germany German Greece Greek Hungary Hungarian Iceland Icelandic Ireland Irish Italy Italian Kosovo Kosovar Lithuania Lithuanian Luxembourg Luxembourgish Macedonia Macedonian Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Norway Norwegian Poland Polish Portugal Portuguese Russia Russian Slovenia Slovenian Spain Catalan Spanish Valencian Sweden Swedish Switzerland Swiss Turkey Mardin Turkish Ukraine Ukrainian International International Sign Makaton Monastic Signalong ASL Grammar Idioms Literature Profanity Name signs Extinct languages Chilmark Diyari Jaralde Kalkutungu Henniker Sign Language Martha 's Vineyard Old French Old Kent Plateau Sign Language Pitha Pitha Sandy River Valley Sign Language Warluwara Linguistics Grammar ( ASL ) Bimodal bilingualism Cherology Handshape / Location / Orientation / Movement / Expression Mouthing Sign names Fingerspelling American British ( two - handed ) Catalan Chilean French Hungarian Irish Japanese Korean Polish Russian Serbo - Croatian Spanish Ukrainian Writing ASL - phabet Hamburg Notation System Stokoe notation Stokoe notation SignWriting SignWriting si5s si5s ASLwrite ( ) Language contact Contact sign Indian Signing System Initialized sign Manually coded English Manually coded language in South Africa Manually Coded Malay Mouthing Paget Gorman Sign System Signed Dutch Signed French Signed German Signed Italian Signed Japanese Signed Polish Signed Spanish Signing Exact English Tecknad svenska Bilingual -- bicultural education Manually coded language Media Films ( list ) Television programmes ( list ) Persons Jabbar Baghtcheban Johanna Berglind Pär Aron Borg Thomas Braidwood Laurent Clerc Abbé de l'Épée Roger Fouts Valerie Sutton Thomas Gallaudet Abbe Sicard William Stokoe Pierre Pélissier Organisations Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada International Center on Deafness and the Arts Mimics and Gesture Theatre World Association of Sign Language Interpreters Miscellaneous Baby sign language CHCI chimpanzee center ( Washoe , Loulis ) Open Outcry Legal recognition Military hand and arm signals Monastic sign languages Tactile signing Tic - tac ( betting ) ^ a Sign - language names reflect the region of origin . Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region . For example , French Sign Language originated in France , but is not related to French . ^ b Denotes the number ( if known ) of languages within the family . No further information is given on these languages . GND : 4436159 - 2 SUDOC : 061614378 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&oldid=866382854 '' Categories : American Sign Language American Sign Language family Deaf culture in the United States French Sign Language family Fusional languages Languages of Barbados Languages of Belize Languages of Botswana Languages of Burundi Languages of Canada Languages of Grenada Languages of Guyana Languages of Haiti Languages of Saint Kitts and Nevis Languages of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Languages of the United States Languages of the United States Virgin Islands Sign languages of the United States Languages of Zimbabwe Subject -- verb -- object languages 1817 introductions Languages attested from the 19th century Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Ill - formatted infobox - language images ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Good articles Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Languages Asturianu Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Brezhoneg Català Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Furlan Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Ligure Lumbaart Malti Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Piemontèis Português Rumantsch Русский Sardu Scots Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Suomi Svenska Tarandíne Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 00 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who brought sign language from france to america
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"The largest group of students during the first seven decades of the school were from Martha's Vineyard, and they brought MVSL with them.[8]:10 There were also 44 students from around Henniker, New Hampshire, and 27 from the Sandy River valley in Maine, each of which had their own village sign language.[8]:11[nb 3] Other students brought knowledge of their own home signs.[8]:11 Laurent Clerc, the first teacher at ASD, taught using French Sign Language (LSF), which itself had developed in the Parisian school for the deaf established in 1755.[7]:7 From this situation of language contact, a new language emerged, now known as ASL.[7]:7\n"
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"Laurent Clerc"
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Wonderful Tonight
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Wonderful Tonight - wikipedia Wonderful Tonight Jump to : navigation , search `` Wonderful Tonight '' Single by Eric Clapton from the album Slowhand B - side `` Peaches and Diesel '' Released 1977 Format 45 Record Recorded May 1977 Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 43 Label RSO Songwriter ( s ) Eric Clapton Producer ( s ) Glyn Johns Eric Clapton singles chronology `` Lay Down Sally '' ( 1977 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( 1977 ) `` Promises '' ( 1978 ) `` Lay Down Sally '' ( 1977 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( 1977 ) `` Promises '' ( 1978 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' is a ballad written by Eric Clapton . It was included on Clapton 's 1977 album Slowhand . Clapton wrote the song about Pattie Boyd . The female vocal harmonies on the song are provided by Marcella Detroit ( then Marcy Levy ) and Yvonne Elliman . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Performance 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Certifications 5 Cover versions 5.1 Damage version 5.2 David Kersh version 5.3 Other cover versions 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) On 7 September 1976 , Clapton wrote `` Wonderful Tonight '' for Boyd while waiting for her to get ready to attend Paul and Linda McCartney 's annual Buddy Holly party . Of `` Wonderful Tonight '' , Boyd would say : `` For years it tore at me . To have inspired Eric , and George before him , to write such music was so flattering . ' Wonderful Tonight ' was the most poignant reminder of all that was good in our relationship , and when things went wrong it was torture to hear it . '' The song is mentioned in her autobiographical book Wonderful Tonight : George Harrison , Eric Clapton , and Me . Performance ( edit ) In 1988 , Clapton appeared in the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute concert as a guest guitarist for Dire Straits . The group became his backing musicians for a surprise performance of `` Wonderful Tonight '' during their set . The song was featured in the film Captain Phillips and in the Friends season 6 episode `` The One With the Proposal Part 2 '' ( 18 May 2000 ) where Monica and Chandler dance to it at the end of the episode after getting engaged . The song was also featured on Ricky Gervais 's radio show , where producer Karl Pilkington argued that the lyrics suggested that it came from the point of view of a disabled man in a wheelchair . Both Gervais and co-host Stephen Merchant dismissed Pilkington 's claims as conjecture . Clapton performed an extended version of `` Wonderful Tonight '' between 1987 and 2003 , featuring Katie Kissoon and Tracy Ackerman on backing vocals and David Sancious on saxophone . Clapton and Steve Winwood performed an acoustic version of the song during their 2011 tour in Japan . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 -- 2000 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) 6 Canada ( CHUM ) 16 Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) 15 France ( IFOP ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Japanese International Singles ( Oricon ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 26 US Billboard Hot 100 16 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Position Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) 144 Chart ( 1988 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 39 Netherlands ( Dutch Singles 100 ) 9 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Chile ( IFPI Chile ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 20,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 250,000 Greece ( IFPI Greece ) 2 × Platinum 40,000 Iceland ( IFPI Iceland ) 2 × Platinum 12,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Million 1,000,000 Macao ( IFPI Macao ) Gold 15,000 Portugal ( AFP ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 Russia ( NFPF ) Gold 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 Uruguay ( CUD ) Gold 10,000 Summaries Worldwide ( IFPI ) 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) Damage version ( edit ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' Single by Damage from the album Forever B - side `` I 'm Ready '' Released 28 April 1997 Format CD single , cassette Genre R&B Length 4 : 01 Label Big Life Records Songwriter ( s ) Eric Clapton Producer ( s ) Steve Mac Damage singles chronology `` Love Guaranteed '' ( 1997 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( 1997 ) `` Love Lady '' ( 1997 ) `` Love Guaranteed '' ( 1997 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( 1997 ) `` Love Lady '' ( 1997 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' was covered by British R&B / pop group Damage in 1997 , and was released as the fifth single from the band 's debut studio album , Forever . The single peaked at # 3 on the UK Singles Chart , becoming the band 's most successful single to date , also peaking high in several other territories , which was a first for the band . The song is prominently performed by Richards , with little vocal input from any other members of the band . The music video features the band performing the song in a recording studio with cut scenes of a girl preparing to go on a night out . The b - side , `` I 'm Ready '' , launched the career of Craig David , being the first song he had ever written to be released by himself or another artist . Track listing CD1 `` Wonderful Tonight '' -- 4 : 01 `` I 'm Ready '' ( Bromfield / Richards / Simpson / Jones / Harriott / Craig David , produced by Mark Lewis ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( Ethnic Boyz Mix ) CD2 `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( Acoustic Mix ) `` Just My Imagination '' ( Whitfield / Strong , produced by Howard Francis ) `` Love II Love '' ( Acoustic Mix ) Cassette `` Wonderful Tonight '' -- 4 : 01 `` I 'm Ready '' Chart performance Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 39 Ireland ( IRMA ) 15 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 26 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 34 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) David Kersh version ( edit ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' Single by David Kersh from the album If I Never Stop Loving You Released March 14 , 1998 Genre Country Label Curb Songwriter ( s ) Eric Clapton Producer ( s ) Pat McMakin David Kersh singles chronology `` If I Never Stop Loving You '' ( 1997 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( 1998 ) `` Something to Think About '' ( 1998 ) `` If I Never Stop Loving You '' ( 1997 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( 1998 ) `` Something to Think About '' ( 1998 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' was covered by country singer David Kersh in 1998 . His version went to # 29 on the Hot Country Songs chart . Chart performance Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 45 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 29 Other cover versions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song was covered by country music singer Butch Baker , whose rendition reached # 66 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in 1989 . Also in 1989 , a Spanish cover was recorded by Argentinian singer JAF . The song was frequently covered by 1990 's Minneapolis Alt - Country band Steve 's Piece . A cover version by an unknown artist is used on the 2004 DVD release of BBC sketch show Big Train featuring a horse , replacing the original version from the broadcast edit due to rights issues . Filipino musician and entrepreneur Ramon `` RJ '' Jacinto covered the song for his 2000 album , The Ultimate RJ Bistro Collection . It also later appeared on his 2005 compilation album , Rock ' n Roll Classics . Country artist Don Williams covered the song and it appeared on his 2004 album , My Heart to You . Michael Bublé covered the song on his album , Call Me Irresponsible in 2007 . R&B singer Babyface covered the song on his album Playlist in 2007 . Mandopop singer - songwriter Khalil Fong covered the song on his 2009 album , Timeless . On the 20th anniversary edition of WWE 's Monday Night Raw , The Rock performed a parody version of the song during a `` Rock Concert '' segment , poking fun at Vickie Guerrero . In 2009 , Olly Murs performed a cover of the song when he was in the bottom two with John & Edward on the 6th series of The X Factor . In November 2013 , actor Jeremy Irons performed the first verse of the song , accompanying himself on guitar , on the Canadian talk show George Stroumboulopoulos Tonight . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chris Smith ( 2006 ) . Greenwood Press , ed . The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History : From arenas to the underground , 1974 -- 1980 . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33611 - 9 . `` the hard - rock pioneer and guitar god also become a soft - rock star in the mid-1970s . He celebrated his sobriety with ( ... ) the Top 5 hit `` Lay Down Sally '' and hit No. 16 with the ballad `` Wonderful Tonight , '' both off his 1977 Slowhand album '' Jump up ^ Pattie Boyd ( 11 August 2007 ) . `` I 'd pray Eric would pass out and not touch me ' - Part 2 of Pattie Boyd 's sensational autobiography '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 8 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eric Clapton -- Wonderful Tonight '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Radio2 Top 30 Artiest : Eric Clapton '' . VRT ( in Dutch ) . Top30-2.radio2.be . Archived from the original on 27 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1050 CHUM -- CHUM Charts '' . Archived from the original on 22 February 2006 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . CHUM . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 29 , No. 18 , July 29 , 1978 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Gustave , Heidé . Le Singles Argent de la SNEP ( 1978 ) ( in French ) ( 43 ed . ) . Paris : Decovert . ' Wonderful Tonight ' spent 17 weeks on the national french singles chart and peaked at number three . It was requested to be certified silver . The certification was awarded on the last week , ' Wonderful Tonight ' charted in France . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Wonderful Tonight '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Oricon International Singles . `` Eric Clapton '' -- Wonderful Tonight . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Eric Clapton - Wonderful Tonight search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Eric Clapton -- Wonderful Tonight '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eric Clapton -- Wonderful Tonight '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Slowhand -- Eric Clapton -- Awards -- AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 30 , No. 14 , December 30 , 1978 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1988 '' . Ultratop Charts . ultratop.be -- Stefan Hung -- Hung Medien . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1988 '' . MegaCharts.nl . dutchcharts.nl -- Stefan Hung -- Hung Medien . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Keil , Astrid ( 2014 ) . Die Musikindustrie ( Limitierte Auflage ) . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Miyahara , Ayano ( 2003 ) . 12 月 23 日 から エリック クラプトン の 最高 の バラード ! . Yomiuri Shimbun . Jump up ^ Macao Music Sales ( 2001 - 2009 ) . Record Sales . 2015 - 02 - 08 ( Former link : recordsales.2xik.com/The-first-blog-b1/Macao-Music-Sales-2001-2009-b1-p1.htm ) . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Eric Clapton -- Wonderful Tonight '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Enter Wonderful Tonight in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Eric Clapton -- Wonderful Tonight '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Damage -- Wonderful Tonight '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Damage '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Damage -- Wonderful Tonight '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Damage -- Wonderful Tonight '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 1997 - 05 - 18 '' . Scottish Singles Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 1997 - 05 - 17 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 7891 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . 24 August 1998 . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Kersh -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for David Kersh . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . External links ( edit ) Allmusic review Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Eric Clapton Studio albums Eric Clapton 461 Ocean Boulevard There 's One in Every Crowd No Reason to Cry Slowhand Backless Another Ticket Money and Cigarettes Behind the Sun August Journeyman From the Cradle Pilgrim Reptile Me and Mr. Johnson / Sessions for Robert J Back Home Clapton Old Sock I Still Do Live albums Eric Clapton 's Rainbow Concert E.C. Was Here Just One Night Time Pieces Vol. II Live in the Seventies 24 Nights Unplugged Crossroads 2 : Live in the Seventies One More Car , One More Rider Live in San Diego Compilations The History of Eric Clapton Eric Clapton at His Best Clapton Steppin ' Out Timepieces : The Best of Eric Clapton Backtrackin ' The Cream of Eric Clapton Crossroads Story The Cream of Clapton Blues Clapton Chronicles : The Best of Eric Clapton Complete Clapton Forever Man Singles `` After Midnight '' / `` Easy Now '' `` Blues Power '' / `` Bottle of Red Wine '' `` Let It Rain '' `` I Shot the Sheriff '' / `` Give Me Strength '' `` Willie and the Hand Jive '' `` Swing Low , Sweet Chariot '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' `` Hello Old Friend '' `` Carnival '' `` Lay Down Sally '' / `` Cocaine '' `` Wonderful Tonight '' `` Tulsa Time '' `` Promises '' / `` Watch Out for Lucy '' `` Early in the Morning ( Live ) '' `` I Ca n't Stand It '' `` I 've Got a Rock ' n ' Roll Heart '' `` Crosscut Saw '' `` Forever Man '' `` It 's in the Way That You Use It '' `` Behind the Mask '' `` Tearing Us Apart '' `` Pretending '' / `` Before You Accuse Me '' `` Hound Dog '' `` Bad Love '' `` Tears in Heaven '' / `` White Room ( Live ) '' `` Layla ( Acoustic ) '' `` Down & Out '' `` Motherless Child '' / `` Driftin ' '' `` Change the World '' `` Born in Time '' `` Circus '' `` My Father 's Eyes '' `` Pilgrim '' `` Blue Eyes Blue '' `` ( I ) Get Lost '' `` Come Rain or Come Shine '' / `` Ten Long Years '' `` 3 O'Clock Blues '' `` Key to the Highway '' `` Worried Life Blues '' `` I Ai n't Gonna Stand for It '' `` Every Little Thing '' / `` No Sympathy '' Soundtracks Edge of Darkness Homeboy Rush Concert films Live 1986 The Cream of Eric Clapton Live in Hyde Park In Concert : A Benefit for the Crossroads Centre at Antigua Sessions for Robert J Crossroads Guitar Festival 2004 Live at Montreux 1986 Crossroads Guitar Festival 2007 Crossroads Guitar Festival 2010 Crossroads Guitar Festival 2013 Planes , Trains and Eric Slowhand at 70 -- Live at the Royal Albert Hall Collaborations Riding with the King The Road to Escondido Live from Madison Square Garden Play the Blues : Live from Jazz at Lincoln Center Crossroads Guitar Festival 2013 The Breeze : An Appreciation of JJ Cale Tours Journeyman World Tour 1992 Eric Clapton World Tour Related Album discography Singles discography Videography Blackie Brownie The Fool Signature Stratocaster Crossroads Centre Crossroads Guitar Festival Pattie Boyd ( wife ) Ferrari SP12 EC Va Bene Wonderful Tonight : George Harrison , Eric Clapton , and Me Damage Rashaan J Bromfield Noel Simpson Andrez Harriott Jade Jones Studio albums Forever ( 1997 ) Since You 've Been Gone ( 2001 ) Singles `` Anything '' `` Love II Love '' `` Forever '' `` Love Guaranteed '' `` Wonderful Tonight '' `` Love Lady '' `` Ghetto Romance '' `` Rumours '' `` After the Love Has Gone '' Related articles The Big Reunion ( series 2 ) The Big Reunion Tour David Kersh Studio albums Goodnight Sweetheart If I Never Stop Loving You Notable singles `` Goodnight Sweetheart '' `` Another You '' `` Day In , Day Out '' `` If I Never Stop Loving You '' `` Wonderful Tonight '' Related articles Curb Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonderful_Tonight&oldid=800657941 '' Categories : 1970s ballads 1977 singles 1997 singles 1998 singles Afroman songs Butch Baker songs Curb Records singles Damage ( British band ) songs David Kersh songs Eric Clapton songs Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Rock ballads RSO Records singles Song recordings produced by Glyn Johns Songs written by Eric Clapton 1977 songs Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Greece Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Portugal Certification Table Entry usages for Russia Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Uruguay Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 22 : 14 . 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who was you look wonderful tonight written for
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"\"Wonderful Tonight\" is a ballad written by Eric Clapton. It was included on Clapton's 1977 album Slowhand. Clapton wrote the song about Pattie Boyd.[1] The female vocal harmonies on the song are provided by Marcella Detroit (then Marcy Levy) and Yvonne Elliman."
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"Pattie Boyd"
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J. Edgar
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J. Edgar - wikipedia J. Edgar J. Edgar Theatrical release poster Directed by Clint Eastwood Produced by Clint Eastwood Brian Grazer Robert Lorenz Written by Dustin Lance Black Starring Leonardo DiCaprio Naomi Watts Armie Hammer Josh Lucas Judi Dench Music by Clint Eastwood Cinematography Tom Stern Edited by Joel Cox Gary D. Roach Production company Imagine Entertainment Malpaso Productions Wintergreen Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date November 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 03 ) ( AFI Film Festival ) November 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 140 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $35 million Box office $84.9 million J. Edgar is a 2011 American biographical drama film directed , produced and scored by Clint Eastwood . Written by Dustin Lance Black , the film focuses on the career of FBI director J. Edgar Hoover from the Palmer Raids onward . The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio , Armie Hammer , Naomi Watts , Josh Lucas , and Judi Dench . J. Edgar opened the AFI Fest 2011 in Los Angeles on November 3 , 2011 , and had its limited release on November 9 , followed by wide release on November 11 . The film received mixed reviews from critics , although the performances were praised , and grossed $84 million worldwide . For his turn as Hoover , DiCaprio earned a nomination for a Golden Globe Award , while both he and Hammer earned Screen Actors Guild Award nods . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Box office 4 Accolades 5 Historical accuracy 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1919 , after anarchists attempt to assassinate Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer , he puts his protegé J. Edgar Hoover in charge of a new division dedicated to purging radicals . Hoover quickly begins compiling a list of suspects . He meets Helen Gandy , a new secretary at the Justice Department , and takes her to the Library of Congress to show her the card catalog system he devised . He makes an awkward pass at her , then proposes to her . She refuses him , but agrees to become his personal secretary . Hoover finds that the Department of Labor refuses to deport anyone without evidence of a crime . Learning that Anthony Caminetti , the Commissioner General of Immigration , dislikes the anarchist Emma Goldman , Hoover arranges to make her eligible for deportation and thereby creates a precedent of deportation for radical conspiracy . Following several such Justice Department raids of suspected radical groups , Palmer loses his job as Attorney General . His successor , Harlan F. Stone , appoints Hoover as director of the Justice Department 's new Bureau of Investigation . Hoover meets lawyer Clyde Tolson , and hires him . When the Lindbergh kidnapping captures national attention , President Herbert Hoover asks the Bureau to investigate . Hoover employs several novel techniques , including the monitoring of registration numbers on ransom bills and expert analysis of the kidnapper 's handwriting . When the monitored bills begin showing up in New York City , the investigators find a filling station attendant who wrote down the license plate number of the man who gave him the bill . This leads to the arrest , and eventual conviction , of Bruno Richard Hauptmann for the kidnapping and murder of the Lindbergh child . After Hoover , Tolson , and Hoover 's mother ( with whom Hoover still lives ) see the James Cagney film G Men , Hoover and Tolson go out to a club , where Hoover is seated with Anita Colby , Ginger Rogers , and Rogers ' mother Lela. Rogers ' mother asks Hoover to dance and he becomes agitated , saying that he and Tolson must leave , as they have a lot of work to do in the morning . When he gets home , he tells his mother that he dislikes dancing with girls . She tells him she would rather he be dead than a `` daffodil '' . She insists on teaching him to dance , and they dance in her bedroom . Hoover and Tolson go on a vacation to the horse races . That evening , Hoover tells Tolson that he cares deeply for him , and Tolson tells Hoover that he loves him . Hoover panics and claims that he wants to marry Dorothy Lamour . Tolson accuses Hoover of making a fool out of him and they end up fighting on the floor . Tolson suddenly kisses Hoover , who says that must never happen again ; Tolson says that it wo n't , and tries to leave . Hoover apologizes and begs him to stay , but Tolson threatens to end their friendship if Hoover talks about another woman again . After Tolson leaves , Hoover says that he loves him , too . Years later , Hoover feels his strength begin to decline , while Tolson suffers a stroke . Hoover tries to blackmail Martin Luther King , Jr. into declining his Nobel Peace Prize , sending him a letter threatening to expose his extramarital affairs . King disregards this and accepts the prize . Hoover tells Gandy to destroy his secret files after his death in order to prevent President Richard Nixon from possessing them . He visits Tolson , who urges him to retire . Hoover refuses , claiming that Nixon is going to destroy the bureau he has created . Tolson accuses Hoover of having exaggerated his involvement with key events of the Bureau . Moments later , Hoover tells Tolson that he needed Tolson more than he ever needed anyone else . He holds Tolson 's hand , kisses his forehead , and leaves . Hoover returns home from work , obviously weakened . Shortly after Hoover goes upstairs , his housekeeper calls Tolson , who goes to the house and finds Hoover dead next to his bed . A grief - stricken Tolson covers his friend 's body . Nixon gives a memorial speech on television for Hoover , while several members of his staff enter Hoover 's office and search through the cabinets and drawers in search of his rumored `` confidential '' files , but find nothing . In the last scene , Gandy destroys stacks of files . Cast ( edit ) Leonardo DiCaprio as J. Edgar Hoover Armie Hammer as Clyde Tolson Naomi Watts as Helen Gandy Josh Lucas as Charles Lindbergh Judi Dench as Anna Marie Hoover , Hoover 's mother Dermot Mulroney as Norman Schwarzkopf , Sr . Damon Herriman as Bruno Richard Hauptmann Jeffrey Donovan as Robert F. Kennedy Ed Westwick as Agent Smith , Hoover 's biographer Zach Grenier as John Condon Ken Howard as U.S. Attorney General Harlan F. Stone Stephen Root as Arthur Koehler Denis O'Hare as Albert S. Osborn Adam Driver as Walter Lyle Geoff Pierson as A. Mitchell Palmer Lea Thompson as Lela Rogers Christopher Shyer as Richard Nixon Miles Fisher as Agent Garrison Jessica Hecht as Emma Goldman Michael O'Neill as US Senator Kenneth McKellar Christian Clemenson as Inspector Schell Geoff Stults as Raymond Caffrey Emily Alyn Lind as Shirley Temple Amanda Schull as Anita Colby Charlize Theron , who was originally slated to play Helen Gandy , dropped out of the project to do Snow White and the Huntsman , and Eastwood considered Amy Adams before finally selecting Naomi Watts as Theron 's replacement . Gunner Wright and David A. Cooper have cameos as future presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and Franklin Roosevelt , respectively , and are seen in the group of onlookers who arrive following the bombing at A. Mitchell Palmer 's house . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 43 % based on 231 reviews , with an average rating of 5.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Leonardo DiCaprio gives a predictably powerhouse performance , but J. Edgar stumbles in all other departments : cheesy makeup , poor lighting , confusing narrative , and humdrum storytelling . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews , gives the film a normalized score of 59 out of 100 , based on 42 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert awarded the film three - and - a-half stars ( out of four ) and wrote that the film is `` fascinating '' and `` masterful '' . He praised DiCaprio 's performance as a `` fully - realized , subtle and persuasive performance , hinting at more than Hoover ever revealed , perhaps even to himself '' . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review , writing , `` This surprising collaboration between director Clint Eastwood and Milk screenwriter Dustin Lance Black tackles its trickiest challenges with plausibility and good sense , while serving up a simmeringly caustic view of its controversial subject 's behavior , public and private . '' David Denby in The New Yorker magazine also liked the film , calling it a `` nuanced account '' and calling `` Eastwood 's touch light and sure , his judgment sound , the moments of pathos held just long enough . '' J. Hoberman of The Village Voice wrote : `` Although hardly flawless , Eastwood 's biopic is his richest , most ambitious movie since Letters from Iwo Jima and Flags of Our Fathers . '' Peter Debruge of Variety gave the film a mixed review : `` Any movie in which the longtime FBI honcho features as the central character must supply some insight into what made him tick , or suffer from the reality that the Bureau 's exploits were far more interesting than the bureaucrat who ran it -- a dilemma J. Edgar never rises above . '' David Edelstein of New York Magazine reacted negatively to the film and said : `` It 's too bad J. Edgar is so shapeless and turgid and ham - handed , so rich in bad lines and worse readings . '' He praised DiCaprio 's performance : `` There 's something appealingly straightforward about the way he physicalizes Hoover 's inner struggle , the body always slightly out of sync with the mind that vigilantly monitors every move . '' Box Office ( edit ) The film opened limited in 7 theaters on November 9 , grossing $52,645 , and released wide on November 11 , grossing $11.2 million in its opening weekend , approximating the $12 million figure projected by the Los Angeles Times for the film 's opening weekend in the United States and Canada . J. Edgar went on to gross $84 million worldwide . Breakdowns of audience demographics for the movie showed that ticket buyers were nearly 95 % over the age of 25 and slightly over 50 % female . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Date of ceremony Award Recipient ( s ) Result January 27 , 2012 AACTA Awards Best Actor -- International Leonardo DiCaprio Nominated December 11 , 2011 American Film Institute Top 10 Films J. Edgar Won January 12 , 2012 Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Actor Leonardo DiCaprio Nominated January 15 , 2012 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Nominated December 1 , 2011 National Board of Review Top Ten Films J. Edgar Won December 18 , 2011 Satellite Awards Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Leonardo DiCaprio Nominated January 29 , 2012 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Armie Hammer Nominated Historical accuracy ( edit ) In an interview on All Things Considered , Yale University history professor Beverly Gage , who is writing a biography of Hoover , stated that the film accurately conveys that Hoover came to the FBI as a reformer seeking `` to clean it up , to professionalize it , '' and to introduce scientific methods to its investigation , eventually including such practices as fingerprinting and bloodtyping . She praises DiCaprio for conveying the tempo of Hoover 's speech . However , she notes that the film 's central narrative device in which Hoover dictates his memoirs to FBI agents chosen as writers , is fictitious : `` He did n't ever have the sort of formal situation that you see in the movie where he was dictating a memoir to a series of young agents , and that that is the official record of the FBI . '' Historian Aaron J. Stockham of the Waterford School , whose dissertation was on the relationship of the FBI and the US Congress during the Hoover years , wrote on the History News Network of George Mason University , `` J. Edgar portrays Hoover as the man who successfully integrated scientific processes into law enforcement investigations ... There is no doubt , from the historical record , that Hoover was instrumental in creating the FBI 's scientific reputation . '' Stockham notes that Hoover probably did not write the FBI -- King suicide letter to Martin Luther King , Jr. , as the film portrays : `` While such a letter was written , Hoover almost certainly delegated it to others within the Bureau . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` J. Edgar ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2011 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Amy ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Projector : ' Immortals ' poised to conquer box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` J. Edgar ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ford , Alan ( 2010 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Clint Eastwood to Direct J. Edgar Hoover Biopic '' . FilmoFilia.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( 2011 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Ed Westwick In , Charlize Theron Out Of Clint Eastwood 's ' J. Edgar ' '' Archived January 12 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... MTV.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` An Interview With Gunner Wright '' . The Gaming Liberty . April 23 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2011 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` J. Edgar ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` J. Edgar Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` J. Edgar '' . CinemaScore . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2011 - 11 - 08 ) . `` J. Edgar '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( 2011 - 11 - 03 ) . `` J. Edgar : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Denby , David ( 2011 - 11 - 14 ) . `` The Man in Charge '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hoberman , J. ( 2011 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Great Man Theories : Clint Eastwood on J. Edgar '' . Village Voice . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( 2011 - 11 - 04 ) . `` J. Edgar - Film Review '' . Variety . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , David ( 2011 - 11 - 06 ) . `` First Word Problems '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Box Office Results for November 9 , 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for November 11 -- 13 , 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AACTA - Winners and Nominees - 2011 '' . Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts ( AACTA ) . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bridesmaids , ' ' Tree of Life , ' ' Hugo ' in AFI 's top 10 films of 2011 '' . LATimes.com . December 11 , 2011 . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 2011 - 12 - 13 ) . `` 2012 Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Noms : Hugo And The Artist Dominate The Field '' . TheFabLife.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 69th Annual Golden Globe Awards -- Full List Of Nominees '' . HollywoodLife.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` National Board of Review Announces 2011 Awards ; HUGO Takes Top Prize '' . WeAreMovieGeeks.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` From WAR HORSE to THE MYSTERIES OF LISBON : Satellite Award Nominations 2011 '' . Alt Film Guide . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( 2011 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Screen Actors Guild nominations revealed '' . HollywoodNews.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Fact - Checking Clint Eastwood 's ' J. Edgar ' Biopic '' . All Things Considered. 2011 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Stockham , Aaron J. ( 2011 - 12 - 12 ) . `` '' J. Edgar '' Fails to Deliver the Historical Goods `` . History News Network . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website J. Edgar on IMDb J. Edgar at AllMovie J. Edgar at Box Office Mojo J. Edgar at Rotten Tomatoes J. Edgar at Metacritic Films directed by Clint Eastwood Play Misty for Me ( 1971 ) High Plains Drifter ( 1973 ) Breezy ( 1973 ) The Eiger Sanction ( 1975 ) The Outlaw Josey Wales ( 1976 ) The Gauntlet ( 1977 ) Bronco Billy ( 1980 ) Firefox ( 1982 ) Honkytonk Man ( 1982 ) Sudden Impact ( 1983 ) Pale Rider ( 1985 ) Heartbreak Ridge ( 1986 ) Bird ( 1988 ) White Hunter Black Heart ( 1990 ) The Rookie ( 1990 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) A Perfect World ( 1993 ) The Bridges of Madison County ( 1995 ) Absolute Power ( 1997 ) Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil ( 1997 ) True Crime ( 1999 ) Space Cowboys ( 2000 ) Blood Work ( 2002 ) Piano Blues ( 2003 ) Mystic River ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Changeling ( 2008 ) Gran Torino ( 2008 ) Invictus ( 2009 ) Hereafter ( 2010 ) J. 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Scheinberg et al. ( 10 Cr. 336 ) Waco siege People Harry `` Skip '' Brandon Sibel Edmonds Mark Felt `` Deep Throat '' Helen Gandy Joseph L. Gormley Wesley Grapp David Icove Peter Strzok Clyde Tolson Joseph D. Pistone Buildings FBI Headquarters Child Abduction and Serial Murder Center Related FBI portrayal in media G - Man Junior G - Men FBI -- Apple encryption dispute FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._Edgar&oldid=850451107 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s biographical films 2010s drama films American films American biographical films American drama films American LGBT - related films Drama films based on actual events Federal Bureau of Investigation in fiction Cultural depictions of J. Edgar Hoover Cultural depictions of Robert F. Kennedy Cultural depictions of Dwight D. 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Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Virginia Imagine Entertainment films Malpaso Productions films Warner Bros. films Films directed by Clint Eastwood Films produced by Clint Eastwood Films produced by Brian Grazer Screenplays by Dustin Lance Black Films scored by Lennie Niehaus Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 23 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who directed the 2011 bio pic j edgar
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"J. Edgar is a 2011 American biographical drama film directed, produced and scored by Clint Eastwood.[4] Written by Dustin Lance Black, the film focuses on the career of FBI director J. Edgar Hoover from the Palmer Raids onward. The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio, Armie Hammer, Naomi Watts, Josh Lucas, and Judi Dench. \n"
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"Clint Eastwood"
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Moons of Jupiter
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Moons of Jupiter - wikipedia Moons of Jupiter Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the moons of Jupiter . For the Alice Munro short story , see The Moons of Jupiter ( short story ) . For the Alice Munro book , see The Moons of Jupiter . For other uses , see Moons of Jupiter ( disambiguation ) . A montage of Jupiter and its four largest moons ( distance and sizes not to scale ) The orbit and motion of the Galilean moons around Jupiter , as captured by JunoCam aboard the Juno spacecraft . There are 69 known moons of Jupiter . This gives Jupiter the largest number of moons with reasonably stable orbits of any planet in the Solar System . The most massive of the moons are the four Galilean moons , which were independently discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and Simon Marius and were the first objects found to orbit a body that was neither Earth nor the Sun . From the end of the 19th century , dozens of much smaller Jovian moons have been discovered and have received the names of lovers or daughters of the Roman god Jupiter or his Greek equivalent Zeus . The Galilean moons are by far the largest and most massive objects to orbit Jupiter , with the remaining 65 moons and its rings together comprising just 0.003 % of the total orbiting mass . Of Jupiter 's moons , eight are regular satellites with prograde and nearly circular orbits that are not greatly inclined with respect to Jupiter 's equatorial plane . The Galilean satellites are nearly spherical in shape due to their planetary mass , and so would be considered ( dwarf ) planets if they were in direct orbit around the Sun . The other four regular satellites are much smaller and closer to Jupiter ; these serve as sources of the dust that makes up Jupiter 's rings . The remainder of Jupiter 's moons are irregular satellites whose prograde and retrograde orbits are much farther from Jupiter and have high inclinations and eccentricities . These moons were probably captured by Jupiter from solar orbits . Eighteen of the irregular satellites have not yet been named . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Origin and evolution 3 Discovery 4 Naming 5 Groups 5.1 Regular satellites 5.2 Irregular satellites 6 List 7 Exploration 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Characteristics ( edit ) The physical and orbital characteristics of the moons vary widely . The four Galileans are all over 3,100 kilometres ( 1,900 mi ) in diameter ; the largest Galilean , Ganymede , is the ninth largest object in the Solar System , after the Sun and seven of the planets , Ganymede being larger than Mercury . All other Jovian moons are less than 250 kilometres ( 160 mi ) in diameter , with most barely exceeding 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) . Their orbital shapes range from nearly perfectly circular to highly eccentric and inclined , and many revolve in the direction opposite to Jupiter 's spin ( retrograde motion ) . Orbital periods range from seven hours ( taking less time than Jupiter does to spin around its axis ) , to some three thousand times more ( almost three Earth years ) . Origin and evolution ( edit ) Jupiter 's regular satellites are believed to have formed from a circumplanetary disk , a ring of accreting gas and solid debris analogous to a protoplanetary disk . They may be the remnants of a score of Galilean - mass satellites that formed early in Jupiter 's history . The relative masses of the Jovian moons . Those smaller than Europa are not visible at this scale , and combined would only be visible at 100 × magnification . Simulations suggest that , while the disk had a relatively high mass at any given moment , over time a substantial fraction ( several tenths of a percent ) of the mass of Jupiter captured from the solar nebula was passed through it . However , only 2 % the proto - disk mass of Jupiter is required to explain the existing satellites . Thus there may have been several generations of Galilean - mass satellites in Jupiter 's early history . Each generation of moons might have spiraled into Jupiter , because of drag from the disk , with new moons then forming from the new debris captured from the solar nebula . By the time the present ( possibly fifth ) generation formed , the disk had thinned so that it no longer greatly interfered with the moons ' orbits . The current Galilean moons were still affected , falling into and being partially protected by an orbital resonance with each other , which still exists for Io , Europa , and Ganymede . Ganymede 's larger mass means that it would have migrated inward at a faster rate than Europa or Io . The outer , irregular moons are thought to have originated from captured asteroids , whereas the protolunar disk was still massive enough to absorb much of their momentum and thus capture them into orbit . Many are believed to have broken up by mechanical stresses during capture , or afterward by collisions with other small bodies , producing the moons we see today . Discovery ( edit ) Jupiter and the Galilean moons through a 25 cm ( 10 in ) Meade LX200 telescope The Galilean moons . From left to right , in order of increasing distance from Jupiter : Io , Europa , Ganymede , Callisto The Galilean moons and their orbits around Jupiter See also : Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons The first claimed observation of one of Jupiter 's moons is that of Chinese astronomer Gan De around 364 BC . However , the first certain observations of Jupiter 's satellites were those of Galileo Galilei in 1609 . By January 1610 , he had sighted the four massive Galilean moons with his 30 × magnification telescope , and he published his results in March 1610 . Simon Marius had independently discovered them one day after Galileo , though he did not publish his book on the subject until 1614 , and the names Marius assigned are used today : Ganymede , Callisto , Io , and Europa . No additional satellites were discovered until E.E. Barnard observed Amalthea in 1892 . With the aid of telescopic photography , further discoveries followed quickly over the course of the twentieth century . Himalia was discovered in 1904 , Elara in 1905 , Pasiphae in 1908 , Sinope in 1914 , Lysithea and Carme in 1938 , Ananke in 1951 , and Leda in 1974 . By the time that Voyager space probes reached Jupiter around 1979 , 13 moons had been discovered , not including Themisto which had been observed in 1975 , but was lost until 2000 due to insufficient initial observation data . The Voyager spacecraft discovered an additional three inner moons in 1979 : Metis , Adrastea , and Thebe . No additional moons were discovered for two decades but , between October 1999 and February 2003 , researchers found and later named another 34 moons using sensitive ground - based detectors . These are tiny moons , in long , eccentric , generally retrograde orbits , and averaging 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) in diameter , with the largest being just 9 km ( 5.6 mi ) across . All of these moons are thought to have been captured asteroidal or perhaps comet bodies , possibly fragmented into several pieces ; but very little is known about them . Since 2003 , 18 additional moons have been discovered but not yet named , bringing the total number of known moons of Jupiter to 69 . As of 2017 , this is the most of any planet in the Solar System ; but additional undiscovered , tiny moons may exist . Some of the 69 known satellites of Jupiter are considered lost because they have not been observed since their discovery and hence their orbits are not well - known enough to pinpoint their current locations . Work has been done to recover many of them in surveys from 2009 onwards ( in which some new moons were also discovered ) , but six -- S / 2003 J 12 , S / 2003 J 10 , S / 2003 J 19 , S / 2003 J 4 , S / 2003 J 2 , and S / 2011 J 1 -- still remain lost today . Follow - up observations in 2018 are planned to secure their orbits and perhaps find new moons . Naming ( edit ) Main article : Naming of moons The Galilean moons of Jupiter ( Io , Europa , Ganymede , and Callisto ) were named by Simon Marius soon after their discovery in 1610 . However , these names fell out of favor until the 20th century . The astronomical literature instead simply referred to `` Jupiter I '' , `` Jupiter II '' , etc. , or `` the first satellite of Jupiter '' , `` Jupiter 's second satellite '' , and so on . The names Io , Europa , Ganymede , and Callisto became popular in the 20th century , whereas the rest of the moons remained unnamed and were usually numbered in Roman numerals V ( 5 ) to XII ( 12 ) . Jupiter V was discovered in 1892 and given the name Amalthea by a popular though unofficial convention , a name first used by French astronomer Camille Flammarion . The other moons were simply labeled by their Roman numeral ( e.g. Jupiter IX ) in the majority of astronomical literature until the 1970s . In 1975 , the International Astronomical Union 's ( IAU ) Task Group for Outer Solar System Nomenclature granted names to satellites V -- XIII , and provided for a formal naming process for future satellites still to be discovered . The practice was to name newly discovered moons of Jupiter after lovers and favorites of the god Jupiter ( Zeus ) and , since 2004 , also after their descendants . All of Jupiter 's satellites from XXXIV ( Euporie ) are named after daughters of Jupiter or Zeus . Names ending with `` a '' or `` o '' are used for prograde irregular satellites ( the latter for highly inclined satellites ) , and names ending with `` e '' are used for retrograde irregulars . The most recently confirmed moons Jupiter LI through LX ( with the exception of Jupiter LIII Dia ) have not received names . Some asteroids share the same names as moons of Jupiter : 9 Metis , 38 Leda , 52 Europa , 85 Io , 113 Amalthea , 239 Adrastea . Two more asteroids previously shared the names of Jovian moons until spelling differences were made permanent by the IAU : Ganymede and asteroid 1036 Ganymed ; and Callisto and asteroid 204 Kallisto . Groups ( edit ) The orbits of Jupiter 's irregular satellites , and how they cluster into groups : by semi-major axis ( the horizontal axis in Gm ) ; by orbital inclination ( the vertical axis ) ; and orbital eccentricity ( the yellow lines ) . The relative sizes are indicated by the circles . Regular satellites ( edit ) These have prograde and nearly circular orbits of low inclination and are split into two groups : Inner satellites or Amalthea group : Metis , Adrastea , Amalthea , and Thebe . These orbit very close to Jupiter ; the innermost two orbit in less than a Jovian day . The latter two are respectively the fifth and seventh largest moons in the Jovian system . Observations suggest that at least the largest member , Amalthea , did not form on its present orbit , but farther from the planet , or that it is a captured Solar System body . These moons , along with a number of as - yet - unseen inner moonlets , replenish and maintain Jupiter 's faint ring system . Metis and Adrastea help to maintain Jupiter 's main ring , whereas Amalthea and Thebe each maintain their own faint outer rings . Main group or Galilean moons : Io , Europa , Ganymede and Callisto . They are some of the largest objects in the Solar System outside the Sun and the eight planets in terms of mass and are larger than any known dwarf planet . Ganymede exceeds even the planet Mercury in diameter . They are respectively the fourth - , sixth - , first - , and third - largest natural satellites in the Solar System , containing approximately 99.997 % of the total mass in orbit around Jupiter , while Jupiter is almost 5,000 times more massive than the Galilean moons . The inner moons are in a 1 : 2 : 4 orbital resonance . Models suggest that they formed by slow accretion in the low - density Jovian subnebula -- a disc of the gas and dust that existed around Jupiter after its formation -- which lasted up to 10 million years in the case of Callisto . Several are suspected of having subsurface oceans . Irregular satellites ( edit ) Jupiter 's outer moons and their highly inclined orbits Main article : Irregular satellite The irregular satellites are substantially smaller objects with more distant and eccentric orbits . They form families with shared similarities in orbit ( semi-major axis , inclination , eccentricity ) and composition ; it is believed that these are at least partially collisional families that were created when larger ( but still small ) parent bodies were shattered by impacts from asteroids captured by Jupiter 's gravitational field . These families bear the names of their largest members . The identification of satellite families is tentative , but the following are typically listed : Prograde satellites : Themisto is the innermost irregular moon and not part of a known family . The Himalia group is spread over barely 1.4 Gm in semi-major axes , 1.6 ° in inclination ( 27.5 ± 0.8 ° ) , and eccentricities between 0.11 and 0.25 . It has been suggested that the group could be a remnant of the break - up of an asteroid from the asteroid belt . Carpo is the outermost prograde moon and not part of a known family . Retrograde satellites : inclinations ( ° ) vs. eccentricities , with Carme 's ( orange ) and Ananke 's ( yellow ) groups identified Retrograde satellites : S / 2003 J 12 and S / 2011 J 1 are the innermost of the retrograde moons , and are not part of any known family . The Carme group is spread over only 1.2 Gm in semi-major axis , 1.6 ° in inclination ( 165.7 ± 0.8 ° ) , and eccentricities between 0.23 and 0.27 . It is very homogeneous in color ( light red ) and is believed to have originated from a D - type asteroid progenitor , possibly a Jupiter Trojan . The Ananke group has a relatively wider spread than the previous groups , over 2.4 Gm in semi-major axis , 8.1 ° in inclination ( between 145.7 ° and 154.8 ° ) , and eccentricities between 0.02 and 0.28 . Most of the members appear gray , and are believed to have formed from the breakup of a captured asteroid . The Pasiphae group is quite dispersed , with a spread over 1.3 Gm , inclinations between 144.5 ° and 158.3 ° , and eccentricities between 0.25 and 0.43 . The colors also vary significantly , from red to grey , which might be the result of multiple collisions . Sinope , sometimes included in the Pasiphae group , is red and , given the difference in inclination , it could have been captured independently ; Pasiphae and Sinope are also trapped in secular resonances with Jupiter . S / 2003 J 2 is the outermost moon of Jupiter , and is not part of a known family . List ( edit ) The moons of Jupiter are listed below by orbital period . Moons massive enough for their surfaces to have collapsed into a spheroid are highlighted in bold . These are the four Galilean moons , which are comparable in size to the Moon . The four inner moons are much smaller , the fourth most massive being more than 7000 times more massive than the fifth-most . The irregular captured moons are shaded light gray when prograde and dark gray when retrograde . Order Label Name Pronunciation ( key ) Image Diameter ( km ) Mass ( × 10 kg ) Semi-major axis ( km ) Orbital period ( d ) Inclination ( ° ) Eccentr . Discovery year Discoverer Group 16 ! XVI Metis / ˈmiːtɪs / 0059 ! 60 × 40 × 34 1636 ! ≈ 3.6 00127 ! 7005127690000000000 ♠ 127 690 0074 ! + 7h 4m 29s 00006 ! 0.06 0.0002 1979 Synnott ( Voyager 1 ) Inner 15 ! XV Adrastea / əˈdræstiə / 0020 ! 20 × 16 × 14 152 ! ≈ 0.2 00128 ! 7005128690000000000 ♠ 128 690 0079 ! + 7h 9m 30s 00003 ! 0.03 0.0015 1979 Jewitt ( Voyager 2 ) Inner 05 ! V Amalthea / əˈmælθiə / 0171 ! 250 × 146 × 128 ( 7002167000000000000 ♠ 167 ± 4.0 ) 18208 ! 208 0018 ! 7005181366000000000 ♠ 181 366 008 ! + 11h 57m 23s 000374 ! 0.374 0.0032 1892 Barnard Inner 14 ! XIV Thebe / ˈθiːbiː / 0116 ! 116 × 98 × 84 1743 ! ≈ 43 002 ! 7005221889000000000 ♠ 221 889 009 ! + 16h 11m 17s 001076 ! 1.076 0.0175 1979 Synnott ( Voyager 1 ) Inner 5 01 ! I Io / ˈaɪoʊ / 3660 ! 7003366000000000000 ♠ 3660. 0 × 7003363740000000000 ♠ 3637. 4 × 7003363060000000000 ♠ 3630. 6 2289 ! 7006893190000000000 ♠ 8931900 004 ! 7005421700000000000 ♠ 421 700 01 ! + 7000176910000000000 ♠ 1.7691 00005 ! 0.050 0.0041 1610 Galilei Galilean 6 02 ! II Europa / ˌjʊərˈoʊpə / 3121 ! 7003312160000000000 ♠ 3121. 6 2248 ! 7006480000000000000 ♠ 4800000 006 ! 7005671034000000000 ♠ 671 034 03 ! + 7000355120000000000 ♠ 3.5512 00047 ! 0.471 0.0094 1610 Galilei Galilean 7 03 ! III Ganymede / ˈɡænɪˌmiːd / 5362 ! 7003526239999999999 ♠ 5262. 4 2315 ! 7007148190000000000 ♠ 14 819 000 010 ! 7006107041200000000 ♠ 1070412 07 ! + 7000715460000000000 ♠ 7.1546 000204 ! 0.204 0.0011 1610 Galilei Galilean 8 04 ! IV Callisto / kəˈlɪstoʊ / 4820 ! 7003482060000000000 ♠ 4820. 6 2311 ! 7007107590000000000 ♠ 10 759 000 018 ! 7006188270900000000 ♠ 1882709 08 ! + 7001166890000000000 ♠ 16.689 000205 ! 0.205 0.0074 1610 Galilei Galilean 9 18 ! XVIII Themisto / θɪˈmɪstoʊ / 0008 ! 8 1469 ! 6998690000000000000 ♠ 0.069 07 ! 7006739321600000000 ♠ 7393216 + 129.87 045 ! 45.762 0.2115 1975 / 2000 Kowal & Roemer / Sheppard et al . Themisto 10 13 ! XIII Leda / ˈliːdə / 0016 ! 16 1611 ! 0.6 7007111877810000000 ♠ 11 187 781 + 240.82 027562 ! 27.562 0.1673 Kowal Himalia 11 06 ! VI Himalia / haɪˈmeɪliə / 0170 ! 170 1867 ! 670 7007114519710000000 ♠ 11 451 971 + 250.23 030 ! 30.486 0.1513 1904 Perrine Himalia 12 10 ! X Lysithea / laɪˈsɪθiə / 0036 ! 36 1663 ! 6.3 7007117405600000000 ♠ 11 740 560 + 259.89 027006 ! 27.006 0.1322 1938 Nicholson Himalia 13 07 ! VII Elara / ˈɛlərə / 0086 ! 86 1787 ! 87 7007117780340000000 ♠ 11 778 034 + 257.62 029 ! 29.691 0.1948 1905 Perrine Himalia 14 53 ! LIII Dia / ˈdaɪə / 0004 ! 4 139 ! 6997899999999999999 ♠ 0.0090 7007125704240000000 ♠ 12 570 424 + 287.93 027584 ! 27.584 0.2058 2001 Sheppard et al . Himalia 15 46 ! XLVI Carpo / ˈkɑːrpoʊ / 0003 ! 3 1345 ! 6997449999999999999 ♠ 0.0045 7007171448730000000 ♠ 17 144 873 + 458.62 056 ! 56.001 0.2735 2003 Sheppard et al . Carpo 16 99 ! -- S / 2003 J 12 0001 ! 1 1215 ! 6996150000000000000 ♠ 0.000 15 7007177395390000000 ♠ 17 739 539 − 482.69 142.680 0.4449 2003 Sheppard et al . ? 17 34 ! XXXIV Euporie / juːˈpɒrɪiː / 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007190884340000000 ♠ 19 088 434 − 538.78 144.694 0.0960 2002 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 18 60 ! LX S / 2003 J 3 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007196217800000000 ♠ 19 621 780 − 561.52 146.363 0.2507 2003 Sheppard et al . Ananke ? 19 99 ! -- S / 2011 J 1 0001 ! 1 7007201552900000000 ♠ 20 155 290 − 582.22 162.8 0.2963 2011 Sheppard et al . ? 20 55 ! LV S / 2003 J 18 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007202196480000000 ♠ 20 219 648 − 587.38 146.376 0.1048 2003 Gladman et al . Pasiphae 21 52 ! LII S / 2010 J 2 0001 ! 1 7007203071500000000 ♠ 20 307 150 − 588.36 150.4 0.307 Veillet Ananke 22 42 ! XLII Thelxinoe / θɛlkˈsɪnoʊiː / 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007204537530000000 ♠ 20 453 753 − 597.61 151.292 0.2684 2003 Sheppard et al . Ananke 23 33 ! XXXIII Euanthe / juːˈænθiː / 0003 ! 3 1345 ! 6997449999999999999 ♠ 0.0045 7007204648540000000 ♠ 20 464 854 − 598.09 143.409 0.2000 2002 Sheppard et al . Ananke 24 45 ! XLV Helike / ˈhɛlɪkiː / 0004 ! 4 139 ! 6997899999999999999 ♠ 0.0090 7007205402660000000 ♠ 20 540 266 − 601.40 154.586 0.1374 2003 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 25 35 ! XXXV Orthosie / ɔːr ˈθɒsɪiː / 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007205679710000000 ♠ 20 567 971 − 602.62 142.366 0.2433 2002 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 26 54 ! LIV S / 2016 J 1 0003 ! 3 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007205954830000000 ♠ 20 595 483 − 603.83 139.839 0.1377 2016 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 27 24 ! XXIV Iocaste / aɪ oʊ ˈkæstiː / 0005 ! 5 1419 ! 6998190000000000000 ♠ 0.019 7007207225660000000 ♠ 20 722 566 − 609.43 147.248 0.2874 2001 Sheppard et al . Ananke 28 99 ! -- S / 2003 J 16 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007207437790000000 ♠ 20 743 779 − 610.36 150.769 0.3184 2003 Gladman et al . Ananke 29 27 ! XXVII Praxidike / prækˈsɪdɪkiː / 0007 ! 7 1443 ! 6998429999999999999 ♠ 0.043 7007208239480000000 ♠ 20 823 948 − 613.90 144.205 0.1840 2001 Sheppard et al . Ananke 30 22 ! XXII Harpalyke / hɑːrˈpælɪkiː / 0004 ! 4 1412 ! 6998120000000000000 ♠ 0.012 7007210638140000000 ♠ 21 063 814 − 624.54 147.223 0.2440 2001 Sheppard et al . Ananke 31 40 ! XL Mneme / ˈniːmiː / 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007211297860000000 ♠ 21 129 786 − 627.48 149.732 0.3169 2003 Gladman et al . Ananke 32 30 ! XXX Hermippe / hərˈmɪpiː / 0004 ! 4 139 ! 6997899999999999999 ♠ 0.0090 7007211820860000000 ♠ 21 182 086 − 629.81 151.242 0.2290 2002 Sheppard et al . Ananke 33 29 ! XXIX Thyone / θaɪˈoʊniː / 0004 ! 4 139 ! 6997899999999999999 ♠ 0.0090 7007214055700000000 ♠ 21 405 570 − 639.80 147.276 0.2525 2002 Sheppard et al . Ananke 34 12 ! XII Ananke / əˈnæŋkiː / 0028 ! 28 163 ! 3.0 7007214549520000000 ♠ 21 454 952 − 640.38 151.564 0.3445 1951 Nicholson Ananke 35 50 ! L Herse / ˈhɜːrsiː / 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007221343060000000 ♠ 22 134 306 − 672.75 162.490 0.2379 2003 Gladman et al . Carme 36 31 ! XXXI Aitne / ˈaɪtniː / 0003 ! 3 1345 ! 6997449999999999999 ♠ 0.0045 7007222851610000000 ♠ 22 285 161 − 679.64 165.562 0.3927 2002 Sheppard et al . Carme 37 37 ! XXXVII Kale / ˈkeɪliː / 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007224092070000000 ♠ 22 409 207 − 685.32 165.378 0.2011 2002 Sheppard et al . Carme 38 20 ! XX Taygete / teɪˈɪdʒɪtiː / 0005 ! 5 1416 ! 6998160000000000000 ♠ 0.016 7007224386480000000 ♠ 22 438 648 − 686.67 164.890 0.3678 2001 Sheppard et al . Carme 39 99 ! -- S / 2003 J 19 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007227090610000000 ♠ 22 709 061 − 699.12 164.727 0.1961 2003 Gladman et al . Carme ? 40 21 ! XXI Chaldene / kælˈdiːniː / 0004 ! 4 1375 ! 6997750000000000000 ♠ 0.0075 7007227134440000000 ♠ 22 713 444 − 699.33 167.070 0.2916 2001 Sheppard et al . Carme 41 58 ! LVIII S / 2003 J 15 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007227209990000000 ♠ 22 720 999 − 699.68 141.812 0.0932 2003 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 42 99 ! -- S / 2003 J 10 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007227308130000000 ♠ 22 730 813 − 700.13 163.813 0.3438 2003 Sheppard et al . Carme ? 43 99 ! -- S / 2003 J 23 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007227396540000000 ♠ 22 739 654 − 700.54 148.849 0.3930 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae ? 44 25 ! XXV Erinome / ɪˈrɪnoʊmiː / 0003 ! 3 1345 ! 6997449999999999999 ♠ 0.0045 7007229862660000000 ♠ 22 986 266 − 711.96 163.737 0.2552 2001 Sheppard et al . Carme 45 41 ! XLI Aoede / eɪ ˈiːdiː / 0004 ! 4 139 ! 6997899999999999999 ♠ 0.0090 7007230441750000000 ♠ 23 044 175 − 714.66 160.482 0.4311 2003 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 46 44 ! XLIV Kallichore / kəˈlɪkoʊriː / 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007231118230000000 ♠ 23 111 823 − 717.81 164.605 0.2041 2003 Sheppard et al . Carme 47 23 ! XXIII Kalyke / ˈkælɪkiː / 0005 ! 5 1419 ! 6998190000000000000 ♠ 0.019 7007231807730000000 ♠ 23 180 773 − 721.02 165.505 0.2139 2001 Sheppard et al . Carme 48 11 ! XI Carme / ˈkɑːrmiː / 0046 ! 46 1713 ! 13 7007231979920000000 ♠ 23 197 992 − 763.95 165.047 0.2342 1938 Nicholson Carme 49 17 ! XVII Callirrhoe / kəˈlɪroʊiː / 0009 ! 9 1487 ! 6998870000000000000 ♠ 0.087 7007232149860000000 ♠ 23 214 986 − 727.11 139.849 0.2582 2000 Spahr , Scotti Pasiphae 50 32 ! XXXII Eurydome / jʊərˈɪdəmiː / 0003 ! 3 1345 ! 6997449999999999999 ♠ 0.0045 7007232308580000000 ♠ 23 230 858 − 723.36 149.324 0.3769 2002 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 51 38 ! XXXVIII Pasithee / pəˈsɪθɪiː / 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007233073180000000 ♠ 23 307 318 − 726.93 165.759 0.3288 2002 Sheppard et al . Carme 52 51 ! LI S / 2010 J 1 0002 ! 2 7007233143350000000 ♠ 23 314 335 − 722.83 163.2 0.320 Jacobson et al . Carme 53 49 ! XLIX Kore / ˈkɔəriː / 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007233450930000000 ♠ 23 345 093 − 776.02 137.371 0.1951 2003 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 54 48 ! XLVIII Cyllene / sɪˈliːniː / 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007233962690000000 ♠ 23 396 269 − 731.10 140.148 0.4115 2003 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 55 56 ! LVI S / 2011 J 2 0001 ! 1 7007234009810000000 ♠ 23 400 981 − 731.32 148.77 0.3321 2011 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 56 47 ! XLVII Eukelade / juːˈkɛlədiː / 0004 ! 4 139 ! 6997899999999999999 ♠ 0.0090 7007234836940000000 ♠ 23 483 694 − 735.20 163.996 0.2828 2003 Sheppard et al . Carme 57 59 ! LIX S / 2017 J 1 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007234839780000000 ♠ 23 483 978 − 734.15 149.197 0.3969 2017 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 58 99 ! -- S / 2003 J 4 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007235707900000000 ♠ 23 570 790 − 739.29 147.175 0.3003 2003 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae ? 59 08 ! VIII Pasiphae / pəˈsɪfeɪiː / 0060 ! 60 173 ! 30 7007236090420000000 ♠ 23 609 042 − 739.80 141.803 0.3743 1908 Melotte Pasiphae 60 39 ! XXXIX Hegemone / hɪˈdʒɛməniː / 0003 ! 3 1345 ! 6997449999999999999 ♠ 0.0045 7007237025110000000 ♠ 23 702 511 − 745.50 152.506 0.4077 2003 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 61 43 ! XLIII Arche / ˈɑːrkiː / 0003 ! 3 1345 ! 6997449999999999999 ♠ 0.0045 7007237170510000000 ♠ 23 717 051 − 746.19 164.587 0.1492 2002 Sheppard et al . Carme 62 26 ! XXVI Isonoe / aɪ ˈsɒnoʊiː / 0004 ! 4 1375 ! 6997750000000000000 ♠ 0.0075 7007238006470000000 ♠ 23 800 647 − 750.13 165.127 0.1775 2001 Sheppard et al . Carme 63 99 ! -- S / 2003 J 9 0001 ! 1 1215 ! 6996150000000000000 ♠ 0.000 15 7007238578080000000 ♠ 23 857 808 − 752.84 164.980 0.2761 2003 Sheppard et al . Carme ? 64 57 ! LVII S / 2003 J 5 0004 ! 4 139 ! 6997899999999999999 ♠ 0.0090 7007239739260000000 ♠ 23 973 926 − 758.34 165.549 0.3070 2003 Sheppard et al . Carme 65 09 ! IX Sinope / sɪˈnoʊpiː / 0038 ! 38 1675 ! 7.5 7007240578650000000 ♠ 24 057 865 − 739.33 153.778 0.2750 1914 Nicholson Pasiphae 66 36 ! XXXVI Sponde / ˈspɒndiː / 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007242526270000000 ♠ 24 252 627 − 771.60 154.372 0.4431 2002 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 67 28 ! XXVIII Autonoe / ɔː ˈtɒnoʊiː / 0004 ! 4 139 ! 6997899999999999999 ♠ 0.0090 7007242644450000000 ♠ 24 264 445 − 772.17 151.058 0.3690 2002 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 68 19 ! XIX Megaclite / mɛɡəˈklaɪtiː / 0005 ! 5 1421 ! 6998210000000000000 ♠ 0.021 7007246872390000000 ♠ 24 687 239 − 792.44 150.398 0.3077 2001 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 69 99 ! -- S / 2003 J 2 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007285704100000000 ♠ 28 570 410 9 ! 2997018450000000000 ♠ − 981.55 153.521 0.4074 2003 Sheppard et al . ? Exploration ( edit ) Main articles : Exploration of Jupiter , Ganymede ( moon ) § Exploration , Europa ( moon ) § Exploration , Callisto ( moon ) § Exploration , and Io ( moon ) § Observational history The first spacecraft to visit Jupiter were Pioneer 10 in 1973 , and Pioneer 11 a year later , taking low - resolution images of the four Galilean moons . The Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes visited Jupiter in 1979 , discovering the volcanic activity on Io and the presence of water ice on the surface of Europa . The Cassini probe to Saturn flew by Jupiter in 2000 and collected data on interactions of the Galilean moons with Jupiter 's extended atmosphere . The New Horizons spacecraft flew by Jupiter in 2007 and made improved measurements of its satellites ' orbital parameters . The Galileo spacecraft was the first to enter orbit around Jupiter , arriving in 1995 and studying it until 2003 . During this period , Galileo gathered a large amount of information about the Jovian system , making close approaches to all of the Galilean moons and finding evidence for thin atmospheres on three of them , as well as the possibility of liquid water beneath the surfaces of Europa , Ganymede , and Callisto . It also discovered a magnetic field around Ganymede . In 2016 , the Juno spacecraft imaged the Galilean moons from above their orbital plane as it approached Jupiter orbit insertion , creating a time - lapse movie of their motion . See also ( edit ) Jupiter 's moons in fiction Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jupiter Mass of 1.8986 × 10 kg / Mass of Galilean moons 3.93 × 10 kg = 4,828 Jump up ^ Order refers to the position among other moons with respect to their average distance from Jupiter . Jump up ^ Label refers to the Roman numeral attributed to each moon in order of their naming . Jump up ^ Diameters with multiple entries such as `` 60 × 40 × 34 '' reflect that the body is not a perfect spheroid and that each of its dimensions have been measured well enough . Jump up ^ Periods with negative values are retrograde . Jump up ^ `` ? '' refers to group assignments that are not considered sure yet . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sheppard , Scott S . `` The Jupiter Satellite and Moon Page '' . Carnegie Institution , Department of Terrestrial Magnetism . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Solar System Bodies '' . JPL / NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Canup , Robert M. ; Ward , William R. ( 2009 ) . `` Origin of Europa and the Galilean Satellites '' . Europa . University of Arizona Press ( in press ) . Bibcode : 2008arXiv0812. 4995C . arXiv : 0812.4995 . Jump up ^ Alibert , Y. ; Mousis , O. ; Benz , W. ( 2005 ) . `` Modeling the Jovian subnebula I. Thermodynamic conditions and migration of proto - satellites '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 439 ( 3 ) : 1205 -- 13 . Bibcode : 2005A&A ... 439.1205 A. arXiv : astro - ph / 0505367 . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20052841 . ^ Jump up to : Chown , Marcus ( 2009 - 03 - 07 ) . `` Cannibalistic Jupiter ate its early moons '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Jewitt , David ; Haghighipour , Nader ( 2007 ) . `` Irregular Satellites of the Planets : Products of Capture in the Early Solar System '' ( PDF ) . Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 45 ( 1 ) : 261 -- 95 . Bibcode : 2007ARA&A ... 45 ... 261J . arXiv : astro - ph / 0703059 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. astro. 44.051905. 092459 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Xi , Zezong Z. ( 1981 ) . `` The Discovery of Jupiter 's Satellite Made by Gan De 2000 years Before Galileo '' . Acta Astrophysica Sinica. 1 ( 2 ) : 87 . Jump up ^ Galilei , Galileo ( 1989 ) . Translated and prefaced by Albert Van Helden , ed . Sidereus Nuncius . Chicago & London : University of Chicago Press . pp. 14 -- 16 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 27903 - 0 . Jump up ^ Van Helden , Albert ( March 1974 ) . `` The Telescope in the Seventeenth Century '' . Isis . The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society . 65 ( 1 ) : 38 -- 58 . doi : 10.1086 / 351216 . Jump up ^ Pasachoff , Jay M. ( 2015 ) . `` Simon Marius 's Mundus Iovialis : 400th Anniversary in Galileo 's Shadow '' . Journal for the History of Astronomy . 46 ( 2 ) : 218 -- 234 . Bibcode : 2015AAS ... 22521505P . doi : 10.1177 / 0021828615585493 . Jump up ^ Barnard , E.E. ( 1892 ) . `` Discovery and Observation of a Fifth Satellite to Jupiter '' . Astronomical Journal . 12 : 81 -- 85 . Bibcode : 1892AJ ... 12 ... 81B . doi : 10.1086 / 101715 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery of a Sixth Satellite of Jupiter '' . Astronomical Journal . 24 ( 18 ) : 154B ;. 1905 - 01 - 09 . Bibcode : 1905AJ ... 24S. 154 ... doi : 10.1086 / 103654 . Jump up ^ Perrine , C.D. ( 1905 ) . `` The Seventh Satellite of Jupiter '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 17 ( 101 ) : 62 -- 63 . Bibcode : 1905PASP ... 17 ... 56 ... JSTOR 40691209 . doi : 10.1086 / 121624 . Jump up ^ Melotte , P.J. ( 1908 ) . `` Note on the Newly Discovered Eighth Satellite of Jupiter , Photographed at the Royal Observatory , Greenwich '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 68 ( 6 ) : 456 -- 457 . Bibcode : 1908MNRAS ... 68 ... 456 ... doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 68.6. 456 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , S.B. ( 1914 ) . `` Discovery of the Ninth Satellite of Jupiter '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 26 : 197 -- 198 . Bibcode : 1914PASP ... 26 ... 197N . doi : 10.1086 / 122336 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , S.B. ( 1938 ) . `` Two New Satellites of Jupiter '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 50 : 292 -- 293 . Bibcode : 1938PASP ... 50 ... 292N . doi : 10.1086 / 124963 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , S.B. ( 1951 ) . `` An unidentified object near Jupiter , probably a new satellite '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 63 ( 375 ) : 297 -- 299 . Bibcode : 1951PASP ... 63 ... 297N . doi : 10.1086 / 126402 . Jump up ^ Kowal , C.T. ; Aksnes , K. ; Marsden , B.G. ; Roemer , E. ( 1974 ) . `` Thirteenth satellite of Jupiter '' . Astronomical Journal . 80 : 460 -- 464 . Bibcode : 1975AJ ... 80 ... 460K . doi : 10.1086 / 111766 . Jump up ^ Marsden , Brian G. ( 3 October 1975 ) . `` Probable New Satellite of Jupiter '' ( discovery telegram sent to the IAU ) . International Astronomical Union Circulars . Cambridge , US : Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory . 2845 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Synnott , S.P. ( 1980 ) . `` 1979J2 : The Discovery of a Previously Unknown Jovian Satellite '' . Science . 210 ( 4471 ) : 786 -- 788 . Bibcode : 1980Sci ... 210 ... 786S . PMID 17739548 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 210.4471. 786 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature '' . Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature ( WGPSN ) . U.S. Geological Survey . 2008 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Sheppard , Scott S. ; Jewitt , David C. ( May 5 , 2003 ) . `` An abundant population of small irregular satellites around Jupiter '' . Nature . 423 ( 6937 ) : 261 -- 263 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 423 ... 261S . PMID 12748634 . doi : 10.1038 / nature01584 . ^ Jump up to : Sheppard , Scott S. `` Jupiter 's Known Satellites '' . Departament of Terrestrial Magnetism at Carniege Institution for science . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Beatty , Kelly ( 4 April 2012 ) . `` Outer - Planet Moons Found -- and Lost '' . www.skyandtelescope.com . Sky & Telescope . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Brozović , Marina ; Jacobson , Robert A. ( 9 March 2017 ) . `` The Orbits of Jupiter 's Irregular Satellites '' . The Astronomical Journal . 153 ( 4 ) . Bibcode : 2017AJ ... 153 ... 147B . doi : 10.3847 / 1538 - 3881 / aa5e4d . Jump up ^ Jacobson , B. ; Brozović , M. ; Gladman , B. ; Alexandersen , M. ; Nicholson , P.D. ; Veillet , C. ( 28 September 2012 ) . `` Irregular Satellites of the Outer Planets : Orbital Uncertainties and Astrometric Recoveries in 2009 -- 2011 '' . The Astronomical Journal . 144 ( 5 ) . Bibcode : 2012AJ ... 144 ... 132J . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 6256 / 144 / 5 / 132 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheppard , Scott S. ( 2017 ) . `` New Moons of Jupiter Announced in 2017 '' . home.dtm.ciw.edu . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . We likely have all of the lost moons in our new observations from 2017 , but to link them back to the remaining lost 2003 objects requires more observations a year later to confirm the linkages , which will not happen until early 2018 ... There are likely a few more new moons as well in our 2017 observations , but we need to reobserve them in 2018 to determine which of the discoveries are new and which are lost 2003 moons . ^ Jump up to : Marazzini , C. ( 2005 ) . `` The names of the satellites of Jupiter : from Galileo to Simon Marius '' . Lettere Italiane ( in Italian ) . 57 ( 3 ) : 391 -- 407 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Seth Barnes ( April 1939 ) . `` The Satellites of Jupiter '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 51 ( 300 ) : 85 -- 94 . Bibcode : 1939PASP ... 51 ... 85N . doi : 10.1086 / 125010 . Jump up ^ Payne - Gaposchkin , Cecilia ; Haramundanis , Katherine ( 1970 ) . Introduction to Astronomy . Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : Prentice - Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 478107 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Marsden , Brian G. ( 3 October 1975 ) . `` Satellites of Jupiter '' . International Astronomical Union Circulars. 2846 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) Jump up ^ M. Antonietta Barucci , Hermann Boehnhardt , Dale P. Cruikshank , Alessandro Morbidelli , eds. ( 2008 ) . `` Irregular Satellites of the Giant Planets '' . The Solar System Beyond Neptune ( PDF ) . p. 414 . ISBN 9780816527557 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Anderson , J.D. ; Johnson , T.V. ; Shubert , G. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Amalthea 's Density Is Less Than That of Water '' . Science . 308 ( 5726 ) : 1291 -- 1293 . Bibcode : 2005Sci ... 308.1291 A. PMID 15919987 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1110422 . Jump up ^ Burns , J.A. ; Simonelli , D.P. ; Showalter , M.R. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Jupiter 's Ring - Moon System '' . In Bagenal , F. ; Dowling , T.E. ; McKinnon , W.B. Jupiter : The Planet , Satellites and Magnetosphere . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Burns , J.A. ; Showalter , M.R. ; Hamilton , D.P. ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` The Formation of Jupiter 's Faint Rings '' . Science . 284 ( 5417 ) : 1146 -- 1150 . Bibcode : 1999Sci ... 284.1146 B. PMID 10325220 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 284.5417. 1146 . Jump up ^ Canup , Robin M. ; Ward , William R. ( 2002 ) . `` Formation of the Galilean Satellites : Conditions of Accretion '' ( PDF ) . The Astronomical Journal . 124 ( 6 ) : 3404 -- 3423 . Bibcode : 2002AJ ... 124.3404 C . doi : 10.1086 / 344684 . ^ Jump up to : Grav , T. ; Holman , M. ; Gladman , B. ; Aksnes K. ( 2003 ) . `` Photometric survey of the irregular satellites '' . Icarus . 166 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 45 . Bibcode : 2003Icar ... 166 ... 33G . arXiv : astro - ph / 0301016 . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2003.07. 005 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sheppard , Scott S. ; Jewitt , David C. ; Porco , Carolyn ( 2004 ) . `` Jupiter 's outer satellites and Trojans '' . In Fran Bagenal ; Timothy E. Dowling ; William B. McKinnon . Jupiter . The planet , satellites and magnetosphere ( PDF ) . Cambridge planetary science . 1 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . pp. 263 -- 280 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81808 - 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Nesvorný , David ; Beaugé , Cristian ; Dones , Luke ( 2004 ) . `` Collisional Origin of Families of Irregular Satellites '' ( PDF ) . The Astronomical Journal . 127 ( 3 ) : 1768 -- 1783 . Bibcode : 2004AJ ... 127.1768 N . doi : 10.1086 / 382099 . ^ Jump up to : `` Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service '' . IAU : Minor Planet Center . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 08 . Note : some semi-major axis were computed using the μ value , while the eccentricities were taken using the inclination to the local Laplace plane ^ Jump up to : Siedelmann P.K. ; Abalakin V.K. ; Bursa , M. ; Davies , M.E. ; et al. ( 2000 ) . The Planets and Satellites 2000 ( Report ) . IAU / IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Amalthea - definition of Amalthea in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . OxfordDictionaries.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Europa - definition of Europa in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . OxfordDictionaries.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Ganymede - definition of Ganymede in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . OxfordDictionaries.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Ganymede '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Jump up ^ File : Pioneer - 10 jupiter moons. jpg Jump up ^ Juno Approach Movie of Jupiter and the Galilean Moons , NASA , July 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moons of Jupiter . Jupiter 's Known Satellites The Jupiter Satellite and Moon Page Simulation showing the position of Jupiter 's moons Animated tour of Jupiter 's moons , University of South Wales Jupiter : Moons by NASA 's Solar System Exploration David Perlman ( 15 May 2003 ) . `` 43 more moons orbiting Jupiter '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archive of Jupiter System Articles in Planetary Science Research Discoveries An animation of the Jovian system of moons Cain , Fraser : Astronomy Cast Ep 57 : Jupiter 's Moons Moons of Jupiter Listed in approximately increasing distance from Jupiter . Provisional designations in italics . Inner moons Metis Adrastea Amalthea Thebe Galilean moons Io Europa Ganymede Callisto Themisto group Themisto Himalia group Leda Himalia Lysithea Elara Dia Carpo group Carpo S / 2003 J 12 S / 2011 J 1 Ananke group Core Euanthe Iocaste Praxidike Harpalyke Thyone Ananke Peripheral Jupiter LX ( ? ) Jupiter LII Thelxinoe S / 2003 J 16 Mneme Hermippe Carme group Herse Kale Aitne Taygete S / 2003 J 19 ( ? ) Chaldene Erinome Kallichore Kalyke Carme Pasithee Jupiter LI Eukelade Arche Isonoe S / 2003 J 9 ( ? ) Jupiter LVII Pasiphae group Euporie Jupiter LV Helike Orthosie Jupiter LIV Jupiter LVIII S / 2003 J 10 ( ? ) S / 2003 J 23 ( ? ) Aoede Callirrhoe Eurydome Kore Cyllene Jupiter LVI Jupiter LIX S / 2003 J 4 ( ? ) Pasiphae Hegemone Sinope Sponde Autonoe Megaclite S / 2003 J 2 Rings of Jupiter In fiction Jupiter Outline of Jupiter Geography Atmosphere Great Red Spot Magnetosphere Rings Moons Inner moons Adrastea Amalthea Metis Thebe Galilean moons Callisto Europa Ganymede Io Irregular moons Ananke group Carme group Himalia group Pasiphae group Ungrouped moons Carpo Themisto S / 2003 J 2 S / 2003 J 12 S / 2011 J 1 Astronomy General Jupiter - crossing minor planets Solar eclipses Trojans Greek camp Trojan camp Impact events Comet Shoemaker -- Levy 9 2009 Jupiter impact event 2010 Jupiter impact event Exploration and orbiting missions Current Juno Past Cassini Galileo New Horizons Pioneer program Pioneer 10 Pioneer 11 Ulysses Voyager program Voyager 1 Voyager 2 Future Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer ( 2022 ) Europa Clipper ( 2025 ) Proposed Io Volcano Observer ( 2021 ) Laplace - P ( 2023 ) Smara ( 2030 ) Related Fiction Jovian Jupiter Moons Mythology Book Portal Natural satellites of the Solar System Planetary satellites Terrestrial Martian Jovian Saturnian Uranian Neptunian Other satellites Minor - planet moons Plutonian Haumean Eridian Makemakean Largest satellites ( mean radius ≥ 100 km ) size Ganymede largest / 2634 km / 0.413 Earths Titan Callisto Io Moon Europa Triton Titania Rhea Oberon Iapetus Charon Umbriel Ariel Dione Tethys ( Dysnomia ) Enceladus Miranda Proteus Mimas ( Hi'iaka ) Nereid Hyperion Phoebe smallest / 106 km / 0.017 Earths abc 's Ariel Callisto Charon Dione ( Dysnomia ) Enceladus Europa Ganymede ( Hi'iaka ) Hyperion Iapetus Io Mimas Miranda Moon Nereid Oberon Phoebe Proteus Rhea Tethys Titan Titania Triton Umbriel Discovery timeline Inner moons Irregular moons List Naming Regular moons Trojan moons NOTE : Italicized moons are not close to being in hydrostatic equilibrium ; ( bracketed ) moons may or may not be close to being in hydrostatic equilibrium . The Solar System The Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Ceres Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Planets Terrestrial planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Giant planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf planets Ceres Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Rings Jovian Saturnian ( Rhean ) Charikloan Chironean Uranian Neptunian Haumean Moons 1 Terrestrial ( Moon ) Other near - Earth objects 2 Martian Phobos Deimos 69 Jovian Ganymede Callisto Io Europa all 62 Saturnian Titan Rhea Iapetus Dione Tethys Enceladus Mimas Hyperion Phoebe all 27 Uranian Titania Oberon Umbriel Ariel Miranda all 14 Neptunian Triton Proteus Nereid all 5 Plutonian Charon Nix Hydra Kerberos Styx 2 Haumean Hiʻiaka Namaka 1 Makemakean ( S / 2015 ( 136472 ) 1 ) 1 Eridian ( Dysnomia ) Lists Solar System objects By size By discovery date Minor planets Gravitationally rounded objects Possible dwarf planets Natural satellites Comets Small Solar System bodies Meteoroids Minor planets moons Comets Damocloids Mercury - crossers Venus - crossers Venus trojans Near - Earth objects Earth - crossers Earth trojans Mars - crossers Mars trojans Asteroid belt Asteroids first discovered : Ceres Pallas Juno Vesta Families Notable asteroids Kirkwood gap Main - belt comets Jupiter trojans Jupiter - crossers Centaurs Saturn - crossers Uranus trojans Uranus - crossers Neptune trojans Cis - Neptunian objects Trans - Neptunian objects Neptune - crossers Plutoids Kuiper belt Plutinos Cubewanos Scattered disc Detached objects Sednoids Hills cloud Oort cloud Hypothetical objects Vulcan Vulcanoids Phaeton Planet V Theia Fifth giant Planets beyond Neptune Tyche Nemesis Planet Nine Exploration ( outline ) Discovery Astronomy Timeline Spaceflight Robotic spacecraft Human spaceflight Colonization List of probes Timeline Mercury Venus Moon Mars Ceres Asteroids Mining Comets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Deep space Outline of the Solar System Portals Solar System Astronomy Earth sciences Mars Jupiter Uranus Cosmology Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Pisces -- Cetus Supercluster Complex → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moons_of_Jupiter&oldid=806025488 '' Categories : Moons of Jupiter Lists of moons Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 04 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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which of jupiter's moons is the largest
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"The physical and orbital characteristics of the moons vary widely. The four Galileans are all over 3,100 kilometres (1,900 mi) in diameter; the largest Galilean, Ganymede, is the ninth largest object in the Solar System, after the Sun and seven of the planets, Ganymede being larger than Mercury. All other Jovian moons are less than 250 kilometres (160 mi) in diameter, with most barely exceeding 5 kilometres (3.1 mi). Their orbital shapes range from nearly perfectly circular to highly eccentric and inclined, and many revolve in the direction opposite to Jupiter's spin (retrograde motion). Orbital periods range from seven hours (taking less time than Jupiter does to spin around its axis), to some three thousand times more (almost three Earth years)."
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"Ganymede"
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List of The Originals episodes
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List of the Originals episodes - wikipedia List of the Originals episodes The Originals is an American supernatural drama television series created by Julie Plec for The CW . A Spin - off of The Vampire Diaries , the series makes use of certain characters and story elements from the series of books of the same name . The first season premiered with a special preview on October 3 , 2013 , following the season premiere of its parent series , before premiering in its regular time slot on October 8 , 2013 . The series is set in New Orleans which the Mikaelson family and original vampires helped to build . In the first season , the focus was primarily on Klaus ( Joseph Morgan ) , Elijah ( Daniel Gillies ) , and Rebekah ( Claire Holt ) who found out in the backdoor pilot , aired on April 25 , 2013 , how Hayley Marshall ( Phoebe Tonkin ) was pregnant with Klaus ' child , and has now given birth to a werewolf / witch hybrid named Hope ( Summer Fontana ) . Having fled the city many years ago , they return to find Marcel ( Charles Michael Davis ) ( Klaus ' honorary son ) leading the city . The family decide to take back the city . The series also revolves around the relationship between them and other supernatural beings , including witches . In the second season , Kol ( played by both Nathaniel Buzolic and Daniel Sharman ) and Finn ( played by both Yusuf Gatewood and Casper Zafer ) come back . In May 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a fifth and final season , which premiered on April 18 , 2018 , and concluded on August 1 , 2018 . During the course of the series , 92 episodes of The Originals aired . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Pilot ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.4 Season 3 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.5 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 2.6 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 3 Webisodes 3.1 The Originals : The Awakening 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot April 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) 22 October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 22 October 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 22 October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) May 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) 13 March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 5 13 April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) Episodes ( edit ) Pilot ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Further information : The Vampire Diaries ( season 4 ) § ep86 `` No. overall '' and `` No. in season '' for the pilot dictate the airing and location of the episode within the parent series . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 86 20 `` The Originals '' Chris Grismer Julie Plec April 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) 2J6670 2.24 Following a tip off informing him a witch called Jane Anne Deveraux has ties to him , Klaus goes back to New Orleans only to find the protégé he thought dead ruling the city . The city lives under his strict rules , which makes the witches in the city hope to overthrow Marcel . They persuade Klaus to help by using Hayley , a werewolf who is pregnant with his child . Along with his brother , Elijah 's , help , they decide to get back the city . Meanwhile , Elijah tries to persuade their sister Rebekah to come home too . Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Originals ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) `` Always and Forever '' Chris Grismer Michael Narducci & Julie Plec October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) 2J7802 2.21 `` House of the Rising Son '' Brad Turner Diane Ademu - John & Declan de Barra October 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) 2J7801 1.92 `` Tangled Up in Blue '' Chris Grismer Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson October 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) 2J7803 2.22 `` Girl in New Orleans '' Jesse Warn Michelle Paradise & Michael Narducci October 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 2J7804 2.23 5 5 `` Sinners and Saints '' Chris Grismer Marguerite MacIntyre & Julie Plec October 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 29 ) 2J7805 2.05 6 6 `` Fruit of the Poisoned Tree '' Michael Allowitz Charlie Charbonneau & Diane Ademu - John November 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 05 ) 2J7806 2.03 7 7 `` Bloodletting '' Jeffrey Hunt Michael Russo & Michael Narducci November 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 12 ) 2J7807 2.40 8 8 `` The River in Reverse '' Jesse Warn Declan de Barra & Julie Plec November 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 26 ) 2J7808 2.38 9 9 `` Reigning Pain in New Orleans '' Joshua Butler Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson December 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 03 ) 2J7809 2.33 10 10 `` The Casket Girls '' Jesse Warn Charlie Charbonneau & Michelle Paradise January 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 2J7810 2.07 11 11 `` Après Moi , Le Déluge '' Leslie Libman Marguerite MacIntyre & Diane Ademu - John January 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) 2J7811 2.51 12 12 `` Dance Back from the Grave '' Rob Hardy Michael Russo & Michael Narducci January 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 28 ) 2J7812 2.32 13 13 `` Crescent City '' Chris Grismer Michael Narducci & Julie Plec February 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 04 ) 2J7813 2.10 14 14 `` Long Way Back from Hell '' Matt Hastings Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson February 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 25 ) 2J7814 1.83 15 15 `` Le Grand Guignol '' Chris Grismer Declan de Barra & Diane Ademu - John March 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 04 ) 2J7815 1.80 16 16 `` Farewell to Storyville '' Jesse Warn Michael Narducci March 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 11 ) 2J7816 1.73 17 17 `` Moon Over Bourbon Street '' Michael Robison Michelle Paradise & Christopher Hollier March 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 18 ) 2J7817 1.53 18 18 `` The Big Uneasy '' Leslie Libman Marguerite MacIntyre & Michael Russo April 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 15 ) 2J7818 1.52 19 19 `` An Unblinking Death '' Kellie Cyrus Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson April 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 22 ) 2J7819 1.50 20 20 `` A Closer Walk with Thee '' Sylvain White Carina Adly MacKenzie & Julie Plec April 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 29 ) 2J7820 1.77 21 21 `` The Battle of New Orleans '' Jeffrey Hunt Charlie Charbonneau & Michael Narducci May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) 2J7821 1.44 22 22 `` From a Cradle to a Grave '' Matt Hastings Diane Ademu - John May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 2J7822 1.76 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Originals ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 23 `` Rebirth '' Lance Anderson Marguerite MacIntyre & Julie Plec October 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) 3J5201 1.37 24 `` Alive and Kicking '' Jeffrey Hunt Michelle Paradise & Michael Narducci October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) 3J5202 1.29 25 `` Every Mother 's Son '' Dermott Downs Christopher Hollier October 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 20 ) 3J5203 1.27 26 `` Live and Let Die '' Jeffrey Hunt Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson October 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 27 ) 3J5204 1.31 27 5 `` Red Door '' Michael Robison Declan de Barra & Diane Ademu - John November 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 03 ) 3J5205 1.09 28 6 `` Wheel Inside the Wheel '' Matt Hastings Michael Russo & Michael Narducci November 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 10 ) 3J5206 1.46 29 7 `` Chasing the Devil 's Tail '' Jesse Warn Carina Adly Mackenzie & Christopher Hollier November 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ) 3J5207 1.44 30 8 `` The Brothers That Care Forgot '' Michael Allowitz Charlie Charbonneau & Michelle Paradise November 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 24 ) 3J5208 1.26 31 9 `` The Map of Moments '' Leslie Libman Marguerite MacIntyre & Julie Plec December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 3J5209 1.41 32 10 `` Gonna Set Your Flag on Fire '' Rob Hardy Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson January 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 19 ) 3J5210 1.52 33 11 `` Brotherhood of the Damned '' Sylvain White Kyle Arrington & Diane Ademu - John January 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 26 ) 3J5212 1.74 34 12 `` Sanctuary '' Matt Hastings Declan de Barra & Michael Narducci February 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 02 ) 3J5211 1.47 35 13 `` The Devil is Damned '' Lance Anderson Christopher Hollier & Julie Plec February 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) 3J5213 1.22 36 14 `` I Love You , Goodbye '' Matt Hastings Carina Adly MacKenzie & Michael Narducci February 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 16 ) 3J5214 1.44 37 15 `` They All Asked for You '' Chris Grismer Michelle Paradise March 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) 3J5215 1.40 38 16 `` Save My Soul '' Kellie Cyrus Michael Russo March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) 3J5216 1.25 39 17 `` Exquisite Corpse '' Dermott Downs Declan de Barra & Diane Ademu - John April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 3J5217 1.12 40 18 `` Night Has A Thousand Eyes '' Jesse Warn Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 3J5218 1.01 41 19 `` When The Levee Breaks '' Bethany Rooney Marguerite MacIntyre April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 3J5219 1.30 42 20 `` City Beneath the Sea '' Leslie Libman Carina Adly MacKenzie & Charlie Charbonneau April 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 27 ) 3J5220 1.20 43 21 `` Fire with Fire '' David Straiton Michael Narducci May 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 04 ) 3J5221 1.14 44 22 `` Ashes to Ashes '' Matt Hastings Christopher Hollier & Diane Ademu - John May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 3J5222 1.19 Season 3 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Originals ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 45 `` For the Next Millennium '' Lance Anderson Michael Narducci October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) 3J5301 0.89 46 `` You Hung the Moon '' Jeffrey Hunt Carina Adly Mackenzie October 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 15 ) 3J5302 1.12 47 `` I 'll See You in Hell or New Orleans '' Michael Grossman Declan de Barra & Michelle Paradise October 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) 3J5303 0.95 48 `` A Walk on the Wild Side '' Matt Hastings Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson October 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) 3J5304 1.07 49 5 `` The Axeman 's Letter '' Michael Allowitz Michael Russo & Diane Ademu - John November 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 05 ) 3J5305 0.97 50 6 `` Beautiful Mistake '' Steven DePaul Kyle Arrington & Christopher Hollier November 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 12 ) 3J5306 0.98 51 7 `` Out of the Easy '' Bethany Rooney Beau DeMayo & Michelle Paradise November 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 19 ) 3J5307 0.80 52 8 `` The Other Girl in New Orleans '' Kellie Cyrus Michael Russo & Michael Narducci December 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 03 ) 3J5308 1.17 53 9 `` Savior '' Matt Hastings Carina Adly MacKenzie & Diane Ademu - John December 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 10 ) 3J5309 0.97 54 10 `` A Ghost Along the Mississippi '' Michael Grossman Declan de Barra January 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 29 ) 3J5310 0.95 55 11 `` Wild at Heart '' John Hyams Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson February 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 05 ) 3J5311 0.92 56 12 `` Dead Angels '' Darren Genet Kyle Arrington & Michael Narducci February 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 12 ) 3J5312 0.80 57 13 `` Heart Shaped Box '' Chris Grismer Michelle Paradise & Christopher Hollier February 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 19 ) 3J5313 0.87 58 14 `` A Streetcar Named Desire '' Matt Hastings Beau DeMayo & Diane Ademu - John February 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 26 ) 3J5314 1.07 59 15 `` An Old Friend Calls '' Jeffrey Hunt Carina Adly MacKenzie & Michael Russo March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) 3J5315 0.88 60 16 `` Alone with Everybody '' Hanelle Culpepper Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 3J5316 0.93 61 17 `` Behind the Black Horizon '' Joseph Morgan Declan de Barra & Diane Ademu - John April 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) 3J5317 0.89 62 18 `` The Devil Comes Here and Sighs '' Jesse Warn Kyle Arrington & Michelle Paradise April 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 15 ) 3J5318 0.86 63 19 `` No More Heartbreaks '' Millicent Shelton Celeste Vasquez & Michael Narducci April 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 29 ) 3J5319 0.93 64 20 `` Where Nothing Stays Buried '' John Hyams Carina Adly MacKenzie & Christopher Hollier May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) 3J5320 0.83 65 21 `` Give ' Em Hell , Kid '' Jeffrey Hunt Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson May 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) 3J5321 0.79 66 22 `` The Bloody Crown '' Matt Hastings Beau DeMayo & Diane Ademu - John May 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) 3J5322 0.85 Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Originals ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 67 `` Gather Up the Killers '' Lance Anderson Michael Russo & Michael Narducci March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) 401 1.05 68 `` No Quarter '' Bethany Rooney Talicia Raggs & Michelle Paradise March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 402 0.99 69 `` Haunter of Ruins '' Jeffrey Hunt Carina Adly Mackenzie & Declan de Barra March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) 403 0.93 70 `` Keepers of the House '' Joseph Morgan Beau DeMayo & Christopher Hollier April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) 404 1.08 71 5 `` I Hear You Knocking '' Chris Grismer Kyle Arrington April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 405 0.87 72 6 `` Bag of Cobras '' Jesse Warn Michael Russo & Michelle Paradise April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) 406 0.96 73 7 `` High Water and a Devil 's Daughter '' Charles Michael Davis Celeste Vasquez & Carina Adly MacKenzie May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 407 0.93 74 8 `` Voodoo in My Blood '' John Hyams Talicia Raggs & Christopher Hollier May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 408 0.85 75 9 `` Queen Death '' Nicole Rubio Beau DeMayo May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) 409 0.84 76 10 `` Phantomesque '' Daniel Gillies K.C. Perry & Kyle Arrington June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) 410 1.03 77 11 `` A Spirit Here That Wo n't Be Broken '' Hanelle Culpepper Carina Adly MacKenzie & Michael Russo June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 411 0.89 78 12 `` Voodoo Child '' Michael Grossman Michelle Paradise & Christopher Hollier June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 412 1.01 79 13 `` The Feast of All Sinners '' Bethany Rooney Michael Narducci June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 413 0.80 Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Originals ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 80 `` Where You Left Your Heart '' Lance Anderson Marguerite MacIntyre April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) T46. 10001 0.97 81 `` One Wrong Turn on Bourbon '' Carol Banker Carina Adly MacKenzie April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) T46. 10002 1.03 82 `` Ne Me Quitte Pas '' Joseph Morgan K.C. Perry & Michelle Paradise May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) T46. 10003 0.90 83 `` Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea '' Michael Grossman Beau DeMayo & Kyle Arrington May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) T46. 10004 0.76 84 5 `` Do n't It Just Break Your Heart '' Jeffrey W. Byrd Story by : Bianca Sams & Jeffrey Lieber Teleplay by : Jeffrey Lieber May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) T46. 10005 0.80 85 6 `` What , Will , I , Have , Left '' Charles Michael Davis Marguerite MacIntyre May 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) T46. 10006 0.82 86 7 `` God 's Gonna Trouble the Water '' Carl Seaton Bianca Sams & Julie Plec June 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 06 ) T46. 10007 0.77 87 8 `` The Kindness of Strangers '' Kellie Cyrus Beau DeMayo & Carina Adly MacKenzie June 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 13 ) T46. 10008 0.86 88 9 `` We Have Not Long to Love '' Bethany Rooney K.C. Perry & Michelle Paradise June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) T46. 10009 0.77 89 10 `` There in the Disappearing Light '' Daniel Gillies Eva McKenna & Jeffrey Lieber July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) T46. 10010 0.77 90 11 `` ' Til the Day I Die '' Geoff Shotz Kyle Arrington & Marguerite MacIntyre July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) T46. 10011 0.68 91 12 `` The Tale of Two Wolves '' Rudy Persico Carina Adly MacKenzie & Julie Plec July 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 25 ) T46. 10012 0.85 92 13 `` When the Saints Go Marching In '' Lance Anderson Story by : Julie Plec Teleplay by : Jeffrey Lieber August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) T46. 10013 0.86 Webisodes ( edit ) The Originals : The Awakening ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` The Awakening : Part 1 '' Matt Hastings Carina Adly MacKenzie November 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 10 ) `` The Awakening : Part 2 '' Matt Hastings Carina Adly MacKenzie November 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ) `` The Awakening : Part 3 '' Matt Hastings Carina Adly MacKenzie November 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 24 ) `` The Awakening : Part 4 '' Matt Hastings Carina Adly MacKenzie December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Moves Up ' The Originals ' Premiere to Follow ' The Vampire Diaries ' + ' Supernatural ' Gets Earlier Start '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` The Originals Renewed for Season 5 '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks And Recreation ' , ' Welcome to the Family ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Michael J. Fox Show ' , & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' NCIS ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' , ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : NCIS , Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D , The biggest Loser , Dads & Person of Interest Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Supernatural Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Originals ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Biggest Loser ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Chicago Fire ' or ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Originals ' & ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Supernatural ' , ' Dads ' or ' The Originals ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' , ' The Goldbergs ' . ' Supernatural ' & ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' , ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' , ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy , ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Mind Games ' , ' About a Boy ' , ' Growing Up Fisher ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel Studios : Assembling A Universe ' , ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Originals ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' , ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Glee ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Monday , October 6 Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Scorpion ' , ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With The Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Gotham ' Adjusted Up ; ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' The Originals ' , ' The Millers ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Castle ' , ' The Millers ' & ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' The Originals ' , ' Countdown to the CMAs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With The Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Sleepy Hollow ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Voice ' , ' Castle ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Scorpion ' & ' State of Affairs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Great Christmas Light Fight ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Scorpion ' , ' Castle ' & ' The Celebrity Apprentice ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Sleepy Hollow ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Gotham ' , ' Sleepy Hollow ' , ' The Originals ' or ' Jane The Virgin ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' NCIS : LA ' & ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Up , No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' or ' Gotham ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' & ' The Celebrity Apprentice ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Bachelor ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' NCIS : LA ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With The Stars ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' Jane The Virgin ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' or ' The Night Shift ' + Final NCAA Basketball Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Jane The Virgin ' & ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Scorpion ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , Gotham ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , ' Stalker ' & ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' & ' Mike and Molly ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjusted up , low CW premieres hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Scandal ' adjusted up , plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjusts up , ' Grey 's ' and others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' adjusts up , all others hold , plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Elementary ' and ' Mom ' adjust down considerably thanks to NFL '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' and CBS take NFL hit , ' Elementary ' below 1.0 , ' Blacklist ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Mom ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' up even after adjusting down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Wiz Live ' holds , ' CMA Country Christmas ' adjusts down plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' and other CBS shows adjust down with NFL pre-emptions '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Originals ' and everything else unchanged '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Sleepy Hollow ' everything else holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' and ' Sleepy Hollow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Shark Tank ' and ' 20 / 20 ' adjust up , ' Sleepy Hollow ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Originals ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 5 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Grimm ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' Sleepy Hollow ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Grimm , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Originals ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' Grimm ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Blue Bloods ' finale , all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' finale and ' Grimm ' adjust up , ' 20 / 20 ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Shark Tank ' finale adjusts up , ' Originals ' and ' Masters of Illusion ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Originals ' premiere and others hold , final NCAA Tournament numbers : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grimm , ' NCAA Sweet 16 & all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' finale adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' First Dates ' and everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' finale adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank finale , ' 48 Hours : NCIS ' adjust up ; ' Originals ' and ' Reign ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Undercover Boss ' adjusts up , ' Originals ' and ' Reign ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Originals ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dateline ' and ' AGT ' rerun adjust up , ' 20 / 20 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' MacGyver ' rerun adjusts up , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Riverdale ' down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Empire ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts down to series low : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' The Blacklist ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` NBA Finals and ' American Ninja Warrior ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' rerun adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Originals ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' The ESPY Awards ' stay low , all shows hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' encore adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' reruns adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The Originals episodes on IMDb The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Legacies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Originals_episodes&oldid=853768448 '' Categories : The Originals Lists of American horror - supernatural television series episodes Hidden categories : Episode list using the default LineColor Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 21 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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the originals (tv series) season 5 episode 10
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Writers Guild of America
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Writers Guild of America - Wikipedia Writers Guild of America Jump to : navigation , search The Writers Guild of America is the joint efforts of two different US labor unions : The Writers Guild of America , East ( WGAE ) , representing TV and film writers East of the Mississippi . The Writers Guild of America , West ( WGAW ) , representing TV and film writers in Hollywood and Southern California . Common activities ( edit ) The WGAE and WGAW negotiate contracts in unison as well as launch strike actions simultaneously : 2007 -- 08 Writers Guild of America strike Effect of the 2007 -- 08 Writers Guild of America strike on television , a list of television shows affected by the strike 1988 Writers Guild of America strike 1985 Writers Guild of America strike 1981 Writers Guild of America strike 1960 Writers Guild of America strike Although each Guild runs independently , they perform some activities in parallel : Writers Guild of America Award , an annual awards show with simultaneous presentations on each coast WGA screenwriting credit system , determines how writers ' names are listed during the credits WGA script registration service , online services to prove when scripts were written and by whom International Affiliation of Writers Guilds ( IAWG ) , an international labor federation both Guilds belong to See also ( edit ) National Writers Union This article about an organization in the United States is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Writers_Guild_of_America&oldid=720612241 '' Categories : United States organization stubs Writers Guild of America Talk About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2016 , at 22 : 47 . About Wikipedia
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what's the difference between wga east and west
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The Brady Bunch Movie
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The Brady Bunch Movie - wikipedia The Brady Bunch Movie The Brady Bunch Movie Theatrical release poster Directed by Betty Thomas Produced by David Kirkpatrick Sherwood Schwartz Lloyd J. Schwartz Written by Laurice Elehwany Rick Copp Bonnie Turner Terry Turner Based on The Brady Bunch by Sherwood Schwartz Starring Christine Taylor Shelley Long Gary Cole Michael McKean Music by Guy Moon ( Score ) Steve Tyrell Lionel Cole ( Songs ) Cinematography Mac Ahlberg Edited by Peter Teschner Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date February 17 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 17 ) Running time 90 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $46.6 million ( US ) The Brady Bunch Movie is a 1995 American comedy film based on the 1969 -- 1974 television series The Brady Bunch . The film was directed by Betty Thomas , with a screenplay by Laurice Elehwany , Rick Copp , Bonnie and Terry Turner , and stars Shelley Long , Gary Cole and Michael McKean . It also features cameos from Davy Jones , Micky Dolenz , Peter Tork and RuPaul , and the original cast of The Brady Bunch ( except Eve Plumb and Robert Reed ( the latter who died in 1992 ) ) in new roles . The film places the original sitcom characters , with their 1970s fashion sense and sitcom family morality , in a contemporary 1990s setting , drawing humor from the resulting culture clash . The Brady Bunch Movie was released in the United States on February 17 , 1995 , and grossed $46.6 million . A sequel titled A Very Brady Sequel was released on August 23 , 1996 , and a television film titled The Brady Bunch in the White House was aired on November 29 , 2002 ... Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Television 4.3 Home media 5 Reception 6 Sequels 6.1 A Very Brady Sequel 6.2 The Brady Bunch in the White House 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Larry Dittmeyer , an unscrupulous real estate developer , explains to his supervisor that almost all the families in his neighborhood have agreed to sell their property as part of a plan to turn the area into a shopping mall , except for the Brady family . At the Bradys ' house , Mike and Carol are having breakfast prepared by their housekeeper , Alice , while the six children prepare for school . Jan is jealous of her elder , popular sister Marcia . Cindy is tattling about everything she 's hearing . Greg is dreaming of becoming a singer ( but sings folk songs more appropriate to the seventies ) . Peter is nervous that his voice is breaking . Bobby is excited about his new role as hall monitor at school . Cindy gives Mike and Carol a tax delinquency notice ( which was earlier mistakenly delivered to the Dittmeyers ) stating that they face foreclosure on their house if they do not pay $20,000 in back taxes . The two initially ignore the crisis , but when Mike 's architectural design ( which is exactly the same as their house ) is turned down by two potential clients , he tells Carol that they may have to sell the house . Cindy overhears this and tells her siblings and they look for work to raise money to save the house , but their earnings are nowhere near enough to reach the required sum . Mike manages to sell a Japanese company on one of his dated designs , thereby securing the money , only for Larry to sabotage it by claiming that Mike 's last building collapsed . On the night before the Bradys have to move out , Marcia suggests that they enter a `` Search for the Stars '' contest , the prize of which is exactly $20,000 . Jan , having originally suggested this and been rejected , runs away from home . Cindy sees her leave and tattles , and the whole family goes on a search for her . They use their car 's citizens ' band radio , and their transmission is heard by Schultzy ( Ann B. Davis ) , a long - haul trucker who picks up Jan and convinces her to return home . The next day , the children join the `` Search for the Stars '' contest with a dated performance that receives poor audience response compared to the more modern performances of other bands . However , the judges -- Davy Jones , Micky Dolenz , and Peter Tork of The Monkees -- vote for them , and they win the contest as a result . The tax bill is paid and their neighbors withdraw their homes from the market , foiling Larry 's plan and securing the neighborhood . Later , Carol 's mother ( Florence Henderson ) arrives and finally convinces Jan to stop being jealous of Marcia , only for Cindy to start feeling jealous of Jan . Cast ( edit ) Gary Cole as Mike Brady Shelley Long as Carol Brady Henriette Mantel as Alice Nelson Christopher Daniel Barnes as Greg Brady Christine Taylor as Marcia Brady Jennifer Elise Cox as Jan Brady Paul Sutera as Peter Brady Jesse Lee as Bobby Brady Olivia Hack as Cindy Brady David Graf as Sam Franklin Michael McKean as Larry Dittmeyer Jean Smart as Dina Dittmeyer Jack Noseworthy as Eric Dittmeyer Moriah Snyder as Missy Dittmeyer R.D. Robb as Charlie Anderson Shane Conrad as Doug Simpson Marissa Ribisi as Holly Alanna Ubach as Noreen Megan Ward as Donna Leonard Elisa Pensler - Gabrielli as Miss Linley RuPaul as Mrs. Cummings Darion Basco as Eddie David Leisure as Jason ( The modeling firm owner ) Davy Jones as himself Micky Dolenz as himself Peter Tork as himself `` Mudd Pagoda '' David Darling , vocals ; Marc Danzeisen , drums ; Roger Joseph Manning , Jr. , keyboards ; Eric Dover , guitar ; and Sheldon Strickland , bass guitar as members of the high school band Cameos by original Brady Bunch actors Florence Henderson ( the original Carol ) as the family 's grandmother , Carol 's mother Ann B. Davis ( the original Alice ) as Schultzy , a trucker ( `` Schultzy '' is a reference to her most famous role prior to The Brady Bunch on The Bob Cummings Show ) Barry Williams ( the original Greg ) as a record producer who rejects the film 's Greg 's attempts to sell his song Maureen McCormick ( the original Marcia ) as a reporter ( scenes deleted ) Christopher Knight ( the original Peter ) as a coach who stops Eric and Leon from bullying the film 's Peter in a cafeteria scene Mike Lookinland ( the original Bobby ) as a cop ( scenes deleted ) Susan Olsen ( the original Cindy ) as a lemonade Lady ( scenes deleted ) Robert Reed ( the original Mike ) died in 1992 . Eve Plumb ( the original Jan ) declined to appear in the film . Production ( edit ) The film was shot almost entirely in Los Angeles , California , with the Brady house being located in Sherman Oaks . The school scenes were shot at Taft High School in Woodland Hills . Some scenes were filmed at Bowcraft amusement park in Scotch Plains , New Jersey . The producers had sought to film the original house that had been used for exterior shots during the original Brady Bunch series , but the owner of the Studio City , California home refused to restore the property to its 1969 appearance . The filmmakers instead erected a facade around a house in nearby Encino and filmed scenes in the front yard . Release ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The Brady Bunch Movie was released in theaters on February 17 , 1995 . The film opened at # 1 at the box office with $14.8 million and grossed $46.6 million in the U.S. and Canada . Television ( edit ) The Brady Bunch Movie premiered on NBC November 29 , 1997 with additional footage not shown in theaters or on home video releases . Home Media ( edit ) The Brady Bunch Movie was released on DVD June 10 , 2003 and April 25 , 2017 . The film has also been released digitally on Google Play . Reception ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 64 % approval rating based on 41 review and an average rating of 5.8 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Though lightweight and silly , The Brady Bunch Movie still charms as homage to the 70s sitcom . '' Leonard Klady of Variety wrote , `` For five years back in the early 1970s , U.S. TV homes were in the thrall of The Brady Bunch . Two decades after their small - screen demise , the clean - cut crew is back in mythic form as The Brady Bunch Movie . Part homage , part spoof , the deft balancing act is a clever adaptation -- albeit culled from less than pedigreed source material . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times wrote , `` The film establishes a bland , reassuring , comforting Brady reality -- a certain muted tone that works just fine but needs , I think , a bleaker contrast from outside to fully exploit the humor . The Brady Bunch Movie is rated PG - 13 , which is a compromise : The Bradys themselves live in a PG universe , and the movie would have been funnier if when they ventured outside it was obviously Wayne 's World . '' Common Sense Media said that `` for those who grew up watching the TV show , The Brady Bunch Movie is deeply satisfying and the best part is its nostalgia . Sure , it 's fun to see the Bradys treated as freaks . But the heart of the film is a campy , affectionate interpretation of the TV show . '' Sequels ( edit ) A Very Brady sequel ( edit ) Main article : A Very Brady Sequel A Very Brady Sequel , directed by Arlene Sanford , was released theatrically on August 23 , 1996 . It sees the family routine thrown into disarray when a man claiming to be Carol 's long - lost first husband arrives on their doorstep . The family must then follow Carol to Hawaii in order to set things straight . All of the main cast members reprised their roles . The Brady Bunch in the White house ( edit ) Main article : The Brady Bunch in the White House The second sequel , The Brady Bunch in the White House , sees a convoluted series of mishaps end with Mike and Carol Brady elected as President and Vice President of the United States . Despite innocent efforts to improve the country , the Brady family is beset on all sides by controversy and imagined scandals which threaten to tear them apart . Although the original actors for Mike and Carol return , the children and Alice are all recast for this film , which was released as a filmed - for - television movie . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Brady Bunch Movie '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cagle , Jess ( September 30 , 1994 ) . `` ' The Brady Bunch Movie ' : Mike & Carol & Kids & Alice '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Brady Bunch Movie '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Brady Bunch Movie '' . Google Play . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Brady Bunch Movie ( 1995 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Klady , Leonard . `` Review : ' The Brady Bunch Movie ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` The Brady Bunch Movie Review ( 1995 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Brady Bunch Movie Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) The Brady Bunch Movie on IMDb The Brady Bunch Movie at the TCM Movie Database The Brady Bunch Movie at AllMovie The Brady Bunch Movie at Box Office Mojo The Brady Bunch Movie at Rotten Tomatoes hide The Brady Bunch Characters Episodes TV series & reunions The Brady Bunch ( 1969 -- 74 ) The Brady Kids ( 1972 -- 73 ) The Brady Bunch Hour ( 1976 -- 77 ) The Brady Girls Get Married / The Brady Brides ( 1981 ) A Very Brady Christmas ( 1988 ) The Bradys ( 1990 ) Growing Up Brady ( 2000 ) The Brady Bunch 35th Anniversary Reunion Special : Still Brady After All These Years ( 2004 ) Books Growing Up Brady : I Was A Teenage Greg ( 1992 ) Here 's the Story : Surviving Marcia Brady ( 2008 ) Love to Love You Bradys : The Bizarre Story of The Brady Bunch Variety Hour ( 2009 ) Music Merry Christmas from The Brady Bunch ( 1970 ) `` Time to Change '' ( 1972 ) `` It 's a Sunshine Day '' ( 1973 ) It 's a Sunshine Day : The Best of The Brady Bunch ( 1993 ) Film series The Brady Bunch Movie ( 1995 ) A Very Brady Sequel ( 1996 ) The Brady Bunch in the White House ( 2002 ) Related shows Mission : Magic ! My Fair Brady `` Sunshine Days '' hide Films directed by Betty Thomas Only You ( 1992 ) The Brady Bunch Movie ( 1995 ) The Late Shift ( 1996 ) Private Parts ( 1997 ) Dr. Dolittle ( 1998 ) 28 Days ( 2000 ) I Spy ( 2002 ) John Tucker Must Die ( 2006 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel ( 2009 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Brady_Bunch_Movie&oldid=846567850 '' Categories : 1995 films English - language films 1990s comedy films American films American comedy films American satirical films Films about suburbia Films based on television series Films directed by Betty Thomas Paramount Pictures films Screenplays by Bonnie and Terry Turner The Brady Bunch films Films set in the 1990s Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Cymraeg Deutsch Français Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 15 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who played cindy brady in the brady bunch movie
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[
"Olivia Hack as Cindy Brady"
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"Olivia Hack"
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-6465077608841890303
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I Believe in a Thing Called Love
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I Believe in a Thing Called Love - wikipedia I Believe in a Thing Called Love Jump to : navigation , search `` I Believe in a Thing Called Love '' Single by The Darkness from the album Permission to Land B - side `` Makin Out '' `` Physical Sex '' `` Out of My Hands '' Released 22 September 2003 Format CD single , DVD single , 7 '' vinyl , digital download Genre Hard rock , glam rock , glam metal Length 3 : 40 Label Must Destroy Songwriter ( s ) Justin Hawkins Dan Hawkins Ed Graham Frankie Poullain Producer ( s ) Pedro Ferreira The Darkness singles chronology `` Growing on Me '' ( 2003 ) `` I Believe in a Thing Called Love '' ( 2003 ) `` Christmas Time ( Do n't Let the Bells End ) '' ( 2003 ) `` Growing on Me '' ( 2003 ) `` I Believe in a Thing Called Love '' ( 2003 ) `` Christmas Time ( Do n't Let the Bells End ) '' ( 2003 ) `` I Believe in a Thing Called Love '' is a song by English rock band The Darkness , released as the third single from their debut studio album , Permission to Land . When released as a single in September 2003 , it peaked at number two in UK Singles Chart , just behind The Black Eyed Peas ' `` Where Is The Love ? '' . Lead singer Justin Hawkins performs much of the song in falsetto . Like most of the band 's tracks it is influenced by 1970s glam rock like T. Rex and Slade . It was named the 276th best track of the 2000s by Pitchfork Media . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music video 3 In popular culture 4 Cover versions 5 Track listings 6 Chart performance 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) `` I Believe in a Thing Called Love '' was originally issued as a 3 - track EP in August 2002 , however , as only a small number of copies were printed , it was ineligible to chart . The EP also included early versions of `` Love On The Rocks With No Ice '' and `` Love Is Only A Feeling '' . When released as a single in September 2003 , it was beaten to number one by The Black Eyed Peas ' `` Where Is the Love ? '' . Lead singer Justin Hawkins performs much of the song in head voice . In March 2005 , Q magazine placed `` I Believe in a Thing Called Love '' at number 47 in its list of the 101 Greatest Guitar Tracks . It is also placed 493 on The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born on Blender magazine . Most recently , it ranked at 276 of Pitchfork 's 500 Top Tracks of the 2000s and was ranked number one for Classic Rock Magazine 's list of `` The Greatest Rock Songs Of The Noughties '' . The song was also named the 94th best hard rock song of all time by VH1 . A live version of the song , recorded at Knebworth House in Knebworth , Hertfordshire in 2003 , was featured as a B - side to the group 's Christmas single , `` Christmas Time ( Do n't Let The Bells End ) '' . The song peaked at # 1 on the US iTunes rock chart and at # 67 on the Billboard Hot Digital Songs chart in February 2012 , after Justin Hawkins appeared in a commercial during the Super Bowl XLVI . It has sold 647,000 copies in the U.S. as of February 2012 . Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song was designed to launch the band onto the U.S. market . Directed by Alex Smith , the band are shown on a spaceship , performing and battling aliens and monsters . In popular culture ( edit ) This song was featured as a playable track on the music video games Karaoke Revolution Volume 2 and Guitar Hero On Tour : Decades ; as source music in an episode of The Bill ; and as part of the soundtrack for the film , Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason . The song was also featured on the original version of Singstar . It is featured in both Rocksmith and Rock Band 3 as downloadable content . The song was featured in a 2012 commercial during Super Bowl XLVI , for the Samsung Galaxy Note . This propelled the song to the number one spot on U.S. iTunes rock chart . The song also appeared in an Apple Music commercial featuring pop singer Taylor Swift in 2016 . The song was also used by Tye Dillinger for a theme song for a little while , while he was in Ohio Valley Wrestling . Cover versions ( edit ) Jackie ' O ' on the Almighty Ultimate Dance Party album ( available on Rhapsody ) . Melanie C on tour in 2003 . Hayseed Dixie on their 2004 album Let There Be Rockgrass . Damien Dempsey on the 2003 charity album Even Better than the Real Thing Vol. 1 . Shayne Ward as a contestant on The X Factor in 2005 . Lemar on the 2007 BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge album . Artist Vs Poet on the 2010 compilation album Rockin ' Romance II . Nitritt on their debut EP Gallery of Time . Johnny Robinson as a contestant on The X Factor in 2011 . Brad Shoemaker at PAX East 2012 . Panic ! at the Disco in various live shows . Dylan Everett and Olivia Scriven on Degrassi in 2012 . Swedish singer Edson in 2004 . Adam Lambert and Chris Colfer in Glee episode `` Frenemies '' , in 2014 . Scott Bradlee and Postmodern Jukebox released a New Orleans jazz version of the song in 2015 , featuring Maiya Sykes . Hanson covered the song on their Roots & Rock ' N ' Roll EP in 2015 . Delta Goodrem on her 2016 album Wings of the Wild . Shawn Rice in the 2016 annual Edward Little High School talent show . Elison Cruz on Riff Repeater in 2017 . Track listings ( edit ) CD single `` I Believe in a Thing Called Love '' ( Single Version ) - 3 : 37 `` Makin ' Out '' - 3 : 39 `` Physical Sex '' - 3 : 33 Digital download `` I Believe in a Thing Called Love '' - 3 : 49 Digital EP `` I Believe in a Thing Called Love '' ( Single Version ) - 3 : 37 `` Makin ' Out '' - 3 : 39 `` Physical Sex '' - 3 : 33 `` Out of My Hands '' - 3 : 33 DVD single `` I Believe in a Thing Called Love '' ( Single Version ) - 3 : 37 `` Out of My Hands '' - 3 : 33 `` I Believe in a Thing Called Love '' ( Music Video ) - 3 : 50 7 '' Vinyl `` I Believe in a Thing Called Love '' ( Single Version ) - 3 : 37 `` Makin ' Out '' - 3 : 39 Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 -- 04 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 40 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 28 Dutch Singles Chart 12 German Singles Chart 47 Irish Singles Chart 5 New Zealand Singles Chart 10 Norwegian Singles Chart 14 Swedish Singles Chart 8 UK Rock Chart UK Singles Chart US Billboard Pop Songs 35 US Billboard Alternative Songs 9 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Top 500 Tracks of the 2000s : 500 - 201 '' . Jump up ^ `` I Believe In A Thing Called Love Songfacts '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 20 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` spreadit.org music '' . Archived from the original on 12 February 2009 . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ Jason Lipshutz ( 1 February 2012 ) . `` The Darkness Declares ' Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us ' on Comeback Single '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Harrington , Richard ( 2 April 2004 ) . `` The Darkness Falls on U.S '' . Jump up ^ `` The Darkness ' I Believe In A Thing Called Love ' '' . Xfm . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Massimo , Rick ( 1 April 2004 ) . `` Music - Music scene - Darkness : Rock with the benefit of hindsight '' . The Providence Journal . Jump up ^ `` Samsung pokes fun at Apple in advert ... again '' . Know Your Mobile . Jump up ^ `` The Darkness Talk About Their `` Surreal , Last Minute '' Super Bowl Commercial `` . Fuse . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` Brad totally believes in a thing called love '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! At the disco - I Believe In A Thing Called Love ( Cover ) - Center stage LIVE '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi - Maya & Campbell - Karaoke '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` fm4v2.ORF.at / Sunny Side Up Vol. 4 '' . Jump up ^ `` RockBANDsmith - I Believe in a THING CALLED LOVE '' . Jump up ^ `` I Believe in a Thing Called Love : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Jump up ^ `` iTunes Store '' . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - I Believe In a Thing Called Love - EP by The Darkness '' . iTunes . Jump up ^ `` I Believe In A Thing Called Love ( DVD AUDIO ) by The Darkness : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Jump up ^ `` DARKNESS - I BELIEVE IN A THING CALLED LOVE - 7 '' VINYL `` . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) The Darkness Justin Hawkins Dan Hawkins Frankie Poullain Rufus Tiger Taylor Chris McDougal Ed Graham Richie Edwards Emily Dolan Davies Studio albums Permission to Land One Way Ticket to Hell ... and Back Hot Cakes Last of Our Kind Pinewood Smile Compilations The Platinum Collection Extended plays I Believe in a Thing Called Love Singles `` Get Your Hands Off My Woman '' `` Growing on Me '' `` I Believe in a Thing Called Love '' `` Christmas Time ( Do n't Let the Bells End ) '' `` Love Is Only a Feeling '' `` One Way Ticket '' `` Is It Just Me ? '' `` Girlfriend '' `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us '' `` Everybody Have a Good Time '' `` Barbarian '' `` Open Fire '' `` Last of Our Kind '' `` I Am Santa '' `` All The Pretty Girls '' `` Solid Gold '' `` Happiness '' Other songs `` Street Spirit ( Fade Out ) '' `` Southern Trains '' Related articles Discography Songs British Whale Hot Leg Must Destroy Onion Trump Stone Gods Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Believe_in_a_Thing_Called_Love&oldid=815484201 '' Categories : 2003 singles The Darkness ( band ) songs Songs written by Justin Hawkins Songs written by Dan Hawkins ( musician ) Songs written by Frankie Poullain Songs written by Ed Graham Songs about sexuality 2003 songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from September 2012 Use British English from September 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 03 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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the darkness song i believe in a thing called love
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Martin Castle
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Martin Castle - wikipedia Martin Castle Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Martin Castle , outside Lexington , Kentucky The Kentucky Castle , also known as Castle Post , Martin Castle and Versailles Castle , is a castle in Kentucky , located in Versailles , Kentucky , near Lexington , Kentucky , 201 Pisgah Pike near the Woodford County line , part of a 50 acres ( 20 ha ) estate . It is visually situated off Lexington ( Versailles ) road . The Kentucky Castle overlooks the Elkhorn Creek watershed on the Woodford / Fayette county line . Construction began in 1969 by its original owners , and has since changed hands undergoing a major renovation in 2004 . Today it operates as a bed and breakfast and special functions facility . History ( edit ) Construction on the castle was started by Rex Martin and his wife Caroline Bogaert Martin in 1969 , after they had returned from a trip to Germany and were inspired by the architecture and many famous buildings they had seen in Europe . The finished project was to have seven bedrooms , fifteen bathrooms , a fountain in the driveway , and a tennis court . In 1975 , the Martins divorced and left the castle unfinished . Over the years , it became a popular oddity and roadside photo - op for tourists . In 1988 Rex Martin put it on the market , but died before it was sold . In 2003 the so - called `` Martin Castle '' was sold for 1.8 million dollars to Thomas R. Post , a lawyer from Miami who graduated from University of Kentucky , and the name was changed to `` The Castle Post '' . It had been for sale for many years at a price rumored to be more than 3 million dollars , and there had been talks that it would be turned into a medieval - themed restaurant or a museum . On May 10 , 2004 , after months of renovations , tragedy struck when newly installed woodwork and wiring caught fire in the main building . Post , who was at his home in Miami at the time , had already spent months renovating it but vowed to rebuild . Approximately twice the castle 's original cost went towards the reconstruction project . Reconstruction was completed in fall 2008 . New additions includes twelve luxury suites , a library , game room , music room , dining hall , ball room , swimming pool , formal garden , basketball court , bar , and tennis court . It is used as a tourist inn , fund raisers , weddings , special events , and corporate functions . It has sixteen bedrooms , four of which are in the outside turrets . In November , 2010 the property was listed for sale at $30,000,000 . Post said he would continue to operate it as an inn while it is listed . It was sold in 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kentucky castle is up for sale , USA Today , November 9 , 2010 Jump up ^ Room rates Jump up ^ `` Woodford County castle sells to a group of investors for $8.7 million '' . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Martin Castle Official site http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/hotels/2010-04-14-kentucky-castle-hotel_N.htm http://www.zillow.com/blog/versailles-castle-for-sale-in-kentucky-not-france-38311/ www.tripadvisor.com www.kentuckybb.com southfloridalawyers.blogspot.com www.kentucky.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Castle&oldid=824702604 '' Categories : Hotels in Kentucky Castles in the United States Buildings and structures in Woodford County , Kentucky Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 23 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who lives in the castle in lexington ky
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Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep
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Now I lay me down to sleep - wikipedia Now I lay me down to sleep This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) World War I poster of the United States Now I lay me down to sleep is a classic children 's bedtime prayer from the 18th century . Text ( edit ) Perhaps the earliest version was written by Joseph Addison in an essay appearing in The Spectator on 8th March 1711 . It says : When I lay me down to Sleep , I recommend my self to His care ; when I awake , I give my self up to His Direction , Amen . A later version printed in The New England Primer goes : Now I lay me down to sleep , I pray the Lord my soul to keep , If I should die before I ' wake , I pray the Lord my soul to take . Other versions ( edit ) Now I lay me down to sleep I pray Thee Lord , my soul to keep If I should die before I wake I pray Thee Lord , my soul to take If I should live for other days I pray Thee Lord , to guide my ways Amen < poem > < poem > Now I lay me down to sleep , I pray the Lord my soul to keep , His Love to guard me through the night , And wake me in the morning 's light . Now I lay me down to sleep , I pray the Lord my soul to keep . May the angels watch me through the night , and keep me in their blessed sight . Amen Lord I lay me down to sleep , I pray the Lord my soul to keep , thy angels watch me through the night , And keep me safe till morning 's light . Now I lay me down to sleep , I pray the Lord my soul to keep . Angels watch me through the night , And wake me with the morning light . Amen Now I lay me down to sleep , I pray the Lord my soul to keep . Guide me through the starry night , Wake me when the sun shines bright . Amen Now I lay me down to sleep , I pray the Lord my soul to keep . Guide me safely through the night , Wake me with the morning light . Amen Now I lay me down to sleep . I pray the Lord my soul to keep . When in the morning light I wake , Show me the path of love to take . Amen ( Additional third verse ) If I should live another day I pray the Lord to guide my way . Amen Now I lay me down to sleep . I pray the Lord my soul to keep . For if I die before I wake , that 's one less test I have to take . It is sometimes combined with the `` Black Paternoster '' , one version of which goes : Matthew , Mark , Luke and John , Bless the bed that I lie on . Four corners to my bed , Four angels round my head ; One to watch and one to pray And two to bear my soul away . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The New England Primer , 1750 ed. , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Debbie Trafton O'Neal ; Nancy Munger ( 1994 ) , Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep : Action Prayers , Poems , and Songs for Bedtime , Augsburg Books , p. 6 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8066 - 2602 - 4 Jump up ^ James Limburg ( 2006 ) , Encountering Ecclesiastes : a book for our time , Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , p. 103 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3047 - 0 Jump up ^ I. Opie and P. Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1951 , 2nd edn. , 1997 ) , ISBN 0 - 19 - 860088 - 7 , pp. 357 -- 60 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Now_I_Lay_Me_Down_to_Sleep&oldid=853819592 '' Categories : Christian prayer Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from August 2011 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 04 : 23 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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night prayer as i lay me down to sleep
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Pacific hurricane
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Pacific Hurricane - wikipedia Pacific Hurricane Jump to : navigation , search This article is about tropical cyclones that form in the northern hemisphere east of the International Date Line . For storms that form in the southern hemisphere , also occasionally known as hurricanes , see South Pacific tropical cyclone season . Cumulative average number of tropical cyclones in the north Pacific A Pacific hurricane is a mature tropical cyclone that develops within the eastern and central Pacific Ocean to the east of 180 ° W , north of the equator . For tropical cyclone warning purposes , the northern Pacific is divided into three regions : the eastern ( North America to 140 ° W ) , central ( 140 ° W to 180 ° ) , and western ( 180 ° to 100 ° E ) , while the southern Pacific is divided into 2 sections , the Australian region ( 90E to 160 ° E ) and the southern Pacific basin between 160 ° E and 120 ° W. Identical phenomena in the western north Pacific are called typhoons . This separation between the two basins has a practical convenience , however , as tropical cyclones rarely form in the central north Pacific due to high vertical wind shear , and few cross the dateline . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of seasons 2 1950s 3 1960s 4 1970s 5 1980s 6 1990s 7 2000s 8 2010s 9 History 10 The Eastern and Central Pacific hurricane database 11 Climatology 12 Eastern North Pacific 13 Central Pacific 14 Steering factors 15 See also 16 References List of seasons ( edit ) Period Seasons Pre-1950s Before 1900 , 1900 -- 09 , 1910 -- 19 , 1920 -- 29 , 1930 -- 39 , 1939 , 1940 -- 48 , 1949 1950s 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 1960s 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 1970s 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 1980s 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 1990s 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 2000s 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 2010s 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 1950s ( edit ) Year TD TS HU MH Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes 1950 -- 7 6 0 Hiki Unknown Includes the former second wettest tropical cyclone in the United States 1951 -- 9 0 Two and Eight 0 Unknown 1952 -- 7 0 Seven and Five 0 Unknown 1953 -- 0 One 0 Unknown 1954 11 11 0 Seven 40 Unknown 1955 -- 6 0 One 0 Unknown 1956 -- 11 7 0 One 0 Unknown 1957 -- 13 9 Twelve 21 $100,000 1958 14 14 5 0 Eleven 0 Unknown 1959 15 15 5 Patsy > 1,800 $280 million First Category 4 hurricane in the Central Pacific basin Includes deadliest tropical cyclone in the Eastern Pacific > 1,862 $280.10 million 1960s ( edit ) Year TD TS HU MH Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes 1960 8 8 5 0 Estelle 0 Unknown 1961 11 10 0 Iva 436 $16 million 1962 18 12 0 Doreen Unknown $11 million 1963 8 8 0 Mona Unknown Unknown 1964 6 6 0 Odessa Unknown Unknown Least active season since 1953 1965 11 10 0 Emily 6 $10 million 1966 18 13 8 0 Connie 9 $5.6 million Includes the farthest traveled storm in the Eastern Pacific 1967 17 17 6 Olivia 121 Unknown 1968 26 20 6 0 Rebecca 9 Unknown Tied with 2009 for having the most storms named in the month of August 1969 15 10 0 Doreen 10 Unknown Includes latest first named storm , which formed in July 591 $42.6 million 1970s ( edit ) Year TD TS HU MH Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes 1970 21 19 5 0 Lorraine 22 Unknown 1971 22 18 12 6 Olivia 52 Unknown Highest number of tropical cyclone landfalls in a single season 1972 20 14 9 Celeste $75,000 1973 18 12 7 Ava 0 Unknown 25 18 11 Maggie 18 - 33 Unknown Featured one of the most active periods of tropical cyclones on record with five existing simultaneously 21 17 9 Denise 30 Unknown 1976 19 15 9 5 Annette 614 - 964 $360 million One of the deadliest seasons on record 1977 17 8 0 Florence Unknown $25 million Least active season until 2010 Featured no major hurricanes tied with 2003 1978 25 19 14 7 Fico , Hector , and Norman Unknown Unknown 1979 13 10 6 Ignacio Unknown Unknown Only year in which no tropical cyclones were formed in the Central Pacific 767 - 1,102 $385.075 million 1980s ( edit ) Year TD TS HU MH Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes 1980 16 15 7 Kay 0 Unknown 1981 17 15 8 Norma 79 $134 million 1982 30 23 12 5 Olivia 2,005 $2.4 billion Fourth most active season on record Includes second deadliest hurricane in the Eastern Pacific 26 21 12 8 Kiko and Raymond 170 $773.8 million Tied with 1984 for the fourth most active season at the time Longest season recorded at the time One tropical storm was formed in December 1984 26 21 13 7 Douglas 0 Unknown Tied with 1983 for the fourth most active season at the time 1985 28 24 12 8 Rick $1 million Third most active season on record 1986 26 17 9 Roslyn $352 million 20 20 10 Max $144.22 million Last year in which the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center was the primary warning center for tropical cyclones in the eastern Pacific Ocean 1988 23 15 7 Hector 25 Unknown Hurricane Joan crossed over Central America and was named Miriam in the Eastern Pacific basin 1989 25 18 9 Raymond 14 $1.75 million 2,299 $3.8 billion 1990s ( edit ) Year TD TS HU MH Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes 1990 27 21 16 6 Trudy 18 Unknown Fifth most active season on record and third most active in terms of ACE indies Tied with 1992 , 2014 , and 2015 for the most number of hurricanes in a single season 1991 16 14 10 5 Kevin 1 - 3 Unknown 1992 30 27 16 10 Tina 22 $1.85 billion Most active Pacific hurricane season on record Tied with 1990 , 2014 , and 2015 for the most hurricanes in a single season Includes the costliest hurricane in the Central Pacific , Hurricane Iniki Includes the longest - lasting Pacific hurricane Hurricane Ekeka is the most intense off - season hurricane in the Pacific basin 1993 18 15 11 9 Lidia 50 ~ $1.74 billion 1994 23 20 10 5 Gilma 26 $735 million Tied with 2002 for the most number of category 5 hurricanes in a single season Includes both the farthest distance and longest - lasting tropical cyclone ever observed 1995 11 10 7 Juliette 124 $31 million Least active season since 1979 14 9 5 Douglas 41 Unknown Saw a record of four Pacific hurricanes strike Mexico , the most in a single season Hurricane Cesar crossed over from Central America and was renamed Douglas in the Pacific basin 1997 24 19 9 7 Linda 261 - 531 $551 million One of the most active , deadliest and costliest seasons in the Pacific basin Two category 5 hurricanes formed Hurricane Linda was the most intense hurricane in the Pacific basin until Patricia of 2015 1998 16 13 9 6 Howard 22 $10 million 1999 14 9 6 Dora 16 Unknown 581 - 853 $4.9 billion 2000s ( edit ) Year TD TS HU MH Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes 2000 21 19 6 Carlotta 18 $14 million 2001 19 15 8 Juliette 13 $401 million The World Meteorology Association retired the name Adolph for future concerns of political insensitive 2002 21 16 8 6 Kenna 7 $101 million Tied with 1994 for having the most number of category 5 hurricanes in a single season Includes the fourth most intense hurricane in the Pacific basin 2003 17 16 7 0 Nora 23 $129 million Featured no major hurricanes tied with 1977 18 12 6 Javier 0 Unknown 2005 17 15 7 Kenneth 6 $12 million 2006 25 19 11 6 Ioke 14 $355.1 million Most active since 2000 Includes the most intense hurricane in the Central Pacific basin Three storms developed in the month of October , the most since 1961 2007 15 11 Flossie 42 $80 million 2008 19 17 7 Norbert 45 $152.5 million 2009 23 20 8 5 Rick 15 $188.7 million Most active since 1994 Tied with 1968 for having the most storms named in the month of August Includes the third most intense hurricane in the Pacific basin 183 $1.4 billion 2010s ( edit ) Year TD TS HU MH Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes 13 8 Celia 268 $1.62 billion Least active Pacific hurricane season on record tied with 1977 2011 13 11 10 6 Dora 42 > 203.67 million 2012 17 17 10 5 Emilia 8 $27.9 million 2013 21 20 9 Raymond 135 $4.201 billion Costliest season in Eastern Pacific history 2014 23 22 16 9 Marie 45 > $1.402 billion Fourth most active season on record Tied with 1990 , 1992 , and 2015 for the most number of hurricanes in a single season 2015 31 26 16 11 Patricia 44 $563 million Second most active season on record Patricia became the most intense hurricane in the pacific basin , western hemisphere , and the second lowest globally Tied with 1990 , 1992 , and 2014 for the most number of hurricanes in a single season 2016 27 22 13 6 Seymour 11 $96 million Earliest start in the Pacific basin Fourth most active season on record First time since 2011 that no tropical cyclones formed in the month of May Hurricane Otto crossed over Central America and into the Pacific basin , the first time in over 20 years 2017 20 18 9 Fernanda 33 $3.9 million Record earliest start in the East Pacific 586 $8.1 billion History ( edit ) Tracks of East Pacific tropical cyclones ( 1980 -- 2005 ) Documentation of Pacific hurricanes dates to the Spanish colonization of Mexico , when the military and missions wrote about `` tempestades '' . In 1730 , such accounts indicated an understanding of the storms . After observing the rotating nature of tropical cyclones , meteorologist William Charles Redfield expanded his study to include storms in the eastern North Pacific Ocean in the middle of the 19th century . Between June and October 1850 , Redfield observed five tropical cyclones along `` the southwestern coast of North America '' , along with one in each of the three subsequent years . In 1895 , Cleveland Abbe reported the presence of many storms between 5 ° to 15 ° -- N in the eastern Pacific , although many such storms dissipated before affecting the Mexican coast . Two years later , the German Hydrography Office Deutsche Seewarte documented 45 storms from 1832 to 1892 off the west coast of Mexico . Despite the documentation of storms in the region , the official position of the United States Weather Bureau denied the existence of such storms . In 1910 , the agency reported on global tropical cyclones , noting that `` the occurrence of tropical storms is confined to the summer and autumn months of the respective hemispheres and to the western parts of the several oceans . '' In 1913 , the Weather Bureau reinforced their position by excluding Pacific storms among five tropical cyclone basins ; however , the agency acknowledged the existence of `` certain cyclones that have been traced for a relatively short distance along a northwest course ... west of Central America . '' After California became a state and the discovery of gold there in 1848 , shipping traffic began increasing steadily in the eastern Pacific . Such activity increased further after the Panama Canal opened in 1914 , and the shipping lanes moved closer to the coast . By around 1920 , Pacific hurricanes were officially recognized due to widespread ship observations , radio service , and a newly created weather network in western Mexico . Within 60 years , further studies of the region 's tropical activity indicated that the eastern Pacific was the second most active basin in the world . During the 1920s , a few documents in the Monthly Weather Review reported additional storms within 2,000 mi ( 3,200 km ) off the Mexican coastline . The eastern and Central Pacific Hurricane database ( edit ) The Eastern Pacific hurricane best track database was initially compiled on magnetic tape in 1976 for the seasons between 1949 and 1975 , at the NHC to help with the development of two tropical cyclone forecast models , which required tracks of past cyclones as a base for its predictions . The database was based on records held by the United States Navy and were interpolated from 12 hourly intervals to 6 hourly intervals based on a scheme devised by Hiroshi Akima in 1970 . Initially tracks for the Central Pacific region and tracks for tropical depressions that did not develop into tropical storms or hurricanes were not included within the database . After the database had been created Arthur Pike of the NHC made some internal adjustments , while in 1980 a review was made by Arnold Court under contract from the United States National Weather Service and resulted in additions and / or modifications to 81 tracks in the database . Between 1976 -- 1987 , the NHC archived best track data from the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center ( EPHC ) , and in 1982 started including information on Central Pacific tropical storms and hurricanes started to be included in the database based on data from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center and research done by Samuel Shaw of the Central Pacific Hurricane Center ( CPHC ) in 1981 . The format of the database was completely revised by the NHC during 1984 , so that the format could resemble the Atlantic database before they took over the warning responsibility from the EPHC for the Eastern Pacific during 1988 . During 2008 and 2013 several revisions were made to the database to extend tracks in land , based on reports in the Mariners Weather Log and extrapolation of the tracks since the EPHC stopped issuing advisories on systems before they made landfall . The archives format was significantly changed during 2013 to include non-synoptic best track times , non-developing tropical depressions and wind radii . During February 2016 , the NHC released the 1959 Mexico hurricane 's reanalysis , which was the first system to be reassessed , using methods developed for the Atlantic reanalysis process . Climatology ( edit ) The presence of a semi-permanent high - pressure area known as the North Pacific High in the eastern Pacific is a dominant factor against formation of tropical cyclones in the winter , as the Pacific High results in wind shear that causes environmental conditions for tropical cyclone formation to be not conducive . Its effects in the central Pacific basin are usually related to keeping cyclones away from the Hawaiian Islands . Due to westward trade winds , hurricanes in the Pacific rarely head eastward , unless recurved by a trough . A second factor preventing tropical cyclones from forming during the winter is the occupation of a semi-permanent low - pressure area designated the Aleutian Low between January and April . Its presence over western Canada and the northwestern United States contributes to the area 's occurrences of precipitation in that duration . In addition , its effects in the central Pacific near 160 ° W causes tropical waves that form in the area to drift northward into the Gulf of Alaska and dissipate . The retreat of this low allows the Pacific High to also retreat into the central Pacific , leaving a warm and moist environment in its wake . The Intertropical Convergence Zone comes northward into the East Pacific in mid-May permitting the formation of the earliest tropical waves , coinciding with the start of the eastern Pacific hurricane season on May 15 . Eastern North Pacific ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Historical East Pacific Seasonal Activity , 1971 -- 2007 . Data on ACE is considered reliable starting with the 1971 season Hurricane season runs between May 15 and November 30 each year . These dates encompass the vast majority of tropical cyclone activity in this region . The Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for this basin is the United States ' National Hurricane Center . Previous forecasters are the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center and the Joint Hurricane Warning Center . The RSMC monitors the eastern Pacific and issues reports , watches and warnings about tropical weather systems and cyclones as defined by the World Meteorological Organization . This area is , on average , the second-most active basin in the world . There are an average of 16 tropical storms annually , with 9 becoming hurricanes , and 4 becoming major hurricanes . Tropical cyclones in this region frequently affect mainland Mexico and the Revillagigedo Islands . Less often , a system will affect the Continental United States or Central America . Northbound hurricanes typically reduce to tropical storms or dissipate before reaching the United States : there is only one recorded case of a Pacific system reaching California as a hurricane in almost 200 years of observations -- the 1858 San Diego Hurricane . Most east Pacific hurricanes originate from a tropical wave that drifts westward across the intertropical convergence zone , and across northern parts of South America . Once it reaches the Pacific , a surface low begins to develop , however , with only little or no convection . After reaching the Pacific , it starts to move north - westward and eventually west . By that time , it develops convection and thunderstorm activity from the warm ocean temperatures but remains disorganized . Once the tropical wave becomes organized , it becomes a tropical depression . Formation usually occurs from south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec to south of Baja California with a more westerly location earlier in the season . In the eastern Pacific , development is more centered than anywhere else . If wind shear is low , a tropical cyclone can undergo rapid intensification as a result of very warm oceans , becoming a major hurricane . Tropical cyclones weaken once they reach unfavorable areas for a tropical cyclone formation . Their remnants sometimes reach Hawaii and cause showers there . There are a few types of Pacific hurricane tracks : one is a westerly track , another moves north - westward along Baja California and another moves north . Sometimes storms can move north - east either across Central America or mainland Mexico and possibly enter the Caribbean Sea becoming a North Atlantic basin tropical cyclone , but these are rare . Central Pacific ( edit ) Hurricane season runs from June 1 to November 30 , with a strong peak in August and September . However , tropical cyclones have formed outside those dates . Should a tropical cyclone enter the central north Pacific from the western north Pacific , where they occur year - round , or from the eastern north Pacific , where the season starts in May , it is not known if such a system will be considered out of season or not . The Central Pacific Hurricane Center is the RSMC for this basin and monitors the storms that develop or move into the defined area of responsibility . A previous forecaster was the Joint Hurricane Warning Center . Central Pacific hurricanes are rare and on average 3 or 4 storms form or move in this area per year . Most often , storms that occur in the area are weak and often decline in strength upon entry . The only land masses impacted by tropical cyclones in this region are Hawaii and Johnston Atoll . Due to the small size of the islands in relation to the Pacific Ocean , direct hits and landfalls are rare . Steering factors ( edit ) See also : Tropical cyclone track forecasting and Subtropical ridge Hurricanes in the Eastern Pacific tend to move westward out to sea , harming no land . However , hurricanes can recurve to the north or northeast , hitting Central America or Mexico early and late in the hurricane season . See also ( edit ) Atlantic hurricane Cordonazo wind Tropical cyclone Typhoon Atlantic hurricane season Pacific typhoon season North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season South - West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season Australian region tropical cyclone season South Pacific tropical cyclone season South Atlantic tropical cyclone Mediterranean tropical - like cyclone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chris Landsea ( 2011 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Subject : A1 ) What is a hurricane , typhoon , or tropical cyclone ? '' . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Arnold Court ( 1980 ) . Tropical Cyclone Effects on California . Northridge , California : California State University . pp. 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 34 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Tingley , F.G. ( 1922 ) . `` North Pacific Ocean '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 50 ( 3 ) : 99 . Bibcode : 1929MWRv ... 57 ... 121H . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1929 ) 57 < 121 : NPO > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0493 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hurd , Willis Edwin ( 1929 - 04 - 21 ) . `` Eastern North Pacific tropical cyclones '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 57 . Bibcode : 1922MWRv ... 50 ... 98T . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1922 ) 50 < 98 : NPO > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Neumann , Charles J ; Leftwhich , Preston W ( August 1977 ) . Statistical Guidance for the Prediction of Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Motion -- Part I ( PDF ) ( NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS WR - 124 ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service -- Western Region . p. 14 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Gail M ; Leftwhich , Preston W ; National Hurricane Center ( August 1982 ) . A Compilation of Eastern and Central North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Data ( PDF ) ( NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC 16 ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Blake , Eric S ; Gibney , Ethan J ; Brown , Daniel P ; Mainelli , Michelle ; Franklin , James L ; Kimberlain , Todd B ; Hammer , Gregory R ( 2009 ) . Tropical Cyclones of the Eastern North Pacific Basin , 1949 - 2006 ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leftwhich , Preston W ; Brown , Gail M ( February 1981 ) . Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Occurrences during Intra Seasonal Periods ( PDF ) ( NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS WR - 160 ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service -- Western Region . pp. 2 -- 3 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Mary A.S. ; Brown , Gail M ; Leftwhich , Preston W ; National Hurricane Center ( September 1984 ) . A Tropical Cyclone Data Tape for the Eastern and Central North Pacific Basins , 1949 - 1983 : Contents , Limitations , and Uses ( PDF ) ( NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC 25 ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . pp. 2 -- 3 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sheets , Robert C ( June 1990 ) . `` The National Hurricane Center -- Past , Present , and Future '' ( PDF ) . Weather and Forecasting. 5 ( 2 ) : 197 . Bibcode : 1990WtFor ... 5 ... 185S . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0434 ( 1990 ) 005 < 0185 : TNHCPA > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0434 . Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center ( April 2015 ) . Revisions made to EPAC HURDAT ( Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Landsea , Christopher W ; Franklin , James L ; Blake , Eric S ; Tanabe Raymond ( April 2013 ) . The revised Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database ( HURDAT2 ) ( PDF ) ( Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . p. 1 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Re-analysis of the 1959 Manzanillo Mexico Hurricane Landfall intensity changed from category 5 to category 4 '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . United States National Hurricane Center . February 4 , 2016 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longshore , David ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Hurricanes , Typhoons , and Cyclones , New Edition . Infobase Publishing . p. 333 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1879 - 6 . Jump up ^ Dorst , Neal ( 2010 - 01 - 21 ) . `` TCFAQ G1 ) When is hurricane season ? '' . Hurricane Research Division . United States : Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tropical Cyclone Climatology '' . FAQ . Central Pacific Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center . Tropical Cyclone Climatology . Retrieved on 2008 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Michael Chenoweth and Chris Landsea . The San Diego Hurricane of 2 October 1858 . Retrieved on 2008 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_hurricane&oldid=815338560 '' Categories : Pacific hurricanes Tropical cyclone meteorology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Português Simple English Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 07 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)
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Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Beauty and the Beast ( disambiguation ) . Beauty and the Beast Theatrical release poster Directed by Bill Condon Produced by David Hoberman Todd Lieberman Screenplay by Stephen Chbosky Evan Spiliotopoulos Based on Disney 's Beauty and the Beast by Linda Woolverton Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont Starring Emma Watson Dan Stevens Luke Evans Kevin Kline Josh Gad Ewan McGregor Stanley Tucci Audra McDonald Gugu Mbatha - Raw Ian McKellen Emma Thompson Music by Alan Menken Cinematography Tobias A. Schliessler Edited by Virginia Katz Production company Walt Disney Pictures Mandeville Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) ( Spencer House ) March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $160 million Box office $1.264 billion Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos , and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films . The film is based on Disney 's 1991 animated film of the same name , itself an adaptation of Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's eighteenth - century fairy tale . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the titular characters with Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Nathan Mack , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson in supporting roles . Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom on May 18 , 2015 , and ended on August 21 . Beauty and the Beast premiered on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , and was released in the United States on March 17 , 2017 , in standard , Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D formats , along with Dolby Cinema . The film received generally positive reviews from critics , with many praising Watson and Stevens ' performances as well as the ensemble cast , faithfulness to the original animated film alongside elements from the Broadway musical , visual style , production design , and musical score , though it received criticism for some of the character designs and its excessive similarity to the original . The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing live - action musical film , and making it the highest - grossing film of 2017 and the 10th - highest - grossing film of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cast notes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 6 Accolades 7 Controversies 7.1 Gay character 7.2 Belle and the Beast 's relationship 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In Rococo - era France , an enchantress disguised as an old beggar woman arrives at a castle during a ball and offers the host , a coldhearted prince , a rose for shelter . When he refuses , she transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects , and erases the castle from the memories of their loved ones . She casts a spell on the rose and warns the prince that the curse will never lift unless he learns to love another , and earn their love in return , before the last petal falls . Some years later in the small town of Villeneuve , Belle dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant former soldier . Lost in the forest , Belle 's father Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle , but the Beast imprisons him for stealing a rose from his garden as a birthday gift to Belle . Belle ventures out in search for him and finds him locked in the castle dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . Belle befriends the castle 's servants , who treat her to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden west wing and finds the rose , the Beast , enraged , scares her into the woods . She is cornered by wolves , but the Beast rescues her and is injured in the process . As Belle nurses his wounds , a friendship develops between them . The Beast shows Belle a gift from the enchantress , a book that transports readers wherever they want . Belle uses it to visit her childhood home in Paris , where she discovers a plague doctor mask and realises that she and her father were forced to leave her mother 's deathbed when her mother succumbed to the plague . In Villeneuve , Gaston sees rescuing Belle as an opportunity to win her hand in marriage and agrees to help Maurice . When Maurice learns of his ulterior motive and rejects him , Gaston abandons him to the wolves . Maurice is rescued by the herb - wife Agathe , but when he tells the townsfolk of Gaston 's crime but is unable to provide solid evidence , Gaston convinces them to send Maurice to an insane asylum . After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using a magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . At Villeneuve , Belle proves Maurice 's sanity by revealing the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , Gaston has her thrown into the asylum carriage with her father and rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to slay the Beast . Maurice and Belle escape , and Belle rushes back to the castle . During the battle , Gaston abandons his companion LeFou , who then sides with the servants to fend off the villagers . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his will upon seeing Belle return . He overpowers Gaston but spares his life before reuniting with Belle . However , Gaston fatally shoots the Beast from a bridge , but it collapses when the castle crumbles , and he falls to his death . The Beast dies as the last petal falls and the servants become inanimate . When Belle tearfully professes her love to him , Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse , repairing the crumbling castle and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms and the villagers ' memories . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . Cast ( edit ) Emma Watson as Belle , a young benevolent bibliophile woman who develops feelings for the Beast and begins to see the humanity within him . Daisy Duczmal portrays an infant Belle . Dan Stevens as The prince / Beast , a cold - hearted prince who is transformed into a beast and forced to earn back his humanity by learning to truly love and be loved in return . Adam Mitchell portrays the younger version of the prince . Luke Evans as Gaston , a narcissistic and arrogant hunter and veteran of the French Royal Army who is willing to go as far as it takes to have Belle as his trophy wife . Kevin Kline as Maurice , Belle 's protective widowed father . Jolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice . Josh Gad as LeFou , Gaston 's flamboyant and long - suffering sidekick who bolsters his friend 's ego but gets very little in return . Ewan McGregor as Lumière , the Beast 's charismatic bouteiller who has been transformed into a candelabra . Stanley Tucci as Maestro Cadenza , the neurotic court composer and Madame de Garderobe 's husband who has been transformed into a harpsichord . Audra McDonald as Madame de Garderobe , a world - renowned opera singer and Cadenza 's wife who has been transformed into a wardrobe . Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Plumette , one of the castle maids and Lumière 's lover who has been transformed into a feather duster . Ian McKellen as Cogsworth , the Beast 's gruff but loyal majordomo and the head of the household staff who has been transformed into a mantel clock . Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts , the castle 's motherly head housekeeper who has been transformed into a teapot . Hattie Morahan as Agathe , an impoverished hermit and resident of Villeneuve who , in reality , is the enchantress responsible for cursing the Prince . Morahan also narrates the prologue . Rita Davies portrays the enchantress in her beggar woman form . The film is released posthumously after Davies ' death . Nathan Mack as Chip , Mrs. Potts ' plucky son who has been transformed into a teacup . Adrian Schiller as Monsieur D'Arque , the sly warden of the local asylum who is bribed by Gaston to have Maurice institutionalized . Gerard Horan as Monsieur Jean Potts , an absent - minded potter and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Mrs. Potts ' husband and Chip 's father . Haydn Gwynne as Clothilde , a fishmonger and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Cogsworth 's wife . Michael Jibson as the Tavern Keeper , the owner and keeper of Villeneuve 's local tavern where Gaston and the village residents drink . Ray Fearon as Père Robert , Villeneuve 's local chaplain who encourages Belle to borrow the books in the chapel 's meager library . Sophie Reid , Rafaëlle Cohen , and Carla Nella as the Village Lasses , a trio of women who fawn over Gaston and have a jealousy for Belle . Jimmy Johnston , Dean Street , and Alexis Loizon as Tom , Dick , and Stanley , a trio of men who serve as Gaston 's henchmen . Zoe Rainey as Belle 's mother , Maurice 's late wife who contracted the plague and died when Belle was an infant . Clive Rowe as Cuisinier , the castle 's head chef who has been transformed into a stove . Gizmo as Frou - Frou , Maestro Cadenza 's and Madame de Garderobe 's pet Yorkshire Terrier who has been transformed into a footstool . Thomas Padden as Chapeau , the prince 's valet who has been transformed into a coat rack . Tom Turner as The King , the prince 's father who , following his wife 's death , raised his son to be just as selfish and arrogant as he was . Harriet Jones as The Queen , the prince 's mother who died of an illness when he was a child . Dale Branston as Villeneuve 's residential baker . Chris Andrew Mellon as Nasty Headmaster , the unnamed headmaster of an all boys school in Villeneuve that disapproves of Belle teaching a young girl how to read . Vivian Parry as the Village Lass ' mother , an unnamed seamstress . Cast notes ( edit ) ^ In the initial theatrical release , Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Gooman in the cast , but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits . ^ In the initial theatrical release , Turner is miscredited as Henry Garrett in the cast . Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette , a servant who was turned into a toilet . This character was cut from the film , but is featured in the deleted scenes . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Previously , Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical . However , in a 2011 interview , composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the Beauty and the Beast stage musical `` was canned '' . By April 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live - action version and remake of Beauty and the Beast after making other live - action fantasy films such as Alice in Wonderland , Maleficent , Cinderella and The Jungle Book . In June 2014 , Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos . Later in September of that same year , Stephen Chbosky ( who had previously directed Watson in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) was hired to re-write the script . Before Condon was hired to direct the film , Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) . Condon later explained that `` after Frozen opened , the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old - school - musical approach . But initially , they said , ' We 're interested in a musical to a degree , but only half full of songs . ' My interest was taking that film and doing it in this new medium -- live - action -- as a full - on musical movie . So I backed out for a minute , and they came back and said , ' No , no , no , we get it , let 's pursue it that way . ' '' Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey credited Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn with the decision to make the film as a musical : `` We worked on this for five or six years , and for 18 months to two years , Beauty was a serious dramatic project , and the scripts were written to reflect that . It was n't a musical at that time . But we just could n't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all . We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs . What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again ? '' Casting ( edit ) In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle , the female lead . She was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn , as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight Harry Potter films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger . Two months later , Luke Evans and Dan Stevens were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively , and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets . The rest of the principal cast , including Josh Gad , Emma Thompson , Kevin Kline , Audra McDonald , Ian McKellen , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou , Mrs. Potts , Maurice , Madame de Garderobe , Cogsworth , Plumette , Lumière and Cadenza , respectively . Susan Egan , who originated the role of Belle on Broadway , commented on the casting of Watson as `` perfect '' . Paige O'Hara , who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels , offered to help Watson with her singing lessons . According to The Hollywood Reporter , Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront , together with an agreement that her final take - home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to Maleficent 's $759 million worldwide gross . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom , on May 18 , 2015 . Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21 . Six days later , co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production . The Beast was portrayed with a `` more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation '' , where actor Dan Stevens was `` in a forty - pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film '' . The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to `` communicate the subtleties of the human face '' and `` ( capture the ) thought that occurs to him '' which gets `` through ( to ) the eyes , which are the last human element in the Beast . '' The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation . Before the release of the film , Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the `` Days of the Sun '' number , due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones , who looked similar to Hattie Morahan , who portrayed Agathe . In the original version of the scene , it was Jones 's character , the Prince 's mother , who sings the first verse of the song , with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father ; but in the reshot version of the scene , the singing part is given to the Prince ( now played by Adam Mitchell ) . The King was also recast to Tom Turner , although Harriet Jones was still the Queen , albeit with dark hair . Both Goodman and Garrett 's names were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release 's credits , but was later corrected in home releases . Music ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 soundtrack ) When released in 1991 , Beauty and the Beast marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar - winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken . In Bill Condon 's opinion , that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live - action version of the movie . `` That score had more to reveal '' , he says , `` You look at the songs and there 's not a clunker in the group . In fact , Frank Rich described it as the best Broadway musical of 1991 . The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales . Take that vision , put it into a new medium , make it a radical reinvention , something not just for the stage because it 's not just being literal , now other elements come into play . It 's not just having real actors do it '' . Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film , but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken , Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . Menken returned to score the film 's music , which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman , plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . Menken said the film will not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead , created four new songs . However , an instrumental version of the song `` Home '' , which was written for the musical , is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle . On January 19 , 2017 , it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion -- singer of the original 1991 Beauty and the Beast duet song , with singer Peabo Bryson -- that Dion would be performing one of the new original songs `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' to play over the end titles . She originally had doubts about whether or not to record the song due to the recent death of her husband and manager René Angélil , who had previously helped her secure the 1991 pop duet . While ultimately accepting the opportunity , she said : `` ( The ) first Beauty and the Beast decision was made with my husband . Now I 'm making decisions on my own . It 's a little bit harder . I could n't say yes right away , because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way '' . She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact Beauty and the Beast has had on her career . According to Dion , `` I was at the beginning of my career , it put me on the map , it put me where I am today '' . Also , Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song `` Evermore '' on January 26 , 2017 . The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song Beauty and the Beast recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend . Grande and Legend 's updated version of the Beauty and the Beast title song is faithful to the original , Grammy - winning duet , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film . Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of `` Beauty and the Beast '' , which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film release . Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend 's interpretation of the title song `` Beauty and the Beast '' on Freeform television network on March 5 , 2017 , and it has since attained over 100 million video views on the Vevo video - hosting service . Release ( edit ) On March 16 , 2015 , Disney announced the film would be released in 3D on March 17 , 2017 . The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney 's three - day D23 Expo in August 2015 . The world premiere of Beauty and the Beast took place on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , United Kingdom ; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California , on March 2 , 2017 . The stream was broadcast onto YouTube . A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7 , 2017 . The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) Disney spent around $140 million for marketing the film worldwide . Following an announcement on May 22 , 2016 , Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on Good Morning America the next day . In its first 24 hours , the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views , which topped the number of views seen in that amount of time in history , including for the teasers for other films distributed by Disney such as Avengers : Age of Ultron , Star Wars : The Force Awakens and Captain America : Civil War . This record has since been broken by Thor : Ragnarok and It . The first official teaser poster was released on July 7 , 2016 . On November 2 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly debuted the first official image on the cover of their magazine for the week along with nine new photos as well . One week later , Emma Watson and Disney debuted a new poster for the film . On November 14 , 2016 , the first theatrical trailer was released again on Good Morning America . The trailer reached 127.6 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day , beating out Fifty Shades Darker . This record has since been broken again by The Fate of the Furious . A TV spot with Watson singing was shown during the 74th Golden Globe Awards . Disney released the final trailer on January 30 , 2017 . BMW and Mini partnered with the film to promote it globally ; including teasers , a television commercial featuring Mini Hatch John Cooper Works , BMW M2 , Mini Clubman , BMW M3 and BMW M4 , online exclusives , in - store and in - theater advertisements . Home Media ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast was released on Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD on June 6 , 2017 . The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart , with all other titles in the top 20 , collectively , selling only 40 % as many units as Beauty and the Beast . The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release . The movie became available on Netflix on September 19 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Praised for her performance as Belle worldwide , Beauty and the Beast is Emma Watson 's second highest - grossing film , behind only the final Harry Potter film , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Beauty and the Beast grossed $504 million in the United States and Canada and $759.4 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $1.263 billion . With a production budget of $160 million , it is the second-most expensive musical ever made ; only Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) with a budget of $25 million ( $165 million in 2016 dollars ) cost more . In just ten days , it became the highest - grossing live - action musical of all time , beating the nine - year - old record held by Mamma Mia ! . It is currently the second - biggest musical ever overall , behind Disney 's Frozen ( 2013 ) . Worldwide , the film proved to be a global phenomenon , earning a total of $357 million over its four - day opening weekend from 56 markets . Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women . It was the second biggest March global opening , behind only Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the thirteenth - biggest worldwide opening ever and the seventh - biggest for Disney . This includes $21 million from IMAX plays on 1,026 screens , a new record for an IMAX PG title . It surpassed the entire lifetime total of the original film in just six days . Beauty and the Beast is the 300th digitally remastered release in IMAX company 's history , which began with the re-release of Apollo 13 in 2002 . Its robust global debut helped push the company past $6 billion for the first time , and led to analysts believing that the film had a shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings . On April 12 , it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the first film of 2017 , the fourteenth Disney film , and the twenty - ninth film overall to pass the mark . It became the first film since Rogue One ( also a Disney property ) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars , and did so on its twenty - ninth day of release . It is currently the highest - grossing film of 2017 , the highest - grossing March release , the highest - grossing remake of all - time , and the fifth - biggest Disney film . Even after inflation adjusted , it is still ahead of the $425 million gross ( $760 million in 2017 dollars ) of the original film . North America ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Beauty and the Beast topped Fandango 's pre-sales and became the fastest - selling family film in the company 's history , topping the studio 's own animated film Finding Dory released the previous year . Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend , with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million . By the time the film 's release was 10 days away , analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million . It earned $16.3 million from Thursday previews night , marking the biggest of 2017 ( breaking Logan 's record ) , the biggest ever for a Disney live - action film ( breaking Maleficent 's record ) , the second biggest ever for both a G or PG - rated film ( behind the sixth Harry Potter film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince which also starred Watson ) , and the third biggest ever in the month of March ( behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and The Hunger Games ) . An estimated 41 % of the gross came from IMAX , 3D and premium large format screenings which began at 6 pm , while the rest -- 59 % -- came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 p.m. The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week . On its opening day , the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens , marking the third biggest in the month of March , trailing behind Batman v Superman ( $81.5 million ) and The Hunger Games ( $67 million ) . It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that was n't PG - 13 , displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Its opening day alone ( which includes Thursday 's previews ) almost matched the entire opening weekend of previous Disney live - action films , Maleficent ( $69.4 million ) and Cinderella ( $67.9 million ) . Unlike all previous four Disney live - action films witnessing a hike on their second day , Saturday , Beauty and the Beast actually fell 2 % , but nevertheless , the dip was paltry , and the grosses are so much bigger compared to the other titles . Earning a total of $174.8 million on its opening weekend , it defied all expectations and went on to set numerous notable records . This includes the biggest opening of the year as well as the biggest for the month of March and pre-summer / spring opening , beating Batman v Superman , the biggest start ever for a PG title ( also for a family film ) , surpassing Finding Dory , the biggest debut of all time for a female - fueled film , ahead of The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , the biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , ahead of Alice in Wonderland and the biggest musical debut ever , supplanting Pitch Perfect 2 . Furthermore , it is also Watson 's highest - opening , beating Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 same with Emma Thompson , director Bill Condon 's biggest debut ever ahead of The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 and the biggest outside of summer , save for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , not accounting for inflation . It became the forty - third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million . Its three - day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ( $146 million ; before the 3D re-release ) , instantly becoming the second - biggest film of the year , behind Logan ( $184 million ) , and also the second - highest - grossing musical , behind Grease 's $188 million cumulative gross in 1978 . Seventy percent of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who do n't go to theaters frequently came out in bulk to watch the film . About 26 % of the remaining tickets were for 3D . IMAX accounted for 7 % ( $12.5 million ) of the total weekend 's gross , setting a new record for a PG title , ahead of Alice in Wonderland ( $12.1 million ) while PLF repped 11 % of the box office . Seventy percent of the film 's opening day demographic was female , dropping to 60 % through the weekend . According polling service PostTrak , about 84 percent of American parents who saw the film on its opening day said they would `` definitely '' recommend it for families . The film 's opening was credited to positive word of mouth from audiences , good reviews from critics , effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama , the cast 's star power ( especially Emma Watson ) , lack of competition , being the first family film since The Lego Batman Movie a month earlier , nostalgia , and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney 's brand . On Monday , its fourth day of release , the film fell precipitously by 72 % earning $13.5 million . The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11 % K - 12 and 15 % colleges were off per ComScore . Nevertheless , it is the second - biggest March Monday , behind Batman v Superman ( $15 million ) . This was followed by the biggest March and pre-summer Tuesday with $17.8 million , a 32 % increase from its previous day . The same day , the film passed $200 million in ticket sales . It earned $228.6 million in the first week of release , the sixth - biggest seven - day gross of all time . In its second weekend , the film continued to maintain the top positioning and fell gradually by 48 % earning another $90.4 million to register the fourth - biggest second weekend of all time , and the third - biggest for Disney . In terms of percentage drop , its 48 % decline is the third - smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million ( behind Finding Dory and The Force Awakens ) . The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide releases : Power Rangers , Life , and CHiPs . As a result , it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark . The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend , finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer The Boss Baby ( $50.2 million ) . On April 4 , 2017 , its nineteenth day of release , it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 to do so . By its fourth weekend , the film began was playing in 3,969 cinemas , a fall of 241 theaters from its previous weekend . Of those , approximately 1,200 cinemas were sing - along versions . It earned $26.3 million ( - 48 % ) and retained second place . By comparison , previous Disney films Moana ( − 8 % ) and Frozen ( − 2 % ) both witnessed mild percentage declines the weekend their sing - alone versions were released . Its seventh weekend of release was in contemporaneous with another Emma Watson - starring new film The Circle . That weekend , The Circle was number four , while Beauty and the Beast was at number six . By May 28 , the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first ( and currently only ) film of 2017 , the third female - fueled film ( after The Force Awakens and Rogue One : A Star Wars Story followed by Wonder Woman ) and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark . It has already become the biggest March release , dethroning The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) , the biggest musical film ( both animated and live - action ) , as well as the biggest film of 2017 . Outside North America ( edit ) Internationally , the film began playing on Thursday , March 16 , 2017 . Through Sunday , March 19 , it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets , 44 of which were major territories , far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam , Turkey , and India . Its launch is the second - biggest for the month of March , behind Batman v Superman ( $256.5 million ) . In IMAX , it recorded the biggest debut for a PG title ( although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets ) with $8.5 million from 649 screens , the second - biggest for a PG title behind The Jungle Book . In its second weekend , it fell just by 35 % earning another $120.6 million and maintaining its first position hold . It added major markets like France and Australia . It topped the international box office for three consecutive weekends before finally being dethroned by Ghost in the Shell and The Boss Baby in its fourth weekend . Despite the fall , the film helped Disney push past the $1 billion thresold internationally for the first time in 2017 . It scored the biggest opening day of the year in Hong Kong and the Philippines , the biggest March Thursday in Italy ( $1 million , also the biggest Disney Thursday debut ) , the biggest March opening day in Austria , and the second - biggest in Germany ( $1.1 million ) , Disney 's biggest March in Denmark , the biggest Disney live - action debut in China ( $12.6 million ) , the UK ( $6.2 million ) , Mexico ( $2.4 million ) and Brazil ( $1.8 million ) and the third - biggest in South Korea with $1.2 million , behind only Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End and Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . In terms of opening weekend , the largest debut came from China ( $44.8 million ) , followed by the UK ( $24.3 million ) , Korea ( $11.8 million ) , Mexico ( $11.8 million ) , Australia ( $11.1 million ) , Brazil ( $11 million ) , Germany ( $10.7 million ) , France ( $8.4 million ) , Italy ( $7.6 million ) , Philippines ( $6.3 million ) , Russia ( $6 million ) and Spain ( $5.8 million ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG - rated film , the biggest Disney live - action opening of all time , the biggest March opening weekend , the biggest opening for a musical ( ahead of 2012 's Les Misérables ) , the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth - biggest - ever overall with £ 19.7 million ( $24.5 million ) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of The Jungle Book ( £ 9.9 million ) . This included the second - biggest Saturday ever ( £ 7.9 million ) , only behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens . It witnessed a decline in its second weekend , earning £ 12.33 million ( $15.4 million ) . Though the film was falling at a faster rate than The Jungle Book , it had already surpassed the said film and its second weekend is the third - biggest ever ( behind the two James Bond films Skyfall ( 2012 ) and Spectre ) . In India , despite facing heavy competitions from four new Hindi releases , two Tamils films and a Malayalam and a Punjabi release , the film managed to take an occupancy of 15 % on its opening day , an impressive feat despite tremendous competitions . It earned around ₹ 1.5 crore ( US $230,000 ) nett on its opening day from an estimated 600 screens which is more than the three Hindi releases -- Machine , Trapped , and Aa Gaya Hero -- combined . Disney reported a total of ₹ 9.26 crore ( US $1.4 million ) gross for its opening weekend there . It was ahead of all new releases and second overall behind Bollywood film Badrinath Ki Dulhania . In Russia , despite receiving a restrictive 16 rating , the film managed to deliver a very successful opening with $6 million . In China , expectations were high for the film . The release date was announced on January 24 , giving Disney and local distributor China Film Group Corporation ample time -- around two months -- to market the film nationwide . The release date was strategically chosen to coincide with White Day . Preliminary reports suggested that it could open to $40 -- 60 million in its opening weekend . Largely driven by young women , its opening day pre-sales outpaced that of The Jungle Book . The original film was , however , never widely popular in the country . Although China has occasionally blocked gay - themed content from streaming video services , in this case , Chinese censors decided to leave the gay scene intact . According to local box office tracker Ent Group , the film grossed an estimated $12.1 million on its opening day ( Friday ) , representing 70 % of the total receipts . Including previews , it made a total of $14.5 million from 100,000 screenings , which is 43 % of all screenings in the country . It climbed to $18.5 million on Saturday ( 102,700 showings ) for a three - day total of $42.6 million , securing 60 % of the total marketplace . Disney on the other hand reported a different figure of $44.8 million . Either ways , it recorded the second - biggest opening for a Disney live - action film , with $3.4 million coming from 386 IMAX screens . Japan -- a huge Disney market -- served as the film 's final market and opened there on April 21 . It debuted with a better - than - expected $12.5 million on its opening weekend helping the film push past the $1.1 billion threshold . An estimated $1.1 million came from IMAX screenings , the fourth - biggest ever in the country . The two - day gross was $9.7 million , outstripping Frozen 's previous record of $9.5 million . Due to positive reviews , good word - of - mouth and benefitting from the Golden Week , the film saw a 9 % increase on its second weekend . The hold was strong enough to fend off newcomer The Fate of the Furious from securing the top spot . The total there is now over $98 million after seven weekends and is the biggest film release of the year and , overall , the eleventh - biggest of all time . It topped the box office there for eight consecutive weekends . The only markets where the film did not top the weekend charts were Vietnam ( behind Kong : Skull Island ) , Turkey ( with two local movies and Logan ahead ) and India ( where Badrinath Ki Dulhania retained No. 1 ) . It topped the box office for four straight weekends in Germany , Korea , Austria , Finland , Poland , Portugal , Brazil , Venezuela , Bolivia , Switzerland and the UK ( exclusive of previews ) . In the Philippines , it emerged as the most successful commercial film of all time -- both local and foreign -- with over $13.5 million . In just five weeks , the film became one of the top 10 highest - grossing film of all time in the United Kingdom and Ireland , ahead of all but one Harry Potter film ( Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ) and all three The Lord of the Rings movies ( which also starred Ian McKellen ) . It is currently the eighth - biggest grosser with £ 70.1 million ( $90 million ) , overtaking Mamma Mia ! to become the biggest musical production ever there . The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ( $108 million ) , China ( $85.8 million ) , Brazil ( $41.5 million ) , Korea ( $37.5 million ) , and Australia ( $35 million ) . In Europe alone , the cumulative total is $267 million to become the second - highest - grossing film in the past year ( behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ) . Critical response ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast received generally positive reviews , with praise for the faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version , cast performances , visuals , Jacqueline Durran 's costume designs , production design , Alan Menken 's musical score and songs , though the designs of the Beast and the servants ' household object forms received mixed reviews ... On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 71 % based on 299 reviews , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With an enchanting cast , beautifully crafted songs , and a painterly eye for detail , Beauty and the Beast offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 65 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter wrote : `` It 's a Michelin - triple - starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal - meth - like narcotic high that lasts about two hours . '' Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special effects , costume designs and the sets while commended the inclusion of Gad 's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney . Owen Gleiberman of Variety , in his positive review of the film , wrote : `` It 's a lovingly crafted movie , and in many ways a good one , but before that it 's an enraptured piece of old - is - new nostalgia . '' Gleiberman compared Steven 's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in The Elephant Man and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau 's original adaptation . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the performances of both Watson and Stevens , and wrote : `` It looks good , moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste . I almost did n't recognize the flavor : I think the name for it is joy . '' Likewise , The Washington Post 's Ann Hornaday complimented Watson 's performance , describing it as `` alert and solemn '' while noting her singing ability as `` serviceable enough to get the job done '' . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three and a half stars , lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara 's and Angela Lansbury 's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances of the other cast and also pointing out on its usage of the combination of motion capture and CGI technology as a big advantage which he stated : `` Almost overwhelmingly lavish , beautifully staged and performed with exquisite timing and grace by the outstanding cast '' . Mike Ryan of Uproxx praised the cast , production design and the new songs while noting the film does n't try anything different , saying : `` There 's certainly nothing that new about this version of Beauty and the Beast ( well , except it is n't a cartoon anymore ) , but it 's a good recreation of a classic animated film that should leave most die - hards satisfied . '' In her A - review , Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News praised the film 's emotional and thematic depth , remarking : `` There 's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon 's live - action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney 's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh , stirring ways . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews described the 2017 version as `` enthralling '' . Brian Truitt of USA Today commended the performances of Evans , Gad , McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon 's affinity with musicals , the production design , visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan Menken and Tim Rice , particularly Evermore which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an `` exhilarating gift '' while he remarked that `` Beauty and the Beast does justice to Disney 's animated classic , even if some of the magic is M.I.A ( Missing in Action ) . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine gave a positive review with a description as `` Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' as she wrote `` Nearly everything about Beauty and the Beast is larger than life , to the point that watching it can be a little overwhelming . '' and added that `` it 's loaded with feeling , almost like a brash interpretive dance expressing the passion and elation little girls ( and some boys , too ) must have felt upon seeing the earlier version . '' The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle struck an affirmative tone , calling it one of the joys of 2017 , stating that `` Beauty and the Beast creates an air of enchantment from its first moments , one that lingers and builds and takes on qualities of warmth and generosity as it goes along '' while referring the film as `` beautiful '' and also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven 's motion capture performance . Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that `` It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work , down to a sugar - rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out - an - out , bells - and - whistles musical '' while he praised the performances of Watson , McKellen , Thompson , McGregor , Evans and Gad . Mark Hughes of Forbes also similarly praised the film which he wrote that `` it could revive the story in a faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations , establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original '' and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film 's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences . Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor . David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 2017 film `` takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips wrote that the film featured some `` less conspicuously talented '' performers who are `` stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' , though he praised Kline 's performance as the `` best , sweetest thing in the movie ; he brings a sense of calm , droll authority '' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised Watson 's performance and wrote that the film was `` lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey - glow light , and it runs smoothly on rails -- the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version . '' In the same newspaper , Wendy Ide criticized the film as `` ornate to the point of desperation '' in its attempt to emulate the animated film . Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - , writing that while the film looks `` exceptionally great '' , the new songs were `` not transporting '' . He felt the film needed more life and depth , but praised Watson 's and Steven 's performances as the `` film 's stronger elements '' . Dana Schwartz of The New York Observer felt that some of the characters , such as Gaston and the Beast , had been watered down from the 1991 film , and that the additional backstory elements failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' while adding considerable bloat . Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over , especially for the complex songs . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . MTV Movie & TV Awards May 7 , 2017 Movie of the Year Beauty and the Beast Won Best Actor in a Movie Emma Watson Best Kiss Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Nominated Best Duo Josh Gad and Luke Evans Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Animation / Family Beauty and the Beast Best Original Score Best Animation / Family TV Spot Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Fantasy Won Choice Movie : Fantasy Actor Dan Stevens Nominated Choice Movie : Fantasy Actress Emma Watson Won Choice Movie Villain Luke Evans Choice Movie Ship Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Choice Liplock Choice Scene Stealer Josh Gad Nominated Choice Hissy Fit Luke Evans Dan Stevens Hollywood Film Awards November 5 , 2017 Costume Design Award Jacqueline Durran Won Make - Up & Hair Styling Award Jenny Shircore Controversies ( edit ) Gay character ( edit ) Controversy erupted after director Bill Condon said there was a `` gay moment '' in the film , when LeFou briefly waltzes with Stanley , one of Gaston 's friends . Afterwards in an interview with Vulture.com , Condon stated , `` Can I just say , I 'm sort of sick of this . Because you 've seen the movie -- it 's such a tiny thing , and it 's been overblown . '' Condon also added that Beauty and the Beast features much more diversity than just the highly talked - about LeFou : `` That was so important . We have interracial couples -- this is a celebration of everybody 's individuality , and that 's what 's exciting about it . '' GLAAD president and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis praised the move stating , `` It is a small moment in the film , but it is a huge leap forward for the film industry . '' In Russia , Vitaly Milonov agitated the culture minister for banning the film , but instead it was given a 16 + rating ( children under the age of 16 can only be admitted to see it in theaters with accompanying adults ) . Additionally , a theater in Henagar , Alabama did not screen the film because of the subplot . In Malaysia , the Film Censorship Board insisted the `` gay moment '' scene be cut , prompting an indefinite postponement of its release by Disney , followed by their decision to withdraw it completely if it could not be released uncensored . The studio moved the release date to March 30 , to allow more time for Malaysia 's censor board to make a decision on whether or not to release the film without changes . The distributors and producers then submitted an appeal to the Film Appeal Committee of Malaysia , which allowed the film to be released without any cuts and a P13 rating on the grounds that the `` gay element '' was minor and did not affect the positive elements featured in the film . In Kuwait , the movie was withdrawn from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country . A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information 's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it . There were also a number of boycotts against the film . A call to boycott on LifePetitions received over 129,000 signatures , while the American Family Association featured a petition to boycott with the film , asking the public to help crowdfund a CGI version of Pilgrim 's Progress instead . The film also received criticsm over its portrayal of LeFou , as many felt that it relied on stereotypes and was used as a way of teasing LGBT+ viewers without providing adequate representation . LeFou 's status as a sidekick to the main villain brought about criticism over Disney 's queercoding of villains in the past , and his infatuation with Gaston was seen as relying on a stereotype of gay men being predatory towards straight men . Furthermore , the only gay interaction LeFou has is a three second clip of him dancing with another man at the end of the film . Many saw this as Disney cheating its LGBT+ audiences . Belle and the Beast 's relationship ( edit ) Disney has sought to portray Belle as an empowered young woman , but a debate questioning whether it is possible to fall in love with someone who is holding you prisoner , and whether this is a problematic theme , has resulted . As was the case with the original animated film , one argument is that Belle suffers from Stockholm syndrome ( a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity ) . Emma Watson studied whether Belle is trapped in an abusive relationship with the Beast before signing on and concluded that she does not think the criticism fits this version of the folk tale . Watson described Stockholm Syndrome as `` where a prisoner will take on the characteristics of and fall in love with the captor . Belle actively argues and disagrees with ( Beast ) constantly . She has none of the characteristics of someone with Stockholm Syndrome because she keeps her independence , she keeps that freedom of thought '' , also adding that Belle defiantly `` gives as good as she gets '' before forming a friendship and romance with the Beast . Psychiatrist Frank Ochberg , who coined the term `` Stockholm syndrome '' , said he does not think Belle exhibits the trauma symptoms of prisoners suffering from the syndrome because she does not go through a period of feeling that she is going to die . Some therapists , while acknowledging that the pairing 's relationship does not meet the clinical definition of Stockholm syndrome , argue that the relationship depicted is dysfunctional and abusive and does not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers . Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's Beauty and the Beast was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th - century France for arranged marriages , and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version . Anna Menta of Elite Daily argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning , hurting , or manipulating her , and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast remake : A traditional tale with a modern twist '' . University of New York . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anne Thompson ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : How Bill Condon Built Hollywood 's Most Expensive Musical '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Teaser Tops ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' in First Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Is a Technological Marvel , But for Its Actors , the Challenge was Daunting '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Rosie ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 2017 cast , trailer , release date and everything you need to know '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Ian ; Acuna , Kristin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney announced all its movies coming in the next 4 years -- here 's what you have to look forward to '' . Tech Insider . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' is still enchanting ( but the original is better ) '' . The Charlotte Observer . Robert W. Butler . 16 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Hunneysett ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Irresistible charm shows no one casts a spell quite like Disney '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Could not be more happy that this man will be Beast ! ! ! Welcome aboard @ thatdanstevens # beautyandthebeast pic.twitter.com/F1ghG3pvcU '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Earnest , Karen . `` Dan Stevens to Star in ' The Man Who Invented Christmas ' '' . Movies.mxdwn.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Josh Gad Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ewan McGregor to Play Lumiere in ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Stanley Tucci Rounds Out Cast of ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Audra McDonald Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Beyond the Lights ' Star Gugu Mbatha - Raw Joins ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Release Date - 2017 '' . Releasedateportal.com . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Michael ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` PHOTO : First look at Dan Stevens Beast ( prince form ) from Disney 's live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' movie ! '' . Inside the Magic . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.slashfilm.com/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene/ Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/06/01/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene-reveals-monsieur-toilette/ Jump up ^ Marmiroli , Adriana ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Alan Menken Adesso musicalanche in Italia '' ( Alan Menken musicals now in Itaty ) . La Stampa ( in Italian ) . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Hollywood bets big on ' Beast , ' considers remake of ' My Fair Lady ' '' . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Alan Menken interview : Tangled , movie scores , musicals , Enchanted 2 , Snow Queen and more '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Rumor : Could Bill Condon Direct Disney 's Live - Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ? '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film for Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Perks of Being a Wallflower ' author will adapt ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Director on How ' La La Land ' Is Bringing Musicals Back '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( 21 March 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline.com . Los Angeles : Penske Business Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Cast in Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Luke Evans to Play Gaston in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Bonjour Gaston ! ❤ ️ Welcome ! # BeautyAndTheBeast pic.twitter.com/oerhe1ilGs '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Thomlison , Adam . `` Q & A '' . TV Media . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Broadway ' Belle ' Susan Egan Comments on Emma Watson in BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paige O'Hara wants to teach Emma Watson '' . Emma Watson Updates . February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Watson and What Disney Pays Its Modern Princesses '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on Allegiant and Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 5 / 18 / 15 : Emma Watson Starts ' Beauty and the Beast ' , Oliver Stone Wraps ' Snowden ' , Melissa Mccarthy Finishes ' Michelle Darnell ' & More '' . SSN Insider . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Wraps ' Beauty and the Beast ' on ' Harry Potter ' Anniversary '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter Watch : Emma Watson & Luke Evans Wrap Filming on BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Live Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Officially Wraps Production ! '' . Broadway World . August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tale as Old as Time : Bill Condon livens up Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film Journal International '' . Filmjournal.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Twilight ' director Bill Condon will translate Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' to live action ( UPDATED ) '' . HitFix . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Set for March 17 , 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Caryn ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Menken Confirms 3 New Songs for BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Film ; Broadway Tunes Will Not Be Included '' . Broadway World . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Composer Alan Menken on Rediscovering Lost Lyrics and Why He 's `` Shutting Up '' About That Gay Character `` . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . Music . People . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dion , Céline ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` I am thrilled to announce that I 'll be performing an all - new original song , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever , '' for Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast . Being a part of the original film was such a magical experience in my life , and I 'm truly honored to be a part of this film again . / / Je suis ravie de vous annoncer que je chanterai la nouvelle chanson thème du film La Belle et la Bête , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' . Avoir fait partie du film original de Disney a été une expérience magique dans ma vie et je suis encore plus honorée de répéter cette expérience . -- Céline `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracey , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . People . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Céline Dion To Perform Original Song `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' For Disney 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Josh Groban records new song Evermore '' . Ew.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ariana Grande on Instagram : `` 🥀 . '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` It Looks Like Ariana Grande and John Legend Are Teaming Up for a Beauty and the Beast Duet '' . E !. Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan . `` Watch Ariana Grande , John Legend Cover ' Beauty and the Beast ' Theme '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maane Khatchatourian . `` Beauty and the Beast Music Video : Ariana Grande John Legend Sing Theme '' . Variety . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Kit , Borys ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Shows off ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Helena ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast '' premieres in London `` . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ JeniLynn Knopp ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast Sing Along '' to hit theaters this Friday `` . Inside the Magic . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Disney 's $300 Million Gamble '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Simon . `` Disney 's Live Action Beauty & The Beast Trailer Debuts Tomorrow '' . WhatCulture.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer : Disney 's live - action remake debuts first teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver . `` Beauty and the Beast teaser outpaces Star Wars , Marvel in first day '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Is Marvel and Disney 's Most Watched Ever in 24 Hours ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts new teaser poster with flower power '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` This Week 's Cover : Be our guest for an exclusive look at Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EW Staff . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : See 9 Enchanting , Exclusive Photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danielle Jackson . `` Emma Watson shares stunning new teaser poster for Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Derschowitz . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts magical new trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer beats Fifty Shades , Star Wars for new record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` Fate of the Furious Trailer Breaks Record for Most Views in 24 Hours '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson . `` Watch Emma Watson Sing ' Belle ' In Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' TV Spot '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast : Watch the final trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Thom ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Comes to Blu - ray , Digital HD and DVD on June 6 '' . The Kingdom Insider . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Regains Top Spot on Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes Past $700 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants With $350 M Global Bow ; $180 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Makes Room For $222 M Offshore , $429 M WW On Tuesday '' . March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Crosses $500 M At Worldwide Box Office '' . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Twirling To $174 M+ ; Beats ' Harry Potter ' & ' Batman V. Superman ' ; Can It Go Higher ? -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Clobbers Record With $170 Million Opening '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Whitten ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could be Disney 's first $1 billion film of 2017 '' . CNBC . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' Secret to Success : Female Power and Comfort '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan McAlonemar ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could make $1.5 billion at the box office , and it has big implications for Disney 's future '' . Business Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltzing Past $1 B Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' to Cross $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Roars Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Roars on to Tracking , Looking to Shake Up March Records -- Box Office Projection '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Sets New Record for Advance Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : Will ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltz to New Records ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Proof That ' Beauty And The Beast ' Will Tear Up March B.O. Records : Pre-Sales Are Through The Roof '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Beauty and the Beast ' will be the biggest box - office hit of the year so far '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast Roars Loudly with $16.3 M at Thursday Box Office '' . Movie Web . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Gorgeous On Thursday With $16.3 M , Beats ' Furious 7 ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Monstreous $16.3 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Belts Out $64 Million on Friday '' . Variety . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $173 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes To Beastly $64 M Friday For Possible $170 M+ Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' Debut Topped ' Batman V Superman ' And ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY SEASON -- SPRING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MPAA RATING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Box Office : 5 Biggest Records Broken '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Record $170 M U.S. , $350 M Global Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jake Coyle ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' roars to No. 1 with monstrous $170 M in box office '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Continues B.O. Dance With Second - Best Monday In March '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Hits A High Note With Best Pre-Summer Tuesday , Crosses $200 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Ends First Week Just Below $500 M '' . Jump up ^ `` TOP WEEKENDS : 2ND -- 12TH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE TOP 20 : ' BEAUTY ' ADDS $90.4 MILLION IN WEEKEND 2 '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box office report : Beauty and the Beast doubles Power Rangers ' weekend gross '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Boss Baby ' Cleans ' Beauty and the Beast 's Clock with $51 M+ Opening ; ' Ghost ' Shell - Shocked at $20 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants $900 M At WW Box Office ; Crosses $400 M Domestic '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Ends Week Three with $920 Million '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emma Stefansky ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` How a Flashy Blockbuster and an Indian Fantasy Bested Emma Watson at the Box Office '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Latin Lover ' Sets $12 M Pantelion Record , ' Baahubali 2 ' Mighty With $10 M+ , ' Circle ' Is A Square As ' F8 ' Leads Listless Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Alien : Covenant ' Suffers Brutal 71 % Drop As ' Guardians 2 ' Tops ' Guardians ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Crosses $500 Million Milestone at Domestic Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Wonder Woman ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' Should Lead to More Female - Centered Films '' . Variety . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Cross $1 Billion Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Musical '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A $1 B Belle WW ? : Bow Enchants With Bigger $357 M Global , $182 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nears $700 M WW ; ' Kong ' Has Mighty $72 M China Bow , Tops $250 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty ' Is $876 M Beast WW ; ' Ghost In The Shell ' Sells $40 M Offshore ; ' Kong ' Sets WB China Record -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ghost In The Shell ' Rises To $93 M Offshore ; ' Beauty And The Beast ' Tops $977 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A Monster With $52 M Offshore Through Friday , $115.6 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' continues box - office reign '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast waltzes its way to the top of the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( Press Release ) ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast smashes the box office in opening weekend '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast magic helps UK box office survive the spring sunshine '' . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Opens Better Than Aa Gaya Hero , Trapped , Machine & Mantra '' . Koimoi . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Opens Better Than Hindi Releases '' . Box Office India . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rajkummar Rao Faces A Lone Battle For Survival In ' Trapped ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Beats Hindi Films Combined '' . Box Office India . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt Outrun ' Beauty And The Beast ' To Reign Again In India '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' box - office collection first weekend '' . The Times of India . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Enjoys A Good 1st Weekend At The Box Office In India '' . Koimoi.com . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts to Magical $350 Million Globally '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` On Screen China : ' Beauty ' Looks Like a Beast '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Papish ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : First Place For ' Beauty ' Still Less Than Best '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strong in China With ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . Variety . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens to $45 M , With Gay Moment Uncut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty ' Dominates Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strongly Ahead of Golden Week '' . Variety . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell Edwards ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beast is Best in Japan ; Fast & Furious drives China , Korea '' . Asia Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol 2 ' Zooms With $101.2 M Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians 2 ' Notches $428 M Global , Lifts MCU Past $11 B ; ' Furious 8 ' Tops $950 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians 2 ' Snags $63 M Weekend For $631 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Yearly Box Office ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M At International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Boss Baby makes a dummy of UK box - office competition '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' smashes Philippines ' all - time box office records '' . The Philippine Star . April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fast & Furious 8 barrels past Boss Baby to top of UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 blows away UK box office with huge debut '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Smokes Records With $432.3 M Overseas Bow ; $532.5 M Worldwide -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $169 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Revels in Joy and Enchantment '' . The New York Times . A.O. Scott . 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remake of ' Beauty and the Beast ' convincingly springs to life '' . The Washington Post . Ann Hornaday. 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Lavish ' Beauty and the Beast ' true as it can be to original '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Satisfy Most Fans '' . Uproxx . March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Churnin , Nancy ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' brings fresh resonance to ' a tale as old as time ' '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast ( United States , 2017 ) '' . Reelviews . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Rousing new ' Beauty and the Beast ' is even better than the original '' . USA Today . Brian Truitt. 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Review : Live - Action Disney Classic Still Tale as Old as Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` REVIEW : The Reimagined Beauty and the Beast Is Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' . Time . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Enchanting ' Beauty and the Beast ' looks like a winner '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Emma Watson dazzles in Disney 's show - stopping chocolate box of a remake '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Magically Modernizes Classic Disney Fairy Tale '' . Forbes . Mark Hughes . 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' review : Animated Disney musical 's charms lost in translation '' . Chicago Tribune . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- Emma Watson makes a perfect Belle in sugar - rush romance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ide , Wendy ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- gilt complex '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline . enske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beachum , Chris ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Film Awards 2017 : Complete list of winners for Sunday 's ceremony includes Kate Winslet , Jake Gyllenhaal , Allison Janney , Sam Rockwell '' . Goldderby.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' gay moment ' may have been much ado about nothing '' . USA Today . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Condon on Beauty and the Beast , His Musical Influences , and Lindsay Lohan 's Plan for The Little Mermaid '' . Vulture . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ned Ehrbar ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` GLAAD president : `` Beauty and the Beast '' foes are `` outliers '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia May Ban Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Over Gay Character '' . Variety . March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia wo n't ban Beauty and the Beast -- but will have an age restriction '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Theater Wo n't Show ' Beauty And The Beast ' Because Of Gay Subplot '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheang , Michael ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast release postponed for ' internal review ' '' . The Star Online . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Disney pulls Beauty and the Beast from cinemas in Malaysia ' until further notice ' '' . Digital Spy . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney refuses to cut ' gay moment ' from ' Beauty and the Beast ' for Malaysia '' . Malay Mail Online . 15 March 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mia Galuppo ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Defies Malaysia Censors , Wo n't Cut ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gay Moment '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Malaysia Clears Release of ' Beauty and the Beast , ' with ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Appeal Committee 's decision to release Beauty and the Beast '' . The Star Online . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast pulled from cinemas in Kuwait '' . BBC . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SIGN THE BOYCOTT : Tell Disney ' NO ' to LGBT agenda in Beauty and the Beast - # BoycottDisney '' . Jump up ^ Say NO to Disney , Say YES to Pilgrim 's Progress ! Jump up ^ Houlihan , Ryan . `` Disney Making LeFou Gay Is n't the Representation I Need '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` How Beauty and the Beast & Power Rangers Cheated Gay Fans '' . Screen Rant. 2017 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Cautiously Guarded About Beauty and the Beast 's LeFou Being Disney 's `` First Gay Character '' `` . www.themarysue.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` GLAAD Report Says LGBTQ People Are `` Nearly Invisible '' in Hollywood `` . Flare. 2017 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Featurette Makes a Case for Feminist Belle '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Zoe ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : feminist or fraud '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Blasberg , Derek ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Cover Story : Emma Watson , Rebel Belle '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Emma Watson addresses questions over Beast relationship '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/02/16/beauty-and-the-beast-emma-watson-belle-beast-relationship/ Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle From ' Beauty and the Beast ' Suffer From Stockholm Syndrome ? We Asked an Expert '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Durvasula , Ramani ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle from Beauty and The Beast Have Stockholm Syndrome ? '' . Screen Junkies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Relationship Is n't `` Stockholm Syndrome , '' No Matter How Screwed Up It May Be `` . Bustle . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Is Beauty and the Beast `` a tale as old as Stockholm syndrome '' ? Depends how you read it `` . Vox . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Menta , Anna . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Love Story Does n't Hold Up To Emma Watson 's Feminism '' . Elite Daily . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Film portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Official website Beauty and the Beast on IMDb Beauty and the Beast at Rotten Tomatoes Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo Beauty and the Beast at AllMovie Beauty and the Beast Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Once Upon a Time Disney 's Descendants Elena of Avalor The 7D Elena and the Secret of Avalor List of Disney Princess firsts Category Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Films by Bill Condon Films directed Sister , Sister ( 1987 ) Murder 101 ( TV , 1991 ) Deadly Relations ( TV , 1993 ) Candyman : Farewell to the Flesh ( 1995 ) The Man Who Would n't Die ( TV , 1995 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) Kinsey ( 2004 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) The Fifth Estate ( 2013 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Written only Strange Behavior ( 1981 ) Strange Invaders ( 1983 ) F / X2 ( 1991 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Shortcut to Happiness ( 2003 ) The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) Films by Stephen Chbosky Screenplay and directed The Four Corners of Nowhere ( 1995 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) Wonder ( 2017 ) Screenplay only Rent ( 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_film)&oldid=809454336 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s fantasy films 2010s musical films 2010s romance films 2010s romantic drama films American films American 3D films American fantasy films American fantasy adventure films American musical fantasy films American romantic drama films American romantic fantasy films American romantic musical films Disney film remakes Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films about curses Films about royalty Films about shapeshifting Films based on adaptations Films based on Beauty and the Beast Films based on fairy tales Films based on multiple works Films based on musicals based on films Film scores by Alan Menken Films directed by Bill Condon Films set in the 18th century Films set in castles Films set in France Films set in Paris Films shot in London Films shot in Surrey Films shot at Shepperton Studios Films using computer - generated imagery Historical romance films IMAX films Mandeville Films films Performance capture in film Screenplays by Stephen Chbosky Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use mdy dates from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 05 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did besuty and the beast come out
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"Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, United Kingdom on May 18, 2015, and ended on August 21. Beauty and the Beast premiered on February 23, 2017, at Spencer House in London, and was released in the United States on March 17, 2017, in standard, Disney Digital 3-D, RealD 3D, IMAX and IMAX 3D formats, along with Dolby Cinema.[8] The film received generally positive reviews from critics, with many praising Watson and Stevens' performances as well as the ensemble cast, faithfulness to the original animated film alongside elements from the Broadway musical, visual style, production design, and musical score, though it received criticism for some of the character designs and its excessive similarity to the original.[9][10] The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing live-action musical film, and making it the highest-grossing film of 2017 and the 10th-highest-grossing film of all time."
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Category:Schools for the blind in the United States
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Category : schools for the blind in the United States - wikipedia Help Category : schools for the blind in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Pages in category `` schools for the blind in the United States '' The following 39 pages are in this category , out of 39 total . This list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) . Alabama Institute for the Deaf and Blind American Red Cross Institute for the Blind Arkansas School for the Blind Blind Department Building and Dow Hall , State School for the Blind California School for the Blind User : CmdrDan / Accessability Colorado Center for the Blind Colorado School for the Deaf and Blind Council of Schools and Services for the Blind Florida School for the Deaf and Blind Hadley Institute for the Blind and Visually Impaired Indiana School for the Blind and Visually Impaired Iowa Braille and Sight Saving School Jernigan Institute Kansas State School for the Blind Kentucky School for the Blind Louisiana School for the Visually Impaired Maryland School for the Blind Minnesota State Academy for the Blind Mississippi School for the Blind Missouri School for the Blind Nebraska Center for the Education of Children Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired New Mexico School for the Blind and Visually Impaired New York Institute for Special Education North Dakota Vision Services / School for the Blind Ohio State School for the Blind Oklahoma School for the Blind Oregon School for the Blind Overbrook School for the Blind Perkins School for the Blind South Carolina School for the Deaf and Blind South Dakota School for the Blind and Visually Impaired Texas Blind , Deaf , and Orphan School Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired V Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind Washington School for the Blind West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind Western Pennsylvania School for Blind Children Wisconsin School for the Blind and Visually Impaired Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Schools_for_the_blind_in_the_United_States&oldid=799775938 '' Categories : Schools for the blind Special schools in the United States Blindness organizations in the United States Talk Help About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 19 : 41 . About Wikipedia
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best schools for the blind in the united states
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Abbeville, South Carolina
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Abbeville , South Carolina - wikipedia Abbeville , South Carolina For other communities of the same name , see Abbeville ( disambiguation ) . City in South Carolina , United States Abbeville , South Carolina City Abbeville Opera House Motto ( s ) : `` Pretty . Near . Perfect . '' Abbeville Location within the state of South Carolina Coordinates : 34 ° 10 ′ 42.7584 '' N 82 ° 22 ′ 39.6732 '' W / 34.178544000 ° N 82.377687000 ° W / 34.178544000 ; - 82.377687000 Coordinates : 34 ° 10 ′ 42.7584 '' N 82 ° 22 ′ 39.6732 '' W / 34.178544000 ° N 82.377687000 ° W / 34.178544000 ; - 82.377687000 Country United States State South Carolina County Abbeville Government Mayor Delano Freeman Area Total 6.13 sq mi ( 15.87 km ) Land 6.12 sq mi ( 15.84 km ) Water 0.01 sq mi ( 0.03 km ) Elevation 591 ft ( 180 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 5,237 Density 856 / sq mi ( 330.6 / km ) Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC − 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC − 4 ) ZIP code 29620 Area code ( s ) 864 FIPS code 45 - 00100 GNIS feature ID 1244839 Website www.abbevillecitysc.com Abbeville is a city in Abbeville County , South Carolina , United States , 86 miles ( 138 km ) west of Columbia and 45 miles ( 72 km ) south of Greenville . Its population was 5,237 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Abbeville County . Settled by French Huguenot settlers , it was named , along with the county , for the French town of the same name . Contents 1 History 1.1 Abbeville and the American Civil War 1.2 2003 right - of - way standoff 2 Architectural mention 3 Notable people 4 Geography 4.1 Climate 5 Demographics 5.1 2000 5.2 2010 6 Economy 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Abbeville was established by French Huguenots in 1764 , at a site named by John de la Howe . It was incorporated in 1840 . Famed states ' rights advocate and Vice President John C. Calhoun first practiced law in Abbeville , and he was born on a farm on the outskirts in what is now Mt . Carmel . Anthony Crawford was lynched here in 1916 . Abbeville and the American Civil War ( edit ) The rock at Secession Hill Historic Burt - Stark House Abbeville has the unique distinction of being both the birthplace and the deathbed of the Confederacy . On November 22 , 1860 , a meeting was held at Abbeville , at a site since dubbed `` Secession Hill '' , to launch South Carolina 's secession from the Union ; one month later , the state of South Carolina became the first state to secede . At the end of the Civil War , with the Confederacy in shambles , Confederate President Jefferson Davis fled Richmond , Virginia , and headed south , stopping for a night in Abbeville at the home of his friend Armistead Burt . It was on May 2 , 1865 , in the front parlor of what is now known as the Burt - Stark Mansion that Jefferson Davis officially acknowledged the dissolution of the Confederate government , in the last official cabinet meeting . 2003 right - of - way standoff ( edit ) Main article : 2003 Abbeville , South Carolina right - of - way standoff On December 8 , 2003 , in a 14 - hour standoff that stemmed from a land - survey dispute , two Abbeville lawmen were killed by West Abbeville resident Steven Bixby . This siege has been compared by both sympathizers of the Bixbys and law enforcement agents to the events of Waco and Ruby Ridge . In February 2007 , Steven Bixby was convicted on 17 counts including the two murders , as well as lesser charges of kidnapping and conspiracy . He was given two death sentences for the murders plus 125 years in prison on the other charges . Architectural mention ( edit ) The Abbeville County Courthouse , Abbeville Historic District , Abbeville Opera House , Armistead Burt House , Patrick Calhoun Family Cemetery , Cedar Springs Historic District , Harbison College President 's Home , Trinity Episcopal Church and Cemetery and Upper Long Cane Cemetery are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Abbeville is also the location of the tallest building in South Carolina , the Prysmian Copper Wire Tower . Built in 2009 , the tower is 373 feet ( 114 m ) tall and has 30 floors . Notable people ( edit ) John C. Calhoun , ( 1782 - 1850 ) , 7th American Vice President , 16th U.S. Secretary of State ; born near Abbeville and also practiced law in Abbeville . James S. Cothran ( 1830 -- 1897 ) , born near Abbeville , practiced law in Abbeville , confederate officer , judge , and United States Congressman from South Carolina , buried at Upper Long Cane Cemetery . Thomas D. Howie ( April 12 , 1908 -- July 17 , 1944 ) , American army officer killed during the Normandy Campaign of World War II while trying to capture the French town of Saint - Lô . He is known as `` The Major of St. Lo '' . John Henry Logan ( 1822 -- 1885 ) , born in Abbeville , editor of Abbeville Banner newspaper , physician , served as a surgeon in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War , professor at Atlanta Medical College , and editor of the Atlanta Medical Journal Samuel McGowan ( general ) ( 1819 - 1897 ) , born in Laurens County , SC ; Confederate General wounded four times . Post-war leader against `` carpetbagger '' rule ; South Carolina Supreme Court associate justice . Benjamin Glover Shields ( 1808 -- 1850 ) , born in Abbeville , United States Congressman from Alabama , diplomat to Venezuela William Washington Vance ( 1849 - 1900 ) , Louisiana state senator and gubernatorial private secretary ; born in Cokesbury , studied law privately in Abbeville in the 1870s Geography ( edit ) Abbeville is located at 34 ° 10 ′ 42.7584 '' N 82 ° 22 ′ 39.6732 '' W / 34.178544000 ° N 82.377687000 ° W / 34.178544000 ; - 82.377687000 , and is within the Piedmont Upland geographical region . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 6.1 square miles ( 15.9 km ) , of which 0.012 square miles ( 0.03 km ) , or 0.19 % , is water . Nearby is the Sumter National Forest . Climate ( edit ) Abbeville has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ) . Winters are cool , sometimes cold , and short in duration . Summers are hot and humid . The transitional seasons of spring and fall can vary in temperature but tend to be warm . In the summer highs usually peak in the mid 90s , but temperatures over 100 ° F ( 37.8 ° C ) occur on occasion , most recently in the summer of 2012 during a heat wave . That year , the all - time record high of 109 ° F ( 42.8 ° C ) was recorded on July 1 . In the winter highs are in the low to mid 50s and lows are right around freezing , seldom dropping below 25 ° F ( − 3.9 ° C ) . Precipitation is well distributed throughout the year . Afternoon thunderstorms are a common occurrence in the summer months and can bring heavy winds and lightning . Snow is rare , falling every few years . On March 31 , 1973 , an F4 tornado struck Abbeville and killed 7 people , making it the deadliest single tornado in 1973 . The area was struck by two tornadoes on April 10 , 2009 . No fatalities were recorded , but the majority of the city lost power and many buildings sustained significant damage . hide Climate data for Abbeville , SC Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 82 ( 28 ) 80 ( 27 ) 89 ( 32 ) 92 ( 33 ) 97 ( 36 ) 105 ( 41 ) 109 ( 43 ) 107 ( 42 ) 104 ( 40 ) 100 ( 38 ) 89 ( 32 ) 78 ( 26 ) 109 ( 43 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 53 ( 12 ) 58 ( 14 ) 66 ( 19 ) 74 ( 23 ) 82 ( 28 ) 88 ( 31 ) 91 ( 33 ) 90 ( 32 ) 84 ( 29 ) 74 ( 23 ) 65 ( 18 ) 55 ( 13 ) 73 ( 23 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 31 ( − 1 ) 34 ( 1 ) 40 ( 4 ) 48 ( 9 ) 57 ( 14 ) 66 ( 19 ) 70 ( 21 ) 69 ( 21 ) 62 ( 17 ) 50 ( 10 ) 41 ( 5 ) 33 ( 1 ) 50 ( 10 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 2 ( − 19 ) ( − 17 ) ( − 16 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 32 ( 0 ) 41 ( 5 ) 53 ( 12 ) 50 ( 10 ) 35 ( 2 ) 25 ( − 4 ) 13 ( − 11 ) ( − 17 ) − 2 ( − 19 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 4.16 ( 105.7 ) 4.60 ( 116.8 ) 4.68 ( 118.9 ) 2.85 ( 72.4 ) 3.40 ( 86.4 ) 3.45 ( 87.6 ) 4.01 ( 101.9 ) 3.68 ( 93.5 ) 3.11 ( 79 ) 3.45 ( 87.6 ) 3.62 ( 91.9 ) 3.76 ( 95.5 ) 44.77 ( 1,137.2 ) Source : Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1850 1,251 -- 1860 592 − 52.7 % 1880 1,543 -- 1890 1,696 9.9 % 1900 3,766 122.1 % 1910 4,459 18.4 % 1920 4,570 2.5 % 1930 4,414 − 3.4 % 1940 4,930 11.7 % 1950 5,395 9.4 % 1960 5,436 0.8 % 1970 5,515 1.5 % 1980 5,833 5.8 % 5,778 − 0.9 % 2000 5,840 1.1 % 5,237 − 10.3 % Est. 2016 5,168 − 1.3 % U.S. Decennial Census 2000 ( edit ) As of the census of 2000 , there were 5,840 people , 2,396 households , and 1,574 families residing in the city . The population density was 995.2 people per square mile ( 384.1 / km2 ) . There were 2,654 housing units at an average density of 452.3 per square mile ( 174.6 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 50.46 % White , 48.48 % African American , 0.12 % Native American , 0.26 % Asian , 0.02 % Pacific Islander , 0.19 % from other races , and 0.48 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.75 % of the population . There were 2,396 households out of which 30.7 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 37.1 % were married couples living together , 23.9 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 34.3 % were non-families. 30.6 % of all households were made up of individuals and 13.9 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.97 . In the city , the population was spread out with 27.2 % under the age of 18 , 8.8 % from 18 to 24 , 25.9 % from 25 to 44 , 21.2 % from 45 to 64 , and 16.8 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 36 years . For every 100 females , there were 80.4 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 73.9 males . The median income for a household in the city was $25,756 , and the median income for a family was $30,040 . Males had a median income of $28,339 versus $21,824 for females . The per capita income for the city was $13,274 . About 16.3 % of families and 19.8 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 29.2 % of those under age 18 and 20.9 % of those age 65 or over . Abbeville is the center of a small urban cluster with a total population of 6,038 ( 2000 census ) . As of the 2010 census the population of Abbeville was 5,237 . The racial composition of the city was 46.9 % White , 50.5 % Black or African American , 0.9 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) , 0.4 % Asian , 0.2 % Native American , 0.4 % of other races , and 1.5 % of Two or more races . Economy ( edit ) Agriculture and forestry are important industries in the area . Crops that are grown in quantities are cotton , soybeans , corn , oats , wheat , and peaches . Livestock , dairy cows , and poultry are also raised in the area . Finally textiles are the chief manufactured product , in particular , clothing . After the North American Free Trade Agreement clothing is no longer made in Abbeville . Also represented are plastic and metal products . See also ( edit ) Warrenton Presbyterian Church ( Abbeville , South Carolina ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Anon 2014 Jump up ^ Anon 2015 ^ Jump up to : Johnston 1997 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Anon 2014a ^ Jump up to : Hoiberg 2010 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Gannett 1905 , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Ragsdale , Jacob & Nystrom 1989 , p. 729 ^ Jump up to : Cohen 1998 , p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Canby 1984 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Anon 2003 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Anon 2011a Jump up ^ The Historic American Buildings Survey & Historic American Engineering Record 1995 , p. 899 Jump up ^ Anon 2015a Jump up ^ Galgoul , Wilson & Konya 1967 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Galgoul , Wilson & Konya 1967 , p. 192 Jump up ^ Ragsdale , Jacob & Nystrom 1989 , p. 831 Jump up ^ Galgoul , Wilson & Konya 1967 , p. 389 Jump up ^ Galgoul , Wilson & Konya 1967 , p. 552 Jump up ^ Ragsdale , Jacob & Nystrom 1989 , p. 1805 Jump up ^ Anon 1900 Jump up ^ Anon 2015b Jump up ^ Anon 2012 ^ Jump up to : Lietz 2015 Jump up ^ Anon 2009 Jump up ^ Anon 2014b Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 12 . References ( edit ) Anon ( 2015 ) . `` Feature Detail Report for : Abbeville '' . Geographic Names Information System ( GNIS ) . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Anon ( October 21 , 2015a ) . `` Prysmian Unveils Nation 's First Extra-high Voltage Cable Plant , State 's Tallest Building in Abbeville '' . GSA Business . SC Biz News . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Anon ( March 24 , 2015b ) . `` National Places Gazetteer Files ( 2014 ) '' ( Text ) . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Anon ( 2014 ) . `` Abbeville City , South Carolina '' . American FactFinder . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Anon ( 2014a ) . `` Find a County : Abbeville County , SC '' . National Association of Counties . Washington , DC : National Association of Counties . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Anon ( 2014b ) . `` Average Weather for Abbeville , SC -- Temperature and Precipitation '' . Weather.com . Anon ( 2012 ) . `` Record Temperature '' . National Weather Service . Anon ( 2011a ) . `` Listed Properties as of October 1 , 2011 '' ( XLS ) . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Anon ( 2014 ) . `` Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin : 2010 : Abbeville City , South Carolina '' . American FactFinder . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Anon ( April 13 , 2009 ) . `` Abbeville , SC Hit Hard by Friday Night 's Storms '' . WJBF . Augusta , GA : Media General Communications Holdings . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Anon ( December 10 , 2003 ) . `` Tragedy in Abbeville '' . The Index - Journal . Greenwood , SC . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Anon ( February 17 , 1900 ) . `` William Washington Vance '' . The Daily Advocate . Baton Rouge , LA . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2015 . Canby , Courtlandt , ed. ( 1984 ) . `` Abbeville '' . Encyclopedia of Historic Places . I : A-L . New York , NY : Facts on File Publications . ISBN 0 - 87196 - 397 - 3 . LCCN 80025121 . Cohen , Saul B. , ed. ( 1998 ) . `` Abbeville '' . The Columbia Gazetteer of the World . 1 : A to G. New York , NY : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 11040 - 5 . LCCN 98071262 . Galgoul , Barbara Wardell ; Wilson , Juanita ; Konya , Rose , eds. ( 1967 ) . Who Was Who in America : Historic Volume 1607 - 1896 ( Revised ed . ) . Chicago , IL : A.N. Marquis Company . LCCN 43003789 . Gannett , Henry ( 1905 ) . The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States ( PDF ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office . LCCN 05000751 . Hoiberg , Dale H. , ed. ( 2010 ) . `` Abbeville '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 : A-ak Bayes ( 15th ed . ) . Chicago , IL : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5933 - 9837 - 8 . LCCN 2008934270 . Johnston , Bernard , ed. ( 1997 ) . `` Abbeville '' . Collier 's Encyclopedia . I : A to Ameland ( 1st ed . ) . New York , NY : P.F. Collier . LCCN 96084127 . Lietz , Joshua ( 2015 ) . `` Tornadoes in Abbeville County , South Carolina '' . Tornado History Project . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Ragsdale , Bruce A. ; Jacob , Kathryn Allamong ; Nystrom , Duane , eds. ( 1989 ) . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress : 1774 - 1989 ( Bicentennial ed . ) . Washington , DC : United States Government Printing Office . LCCN 88600335 . The Historic American Buildings Survey ; Historic American Engineering Record ( 1995 ) . America Preserved : A Checklist of Historic Buildings , Structures , and Sites . Washington , DC : Library of Congress , Cataloging Distribution Service . ISBN 0 - 16 - 045255 - 4 . LCCN 94019453 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of a 1921 Collier 's Encyclopedia article about Abbeville . City of Abbeville official website Abbeville Opera House Abbeville history and images Municipalities and communities of Abbeville County , South Carolina , United States County seat : Abbeville City Abbeville Towns Calhoun Falls Donalds Due West Honea Path ‡ Lowndesville Ware Shoals ‡ CDPs Antreville Lake Secession Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties State of South Carolina Columbia ( capital ) Regions Atlantic Coastal Plain Blue Ridge Mountains Grand Strand High Hills of Santee Lake Murray Country Lowcountry Metrolina Midlands Ninety - Six District Olde English District Pee Dee Piedmont Sandhills Sea Islands Upstate Seal of South Carolina Larger cities Charleston Columbia Greenville North Charleston Rock Hill Spartanburg Smaller cities Aiken Anderson Beaufort Bennettsville Camden Cayce Conway Easley Florence Forest Acres Gaffney Georgetown Greenwood Greer Goose Creek Hilton Head Island Isle of Palms Laurens Lexington Mauldin Myrtle Beach North Augusta North Myrtle Beach Orangeburg Simpsonville Summerville Sumter Union Walterboro West Columbia York Towns Abbeville Barnwell Batesburg - Leesville Bluffton Clemson Darlington Dillon Edgefield Fort Mill Fountain Inn Great Falls Hardeeville Irmo Jefferson Kingstree Liberty Marion McCormick Moncks Corner Mount Pleasant Newberry Pageland Pendleton Pickens Seneca Sullivan 's Island Travelers Rest Walhalla Westminster Williamston CDPs Berea Carolina Forest Dentsville Gantt Garden City Ladson Parker Red Hill Saint Andrews Seven Oaks Socastee Taylors Wade Hampton Counties Abbeville Aiken Allendale Anderson Bamberg Barnwell Beaufort Berkeley Calhoun Charleston Cherokee Chester Chesterfield Clarendon Colleton Darlington Dillon Dorchester Edgefield Fairfield Florence Georgetown Greenville Greenwood Hampton Horry Jasper Kershaw Lancaster Laurens Lee Lexington Marion Marlboro McCormick Newberry Oconee Orangeburg Pickens Richland Saluda Spartanburg Sumter Union Williamsburg York Topics Airports Amusement parks Census areas Colleges and universities Congressional districts Famous people Governors Highways Historic places History Legislature Media Newspapers Radio TV Rivers Shopping malls Sports venues State House State parks Tourist attractions Wildlife refuges Society Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports LCCN : n79128949 NARA : 10041708 VIAF : 151261804 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abbeville,_South_Carolina&oldid=853808302 '' Categories : Cities in South Carolina French - American culture in South Carolina Huguenot history in the United States Cities in Abbeville County , South Carolina County seats in South Carolina Populated places established in 1764 1764 establishments in South Carolina Hidden categories : Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from May 2015 Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Malagasy Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Volapük Winaray 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 02 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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Big Bad Wolf (In This Moment song)
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Big Bad Wolf ( In This Moment song ) - Wikipedia Big Bad Wolf ( In This Moment song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Big Bad Wolf '' Single by In This Moment from the album Black Widow Released October 21 , 2014 Format Digital Download , CD Single Genre Nu metal Length 5 : 12 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) In This Moment In This Moment singles chronology `` Sick Like Me '' ( 2014 ) `` Big Bad Wolf '' ( 2014 ) `` Sex Metal Barbie '' ( 2015 ) `` Sick Like Me '' ( 2014 ) `` Big Bad Wolf '' ( 2014 ) `` Sex Metal Barbie '' ( 2015 ) Music video `` Big Bad Wolf '' on YouTube `` Big Bad Wolf '' is a song by American band In This Moment . It is the second single taken from the band 's fifth album Black Widow . Contents ( hide ) 1 About the song 2 Track list 3 Personnel 4 References About the song ( edit ) The song was initially leaked online on October 12 , 2014 and released digitally as a instant preorder track on October 21 , 2014 . The song appeared as a B - side on the physical Sick Like Me single . The music video was directed by Robert Kley and Maria Brink and premiered on their YouTube channel on November 20 , 2014 . Brink says of the video , `` It is one of my favorite videos we 've ever done , and it is super . It 's just raw and gritty and almost nasty , but it 's very different and I 'm very excited for people to see it . It 's very creaturous ; I think I have creature parts to myself , but my blood girls are wearing these , like , big werewolf masks that ... You 've just got to see it . If I try to describe it , it almost can sound campy , but when you see it it 's not . It 's almost like a twisted horror story , but in this cool , artistic way . '' The song is about the struggles between the light and the dark that is represented by the `` wolf '' and the `` piggy '' within Brink . She says , `` It 's the internal struggle of those two animals in me , but I realize both are very necessary for all of us . I need to embrace that fire , be wild and primal . That 's important too . '' The song was released as the album 's second radio single in September 2015 . Track list ( edit ) All lyrics written by Maria Brink ; all music composed by In This Moment , Kevin Churko . `` Sick Like Me '' CD Single No . Title Length 1 . `` Sick Like Me '' 5 : 00 2 . `` Big Bad Wolf '' 5 : 10 Total length : 10 : 10 Personnel ( edit ) Maria Brink -- lead vocals , piano Chris Howorth -- lead guitar , backing vocals , Randy Weitzel -- rhythm guitar Travis Johnson - bass guitar Tom Hane -- drums , percussions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hearing Aide : In This Moment ' Black Widow ' '' . November 19 , 2014 . The next track `` Big Bad Wolf '' is great track . It has a heavy , Nu Metal sound to it . Jump up ^ `` IN THIS MOMENT : ' Big Bad Wolf ' Video Released '' . Blabbermouth . Blabbermouth.net . November 28 , 2014 . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maria Brink Talks In This Moment 's New Video `` Big Bad Wolf '' date = December 2 , 2014 `` . 101 Wrif. 101 Wrif . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2014 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Black Widow Press Release '' . Google Play . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . ( hide ) In This Moment Maria Brink Chris Howorth Randy Weitzel Travis Johnson Kent Diimmel Jesse Landry Jeff Fabb Josh Newell Pascual Romero Kyle Konkiel Blake Bunzel Tom Hane Studio albums Beautiful Tragedy The Dream A Star - Crossed Wasteland Blood Black Widow Ritual Live albums Blood at the Orpheum Compilation albums Rise of the Blood Legion - Greatest Hits ( Chapter 1 ) Singles `` Prayers '' `` Call Me '' `` The Gun Show '' `` The Promise '' `` Blood '' `` Adrenalize '' `` Whore '' `` Sick Like Me '' `` Big Bad Wolf '' `` Sex Metal Barbie '' `` Oh Lord '' Related articles Discography Century Media Atlantic Records Invidia This 2010s rock song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Bad_Wolf_(In_This_Moment_song)&oldid=791377840 '' Categories : 2014 singles In This Moment songs 2014 songs Atlantic Records singles Songs written by Kevin Churko 2010s rock song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 July 2017 , at 21 : 31 . About Wikipedia
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in this moment big bad wolf music video
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Antihemorrhagic
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Antihemorrhagic - wikipedia Antihemorrhagic Jump to : navigation , search An antihemorrhagic ( antihæmorrhagic ) agent is a substance that promotes hemostasis ( stops bleeding ) . It may also be known as a hemostatic ( also spelled hæmostatic ) agent . A styptic ( also spelled stiptic ) is a specific type of antihemorrhagic agent that works by contracting tissue to seal injured blood vessels . Styptic pencils contain astringents . Antihemorrhagic agents used in medicine have various mechanisms of action : Systemic drugs work by inhibiting fibrinolysis or promoting coagulation . Locally - acting hemostatic agents work by causing vasoconstriction or promoting platelet aggregation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical uses 2 Types 2.1 Systemic 2.2 Local 2.3 Organic 2.3. 1 Microfibrillar collagen 2.3. 2 Chitosan 2.4 Inorganic 2.4. 1 Styptics 3 See also 4 References Medical uses ( edit ) Hemostatic agents are used during surgical procedures to achieve hemostasis and are categorized as hemostats , sealants and adhesives . They vary based on their mechanism of action , composition , ease of application , adherence to tissue , immunogenicity and cost . These agents permit rapid hemostasis , better visualization of the surgical area , shorter operative times , decreased requirement for transfusions , decreased wound healing time and overall improvement in patient recovery time . Types ( edit ) Systemic ( edit ) There are several classes of antihemorrhagic drugs used in medicine . These include antifibrinolytics , blood coagulation factors , fibrinogen , and vitamin K . Local ( edit ) Topical hemostatic agents have been gaining popularity for use in emergency bleeding control , especially in military medicine . They are available in two forms -- as a granular powder poured on wounds , or embedded in a dressing . Organic ( edit ) Microfibrillar collagen ( edit ) Microfibrillar collagen hemostat ( MCH ) is a topical agent composed of resorbable microfibrillar collagen . It attracts platelets and allows for the formation of a blood clot when it comes into contact with blood . Unlike the hemostatic clamp , no mechanical action is involved . The surgeon presses the MCH against a bleeding site , and the collagen attracts and helps with the clotting process to eventually stop bleeding . The practical application for MCH is different from that of the hemostatic clamp . Chitosan ( edit ) Chitosan hemostats are topical agents composed of chitosan and its salts . Chitosan bonds with platelets and red blood cells to form a gel - like clot which seals a bleeding vessel . Unlike other hemostat technologies its action does not require the normal hemostatic pathway and therefore continues to function even when anticoagulants like heparin are present . Chitosan is used in some emergency hemostats which are designed to stop traumatic life - threatening bleeding . Their use is well established in many military and trauma units . Inorganic ( edit ) Kaolin and zeolite activate the coagulation cascade , and have been used as the active component of hemostatic dressings ( for example , in QuikClot ) . Styptics ( edit ) Styptic pencil Alum block and razor Styptics cause hemostasis by contracting blood vessels . A common delivery system for this is a styptic or hemostatic pencil ( not to be confused with a caustic pencil ) . This is a short stick of medication . Anhydrous aluminium sulfate is the main ingredient and acts as a vasoconstrictor in order to disable blood flow . The stick is applied directly to the bleeding site . The high ionic strength promotes flocculation of the blood , and the astringent chemical causes local vasoconstriction . Before safety razors were invented , it was a standard part of a shaving kit and was used to seal shaving cuts . Some people continue to use styptic pencils for minor skin wounds from safety or electric razors . Styptic powder is used in the veterinary trade to stop bleeding from nails that are clipped too closely . This powder is generally used on animals , such as birds , cats , dogs , and rabbits , whose vein is found in the center of the nail . See also ( edit ) ATC code B02 -- Antihemorrhagics Hemostatic clamp References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` antihemorrhagic '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ `` hemostat '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ `` astringent '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ Vyas , Krishna S ; Saha , Sibu P ( 22 October 2013 ) . `` Comparison of hemostatic agents used in vascular surgery '' . Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy . 13 ( 12 ) : 1663 -- 1672 . doi : 10.1517 / 14712598.2013. 848193 . PMC 4390172 . PMID 24144261 . Jump up ^ Pharmacology ReCap 2.0 for Bachelor of Dentistry Students . Quick Review of Pharmacology . Jump up ^ `` When to use hemostatic agents in EMS '' . EMS1 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sundaram , Chandru P. ; Keenan , Alison C. ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Evolution of hemostatic agents in surgical practice '' . Indian Journal of Urology : IJU : Journal of the Urological Society of India . 26 ( 3 ) : 374 -- 378 . doi : 10.4103 / 0970 - 1591.70574 . ISSN 0970 - 1591 . PMC 2978438 . PMID 21116358 . Jump up ^ Dong , Shaosheng ( Nov 6 , 2014 ) , Film forming personal care compositions and methods , retrieved 2016 - 03 - 14 Jump up ^ Millner , Russell ; Lockhart , Alan S ; Marr , Rebecca ( 2010 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Chitosan arrests bleeding in major hepatic injuries with clotting dysfunction : an in vivo experimental study in a model of hepatic injury in the presence of moderate systemic heparinisation '' . Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England . 92 ( 7 ) : 559 -- 561 . doi : 10.1308 / 003588410X12699663903593 . ISSN 0035 - 8843 . PMC 3229344 . PMID 20522310 . Jump up ^ `` Military Experts Say Newer Hemostatic Dressings Beat Gauze / / ACEP '' . www.acep.org . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` HOW QUIKCLOT BRAND PRODUCTS WORK TO STOP BLEEDING '' ( PDF ) . Z - Medica Corporation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Styptic Pencil what is it , how to use at Executive Shaving '' . Executive-shaving.co.uk. 2015 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` pet first aid '' . www.vet.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 14 . Look up styptic in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Antihemorrhagics ( B02 ) Antihemorrhagics ( coagulation ) Systemic Vitamin K Phytomenadione ( K ) Menadione ( K ) Coagulation factors intrinsic : IX / Nonacog alfa VIII / Moroctocog alfa / Turoctocog alfa extrinsic : VII / Eptacog alfa common : X II / Thrombin I / Fibrinogen XIII / Catridecacog combinations : Prothrombin complex concentrate ( II , VII , IX , X , protein C and S ) Other systemic Etamsylate Carbazochrome Batroxobin thrombopoietin receptor agonist ( Romiplostim Avatrombopag Eltrombopag Lusutrombopag ) Local Absorbable gelatin sponge Oxidized cellulose Tetragalacturonic acid hydroxymethylester Thrombin Collagen Calcium alginate Epinephrine / Adrenalone Antifibrinolytics amino acids ( Aminocaproic acid Tranexamic acid Aminomethylbenzoic acid ) serpins ( Aprotinin Alfa1 antitrypsin C1 - inhibitor Camostat ) Pharmacology : major drug groups Gastrointestinal tract / metabolism ( A ) stomach acid Antacids H antagonists Proton pump inhibitors Antiemetics Laxatives Antidiarrhoeals / Antipropulsives Anti-obesity drugs Anti-diabetics Vitamins Dietary minerals Blood and blood forming organs ( B ) Antithrombotics Antiplatelets Anticoagulants Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics Antihemorrhagics Platelets Coagulants Antifibrinolytics Cardiovascular system ( C ) cardiac therapy / antianginals Cardiac glycosides Antiarrhythmics Cardiac stimulants Antihypertensives Diuretics Vasodilators Beta blockers Calcium channel blockers renin -- angiotensin system ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor antagonists Renin inhibitors Antihyperlipidemics Statins Fibrates Bile acid sequestrants Skin ( D ) Emollients Cicatrizants Antipruritics Antipsoriatics Medicated dressings Genitourinary system ( G ) Hormonal contraception Fertility agents SERMs Sex hormones Endocrine system ( H ) Hypothalamic -- pituitary hormones Corticosteroids Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Sex hormones Thyroid hormones / Antithyroid agents Infections and infestations ( J , P , QI ) Antimicrobials : Antibacterials ( Antimycobacterials ) Antifungals Antivirals Antiparasitics Antiprotozoals Anthelmintics Ectoparasiticides IVIG Vaccines Malignant disease ( L01 -- L02 ) Anticancer agents Antimetabolites Alkylating Spindle poisons Antineoplastic Topoisomerase inhibitors Immune disease ( L03 -- L04 ) Immunomodulators Immunostimulants Immunosuppressants Muscles , bones , and joints ( M ) Anabolic steroids Anti-inflammatories NSAIDs Antirheumatics Corticosteroids Muscle relaxants Bisphosphonates Brain and nervous system ( N ) Analgesics Anesthetics General Local Anorectics Anti-ADHD agents Antiaddictives Anticonvulsants Antidementia agents Antidepressants Antimigraine agents Antiparkinson agents Antipsychotics Anxiolytics Depressants Entactogens Entheogens Euphoriants Hallucinogens Psychedelics Dissociatives Deliriants Hypnotics / Sedatives Mood Stabilizers Neuroprotectives Nootropics Neurotoxins Orexigenics Serenics Stimulants Wakefulness - promoting agents Respiratory system ( R ) Decongestants Bronchodilators Cough medicines H antagonists Sensory organs ( S ) Ophthalmologicals Otologicals Other ATC ( V ) Antidotes Contrast media Radiopharmaceuticals Dressings Senotherapeutics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antihemorrhagic&oldid=843406425 '' Categories : Antihemorrhagics Shaving Transfusion medicine Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 23 : 25 . 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Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
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Prime Minister of the United Kingdom - Wikipedia Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search For a list of prime ministers , see List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom . Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Royal Arms used by Her Majesty 's Government Incumbent Theresa May since 13 July 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 13 ) Government of the United Kingdom Office of the Prime Minister Style Prime Minister ( informal ) The Right Honourable ( within the UK and the Commonwealth ) His / Her Excellency ( in international correspondence Member of Cabinet Privy Council European Council British -- Irish Council Reports to Parliament Residence 10 Downing Street Chequers Seat Westminster Appointer Monarch of the United Kingdom Term length At Her Majesty 's pleasure Inaugural holder Sir Robert Walpole as First Lord of the Treasury and de facto first Prime Minister . Formation 4 April 1721 Salary £ 143,462 annual , including £ 74,962 MP 's salary Website Official website The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of Her Majesty 's Government in the United Kingdom . The Prime Minister ( sometimes informally abbreviated to PM ) and Cabinet ( consisting of all the most senior ministers , most of whom are government department heads ) are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch , to Parliament , to their political party and ultimately to the electorate . The office is one of the Great Offices of State . The current holder of the office , Theresa May , leader of the Conservative Party , was appointed by the Queen on 13 July 2016 . The office is not established by any statute or constitutional document but exists only by long - established convention , which stipulates that the monarch must appoint as Prime Minister the person most likely to command the confidence of the House of Commons ; this individual is typically the leader of the political party or coalition of parties that holds the largest number of seats in that chamber . The position of Prime Minister was not created ; it evolved slowly and erratically over three hundred years due to numerous acts of Parliament , political developments , and accidents of history . The office is therefore best understood from a historical perspective . The origins of the position are found in constitutional changes that occurred during the Revolutionary Settlement ( 1688 -- 1720 ) and the resulting shift of political power from the Sovereign to Parliament . Although the Sovereign was not stripped of the ancient prerogative powers and legally remained the head of government , politically it gradually became necessary for him or her to govern through a Prime Minister who could command a majority in Parliament . By the 1830s the Westminster system of government ( or cabinet government ) had emerged ; the Prime Minister had become primus inter pares or the first among equals in the Cabinet and the head of government in the United Kingdom . The political position of Prime Minister was enhanced by the development of modern political parties , the introduction of mass communication ( inexpensive newspapers , radio , television and the internet ) , and photography . By the start of the 20th century the modern premiership had emerged ; the office had become the pre-eminent position in the constitutional hierarchy vis - à - vis the Sovereign , Parliament and Cabinet . Prior to 1902 , the Prime Minister sometimes came from the House of Lords , provided that his government could form a majority in the Commons . However as the power of the aristocracy waned during the 19th century the convention developed that the Prime Minister should always sit in the lower house . As leader of the House of Commons , the Prime Minister 's authority was further enhanced by the Parliament Act of 1911 which marginalised the influence of the House of Lords in the law - making process . The Prime Minister is ex officio also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service . Certain privileges , such as residency of 10 Downing Street , are accorded to Prime Ministers by virtue of their position as First Lord of the Treasury . Contents ( hide ) 1 Authority 2 Constitutional background 3 Foundations 3.1 Revolutionary settlement 3.2 Treasury Bench 3.3 Standing Order 66 3.4 Beginnings of the Prime Minister 's party leadership 3.5 Cabinet 3.6 `` One Party Government '' 3.7 Treasury Commission 4 Early Prime Ministers 4.1 `` First '' Prime Minister 4.2 Ambivalence and denial 5 `` First among equals '' 5.1 Emergence of Cabinet government 5.2 Loyal Opposition 5.3 Great Reform Act and the Premiership 5.4 Populist Prime Ministers 6 Modern premiership 6.1 Parliament Act and the premiership 6.2 `` Presidential '' Premiership 6.3 Powers and constraints 7 Precedence , privileges and form of address 8 Living former Prime Ministers 9 Lists and groupings 10 Notes 11 References 12 Works cited 13 External links Authority ( edit ) The Prime Minister is the head of Her Majesty 's Government in the United Kingdom . As the `` Head of Her Majesty 's Government '' the modern Prime Minister leads the Cabinet ( the Executive ) . In addition the Prime Minister leads a major political party and generally commands a majority in the House of Commons ( the lower house of the legislature ) . As such the incumbent wields both legislative and executive powers . Under the British system there is a unity of powers rather than separation . In the House of Commons , the Prime Minister guides the law - making process with the goal of enacting the legislative agenda of their political party . In an executive capacity the Prime Minister appoints ( and may dismiss ) all other cabinet members and ministers , and co-ordinates the policies and activities of all government departments , and the staff of the Civil Service . The Prime Minister also acts as the public `` face '' and `` voice '' of Her Majesty 's Government , both at home and abroad . Solely upon the advice of the Prime Minister , the Sovereign exercises many statutory and prerogative powers , including high judicial , political , official and Church of England ecclesiastical appointments ; the conferral of peerages and some knighthoods , decorations and other honours . Constitutional background ( edit ) Main article : Constitution of the United Kingdom United Kingdom This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the United Kingdom Constitution ( show ) Constitution Cabinet Manual Erskine May Taxation The Crown ( show ) British Monarchy Monarch Queen Elizabeth II Heir apparent The Prince of Wales Royal family Succession to the British throne Royal prerogative Executive ( show ) HM Government Prime Minister Theresa May Cabinet Current ministry Her Majesty 's Civil Service Departments Executive agencies Public bodies Privy Council Crown - in - Council Queen Elizabeth II Legislature ( show ) Parliament ( 56th Parliament ) Crown - in - Parliament Queen Elizabeth II House of Lords Lord Speaker The Lord Fowler House of Commons Speaker John Bercow Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition Shadow Cabinet State Opening of Parliament Prime Minister 's Questions Act of Parliament Statutory Instruments Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court President The Baroness Hale of Richmond Deputy President The Lord Mance Judges of the Supreme Court Courts of the United Kingdom Courts of England and Wales Courts of Scotland Courts of Northern Ireland Devolution ( show ) Joint Ministerial Committee Scotland Government Parliament Wales Government National Assembly Reserved matters Northern Ireland Executive Assembly Administrative geography ( show ) England Subdivisions of England Local government in England Scotland Subdivisions of Scotland Local government in Scotland Wales Local government in Wales Northern Ireland Local government in Northern Ireland Elections ( show ) Parliament constituencies Political parties Last election Next election Referendums Foreign relations ( show ) History Foreign policy UK and the United Nations Politics of the European Union Commonwealth of Nations United Kingdom portal Other countries Atlas The British system of government is based on an uncodified constitution , meaning that it is not set out in any single document . The British constitution consists of many documents and , most importantly for the evolution of the office of Prime Minister , it is based on customs known as constitutional conventions that became accepted practice . In 1928 , Prime Minister H.H. Asquith described this characteristic of the British constitution in his memoirs : In this country we live ... under an unwritten Constitution . It is true that we have on the Statute - book great instruments like Magna Carta , the Petition of Right , and the Bill of Rights which define and secure many of our rights and privileges ; but the great bulk of our constitutional liberties and ... our constitutional practices do not derive their validity and sanction from any Bill which has received the formal assent of the King , Lords and Commons . They rest on usage , custom , convention , often of slow growth in their early stages , not always uniform , but which in the course of time received universal observance and respect . The relationships between the Prime Minister and the Sovereign , Parliament and Cabinet are defined largely by these unwritten conventions of the constitution . Many of the Prime Minister 's executive and legislative powers are actually royal prerogatives which are still formally vested in the Sovereign , who remains the head of state . Despite its growing dominance in the constitutional hierarchy , the Premiership was given little formal recognition until the 20th century ; the legal fiction was maintained that the Sovereign still governed directly . The position was first mentioned in statute only in 1917 , in the schedule of the Chequers Estate Act . Increasingly during the 20th century , the office and role of Prime Minister featured in statute law and official documents ; however , the Prime Minister 's powers and relationships with other institutions still largely continue to derive from ancient royal prerogatives and historic and modern constitutional conventions . Prime Ministers continue to hold the position of First Lord of the Treasury and , since November 1968 , that of Minister for the Civil Service , the latter giving them authority over the civil service . Under this arrangement , Britain might appear to have two executives : the Prime Minister and the Sovereign . The concept of `` the Crown '' resolves this paradox . The Crown symbolises the state 's authority to govern : to make laws and execute them , impose taxes and collect them , declare war and make peace . Before the `` Glorious Revolution '' of 1688 , the Sovereign exclusively wielded the powers of the Crown ; afterwards , Parliament gradually forced monarchs to assume a neutral political position . Parliament has effectively dispersed the powers of the Crown , entrusting its authority to responsible ministers ( the Prime Minister and Cabinet ) , accountable for their policies and actions to Parliament , in particular the elected House of Commons . Although many of the Sovereign 's prerogative powers are still legally intact , constitutional conventions have removed the monarch from day - to - day governance , with ministers exercising the royal prerogatives , leaving the monarch in practice with three constitutional rights : to be kept informed , to advise , and to warn . Foundations ( edit ) Revolutionary Settlement ( edit ) See also : Glorious Revolution Because the Premiership was not intentionally created , there is no exact date when its evolution began . A meaningful starting point , however , is 1688 -- 9 when James II fled England and the Parliament of England confirmed William and Mary as joint constitutional monarchs , enacting legislation that limited their authority and that of their successors : the Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) , the Mutiny Bill ( 1689 ) , the Triennial Bill ( 1694 ) , the Treason Act ( 1696 ) and the Act of Settlement ( 1701 ) . Known collectively as the Revolutionary Settlement , these acts transformed the constitution , shifting the balance of power from the Sovereign to Parliament . They also provided the basis for the evolution of the office of Prime Minister , which did not exist at that time . Treasury Bench ( edit ) Late in the 17th century Treasury Ministers began to attend the Commons regularly . They were given a reserved place , called the Treasury Bench , to the Speaker 's right where the Prime Minister and senior Cabinet members sit today . The Revolutionary Settlement gave the Commons control over finances and legislation and changed the relationship between the Executive and the Legislature . For want of money , Sovereigns had to summon Parliament annually and could no longer dissolve or prorogue it without its advice and consent . Parliament became a permanent feature of political life . The veto fell into disuse because Sovereigns feared that if they denied legislation , Parliament would deny them money . No Sovereign has denied royal assent since Queen Anne vetoed the Scottish Militia Bill in 1708 . Treasury officials and other department heads were drawn into Parliament serving as liaisons between it and the Sovereign . Ministers had to present the government 's policies , and negotiate with Members to gain the support of the majority ; they had to explain the government 's financial needs , suggest ways of meeting them and give an account of how money had been spent . The Sovereign 's representatives attended Commons sessions so regularly that they were given reserved seats at the front , known as the Treasury Bench . This is the beginning of `` unity of powers '' : the Sovereign 's Ministers ( the Executive ) became leading members of Parliament ( the Legislature ) . Today the Prime Minister ( First Lord of the Treasury ) , the Chancellor of the Exchequer ( responsible for The Budget ) and other senior members of the Cabinet sit on the Treasury bench and present policies in much the same way Ministers did late in the 17th century . Standing Order 66 ( edit ) After the Revolution , there was a constant threat that non-government members of Parliament would ruin the country 's finances by proposing ill - considered money bills . Vying for control to avoid chaos , the Crown 's Ministers gained an advantage in 1706 , when the Commons informally declared , `` That this House will receive no petition for any sum of money relating to public Service , but what is recommended from the Crown . '' On 11 June 1713 , this non-binding rule became Standing Order 66 : that `` the Commons would not vote money for any purpose , except on a motion of a Minister of the Crown . '' Standing Order 66 remains in effect today ( though renumbered as no . 48 ) , essentially unchanged for three hundred years . Empowering Ministers with sole financial initiative had an immediate and lasting impact . Apart from achieving its intended purpose -- to stabilise the budgetary process -- it gave the Crown a leadership role in the Commons ; and , the Lord Treasurer assumed a leading position among Ministers . The power of financial initiative was not , however , absolute . Only Ministers might initiate money bills , but Parliament now reviewed and consented to them . Standing Order 66 therefore represents the beginnings of Ministerial responsibility and accountability . The term `` Prime Minister '' appears at this time as an unofficial title for the leader of the government , usually the head of the Treasury . Jonathan Swift , for example , wrote in 1713 about `` those who are now commonly called Prime Minister among us '' , referring to Sidney Godolphin , 1st Earl of Godolphin and Robert Harley , Queen Anne 's Lord Treasurers and chief ministers . Since 1721 , every head of the Sovereign 's government -- with one exception in the 18th century ( William Pitt the Elder ) and one in the 19th ( Lord Salisbury ) -- has been First Lord of the Treasury . Beginnings of the Prime Minister 's party leadership ( edit ) Political parties first appeared during the Exclusion Crisis of 1678 -- 1681 . The Whigs , who believed in limited monarchy , wanted to exclude James Stuart from succeeding to the throne because he was a Catholic . The Tories , who believed in the `` Divine Right of Kings '' , defended James ' hereditary claim . Political parties were not well organised or disciplined in the 17th century . They were more like factions with `` members '' drifting in and out , collaborating temporarily on issues when it was to their advantage , then disbanding when it was not . A major deterrent to the development of opposing parties was the idea that there could only be one `` King 's Party '' and to oppose it would be disloyal or even treasonous . This idea lingered throughout the 18th century . Nevertheless it became possible at the end of the 17th century to identify Parliaments and Ministries as being either `` Whig '' or `` Tory '' in composition . Cabinet ( edit ) The modern Prime Minister is also the leader of the Cabinet . A convention of the constitution , the modern Cabinet is a group of ministers who formulate policies . As the political heads of government departments Cabinet Ministers ensure that policies are carried out by permanent civil servants . Although the modern Prime Minister selects Ministers , appointment still rests with the Sovereign . With the Prime Minister as its leader , the Cabinet forms the executive branch of government . The term `` Cabinet '' first appears after the Revolutionary Settlement to describe those ministers who conferred privately with the Sovereign . The growth of the Cabinet met with widespread complaint and opposition because its meetings were often held in secret and it excluded the ancient Privy Council ( of which the Cabinet is formally a committee ) from the Sovereign 's circle of advisers , reducing it to an honorary body . The early Cabinet , like that of today , included the Treasurer and other department heads who sat on the Treasury bench . However , it might also include individuals who were not members of Parliament such as household officers ( e.g. the Master of the Horse ) and members of the royal family . The exclusion of non-members of Parliament from the Cabinet was essential to the development of ministerial accountability and responsibility . Both William and Anne appointed and dismissed Cabinet members , attended meetings , made decisions , and followed up on actions . Relieving the Sovereign of these responsibilities and gaining control over the Cabinet 's composition was an essential part of evolution of the Premiership . This process began after the Hanoverian Succession . Although George I ( 1714 -- 1727 ) attended Cabinet meetings at first , after 1717 he withdrew because he did not speak fluent English and was bored with the discussions . George II ( 1727 -- 1760 ) occasionally presided at Cabinet meetings but his grandson , George III ( 1760 -- 1820 ) , is known to have attended only two during his 60 - year reign . Thus , the convention that Sovereigns do not attend Cabinet meetings was established primarily through royal indifference to the everyday tasks of governance . The Prime Minister became responsible for calling meetings , presiding , taking notes , and reporting to the Sovereign . These simple executive tasks naturally gave the Prime Minister ascendancy over his Cabinet colleagues . Although the first three Hanoverians rarely attended Cabinet meetings they insisted on their prerogatives to appoint and dismiss ministers and to direct policy even if from outside the Cabinet . It was not until late in the 18th century that Prime Ministers gained control over Cabinet composition ( see section Emergence of Cabinet Government below ) . `` One party government '' ( edit ) British governments ( or Ministries ) are generally formed by one party . The Prime Minister and Cabinet are usually all members of the same political party , almost always the one that has a majority of seats in the House of Commons . Coalition governments ( a ministry that consists of representatives from two or more parties ) and minority governments ( a one - party ministry formed by a party that does not command a majority in the Commons ) are relatively rare . `` One party government '' , as this system is sometimes called , has been the general rule for almost three hundred years . Early in his reign , William III ( 1689 -- 1702 ) preferred `` Mixed Ministries '' ( or coalitions ) consisting of both Tories and Whigs . William thought this composition would dilute the power of any one party and also give him the benefit of differing points of view . However , this approach did not work well because the members could not agree on a leader or on policies , and often worked at odds with each other . In 1697 , William formed a homogeneous Whig ministry . Known as the Junto , this government is often cited as the first true Cabinet because its members were all Whigs , reflecting the majority composition of the Commons . Anne ( 1702 -- 1714 ) followed this pattern but preferred Tory Cabinets . This approach worked well as long as Parliament was also predominantly Tory . However , in 1708 , when the Whigs obtained a majority , Anne did not call on them to form a government , refusing to accept the idea that politicians could force themselves on her merely because their party had a majority . She never parted with an entire Ministry or accepted an entirely new one regardless of the results of an election . Anne preferred to retain a minority government rather than be dictated to by Parliament . Consequently , her chief ministers Sidney Godolphin , 1st Earl of Godolphin and Robert Harley , who were called `` Prime Minister '' by some , had difficulty executing policy in the face of a hostile Parliament . William 's and Anne 's experiments with the political composition of the Cabinet illustrated the strengths of one party government and the weaknesses of coalition and minority governments . Nevertheless , it was not until the 1830s that the constitutional convention was established that the Sovereign must select the Prime Minister ( and Cabinet ) from the party whose views reflect those of the majority in Parliament . Since then , most ministries have reflected this one party rule . Despite the `` one party '' convention , Prime Ministers may still be called upon to lead either minority or coalition governments . A minority government may be formed as a result of a `` hung parliament '' in which no single party commands a majority in the House of Commons after a general election or the death , resignation or defection of existing members . By convention the serving Prime Minister is given the first opportunity to reach agreements that will allow them to survive a vote of confidence in the House and continue to govern . The last minority government was led by Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson for eight months after the February 1974 general election produced a hung parliament . In the October 1974 general election , the Labour Party gained 18 seats , giving Wilson a majority of three . A hung parliament may also lead to the formation of a coalition government in which two or more parties negotiate a joint programme to command a majority in the Commons . Coalitions have also been formed during times of national crisis such as war . Under such circumstances , the parties agree to temporarily set aside their political differences and to unite to face the national crisis . Coalitions are rare : since 1721 , there have been fewer than a dozen . When the general election of 2010 produced a hung parliament , the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties agreed to form the Cameron -- Clegg coalition , the first coalition in seventy years . The previous coalition in the UK before 2010 was led by Conservative Prime Minister Winston Churchill during most of the Second World War , from May 1940 to May 1945 . Clement Attlee , the leader of the Labour Party , served as deputy Prime Minister . After the general election of 2015 , the nation returned to one party government after the Tories won an outright majority . Treasury Commission ( edit ) The Premiership is still largely a convention of the constitution ; its legal authority is derived primarily from the fact that the Prime Minister is also First Lord of the Treasury . The connection of these two offices -- one a convention , the other a legal office -- began with the Hanoverian Succession in 1714 . When George I succeeded to the British throne in 1714 , his German ministers advised him to leave the office of Lord High Treasurer vacant because those who had held it in recent years had grown overly powerful , in effect , replacing the Sovereign as head of the government . They also feared that a Lord High Treasurer would undermine their own influence with the new King . They therefore suggested that he place the office in `` commission '' , meaning that a committee of five ministers would perform its functions together . Theoretically , this dilution of authority would prevent any one of them from presuming to be the head of the government . The King agreed and created the Treasury Commission consisting of the First Lord of the Treasury , the Second Lord , and three Junior Lords . No one has been appointed Lord High Treasurer since 1714 ; it has remained in commission for three hundred years . The Treasury Commission ceased to meet late in the 18th century but has survived , albeit with very different functions : the First Lord of the Treasury is now the Prime Minister , the Second Lord is the Chancellor of the Exchequer ( and actually in charge of the Treasury ) , and the Junior Lords are government Whips maintaining party discipline in the House of Commons ; they no longer have any duties related to the Treasury , though when subordinate legislation requires the consent of the Treasury it is still two of the Junior Lords who sign on its behalf . Early Prime Ministers ( edit ) `` First '' Prime Minister ( edit ) Since the office evolved rather than being instantly created , it may not be totally clear - cut who was the first Prime Minister . However , this appellation is traditionally given to Sir Robert Walpole , who became First Lord of the Treasury in 1721 . Portrait of Sir Robert Walpole , studio of Jean - Baptiste van Loo , 1740 . Walpole is considered to have been Britain 's first Prime Minister . In 1720 , the South Sea Company , created to trade in cotton , agricultural goods and slaves , collapsed , causing the financial ruin of thousands of investors and heavy losses for many others , including members of the royal family . King George I called on Robert Walpole , well known for his political and financial acumen , to handle the emergency . With considerable skill and some luck , Walpole acted quickly to restore public credit and confidence , and led the country out of the crisis . A year later , the King appointed him First Lord of the Treasury , Chancellor of the Exchequer , and Leader of the House of Commons -- making him the most powerful minister in the government . Ruthless , crude , and hard - working , he had a `` sagacious business sense '' and was a superb manager of men . At the head of affairs for the next two decades , Walpole stabilised the nation 's finances , kept it at peace , made it prosperous , and secured the Hanoverian Succession . Walpole demonstrated for the first time how a chief minister -- a Prime Minister -- could be the actual Head of the Government under the new constitutional framework . First , recognising that the Sovereign could no longer govern directly but was still the nominal head of the government , he insisted that he was nothing more than the `` King 's Servant '' . Second , recognising that power had shifted to the Commons , he conducted the nation 's business there and made it dominant over the Lords in all matters . Third , recognising that the Cabinet had become the executive and must be united , he dominated the other members and demanded their complete support for his policies . Fourth , recognising that political parties were the source of ministerial strength , he led the Whig party and maintained discipline . In the Commons , he insisted on the support of all Whig members , especially those who held office . Finally , he set an example for future Prime Ministers by resigning his offices in 1742 after a vote of confidence , which he won by just 3 votes . The slimness of this majority undermined his power , even though he still retained the confidence of the Sovereign . Ambivalence and denial ( edit ) For all his contributions , Walpole was not a Prime Minister in the modern sense . The King -- not Parliament -- chose him ; and the King -- not Walpole -- chose the Cabinet . Walpole set an example , not a precedent , and few followed his example . For over 40 years after Walpole 's fall in 1742 , there was widespread ambivalence about the position . In some cases , the Prime Minister was a figurehead with power being wielded by other individuals ; in others there was a reversion to the `` chief minister '' model of earlier times in which the Sovereign actually governed . At other times , there appeared to be two Prime Ministers . During Britain 's participation in the Seven Years ' War , for example , the powers of government were divided equally between the Duke of Newcastle and William Pitt , 1st Earl of Chatham , leading to them both alternatively being described as Prime Minister . Furthermore , many thought that the title `` Prime Minister '' usurped the Sovereign 's constitutional position as `` head of the government '' and that it was an affront to other ministers because they were all appointed by and equally responsible to the Sovereign . For these reasons there was a reluctance to use the title . Although Walpole is now called the `` first '' Prime Minister , the title was not commonly used during his tenure . Walpole himself denied it . In 1741 , during the attack that led to Walpole 's downfall , Samuel Sandys declared that `` According to our Constitution we can have no sole and prime minister . '' In his defence , Walpole said `` I unequivocally deny that I am sole or Prime Minister and that to my influence and direction all the affairs of government must be attributed . '' George Grenville , Prime Minister in the 1760s , said it was `` an odious title '' and never used it . Lord North , the reluctant head of the King 's Government during the American War of Independence , `` would never suffer himself to be called Prime Minister , because it was an office unknown to the Constitution . '' Denials of the Premiership 's legal existence continued throughout the 19th century . In 1806 , for example , one member of the Commons said , `` the Constitution abhors the idea of a prime minister '' . In 1829 , Lord Lansdowne said , `` nothing could be more mischievous or unconstitutional than to recognise by act of parliament the existence of such an office . '' By the turn of the 20th century the Premiership had become , by convention , the most important position in the constitutional hierarchy . Yet there were no legal documents describing its powers or acknowledging its existence . The first official recognition given to the office had only been in the Treaty of Berlin in 1878 , when Disraeli signed as `` First Lord of the Treasury and Prime Minister of her Britannic Majesty '' . Incumbents had no statutory authority in their own right . As late as 1904 , Arthur Balfour explained the status of his office in a speech at Haddington : `` The Prime Minister has no salary as Prime Minister . He has no statutory duties as Prime Minister , his name occurs in no Acts of Parliament , and though holding the most important place in the constitutional hierarchy , he has no place which is recognised by the laws of his country . This is a strange paradox . '' In 1905 the position was given some official recognition when the `` Prime Minister '' was named in the order of precedence , outranked , among non-royals , only by the Archbishops of Canterbury and York , the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland and the Lord Chancellor . The first Act of Parliament to mention the Premiership -- albeit in a schedule -- was the Chequers Estate Act on 20 December 1917 . This law conferred the Chequers Estate owned by Sir Arthur and Lady Lee , as a gift to the Crown for use as a country home for future Prime Ministers . Unequivocal legal recognition was given in the Ministers of the Crown Act 1937 , which made provision for payment of a salary to the person who is both `` the First Lord of the Treasury and Prime Minister '' . Explicitly recognising two hundred years ' of ambivalence , the Act states that it intended `` To give statutory recognition to the existence of the position of Prime Minister , and to the historic link between the Premiership and the office of First Lord of the Treasury , by providing in respect to that position and office a salary of ... '' The Act made a distinction between the `` position '' ( Prime Minister ) and the `` office '' ( First Lord of the Treasury ) , emphasising the unique political character of the former . Nevertheless , the brass plate on the door of the Prime Minister 's home , 10 Downing Street , still bears the title of `` First Lord of the Treasury '' , as it has since the 18th century as it is officially the home of the First Lord and not the Prime Minister . `` First among equals '' ( edit ) Emergence of Cabinet government ( edit ) Main articles : Westminster system and Cabinet of the United Kingdom Despite the reluctance to legally recognise the Premiership , ambivalence toward it waned in the 1780s . During the first 20 years of his reign , George III ( 1760 -- 1820 ) tried to be his own `` prime minister '' by controlling policy from outside the Cabinet , appointing and dismissing ministers , meeting privately with individual ministers , and giving them instructions . These practices caused confusion and dissension in Cabinet meetings ; King George 's experiment in personal rule was generally a failure . After the failure of Lord North 's ministry ( 1770 -- 1782 ) in March 1782 due to Britain 's defeat in the American Revolutionary War and the ensuing vote of no confidence by Parliament , the Marquess of Rockingham reasserted the Prime Minister 's control over the Cabinet . Rockingham assumed the Premiership `` on the distinct understanding that measures were to be changed as well as men ; and that the measures for which the new ministry required the royal consent were the measures which they , while in opposition , had advocated . '' He and his Cabinet were united in their policies and would stand or fall together ; they also refused to accept anyone in the Cabinet who did not agree . King George threatened to abdicate but in the end reluctantly agreed out of necessity : he had to have a government . From this time , there was a growing acceptance of the position of Prime Minister and the title was more commonly used , if only unofficially . Associated initially with the Whigs , the Tories started to accept it . Lord North , for example , who had said the office was `` unknown to the constitution '' , reversed himself in 1783 when he said , `` In this country some one man or some body of men like a Cabinet should govern the whole and direct every measure . '' In 1803 , William Pitt the Younger , also a Tory , suggested to a friend that `` this person generally called the first minister '' was an absolute necessity for a government to function , and expressed his belief that this person should be the minister in charge of the finances . William Pitt the Younger addressing the House of Commons . Pitt 's 19 years as Prime Minister followed by Lord Liverpool 's 15 , led the Tory Party to accept the office as a convention of the constitution . The Tories ' wholesale conversion started when Pitt was confirmed as Prime Minister in the election of 1784 . For the next 17 years until 1801 ( and again from 1804 to 1806 ) , Pitt , the Tory , was Prime Minister in the same sense that Walpole , the Whig , had been earlier . Their conversion was reinforced after 1810 . In that year , George III , who had suffered periodically from mental instability ( due to a blood disorder now known as porphyria ) , became permanently insane and spent the remaining 10 years of his life unable to discharge his duties . The Prince Regent was prevented from using the full powers of Kingship . The Regent became George IV in 1820 , but during his 10 - year reign was indolent and frivolous . Consequently , for 20 years the throne was virtually vacant and Tory Cabinets led by Tory Prime Ministers filled the void , governing virtually on their own . The Tories were in power for almost 50 years , except for a Whig ministry from 1806 to 1807 . Lord Liverpool was Prime Minister for 15 years ; he and Pitt held the position for 34 years . Under their long , consistent leadership , Cabinet government became a convention of the constitution . Although subtle issues remained to be settled , the Cabinet system of government is essentially the same today as it was in 1830 . Gladstone 's Cabinet of 1868 , painted by Lowes Cato Dickinson . Use a cursor to see who is who . Under this form of government , called the Westminster system , the Sovereign is head of state and titular head of Her Majesty 's Government . She selects as her Prime Minister the person who is able to command a working majority in the House of Commons , and invites him or her to form a government . As the actual Head of Government , the Prime Minister selects his Cabinet , choosing its members from among those in Parliament who agree or generally agree with his intended policies . He then recommends them to the Sovereign who confirms his selections by formally appointing them to their offices . Led by the Prime Minister , the Cabinet is collectively responsible for whatever the government does . The Sovereign does not confer with members privately about policy , nor attend Cabinet meetings . With respect to actual governance , the monarch has only three constitutional rights : to be kept informed , to advise , and to warn . In practice this means that the Sovereign reviews state papers and meets regularly with the Prime Minister , usually weekly , when she may advise and warn him or her regarding the proposed decisions and actions of Her Government . Loyal Opposition ( edit ) Main article : Her Majesty 's Most Loyal Opposition ( United Kingdom ) The modern British system includes not only a government formed by the majority party ( or coalition of parties ) in the House of Commons but also an organised and open opposition formed by those who are not members of the governing party . Called Her Majesty 's Most Loyal Opposition , they occupy the benches to the Speaker 's left . Seated in the front , directly across from the ministers on the Treasury Bench , the leaders of the opposition form a `` Shadow Government '' , complete with a salaried `` Shadow Prime Minister '' , the Leader of the Opposition , ready to assume office if the government falls or loses the next election . The House of Commons early 19th century . The Loyal Opposition occupy the benches to the Speaker 's left . Seated in the front , the leaders of the opposition form a `` Shadow Government '' , complete with a salaried `` Shadow Prime Minister '' ready to assume office if the government falls or loses the next election . Opposing the King 's government was considered disloyal , even treasonous , at the end of the 17th century . During the 18th century this idea waned and finally disappeared as the two party system developed . The expression `` His Majesty 's Opposition '' was coined by John Hobhouse , 1st Baron Broughton . In 1826 , Broughton , a Whig , announced in the Commons that he opposed the report of a Bill . As a joke , he said , `` It was said to be very hard on His Majesty 's ministers to raise objections to this proposition . For my part , I think it is much more hard on His Majesty 's Opposition to compel them to take this course . '' The phrase caught on and has been used ever since . Sometimes rendered as the `` Loyal Opposition '' , it acknowledges the legitimate existence of the two party system , and describes an important constitutional concept : opposing the government is not treason ; reasonable men can honestly oppose its policies and still be loyal to the Sovereign and the nation . Informally recognized for over a century as a convention of the constitution , the position of Leader of the Opposition was given statutory recognition in 1937 by the Ministers of the Crown Act . Great Reform Act and the Premiership ( edit ) Main article : Reform Act 1832 British Prime Ministers have never been elected directly by the public . A Prime Minister need not be a party leader ; David Lloyd George was not a party leader during his service as prime Minister during World War I , and neither was Ramsay MacDonald from 1931 to 1935 . Prime Ministers have taken office because they were members of either the Commons or Lords , and either inherited a majority in the Commons or won more seats than the opposition in a general election . Lord Grey , often called the first modern Prime Minister Inscription on Grey 's Monument , Newcastle upon Tyne , England ( click image to enlarge ) Since 1722 , most Prime Ministers have been members of the Commons ; since 1902 , all have had a seat there . Like other members , they are elected initially to represent only a constituency . Former Prime Minister Tony Blair , for example , represented Sedgefield in County Durham from 1983 to 2007 . He became Prime Minister because in 1994 he was elected Labour Party leader and then led the party to victory in the 1997 general election , winning 418 seats compared to 165 for the Conservatives and gaining a majority in the House of Commons . Neither the Sovereign nor the House of Lords had any meaningful influence over who was elected to the Commons in 1997 or in deciding whether or not Blair would become Prime Minister . Their detachment from the electoral process and the selection of the Prime Minister has been a convention of the constitution for almost 200 years . Prior to the 19th century , however , they had significant influence , using to their advantage the fact that most citizens were disenfranchised and seats in the Commons were allocated disproportionately . Through patronage , corruption and bribery , the Crown and Lords `` owned '' about 30 % of the seats ( called `` pocket '' or `` rotten boroughs '' ) giving them a significant influence in the Commons and in the selection of the Prime Minister . In 1830 , Charles Grey , the 2nd Earl Grey and a life - long Whig , became Prime Minister and was determined to reform the electoral system . For two years , he and his Cabinet fought to pass what has come to be known as the Great Reform Bill of 1832 . The greatness of the Great Reform Bill lay less in substance than in symbolism . As John Bright , a liberal statesman of the next generation , said , `` It was not a good Bill , but it was a great Bill when it passed . '' Substantively , it increased the franchise by 65 % to 717,000 ; with the middle class receiving most of the new votes . The representation of 56 rotten boroughs was eliminated completely , together with half the representation of 30 others ; the freed up seats were distributed to boroughs created for previously disenfranchised areas . However , many rotten boroughs remained and it still excluded millions of working class men and all women . Symbolically , however , the Reform Act exceeded expectations . It is now ranked with Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights as one of the most important documents of the British constitutional tradition . First , the Act removed the Sovereign from the election process and the choice of Prime Minister . Slowly evolving for 100 years , this convention was confirmed two years after the passage of the Act . In 1834 , King William IV dismissed Melbourne as Premier , but was forced to recall him when Robert Peel , the King 's choice , could not form a working majority . Since then , no Sovereign has tried to impose a Prime Minister on Parliament . Second , the Bill reduced the Lords ' power by eliminating many of their pocket boroughs and creating new boroughs in which they had no influence . Weakened , they were unable to prevent the passage of more comprehensive electoral reforms in 1867 , 1884 , 1918 and 1928 when universal equal suffrage was established . Disraeli and Gladstone Race to Pass the Reform Bill , Punch , 1867 The rivalry between Disraeli and Gladstone helped to identify the position of Prime Minister with specific personalities . ( Disraeli is in the lead looking back over his shoulder at Gladstone . ) Ultimately , this erosion of power led to the Parliament Act of 1911 , which marginalised the Lords ' role in the legislative process and gave further weight to the convention that had developed over the previous century that a Prime Minister can not sit in the House of Lords . The last to do so was Robert Gascoyne - Cecil , 3rd Marquess of Salisbury , from 1895 to 1902 . Throughout the 19th century , governments led from the Lords had often suffered difficulties governing alongside ministers who sat in the Commons . Grey set an example and a precedent for his successors . He was primus inter pares ( first among equals ) , as Bagehot said in 1867 of the Prime Minister 's status . Using his Whig victory as a mandate for reform , Grey was unrelenting in the pursuit of this goal , using every Parliamentary device to achieve it . Although respectful toward the King , he made it clear that his constitutional duty was to acquiesce to the will of the people and Parliament . The Loyal Opposition acquiesced too . Some disgruntled Tories claimed they would repeal the Bill once they regained a majority . But in 1834 , Robert Peel , the new Conservative leader , put an end to this threat when he stated in his Tamworth Manifesto that the Bill was `` a final and irrevocable settlement of a great constitutional question which no friend to the peace and welfare of this country would attempt to disturb '' . Populist Prime Ministers ( edit ) Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone cultivated the public image as a man of the people by circulating pictures like this of himself cutting down oak trees with an axe . Photo by Elliott & Fry The Premiership was a reclusive office prior to 1832 . The incumbent worked with his Cabinet and other government officials ; he occasionally met with the Sovereign , and attended Parliament when it was in session during the spring and summer . He never went out on the stump to campaign , even during elections ; he rarely spoke directly to ordinary voters about policies and issues . After the passage of the Great Reform Bill , the nature of the position changed : Prime Ministers had to go out among the people . The Bill increased the electorate to 717,000 . Subsequent legislation ( and population growth ) raised it to 2 million in 1867 , 5.5 million in 1884 and 21.4 million in 1918 . As the franchise increased , power shifted to the people and Prime Ministers assumed more responsibilities with respect to party leadership . It naturally fell on them to motivate and organise their followers , explain party policies , and deliver its `` message '' . Successful leaders had to have a new set of skills : to give a good speech , present a favourable image , and interact with a crowd . They became the `` voice '' , the `` face '' and the `` image '' of the party and ministry . Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli cultivated a public image as an Imperialist with grand gestures such as conferring on Victoria the title `` Empress of India '' . Robert Peel , often called the `` model Prime Minister '' , was the first to recognise this new role . After the successful Conservative campaign of 1841 , J.W. Croker said in a letter to Peel , `` The elections are wonderful , and the curiosity is that all turns on the name of Sir Robert Peel . It 's the first time that I remember in our history that the people have chosen the first Minister for the Sovereign . Mr. Pitt 's case in ' 84 is the nearest analogy ; but then the people only confirmed the Sovereign 's choice ; here every Conservative candidate professed himself in plain words to be Sir Robert Peel 's man , and on that ground was elected . '' Benjamin Disraeli and William Ewart Gladstone developed this new role further by projecting `` images '' of themselves to the public . Known by their nicknames `` Dizzy '' and the `` Grand Old Man '' , their colourful , sometimes bitter , personal and political rivalry over the issues of their time -- Imperialism vs. Anti-Imperialism , expansion of the franchise , labour reform , and Irish Home Rule -- spanned almost twenty years until Disraeli 's death in 1881 . Documented by the penny press , photographs and political cartoons , their rivalry linked specific personalities with the Premiership in the public mind and further enhanced its status . Gladstone During the Midlothian Campaign 1879 Speaking directly to the people for the first time , Gladstone 's Midlothian campaign symbolises a major change in the role of the Prime Minister . ( Gladstone is seated in the centre ; Rosebery , a future Prime Minister , is sitting on the carpet in front . ) Each created a different public image of himself and his party . Disraeli , who expanded the Empire to protect British interests abroad , cultivated the image of himself ( and the Conservative Party ) as `` Imperialist '' , making grand gestures such as conferring the title `` Empress of India '' on Queen Victoria in 1876 . Gladstone , who saw little value in the Empire , proposed an anti-Imperialist policy ( later called `` Little England '' ) , and cultivated the image of himself ( and the Liberal Party ) as `` man of the people '' by circulating pictures of himself cutting down great oak trees with an axe as a hobby . Gladstone went beyond image by appealing directly to the people . In his Midlothian campaign -- so called because he stood as a candidate for that county -- Gladstone spoke in fields , halls and railway stations to hundreds , sometimes thousands , of students , farmers , labourers and middle class workers . Although not the first leader to speak directly to voters -- both he and Disraeli had spoken directly to party loyalists before on special occasions -- he was the first to canvass an entire constituency , delivering his message to anyone who would listen , encouraging his supporters and trying to convert his opponents . Publicised nationwide , Gladstone 's message became that of the party . Noting its significance , Lord Shaftesbury said , `` It is a new thing and a very serious thing to see the Prime Minister on the stump . '' Campaigning directly to the people became commonplace . Several 20th century Prime Ministers , such as David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill , were famous for their oratorical skills . After the introduction of radio , motion pictures , television , and the internet , many used these technologies to project their public image and address the nation . Stanley Baldwin , a master of the radio broadcast in the 1920s and 1930s , reached a national audience in his talks filled with homely advice and simple expressions of national pride . Churchill also used the radio to great effect , inspiring , reassuring and informing the people with his speeches during the Second World War . Two recent Prime Ministers , Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair ( who both spent a decade or more as prime Minister ) , achieved celebrity status like rock stars , but have been criticised for their more ' presidential ' style of leadership . According to Anthony King , `` The props in Blair 's theatre of celebrity included ... his guitar , his casual clothes ... footballs bounced skilfully off the top of his head ... carefully choreographed speeches and performances at Labour Party conferences . '' Modern Premiership ( edit ) Parliament Act and the Premiership ( edit ) Main articles : Parliament Act 1911 , Parliament Act 1949 , and Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 In addition to being the leader of a great political party and the head of Her Majesty 's Government , the modern Prime Minister directs the law - making process , enacting into law his or her party 's programme . For example , Tony Blair , whose Labour party was elected in 1997 partly on a promise to enact a British Bill of Rights and to create devolved governments for Scotland and Wales , subsequently stewarded through Parliament the Human Rights Act ( 1998 ) , the Scotland Act ( 1998 ) and the Government of Wales Act ( 1998 ) . From its appearance in the fourteenth century Parliament has been a bicameral legislature consisting of the Commons and the Lords . Members of the Commons are elected ; those in the Lords are not . Most Lords are called `` Temporal '' with titles such as Duke , Marquess , Earl and Viscount . The balance are Lords Spiritual ( prelates of the Anglican Church ) . For most of the history of the Upper House , Lords Temporal were landowners who held their estates , titles and seats as an hereditary right passed down from one generation to the next -- in some cases for centuries . In 1910 , for example , there were nineteen whose title was created before 1500 . Until 1911 , Prime Ministers had to guide legislation through the Commons and the Lords and obtain majority approval in both houses for it to become law . This was not always easy , because political differences often separated the chambers . Representing the landed aristocracy , Lords Temporal were generally Tory ( later Conservative ) who wanted to maintain the status quo and resisted progressive measures such as extending the franchise . The party affiliation of members of the Commons was less predictable . During the 18th century its makeup varied because the Lords had considerable control over elections : sometimes Whigs dominated it , sometimes Tories . After the passage of the Great Reform Bill in 1832 , the Commons gradually became more progressive , a tendency that increased with the passage of each subsequent expansion of the franchise . Asquith 's Cabinet Reacts to the Lords ' Rejection of the `` People 's Budget '' -- a satirical cartoon , 1909 . Prime Minister Asquith 's government welcomed the Lords ' veto of the `` People 's Budget '' ; it moved the country toward a constitutional crisis over the Lords ' legislative powers . ( Asquith makes the announcement while David Lloyd George holds down a jubilant Winston Churchill . ) In 1906 , the Liberal party , led by Sir Henry Campbell - Bannerman , won an overwhelming victory on a platform that promised social reforms for the working class . With 379 seats compared to the Conservatives ' 132 , the Liberals could confidently expect to pass their legislative programme through the Commons . At the same time , however , the Conservative Party had a huge majority in the Lords ; it could easily veto any legislation passed by the Commons that was against their interests . For five years , the Commons and the Lords fought over one bill after another . The Liberals pushed through parts of their programme , but the Conservatives vetoed or modified others . When the Lords vetoed the `` People 's Budget '' in 1909 , the controversy moved almost inevitably toward a constitutional crisis . An important vote : the House of Lords voting for the Parliament Act 1911 . From the Drawing by S. Begg The Parliament Act 1911 eliminated the Lords ' veto power over legislation approved by the House of Commons . Indirectly , it also further enhanced the dominance of the Prime Minister in the constitutional hierarchy . In 1910 , Prime Minister H.H. Asquith introduced a bill `` for regulating the relations between the Houses of Parliament '' which would eliminate the Lords ' veto power over legislation . Passed by the Commons , the Lords rejected it . In a general election fought on this issue , the Liberals were weakened but still had a comfortable majority . At Asquith 's request , King George V then threatened to create a sufficient number of new Liberal Peers to ensure the bill 's passage . Rather than accept a permanent Liberal majority , the Conservative Lords yielded , and the bill became law . The Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the Commons . It provided that the Lords could not delay for more than one month any bill certified by the Speaker of the Commons as a money bill . Furthermore , the Act provided that any bill rejected by the Lords would nevertheless become law if passed by the Commons in three successive sessions provided that two years had elapsed since its original passage . The Lords could still delay or suspend the enactment of legislation but could no longer veto it . Subsequently the Lords `` suspending '' power was reduced to one year by the Parliament Act 1949 . Indirectly , the Act enhanced the already dominant position of Prime Minister in the constitutional hierarchy . Although the Lords are still involved in the legislative process and the Prime Minister must still guide legislation through both Houses , the Lords no longer have the power to veto or even delay enactment of legislation passed by the Commons . Provided that he controls the Cabinet , maintains party discipline , and commands a majority in the Commons , the Prime Minister is assured of putting through his legislative agenda . `` Presidential '' Premiership ( edit ) `` British Presidency '' redirects here . For the political units in British India , see Presidencies and provinces of British India . Churchill waving to crowds after announcing the surrender of Nazi Germany in May 1945 . The classic view of Cabinet Government was laid out by Walter Bagehot in The English Constitution ( 1867 ) in which he described the prime minister as the primus ‐ inter ‐ pares ( `` first among equals '' ) . The view was questioned by Richard Crossman in The Myths of Cabinet Government ( 1972 ) and by Tony Benn . They were both members of the Labour governments of the 1960s and thought that the position of the Prime Minister had acquired more power so that Prime Ministerial Government was a more apt description . Crossman stated that the increase the power of the prime minister resulted from power of centralised political parties , the development of a unified civil service , and the grown of the Prime Minister 's private office and Cabinet secretariat . Graham Allen ( a Government Whip during Tony Blair 's first government ) made the case in The Last Prime Minister : Being Honest About the UK Presidency ( 2003 ) that in fact the office of prime minister has presidential powers , as did the political scientist Michael Foley in The British Presidency ( 2000 ) . In Tony Blair 's government , many sources such as former ministers have suggested that decision - making was controlled by him and Gordon Brown , and the Cabinet was no longer used for decision - making . Former ministers such as Clare Short and Chris Smith have criticised the lack of decision - making power in Cabinet . When she resigned , Short denounced `` the centralisation of power into the hands of the Prime Minister and an increasingly small number of advisers '' . The Butler Review of 2004 condemned Blair 's style of `` sofa government '' . However the power that a prime minister has over his or her cabinet colleagues is directly proportional to the amount of support that they have with their political parties and this is often related to whether the party considers them to be an electoral asset or liability . Also when a party is divided into factions a Prime Minister may be forced to include other powerful party members in the Cabinet for party political cohesion . The Prime Minister 's personal power is also curtailed if their party is in a power - sharing arrangement , or a formal coalition with another party ( as happened in the coalition government of 2010 to 2015 ) . Powers and constraints ( edit ) When commissioned by the Sovereign , a potential Prime Minister 's first requisite is to `` form a Government '' -- to create a cabinet of ministers that has the support of the House of Commons , of which they are expected to be a member . The Prime Minister then formally kisses the hands of the Sovereign , whose royal prerogative powers are thereafter exercised solely on the advice of the Prime Minister and Her Majesty 's Government ( `` HMG '' ) . The Prime Minister has weekly audiences with the Sovereign , whose rights are constitutionally limited : `` to warn , to encourage , and to be consulted '' ; the extent of the Sovereign 's ability to influence the nature of the Prime Ministerial advice is unknown , but presumably varies depending upon the personal relationship between the Sovereign and the Prime Minister of the day . The Prime Minister will appoint all other cabinet members ( who then become active Privy Counsellors ) and ministers , although consulting senior ministers on their junior ministers , without any Parliamentary or other control or process over these powers . At any time , the PM may obtain the appointment , dismissal or nominal resignation of any other minister ; the PM may resign , either purely personally or with the whole government . The Prime Minister generally co-ordinates the policies and activities of the Cabinet and Government departments , acting as the main public `` face '' of Her Majesty 's Government . Although the Commander - in - Chief of the British Armed Forces is legally the Sovereign , under constitutional practice the Prime Minister can declare war , and through the Secretary of State for Defence ( whom the PM may appoint and dismiss , or even appoint himself or herself to the position ) as chair of the Defence Council the power over the deployment and disposition of British forces . The Prime Minister can authorise , but not directly order , the use of Britain 's nuclear weapons and the Prime Minister is hence a Commander - in - Chief in all but name . The Prime Minister makes all the most senior Crown appointments , and most others are made by Ministers over whom the PM has the power of appointment and dismissal . Privy Counsellors , Ambassadors and High Commissioners , senior civil servants , senior military officers , members of important committees and commissions , and other officials are selected , and in most cases may be removed , by the Prime Minister . The PM also formally advises the Sovereign on the appointment of Archbishops and Bishops of the Church of England , but the PM 's discretion is limited by the existence of the Crown Nominations Commission . The appointment of senior judges , while constitutionally still on the advice of the Prime Minister , is now made on the basis of recommendations from independent bodies . Peerages , knighthoods , and most other honours are bestowed by the Sovereign only on the advice of the Prime Minister . The only important British honours over which the Prime Minister does not have control are the Order of the Garter , the Order of the Thistle , the Order of Merit , the Royal Victorian Order , and the Venerable Order of Saint John , which are all within the `` personal gift '' of the Sovereign . The Prime Minister appoints officials known as the `` Government Whips '' , who negotiate for the support of MPs and to discipline dissenters . Party discipline is strong since electors generally vote for individuals on the basis of their party affiliation . Members of Parliament may be expelled from their party for failing to support the Government on important issues , and although this will not mean they must resign as MPs , it will usually make re-election difficult . Members of Parliament who hold ministerial office or political privileges can expect removal for failing to support the Prime Minister . Restraints imposed by the Commons grow weaker when the Government 's party enjoys a large majority in that House , or among the electorate . In most circumstances , however , the Prime Minister can secure the Commons ' support for almost any bill by internal party negotiations , with little regard to Opposition MPs . However , even a government with a healthy majority can on occasion find itself unable to pass legislation . For example , on 9 November 2005 , Tony Blair 's Government was defeated over plans which would have allowed police to detain terror suspects for up to 90 days without charge , and on 31 January 2006 , was defeated over certain aspects of proposals to outlaw religious hatred . On other occasions , the Government alters its proposals to avoid defeat in the Commons , as Tony Blair 's Government did in February 2006 over education reforms . Formerly , a Prime Minister whose government lost a Commons vote would be regarded as fatally weakened , and the whole government would resign , usually precipitating a general election . In modern practice , when the Government party has an absolute majority in the House , only loss of supply and the express vote `` that this House has no confidence in Her Majesty 's Government '' are treated as having this effect ; dissenters on a minor issue within the majority party are unlikely to force an election with the probable loss of their seats and salaries . Likewise , a Prime Minister is no longer just `` first amongst equals '' in HM Government ; although theoretically the Cabinet might still outvote the PM , in practice the PM progressively entrenches his or her position by retaining only personal supporters in the Cabinet . In occasional reshuffles , the Prime Minister can sideline and simply drop from Cabinet the Members who have fallen out of favour : they remain Privy Counsellors , but the Prime Minister decides which of them are summoned to meetings . The Prime Minister is responsible for producing and enforcing the Ministerial Code . Precedence , privileges and form of address ( edit ) Main articles : List of peerages held by Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom and Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom Chequers Court , the Prime Minister 's official country home By tradition , before a new Prime Minister can occupy 10 Downing Street , they are required to announce to the country and the world that they have `` kissed hands '' with the reigning monarch , and have thus become Prime Minister . This is usually done by saying words to the effect of : Her Majesty the Queen ( His Majesty the King ) has asked me to form a government and I have accepted . Throughout the United Kingdom , the Prime Minister outranks all other dignitaries except members of the Royal Family , the Lord Chancellor , and senior ecclesiastical figures . In 2010 the Prime Minister received £ 142,500 including a salary of £ 65,737 as a member of parliament . Until 2006 , the Lord Chancellor was the highest paid member of the government , ahead of the Prime Minister . This reflected the Lord Chancellor 's position at the head of the judicial pay scale . The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 eliminated the Lord Chancellor 's judicial functions and also reduced the office 's salary to below that of the Prime Minister . The Prime Minister is customarily a member of the Privy Council and thus entitled to the appellation `` The Right Honourable '' . Membership of the Council is retained for life . It is a constitutional convention that only a Privy Counsellor can be appointed Prime Minister . Most potential candidates have already attained this status . The only case when a non-Privy Counsellor was the natural appointment was Ramsay MacDonald in 1924 . The issue was resolved by appointing him to the Council immediately prior to his appointment as Prime Minister . According to the now defunct Department for Constitutional Affairs , the Prime Minister is made a Privy Counsellor as a result of taking office and should be addressed by the official title prefixed by `` The Right Honourable '' and not by a personal name . Although this form of address is employed on formal occasions , it is rarely used by the media . As `` Prime Minister '' is a position , not a title , the incumbent should be referred to as `` the Prime Minister '' . The title `` Prime Minister '' ( e.g. `` Prime Minister James Smith '' ) is technically incorrect but is sometimes used erroneously outside the United Kingdom , and has more recently become acceptable within it . Within the UK , the expression `` Prime Minister Smith '' is never used , although it , too , is sometimes used by foreign dignitaries and news sources . 10 Downing Street , in London , has been the official place of residence of the Prime Minister since 1732 ; they are entitled to use its staff and facilities , including extensive offices . Chequers , a country house in Buckinghamshire , gifted to the government in 1917 , may be used as a country retreat for the Prime Minister . Living former Prime Ministers ( edit ) Further information : Living Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom There are four living former British Prime Ministers : Sir John Major ( age 74 ) ( 1990 -- 1997 ) Tony Blair ( age 64 ) ( 1997 -- 2007 ) Gordon Brown ( age 67 ) ( 2007 -- 2010 ) David Cameron ( age 51 ) ( 2010 -- 2016 ) The four former Prime Ministers and Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg ( second from right ) in 2011 Upon retirement , it is customary for the Sovereign to grant a Prime Minister some honour or dignity . The honour bestowed is commonly , but not invariably , membership of the United Kingdom 's most senior order of chivalry , the Order of the Garter . The practice of creating a retired Prime Minister a Knight ( or , in the case of Margaret Thatcher , a Lady ) of the Garter ( KG and LG respectively ) has been fairly prevalent since the mid-nineteenth century . Upon the retirement of a Prime Minister who is Scottish , it is likely that the primarily Scottish honour of Knight of the Thistle ( KT ) will be used instead of the Order of the Garter , which is generally regarded as an English honour . Historically it has also been common for Prime Ministers to be granted a peerage upon retirement from the Commons , which elevates the individual to the House of Lords . Formerly , the peerage bestowed was usually an earldom , with Churchill offered a dukedom . From the 1960s onward , life peerages were preferred , although in 1984 Harold Macmillan was created Earl of Stockton . Sir Alec Douglas - Home , Harold Wilson , James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher accepted life peerages , although Douglas - Home had previously disclaimed his hereditary title as Earl of Home . Edward Heath did not accept a peerage of any kind and nor have any of the Prime Ministers to retire since 1990 ; although Heath and Major were later appointed as Knights of the Garter . The most recent former Prime Minister to die was Margaret Thatcher ( served 1979 -- 1990 ) on 8 April 2013 , aged 87 . Lists and groupings ( edit ) List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom ( graphical ) List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom by tenure List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom by age List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom by longevity Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies represented by sitting Prime Ministers List of fictional Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom Living Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom List of current heads of government in the United Kingdom and dependencies Air transport of the Royal Family and Government of the United Kingdom List of peerages held by Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom Prime Ministerial Car ( United Kingdom ) Prime Minister 's Questions Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom Spouse of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Children of the Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom Prime Minister 's Office Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Sovereign 's prerogative powers are sometimes called reserve powers . They include the sole authority to dismiss a Prime Minister and government of the day in extremely rare and exceptional circumstances , and other essential powers ( such as withholding Royal Assent , and summoning and proroguing Parliament ) to preserve the stability of the nation . These reserve powers can be exercised without the consent of Parliament . Reserve powers , in practice , are the court of absolute last resort in resolving situations that fundamentally threaten the security and stability of the nation as a whole and are almost never used . Jump up ^ Once in office , the Prime Minister fills not only Cabinet level positions but many other government offices ( up to 90 appointments ) , selected mostly from the House of Commons , distributing them to party members , partly as a reward for their loyalty . The power to make so many appointments to government offices is one of the most effective means the Prime Minister has of maintaining party discipline in the Commons . Jump up ^ See e.g. the various orders prescribing fees to be taken in public offices Jump up ^ The 18th - century ambivalence causes problems for researchers trying to identify who was a Prime Minister and who was not . Every list of Prime Ministers may omit certain politicians . For instance , unsuccessful attempts to form ministries -- such as the two - day government formed by the Earl of Bath in 1746 , often dismissed as the `` Silly Little Ministry '' -- may be included in a list or omitted , depending on the criteria selected . Jump up ^ This event also marks the beginnings of collective Cabinet responsibility . This principle states that the decisions made by any one Cabinet member become the responsibility of the entire Cabinet . Jump up ^ Except Lord Home , who resigned his peerage to stand in a by - election soon after becoming Prime Minister Jump up ^ As early as 1839 , the former Prime Minister Duke of Wellington had argued in the House of Lords that `` I have long entertained the view that the Prime Minister of this country , under existing circumstances , ought to have a seat in the other House of Parliament , and that he would have great advantage in carrying on the business of the Sovereign by being there . '' Quoted in Barnett , p. 246 Jump up ^ The last Prime Minister to be a member of the Lords during any part of his tenure was Alec Douglas - Home , 14th Earl of Home in 1963 . Lord Home was the last Prime Minister who was a hereditary peer , but , within days of attaining office , he disclaimed his peerage , abiding by the convention that the Prime Minister should sit in the House of Commons . A junior member of his Conservative Party who had already been selected as candidate in a by - election in a staunch Conservative seat stood aside , allowing Home to contest and win the by - election , and thus procure a seat in the lower House . Jump up ^ Even after death their rivalry continued . When Disraeli died in 1881 , Gladstone proposed a state funeral , but Disraeli 's will specified that he have a private funeral and be buried next to his wife . Gladstone replied , `` As ( Disraeli ) lived , so he died -- all display , without reality or genuineness . '' Disraeli , for his part , once said that GOM ( the acronym for `` Grand Old Man '' ) really stood for `` God 's Only Mistake '' . Jump up ^ Following a series of reforms in the twentieth century the Lords now consists almost entirely of appointed members who hold their title only for their own lifetime . As of 11 June 2012 the Lords had 763 members ( excluding 49 who were on leave of absence or otherwise disqualified from sitting ) , compared to 646 in the Commons . Jump up ^ Campbell - Bannerman retired and died in 1908 Jump up ^ These include : in England and Wales , the Anglican Archbishops of Canterbury and York ; in Scotland , the Lord High Commissioner and the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland ; in Northern Ireland , the Anglican and Roman Catholic Archbishops of Armagh and Dublin and the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church . Jump up ^ This circumstance is somewhat confused , however , as since the Great Reform Act 1832 , only seven Scots have served as Prime Minister . Of these , two -- Bonar Law and Ramsay MacDonald -- died while still sitting in the Commons , not yet having retired ; another , the Earl of Aberdeen , was appointed to both the Order of the Garter and the Order of the Thistle ; yet another , Arthur Balfour , was appointed to the Order of the Garter , but represented an English constituency and may not have considered himself entirely Scottish ; and of the remaining three , the Earl of Rosebery became a KG , Alec Douglas - Home became a KT , and Gordon Brown remained in the House of Commons as a backbencher until 2015 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.un.int/protocol/sites/www.un.int/files/Protocol%20and%20Liaison%20Service/hspmfm.pdf Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions : MPs '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/prime-minister Jump up ^ `` The principles of government formation ( Section 2.8 ) '' . The Cabinet Manual ( 1st ed . ) . Cabinet Office . October 2011 . p. 14 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Prime Ministers hold office unless and until they resign . If the Prime Minister resigns on behalf of the Government , the Sovereign will invite the person who appears most likely to be able to command the confidence of the House to serve as Prime Minister and to form a government . Jump up ^ `` George I '' . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister definition '' . Cambridge Dictionaries Online . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Le May , 98 -- 99 . Walter Bagehot , an authority on 19th - century British government , said this unity is `` the efficient secret '' of its constitution . Bagehot 's description of the `` efficient part '' of the British constitution is quoted by Le May and many other standard texts : `` The efficient secret of the English Constitution may be described as the close union , the nearly complete fusion , of the executive and legislative powers . No doubt , by the traditional theory , as it exists in all the books , the goodness of our constitution consists in the entire separation of the legislative and executive authorities , but in truth its merit consists in their singular approximation . The connecting link is the Cabinet ... A Cabinet is a combing committee -- a hyphen which joins a buckle which fastens the legislative part of the State to the executive part of the State . In its origin it belongs to the one , in its functions it belongs to the other . '' Jump up ^ Barnett , pp. 245 -- 246 Jump up ^ King , pp. 3 -- 8 . King makes the point that much of the British constitution is in fact written and that no constitution is written down in its entirety . The distinctive feature of the British constitution , he says , is that it is not codified . Jump up ^ Quoted in Hanchant , p. 209 Jump up ^ Low , p. 155 . In 1902 , for example , Arthur Balfour said , `` The Prime Minister has no salary as Prime Minister . He has no statutory duties as Prime Minister , his name occurs in no Acts of Parliament , and though holding the most important place in the constitutional hierarchy , he has no place which is recognized by the laws of his country . This is a strange paradox '' Jump up ^ Low , p. 255 `` There is no distinction , '' said Gladstone , `` more vital to the practice of the British constitution or to the right judgement upon it than the distinction between the Sovereign and the Crown . '' Jump up ^ Bagehot , p. 67 Jump up ^ Low , pp 255 -- 258 Jump up ^ Knappen , pp. 448 -- 451 Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 371 -- 373 Jump up ^ Smith , p. 382 Jump up ^ `` Standing Orders of the House of Commons '' ( PDF ) . London , United Kingdom : Parliament of the United Kingdom . 16 December 2009 . p. 65 . Jump up ^ Roseveare , p. 80 Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 372 -- 373 Jump up ^ Dodd , p. 50 There are a few instances of the use of `` Prime '' or `` First '' Minister in the 17th century . After the Restoration in 1660 , for example , Lord Clarendon was encouraged to assume the title of `` First Minister '' in the new government rather than accept a specific office . According to the Duke of Ormonde , however , `` He ( Clarendon ) could not consent to enjoy a pension out of the Exchequer under no other title or pretense but being First Minister ... ( an office ) so newly translated out of French into English that it was not enough understood to be liked and everyone would detest it for the burden it was attended with . '' Jump up ^ Marriott , p. 87 ^ Jump up to : Barnett , p. 249 Jump up ^ Barnett , p. 247 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 59 Jump up ^ Dodd , p. 79 . In 1691 , for example , a Lord protested , that `` ' Cabinet - Council ' is not a word to be found in our Law - books . We know it not before : we took it for a nick - name . Nothing can fall out more unhappily , than to have a distinction made of the ' Cabinet ' and ' Privy - Council ' ... If some of the Privy - Council men be trusted , and some not , to whom is a gentleman to apply ? Must he ask , `` Who is a Cabinet - Counsellor ? ... I am sure , these distinctions of some being more trusted than others have given great dissatisfaction . '' Jump up ^ Smith , p. 383 Jump up ^ Marriott , pp. 75 -- 76 Jump up ^ Dodd , p. 66 `` Is it not hard '' Anne said , `` that men of sense and honour will not promote the good of their country , because everything in the world is not done as they desire ? '' ^ Jump up to : Smith , pp. 379 -- 382 Jump up ^ Marriott , pp. 76 -- 83 Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 376 -- 379 Jump up ^ Marriott , p. 107 Jump up ^ Smith , p. 384 Jump up ^ Pike , pp. 22 -- 23 Jump up ^ Taylor , Stephen ( 2002 ) . `` Robert Walpole '' . In Eccleshall , Robert ; Walker , Graham . Biographical Dictionary of British Prime Ministers . Routledge . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 385 . He worked tirelessly to maintain the King 's confidence , and sometimes resorted to bribery . On the accession of George II in 1727 , for example , Walpole gave the new King an additional £ 100,000 for his personal use to maintain his offices . Jump up ^ Marriott , pp. 77 -- 81 . The preceding paragraph is a paraphrase of Hearn 's famous list of Walpole 's contributions to the evolution of the office of Prime Minister in his book Government of England , p. 220 , quoted by Marriott . Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 385 -- 387 Jump up ^ Marriott , p. 86 . During most periods of British history , there have been Chief Ministers who have had many of the attributes of a modern Prime Minister such as Dunstan of Glastonbury under Edgar , Ranulf Flambard under William II , Cardinal Wolsey and Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII , and many others . ^ Jump up to : Marriott , p. 88 Jump up ^ Low , p. 156 Jump up ^ Low , pp. 156 -- 157 Jump up ^ Walpole , pp. 213 -- 214 ^ Jump up to : Barnett , p. 245 Jump up ^ Bogdanor , Vernon ( 2 February 2007 ) . `` A dictatoror ( sic ) first among equals ? '' . Times Higher Education . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Chris Bryant , Parliament : The Biography ( Volume II - Reform ) , Random House , 2014 . p. 45 Jump up ^ Low , pp. 160 -- 161 . In his memoirs , Gleanings , Gladstone lamented the Prime Ministry 's unseemly status in the government hierarchy : `` Nowhere in the wide world , '' he said , `` does so great a substance cast so small a shadow . Nowhere is there a man who has so much power with so little to show for it in the way of formal title or prerogative . '' Jump up ^ Marriott , p. 85 Jump up ^ Rozenberg , Joshua ( 3 June 1998 ) . `` UK Politics : Talking Politics -- Conventions of the constitution '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2 November 2008 . Jump up ^ See letter , dated , `` Downing Street , 30 June 1742 '' , from Horace Walpole to Sir Horace Mann : `` I am writing to you in one of the charming rooms towards the Park : it is I am willing to enjoy this sweet corner while I may , for we are soon to quit it . Mrs. Sandys came yesterday to give us warning ; Lord Wilmington has lent it to them . Sir Robert might have had it for his own at first : but would only take it as First Lord of the Treasury . He goes into a small house of his own in Arlington Street , opposite to where we formerly lived '' . ( Horace Walpole 's Letters , ed . Cunningham , 1857 , I , p. 246 . ) British History Online , From : ' No. 10 , Downing Street ' , Survey of London : volume 14 : St Margaret , Westminster , part III : Whitehall II ( 1931 ) , pp. 113 -- 141 . Date accessed : 21 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Feely , Terence ( 1982 ) . No. 10 , The Private Lives of Six Prime Ministers . Sidgwick and Jackson ISBN 0 - 283 - 98893 - 2 . Jump up ^ Low , pp. 141 -- 142 Jump up ^ Dodd , p. 127 Jump up ^ Pares , p. 175 in a letter to the King written at the same time , North repeated the idea , `` That in critical times , it is necessary that there should be one directing Minister , who should plan the whole of the operations of government , so far as to make them co-operate zealously & actively with his designs even tho ' contrary to their own . '' Jump up ^ Gladstone 's Cabinet of 1868 , Lowes Cato Dickinson , ref . NPG 5116 , National Portrait Gallery , London , accessed January 2010 Jump up ^ Shannon , Richard ( 1984 ) . Gladstone : 1809 - 1865 ( p. 342 ) . p. 580 . ISBN 0807815918 . Retrieved 30 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Marriott , pp 92 -- 93 Bagehot enumerated the three rights of a constitutional Monarch as `` the right to be consulted , the right to encourage , the right to warn '' Jump up ^ Marriott , pp 78 -- 83 . Marriott enumerates five characteristics of modern Cabinet Government : 1 . exclusion of the Sovereign , 2 . close correspondence of party affiliation between the Cabinet and the majority in Parliament , 3 . homogeneity of the Cabinet , 4 . collective responsibility , and 5 . ascendency of the Prime Minister . Jump up ^ Foord , p. 1 Laughter followed Hobhouse 's remark but George Tierney , a leading Whig , repeated the phrase and added a definition . `` My honourable friend , '' he said , `` could not have invented a better phrase to designate us than that which he has adopted , for we are certainly to all intents and purposes a branch of His Majesty 's Government . '' Jump up ^ Blake , Robert ( 1993 ) . `` How Churchill Became Prime Minister '' . In Blake , Robert B. ; Louis , William Roger . Churchill . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. 262 -- 263 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820626 - 7 . Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 37 -- 38 Jump up ^ Marriott , pp. 219 -- 222 Jump up ^ Pike , pp. 188 -- 194 Jump up ^ Minney , p. 216 . Contemporaries seemed to sense from the beginning that history was being made . Lord Creevey , for example , recorded in his diary , `` I dined in Downing Street with Lady Grey ... After dinner the private secretary to the Prime Minister and myself being alone , I ascertained that although Lord Grey was gone to Brighton ostensibly to prick for Sheriffs for the year , his great object was to put his plan of reform before the King , previous ... to its being proposed to the House of Commons . A ticklish operation , this ! to propose to a Sovereign a plan for reducing his own power and patronage . However , there is the plan all cut and dry , and the Cabinet unanimous upon it ... Grey is determined to fight it out to a dissolution of Parliament , if his plan is beat in the Commons . My eye , what a crisis ! '' Jump up ^ Trevelyan , p. 272 Jump up ^ Marriott , pp. 222 -- 223 Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 437 -- 444 Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 454 , 468 , 486 , and 489 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 21 Jump up ^ Pike , p. 219 Jump up ^ Rosebery , p. 27 . Lord Rosebery , later a Prime Minister himself , said of Peel : `` the model of all Prime Ministers . It is more than doubtful , indeed , if it be possible in this generation , when the burdens of Empire and of office have so incalculably grown , for any Prime Minister to discharge the duties of his high office with the same thoroughness or in the same spirit as Peel ... Peel kept a strict supervision over every department : he seems to have been master of the business of each and all of them ... it is probable that no Prime Minister ever fulfilled so completely and thoroughly the functions of the office , parliamentary , administrative , and general as Sir Robert Peel . '' Jump up ^ Hanham , pp. 63 -- 64 Jump up ^ Bigham , p. 318 . Disraeli and Victoria thought the tactic was unconstitutional . `` Such conduct '' , the Queen said , `` is unheard of and the only excuse is -- that he is not quite sane . '' Jump up ^ Pike , p. 389 Jump up ^ King , pp. 319 -- 320 Jump up ^ Tuchman , p 391 Jump up ^ `` House of Lords : Breakdown of Lords by party strength and type of peerage '' . 1 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` House of Commons : State of the parties '' . 23 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2008 . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 477 , Jump up ^ Tuchman , p 365 . The Liberal majority was actually much larger in practice because on most issues they could rely on the votes of 51 Labour and Lib - Lab representatives and 83 Irish Nationalists . Their majority was so large and unprecedented -- they had more seats than all other parties combined -- that one Conservative called it a `` hideous abnormality '' . Jump up ^ Furthermore , Arthur Balfour , the defeated Conservative Prime Minister and now Leader of the Opposition , declared that the House of Lords was the `` watchdog of the constitution '' ; it had an obligation to promote stability by rejecting `` radical '' legislation proposed by `` zealots '' who may have a temporary numerical advantage in the Commons . David Lloyd George , the new Liberal President of the Board of Trade and a future Prime Minister , said the Lords `` ... is not the watchdog of the British Constitution . It is Mr Balfour 's poodle ! '' Smith , p. 478 Jump up ^ Smith , pp 478 -- 480 . Although the Liberals did pass the Trade Disputes Act , the Workmen 's Compensation Act , the Labour Exchanges Act , the Trade Boards Act , and the Housing , Town Planning , &c . Act , the Lords vetoed an Education Bill , a land reform bill , a Licensing Bill , and a Plural Voting Bill ; they mutilated and mauled an Agricultural Holdings Bill and an Irish Town Tenants Bill , and they almost rejected the Old - Age Pensions Act . Jump up ^ Knappen , pp 554 -- 555 Jump up ^ Smith , p. 482 , Jump up ^ Knappen , p. 555 ^ Jump up to : Fairclough , Paul ( 2002 ) . `` 6.1 The Primemister '' . Advanced Government and Politics . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 913434 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Andy ( 1998 ) . `` Prime ministerial government '' . UK Government & Politics . Heinemann . pp. 113 -- 114 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 435 - 33158 - 0 . Jump up ^ Allen , Graham ( 14 February 2017 ) . The Last Prime Minister : Being Honest About the UK Presidency . Andrews UK Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84540 - 609 - 7 . Jump up ^ Foley , Michael ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 1 : The Blair revolution and presidential standard '' . The British Presidency . Manchester University Press . pp. 1 - 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 5016 - 9 . Jump up ^ Foster , Christopher ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 12 Blair 's Cabinet : Monarchy Returns '' . British Government in Crisis . Hart Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Short launches broadside on Blair '' . BBC News . 12 May 2003 . Retrieved 23 April 2006 . Jump up ^ Palekar , S.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Position of the Prime Minister '' . Comparative Politics and Government . PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 203 - 3335 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bagehot , Walter ( 1867 ) . The English Constitution . Project Gutenburg Ebook . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Booth , Jenny ( 7 February 2006 ) . `` Blair defends school reform climbdown '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ Cameron , David ( 11 May 2010 ) . `` David Cameron becomes PM : Full Downing Street statement '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Prime Minister Gordon Brown arrives at Downing Street on YouTube Jump up ^ Transfer of Power from James Callaghan to Margaret Thatcher on YouTube Jump up ^ May , Theresa ( 13 July 2016 ) . `` Prime Minister Theresa May promises ' a better Britain ' - the full speech '' . Total Politics . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ A new politics : cutting Ministerial pay , Number10.gov.uk , 13 May 2010 , archived from the original on 18 June 2010 , retrieved 19 June 2010 Jump up ^ An example of `` Prime Minister '' being used as a title , even by Number 10 Downing Street . `` PM attends European Council '' . 16 September 2010 . Retrieved 17 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Rasor , Eugene L. ( 2000 ) . Winston S. Churchill , 1874 -- 1965 : a comprehensive historiography and annotated bibliography . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 205 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30546 - 7 . Works cited ( edit ) Bagehot , Walter ( 1963 ) ( 1867 ) . The English Constitution . Wm . Collins & Sons . ISBN 0 - 521 - 46535 - 4 . Chrimes , S.B. ( 1947 ) . English Constitutional History . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 404 - 14653 - 8 . Barnett , Hilaire ( 2009 ) . Constitutional & Administrative Law ( 7th ed . ) . Abingdon , Oxfordshire : Routledge - Cavendish . Dodd , A.H. ( 1956 ) . The Growth of Responsible Government from James the First to Victoria . London : Routledge and Kegan Paul . Farnborough , Thomas Erskine , 1st Baron ( 1896 ) . Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third ( 11th ed . ) . London : Longmans , Green and Co . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Foord , Archibald S. ( 1964 ) . His Majesty 's Opposition . Clarendon Press , Oxford . ISBN 0 - 313 - 21974 - 5 . Hanchant , W.L. ( 1943 ) . England Is Here -- Speeches and Writings of the Prime Ministers of England . Bodley Head . Jennings , Ivor ( 1959 ) . `` The Formation of a Government '' . Cabinet Government ( 3rd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . King , Anthony ( 2007 ) . The British Constitution . Oxford University Press , Oxford . ISBN 0 - 9691436 - 3 - X . Knappen , M.M. ( 1942 ) . Constitutional and Legal History of England . Harcourt , Brace & Company . ISBN 0 - 8377 - 2335 - 3 . Le May , G.H.L. ( 1979 ) . The Victorian Constitution , Conventions , Usages and Contingencies . Duckworth . Leonard , Dick ( 2014 ) . A History of British Prime Ministers , Walpole to Cameron . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 33804 - 4 . Low , S. ( 1904 ) . The Governance of England . T. Fisher Unwin , London . ISBN 0 - 521 - 38155 - X . Marriott , J.A.R. ( 1925 ) . English Political Institutions . Oxford University Press , Oxford . Pike , E. Royston ( 1968 ) . Britain 's Prime Ministers : From Walpole to Wilson . Odhams Books . ISBN 0 - 600 - 72032 - 2 . Roseveare , Henry ( 1973 ) . Treasury , 1660 -- 1870 : The Foundations of Control . Allen and Unwin . ISBN 0 - 04 - 942115 - 8 . Smith , Goldwin ( 1990 ) . A Constitutional and Legal History of England . Dorset Press . ISBN 0 - 88029 - 474 - 4 . Tuchman , Barbara W. ( 1966 ) . The Proud Tower , A Portrait of the World before the War , 1890 -- 1914 . The Macmillan Company . ISBN 0 - 345 - 40501 - 3 . -- ( 1984 ) . The March of Folly , From Troy to Vietnam . Random House . ISBN 0 - 345 - 30823 - 9 . Van Thal , Herbert , ed. ( 1974 ) . The Prime Ministers , From Sir Robert Walpole to Edward Heath . Stein and Day . ISBN 0 - 8128 - 1738 - 9 . Walpole , S. ( 2009 ) . Essays Political and Biographical . BiblioBazaar , llc . ISBN 1 - 113 - 70982 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prime ministers of the United Kingdom . Number 10 official website Photos from the Prime Minister 's Office Parliament of the United Kingdom . ( 2004 ) . Official Website . 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Immigration to the United States
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Immigration to the United States - Wikipedia Immigration to the United States Naturalization ceremony at the Oakton High School in Virginia , December 2015 . Immigrants to the United States take the Oath of Allegiance at a naturalization ceremony at the Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona , September 2010 . Immigration to the United States is the international movement of individuals who are not natives or do not possess citizenship in order to settle , reside , study , or work in the country . It has been a major source of population growth and cultural change throughout much of the history of the United States . Because the United States is a settler colonial society , the vast majority of Americans , with the exception of Native Americans , can trace their ancestry to immigrants from other nations . In absolute numbers , the United States has a larger immigrant population than any other country , with 47 million immigrants as of 2015 . This represents 19.1 % of the 244 million international migrants worldwide , and 14.4 % of the U.S. population . Many other countries have large proportions of immigrants , such as Switzerland with 24.9 % and Canada with 21.9 % . According to the 2016 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics , the United States admitted 1.18 million legal immigrants in 2016 . Of these , 20 % were family - sponsored , 47 % were the immediate relatives of U.S. citizens , 12 % were employment - based preferences , 4 % were part of the Diversity Immigrant Visa program , and 13 % were refugees and asylum - seekers . The remainder included small numbers from several other categories , including interpreters and other Iraqis and Afghans employed by U.S. Government ; persons admitted under the Nicaraguan and Central American Relief Act ; children born subsequent to the issuance of a parent 's visa ; and certain parolees from the former Soviet Union , Cambodia , Laos , or Vietnam who were denied refugee status . The economic , social , and political aspects of immigration have caused controversy regarding such issues as mainitaining ethnic homogeneity , workers for employers versus jobs for non-immigrants , settlement patterns , impact on upward social mobility , crime , and voting behavior . Prior to 1965 , policies such as the national origins formula limited immigration and naturalization opportunities for people from areas outside Western Europe . Exclusion laws enacted as early as the 1880s generally prohibited or severely restricted immigration from Asia , and quota laws enacted in the 1920s curtailed Eastern European immigration . The civil rights movement led to the replacement of these ethnic quotas with per - country limits . Since then , the number of first - generation immigrants living in the United States has quadrupled . Research suggests that immigration to the United States is beneficial to the US economy . With few exceptions , the evidence suggests that on average , immigration has positive economic effects on the native population , but it is mixed as to whether low - skilled immigration adversely affects low - skilled natives . Studies also show that immigrants have lower crime rates than natives in the United States . Research shows that the United States excels at assimilating first - and second - generation immigrants relative to many other Western countries . Contents 1 History 2 Contemporary immigration 2.1 Ethnicity 3 Demography 3.1 Extent and destinations 3.2 Origin 4 Effects of immigration 4.1 Demographics 4.2 Economic 4.2. 1 Overall economic prosperity 4.2. 2 Fiscal effects 4.2. 3 Inequality 4.2. 4 Impact of undocumented immigrants 4.2. 5 Impact of refugees 4.2. 6 Innovation and entrepreneurship 4.3 Social 4.3. 1 Discrimination 4.3. 1.1 Business 4.3. 1.2 Criminal justice system 4.3. 1.3 Education 4.3. 1.4 Housing 4.3. 1.5 Labor market 4.3. 1.6 Discrimination between minority groups 4.3. 2 Assimilation 4.3. 3 Religious diversity 4.3. 3.1 Labor unions 4.4 Political 4.5 Health 4.6 Crime 4.6. 1 Crimmigration 4.7 Education 4.8 Science and Engineering 4.9 Lobbying 5 Public opinion 5.1 Religious responses 6 Legal issues 6.1 Laws concerning immigration and naturalization 6.2 Asylum for refugees 6.3 Miscellaneous documented immigration 6.4 Illegal immigration 6.5 Military immigration 7 Immigration in popular culture 7.1 Immigration in literature 8 Documentary films 9 Legal perspectives 10 Interpretive perspectives 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 Further reading 13.1 Surveys 13.2 Before 1920 13.3 Recent : post 1965 14 External links 14.1 History 14.2 Immigration policy 14.3 Current immigration 14.4 Economic impact History Main article : History of immigration to the United States Immigrants on ocean steamer passing the Statue of Liberty , New York City , 1887 American immigration history can be viewed in four epochs : the colonial period , the mid-19th century , the start of the 20th century , and post-1965 . Each period brought distinct national groups , races and ethnicities to the United States . During the 17th century , approximately 400,000 English people migrated to Colonial America . However only half stayed permanently . From 1700 to 1775 between 400 - 500,000 immigrated . Only 45,000 English supposedly immigrated in the period 1701 to 1775 ( on Butler , Becoming America , The Revolution before 1776 , 2000 , p. 34 - 35 ISBN 0 - 674 - 00091 - 9 ) , a figure questioned as too low ( The Oxford History of the British Empire , The Eighteenth Century , Ed . P.J. Marshall , p. 3 ISBN 0 - 19 - 820563 - 5 the number given is at 80,000 less 29,000 Welsh which seems strange to the author , James Horn ; Duncan also regards this as a `` mystery '' ) not including the 50,000 - 120,000 convicts transported , most of whom were English : the rest , 400 - 450,000 were Scots , Scots - Irish from Ulster , Germans and Swiss , French Huguenots , and involuntarily 350,000 Africans ( Encyclopedia of the Colonial and Revolutionary America , 1996 p. 200 - 202 ISBN 0 - 306 - 80687 - 8 ; Jon Butler , Becoming America , The Revolution before 1776 , 2000 , pp. 16 -- 49 ISBN 0 - 674 - 00091 - 9 ) . Over half of all European immigrants to Colonial America during the 17th and 18th centuries arrived as indentured servants . They numbered 350,000 ( Encyclopedia , p. 202 ) . The European populations of the Middle Colonies of New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania and Delaware were ethnically very mixed , the English constituting only 30 in Pennsylvania , 40 % in New Jersey to 45 % in New York ( numbered22 thousand or 18 % in NY ) ( Duncan . op . cit . p. 10 ) . The mid-19th century saw an influx mainly from northern Europe from the same major ethnic groups as for the Colonial Period but with large numbers of Catholic Irish and Scandinavians added to the mix ; the late 19th and early 20th - century immigrants were mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe , but there were also several million immigrants from Canada ; post-1965 most came from Latin America and Asia . Historians estimate that fewer than 1 million immigrants moved to the United States from Europe between 1600 and 1799 . By comparison , in the first federal census , in 1790 , the population of the United States was enumerated to be 3,929,214 . The 1790 Act limited naturalization to `` free white persons '' ; it was expanded to include blacks in the 1860s and Asians in the 1950s . In the early years of the United States , immigration was fewer than 8,000 people a year , including French refugees from the slave revolt in Haiti . After 1820 , immigration gradually increased . From 1836 to 1914 , over 30 million Europeans migrated to the United States . The death rate on these transatlantic voyages was high , during which one in seven travelers died . In 1875 , the nation passed its first immigration law , the Page Act of 1875 . Immigrants arriving at Ellis Island , 1902 After an initial wave of immigration from China following the California Gold Rush , Congress passed a series of laws culminating in the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 , banning virtually all immigration from China until the law 's repeal in 1943 . In the late 1800s , immigration from other Asian countries , especially to the West Coast , became more common . The peak year of European immigration was in 1907 , when 1,285,349 persons entered the country . By 1910 , 13.5 million immigrants were living in the United States . In 1921 , the Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act , followed by the Immigration Act of 1924 . The 1924 Act was aimed at further restricting immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe , particularly Jews , Italians , and Slavs , who had begun to enter the country in large numbers beginning in the 1890s , and consolidated the prohibition of Asian immigration . Polish immigrants working on the farm , 1909 . The welfare system was practically non-existent before the 1930s and the economic pressures on the poor were giving rise to child labor . Immigration patterns of the 1930s were affected by the Great Depression . In the final prosperous year , 1929 , there were 279,678 immigrants recorded , but in 1933 , only 23,068 moved to the U.S. In the early 1930s , more people emigrated from the United States than to it . The U.S. government sponsored a Mexican Repatriation program which was intended to encourage people to voluntarily move to Mexico , but thousands were deported against their will . Altogether about 400,000 Mexicans were repatriated half of them US citizens . Most of the Jewish refugees fleeing the Nazis and World War II were barred from coming to the United States . In the post-war era , the Justice Department launched Operation Wetback , under which 1,075,168 Mexicans were deported in 1954 . First , our cities will not be flooded with a million immigrants annually . Under the proposed bill , the present level of immigration remains substantially the same ... Secondly , the ethnic mix of this country will not be upset ... Contrary to the charges in some quarters , ( the bill ) will not inundate America with immigrants from any one country or area , or the most populated and deprived nations of Africa and Asia ... In the final analysis , the ethnic pattern of immigration under the proposed measure is not expected to change as sharply as the critics seem to think . -- Ted Kennedy , chief Senate sponsor of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 . The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 , also known as the Hart - Cellar Act , abolished the system of national - origin quotas . By equalizing immigration policies , the act resulted in new immigration from non-European nations , which changed the ethnic make - up of the United States . In 1970 , 60 % of immigrants were from Europe ; this decreased to 15 % by 2000 . In 1990 , George H.W. Bush signed the Immigration Act of 1990 , which increased legal immigration to the United States by 40 % . In 1991 , Bush signed the Armed Forces Immigration Adjustment Act 1991 , allowing foreign service members who had serve 12 or more years in the US Armed Forces to qualify for permanent residency and , in some cases , citizenship . In November 1994 , California voters passed Proposition 187 amending the state constitution , denying state financial aid to illegal immigrants . The federal courts voided this change , ruling that it violated the federal constitution . Appointed by Bill Clinton , the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform recommended reducing legal immigration from about 800,000 people per year to approximately 550,000 . While an influx of new residents from different cultures presents some challenges , `` the United States has always been energized by its immigrant populations , '' said President Bill Clinton in 1998 . `` America has constantly drawn strength and spirit from wave after wave of immigrants ( ... ) They have proved to be the most restless , the most adventurous , the most innovative , the most industrious of people . '' Boston Chinatown , Massachusetts , 2008 . In 2001 , President George W. Bush discussed an accord with Mexican President Vincente Fox . Possible accord was derailed by the September 11 attacks . From 2005 to 2013 , the US Congress discussed various ways of controlling immigration . The Senate and House were unable to reach an agreement . Nearly 14 million immigrants entered the United States from 2000 to 2010 , and over one million persons were naturalized as U.S. citizens in 2008 . The per - country limit applies the same maximum on the number of visas to all countries regardless of their population and has therefore had the effect of significantly restricting immigration of persons born in populous nations such as Mexico , China , India , and the Philippines -- the leading countries of origin for legally admitted immigrants to the United States in 2013 ; nevertheless , China , India , and Mexico were the leading countries of origin for immigrants overall to the United States in 2013 , regardless of legal status , according to a U.S. Census Bureau study . As of 2009 , 66 % of legal immigrants were admitted on the basis of family ties , along with 13 % admitted for their employment skills and 17 % for humanitarian reasons . Nearly 8 million people immigrated to the United States from 2000 to 2005 ; 3.7 million of them entered without papers . In 1986 president Ronald Reagan signed immigration reform that gave amnesty to 3 million undocumented immigrants in the country . Hispanic immigrants suffered job losses during the late - 2000s recession , but since the recession 's end in June 2009 , immigrants posted a net gain of 656,000 jobs . Over 1 million immigrants were granted legal residence in 2011 . For those who enter the US illegally across the Mexico -- United States border and elsewhere , migration is difficult , expensive and dangerous . Virtually all undocumented immigrants have no avenues for legal entry to the United States due to the restrictive legal limits on green cards , and lack of immigrant visas for low - skilled workers . Participants in debates on immigration in the early twenty - first century called for increasing enforcement of existing laws governing illegal immigration to the United States , building a barrier along some or all of the 2,000 - mile ( 3,200 km ) Mexico - U.S. border , or creating a new guest worker program . Through much of 2006 the country and Congress was immersed in a debate about these proposals . As of April 2010 few of these proposals had become law , though a partial border fence had been approved and subsequently canceled . In January 2017 , U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order temporarily suspending entry to the United States by nationals of certain Muslim - majority countries . It was replaced by another executive order in March 2017 and by a presidential proclamation in September 2017 , with various changes to the list of countries and exemptions . The orders were temporarily suspended by federal courts but later allowed to proceed by the Supreme Court , pending a definite ruling on their legality . Another executive order called for the immediate construction of a wall across the U.S. -- Mexico border , the hiring of 5,000 new border patrol agents and 10,000 new immigration officers , and federal funding penalties for sanctuary cities . Persons obtaining legal permanent resident status by fiscal year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year 1890 455,302 1910 1,041,570 1930 241,700 1950 249,187 1970 373,326 1990 1,535,872 1,042,625 1895 258,536 1915 326,700 1935 34,956 1955 237,790 385,378 1995 720,177 2015 1,051,031 1900 448,572 1920 430,001 1940 70,756 1960 265,398 1980 524,295 2000 841,002 1905 1,026,499 1925 294,314 1945 38,119 1965 296,697 1985 568,149 2005 1,122,257 Decade Average per year 1890 - 99 369,100 1900 - 09 745,100 1910 - 19 634,400 1920 - 29 429,600 1930 -- 39 69,900 1940 -- 49 85,700 1950 -- 59 249,900 1960 -- 69 321,400 1970 -- 79 424,800 1980 -- 89 624,400 1990 -- 99 977,500 2000 -- 09 1,029,900 2010 -- 16 1,054,000 Contemporary immigration Naturalization ceremony , Salem , Massachusetts , 2007 Until the 1930s most legal immigrants were male . By the 1990s women accounted for just over half of all legal immigrants . Contemporary immigrants tend to be younger than the native population of the United States , with people between the ages of 15 and 34 substantially overrepresented . Immigrants are also more likely to be married and less likely to be divorced than native - born Americans of the same age . Paterson , New Jersey , within the New York City Metropolitan Area , is becoming an increasingly popular destination for Muslim immigrants . Immigrants are likely to move to and live in areas populated by people with similar backgrounds . This phenomenon has held true throughout the history of immigration to the United States . Seven out of ten immigrants surveyed by Public Agenda in 2009 said they intended to make the U.S. their permanent home , and 71 % said if they could do it over again they would still come to the US . In the same study , 76 % of immigrants say the government has become stricter on enforcing immigration laws since the September 11 , 2001 attacks ( `` 9 / 11 '' ) , and 24 % report that they personally have experienced some or a great deal of discrimination . Public attitudes about immigration in the U.S. were heavily influenced in the aftermath of the 9 / 11 attacks . After the attacks , 52 % of Americans believed that immigration was a good thing overall for the U.S. , down from 62 % the year before , according to a 2009 Gallup poll . A 2008 Public Agenda survey found that half of Americans said tighter controls on immigration would do `` a great deal '' to enhance U.S. national security . Harvard political scientist and historian Samuel P. Huntington argued in his 2004 book Who Are We ? The Challenges to America 's National Identity that a potential future consequence of continuing massive immigration from Latin America , especially Mexico , could lead to the bifurcation of the United States . The estimated population of illegal Mexican immigrants in the US fell from approximately 7 million in 2007 to 6.1 million in 2011 Commentators link the reversal of the immigration trend to the economic downturn that started in 2008 and which meant fewer available jobs , and to the introduction of tough immigration laws in many states . According to the Pew Hispanic Center the net immigration of Mexican born persons had stagnated in 2010 , and tended toward going into negative figures . More than 80 cities in the United States , including Washington D.C. , New York City , Los Angeles , Chicago , San Francisco , San Diego , San Jose , Salt Lake City , Phoenix , Dallas , Fort Worth , Houston , Detroit , Jersey City , Minneapolis , Denver , Baltimore , Seattle , Portland , Oregon and Portland , Maine , have sanctuary policies , which vary locally . Ethnicity See also : United States immigration statistics Inflow of New Legal Permanent Residents by continent in 2016 : Americas ( 42.8 % ) Asia ( 39.1 % ) Africa ( 9.6 % ) Europe ( 7.9 % ) Australia and Oceania ( 0.5 % ) Unknown ( 0.1 % ) Inflow of New Legal Permanent Residents by region , in 2013 , 2014 and 2015 Region 2014 % of total 2015 % of total 2016 % of total % in 2016 Americas 398,069 39.16 % 438,435 41.71 % 506,901 42.83 % 15.6 % Asia 430,508 42.35 % 419,297 39.89 % 462,299 39.06 % 10.3 % Africa 98,413 9.68 % 101,415 9.65 % 113,426 9.58 % 11.8 % Europe 83,266 8.19 % 85,803 8.16 % 93,567 7.90 % 9.0 % Australia and Oceania 5,122 0.50 % 5,404 0.51 % 5,588 0.47 % 3.4 % Unknown 1,150 0.11 % 677 0.06 % 1,724 0.14 % 154.6 % Total 1,016,518 100 % 1,051,031 100 % 1,183,505 100 % 12.6 % Source : US Department of Homeland Security , Office of Immigration Statistics Top 10 sending countries in 2015 and 2016 Country 2015 2016 1 . Mexico 158,619 174,534 2 . China 74,558 81,772 3 . Cuba 54,396 66,516 4 . India 64,116 64,687 5 . Dominican Rep . 50,610 61,161 6 . Philippines 56,478 53,287 7 . Vietnam 30,832 41,451 8 . Haiti 16,967 23,584 9 . El Salvador 19,487 23,449 10 . Jamaica 17,642 23,350 Total 1,051,031 1,183,505 Demography Extent and destinations Little Italy in New York , ca. 1900 Crowd at the Philippine Independence Day Parade in New York City Year Number of foreign - born Percent foreign - born 1850 2,244,602 9.7 1860 4,138,697 13.2 1870 5,567,229 14.4 1880 6,679,943 13.3 1890 9,249,547 14.8 1900 10,341,276 13.6 1910 13,515,886 14.7 1920 13,920,692 13.2 1930 14,204,149 11.6 1940 11,594,896 8.8 1950 10,347,395 6.9 1960 9,738,091 5.4 1970 9,619,302 4.7 1980 14,079,906 6.2 1990 19,767,316 7.9 2000 31,107,889 11.1 39,956,000 12.9 2015 43,290,000 13.4 The United States admitted more legal immigrants from 1991 to 2000 , between ten and eleven million , than in any previous decade . In the most recent decade , the ten million legal immigrants that settled in the U.S. represent an annual growth of only about 0.3 % as the U.S. population grew from 249 million to 281 million . By comparison , the highest previous decade was the 1900s , when 8.8 million people arrived , increasing the total U.S. population by one percent every year . Specifically , `` nearly 15 % of Americans were foreign - born in 1910 , while in 1999 , only about 10 % were foreign - born . '' By 1970 , immigrants accounted for 4.7 percent of the US population and rising to 6.2 percent in 1980 , with an estimated 12.5 percent in 2009 . As of 2010 , 25 % of US residents under age 18 were first - or second - generation immigrants . Eight percent of all babies born in the U.S. in 2008 belonged to illegal immigrant parents , according to a recent analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data by the Pew Hispanic Center . Legal immigration to the U.S. increased from 250,000 in the 1930s , to 2.5 million in the 1950s , to 4.5 million in the 1970s , and to 7.3 million in the 1980s , before resting at about 10 million in the 1990s . Since 2000 , legal immigrants to the United States number approximately 1,000,000 per year , of whom about 600,000 are Change of Status who already are in the U.S. Legal immigrants to the United States now are at their highest level ever , at just over 37,000,000 legal immigrants . Illegal immigration may be as high as 1,500,000 per year with a net of at least 700,000 illegal immigrants arriving every year . Immigration led to a 57.4 % increase in foreign born population from 1990 to 2000 . While immigration has increased drastically over the last century , the foreign born share of the population is , at 13.4 , only somewhat below what it was at its peak in 1910 at 14.7 % . A number of factors may be attributed to the decrease in the representation of foreign born residents in the United States . Most significant has been the change in the composition of immigrants ; prior to 1890 , 82 % of immigrants came from North and Western Europe . From 1891 to 1920 , that number dropped to 25 % , with a rise in immigrants from East , Central , and South Europe , summing up to 64 % . Animosity towards these different and foreign immigrants rose in the United States , resulting in much legislation to limit immigration . Contemporary immigrants settle predominantly in seven states , California , New York , Florida , Texas , Pennsylvania , New Jersey and Illinois , comprising about 44 % of the U.S. population as a whole . The combined total immigrant population of these seven states was 70 % of the total foreign - born population in 2000 . If current birth rate and immigration rates were to remain unchanged for another 70 to 80 years , the U.S. population would double to nearly 600 million . In fact , this growth would constitute a slowing trend in US population , which grew by 3.7 times between 1900 and 2000 . In 1900 , when the U.S. population was 76 million , there were an estimated 500,000 Hispanics . The Census Bureau projects that by 2050 , one - quarter of the population will be of Hispanic descent . This demographic shift is largely fueled by immigration from Latin America . Origin Foreign - born population of the United States in 2016 , by country of birth . > 10,000,000 1,000,000 -- 3,000,000 300,000 -- 1,000,000 100,000 -- 300,000 30,000 -- 100,000 < 30,000 United States and its territories Immigrants to the United States ( 2012 -- 2016 ) per thousand inhabitants of each country of origin ( 2012 ) . > 10.0 3.0 -- 10.0 1.0 -- 3.0 0.3 -- 1.0 0.1 -- 0.3 < 0.1 United States and its territories Foreign - born population of the United States in 2016 and number of immigrants between 1986 and 2016 , by country of birth Country of birth Population ( 2016 ) Immigrants ( 1986 -- 2016 ) Total foreign - born 43,738,901 30,393,223 Mexico 11,573,680 6,154,006 India 2,434,524 1,598,201 China 2,122,951 1,703,930 Philippines 1,941,665 1,695,162 El Salvador 1,387,022 757,247 Vietnam 1,352,760 1,085,652 Cuba 1,271,618 866,495 Dominican Republic 1,085,321 1,102,386 South Korea 1,041,727 691,668 Guatemala 935,707 398,373 Canada 783,206 445,048 Jamaica 736,303 587,164 Colombia 704,587 573,798 United Kingdom 696,896 433,528 Haiti 668,223 612,838 Honduras 651,059 217,955 Germany 563,985 215,089 Ecuador 439,123 285,715 Peru 427,445 364,871 Poland 424,928 383,673 Brazil 409,595 260,974 Russia 397,236 322,431 Iran 386,073 409,476 Pakistan 382,852 416,473 Taiwan 373,943 289,966 Japan 355,156 194,969 Ukraine 347,759 340,566 Italy 335,763 83,002 Nigeria 306,874 280,089 Venezuela 290,224 181,329 Guyana 266,368 238,473 Thailand 253,585 202,494 Ethiopia 244,924 252,548 Nicaragua 243,024 204,447 Trinidad and Tobago 242,661 173,095 Bangladesh 234,640 274,201 Iraq 221,587 222,615 Hong Kong 212,253 165,776 Argentina 189,126 115,072 Laos 183,894 113,742 Egypt 181,677 199,656 Portugal 176,638 57,511 France 175,250 106,433 Ghana 171,428 161,061 Romania 161,629 154,838 Cambodia 152,415 116,386 Myanmar 142,494 144,374 Israel 142,078 122,477 Greece 135,484 42,677 Kenya 129,670 116,774 Nepal 129,450 110,021 Lebanon 128,608 125,541 Ireland 125,840 111,183 Turkey 120,745 102,063 Spain 105,975 53,558 South Africa 104,889 81,227 Bosnia and Herzegovina 101,638 132,705 Saudi Arabia 99,849 30,908 Syria 96,694 84,410 Panama 94,958 62,039 Afghanistan 94,726 93,044 Indonesia 94,453 70,577 Chile 93,647 61,184 Australia 93,179 68,125 Albania 93,033 101,471 Somalia 93,020 117,687 Armenia 90,946 74,341 Liberia 88,090 89,255 Costa Rica 85,133 55,983 Jordan 81,930 123,477 Morocco 80,384 91,860 Netherlands 79,902 40,082 Bolivia 79,461 59,188 Malaysia 78,459 57,959 Bulgaria 70,800 79,951 Slovakia N / A 14,298 Czech Republic N / A 7,484 Uzbekistan 62,713 86,567 Belarus 62,514 66,361 Hungary 62,296 35,556 Yemen 61,680 74,933 Sri Lanka 55,049 43,558 Barbados 54,374 27,005 Cameroon 49,430 55,688 Belize 48,918 34,196 Sweden 48,294 35,547 Austria 44,943 14,686 Cape Verde 44,519 37,720 Fiji 43,406 38,654 Eritrea 43,010 28,695 Moldova 42,403 49,455 Uruguay 42,181 28,410 Croatia 39,747 21,080 Sudan 39,346 62,949 Switzerland 38,144 25,587 Sierra Leone 38,101 48,036 Serbia 37,654 5,606 Kuwait 36,659 29,637 Grenada 36,056 23,574 Belgium 35,406 19,443 Denmark 33,715 17,467 Lithuania 33,640 30,205 Bahamas 33,163 22,447 Kazakhstan 32,017 33,662 Dominica 31,220 13,665 New Zealand 31,054 27,074 Bhutan N / A 54,123 Democratic Republic of the Congo N / A 36,535 Azerbaijan N / A 30,968 Jump up ^ Mainland China only . Jump up ^ Including North Korea . Jump up ^ Including North Korea before 2009 . Jump up ^ Including Crown dependencies . Jump up ^ Including 677 immigrants recorded separately as born in Northern Ireland . Jump up ^ Including 596 immigrants from East Germany . ^ Jump up to : In addition , there were 195,309 immigrants recorded as born in the Soviet Union . Jump up ^ Including the Gaza Strip . Jump up ^ Metropolitan France only . Jump up ^ Excluding the Golan Heights and the Palestinian territories . ^ Jump up to : In addition , there were 86,683 immigrants recorded as born in Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro . Jump up ^ Including the Golan Heights . Jump up ^ Excluding Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands . Jump up ^ Including the West Bank . Jump up ^ Excluding Western Sahara . Jump up ^ European Netherlands only . ^ Jump up to : There were 65,982 people recorded as born in Czechoslovakia , the Czech Republic and Slovakia combined . ^ Jump up to : In addition , there were 22,708 immigrants recorded as born in Czechoslovakia . Jump up ^ Including 822 immigrants from South Yemen . Jump up ^ Excluding Greenland . Jump up ^ Excluding the Cook Islands and Niue . Effects of immigration Demographics A U.S. naturalization ceremony at the Kennedy Space Center , 2010 . The Census Bureau estimates the US population will grow from 317 million in 2014 to 417 million in 2060 with immigration , when nearly 20 % will be foreign born . A 2015 report from the Pew Research Center projects that by 2065 , non-Hispanic whites will account for 46 % of the population , down from the 2005 figure of 67 % . Non-Hispanic whites made up 85 % of the population in 1960 . It also foresees the Hispanic population rising from 17 % in 2014 to 29 % by 2060 . The Asian population is expected to nearly double in 2060 . Overall , the Pew Report predicts the population of the United States will rise from 296 million in 2005 to 441 million in 2065 , but only to 338 million with no immigration . In 35 of the country 's 50 largest cities , non-Hispanic whites were at the last census or are predicted to be in the minority . In California , non-Hispanic whites slipped from 80 % of the state 's population in 1970 to 42 % in 2001 and 39 % in 2013 . Immigrant segregation declined in the first half of the 20th century , but has been rising over the past few decades . This has caused questioning of the correctness of describing the United States as a melting pot . One explanation is that groups with lower socioeconomic status concentrate in more densely populated area that have access to public transit while groups with higher socioeconomic status move to suburban areas . Another is that some recent immigrant groups are more culturally and linguistically different from earlier groups and prefer to live together due to factors such as communication costs . Another explanation for increased segregation is white flight . Place of birth for the foreign - born population in the United States Top ten countries 2015 2000 1990 Mexico 11,643,298 11,711,103 9,177,487 4,298,014 China 2,676,697 2,166,526 1,518,652 921,070 India 2,389,639 1,780,322 1,022,552 450,406 Philippines 1,982,369 1,777,588 1,369,070 912,674 El Salvador 1,352,357 1,214,049 817,336 465,433 Vietnam 1,300,515 1,240,542 988,174 543,262 Cuba 1,210,674 1,104,679 872,716 736,971 Dominican Republic 1,063,239 879,187 687,677 347,858 South Korea 1,060,019 1,100,422 864,125 568,397 Guatemala 927,593 830,824 480,665 225,739 All of Latin America 21,224,087 16,086,974 8,407,837 All Immigrants 43,289,646 39,955,854 31,107,889 19,767,316 Source : 1990 , 2000 and 2010 decennial Census and 2015 American Community Survey Economic Mexican immigrants march for more rights in Northern California 's largest city , San Jose ( 2006 ) . A survey of leading economists shows a consensus behind the view that high - skilled immigration makes the average American better off . A survey of the same economists also shows strong support behind the notion that low - skilled immigration makes the average American better off . According to David Card , Christian Dustmann , and Ian Preston , `` most existing studies of the economic impacts of immigration suggest these impacts are small , and on average benefit the native population '' . In a survey of the existing literature , Örn B Bodvarsson and Hendrik Van den Berg write , `` a comparison of the evidence from all the studies ... makes it clear that , with very few exceptions , there is no strong statistical support for the view held by many members of the public , namely that immigration has an adverse effect on native - born workers in the destination country . '' Overall Economic prosperity Whereas the impact on the average native tends to be small and positive , studies show more mixed results for low - skilled natives , but whether the effects are positive or negative , they tend to be small either way . Immigrants may often do types of work that natives are largely unwilling to do , contributing to greater economic prosperity for the economy as a whole : for instance , Mexican migrant workers taking up manual farm work in the United States has close to zero effect on native employment in that occupation , which means that the effect of Mexican workers on U.S. employment outside farm work was therefore most likely positive , since they raised overall economic productivity . Research indicates that immigrants are more likely to work in risky jobs than U.S. - born workers , partly due to differences in average characteristics , such as immigrants ' lower English language ability and educational attainment . Further , some studies indicate that higher ethnic concentration in metropolitan areas is positively related to the probability of self - employment of immigrants . Research also suggests that diversity has a net positive effect on productivity and economic prosperity . A study by Nathan Nunn , Nancy Qian and Sandra Sequeira found that the Age of Mass Migration ( 1850 -- 1920 ) has had substantially beneficial long - term effects on U.S. economic prosperity : `` locations with more historical immigration today have higher incomes , less poverty , less unemployment , higher rates of urbanization , and greater educational attainment . The long - run effects appear to arise from the persistence of sizeable short - run benefits , including earlier and more intensive industrialization , increased agricultural productivity , and more innovation . '' The authors also find that the immigration had short - term benefits : `` that there is no evidence that these long - run benefits come at short - run costs . In fact , immigration immediately led to economic benefits that took the form of higher incomes , higher productivity , more innovation , and more industrialization . '' Research also finds that migration leads to greater trade in goods and services . Using 130 years of data on historical migrations to the United States , one study finds `` that a doubling of the number of residents with ancestry from a given foreign country relative to the mean increases by 4.2 percentage points the probability that at least one local firm invests in that country , and increases by 31 % the number of employees at domestic recipients of FDI from that country . The size of these effects increases with the ethnic diversity of the local population , the geographic distance to the origin country , and the ethno - linguistic fractionalization of the origin country . '' Some research suggests that immigration can offset some of the adverse effects of automation on native labor outcomes in the United States . By increasing overall demand , immigrants could push natives out of low - skilled manual labor into better paying occupations . A 2018 study in the American Economic Review found that the Bracero program ( which allowed almost half a million Mexican workers to do seasonal farm labor in the United States ) did not have any adverse impact on the labor market outcomes of American - born farm workers . Fiscal effects A 2011 literature review of the economic impacts of immigration found that the net fiscal impact of migrants varies across studies but that the most credible analyses typically find small and positive fiscal effects on average . According to the authors , `` the net social impact of an immigrant over his or her lifetime depends substantially and in predictable ways on the immigrant 's age at arrival , education , reason for migration , and similar '' . A 2016 report by the National Academies of Sciences , Engineering , and Medicine concluded that over a 75 - year time horizon , `` the fiscal impacts of immigrants are generally positive at the federal level and generally negative at the state and local level . '' The reason for the costs to state and local governments is that the cost of educating the immigrants ' children falls on state and local governments . According to a 2007 literature review by the Congressional Budget Office , `` Over the past two decades , most efforts to estimate the fiscal impact of immigration in the United States have concluded that , in aggregate and over the long term , tax revenues of all types generated by immigrants -- both legal and unauthorized -- exceed the cost of the services they use . '' According to James Smith , a senior economist at Santa Monica - based RAND Corporation and lead author of the United States National Research Council 's study `` The New Americans : Economic , Demographic , and Fiscal Effects of Immigration '' , immigrants contribute as much as $10 billion to the U.S. economy each year . The NRC report found that although immigrants , especially those from Latin America , caused a net loss in terms of taxes paid versus social services received , immigration can provide an overall gain to the domestic economy due to an increase in pay for higher - skilled workers , lower prices for goods and services produced by immigrant labor , and more efficiency and lower wages for some owners of capital . The report also notes that although immigrant workers compete with domestic workers for low - skilled jobs , some immigrants specialize in activities that otherwise would not exist in an area , and thus can be beneficial for all domestic residents . Immigration and foreign labor documentation fees increased over 80 % in 2007 , with over 90 % of funding for USCIS derived from immigration application fees , creating many USCIS jobs involving immigration to US , such as immigration interview officials , finger print processor , Department of Homeland Security , etc . Inequality Overall immigration has not had much effect on native wage inequality but low - skill immigration has been linked to greater income inequality in the native population . Impact of undocumented immigrants Main article : Economic impact of illegal immigrants in the United States Research on the economic effects of undocumented immigrants is scant but existing peer - reviewed studies suggest that the effects are positive for the native population and public coffers . A 2015 study shows that `` increasing deportation rates and tightening border control weakens low - skilled labor markets , increasing unemployment of native low - skilled workers . Legalization , instead , decreases the unemployment rate of low - skilled natives and increases income per native . '' Studies show that legalization of undocumented immigrants would boost the U.S. economy ; a 2013 study found that granting legal status to undocumented immigrants would raise their incomes by a quarter ( increasing U.S. GDP by approximately $1.4 trillion over a ten - year period ) , and 2016 study found that `` legalization would increase the economic contribution of the unauthorized population by about 20 % , to 3.6 % of private - sector GDP . '' A 2007 literature by the Congressional Budget Office found that estimating the fiscal effects of undocumented immigrants has proven difficult : `` currently available estimates have significant limitations ; therefore , using them to determine an aggregate effect across all states would be difficult and prone to considerable error '' . The impact of undocumented immigrants differs on federal levels than state and local levels , with research suggesting modest fiscal costs at the state and local levels but with substantial fiscal gains at the federal level . In 2009 , a study by the Cato Institute , a free market think tank , found that legalization of low - skilled illegal resident workers in the US would result in a net increase in US GDP of $180 billion over ten years . The Cato Institute study did not examine the impact on per capita income for most Americans . Jason Riley notes that because of progressive income taxation , in which the top 1 % of earners pay 37 % of federal income taxes ( even though they actually pay a lower tax percentage based on their income ) , 60 % of Americans collect more in government services than they pay in , which also reflects on immigrants . In any event , the typical immigrant and his children will pay a net $80,000 more in their lifetime than they collect in government services according to the NAS . Legal immigration policy is set to maximize net taxation . Illegal immigrants even after an amnesty tend to be recipients of more services than they pay in taxes . In 2010 , an econometrics study by a Rutgers economist found that immigration helped increase bilateral trade when the incoming people were connected via networks to their country of origin , particularly boosting trade of final goods as opposed to intermediate goods , but that the trade benefit weakened when the immigrants became assimilated into American culture . According to NPR in 2005 , about 3 % of illegal immigrants were working in agriculture . The H - 2A visa allows U.S. employers to bring foreign nationals to the United States to fill temporary agricultural jobs . The passing of tough immigration laws in several states from around 2009 provides a number of practical case studies . The state of Georgia passed immigration law HB 87 in 2011 ; this led , according to the coalition of top Kansas businesses , to 50 % of its agricultural produce being left to rot in the fields , at a cost to the state of more than $400 million . Overall losses caused by the act were $1 billion ; it was estimated that the figure would become over $20 billion if all the estimated 325,000 unauthorized workers left Georgia . The cost to Alabama of its crackdown in June 2011 has been estimated at almost $11 billion , with up to 80,000 unauthorized immigrant workers leaving the state . Impact of refugees Studies of refugees ' impact on native welfare are scant but the existing literature shows a positive fiscal impact and mixed results ( negative , positive and no significant effects ) on native welfare . A 2017 paper by Evans and Fitzgerald found that refugees to the United States pay `` $21,000 more in taxes than they receive in benefits over their first 20 years in the U.S. '' An internal study by the Department of Health and Human Services under the Trump administration , which was suppressed and not shown to the public , found that refugees to the United States brought in $63 billion more in government revenues than they cost the government . According to labor economist Giovanni Peri , the existing literature suggests that there are no economic reasons why the American labor market could not easily absorb 100,000 Syrian refugees in a year . Refugees integrate more slowly into host countries ' labor markets than labor migrants , in part due to the loss and depreciation of human capital and credentials during the asylum procedure . Garment factories in Manhattan 's Chinatown Innovation and Entrepreneurship According to one survey of the existing economic literature , `` much of the existing research points towards positive net contributions by immigrant entrepreneurs . '' Areas where immigrant are more prevalent in the United States have substantially more innovation ( as measured by patenting and citations ) . Immigrants to the United States create businesses at higher rates than natives . According to a 2018 paper , `` first - generation immigrants create about 25 % of new firms in the United States , but this share exceeds 40 % in some states . '' Another 2018 paper links H - 1B visa holders to innovation . Immigrants have been linked to greater invention and innovation in the US . According to one report , `` immigrants have started more than half ( 44 of 87 ) of America 's startup companies valued at $1 billion or more and are key members of management or product development teams in over 70 percent ( 62 of 87 ) of these companies . '' Foreign doctoral students are a major source of innovation in the American economy . In the United States , immigrant workers hold a disproportionate share of jobs in science , technology , engineering , and math ( STEM ) : `` In 2013 , foreign - born workers accounted for 19.2 percent of STEM workers with a bachelor 's degree , 40.7 percent of those with a master 's degree , and more than half -- 54.5 percent -- of those with a Ph. D . '' The Kauffman Foundation 's index of entrepreneurial activity is nearly 40 % higher for immigrants than for natives . Immigrants were involved in the founding of many prominent American high - tech companies , such as Google , Yahoo , YouTube , Sun Microsystems , and eBay . Scottish immigrant Andrew Carnegie led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century . Bangladeshi immigrant Fazlur Rahman Khan was responsible for the engineering design of Sears Tower ( now Willis Tower ) , the tallest building in the world until 1998 . Social Discrimination Irish immigration was opposed in the 1850s by the nativist Know Nothing movement , originating in New York in 1843 . It was engendered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by Irish Catholic immigrants . On March 14 , 1891 , a lynch mob stormed a local jail and lynched several Italians following the acquittal of several Sicilian immigrants alleged to be involved in the murder of New Orleans police chief David Hennessy . The Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act in 1921 , followed by the Immigration Act of 1924 . The Immigration Act of 1924 was aimed at limiting immigration overall , and making sure that the nationalities of new arrivals matched the overall national profile . Business A 2014 meta - analysis of racial discrimination in product markets found extensive evidence of minority applicants being quoted higher prices for products . A 1995 study found that car dealers `` quoted significantly lower prices to white males than to black or female test buyers using identical , scripted bargaining strategies . '' A 2013 study found that eBay sellers of iPods received 21 percent more offers if a white hand held the iPod in the photo than a black hand . Criminal Justice system Research suggests that police practices , such as racial profiling , over-policing in areas populated by minorities and in - group bias may result in disproportionately high numbers of racial minorities among crime suspects . Research also suggests that there may be possible discrimination by the judicial system , which contributes to a higher number of convictions for racial minorities . A 2012 study found that `` ( i ) juries formed from all - white jury pools convict black defendants significantly ( 16 percentage points ) more often than white defendants , and ( ii ) this gap in conviction rates is entirely eliminated when the jury pool includes at least one black member . '' Research has found evidence of in - group bias , where `` black ( white ) juveniles who are randomly assigned to black ( white ) judges are more likely to get incarcerated ( as opposed to being placed on probation ) , and they receive longer sentences . '' In - group bias has also been observed when it comes to traffic citations , as black and white cops are more likely to cite out - groups . Education A 2015 study using correspondence tests `` found that when considering requests from prospective students seeking mentoring in the future , faculty were significantly more responsive to White males than to all other categories of students , collectively , particularly in higher - paying disciplines and private institutions . '' Through affirmative action , there is reason to believe that elite colleges favor minority applicants . Housing A 2014 meta - analysis found extensive evidence of racial discrimination in the American housing market . Minority applicants for housing needed to make many more enquiries to view properties . Geographical steering of African - Americans in US housing remained significant . A 2003 study finds `` evidence that agents interpret an initial housing request as an indication of a customer 's preferences , but also are more likely to withhold a house from all customers when it is in an integrated suburban neighborhood ( redlining ) . Moreover , agents ' marketing efforts increase with asking price for white , but not for black , customers ; blacks are more likely than whites to see houses in suburban , integrated areas ( steering ) ; and the houses agents show are more likely to deviate from the initial request when the customer is black than when the customer is white . These three findings are consistent with the possibility that agents act upon the belief that some types of transactions are relatively unlikely for black customers ( statistical discrimination ) . '' A report by the federal Department of Housing and Urban Development where the department sent African - Americans and whites to look at apartments found that African - Americans were shown fewer apartments to rent and houses for sale . Labor market Several meta - analyses find extensive evidence of ethnic and racial discrimination in hiring in the American labor market . A 2016 meta - analysis of 738 correspondence tests -- tests where identical CVs for stereotypically black and white names were sent to employers -- in 43 separate studies conducted in OECD countries between 1990 and 2015 finds that there is extensive racial discrimination in hiring decisions in Europe and North - America . These correspondence tests showed that equivalent minority candidates need to send around 50 % more applications to be invited for an interview than majority candidates . A study that examine the job applications of actual people provided with identical résumés and similar interview training showed that African - American applicants with no criminal record were offered jobs at a rate as low as white applicants who had criminal records . Discrimination between minority groups Racist thinking among and between minority groups does occur ; examples of this are conflicts between blacks and Korean immigrants , notably in the 1992 Los Angeles Riots , and between African Americans and non-white Latino immigrants . There has been a long running racial tension between African American and Mexican prison gangs , as well as significant riots in California prisons where they have targeted each other , for ethnic reasons . There have been reports of racially motivated attacks against African Americans who have moved into neighborhoods occupied mostly by people of Mexican origin , and vice versa . There has also been an increase in violence between non-Hispanic whites and Latino immigrants , and between African immigrants and African Americans . Assimilation A 2018 study in the American Sociological Review found that within racial groups , most immigrants to the United States had fully assimilated within a span of 20 years . Immigrants arriving in the United States after 1994 assimilate more rapidly than immigrants who arrived in previous periods . Measuring assimilation can be difficult due to `` ethnic attrition '' , which refers to when ancestors of migrants cease to self - identify with the nationality or ethnicity of their ancestors . This means that successful cases of assimilation will be underestimated . Research shows that ethnic attrition is sizable in Hispanic and Asian immigrant groups in the United States . By taking account of ethnic attrition , the assimilation rate of Hispanics in the United States improves significantly . A 2016 paper challenges the view that cultural differences are necessarily an obstacle to long - run economic performance of migrants . It finds that `` first generation migrants seem to be less likely to success the more culturally distant they are , but this effect vanishes as time spent in the USA increases . '' Religious diversity Immigration from South Asia and elsewhere has contributed to enlarging the religious composition of the United States . Islam in the United States is growing mainly due to immigration . Hinduism in the United States , Buddhism in the United States , and Sikhism in the United States are other examples . Whereas non-Christians together constitute only 4 % of the U.S. population , they made up 20 % of the 2003 cohort of new immigrants . Since 1992 , an estimated 1.7 million Muslims , approximately 1 million Hindus , and approximately 1 million Buddhists have immigrated legally to the United States . Conversely , non-religious are underrepresented in the immigrant populations . Although `` other '' non-Christian religions are also slightly more common among immigrants than among U.S. adults -- 1.9 % compared with 1.0 % -- those professing no religion are slightly under - represented among new immigrants . Whereas 12 % of immigrants said they had no religion , the figure was 15 % for adult Americans . This lack of representation for non-religious could be related to stigmas around atheists and agnostics or could relate to the need for identity when entering a new country . Labor unions Main article : Immigration policies of American labor unions The American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) , a coalition of labor unions formed in the 1880s , vigorously opposed unrestricted immigration from Europe for moral , cultural , and racial reasons . The issue unified the workers who feared that an influx of new workers would flood the labor market and lower wages . Nativism was not a factor because upwards of half the union members were themselves immigrants or the sons of immigrants from Ireland , Germany and Britain . However , nativism was a factor when the AFL even more strenuously opposed all immigration from Asia because it represented ( to its Euro - American members ) an alien culture that could not be assimilated into American society . The AFL intensified its opposition after 1906 and was instrumental in passing immigration restriction bills from the 1890s to the 1920s , such as the 1921 Emergency Quota Act and the Immigration Act of 1924 , and seeing that they were strictly enforced . Mink ( 1986 ) concludes that the link between the AFL and the Democratic Party rested in part on immigration issues , noting the large corporations , which supported the Republicans , wanted more immigration to augment their labor force . United Farm Workers during Cesar Chavez tenure was committed to restricting immigration . Chavez and Dolores Huerta , cofounder and president of the UFW , fought the Bracero Program that existed from 1942 to 1964 . Their opposition stemmed from their belief that the program undermined U.S. workers and exploited the migrant workers . Since the Bracero Program ensured a constant supply of cheap immigrant labor for growers , immigrants could not protest any infringement of their rights , lest they be fired and replaced . Their efforts contributed to Congress ending the Bracero Program in 1964 . In 1973 , the UFW was one of the first labor unions to oppose proposed employer sanctions that would have prohibited hiring illegal immigrants . On a few occasions , concerns that illegal immigrant labor would undermine UFW strike campaigns led to a number of controversial events , which the UFW describes as anti-strikebreaking events , but which have also been interpreted as being anti-immigrant . In 1973 , Chavez and members of the UFW marched through the Imperial and Coachella Valleys to the border of Mexico to protest growers ' use of illegal immigrants as strikebreakers . Joining him on the march were Reverend Ralph Abernathy and U.S. Senator Walter Mondale . In its early years , the UFW and Chavez went so far as to report illegal immigrants who served as strikebreaking replacement workers ( as well as those who refused to unionize ) to the Immigration and Naturalization Service . In 1973 , the United Farm Workers set up a `` wet line '' along the United States - Mexico border to prevent Mexican immigrants from entering the United States illegally and potentially undermining the UFW 's unionization efforts . During one such event , in which Chavez was not involved , some UFW members , under the guidance of Chavez 's cousin Manuel , physically attacked the strikebreakers after peaceful attempts to persuade them not to cross the border failed . Political See also : Immigration reform and Nativism ( politics ) Immigrant rights march in downtown Los Angeles , California on May Day , 2006 . A Boston Globe article attributed Barack Obama 's win in the 2008 U.S. Presidential election to a marked reduction over the preceding decades in the percentage of whites in the American electorate , attributing this demographic change to the Immigration Act of 1965 . The article quoted Simon Rosenberg , president and founder of the New Democrat Network , as having said that the Act is `` the most important piece of legislation that no one 's ever heard of , '' and that it `` set America on a very different demographic course than the previous 300 years . '' Immigrants differ on their political views ; however , the Democratic Party is considered to be in a far stronger position among immigrants overall . Research shows that religious affiliation can also significantly impact both their social values and voting patterns of immigrants , as well as the broader American population . Hispanic evangelicals , for example , are more strongly conservative than non-Hispanic evangelicals . This trend is often similar for Hispanics or others strongly identifying with the Catholic Church , a religion that strongly opposes abortion and gay marriage . A rally in Chicago , part of the Great American Boycott and 2006 U.S. immigration reform protests , on May 1 , 2006 . The key interests groups that lobby on immigration are religious , ethnic and business groups , together with some liberals and some conservative public policy organizations . Both the pro - and anti - groups affect policy . Studies have suggested that some special interest group lobby for less immigration for their own group and more immigration for other groups since they see effects of immigration , such as increased labor competition , as detrimental when affecting their own group but beneficial when affecting other groups . A 2011 paper found that both pro - and anti-immigration special interest groups play a role in migration policy . `` Barriers to migration are lower in sectors in which business lobbies incur larger lobbying expenditures and higher in sectors where labor unions are more important . '' A 2011 study examining the voting of US representatives on migration policy suggests that `` representatives from more skilled labor abundant districts are more likely to support an open immigration policy towards the unskilled , whereas the opposite is true for representatives from more unskilled labor abundant districts . '' After the 2010 election , Gary Segura of Latino Decisions stated that Hispanic voters influenced the outcome and `` may have saved the Senate for Democrats '' . Several ethnic lobbies support immigration reforms that would allow illegal immigrants that have succeeded in entering to gain citizenship . They may also lobby for special arrangements for their own group . The Chairman for the Irish Lobby for Immigration Reform has stated that `` the Irish Lobby will push for any special arrangement it can get -- ' as will every other ethnic group in the country . ' '' The irredentist and ethnic separatist movements for Reconquista and Aztlán see immigration from Mexico as strengthening their cause . The book Ethnic Lobbies and US Foreign Policy ( 2009 ) states that several ethnic special interest groups are involved in pro-immigration lobbying . Ethnic lobbies also influence foreign policy . The authors write that `` Increasingly , ethnic tensions surface in electoral races , with House , Senate , and gubernatorial contests serving as proxy battlegrounds for antagonistic ethnoracial groups and communities . In addition , ethnic politics affect party politics as well , as groups compete for relative political power within a party '' . However , the authors argue that currently ethnic interest groups , in general , do not have too much power in foreign policy and can balance other special interest groups . In a 2012 news story , Reuters reported , `` Strong support from Hispanics , the fastest - growing demographic in the United States , helped tip President Barack Obama 's fortunes as he secured a second term in the White House , according to Election Day polling . '' Lately , there is talk among several Republican leaders , such as governors Bobby Jindal and Susana Martinez , of taking a new , friendlier approach to immigration . Former US Secretary of Commerce Carlos Gutierrez is promoting the creation of Republicans for Immigration Reform . Bernie Sanders opposes guest worker programs and is also skeptical about skilled immigrant ( H - 1B ) visas , saying , `` Last year , the top 10 employers of H - 1B guest workers were all offshore outsourcing companies . These firms are responsible for shipping large numbers of American information technology jobs to India and other countries . '' In an interview with Vox he stated his opposition to an open borders immigration policy , describing it as : ... a right - wing proposal , which says essentially there is no United States ... you 're doing away with the concept of a nation - state . What right - wing people in this country would love is an open - border policy . Bring in all kinds of people , work for $2 or $3 an hour , that would be great for them . I do n't believe in that . I think we have to raise wages in this country , I think we have to do everything we can to create millions of jobs . April 2018 , Trump calls for National Guard at the border to secure the ongoing attempts at a border wall along the United States - Mexico border . According to the LAtimes , `` Defense Secretary James N. Mattis has signed an order to send up to 4,000 National Guard troops to the U.S. - Mexico border but barred them from interacting with migrants detained by the Border Patrol in most circumstances '' . The caravan of migrants from Central America have reached the United States to seek asylum . The last of the caravan have arrived and are processing as of May 4 , 2018 . Remarks by Attorney General Sessions have expressed hesitation with asylum seekers . Sessions has stated , `` The system is being gamed , there 's no doubt about it '' . This statement implied asylum seekers were attempting to immigrate to the United States for work or various other reasons rather than seeking refuge . Health The issue of the health of immigrants and the associated cost to the public has been largely discussed . On average , per capita health care spending is lower for immigrants than it is for native - born Americans . The non-emergency use of emergency rooms ostensibly indicates an incapacity to pay , yet some studies allege disproportionately lower access to unpaid health care by immigrants . For this and other reasons , there have been various disputes about how much immigration is costing the United States public health system . University of Maryland economist and Cato Institute scholar Julian Lincoln Simon concluded in 1995 that while immigrants probably pay more into the health system than they take out , this is not the case for elderly immigrants and refugees , who are more dependent on public services for survival . Immigration itself may impact women 's health . A 2017 study found that Latino women suffer higher rates of intimate partner violence ( IPV ) than native US women . Migration may worsen IPV rates and outcomes . Migration itself may not cause IPV , but it may make it more difficult for women to get help . According to Kim et al. , the IPV is usually the result of unequal family structures rather than the process of migration . Immigration from areas of high incidences of disease is thought to have fueled the resurgence of tuberculosis ( TB ) , chagas , and hepatitis in areas of low incidence . According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) , TB cases among foreign - born individuals remain disproportionately high , at nearly nine times the rate of U.S. - born persons . To reduce the risk of diseases in low - incidence areas , the main countermeasure has been the screening of immigrants on arrival . HIV / AIDS entered the United States in around 1969 , likely through a single infected immigrant from Haiti . Conversely , many new HIV infections in Mexico can be traced back to the United States . People infected with HIV were banned from entering the United States in 1987 by executive order , but the 1993 statute supporting the ban was lifted in 2009 . The executive branch is expected to administratively remove HIV from the list of infectious diseases barring immigration , but immigrants generally would need to show that they would not be a burden on public welfare . Researchers have also found what is known as the `` healthy immigrant effect '' , in which immigrants in general tend to be healthier than individuals born in the U.S. Immigrants are more likely than native - born Americans to have a medical visit labeled uncompensated care . Crime There is no empirical evidence that either legal or illegal immigration increases crime in the United States . In fact , a majority of studies in the U.S. have found lower crime rates among immigrants than among non-immigrants , and that higher concentrations of immigrants are associated with lower crime rates . Explanations proposed to account for this relationship have included ethnic enclaves , self - selection , and the hypothesis that immigrants revitalize communities to which they emigrate . Some research even suggests that increases in immigration may partly explain the reduction in the U.S. crime rate . A 2005 study showed that immigration to large U.S. metropolitan areas does not increase , and in some cases decreases , crime rates there . A 2009 study found that recent immigration was not associated with homicide in Austin , Texas . The low crime rates of immigrants to the United States despite having lower levels of education , lower levels of income and residing in urban areas ( factors that should lead to higher crime rates ) may be due to lower rates of antisocial behavior among immigrants . A 2015 study found that Mexican immigration to the United States was associated with an increase in aggravated assaults and a decrease in property crimes . A 2016 study finds no link between immigrant populations and violent crime , although there is a small but significant association between undocumented immigrants and drug - related crime . A 2018 study found that undocumented immigration to the United States did not increase violent crime . Research finds that Secure Communities , an immigration enforcement program which led to a quarter of a million of detentions ( when the study was published ; November 2014 ) , had no observable impact on the crime rate . A 2015 study found that the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act , which legalized almost 3 million immigrants , led to `` decreases in crime of 3 -- 5 percent , primarily due to decline in property crimes , equivalent to 120,000 - 180,000 fewer violent and property crimes committed each year due to legalization '' . According to one study , sanctuary cities -- which adopt policies designed to not prosecute people solely for being an illegal immigrant -- have no statistically meaningful effect on crime . One of the first political analyses in the U.S. of the relationship between immigration and crime was performed in the beginning of the 20th century by the Dillingham Commission , which found a relationship especially for immigrants from non-Northern European countries , resulting in the sweeping 1920s immigration reduction acts , including the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 , which favored immigration from northern and western Europe . Recent research is skeptical of the conclusion drawn by the Dillingham Commission . One study finds that `` major government commissions on immigration and crime in the early twentieth century relied on evidence that suffered from aggregation bias and the absence of accurate population data , which led them to present partial and sometimes misleading views of the immigrant - native criminality comparison . With improved data and methods , we find that in 1904 , prison commitment rates for more serious crimes were quite similar by nativity for all ages except ages 18 and 19 , for which the commitment rate for immigrants was higher than for the native - born . By 1930 , immigrants were less likely than natives to be committed to prisons at all ages 20 and older , but this advantage disappears when one looks at commitments for violent offenses . '' For the early twentieth century , one study found that immigrants had `` quite similar '' imprisonment rates for major crimes as natives in 1904 but lower for major crimes ( except violent offenses ; the rate was similar ) in 1930 . Contemporary commissions used dubious data and interpreted it in questionable ways . Research suggests that police practices , such as racial profiling , over-policing in areas populated by minorities and in - group bias may result in disproportionately high numbers of immigrants among crime suspects . Research also suggests that there may be possible discrimination by the judicial system , which contributes to a higher number of convictions for immigrants . Crimmigration Crimmigration has emerged as a field in which critical immigration scholars conceptualize the current immigration law enforcement system . Crimmigration is broadly defined as the convergence of the criminal justice system and immigration enforcement , where immigration law enforcement has adopted the `` criminal '' law enforcement approach . This frames undocumented immigrants as `` criminal '' deviants and security risks . Crime and migration control have become completely intertwined , so much so that both undocumented and documented individuals suspected of being a noncitizen may be targeted . Using a `` crimmigration '' point of thought , César Cuauhtémoc García Hernández explains the criminalization of undocumented immigrants began in the aftermath of the civil rights movement . Michelle Alexander explores how the U.S. criminal justice system is made of `` colorblind '' policies and law enforcement practices that have shaped the mass incarceration of people of color into an era of `` The New Jim Crow '' As Alexander and García Hernández state , overt racism and racist laws became culturally scorned , and covert racism became the norm . This new form of racism focuses on penalizing criminal activity and promoting `` neutral '' rhetoric . `` Crimmigration '' recognizes how laws and policies throughout different states contribute to the convergence of criminal law enforcement and immigration law . For example , states are implementing a variety of immigration related criminal offenses that are punishable by imprisonment . California , Oregon , and Wyoming criminalize the use of fraudulent immigration or citizenship documents . Arizona allows judges to confine witnesses in certain `` criminal '' cases if they are suspected of being in the U.S. without documentation . The most common violations of immigration law on the federal level are unauthorized entry ( a federal misdemeanor ) and unauthorized reentry ( a federal felony ) . These `` offenses '' deemed as `` crimes '' under immigration law set the tone of `` crimmigration '' and for what García Hernández refers to as the `` removal pipeline '' of immigrants . Some scholars focus on the organization of `` crimmigration '' as it relates to the mass removal of certain immigrants . Jennifer Chacón finds that immigration law enforcement is being decentralized . Customs and Border Patrol ( CBP ) , Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) , and the Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) are the central law enforcement agencies in control of enforcing immigration law . However , other federal , state and local law enforcement agencies , such as sheriff 's offices , municipal police departments , the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , and the Drug and Enforcement Agency ( DEA ) , aid in immigrant removal . In 1996 , Congress expanded power to state and local law enforcement agencies to enforce federal immigration law . These agencies keep people locked up in jails or prison when they receive an `` immigration detainer '' from ICE , and therefore aid in interior enforcement . In addition , some agencies participate in the State Criminal Alien Assistance Program ( `` SCAAP '' ) , which gives these agencies financial incentives to cooperate with ICE in identifying immigrants in their custody . These are direct example of how `` crimmigration '' works within the U.S. immigration system . With immigration enforcement reaching all levels of enforcement agencies , the Immigration Industrial Complex ( which is similar to the Prison Industrial Complex ) and concept of `` crimmigration '' thrives . Education Scientific laboratories and startup internet opportunities have been a powerful American magnet . By 2000 , 23 % of scientists with a PhD in the U.S. were immigrants , including 40 % of those in engineering and computers . Roughly a third of the United State 's college and universities graduate students in STEM fields are foreign nationals -- in some states it is well over half of their graduate students . On Ash Wednesday , March 5 , 2014 , the presidents of 28 Catholic and Jesuit colleges and universities , joined the `` Fast for Families '' movement . The `` Fast for Families '' movement reignited the immigration debate in the fall of 2013 when the movement 's leaders , supported by many members of Congress and the President , fasted for twenty - two days on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. A study on public schools in California found that white enrollment declined in response to increases in the number of Spanish - speaking Limited English Proficient and Hispanic students . This white flight was greater for schools with relatively larger proportions of Spanish - speaking Limited English Proficient . A North Carolina study found that the presence of Latin American children in schools had no significant negative effects on peers , but that students with limited English skills had slight negative effects on peers . Science and engineering Immigrant Fazlur Khan is known for making some very important advancements in skyscraper engineering . Sculpture honoring Khan at the Willis Tower . In the United States of America , a significant proportion of scientists and engineers are foreign - born , as well as students in science and engineering programs . However , this is not unique to the US since foreigners make up significant amounts of scientists and engineers in other countries . As of 2011 , 28 % of graduate students in science , engineering , and health are foreign . The number of science and engineering ( S&E ) bachelor 's degrees has risen steadily over the past 15 years , reaching a new peak of about half a million in 2009 . Since 2000 , foreign born students in the United States have consistently earned a small share ( 3 % - 4 % ) of S&E degrees at the bachelor 's level . Foreign students make up a much higher proportion of S&E master 's degree recipients than of bachelor 's or associate degree recipients . In 2009 , foreign students earned 27 % of S&E master 's degrees and 33 % in doctorate degrees . Significant numbers of foreign born students in science and engineering are not unique to America since foreign students now account for nearly 60 % of graduate students in mathematics , computer sciences , and engineering globally . In Switzerland and the United Kingdom , more than 40 % of doctoral students are foreign . A number of other countries , including New Zealand , Austria , Australia , Belgium , Canada , and the United States , have relatively high percentages ( more than 20 % ) of doctoral students who are foreign . Foreign student enrollment in the United Kingdom has been increasing . In 2008 , foreign students made up 47 % of all graduate students studying S&E in the United Kingdom ( an increase from 32 % in 1998 ) . Top destinations for international students include the United Kingdom ( 12 % ) , Germany ( 9 % ) , and France ( 9 % ) . Together with the U.S. , these countries receive more than half of all internationally mobile students worldwide . Although the United States continues to attract the largest number and fraction of foreign students worldwide , its share of foreign students has decreased in recent years . 55 % of Ph. D. students in engineering in the United States are foreign born ( 2004 ) . Between 1980 and 2000 , the percentage of Ph. D. scientists and engineers employed in the United States who were born abroad has increased from 24 % to 37 % . 45 % of Ph. D. physicists working in the United States are foreign born in 2004 . 80 % of total post-doctoral chemical and materials engineering in the United States are foreign - born ( 1988 ) . At the undergraduate level , US - born engineering students constitute upwards of 90 - 95 % of the student population ( most foreign born candidates for engineering graduate schools are trained in their home countries ) . However , the pool of BS engineering graduates with US citizenship is much larger than the number who apply to engineering graduate schools . The proportion of foreign - born engineers among assistant professors younger than 35 years has increased from 10 % in 1972 to 50 % - 55 % in 1983 - 1985 , illustrating a dramatic increase on US dependence on foreign - born students in the US college system . The increase in non-citizen assistant professors of engineering is the result of the fact that , in recent years , foreign - born engineers received close to 50 percent of newly awarded engineering doctorates ( naturalized citizens accounted for about 4 percent ) and , furthermore , they entered academe in disproportionately large numbers . 33 % of all U.S. Ph. D.s in science and engineering are now awarded to foreign born graduate students as of 2004 . In 1982 , foreign - born engineers constituted about 3.6 % of all engineers employed in the United States , 13.9 % of which were naturalized ; and foreign - born Phds in Engineering constituted 15 % and 20 % were naturalized . In 1985 , foreign - born Phds represented almost 33 % of the engineering post-doctorate researchers in US universities . Foreign - born Phd engineers often accept postdoctoral position because other employment is unavailable until green card is obtained . A system that further incentivising replacement of US - citizens in the upper echelons of academic and private sector engineering firms due to higher educational attainment relative to native - born engineer who for the most part do train beyond undergraduate level . In recent years , The number of applicants for faculty openings at research universities have increased dramatically . Numbers of 50 to 200 applications for a single faculty opening have become typical , yet even with such high numbers of applicants have yielded a foreign - born component in excess of 50 % . 60 % of the top science students and 65 percent of the top math students in the United States are the children of immigrants . In addition , foreign - born high school students make up 50 percent of the 2004 U.S. Math Olympiad 's top scorers , 38 percent of the U.S. Physics Team , and 25 percent of the Intel Science Talent Search finalists -- the United States ' most prestigious awards for young scientists and mathematicians . Among 1985 foreign - born engineering doctorate holders , about 40 % expected to work in the United States after graduating . An additional 17 percent planned to stay on as post-doctorates , and most of these are likely to remain permanently in the United States . Those , almost 60 % of foreign - born engineering doctorate holders are likely to become part of the US engineering labor force within a few years after graduating . The other approximately 40 % of foreign born engineering Phds mostly likely find employment working for Multinational corporations outside of the US . In the 2004 Intel Science Talent Search , more children ( 18 ) have parents who entered the country on H - 1B ( professional ) visas than parents born in the United States ( 16 ) . To place this finding in perspective , note that new H - 1B visa holders each year represent less than 0.04 percent of the U.S. population . Foreign born faculty now accounts for over 50 % of faculty in engineering ( 1994 ) . 27 out the 87 ( more than 30 % ) American Nobel Prize winners in Medicine and Physiology between 1901 and 2005 were born outside the US 1993 Median Salaries of U.S. Recipients of Ph. D.s in Science and Engineering : Foreign - Born vs. Native - Born : Years Since Earning Degree Foreign - Born Native - Born 1 -- 5 years $44,400 $40,000 6 -- 10 years $55,400 $49,200 11 -- 15 years $64,000 $56,000 16 -- 20 years $64,000 $56,000 21 years $70,200 $68,000 Lobbying Major American corporations spent $345 million lobbying for just three pro-immigration bills between 2006 and 2008 . The two most prominent groups lobbying for more restrictive immigration policies for the United States are NumbersUSA and the Federation for American Immigration Reform ( FAIR ) ; additionally , the Center for Immigration Studies think tank produces policy analysis supportive of a more restrictive stance . Public opinion The ambivalent feeling of Americans toward immigrants is shown by a positive attitude toward groups that have been visible for a century or more , and much more negative attitude toward recent arrivals . For example , a 1982 national poll by the Roper Center at the University of Connecticut showed respondents a card listing a number of groups and asked , `` Thinking both of what they have contributed to this country and have gotten from this country , for each one tell me whether you think , on balance , they 've been a good or a bad thing for this country , '' which produced the results shown in the table . `` By high margins , Americans are telling pollsters it was a very good thing that Poles , Italians , and Jews immigrated to America . Once again , it 's the newcomers who are viewed with suspicion . This time , it 's the Mexicans , the Filipinos , and the people from the Caribbean who make Americans nervous . '' In a 2002 study , which took place soon after the September 11 attacks , 55 % of Americans favored decreasing legal immigration , 27 % favored keeping it at the same level , and 15 % favored increasing it . In 2006 , the immigration - reduction advocacy think tank the Center for Immigration Studies released a poll that found that 68 % of Americans think U.S. immigration levels are too high , and just 2 % said they are too low . They also found that 70 % said they are less likely to vote for candidates that favor increasing legal immigration . In 2004 , 55 % of Americans believed legal immigration should remain at the current level or increased and 41 % said it should be decreased . The less contact a native - born American has with immigrants , the more likely one would have a negative view of immigrants . One of the most important factors regarding public opinion about immigration is the level of unemployment ; anti-immigrant sentiment is where unemployment is highest , and vice versa . Surveys indicate that the U.S. public consistently makes a sharp distinction between legal and illegal immigrants , and generally views those perceived as `` playing by the rules '' with more sympathy than immigrants that have entered the country illegally . According to a Gallup poll in July 2015 , immigration is the fourth most important problem facing the United States and seven percent of Americans said it was the most important problem facing America today . In March 2015 , another Gallup poll provided insight into American public opinion on immigration ; the poll revealed that 39 % of people worried about immigration `` a great deal . '' A January poll showed that only 33 % of Americans were satisfied with the current state of immigration in America . As an issue that is very important to Americans , polling reveals change in sentiment over time and diverse opinions regarding how to handle immigration . Before 2012 , majority of Americans supported securing United States borders compared to dealing with illegal immigrants in the United States . In 2013 , that trend has reversed and 55 % of people polled by Gallup revealed that they would choose `` developing a plan to deal with immigrants who are currently in the U.S. illegally . '' Changes regarding border control are consistent across party lines , with Republicans saying that `` securing U.S. borders to halt flow of illegal immigrants '' is extremely important decreasing from 68 % in 2011 to 56 % in 2014 . Meanwhile , Democrats who chose extremely important shifted from 42 % in 2011 to 31 % in 2014 . In July 2013 , 87 % of Americans said they would vote in support of a law that would `` allow immigrants already in the country to become U.S. citizens if they meet certain requirements including paying taxes , having a criminal background check and learning English . '' However , in the same survey , 83 % also said they would support the tightening of U.S. border security . Donald Trump 's campaign for Presidency focused on a rhetoric of reducing illegal immigration and toughening border security . In July 2015 , 48 % of Americans thought that Donald Trump would do a poor job of handling immigration problems . In November 2016 , 55 % of Trump 's voters thought that he would do the right thing in regards to illegal immigration . In general , Trump supporters are not united upon how to handle immigration . In December 2016 , Trump voters were polled and 60 % said that `` undocumented immigrants in the U.S. who meet certain requirements should be allowed to stay legally . '' American opinion regarding how immigrants affect the country and how the government should respond to illegal immigration have changed over time . In 2006 , out of all U.S. adults surveyed , 28 % declared that they believed the growing number of immigrants helped American workers and 55 % believed that it hurt American workers . In 2016 , those views had changed , with 42 % believing that they helped and 45 % believing that they hurt . The PRRI 2015 American Values Atlas showed that between 46 % and 53 % of Americans believed that `` the growing number of newcomers from other countries ... strengthens American society . '' In the same year , 57 % and 66 % of Americans chose that the U.S. should `` allow ( immigrants living in the U.S. illegally ) a way to become citizens provided they meet certain requirements . '' In February 2017 , the American Enterprise Institute released a report on recent surveys about immigration issues . In July 2016 , 63 % of Americans favored the temporary bans of immigrants from areas with high levels of terrorism and 53 % said the U.S. should allow fewer refugees to enter the country . In November 2016 , 55 % of Americans were opposed to building a border wall with Mexico . Since 1994 , Pew Research center has tracked a change from 63 % of Americans saying that immigrants are a burden on the country to 27 % . Religious responses Religious figures in the United States have put forth their views on the topic of immigration as informed by their religious traditions . Catholicism -- In 2018 , Catholic leaders stated that asylum - limiting laws proposed by the Trump administration were immoral . Some bishops considered imposing sanctions ( known as `` canonical penalties '' ) on church members who have participated in enforcing such policies . Judaism -- American Jewish rabbis from various denominations have stated that their understanding of Judaism is that immigrants and refugees should be welcomed , and even assisted . The exception would be if there is significant economic hardship or security issues faced by the host country or community , in which case immigration may be limited , discouraged or even prohibited altogether . Some liberal denominations place greater emphasis on the welcoming of immigrants while Conservative , Orthodox and Independent rabbis also weigh economic and security concerns . Some provide moral arguments for both the right of country to enforce immigration standards as well as for providing some sort of amnesty for illegal migrants . Legal issues Laws concerning immigration and naturalization A U.S. green card , a document confirming permanent resident status for eligible immigrants , including refugees , political asylum seekers , family - sponsored migrants , employment - based workers and diversity immigrants ( DV ) . See also : Illegal immigration to the United States and Guest Worker Program Laws concerning immigration and naturalization include : the Immigration Act of 1990 ( IMMACT ) , which limits the annual number of immigrants to 700,000 . It emphasizes that family reunification is the main immigration criterion , in addition to employment - related immigration . the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act ( AEDPA ) the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act ( IIRIRA ) AEDPA and IIRARA exemplify many categories of criminal activity for which immigrants , including green card holders , can be deported and have imposed mandatory detention for certain types of cases . Asylum for refugees Main article : Asylum in the United States The U.S. offered to resettle 60,000 Bhutanese refugees of ethnic Nepalese descent . In contrast to economic migrants , who generally do not gain legal admission , refugees , as defined by international law , can gain legal status through a process of seeking and receiving asylum , either by being designated a refugee while abroad , or by physically entering the United States and requesting asylum status thereafter . A specified number of legally defined refugees , who either apply for asylum overseas or after arriving in the U.S. , are admitted annually . Refugees compose about one - tenth of the total annual immigration to the United States , though some large refugee populations are very prominent . In the year 2014 , the number of asylum seekers accepted into the U.S. was about 120,000 . This compared with about 31,000 in the UK and 13,500 in Canada . Japan accepted just 41 refugees for resettlement in 2007 . Since 1975 , more than 1.3 million refugees from Asia have been resettled in the United States . Since 2000 the main refugee - sending regions have been Somalia , Liberia , Sudan , and Ethiopia . The ceiling for refugee resettlement for fiscal year 2008 was 80,000 refugees . The United States expected to admit a minimum of 17,000 Iraqi refugees during fiscal year 2009 . The U.S. has resettled more than 42,000 Bhutanese refugees from Nepal since 2008 . In fiscal year 2008 , the Office of Refugee Resettlement ( ORR ) appropriated over $655 million for long - term services provided to refugees after their arrival in the US . The Obama administration has kept to about the same level . A common problem in the current system for asylum seekers is the lack of resources . Asylum offices in the United States receive more applications for asylum than they can process every month and every year . These continuous applications pile onto the backlog . Miscellaneous documented immigration In removal proceedings in front of an immigration judge , cancellation of removal is a form of relief that is available for certain long - time residents of the United States . It allows a person being faced with the threat of removal to obtain permanent residence if that person has been physically present in the U.S. for at least ten years , has had good moral character during that period , has not been convicted of certain crimes , and can show that removal would result in exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to his or her U.S. citizen or permanent resident spouse , children , or parent . This form of relief is only available when a person is served with a Notice to Appear to appear in the proceedings in the court . Members of Congress may submit private bills granting residency to specific named individuals . A special committee vets the requests , which require extensive documentation . The Central Intelligence Agency has the statutory authority to admit up to one hundred people a year outside of normal immigration procedures , and to provide for their settlement and support . The program is called `` PL110 '' , named after the legislation that created the agency , Public Law 110 , the Central Intelligence Agency Act . Illegal immigration Main articles : Illegal immigration to the United States and Illegal immigrant population of the United States The illegal immigrant population of the United States is estimated to be between 11 and 12 million . The population of unauthorized immigrants peaked in 2007 and has declined since that time . The majority of the U.S. unauthorized immigrants are from Mexico , but `` their numbers ( and share of the total ) have been declining '' and as of 2016 Mexicans no longer make up a clear majority of unauthorized immigrants , as they did in the past . Unauthorized immigrants made up about 5 % of the total U.S. civilian labor force in 2014 . By the 2010s , an increasing share of U.S. unauthorized immigrants were long - term residents ; in 2015 , 66 % of adult unauthorized residents had lived in the country for at least ten years , while only 14 % had lived in the U.S. for less than five years . In June 2012 , President Obama issued a memorandum instructing officers of the federal government to defer deporting young undocumented immigrants who were brought to the U.S. as children as part of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals ( DACA ) program . Under the program , eligible recipients who applied and were granted DACA status were granted a two - year deferral from deportation and temporary eligibility to work legally in the country . Among other criteria , in order to be eligible a youth applicant must ( 1 ) be between age 15 and 31 ; ( 2 ) have come to the United States before the age of 16 ; ( 3 ) have lived in the U.S. continuously for at least five years ; ( 4 ) be a current student , or have earned a high school diploma or equivalent , or have received an honorable discharge from the U.S. armed services ; and ( 5 ) must not `` have not been convicted of a felony , significant misdemeanor , or three or more misdemeanors , and do not otherwise pose a threat to public safety or national security . '' The Migration Policy Institution estimated that as of 2016 , about 1.3 million unauthorized young adults ages 15 and older were `` immediately eligible for DACA '' ; of this eligible population , 63 % had applied as of March 2016 . Children of legal migrants wo n't qualify as Dreamers under DACA protection because they entered the country legally . This is highlighted as the biggest contradiction in US immigration policy by many advocates of legal immigrants . In 2014 , President Obama announced a set of executive actions , the Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents . Under this program , `` unauthorized immigrants who are parents of U.S. citizens or lawful permanent residents ( LPRs ) would qualify for deferred action for three years if they meet certain other requirements . '' A February 2016 Migration Policy Institute / Urban Institute report found that ( about 3.6 million people were potentially eligible for DAPA and `` more than 10 million people live in households with at least one potentially DAPA - eligible adult , including some 4.3 million children under age 18 - an estimated 85 percent of whom are U.S. citizens . '' The report also found that `` the potentially DAPA eligible are well settled with strong U.S. roots , with 69 percent having lived in the United States ten years or more , and 25 percent at least 20 years . '' Although not without precedent under prior presidents , President Obama 's authority to create DAPA and expand DACA were challenged in the federal courts by Texas and 25 other states . In November 2015 , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit , in a 2 - 1 decision in United States v. Texas , upheld a preliminary injunction blocking the programs from going forward . The case was heard by the U.S. Supreme Court , which in June 2016 deadlocked 4 - 4 , thus affirming the ruling of the Fifth Circuit but setting no nationally binding precedent . Military immigration On November 15 , 2013 , the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services announced that they would be issuing a new policy memorandum called `` parole in place . '' Parole in place would offer green cards to immigrant parents , spouses and children of active military duty personnel . Prior to this law relatives of military personnel -- excluding husbands and wives -- were forced to leave the United States and apply for green cards in their home countries . The law allows for family members to avoid the possible ten - year bar from the United States and remain in the United States while applying for lawful permanent residence . The parole status , given in one year terms , will be subject to the family member being `` absent a criminal conviction or other serious adverse factors . '' Military children born in foreign countries are considered American from birth assuming both parents were American citizens at the time of birth . Children born to American citizens will have to process Conciliary Reports of Birth Abroad . This report of birth abroad is the equivalent of a birth certificate and the child will use the report in place of a Birth Certificate for documentation . However , children born in foreign countries to United States servicemembers before they have gained citizenship will still be forced to apply for their own citizenship or participate in programs similar to those mentioned above . Immigration in popular culture A cartoon in Puck from 1888 attacked businessmen for welcoming large numbers of low paid immigrants , leaving the American men unemployed . The history of immigration to the United States is the history of the country itself , and the journey from beyond the sea is an element found in American folklore , appearing over and over again in everything from The Godfather to Gangs of New York to `` The Song of Myself '' to Neil Diamond 's `` America '' to the animated feature An American Tail . From the 1880s to the 1910s , vaudeville dominated the popular image of immigrants , with very popular caricature portrayals of ethnic groups . The specific features of these caricatures became widely accepted as accurate portrayals . In The Melting Pot ( 1908 ) , playwright Israel Zangwill ( 1864 -- 1926 ) explored issues that dominated Progressive Era debates about immigration policies . Zangwill 's theme of the positive benefits of the American melting pot resonated widely in popular culture and literary and academic circles in the 20th century ; his cultural symbolism -- in which he situated immigration issues -- likewise informed American cultural imagining of immigrants for decades , as exemplified by Hollywood films . The popular culture 's image of ethnic celebrities often includes stereotypes about immigrant groups . For example , Frank Sinatra 's public image as a superstar contained important elements of the American Dream while simultaneously incorporating stereotypes about Italian Americans that were based in nativist and Progressive responses to immigration . The process of assimilation has been a common theme of popular culture . For example , `` lace - curtain Irish '' refers to middle - class Irish Americans desiring assimilation into mainstream society in counterpoint to the older , more raffish `` shanty Irish '' . The occasional malapropisms and left - footed social blunders of these upward mobiles were gleefully lampooned in vaudeville , popular song , and the comic strips of the day such as Bringing Up Father , starring Maggie and Jiggs , which ran in daily newspapers for 87 years ( 1913 to 2000 ) . In The Departed ( 2006 ) , Staff Sergeant Dignam regularly points out the dichotomy between the lace curtain Irish lifestyle Billy Costigan enjoyed with his mother , and the shanty Irish lifestyle of Costigan 's father . In recent years the popular culture has paid special attention to Mexican immigration and the film Spanglish ( 2004 ) tells of a friendship of a Mexican housemaid ( Paz Vega ) and her boss played by Adam Sandler . Immigration in literature Maggie and Jiggs from Bringing Up Father ( January 7 , 1940 ) . Novelists and writers have captured much of the color and challenge in their immigrant lives through their writings . Regarding Irish women in the 19th century , there were numerous novels and short stories by Harvey O'Higgins , Peter McCorry , Bernard O'Reilly and Sarah Orne Jewett that emphasize emancipation from Old World controls , new opportunities and expansiveness of the immigrant experience . On the other hand , Hladnik studies three popular novels of the late 19th century that warned Slovenes not to immigrate to the dangerous new world of the United States . Jewish American writer Anzia Yezierska wrote her novel Bread Givers ( 1925 ) to explore such themes as Russian - Jewish immigration in the early 20th century , the tension between Old and New World Yiddish culture , and women 's experience of immigration . A well established author Yezierska focused on the Jewish struggle to escape the ghetto and enter middle - and upper - class America . In the novel , the heroine , Sara Smolinsky , escape from New York City 's `` down - town ghetto '' by breaking tradition . She quits her job at the family store and soon becomes engaged to a rich real - estate magnate . She graduates college and takes a high - prestige job teaching public school . Finally Sara restores her broken links to family and religion . The Swedish author Vilhelm Moberg in the mid-20th century wrote a series of four novels describing one Swedish family 's migration from Småland to Minnesota in the late 19th century , a destiny shared by almost one million people . The author emphasizes the authenticity of the experiences as depicted ( although he did change names ) . These novels have been translated into English ( The Emigrants , 1951 , Unto a Good Land , 1954 , The Settlers , 1961 , The Last Letter Home , 1961 ) . The musical Kristina från Duvemåla by ex-ABBA members Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson is based on this story . The Immigrant is a musical by Steven Alper , Sarah Knapp , and Mark Harelik . The show is based on the story of Harelik 's grandparents , Matleh and Haskell Harelik , who traveled to Galveston , Texas in 1909 . Documentary films Play media Film about historical immigration to America from ca . 1970 In their documentary How Democracy Works Now : Twelve Stories , filmmakers Shari Robertson and Michael Camerini examine the American political system through the lens of immigration reform from 2001 to 2007 . Since the debut of the first five films , the series has become an important resource for advocates , policy - makers and educators . That film series premiered nearly a decade after the filmmakers ' landmark documentary film Well - Founded Fear which provided a behind - the - scenes look at the process for seeking asylum in the United States . That film still marks the only time that a film - crew was privy to the private proceedings at the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) , where individual asylum officers ponder the often life - or - death fate of immigrants seeking asylum . Legal Perspectives University of North Carolina law professor Hiroshi Motomura has identified three approaches the United States has taken to the legal status of immigrants in his book Americans in Waiting : The Lost Story of Immigration and Citizenship in the United States . The first , dominant in the 19th century , treated immigrants as in transition ; in other words , as prospective citizens . As soon as people declared their intention to become citizens , they received multiple low - cost benefits , including the eligibility for free homesteads in the Homestead Act of 1869 , and in many states , the right to vote . The goal was to make the country more attractive , so large numbers of farmers and skilled craftsmen would settle new lands . By the 1880s , a second approach took over , treating newcomers as `` immigrants by contract '' . An implicit deal existed where immigrants who were literate and could earn their own living were permitted in restricted numbers . Once in the United States , they would have limited legal rights , but were not allowed to vote until they became citizens , and would not be eligible for the New Deal government benefits available in the 1930s . The third and more recent policy is `` immigration by affiliation '' , which Motomura argues is the treatment which depends on how deeply rooted people have become in the country . An immigrant who applies for citizenship as soon as permitted , has a long history of working in the United States , and has significant family ties , is more deeply affiliated and can expect better treatment . Interpretive Perspectives The Statue of Liberty was a common sight to many immigrants who entered the United States through Ellis Island The American Dream is the belief that through hard work and determination , any United States immigrant can achieve a better life , usually in terms of financial prosperity and enhanced personal freedom of choice . According to historians , the rapid economic and industrial expansion of the U.S. is not simply a function of being a resource rich , hard working , and inventive country , but the belief that anybody could get a share of the country 's wealth if he or she was willing to work hard . This dream has been a major factor in attracting immigrants to the United States . See also Demographics of the United States Emigration from the United States European colonization of the Americas History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States How Democracy Works Now : Twelve Stories Illegal immigration to the United States Inequality within immigrant families ( United States ) Nativism ( politics ) , opposition to immigration Opposition to immigration United States immigration statistics Immigrant benefits urban legend , a hoax regarding benefits comparison Footnotes Jump up ^ `` United Nations Population Division Department of Economic and Social Affairs '' . www.un.org . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ausländer in Zahlen '' . Blick . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Statistics . `` The Daily -- Immigration and ethnocultural diversity : Key results from the 2016 Census '' . www150.statcan.gc.ca . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 7 . Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status By Type And Detailed Class Of Admission : Fiscal Year 2016 -- 2016 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics '' . DHS.gov . Department of Homeland Security . 18 December 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Foner , Nancy ; Fredrickson , George M. , eds . ( December 8 , 2005 ) . `` Chapter 6 : American Gatekeeping : Race and Immigration Law in the Twentieth Century '' . Not Just Black and White : Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Immigration , Race , and Ethnicity in the United States . Russell Sage Foundation . ISBN 0 - 87154 - 270 - 6 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Per Country Limit '' . U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2016 . in 1965 . Jump up ^ `` Immigrants in the United States and the Current Economic Crisis Archived April 8 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , Demetrios G. Papademetriou and Aaron Terrazas , Migration Policy Institute , April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Immigration Worldwide : Policies , Practices , and Trends Archived January 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Uma A. Segal , Doreen Elliott , Nazneen S. Mayadas ( 2010 ) , ^ Jump up to : `` The Integration of Immigrants into American Society '' . National Academies of Sciences , Engineering , and Medicine . 2015 . doi : 10.17226 / 21746 . Americans have long believed that immigrants are more likely than natives to commit crimes and that rising immigration leads to rising crime ... 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Jump up ^ Sequeira , Sandra ; Nunn , Nathan ; Qian , Nancy ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Migrants and the Making of America : The Short - and Long - Run Effects of Immigration during the Age of Mass Migration '' . NBER Working Paper No. 23289 . doi : 10.3386 / w23289 . Jump up ^ `` Migrants and the Making of America : The Short - and Long - Run Effects of Immigration during the Age of Mass Migration '' . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aner , Emilie ; Graneli , Anna ; Lodefolk , Magnus ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Cross-border movement of persons stimulates trade '' . VoxEU.org . Centre for Economic Policy Research . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bratti , Massimiliano ; Benedictis , Luca De ; Santoni , Gianluca ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` On the pro-trade effects of immigrants '' . Review of World Economics . 150 ( 3 ) : 557 -- 94 . doi : 10.1007 / s10290 - 014 - 0191 - 8 . ISSN 1610 - 2878 . Jump up ^ Foley , C. Fritz ; Kerr , William R. ( 2013 ) . `` Ethnic Innovation and U.S. Multinational Firm Activity '' . Management Science . 59 ( 7 ) : 1529 -- 1544 . doi : 10.1287 / mnsc. 1120.1684 . Jump up ^ Dany , Bahar ; Rapoport , Hillel . `` Migration , knowledge diffusion and the comparative advantage of nations '' . Jump up ^ Burchardi , Konrad B. ; Chaney , Thomas ; Hassan , Tarek A. ( January 2016 ) . `` Migrants , Ancestors , and Investment '' . NBER Working Paper No. 21847 . doi : 10.3386 / w21847 . ^ Jump up to : Basso , Gaetano ; Peri , Giovanni ; Rahman , Ahmed ( October 2017 ) . `` Computerization and Immigration : Theory and Evidence from the United States '' . NBER Working Paper No. 23935 . doi : 10.3386 / w23935 . ^ Jump up to : Basso , Gaetano ; Peri , Giovanni ; Rahman , Ahmed ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` The impact of immigration on wage distributions in the era of technical automation '' . VoxEU.org . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clemens , Michael A. ; Lewis , Ethan G. ; Postel , Hannah M. ( 2018 ) . `` Immigration Restrictions as Active Labor Market Policy : Evidence from the Mexican Bracero Exclusion '' . American Economic Review . 108 ( 6 ) : 1468 -- 1487 . doi : 10.1257 / aer. 20170765 . ISSN 0002 - 8282 . ^ Jump up to : Kerr , Sari Pekkala ; Kerr , William R. ( 2011 ) . `` Economic Impacts of Immigration : A Survey '' ( PDF ) . Finnish Economic Papers. 24 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` New Report Assesses the Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration '' . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The case for immigration '' . Vox . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Impact of Unauthorized Immigrants on the Budgets of State and Local Governments '' . December 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Immigration Debate / Effect on Economy '' . San Francisco Chronicle . 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Jump up ^ `` The Economic Effects of Granting Legal Status and Citizenship to Undocumented Immigrants '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Edwards , Ryan ; Ortega , Francesc ( November 2016 ) . `` The Economic Contribution of Unauthorized Workers : An Industry Analysis '' . NBER Working Paper No. 22834 . doi : 10.3386 / w22834 . Jump up ^ `` Fear vs. Facts : Examining the Economic Impact of Undocumented Immigrants in the U.S. '' heinonline.org . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CATO Institute Finds $180 Billion Benefit to Legalizing Illegal Immigrants '' . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Riley , Jason . Let Them In : The Case for Open Borders . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59240 - 349 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Immigration '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ Ondrich , Jan ; Ross , Stephen ; Yinger , John ( November 1 , 2003 ) . `` Now You See It , Now You Do n't : Why Do Real Estate Agents Withhold Available Houses from Black Customers ? '' . Review of Economics and Statistics . 85 ( 4 ) : 854 -- 73 . doi : 10.1162 / 003465303772815772 . ISSN 0034 - 6535 . Jump up ^ `` Housing Discrimination against Racial and Ethnic Minorities 2012 : Full Report '' . www.urban.org . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riach , P.A. ; Rich , J. ( November 1 , 2002 ) . `` Field Experiments of Discrimination in the Market Place '' . The Economic Journal . 112 ( 483 ) : F480 -- F518 . doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 0297.00080 . ISSN 1468 - 0297 . ^ Jump up to : Zschirnt , Eva ; Ruedin , Didier ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ethnic discrimination in hiring decisions : a meta - analysis of correspondence tests 1990 -- 2015 '' . Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies . 42 ( 7 ) : 1115 -- 34 . doi : 10.1080 / 1369183X. 2015.1133279 . ISSN 1369 - 183X . 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American Sociological Review . doi : 10.1177 / 0003122418780366 . ^ Jump up to : Duncan , Brian ; Trejo , Stephen J ( 2011 ) . `` Tracking Intergenerational Progress for Immigrant Groups : The Problem of Ethnic Attrition '' . American Economic Review . 101 ( 3 ) : 603 -- 08 . doi : 10.1257 / aer. 101.3. 603 . Jump up ^ Alba , Richard ; Islam , Tariqul ( January 1 , 2009 ) . `` The Case of the Disappearing Mexican Americans : An Ethnic - Identity Mystery '' . Population Research and Policy Review . 28 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 21 . doi : 10.1007 / s11113 - 008 - 9081 - x . JSTOR 20616620 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Brian ; Trejo , Stephen ( 2017 ) . `` The Complexity of Immigrant Generations : Implications for Assessing the Socioeconomic Integration of Hispanics and Asians '' . ILR Review . 70 ( 5 ) : 1146 -- 1175 . doi : 10.1177 / 0019793916679613 . 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Boritt , Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream ( 1994 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Elizabeth Baigent , `` Swedish immigrants in McKeesport , Pennsylvania : Did the Great American Dream come true ? '' Journal of Historical Geography , April 2000 , Vol. 26 Issue 2 , pp. 239 -- 72 Jump up ^ Jim Cullen , The American Dream : A Short History of an Idea that Shaped a Nation. 2004 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517325 - 2 . Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` aei.org '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . Further reading Surveys. Anbinder , Tyler . City of Dreams : The 400 - Year Epic History of Immigrant New York ( Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2016 ) . 766 pp . Archdeacon , Thomas J. Becoming American : An Ethnic History ( 1984 ) Bankston , Carl L. III and Danielle Antoinette Hidalgo , eds . Immigration in U.S. History Salem Press , ( 2006 ) Barkan , Elliott Robert , ed. ( 2001 ) . Making it in America : A Sourcebook on Eminent Ethnic Americans . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781576070987 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) short scholarly biographies With bibliographies ; 448 pp . Bodnar , John . The Transplanted : A History of Immigrants in Urban America Indiana University Press , ( 1985 ) Daniels , Roger . Asian America : Chinese and Japanese in the United States since 1850 University of Washington Press , ( 1988 ) Daniels , Roger . Coming to America 2nd ed. ( 2005 ) Daniels , Roger . Guarding the Golden Door : American Immigration Policy and Immigrants since 1882 ( 2005 ) Diner , Hasia . The Jews of the United States , 1654 to 2000 ( 2004 ) Dinnerstein , Leonard , and David M. Reimers . Ethnic Americans : a history of immigration ( 1999 ) online Gerber , David A. American Immigration : A Very Short Introduction ( 2011 ) . Gjerde , Jon , ed . Major Problems in American Immigration and Ethnic History ( 1998 ) . Glazier , Michael , ed . The Encyclopedia of the Irish in America ( 1999 ) . Jones , Maldwyn A. American immigration ( 1960 ) online Joselit , Jenna Weissman . Immigration and American religion ( 2001 ) online Parker , Kunal M. Making Foreigners : Immigration and Citizenship Law in America , 1600 -- 2000 . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2015 . Sowell , Thomas . Ethnic America : A History ( 1981 ) . Thernstrom , Stephan , ed . Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups ( 1980 ) . Before 1920 Alexander , June Granatir . Daily Life in Immigrant America , 1870 -- 1920 : How the Second Great Wave of Immigrants Made Their Way in America ( Chicago : Ivan R. Dee , 2007 . xvi , 332 pp . ) Berthoff , Rowland Tappan . British Immigrants in Industrial America , 1790 -- 1950 ( 1953 ) . Briggs , John . An Italian Passage : Immigrants to Three American Cities , 1890 -- 1930 Yale University Press , ( 1978 ) Diner , Hasia . Hungering for America : Italian , Irish , and Jewish Foodways in the Age of Migration ( 2003 ) Dudley , William , ed . Illegal immigration : opposing viewpoints ( 2002 ) online Eltis , David ; Coerced and Free Migration : Global Perspectives ( 2002 ) emphasis on migration to Americas before 1800 Greene , Victor R. A Singing Ambivalence : American Immigrants Between Old World and New , 1830 -- 1930 ( 2004 ) , coving musical traditions Isaac Aaronovich Hourwich . Immigration and Labor : The Economic Aspects of European Immigration to the United States ( 1912 ) ( full text online ) Joseph , Samuel ; Jewish Immigration to the United States from 1881 to 1910 Columbia University Press , ( 1914 ) Kulikoff , Allan ; From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers ( 2000 ) , details on colonial immigration Meagher , Timothy J. The Columbia Guide to Irish American History . ( 2005 ) Miller , Kerby M. Emigrants and Exiles ( 1985 ) , influential scholarly interpretation of Irish immigration Motomura , Hiroshi . Americans in Waiting : The Lost Story of Immigration and Citizenship in the United States ( 2006 ) , legal history Pochmann , Henry A. and Arthur R. Schultz ; German Culture in America , 1600 -- 1900 : Philosophical and Literary Influences ( 1957 ) Waters , Tony . Crime and Immigrant Youth Sage Publications ( 1999 ) , a sociological analysis . U.S. Immigration Commission , Abstracts of Reports , 2 vols. ( 1911 ) ; the full 42 - volume report is summarized ( with additional information ) in Jeremiah W. Jenks and W. Jett Lauck , The Immigrant Problem ( 1912 ; 6th ed. 1926 ) Wittke , Carl . We Who Built America : The Saga of the Immigrant ( 1939 ) , covers all major groups Yans - McLaughlin , Virginia ed . Immigration Reconsidered : History , Sociology , and Politics Oxford University Press . ( 1990 ) Recent : Post 1965 Beasley , Vanessa B. ed . Who Belongs in America ? : Presidents , Rhetoric , And Immigration ( 2006 ) Bogen , Elizabeth . Immigration in New York ( 1987 ) Bommes , Michael and Andrew Geddes . Immigration and Welfare : Challenging the Borders of the Welfare State ( 2000 ) Borjas , George J. ed . Issues in the Economics of Immigration ( National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report ) ( 2000 ) . Borjas , George . Friends or Strangers ( 1990 ) Borjas , George J ( 2002 ) . `` Welfare Reform and Immigrant Participation in Welfare Programs '' . International Migration Review . 36 ( 4 ) : 1093 -- 1123 . Briggs , Vernon M. , Jr . Immigration Policy and the America Labor Force . Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1984 . Briggs , Vernon M. , Jr . Mass Immigration and the National Interest ( 1992 ) Cooper , Mark A. Moving to the United States of America and Immigration. 2008 . Egendorf , Laura K. , ed . Illegal immigration : an opposing viewpoints guide ( 2007 ) online Fawcett , James T. , and Benjamin V. Carino . Pacific Bridges : The New Immigration from Asia and the Pacific Islands . New York : Center for Migration Studies , 1987 . Foner , Nancy . In A New Land : A Comparative View Of Immigration ( 2005 ) Garland , Libby . After They Closed the Gate : Jewish Illegal Immigration to the United States , 1921 -- 1965 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2014 . Levinson , David and Melvin Ember , eds . American Immigrant Cultures 2 vol ( 1997 ) . Lowe , Lisa . Immigrant Acts : On Asian American Cultural Politics ( 1996 ) Meier , Matt S. and Gutierrez , Margo , eds . The Mexican American Experience : An Encyclopedia ( 2003 ) ( ISBN 0 - 313 - 31643 - 0 ) Mohl , Raymond A. `` Latinization in the Heart of Dixie : Hispanics in Late - twentieth - century Alabama '' Alabama Review 2002 55 ( 4 ) : 243 -- 74 . ISSN 0002 - 4341 Portes , Alejandro , and Robert L. Bach . Latin Journey : Cuban and Mexican Immigrants in the United States . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press , 1985 . Portes , Alejandro , and József Böröcz . `` Contemporary Immigration : Theoretical Perspectives on Its Determinants and Modes of Incorporation . '' International Migration Review 23 ( 1989 ) : 606 -- 30 . Portes , Alejandro , and Rubén Rumbaut . Immigrant America . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press , 1990 . Reimers , David . Still the Golden Door : The Third World Comes to America . New York : Columbia University Press , ( 1985 ) . Smith , James P. , and Barry Edmonston , eds . The Immigration Debate : Studies on the Economic , Demographic , and Fiscal Effects of Immigration ( 1998 ) , online version Waters , Tony . Crime and Immigrant Youth Thousand Oaks : Sage 1999 . Zhou , Min and Carl L. Bankston III . Growing Up American : How Vietnamese Children Adapt to Life in the United States Russell Sage Foundation . ( 1998 ) Borjas , George J. Heaven 's Door : Immigration Policy and the American Economy . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1999 . xvii , 263 pp. ISBN 0 - 691 - 05966 - 7 Lamm , Richard D. , and Gary Imhoff . The Immigration Time Bomb : the Fragmenting of America , in series , Truman Talley Books . First ed . New York : E.P. Dutton , 1985 . xiii , 271 pp. ISBN 0 - 525 - 24337 - 2 External links History Immigrant Servants Database Asian - Nation : Early Asian Immigration to the U.S. Irish Catholic Immigration to America Scotch - Irish Immigration to Colonial America Immigration Archives of Historical Documents , Articles , and Immigrants Maurer , Elizabeth . `` New Beginnings : Immigrant Women and the American Experience '' . National Women 's History Museum . 2014 . Immigration policy Immigration policy reports from the Brookings Institution Immigration policy reports from the Urban Institute Permanent Legal Immigration to the United States : Policy Overview Congressional Research Service ( May 2018 ) A Primer on U.S. Immigration Policy Congressional Research Service ( November 2017 ) Current immigration U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Cornell University 's Legal Information Institute : Immigration Yearbook of Immigration Statistics -- United States Department of Homeland Security , Office of Immigration Statistics 2004 , 2005 editions available . `` Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States : January 2005 '' M. Hoefer , N. Rytina , C. Campbell ( 2006 ) `` Population Estimates ( August ) . U.S. Department of Homeland Security , Office of Immigration Statistics . Economic impact Abramitzky , Ran ; Boustan , Leah ( 2017 ) . `` Immigration in American Economic History '' . Journal of Economic Literature. 55 ( 4 ) : 1311 -- 1345 . doi : 10.1257 / jel. 20151189 . Immigration to the United States and related topics Relevant colonial era , United States and international laws Colonial era Nationality law in the American Colonies Plantation Act 1740 18th century Naturalization Act 1790 / 1795 / 1798 19th century Naturalization Law 1802 Civil Rights Act of 1866 14th Amendment ( 1868 ) Naturalization Act 1870 Page Act ( 1875 ) Immigration Act of 1882 Chinese Exclusion ( 1882 ) Scott Act ( 1888 ) Immigration Act of 1891 Geary Act ( 1892 ) 1900 -- 1949 Naturalization Act 1906 Gentlemen 's Agreement ( 1907 ) Immigration Act of 1907 Immigration Act 1917 ( Asian Barred Zone ) Emergency Quota Act ( 1921 ) Cable Act ( 1922 ) Immigration Act 1924 Tydings -- McDuffie Act ( 1934 ) Filipino Repatriation Act ( 1935 ) Nationality Act of 1940 Bracero Program ( 1942 -- 1964 ) Magnuson Act ( 1943 ) War Brides Act ( 1945 ) Luce -- Celler Act ( 1946 ) 1950 -- 1999 UN Refugee Convention ( 1951 ) Immigration and Nationality Act 1952 / 1965 Refugee Act ( 1980 ) Immigration Reform and Control Act ( 1986 ) American Homecoming Act ( 1989 ) Immigration Act 1990 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act ( IIRIRA ) ( 1996 ) Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act ( NACARA ) ( 1997 ) American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act ( ACWIA ) ( 1998 ) 21st century American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act ( AC21 ) ( 2000 ) Legal Immigration Family Equity Act ( LIFE Act ) ( 2000 ) H - 1B Visa Reform Act ( 2004 ) REAL ID Act ( 2005 ) Secure Fence Act ( 2006 ) DACA ( 2012 ) Executive Order 13769 ( 2017 ) Executive Order 13780 ( 2017 ) Visas and policies Visa policy Permanent residence Visa Waiver Program Temporary protected status Asylum Green Card Lottery Central American Minors US - VISIT Security Advisory Opinion E-Verify Section 287 ( g ) National Origins Formula Trump administration family separation policy Government organizations Department of Homeland Security Immigration and Customs Enforcement U.S. Border Patrol U.S. Customs and Border Protection Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) Board of Immigration Appeals Office of Refugee Resettlement Supreme Court cases United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind ( 1923 ) United States v. Brignoni - Ponce ( 1975 ) Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting ( 2011 ) Related issues and events Economic impact Eugenics in the United States Guest worker program Human trafficking Human smuggling Coyotaje Immigration reform Immigration reduction Mexico -- United States barrier Labor shortage March for America Illegal immigrant population Reverse immigration 2006 protests Unaccompanied minors from Central America List of people deported from the United States Geography Mexico -- United States border Canada -- United States border United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints Proposed legislation DREAM Act ( 2001 -- 2010 ) H.R. 4437 ( 2005 ) McCain -- Kennedy ( 2005 ) SKIL ( 2006 ) Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006 STRIVE Act ( 2007 ) Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007 Uniting American Families Act ( 2000 -- 2013 ) Border Security , Economic Opportunity , and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 SAFE Act ( 2015 ) RAISE Act ( 2017 ) Immigration stations and points of entry Angel Island Castle Garden East Boston Ellis Island Sullivan 's Island Washington Avenue Operations `` Wetback '' ( 1954 ) `` Peter Pan '' ( 1960 -- 1962 ) `` Babylift '' ( 1975 ) `` Gatekeeper '' ( 1994 ) `` Endgame '' ( 2003 -- 2012 ) `` Front Line '' ( 2004 -- 2005 ) `` Streamline '' ( 2005 -- present ) `` Return to Sender '' ( 2006 -- 2007 ) `` Jump Start '' ( 2006 -- 2008 ) `` Phalanx '' ( 2010 -- 2016 ) State legislation California DREAM Act ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Arizona SB 1070 ( 2010 ) Alabama HB 56 ( 2011 ) Non-governmental organizations Arizona Border Recon Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform National Immigration Forum Center for Community Change We Are America Alliance CASA of Maryland Mexica Movement Mexicans Without Borders Federation for American Immigration Reform Minuteman Project Minuteman Civil Defense Corps California Coalition for Immigration Reform Save Our State Center for Immigration Studies National Korean American Service & Education Consortium ( NAKASEC ) NumbersUSA Negative Population Growth Migration Policy Institute Utah Compact Center for Migration Studies of New York Demographics of the United States Demographic history By economic and social Affluence Educational attainment Emigration Home - 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Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_the_United_States&oldid=852755898 '' Categories : Immigration to the United States American culture Demographics of the United States Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with incorrect ref formatting Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use American English from March 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from June 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2010 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2013 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2010 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Languages Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi ไทย 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 04 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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which country in latin america sends the largest number of legal immigrants to the united states
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[
"\n\n\nCountry\n\n2015\n\n2016\n\n\n1. Mexico\n\n158,619\n\n174,534\n\n\n2. China\n\n74,558\n\n81,772\n\n\n3. Cuba\n\n54,396\n\n66,516\n\n\n4. India\n\n64,116\n\n64,687\n\n\n5. Dominican Rep.\n\n50,610\n\n61,161\n\n\n6. Philippines\n\n56,478\n\n53,287\n\n\n7. Vietnam\n\n30,832\n\n41,451\n\n\n8. Haiti\n\n16,967\n\n23,584\n\n\n9. El Salvador\n\n19,487\n\n23,449\n\n\n10. Jamaica\n\n17,642\n\n23,350\n\n\nTotal\n\n1,051,031\n\n1,183,505\n"
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"Mexico"
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Candy Coated Fury
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Candy Coated Fury - wikipedia Candy Coated Fury Candy Coated Fury Studio album by Reel Big Fish Released July 31 , 2012 Recorded 21 March - 1 June 2012 Music Inc . Studios , Orange , CA Genre Ska punk Length 54 : 56 Label Rock Ridge Producer Aaron Barrett Reel Big Fish chronology A Best of Us for the Rest of Us ( 2010 ) Candy Coated Fury ( 2012 ) Happy Skalidays ( 2014 ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Candy Coated Fury is the eighth studio album by the American ska punk band Reel Big Fish , released on July 31 , 2012 . The cover art was made by artist Thom Foolery . The album was recorded at the band 's personal studio in Orange , California . The album features guest vocals from Coolie Ranx , Brian Klemm , Julie Stoyer , and members of Sonic Boom Six . Aaron Barrett said that when writing the album , he was `` very conscious this time about how danceable the songs were and how they make you move when you listen to them . It had been a long time since I really thought about the danceability of our songs . '' On June 6 , 2012 , the band released a teaser video for the album . On June 12 , 2012 , the band released the song `` I Know You Too Well To Like You Anymore '' on their YouTube channel days after the song premiered on the Ska Parade radio show on KUKQ . The album was released July 31 , 2012 , and was sold in a limited quantity at several venues on the Summer of Ska Tour 2012 . The album debuted at No. 80 on the Billboard 200 . Contents 1 Track listing 2 Personnel 2.1 Reel Big Fish 2.2 Additional musicians 3 References 4 External links Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Aaron Barrett , except where noted . No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Everyone Else Is an Asshole '' 4 : 11 2 . `` Punisher '' 4 : 00 3 . `` She 's Not the End of the World '' 3 : 42 4 . `` Do n't Let Me Down Gently '' ( see notes ) Martin Gilks , Miles Hunt , Rob Jones , Malcolm Treece 2 : 25 5 . `` I Know You Too Well to Like You Anymore '' 4 : 25 6 . `` Hiding in My Headphones '' Barrett , Paul Barnes , Coolie Ranx 4 : 47 7 . `` I Dare You to Break My Heart '' Barrett , Ryland Steen 5 : 15 8 . `` Your Girlfriend Sucks '' 3 : 30 9 . `` Do n't Stop Skankin ' '' ( see notes ) 3 : 59 10 . `` Famous Last Words '' 3 : 50 11 . `` Lost Cause '' 4 : 20 12 . `` I Love / You Suck '' 3 : 13 13 . `` P.S. I Hate You '' Barrett , John Christianson 4 : 05 14 . `` The Promise '' ( see notes ) Clive Farrington , Andrew Mann , Michael Floreale 3 : 14 Notes ^ ( 4a ) Originally performed by The Wonder Stuff ^ ( 9a ) Actually 2 : 44 . Then hidden track `` Oh , Rudy '' ( 1 : 15 ) starts right after . ^ ( 14a ) Originally performed by When in Rome Personnel ( edit ) Reel Big Fish ( edit ) Aaron Barrett -- guitar , lead vocals Dan Regan -- trombone , vocals John Christianson -- trumpet , vocals Ryland Steen -- drums , percussion , vocals Derek Gibbs -- bass guitar , vocals Matt Appleton -- harmony vocals , tenor saxophone , baritone saxophone , organ Additional musicians ( edit ) Coolie Ranx -- vocals on `` Hiding in My Headphones '' Julie Stoyer -- vocals on `` I Know You Too Well to Like You Anymore '' and `` Oh , Rudy ' '' Laila Khan -- vocals on `` Hiding in My Headphones '' Barney Boom ( Paul Barnes ) -- vocals on `` Hiding in My Headphones '' Brian Klemm -- vocals on `` Your Girlfriend Sucks '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allmusic review Jump up ^ http://www.culturebrats.com/2012/07/candy-coated-fury-our-interview-with.html Jump up ^ http://www.ampmagazine.com/40658/reel-big-fish-guitaristvocalist-aaron-barrett-talks-about-their-new-album-guest-vocals-upcoming-international-tours-and-more/ Jump up ^ Bryne Yancey ( 2012 ) . `` Alternative Press News : Reel Big Fish '' . News document . Alternative Press . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Candy Coated Fury ( CD liner notes ) . Reel Big Fish . Newark , New Jersey : Rock Ridge Music . 2012 . RKM2 - 61371 . External links ( edit ) Candy Coated Fury at YouTube ( streamed copy where licensed ) Reel Big Fish Aaron Barrett Derek Gibbs Edward Larsen John Christianson Matt Appleton Billy Kottage Dan Regan Scott Klopfenstein Matt Wong Ryland Steen Justin Ferreira Tyler Jones Carlos de la Garza Tavis Werts Grant Barry Andrew Gonzales Adam Polakoff Robert Quimby Lisa Smith Zach Gilltrap Ben Guzman Studio albums Everything Sucks Turn the Radio Off Why Do They Rock So Hard ? Cheer Up ! We 're Not Happy ' til You 're Not Happy Monkeys for Nothin ' and the Chimps for Free Fame , Fortune and Fornication Candy Coated Fury Live album Our Live Album Is Better than Your Live Album Compilation albums Viva la Internet / Blank CD Favorite Noise Greatest Hit ... and More A Best of Us for the Rest of Us EPs Teen Beef Vacationing in Palm Springs Keep Your Receipt Duet All Night Long Happy Skalidays Video albums Live at the House of Blues You 're All in This Together Reel Big Fish Live ! In Concert ! Associated acts The Forces of Evil The Littlest Man Band Jeffries Fan Club Suburban Rhythm The Scholars Nuckle Brothers Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Candy_Coated_Fury&oldid=837179771 '' Categories : 2012 albums Reel Big Fish albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 06 : 22 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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reel big fish i know you too well
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2824043525484177322
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Minor (academic)
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Minor ( academic ) - wikipedia Minor ( academic ) Jump to : navigation , search An academic minor is a college or university student 's declared secondary academic discipline during their undergraduate studies . As with a major , the college or university in question lays out a framework of required classes or class types a student must complete to earn the minor -- although the latitude the student is given changes from college to college . Academic minors and majors differ in that the former is subordinate to the latter . To obtain an academic minor , a total of three years of study at a university in a selected subject is the usual requirement . Example of a Bachelor 's degree diploma in Social Sciences with Minor in Political and Administrative Science Some students will prepare for their intended career with their major , while pursuing personal interests with a minor , for example , majoring in civil engineering while minoring in a foreign language or performing arts . Other students may pursue a minor to provide specific specialization and thus make themselves more attractive to employers . It is not infrequent for a physics major to minor in computer science , or an engineering or economics student to minor in mathematics . Students intending to become secondary education teachers often major in their teaching subject area ( for example , history or chemistry ) and minor in education . Graduate minors ( edit ) While academic minors are usually associated with undergraduate degrees as a student 's secondary focus , academic minors also exist at the graduate level , particularly in U.S. institutions . Sometimes this can refer to a student 's minor or secondary field within their discipline , such as a Political Science PhD student pursuing a major field in American Politics and a minor field in Political Theory , or a Religious Studies PhD student pursuing a major field in Theology and a minor field in History of Religion . However , as in undergraduate courses of study , outside graduate study minors also exist at many universities - sometimes officially and sometimes unofficially . For example , at Oregon State University , Master 's and PhD students are able to pursue an official graduate minor in addition to the discipline of their degree . At Florida State University , graduate minors exist on an unofficial basis on the grounds that a Master 's or Doctoral student takes at least 9 and at most 18 credit hours in a secondary field outside of his or her academic discipline . Typically , an outside minor at the maximum allowed credit hours or quarter credit units ( typically 18 credit hours in many public universities , or 24 credit units at others ) fulfills a qualifying requirement to teach the discipline as an adjunct at a community college or state college , and the research experience and connections from an outside minor can also be tailored toward pursuing a non-academic career related to the minor field . Some PhD students , pursuing an outside graduate minor , choose to integrate the minor field into their dissertation with a scholar from their minor field serving as an outside committee member on their dissertation . See also ( edit ) Academia British undergraduate degree classification Curriculum Double degree Higher education Major ( academic ) References ( edit ) Levels of academic degree Undergraduate ISCED level 5 Associate degree Foundation degree Higher National Diploma / Diploma of Higher Education / Certificate of Higher Education ISCED level 6 Bachelor 's degree Honours degree Postgraduate ISCED level 7 Master 's degree Magister degree Postgraduate certificate / diploma Diplom degree Specialist degree Engineer 's degree ISCED level 8 Doctorate Magister degree Candidate of Sciences Other Postdoctoral Higher doctorate Doktor nauk Habilitation Docent Tenure No dominant classification Laurea Licentiate Professional degree Graduate certificate / diploma Terminal degree Unearned Honorary degree Ad eundem degree Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minor_(academic)&oldid=800650552 '' Categories : School terminology Academic degrees Talk About Wikipedia Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 21 : 18 . About Wikipedia
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what is major and minor in bachelor degree
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List of Modern Family characters
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List of Modern family characters - wikipedia List of Modern family characters Jump to : navigation , search Modern Family , an American TV comedy series , revolves around three families that are interrelated through Jay Pritchett , his son Mitchell Pritchett , and his daughter Claire Dunphy . The families meet for family functions , around the neighborhood , and cross-family bonding . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 The Dunphy family 2.1 Phil Dunphy 2.1. 1 Critical reception 2.1. 2 Accolades 2.1. 3 Other appearances 2.2 Claire Dunphy 2.2. 1 Critical reception 2.2. 2 Accolades 2.3 Haley Dunphy 2.3. 1 Accolades 2.4 Alex Dunphy 2.5 Luke Dunphy 3 The Pritchett - Delgado family 3.1 Jay Pritchett 3.1. 1 Accolades 3.2 Gloria Pritchett 3.2. 1 Accolades 3.3 Manny Delgado 3.4 Joe Pritchett 3.5 Stella 4 The Tucker - Pritchett family 4.1 Mitchell Pritchett ( Mitch ) 4.1. 1 Critical reception 4.1. 2 Accolades 4.2 Cameron Tucker ( Cam ) 4.2. 1 Critical reception 4.2. 2 Accolades 4.3 Lily Tucker - Pritchett 4.4 Larry 5 Other family members 5.1 DeDe Williams 5.2 Frank Dunphy 5.3 Javier Delgado 5.4 Barb Tucker 5.5 Donnie Pritchett 5.6 Merle Tucker 5.7 Pilar 5.8 Sonia 5.9 Pam Tucker 6 Other characters 6.1 Introduced in season 1 6.1. 1 Dylan Marshall 6.1. 2 Sal 6.2 Introduced in season 2 6.2. 1 Pepper Saltzman 6.2. 2 Bethenny 6.2. 3 Longines 6.2. 4 Crispin 6.2. 5 Walt Kleezak 6.3 Introduced in season 3 6.3. 1 Ethan 6.4 Introduced in season 4 6.4. 1 Gil Thorpe 6.5 Introduced in season 5 6.5. 1 Andy Bailey 6.5. 2 Rhonda 6.6 Introduced in season 6 6.6. 1 Earl Chambers 6.6. 2 Ronnie LaFontaine 6.6. 3 Amber LaFontaine 6.6. 4 Ronnie LaFontaine Jr . 6.6. 5 Tammy LaFontaine 6.6. 6 Beth 6.6. 7 Sanjay Patel 7 Special guest stars 7.1 Season 1 7.2 Season 2 7.3 Season 3 7.4 Season 4 7.5 Season 5 7.6 Season 6 7.7 Season 7 7.8 Season 8 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Cast ( edit ) Actor Character Season 5 6 7 8 Ed O'Neill Jay Pritchett Main Sofía Vergara Gloria Pritchett Main Julie Bowen Claire Dunphy Main Ty Burrell Phil Dunphy Main Jesse Tyler Ferguson Mitchell Pritchett Main Eric Stonestreet Cameron Tucker Main Sarah Hyland Haley Dunphy Main Ariel Winter Alex Dunphy Main Nolan Gould Luke Dunphy Main Rico Rodriguez Manny Delgado Main Aubrey Anderson - Emmons Lily Tucker - Pritchett Recurring Main Jeremy Maguire Joe Pritchett Recurring Main The Dunphy family ( edit ) Phil Dunphy ( edit ) Phil Dunphy First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2009 Portrayed by Ty Burrell Information Gender Male Occupation Real Estate Agent Family Frank Dunphy ( father ) Grace Dunphy ( mother ; deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Claire Dunphy ( 1993 -- present ) Children Haley Dunphy ( daughter ) Alex Dunphy ( daughter ) Luke Dunphy ( son ) Relatives Jay Pritchett ( father - in - law ) DeDe Pritchett ( mother - in - law ) Mitchell Pritchett ( brother - in - law ) Gloria Pritchett ( stepmother - in - law ) Manny Delgado ( stepbrother - in - law ) Joe Pritchett ( half - brother - in - law ) Cameron Tucker ( brother - in - law ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive niece by marriage ) Philip Harold `` Phil '' Dunphy ( Ty Burrell ) is Claire 's husband of 20 years who sees himself as the `` cool dad . '' He dotes on his wife Claire and constantly tries to find ways to bond with his three kids . He is seen as very competitive , one example being his nature of always beating his son at basketball . He has a very juvenile attitude , and is referred to by Claire as the `` kid ( she 's ) married to . '' He uses a parenting method that he calls `` peerenting '' , which is a combination of talking like a peer but acting like a parent . Phil is a real estate agent who is very confident in his work , once saying `` I could sell a fur coat to an Eskimo . '' Phil has a severe case of coulrophobia , which is first revealed when despite Mitchell 's objection , Cameron comes to Luke 's party dressed as a clown . This may stem from Phil 's having found a dead clown in the woods when he was a child . Phil appears to love home repair yet never seems to get around to any of the jobs requested by Claire . Throughout season 1 , his ongoing project is fixing the step . He at times shows a sort of crush - like affection for Gloria . He says , however , he `` would never stray from Claire , '' although Gloria did kiss him during a `` kisscam '' segment at a basketball game in the final episode of season 1 , `` Family Portrait '' . He is also staring at her when she does something that makes Phil think she is sexy . In college , he was a cheerleader at Fresno State and his birthday is on April 3 . Phil seems oblivious as to what he says by miscalculating ( if at all ) the consequences of his expressions , such as `` Phil Dunphy is no straight guy '' ( when he is referring to not being a straight man ) or `` If you ai n't white , you ai n't right '' ( referring to the color of a team that he was playing on ) . He is often looking for approval from Jay because Jay generally does not openly show approval of anyone , often causing Phil to fear for his approval in Jay 's eyes . Phil is always reminding Jay of when he fixed his wireless printer , trying to show Jay that he can be manly . In the season 3 episode `` Dude Ranch '' , Phil shows considerable skill both on horseback and with a shotgun . In moments of acute adversity or shock in which most people would curse or swear , Phil utters humorous exclamations : references to food such as , `` Sweet Potato Fries ! '' or `` Chicken in a basket ! '' , etc. or he might make a historical reference such as `` John Philip Sousa ! '' . It is revealed in `` Tableau Vivant '' that Phil had once tried to break up with Claire but did n't have the courage to do so . A running gag in the show has Phil is running up the stairs ( often when carrying an object ) and tripping on a loose step , which causes him to quickly and hastily say : `` Gotta fix that step ! '' Critical reception ( edit ) Ty Burrell had received many positive reviews for his performance . Hank Stuever from the Washington Post wrote , `` A standout performance from Ty Burrell 's new twist on the doofus - dad stereotype . '' Paige Wiser , a reporter for the Chicago Sun Times , wrote , `` Ty Burrell is a genius as a dad who stays hip by keeping up with the numbers from High School Musical . '' Robert Canning of IGN in a review of the season loved Ty Burrell 's performance of Phil Dunphy and named him one of two characters that stood out to him saying `` actor Ty Burrell owned this part , and his well - intended faux pas throughout the season were stellar . '' Accolades ( edit ) In 2010 , Ty Burrell received a nomination for the Television Critics Association Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy , winning in 2011 . In 2011 and 2014 , Burrell won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series , also receiving nominations in 2010 , 2012 , and 2013 . In 2012 , Burrell won the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series . In 2014 , Burrell won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series , receiving nominations in 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 and 2016 . In 2010 and 2011 , Burrell was nominated for the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries , or Television Film . Other appearances ( edit ) On May 4 , 2016 , Phil appeared in the first commercials for the National Association of Realtors telling about his `` Phil 's - osophies '' . Arnold Worldwide executive creative director Sean McBride said Phil was written as a Realtor on his show and `` embodies many of the attributes that are important in a Realtor : He 's honest , he 's helpful , he 's sincere . '' Claire Dunphy ( edit ) Claire Dunphy First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2009 Portrayed by Julie Bowen Information Gender Female Occupation President of Prichett Closets and Blinds . Family Jay Pritchett ( father ) DeDe Pritchett ( mother ) Mitchell Pritchett ( brother ) Gloria Pritchett ( stepmother ) Manny Delgado ( stepbrother ) Joe Pritchett ( half - brother ) Spouse ( s ) Phil Dunphy ( 1993 -- present ) Children Haley Dunphy ( daughter ) Alex Dunphy ( daughter ) Luke Dunphy ( son ) Relatives Mr. Pritchett ( paternal grandfather ; deceased ) Mrs. Pritchett ( paternal grandmother ; deceased ) Lucas Williams ( maternal grandfather ; deceased ) Mrs. Williams ( maternal grandmother ; deceased ) Donnie Pritchett ( paternal uncle ) Becky Pritchett ( paternal aunt ) BeBe Williams ( maternal aunt ) CeCe Williams ( maternal aunt ) Frank Dunphy ( father - in - law ) Grace Dunphy ( mother - in - law ; deceased ) Cameron Tucker ( brother - in - law ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive niece ) Michael Pritchett ( first cousin ) Melanie Pritchett ( first cousin , once removed ) Claire Melinda Dunphy ( Julie Bowen ) , née Pritchett , is the wife of Phil Dunphy , the daughter of Jay , Mitchell 's older sister , Gloria 's step - daughter , Manny 's step - sister , Joe 's half - sister and the helicopter soccer mom of the Dunphy family and its three very different kids . She was once a wild child who made a lot of mistakes over the years , and she is fearful that her children could make the same mistakes , especially her oldest daughter , Haley . She is often exhausted from stress created by her family but is still a loving mother . When it comes to her kids she has difficulty controlling Haley 's independence and irresponsibility , Alex 's manipulative nature , and Luke 's lack of common sense . She also gets annoyed with her husband , Phil , constantly . Claire is very competitive especially in her obsession of being right , much like her husband , and has a brittle personality that causes her to get angry , paranoid , and freak out easily . She is very strict about a clean house . She is seen as an experienced parent by Cameron and Mitchell , so she is called upon for her parenting advice . She enjoys running and reading . She is also very attached to Halloween and describes it as her `` crazy lady holiday '' . In the episode `` Open House of Horrors '' it is revealed that the neighbors are frightened of Claire 's very graphic and realistic decorations around the house . Claire is also the most active family member when organizing family get - togethers . When a former co-worker ( Minnie Driver ) visits , it is revealed that Claire had a successful job in hospitality management but left her job and married Phil a few months after she became pregnant with Haley . She shows resentment towards the abandonment of her working career due to seeing the success of one of her former peers , but later realizes her family is more important . Claire is a perfectionist ; according to Phil , `` when everybody else sees something beautiful , all she sees is the teeny - tiny flaw . '' She is also terrible at giving gifts . As her husband Phil once bought her a bracelet for their anniversary , she made him coupons for five free hugs . Her step - brother is Manny Delgado . Claire received another sibling through Jay 's second wife Gloria -- Fulgencio `` Joe '' . She often despises the attention that Gloria gets for her voluptuous figure , and was thrilled to learn that Gloria was pregnant because of all the weight that Gloria would be gaining . Critical reception ( edit ) Julie Bowen 's performance was praised by Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly who said , `` Bowen 's Claire could have been a blank blonde cipher . Far from it : Bowen 's wide array of silent gazes at the camera , her slow - burns at her clan 's bad behavior , and her ability to freak out without seeming nutso crazy makes her an essential , stand - out part of TV 's best freshman ensemble cast . '' Accolades ( edit ) In 2011 and 2012 , Julie Bowen won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series , receiving nominations in 2010 and 2013 . In 2012 , Bowen won the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series . She has also been nominated twice for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series in 2012 and 2014 . In 2009 , Bowen was nominated for the Satellite Award for Best Actress in a Television Series -- Musical or Comedy , and then for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries , or Television Film in 2010 . Haley Dunphy ( edit ) Haley Dunphy First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2009 Portrayed by Sarah Hyland Information Gender Female Occupation Fashion Designer at Gavin Sinclair Family Phil Dunphy ( father ) Claire Dunphy ( mother ) Alex Dunphy ( sister ) Luke Dunphy ( brother ) Significant other ( s ) Dylan Marshall ( Ex-boyfriend ) Andy Bailey ( Ex-Boyfriend ) Rainer Shine ( Brief Fiance ) Relatives Frank Dunphy ( paternal grandfather ) Grace Dunphy ( paternal grandmother ; deceased ) Jay Pritchett ( maternal grandfather ) DeDe Pritchett ( maternal grandmother ) MItchell Pritchett ( maternal uncle ) Cameron Tucker ( maternal uncle by marriage ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive maternal cousin ) Gloria Pritchett ( maternal step - grandmother ) Joe Pritchett ( maternal half - uncle ) Michael Pritchett ( first cousin , once removed ) Melanie Pritchett ( second cousin ) Haley Gwendolyn Dunphy ( Sarah Hyland ) is the eldest daughter of Claire and Phil , who is portrayed as the stereotypical teenager . Haley was born on December 10 , 1993 . At the start of the series Haley is a high school sophomore , ( we discover in episode 1.14 that Claire was four months pregnant with Haley when she married Phil ) . Haley is depicted as being a bit of a flirt , who focuses more on social status than studies . She is a little naive , especially when it comes to arguing with her parents . However , she is at times surprisingly cunning , such as when she carves a cell phone out of soap to win a contest to see who can go the longest without using technology . Haley is embarrassed by her dad , especially when he tries to be friends with her boyfriend Dylan ( to whom she lost her virginity , as revealed in season 3 ) . She is concerned about her popularity at school , as well as her social and sexual life , which contributes to her being embarrassed by her parents . Haley contemplated moving in with Dylan before learning that she got into college in the final episode of the third season . After a run - in with the law on campus in Season 4 , she is expelled from college and moves back into the Dunphy home . She begins a fashion blog and goes to community college to study business and photography , eventually showing her photos in an exhibit at which she sells them . In season 6 , she gets a job working for fashion designer Gavin Sinclair as his assistant , doing some of her own design work . Throughout season 6 , Haley develops feelings for Andy ( Jay and Gloria 's hired nanny ) and they begin hanging out often . In the episode `` White Christmas '' Andy and Haley begin a relationship . At the end of season 7 , Andy is offered a job in his hometown in Utah and initially turns it down , but Haley encourages him to pursue it , insisting that they will figure out a way to be together . As they say goodbye at the airport , she admits that Andy is the first man she has ever really loved . As of `` Weathering Heights '' , she is dating weatherman Rainer Shine . Although they broke up later in the season after he proposed and they both realized they were n't ready . Accolades ( edit ) In 2013 , Sarah Hyland was nominated for the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series . Alex Dunphy ( edit ) Alex Dunphy First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2009 Portrayed by Ariel Winter Information Gender Female Occupation Student Family Phil Dunphy ( father ) Claire Dunphy ( mother ) Haley Dunphy ( sister ) Luke Dunphy ( brother ) Significant other ( s ) Sanjay Patel ( ex-boyfriend ) Ben ( boyfriend ) Relatives Frank Dunphy ( paternal grandfather ) Grace Dunphy ( paternal grandmother ; deceased ) Jay Pritchett ( maternal grandfather ) DeDe Pritchett ( maternal grandmother ) MItchell Pritchett ( maternal uncle ) Cameron Tucker ( maternal uncle by marriage ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive maternal cousin ) Gloria Pritchett ( maternal step - grandmother ) Joe Pritchett ( maternal half - uncle ) Michael Pritchett ( first cousin , once removed ) Melanie Pritchett ( second cousin ) Alexandra Anastasia `` Alex '' Dunphy ( Ariel Winter ) begins as the 13 - year - old daughter of Claire and Phil and turns 17 in season five . Characteristically nerdy but still cute nonetheless , Alex is the most intelligent of the three siblings and a polar opposite of Haley . She is very bright and cares much more about her studies than friends / social life and boys . As the middle child to a shallow big sister and a goofy younger brother , she enjoys messing with them . Often taking advantage of their naïveté by fooling them into believing unrealistic things , she at one time convinced Haley and Luke that they could charge electronics by rubbing the battery on their heads ( Haley ) and putting it in their mouths ( Luke ) . She also convinced Luke that he was actually Phil 's old girlfriend son and that Jay was dying . Alex , as a stereotypical precocious kid , displays a sense of superiority because of her intelligence constantly putting her accomplishments on display and demanding recognition for them . An overachiever , she plays the cello and practices lacrosse ; she chose to play the cello because she would have a better chance at being in a university orchestra than if she played the violin as cellos are more in demand . While she has sometimes felt isolated from her peers ( once sadly telling her parents `` I have no friends '' ) , she has a group of nerdy `` fans '' at school who idolize her . Haley sincerely tells her at one point she is smart and attractive in a successful effort to get Alex to give a light - hearted graduation speech instead of a harsh one ( it worked well enough that Alex was invited to a post-ceremony party by her classmates ) . At the beginning of Season 3 , she was in a long - distance relationship with a boy she met in Wyoming . Later in the season she went to her prom with a classmate who everyone but himself knows is gay . It was established in the episode `` Tableau Vivant '' that Alex is a light sleeper , as she was surprisingly energetic when staying awake nearly a whole night thinking about her upcoming art project . It was revealed in the episode `` Heart Broken '' that Alex faints every time she sees blood . In the second episode of season 5 onwards she started wearing new glasses . In season 6 , Alex is currently seeking for the best college to enroll in and have a thought about getting away from her family for a while . While Alex was not accepted into Harvard , she was accepted into Caltech , where she has been attending since the start of season 7 . She had to leave for a bit due to getting Mono . She was seen to be dating Sanjay Patel until he broke up with her in `` The Closet Case '' . Luke Dunphy ( edit ) Luke Dunphy First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2009 Portrayed by Nolan Gould Information Gender Male Occupation Student Family Phil Dunphy ( father ) Claire Dunphy ( mother ) Haley Dunphy ( sister ) Alex Dunphy ( sister ) Relatives Frank Dunphy ( paternal grandfather ) Grace Dunphy ( paternal grandmother ; deceased ) Jay Pritchett ( maternal grandfather ) DeDe Pritchett ( maternal grandmother ) MItchell Pritchett ( maternal uncle ) Cameron Tucker ( maternal uncle by marriage ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive maternal cousin ) Gloria Pritchett ( maternal step - grandmother ) Joe Pritchett ( maternal half - uncle ) Michael Pritchett ( first cousin , once removed ) Melanie Pritchett ( second cousin ) Lucas Philip `` Luke '' Dunphy ( Nolan Gould ) is Claire and Phil 's rambunctious son , who is often doing his own thing . He was named after his great - grandfather , Lucas ( DeDe 's father ) . At times , he can be a troublemaker , once shooting his sister with a toy gun and getting into a fight with Manny at school . Luke is playful , very innocent and does not always understand the repercussions of his actions , like most children ; he once announced at a family gathering that his mom thought her dad 's new wife was a `` gold digger '' , although he had misheard it as `` coal digger '' . Luke is also thought to be a bit vacuous because of many questionable actions , such as getting his head stuck in the banister and jumping on the trampoline wearing only underwear and a box on his head . Both parents agree that they `` dropped the ball '' in regard to raising Luke ; Phil once tells Claire that he considers Luke to be their dumbest child ( although he conceded to Claire 's assertion that Haley was , in fact , dumber than Luke ) . A psychologist who evaluated him said his type of behavior was normal for someone with above - average intelligence ; afterwards , Phil and Claire accidentally left a wandering Luke behind when they left the psychologist 's office , but they ended up being impressed by how calmly he made his way back home ( in a limo ) and decided he would do just fine in life . Subsequent events have borne this out , as he only got into one college he applied to ( and did so because Phil gave up some magic secrets to his former rival - turned - Dean of Admissions ) but has become a well - paid social fixture at Jay 's country club and shows he can use his connections to help his family . He is frequently seen playing a Nintendo 3DS . Throughout the series , he is often seen playing with Manny . Often , they do not just play , but develop plans , plots , and ploys . Being that Luke 's birthday is November 28 , it usually coincides with Thanksgiving . The Pritchett - Delgado family ( edit ) Jay Pritchett ( edit ) Jay Pritchett First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2009 Portrayed by Ed O'Neill Information Gender Male Occupation Retired Business Owner Family Mr. Pritchett ( father ) Mrs. Pritchett ( mother ) Donnie Pritchett ( brother ) Becky Pritchett ( sister ) Spouse ( s ) DeDe Pritchett ( 1968 -- 2003 ) Gloria Pritchett ( 2009 -- present ) Children Claire Dunphy ( daughter ) Mitchell Pritchett ( son ) Manny Delgado ( stepson ) Joe Pritchett ( son ) Relatives Joe ( uncle ) Irene Pritchett ( sister - in - law ) Michael Pritchett ( nephew ) Melanie Pritchett ( great - niece ) Lucas Williams ( ex-father - in - law ; deceased ) Mrs. Williams ( ex-mother - in - law ; deceased ) BeBe Williams ( ex-sister - in - law ) CeCe Williams ( ex-sister - in - law ) Fulgencio Ramirez ( father - in - law ; deceased ) Pilar Ramirez ( mother - in - law ) Sonia Ramirez ( sister - in - law ) 2 unnamed brothers - in - law Phil Dunphy ( son - in - law ) Cameron Tucker ( son - in - law ) Haley Dunphy ( granddaughter ) Alex Dunphy ( granddaughter ) Luke Dunphy ( grandson ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive granddaughter ) Jay Francis Pritchett ( Ed O'Neill ) is the father of Claire , Mitchell , and Joe ; husband of Gloria ; maternal grandfather of Luke , Alex , and Haley ; adoptive grandfather of Lily ; father - in - law of Phil and Cam ; and stepfather of Manny . He is the owner of a closet company and is presumably the wealthiest family member as well occasionally the chieftain of the family in many situations . Jay has a dry and sarcastic sense of humor . Like his son and daughter , Jay is generally more realistic , mild - mannered , and sensible than his partner , Gloria , who is unashamed of the fact Jay is many years her senior . A recurring plot involves Jay 's relationship with his son Mitchell , which became more complicated due to Jay 's reaction to Mitchell 's sexual orientation . Humor and plot points are also derived from Jay 's relationship with his son - in - law Phil ; Jay often mistreats and antagonizes him despite Phil 's constant attempts to gain Jay 's approval . Nevertheless , Jay thinks very highly of Phil , despite their differences , and said so in Season 3 Jay has several masculine character attributes including fondness for sports and model airplanes . Jay is shown also to occasionally be compassionate , showing affection for members of the extended family particularly to Manny , his stepson ; their relationship seems to become more positive as the series progresses , eventually becoming a typical father - son relationship . In the finale of the third season it is revealed that Gloria is pregnant , but Jay does not know yet . In the first episode of the fourth season , Gloria tells Jay and he tells her that it 's the greatest news he has heard . The baby was male , which relieved Jay because it says in the episode `` Snip '' that he was afraid of having a girl . Jay is a dog - lover . He sometimes goes overboard in treating his dog Stella as his favorite member of the family much to Gloria 's chagrin , and Jay was extremely happy when he realized that Joe was not allergic to Stella , but to Gloria 's face cream , in the episode `` Rash Decisions '' . Jay is farsighted ( hyperopia ) . Jay evidently served in the U.S. Navy during the Vietnam War . His birthday is April 1 , as shown in the episode `` Grill , Interrupted '' . Accolades ( edit ) Ed O'Neill has been consecutively nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series in 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 . In 2011 , he was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series and Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series . Gloria Pritchett ( edit ) Gloria Pritchett First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2009 Portrayed by Sofía Vergara Information Gender Female Occupation Hairdresser ( formerly ) Taxi driver ( formerly ) Housewife Family Fulgencio Ramírez ( father ; deceased ) Pilar Ramírez ( mother ) Sonia Ramírez ( sister ) 2 unnamed brothers Spouse ( s ) Javier Delgado ( 1995 -- 2006 ) Jay Pritchett ( 2009 -- present ) Children Manny Delgado ( son ) Claire Dunphy ( stepdaughter ) Mitchell Pritchett ( stepson ) Joe Pritchett ( son ) Relatives Ana - Maria Rosa de la Emaculada Jiménez Morales ( grandmother ) Carlos ( uncle ) Aurelio ( cousin ) Armando ( cousin ) Phil Dunphy ( stepson - in - law ) Cameron Tucker ( stepson - in - law ) Haley Dunphy ( step - granddaughter ) Alex Dunphy ( step - granddaughter ) Luke Dunphy ( step - grandson ) Lily Tucker Pritchett ( adoptive step - granddaughter ) Mr. Pritchett ( father - in - law ; deceased ) Mrs. Pritchett ( mother - in - law ; deceased ) Donnie Pritchett ( brother - in - law ) Becky Pritchett ( sister - in - law ) Michael Pritchett ( nephew by marriage ) Melanie Pritchett ( great - niece by marriage ) Religion Roman Catholic Nationality Colombian Gloria Maria Ramírez - Pritchett ( Sofía Vergara ) , formerly Delgado and née Ramírez , is Jay 's second wife and mother to Manny and Joe . She is from Barranquilla , a city in Colombia ( as is Sofía Vergara herself ) . She is a very loving wife and mother . At first , the family ( specifically Claire ) does not accept her because of her age difference to Jay . In the episode Coal Digger , Luke calls her a coal digger which is mocking when Claire called her a gold digger . The most frequent running gag involving the character is her mispronunciation of common English words and phrases , and Vergara confirmed that many of these mispronunciations are improvised . Gloria often supports Manny when Jay tries to tell him to be less sensitive or hide his cultural background . However , she does occasionally display some odd parenting techniques . For example , when Manny was first born , she had wanted a daughter , and therefore for the first year of his life dressed him like one and told all her friends he was a girl . She later told Manny ( after he found the pictures of himself like this ) that the child in question was his `` twin sister who died at the age of one . '' In the sixth episode of Season One , she chastizes Jay for forcing Manny to remove his poncho for school . When they get to the school to return the poncho and realize that Manny has a plan to play folk music to his classmates with his pan flute ( which was inside the poncho ) , Gloria tells Jay to break the flute , saying in her interview that `` the poncho by itself is fine . The poncho , plus the flute , plus the stupid dance ? My son will die a virgin . '' Gloria is a horrible driver , though she is oblivious to this . She often does things like put her breasts on Phil 's face by accident . She is also very comfortable with death ( on one occasion killing and beheading a rat with a shovel right before she left for church and leaving the head `` as a warning to the other rats '' ) , on account of a couple of her relatives being butchers . She is an excellent markswoman , often just using one hand and never misses a shot , even saying to Manny that she could 've unbuttoned his shirt if she wanted to with her gun ( formerly Manny 's BB gun ) . She has a very high tolerance for spicy food , and has perhaps the strongest religious views of any member of the family . She loves her family and spends a lot of time with Lily because of her fixation in having a daughter . Mitchell and Cameron asked her and Jay to become guardians of Lily if anything were to happen to them . Gloria has something of a shady past . Doubts have also been raised as to her income : her only mentioned employment was as a hairdresser ( and later as a taxi driver ) , and Claire , Jay 's daughter , originally labeled Gloria as a `` gold - digger '' for marrying her wealthy father . It seems likely that Jay is her major source of income . However , in the Season 5 episode `` A Hard Jay 's Night '' , the hairshop where she used to work is shown , and it is clarified that Jay is indeed her current major source of income . In the final episode of Season 3 , it was revealed that she is pregnant . Her newest son Fulgencio a.k.a. Joe was born in the Season 4 episode `` Party Crasher '' . In the episode `` Fifteen Percent '' she reveals that she comes from a neighborhood of prostitutes after she said her neighborhood had a saying that `` Love is just around the corner '' . The Hispanic American character of Gloria was based on the character of Angela in the 1991 Jim Jarmusch film Night on Earth , played by American actress Rosie Perez . In season 6 Gloria officially became an American citizen . Accolades ( edit ) Sofía Vergara has been nominated four times for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries , or Television Film . In 2011 , Vergara was nominated for the Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries , or Television Film and Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series . She was also nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series in 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 . Manny Delgado ( edit ) Manny Delgado First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2009 Portrayed by Rico Rodriguez Information Gender Male Occupation Student Family Javier Delgado ( father ) Gloria Pritchett ( mother ) Jay Pritchett ( stepfather ) Claire Dunphy ( stepsister ) Mitchell Pritchett ( stepbrother ) Joe Pritchett ( half - brother ) Relatives Fulgencio Ramirez ( maternal grandfather ; deceased ) Pilar Ramirez ( maternal grandmother ) Sonia Ramirez ( maternal aunt ) 2 unnamed maternal uncles Phil Dunphy ( stepbrother - in - law ) Cameron Tucker ( stepbrother - in - law ) Haley Dunphy ( step - niece ) Alex Dunphy ( step - niece ) Luke Dunphy ( step - nephew ) Lily Tucker Pritchett ( adoptive step - niece ) Mr. Pritchett ( step - grandfather ) Mrs. Pritchett ( step - grandmother ) Donnie Pritchett ( step - uncle ) Becky Pritchett ( step - aunt ) BeBe Pritchett ( step - aunt ) CeCe Pritchett ( step - aunt ) Nationality Colombian - American Manuel Alberto `` Manny '' Delgado ( Rico Rodriguez ) , Gloria 's son from her first marriage to Javier , is very outgoing and not the least bit self - conscious , although he has become somewhat self - conscious in Season 5 . He is very intelligent , probably second after Alex , but much in a street smart way . He is also mature and intuitive for his age and is often shown doing adult - like things , such as having conversations with Claire about her marriage and kids , and drinking coffee . He even engaged in stock market business and briefly considered following in his biological father 's footsteps by becoming a professional gambler . Manny has inherited his mother 's passion for life ( although he is terrified of butterflies ) , though Gloria has also said , `` Manny is passionate , just like his father . '' This causes Manny to be very romantic . Manny is not afraid to take chances , leading him to ask out older girls , and develops a crush on his step - niece Haley , to whom he gave flowers on `` Pilot '' an even kissed in `` Three Turkeys '' . He idolizes his absentee father , often speaking about him in a positive light , even after being repeatedly disappointed by his father 's broken promises . He plays for a football team , fences , and is a skilled chess player . He is often seen wearing or intending to wear his `` burgundy dinner jacket . '' Manny was in the fifth grade in Season 1 and is in the ninth grade in Season 5 . Manny and his step - nephew Luke are good friends who each admire the strengths of the other although they spend a lot of scheming against / fighting with each other as well . Joe Pritchett ( edit ) Joe Pritchett First appearance `` Party Crasher '' 4x12 , January 16 , 2013 Portrayed by Rebecca and Sierra Mark ( uncredited ) ( season 4 ) Pierce Wallace ( season 5 - 6 ) Jeremy Maguire ( season 7 - ) Information Gender Male Family Jay Pritchett ( father ) Gloria Pritchett ( mother ) Claire Dunphy ( half - sister ) Mitchell Pritchett ( half - brother ) Manny Delgado ( half - brother ) Relatives Mr. Pritchett ( paternal grandfather ) Mrs. Pritchett ( paternal grandmother ) Fulgencio Ramirez ( maternal grandfather ; deceased ) Pilar Ramirez ( maternal grandmother ) Donnie Pritchett ( paternal uncle ) Becky Pritchett ( paternal aunt ) Sonia Ramirez ( maternal aunt ) 2 unnamed maternal uncles Phil Dunphy ( half - brother - in - law ) Cameron Tucker ( half - brother - in - law ) Haley Dunphy ( half - niece ) Alex Dunphy ( half - niece ) Luke Dunphy ( half - nephew ) Lily Tucker Pritchett ( adoptive half - niece ) Michael Pritchett ( first cousin ) Melanie Pritchett ( first cousin , once removed ) Fulgencio Joseph `` Joe '' Pritchett is Gloria and Jay 's son . Gloria announced she was pregnant with him in the final episode of season 3 , his existence was revealed to the rest of the cast in the first episode of season 4 , and he was born in `` Party Crasher '' . Joe 's christening took place in `` Fulgencio '' . In the Season 5 episode `` Spring - a-Ding - Fling '' , he begins walking . In episode `` Larry 's Wife '' Gloria calls over the priest believing that there is evil in Joe . The priest does a blessing on Joe but leaves when Joe pick - pocketed the priest 's wallet . Gloria returns the wallet and apologizes . Later in the Season 5 episode `` And One to Grow On '' , it is Joe 's birthday and Jay wants to reuse birthday decorations from Manny 's birthday party the day before but Gloria refuses . In episode `` Queer Eyes , Full Hearts '' , Manny 's Spanish teacher teaches Joe to swim . Stella ( edit ) Stella Pritchett First appearance `` Good Cop Bad Dog '' 2x22 , May 11 , 2011 Portrayed by Brigitte Information Species Canis lupus familiaris ( French Bulldog ) Gender Female Occupation Pritchett family 's pet Stella ( Brigitte ) is the French bulldog of the Pritchett family , introduced in the second season . She was the dog of a man named Guillermo ( Lin - Manuel Miranda ) , an inventor , but when Jay convinced him to abandon his idea and return to school , Guillermo gave Stella to the family . She is very problematic , and often destroys things , mostly Gloria 's belongings . However , Jay has a great affection for her ( letting her sleep in his bed and feeding her from the dinner table ) , which infuriates Gloria because Jay seems to pay more love and attention to the dog than his own wife . The Tucker - Pritchett family ( edit ) Mitchell Pritchett ( Mitch ) ( edit ) Mitchell Pritchett First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2009 Portrayed by Jesse Tyler Ferguson Information Gender Male Occupation Lawyer Family Jay Pritchett ( father ) DeDe Pritchett ( mother ) Claire Dunphy ( sister ) Gloria Pritchett ( stepmother ) Manny Delgado ( stepbrother ) Joe Pritchett ( half - brother ) Spouse ( s ) Cameron Tucker ( 2014 -- present ) Children Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive daughter ) Relatives Mr. Pritchett ( paternal grandfather ) Mrs. Pritchett ( paternal grandmother ) Lucas Williams ( maternal grandfather ) Mrs. Williams ( maternal grandmother ) Donnie Pritchett ( paternal uncle ) Becky Pritchett ( paternal aunt ) BeBe Williams ( maternal aunt ) CeCe Williams ( maternal aunt ) Phil Dunphy ( brother - in - law ) Haley Dunphy ( niece ) Alex Dunphy ( niece ) Luke Dunphy ( nephew ) Merle Tucker ( father - in - law ) Barb Tucker ( mother - in - law ) Pam Tucker ( sister - in - law ) 2 other unnamed Tucker siblings - in - law Michael Pritchett ( first cousin ) Pete ( cousin ) Mitchell Vincent Pritchett ( Jesse Tyler Ferguson ) , also referred to as Mitch , is Jay 's son ; Claire 's younger brother , Manny 's step - brother , Joe 's half - brother , Luke , Alex and Haley 's uncle ; one of Lily 's fathers ; and partner of eight years to Cameron . He is a low - key , mild - mannered person , but has many sensitive qualities . At most times he is the exact opposite of Cameron which usually causes disagreements . Cameron acts as a counterbalance to Mitchell 's uptight , worrying ways . Because of his mild - mannered , uptight nature , he is sometimes embarrassed by Cameron 's flamboyance . He is uncomfortable with public displays of affection , as well as invasion of his personal space . He is an overprotective and cautious father . He is shown to be a capable lawyer , even representing an entire building full of people one - by - one with no prior notice . A recurring theme on the show is Mitchell 's relationship with his father , which was strained by the revelation of Mitchell 's homosexuality . Mitchell is a musical theater fan and enjoyed ice skating as a kid , though he later admitted that he liked working with his sister as a team more than the ice skating itself . Although he fancies himself as a handyman , everybody is afraid of him around tools . From his degrees hanging in his office , it is apparent that Mitchell attended undergrad at Cornell University and law school at Columbia University . Critical reception ( edit ) TV.com has named Mitchell and Cameron one of the `` Five Best TV Dads , '' saying , `` Cam and Mitchell adopted baby Lily from Vietnam way back in Modern Family 's pilot episode , and have been inadvertently Americanizing her ever since . '' Accolades ( edit ) Jesse Tyler Ferguson has been nominated five times for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series . Cameron Tucker ( Cam ) ( edit ) Cameron Tucker First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2009 Portrayed by Eric Stonestreet Information Gender Male Occupation Clown Christmas Caroler Music teacher Middle school music teacher History teacher High School Football Coach & Physical Education Teacher Family Merle Tucker ( father ) Barb Tucker ( mother ) Pameron Tucker ( sister ) Sam Tucker ( brother ) Tam Tucker ( sister ) Spouse ( s ) Mitchell Pritchett ( 2014 -- present ) Children Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive daughter ) Relatives unnamed maternal grandmother Jay Pritchett ( father - in - law ) DeDe Pritchett ( mother - in - law ) Gloria Pritchett ( stepmother - in - law ) Claire Dunphy ( sister - in - law ) Phil Dunphy ( brother - in - law ) Haley Dunphy ( niece ) Alex Dunphy ( niece ) Luke Dunphy ( nephew ) Manny Delgado ( stepbrother - in - law ) Joe Pritchett ( half - brother - in - law ) Nationality American Cameron Scott `` Cam '' Tucker ( Eric Stonestreet ) , also referred to as Cam , is Mitchell 's husband of eight years , and one of Lily 's fathers , who has a very big dramatic personality . He frequently behaves like a drama queen . His bubbly outgoing personality contrasts to Mitchell 's uptight manner , which causes them to have opposing character traits . Cameron was born on February 29 , 1972 and grew up on a farm in Missouri . He was a starting center for the University of Illinois football team ( which he and Jay bond over , much to Mitchell 's envy ) and is a very big sports fan . Because of this , he is physically quite imposing , and capable of scaring off anyone who threatens Mitchell . Cameron also fosters many unusual hobbies such as collecting antique fountain pens , being adept in Japanese flower arrangement , and is a classically trained Auguste clown named Fizbo . Cameron prides himself in shooting home films , not movies , and takes that role very seriously . Currently , he acts as a stay - at - home dad to Lily , though it is mentioned that he had taught music prior to this . Cameron is also an experienced rock drummer and as a result was brought in at the last minute to play in Dylan 's band when they needed a replacement percussionist . It is also mentioned that Cameron was considerably thinner and in better shape when he first started dating Mitchell . For the first few episodes , his relationship with Mitchell was somewhat strained ( as they disagreed on almost everything and showed very different parenting techniques ) . But in more recent episodes the relationship is much happier . Cameron and Mitchell met at one of Pepper Saltzman 's `` legendary '' soirees , where during a game of charades , Cameron immediately knew the answer , `` Casablanca , '' based on a subtle gesture Mitchell made with his hands . Common interests , like art , led them to form a relationship . Mitchell is impressed by Cameron 's quirks , such as speaking French ( to which Cameron replies , `` un peu , '' or `` a little '' ) . Cameron is also said to be a fan of the movie The Wizard of Oz in the episode `` Leap Day '' when Mitchell plans him a surprise birthday party . During season 4 , Cameron goes back to work as a music teacher at Luke and Manny 's school . In season 5 , his music teacher job is eliminated , but he becomes the freshman football coach and physical education teacher . In season 6 , he is promoted to varsity coach and his undefeated record and open homosexuality earned him a story on the local TV news . Critical reception ( edit ) Eric Stonestreet has received positive reviews for his characters . In a review of the first season , Robert Canning of IGN named Cameron Tucker the best character of the season saying , `` Cameron 's many talents and passions revealed over the course of this first year became an ever - building running gag . But it will be hard to top the sheer joy that was ' Fizbo ' . '' He also called Fizbo , the episode and the clown , the highlight of the season . The reception of Cameron and Mitchell has led to the idea of a spin - off of the two titled Mitchell and Cam . Accolades ( edit ) In 2010 , Eric Stonestreet was nominated for the Television Critics Association Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy . Stonestreet has won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series twice in 2010 and 2012 . He was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries , or Television Film in 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 , along with receiving nominations for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series in 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 . In 2011 , along with Ed O'Neill and Ty Burrell , Stonestreet was nominated for the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series . Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( edit ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2009 Portrayed by Jaden Hiller and Ella Hiller ( seasons 1 - 2 ) Aubrey Anderson - Emmons ( season 3 -- present ) Information Gender Female Occupation Student Family Mitchell Pritchett ( adoptive father ) Cameron Tucker ( adoptive father ) Relatives Jay Pritchett ( adoptive grandfather ) DeDe Pritchett ( adoptive grandmother ) Gloria Pritchett ( adoptive step - grandmother ) Manny Delgado ( adoptive step - uncle ) Joe Pritchett ( adoptive half - uncle ) Merle Tucker ( adoptive grandfather ) Barb Tucker ( adoptive grandmother ) Pam Tucker ( adoptive aunt ) 2 unnamed adoptive aunt ( s ) / uncle ( s ) Claire Pritchett Dunphy ( adoptive aunt ) Phil Dunphy ( adoptive uncle by marriage ) Haley Dunphy ( adoptive cousin ) Alex Dunphy ( adoptive cousin ) Luke Dunphy ( adoptive cousin ) unnamed male adoptive cousin ( via Cameron ) Michael Pritchett ( adoptive first cousin , once removed ) Melanie Pritchett ( adoptive second cousin ) Nationality Vietnamese - American Lillian Elizabeth `` Lily '' Tucker - Pritchett ( Aubrey Anderson - Emmons ) is the adopted Vietnamese daughter of Cameron and Mitchell . She is named after the adopted daughter of Charlotte from the HBO series Sex and the City , and Cam 's pig `` Aunt Lily '' . When she was introduced to the family , they accepted her with open arms , although Mitchell originally wanted to wait to tell them about her . She is at times doing activities with both of her fathers but remains with Cam at home while Mitchell works . Cameron often dresses her up as famous people , such as Diana Ross , Olivia Newton - John , Madonna , and Stevie Wonder for the purpose of taking photographs . Cameron and Mitchell practiced the Ferber method on Lily when she was a baby , but Cameron usually could n't resist catering to her during the night , sometimes even watching movies such as Scarface , which Cam claims she likes possibly because of the bright colors , particularly the club shooting scene . Lily did not speak for the first two seasons and was portrayed by twins Ella Hiller and Jaden Hiller . For season three , the twins `` retired '' , their mother claiming they did not enjoy acting . The role was recast to Aubrey Anderson - Emmons , who is older , and has a speaking role . Since she has been able to speak , Lily has displayed a penchant for precocious sarcasm and theatricality , which can be attributed to the influence from each of her fathers . She was born February 19 , 2008 . Larry ( edit ) Larry First appearance `` Bringing Up Baby '' 4x01 , September 26 , 2012 Information Gender Male Occupation Lily 's pet Tomcat Larry is the pet cat of Lily , Cameron , and Mitchell . They adopted him after Cameron and Mitchell failed to adopt a second child . Other family members ( edit ) Actor Character Season 5 6 7 8 Reid Ewing Dylan Marshall Recurring Guest Recurring Guest Shelley Long DeDe Williams Guest Guest Guest Fred Willard Frank Dunphy Recurring Recurring Guest Recurring Benjamin Bratt Javier Delgado Guest Recurring Guest Guest Guest Elizabeth Banks Sal Guest Guest Recurring Guest Guest Brigitte Stella Recurring Kevin Daniels Longinus Recurring Guest Recurring Guest Nathan Lane Pepper Saltzman Recurring Guest Recurring Guest Phillip Baker Hall Walt Kleezak Guest Recurring Celia Weston Barb Tucker Guest Recurring Guest David Cross Duane Bailey Recurring Barry Corbin Merle Tucker Guest Recurring Rob Riggle Gil Thorpe Recurring Guest Guest Adam DeVine Andy Bailey Recurring Christian Barillas Ronaldo Recurring Guest Dana Powell Pam Tucker Recurring Guest Recurring Arden Belle Rhonda Recurring Laura Ashley Samuels Beth Recurring Brooke Sorenson Tammy LaFontaine Recurring Guest Aubree Young Sydney Barrow Recurring Guest Steve Zahn Ronnie Recurring Andrea Anders Amber LaFontaine Recurring Suraj Partha Sanjay Patel Guest Recurring Jon Polito Earl Chambers Guest Recurring Joe Mande Ben Guest Recurring DeDe Williams ( edit ) DeDe Williams First appearance `` The Incident '' 1x04 , October 14 , 2009 Last appearance `` Sarge & Pea '' 8x11 , January 11 , 2017 Portrayed by Shelley Long Information Gender Female Family Lucas Williams ( father ; deceased ) Mrs. Williams ( mother ; deceased ) BeBe Williams ( sister ) CeCe Williams ( sister ) Spouse ( s ) Jay Pritchett ( 1968 -- 2003 ) Significant other ( s ) Chaz Robbie Sullivan Carl Children Claire Dunphy ( daughter ) Mitchell Pritchett ( son ) Relatives Mr. Pritchett ( ex-father - in - law ) Mrs. Pritchett ( ex-mother - in - law ) Donnie Pritchett ( ex-brother - in - law ) Becky Pritchett ( ex-sister - in - law ) DeDe Williams ( Shelley Long ) ( formerly Pritchett ) is Mitchell and Claire 's mother and Jay 's ex-wife . It has been implied that she may be mentally ill due to her somewhat manipulative and sometimes aggressive ways . It is implied that she was initially more accepting of Mitchell 's sexual orientation than Jay was when he first came out . She often uses her close relationship with Mitchell to get him to do things he does not want to do . Jay wanted to divorce her after a spectacular fight they had while their kids were still in school ( he taped over an episode of Dallas to record an NFL game that , ironically , featured the Dallas Cowboys ) but was inspired by an animatronic Abraham Lincoln exhibit at Disneyland to stick things out until Claire and Mitchell reached adulthood . She is still bitter over Jay 's remarriage to Gloria and even attempted to ruin their wedding , which she convinced Mitchell to talk Jay and Gloria into inviting her to ; she got drunk and made rude and inappropriate toasts and eventually had to be dragged out of the reception , in the process ruining the wedding cake . She is very aggressive towards Gloria , often trying to physically attack her . DeDe is also passive aggressive toward Cameron about his weight , and is often critical of Claire , especially her appearance . She also seems to be very good friends with Manny as they write letters to each other talking about their personal issues . DeDe is also a famous author and poet . A running gag throughout the series is that DeDe 's arrival is always forewarned by bad omens , ( birds crashing into the window or peaceful scenarios spontaneously turning chaotic ) . Her antagonistic and aggressive relationship to Gloria surprisingly changes in the episode `` Arrested . '' When DeDe sees that Gloria is pregnant , she finds it so fantastic that her ex-husband is going to be a father again at his age . It also seemed to have fixed her uterus which she claimed was telescopic and they both bonded over Jay - bashing when DeDe tells Gloria that she was always the one having to change diapers , clean spit - up and getting baby equipment . Gloria was sympathetic explaining that it makes sense to why DeDe became so crazy to which DeDe answered `` Right ? '' . Frank Dunphy ( edit ) Frank Dunphy First appearance `` Undeck the Halls '' 1x10 , December 9 , 2009 Portrayed by Fred Willard Information Gender Male Spouse ( s ) Grace Dunphy ( ? - 2013 ; her death ) Children Phil Dunphy ( son ) Relatives Claire Dunphy ( daughter - in - law ) Haley Dunphy ( granddaughter ) Alex Dunphy ( granddaughter ) Luke Dunphy ( grandson ) Francis Allen `` Frank '' Dunphy ( Fred Willard ) is Phil 's father and Haley , Alex , and Luke 's paternal grandfather . On Christmas , the family shared a webcam chat with him . Frank returns in `` Travels with Scout '' when he travels cross country without Phil 's mother and shows up with a dog that he says she has allergies to . He ends up taking the dog back with him . Frank is kind of a polar opposite of Jay 's ( Claire 's father ) grumpiness and dry manner , as he is seen being laid back , funny and cool most of the time . This is clearly mentioned by Claire in `` Closet , You 'll Love it ! '' when most family members refer to Jay as ' Grump - pa ' while Frank is referred to as ' Fun - pa ' . His attitude is a near carbon copy of Phil 's personality . At the end of season 4 , it is revealed that Frank 's wife ( Phil 's mother ) had died . In season 8 , Frank starts dating Lorraine , Phil 's childhood babysitter and crush . Later , he proposes to her and in episode 19 , they get married . In 2010 , Fred Willard was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series . Javier Delgado ( edit ) Javier Delgado First appearance `` Up All Night '' 1x11 , January 6 , 2010 Portrayed by Benjamin Bratt Information Gender Male Spouse ( s ) Gloria Delgado - Pritchett ( 1995 - 2006 ) Significant other ( s ) Trish ( fiancée ) Children Manny Delgado ( son ) Relatives Fulgencio Ramirez ( ex-father - in - law ; deceased ) Pilar Ramirez ( ex-mother - in - law ) Sonia Ramirez ( ex-sister - in - law ) 2 unnamed ex-brothers - in - law Nationality Colombian Javier Delgado ( Benjamin Bratt ) is Manny 's biological father and Gloria 's ex-husband . He and Gloria were divorced ; in the pilot , Gloria says all they did was `` fight and make love , '' at one point leading them to fall out of a window . Manny looks up to him , but Javier always lets him down , while Jay is left downcast by the reminders that Manny has another dad . He is oddly gifted when it comes to betting on horse racing . In the episode `` Flip Flop , '' he has a girlfriend named Trish ( Paget Brewster ) and almost marries her . Javier was formerly a Triple - A baseball player and played alongside such baseball greats as Sammy Sosa and Mark McGwire . He has many connections to matadors and baseball players . He and Jay became close , but in the end Javier lets Jay down just as he does Manny . Barb Tucker ( edit ) Barb Tucker First appearance `` Mother Tucker '' 2x09 , November 24 , 2010 Portrayed by Celia Weston Information Gender Female Family unnamed mother Spouse ( s ) Merle Tucker ( ? - present ) Children Cameron Tucker ( son ) Pam Tucker ( daughter ) 2 other unnamed children Relatives Mitchell Pritchett ( son - in - law ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive granddaughter ) unnamed grandson Barb Tucker ( Celia Weston ) is Cameron 's mother . She first appeared in the episode `` Mother Tucker . '' In that episode , she visits Cameron and Mitchell . While Cameron earnestly declares that his mother is wonderful , Mitchell is less sure because she has a habit of touching Mitchell inappropriately . When Mitchell finally tells Cameron about this , Barb happens to walk in on them and hears his complaints . Later , she apologizes to Mitchell . Unfortunately , she does this while he is in the bathtub . In `` The Wedding , Part 1 '' and `` The Wedding , Part 2 '' , she attends her son 's wedding to Mitchell and almost ends it with Merle , but Jay and Gloria manage to reconcile the two . Donnie Pritchett ( edit ) Donnie Pritchett First appearance `` The Musical Man '' 2x19 , April 13 , 2011 Portrayed by Jonathan Banks Information Gender Male Family Mr. Pritchett ( father ; deceased ) Mrs. Pritchett ( mother ; deceased ) Jay Pritchett ( brother ) Becky Pritchett ( sister ) Spouse ( s ) Irene Pritchett ( ? - present ) Children Michael Pritchett ( son ) Possibly more children Relatives Melanie Pritchett ( granddaughter ) Possibly more grandchildren Claire Dunphy ( niece ) Mitchell Pritchett ( nephew ) Joe Pritchett ( nephew ) Haley Dunphy ( great - niece ) Alex Dunphy ( great - niece ) Luke Dunphy ( great - nephew ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive great - niece ) Phil Dunphy ( nephew - in - law ) Cameron Tucker ( nephew - in - law ) DeDe Pritchett ( ex-sister - in - law ) Gloria Pritchett ( sister - in - law ) Manny Delgado ( step - nephew ) Donnie Pritchett ( Jonathan Banks ) is Jay 's brother . He first appeared in the episode `` The Musical Man '' where he visits Jay and they soon start bickering and later Jay finds out he 's suffering from cancer . He attends Luke and Manny 's musical and there he and Jay share an emotional moment together . Merle Tucker ( edit ) Merle Tucker Barry Corbin ( right ) First appearance `` The Last Walt '' 3x20 , April 18 , 2012 Portrayed by Barry Corbin Information Gender Male Spouse ( s ) Barb Tucker ( ? - present ) Children Cameron Tucker ( son ) Pam Tucker ( daughter ) 2 other unnamed children Relatives Mitchell Pritchett ( son - in - law ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive granddaughter ) unnamed grandson Merle Tucker ( Barry Corbin ) is Cameron 's father . He first appeared in the episode `` The Last Walt . '' In that episode , he visits Cameron and Mitchell . Later in the episode , it is revealed that Jay ( Mitchell 's father ) and Merle dislike each other . Cameron and Mitchell each believe that their father is the stronger of the two . It is made known that Merle wishes that the man his son lives with was , `` A little bit of a woman . '' Jay and Merle overcome their differences and bond while fixing the bed frame that Cameron had purchased and attempted to put together . In `` The Wedding , Part 1 '' and `` The Wedding , Part 2 '' , he attends his son 's wedding to Mitchell and almost ends it with Barb , but Jay and Gloria manage to reconcile the two . Pilar ( edit ) Pilar First appearance `` Fulgencio '' 4x13 , January 23 , 2013 Portrayed by Elizabeth Peña Information Gender Female Family Umberto ( father ) Ana - Maria Rosa de la Immaculada Jimenez Morales ( possible mother ) Carlos ( brother or brother - in - law ) Spouse ( s ) Fulgencio Ramirez ( ? - ? ; his death ) Children Gloria Pritchett ( daughter ) Sonia Ramirez ( daughter ) 2 unnamed sons Relatives Aurelio ( nephew ) Armando ( nephew ) Javier Delgado ( ex-son - in - law ) Jay Pritchett ( son - in - law ) Manny Delgado ( grandson ) Joe Pritchett ( grandson ) Claire Dunphy ( step - granddaughter ) Mitchell Pritchett ( step - grandson ) Phil Dunphy ( step - grandson - in - law ) Cameron Tucker ( step - grandson - in - law ) Haley Dunphy ( step - great - granddaughter ) Alex Dunphy ( step - great - granddaughter ) Luke Dunphy ( step - great - grandson ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive step - great - granddaughter ) Nationality Colombian Pilar ( Elizabeth Peña ) is Gloria 's mother . She first appeared in the episode `` Fulgencio . '' In that episode , she and her other daughter Sonia visit Jay and Gloria shortly after their son Joe is born . She reveals that she never liked Jay and wants to name Joe after her husband and father ( Fulgencio Umberto ) . In `` The Old Man & the Tree '' , she visits her daughter for Christmas and appears to treat Claire more as a daughter than Gloria after taking a liking to Claire . Sonia ( edit ) Sonia First appearance `` Fulgencio '' 4x13 , January 23 , 2013 Portrayed by Stephanie Beatriz Information Gender Female Family Fulgencio Ramirez ( father ; deceased ) Pilar Ramirez ( mother ) Gloria Pritchett ( sister ) 2 unnamed brothers Relatives Manny Delgado ( nephew ) Joe Pritchett ( nephew ) Javier Delgado ( ex-brother - in - law ) Jay Pritchett ( brother - in - law ) Claire Dunphy ( step - niece ) Mitchell Pritchett ( step - nephew ) Phil Dunphy ( step - nephew - in - law ) Cameron Tucker ( step - nephew - in - law ) Haley Dunphy ( step - great - niece ) Alex Dunphy ( step - great - niece ) Luke Dunphy ( step - great - nephiew ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive step - great - niece ) Nationality Colombian Sonia ( Stephanie Beatriz ) is Gloria 's sister . She first appeared in the episode `` Fulgencio . '' In that episode , she and her mother Pilar visit Jay and Gloria shortly after their son Joe is born . She appears to be wanting to get out of Colombia after a flood occurred there and later at Joe 's christening , she and Gloria get into a fight over how Jay originally liked Sonia , not Gloria . She returns in `` Valentine 's Day 4 : Twisted Sister '' , she visits her sister and her family and tries to make a move on Jay , because she is still infatuated with him . She then tries to get Gloria out of the picture and when Jay tells Gloria , she does n't believe him . Jay goes to his room to apologize to Sonia and then she tries to make a move on him there , only to be heard via a baby monitor and then Gloria enters and realizes Jay was right and the sisters resume fighting over him . Pam Tucker ( edit ) Pam Tucker First appearance `` Farm Strong '' 5x04 , October 9 , 2013 Portrayed by Dana Powell Information Gender Female Family Merle Tucker ( father ) Barb Tucker ( mother ) Cameron Tucker ( brother ) 2 unnamed Tucker siblings Significant other ( s ) Bo Johnson ( fiancé ) Relatives Mitchell Pritchett ( brother - in - law ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive niece ) Pameron Jessica `` Pam '' Tucker ( Dana Powell ) is Cameron 's older sister . In `` Farm Strong '' , she comes for a visit from the farm and Mitchell and Cameron are afraid to tell her that they are getting married because they do not want to hurt her feelings of her still being single and because Cameron claims that Pam is very sensitive . Lily is the one who finally tells her . Pam seems extremely happy with the news and shares her own news with them ; she is engaged to Cameron 's first crush , Bo Johnson . Cameron gets really upset hearing that and Pam tells him that no one in the family wanted to tell him because he is too sensitive and they were protecting him , something that contradicts Cameron 's earlier assertion and makes Cameron even more upset . When the whole family gathers at Jay and Gloria 's house , Cameron wants to prove that he is not that sensitive as Pam accuses him to be and asks everyone to tell him things they were hiding from him because they were trying to protect him . Everyone says their part and Cameron , as much as he tries not to break down in tears , after hearing Lily admitting that she pretends to fall asleep when he reads to her so he can leave her alone , breaks down in tears and finishes locking himself in the bathroom . Mitchell and Pam go to comfort him , and Pam tells him that he may have difficulty with bad news , but everyone always wants to share good news with him because he would always appreciate it . In `` The Wedding ( Part 1 ) '' and `` The Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' , she has small cameos at Mitchell and Cameron 's wedding . In `` Frank 's wedding '' , she comes to visit and auditions for a modeling job . By the end of the episode , it is revealed that she is looking for jobs , so that she can better take care of herself , as she is revealed to be pregnant , which is hidden by her body and weight . She goes into labor at the house and has her baby . Other characters ( edit ) Introduced in season 1 ( edit ) Dylan Marshall ( edit ) Dylan Marshall First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2009 Portrayed by Reid Ewing Information Gender Male Occupation Musician , cowboy ( formerly ) , Disneyland employee ( formerly ) , limo driver ( formerly ) , sign spinner ( formerly ) , T - shirt designer Family Mr. Marshall ( father ) Mrs. Marshall ( mother ) Unnamed sibling ( s ) Unnamed nephew Significant other ( s ) Haley Dunphy ( on - off girlfriend ) Dylan Marshall ( Reid Ewing ) , sometimes called `` D - Money '' by Phil , is Haley 's on - and - off boyfriend , a senior in high school who plays guitar and sings in a band and has no plans for college . He is often put into awkward situations by Phil , who wishes for the two to be friends . He has diverse interests that are often surprising , such as his love of old western films . He also sometimes reveals a sort - of attraction to Claire , when he gives her a rose on Valentine 's Day , saying that `` every mom should look as tasty as you when they 're old . '' He also had a dream involving a ( suggested ) sexual encounter involving himself , Haley , and Claire . Claire strongly dislikes him , to the point of trying to introduce other boys to Haley just so that they break up or do n't get back together . He loves the confidence Haley gets from being part of such a loving family and does not mind hanging around during family get togethers . He wrote a song for Haley , `` In the Moonlight ( Do Me ) '' , and performed it for her extended family . The song was about sex and most of the family were surprised by the suggestive lyrics , but it became stuck in all of their heads the next day . He is also a hockey player and finds inspiration for his music from Bob Dylan , Sum 41 , Blink - 182 , and New Kids on the Block . Dylan temporarily leaves the cast to work on a ranch after Haley rejects his marriage proposal in the first episode of season three , `` Dude Ranch '' . In the episode `` Virgin Territory '' , Alex reveals that Haley had lost her virginity to Dylan before they broke up ; she told Claire three months earlier , but not Phil . In the episode `` Disneyland , '' Dylan reveals he lost his job on the ranch and moved back to California , taking a job at Disneyland as a Dapper Dan . He and Haley get back together to Claire 's dismay and to Phil 's delight . In the season Finale , `` Baby on Board , '' Haley discovers she was accepted to college . She and Dylan maintain their relationship , and Dylan lives with the Dunphys for a few months . In Season 4 , Dylan is invited to move in with Cam and Mitch after his work as a limo driver led him to their Valentine 's Day party ( some of their friends invited Dylan to stay for the party , and Cam offered him at some point to stay at their house ) , but he ends up getting fired and , while Cam and Mitch separately tell him he can stick around , Lily angrily tells him he is n't welcome there and yells at him until he leaves the house . Sal ( edit ) Sal First appearance `` Great Expectations '' 1x08 , November 18 , 2009 Portrayed by Elizabeth Banks Information Gender Female Family Tony ( ex-husband ) Sammy ( son ) Significant other ( s ) Eddie ( boyfriend ) Sal ( Elizabeth Banks ) is Mitch and Cameron 's wild , partying , boozy friend from their younger years in the 90s . In the episode `` Great Expectations '' she becomes very jealous of the attention Lily had been getting and threatens to kill her multiple times . In the episode `` Best Men '' , she gets married and enlists Cam and Mitch to be the best men at the wedding . However , in the episode , `` The Wedding ( Part 1 ) '' she tells them that she got divorced and she is obviously pregnant . Sal had declared herself the officiator of the wedding while Cam and Mitch were trying to have intervention about her drinking . In `` The Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' Sal 's water breaks in the middle of the ( first ) ceremony . She convinces her new boyfriend of four months ( who believes he is the father ) that when a baby comes so early , sometimes it is black . It eventually transpires ( in `` Fight or Flight '' ) that Sal 's baby is white and she is raising the baby alone , having presumably split from the man she was seeing at the time of Mitch and Cameron 's wedding . When Mitch , Cam , Pepper and friends throw her a baby shower , she is seen to be far more mature and responsible , due to the birth of her baby , despite everyone fearing the worst when she disappears in the middle of the party . Introduced in season 2 ( edit ) Pepper Saltzman ( edit ) Pepper Saltzman First appearance `` Earthquake '' 2x03 , October 6 , 2010 Portrayed by Nathan Lane Information Gender Male Occupation Wedding planner Family Chaim Saltzman ( father ) Kyle Saltzman ( son ) Sherman `` Pepper '' Saltzman ( Nathan Lane ) is one of Mitchell and Cameron 's gay friends . Although he was referred to in the pilot episode and several times thereafter throughout the first season , Pepper first appeared on camera in the second season . In `` Earthquake '' , both Mitch and Cam hate going to Pepper 's yearly party and they decide to try and skip it this time . Since an earthquake happened , they say that Mitch has a sprained ankle and that stuff is broken all over the house as an excuse . Really though , none of their stuff had got broken in the earthquake , but Pepper invited himself over to their house to help . Not long after Pepper comes in , he starts to feel bad because Mitch told him that he does not want to go to the parties because he gets jealous because of Pepper and Cam . He helps plan Mitchell and Cam 's wedding . In `` Boys ' Night '' , he hangs out with Mitch , Cam , Longines , Crispin and Jay on their `` boys ' night out '' . In `` Fight or Flight '' , he Mitch , Cam , Ronaldo , and Longines organize a belated baby shower for Sal . In `` I Do n't Know How She Does It '' , he mentions his first name , Sherman , saying he has not used that name since he left Lubbock , Texas , decades ago . Bethenny ( edit ) Bethenny First appearance `` Dance Dance Revelation '' 2x10 , December 8 , 2010 Portrayed by Artemis Pebdani Information Gender Female Occupation Unknown Relatives Ethan ( nephew ) Bethenny ( Artemis Pebdani ) is a friend of Claire Dunphy 's . In `` Dance Dance Revelation '' , she helps Claire , Gloria , and other mothers organize Luke and Manny 's middle school dance . In `` Go Bullfrogs ! '' , she is seen along with Holly and her friend at Holly 's house when Claire comes to give Luke his retainer . In `` Disneyland '' , it is revealed that she has a nephew , Ethan , whom Claire invites to go to Disneyland with the rest of the family because she wants her daughter Haley to fall for him . Longines ( edit ) Longines First appearance `` Dance Dance Revelation '' 2x10 , December 8 , 2010 Portrayed by Kevin Daniels Information Gender Male Occupation Cologne Salesman at the Mall Owner of a Clothing Store Longines ( Kevin Daniels ) is a close , gay friend of Mitchell Pritchett and Cameron Tucker 's . Although he was first mentioned in the `` Pilot '' , he made his first on - screen appearance in `` Dance Dance Revelation '' . He sprays Phil with cologne on the face , and Phil , who is very upset , grabs the cologne bottle and goes off on Longines with about a dozen good spritzes to the face , even chasing him around the store . In `` Boys ' Night '' , he hangs out with Mitch , Cam , Pepper , Crispin , and Jay on their `` boys ' night out '' . In `` Go Bullfrogs ! '' , he invites Mitch and Cam to a boutique opening and they go along with Claire , as she needs a fun night out . Mitch and Cam soon leave the place leaving Claire with a man called Julian . Mitch and Cam believe that Julian is Longines ' date , but Longines tells them via Mitch 's cellphone that he 's not his date , he 's his trainer , and he 's also straight . In `` Snip '' , after Mitch starts thinking that Cam has to search for a new job , Longines says that he has a vacant at his clothing store , and asks Cam if he wants the job . He finally accepts it , but a friend of Longines ' , Jeoux , calls out Mitch and Longines ' devious plan of giving the job to Cam and he walks out very upset . In `` The Wedding ( Part 1 ) '' and `` The Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' , he attends Mitch and Cam 's wedding . In `` Fight or Flight '' , he , Mitch , Cam , Pepper , and Ronaldo organize a belated baby shower for Sal . Crispin ( edit ) Crispin First appearance `` Boys ' Night '' 2x18 , March 23 , 2011 Portrayed by Craig Zimmerman Information Gender Male Occupation Unknown Crispin is one of Mitchell and Cameron 's gay friends . He has appeared in the episodes Treehouse and Boys ' Night . In Boy 's Night it was mentioned he has a thing for older men and was temporarily infatuated with Jay . In `` Fulgencio '' , he has a boyfriend Brett . Walt Kleezak ( edit ) Walt Kleezak First appearance `` Boys ' Night '' 2x18 , March 23 , 2011 Last appearance `` Election Day '' 3x19 April 11 , 2012 Portrayed by Philip Baker Hall Information Gender Male Occupation Retired fireman Spouse ( s ) Mrs. Kleezak ( ? - ? ) Children unnamed daughter Walt Kleezak ( Philip Baker Hall ) was Phil and Claire 's next door neighbour . He first appeared in the episode `` Boys ' Night '' , where Luke goes over to his house to retrieve their ball which had flown into his yard . Phil and Claire find out and are not pleased with Luke because they feel that Walt is not very nice . They then go over to his house to interrogate him and he snaps at them and tells them to keep Luke . The next morning , Luke reprimands Walt for not being nice to his parents and they could not hang out . Walt then makes things up by generously giving Claire and Phil onions from his garden and tells them that he used to be a fireman , so he never hurts kids and he becomes friends with the Dunphys through his friendship with Luke . In `` Lifetime Supply '' , he comes over to the Dunphy house with Luke to play video games and upon entering tells Gloria to win a war some time and then they ( Americans ) would start talking like her . He then plays with Luke and beats him , due to Phil constantly staring at Luke . Phil asks Walt if he thinks about death and Walt replies that he 's 85 and death is his roommate . He then leaves to go change his oxygen tank . In `` Election Day '' , he comes to attend Claire 's election vote as Phil was given the task of driving 50 senior citizens to the polls to vote for Claire , but only managed to bring Walt and he kept needing things : his glasses , a new oxygen tank , food and to take his pills . This results in the polls closing and Phil gets only one extra vote for Claire instead of fifty . In `` The Last Walt '' , it was revealed that Walt died from a heart attack . Luke decided he want to inherit Walt 's television which he does . It was also revealed that Walt had a daughter whom he became estranged from and he had never fixed his estrangement from her . Introduced in season 3 ( edit ) Ethan ( edit ) Ethan First appearance `` Disneyland '' 3x22 , May 9 , 2012 Portrayed by Matt Prokop Information Gender Male Occupation Student Significant other ( s ) Haley Dunphy ( crush ) Alex Dunphy ( possible crush ) Relatives Bethenny ( aunt ) Ethan is the nephew of Bethenny , Claire Dunphy 's friend , whom Claire invites to go to Disneyland with the family in `` Disneyland '' . Claire invites him because she wants Haley to fall for him and completely get over Dylan , who had moved to Wyoming in `` Dude Ranch '' . Haley , adamant that she was n't going to babysit him , quickly changes her opinion after meeting him , much to Claire 's delight . Much to Claire 's chagrin , Dylan shows up at Disneyland completely unannounced . He rushes off after running into them , and Haley realizes that she still likes Dylan . So she ditches Ethan , leaving Alex with Ethan , another thing that Claire did not like . Ethan has a lot in common with Alex , possibly developing a crush on her . After seeing Dylan as a ' Dapper Dan ' , Haley ditches Dylan and begins talking to Ethan again , bumping Alex out the way . After some time , Dylan meets up with Ethan and Haley again in his Little John costume declaring his love for Haley . Ethan and Dylan get into a minor scuffle . At the end of the day , Haley eventually dumps Ethan , Ethan leaves with some friends he ran into , and Haley and Dylan get back together . Introduced in season 4 ( edit ) Gil Thorpe ( edit ) Gil Thorpe First appearance `` Flip Flop '' 4x20 , April 10 , 2013 Portrayed by Rob Riggle Information Gender Male Occupation Real Estate Agent Family Gunther Thorpe ( father ) Mrs. Thorpe ( mother ) Spouse ( s ) Mrs. Thorpe ( ? - present ) Children unnamed son unnamed daughter Gil Thorpe ( Rob Riggle ) is Southern California 's most successful real estate agent and nemesis / arch - rival of Phil Dunphy . Phil is often seen on camera lamenting over constantly coming second to Gil in many real estate competitions . He is mentioned indirectly in `` Not in My House , '' `` Diamond in the Rough '' and `` Strangers on a Treadmill . '' He appears for the first time in character in the episode `` Flip Flop '' , as he attempts to strike a deal for his buyer through Phil on the home renovated by Claire and Cam . He makes his second appearance on the show in the episode `` Career Day '' , where he shows up for Career Day in Luke and Manny 's class during Phil 's presentation . Seeing Claire 's visible frustration at being a housewife , he offers her a position on his real estate team . He is known for his energetic , lively , and harassing personality as well as his tendency to use his own name in replacement of words in conversation ( e.g. `` Thorpedoed , '' `` Gil Pickles '' ) . In the `` Career Day '' episode Gil mentioned he played quarterback at Texas Tech . It is revealed his daughter is a student in Luke and Manny 's class . In `` The Feud , '' he returns , beating Phil at a real estate contest , but Luke wrestles against Thorpe 's son . Luke ends up losing to Gil 's son in the wrestling match . Introduced in season 5 ( edit ) Andy Bailey ( edit ) Andy Bailey First appearance `` The Help '' 5x06 , October 23 , 2013 Portrayed by Adam DeVine Information Gender Male Occupation Manny AKA male nanny , assistant Realtor Family Mr. Bailey ( father ; deceased ) Mrs. Bailey ( mother ) Significant other ( s ) Beth ( ex-fiancée ) Haley Dunphy ( ex-Girlfriend ) Andy Bailey ( Adam DeVine ) is the Pritchetts ' nanny for Joe . He is extremely friendly and cordial and refuses to use any sort of `` bad language . '' Gloria took an immediate liking to Andy upon meeting him , but Jay disapproved of his overly nice nature , saying `` He 's a weird man . He 's like Phil only I have to pay for him . '' He often butts heads with Haley as she is rude and breaks rules , and she makes fun of him for his overly amiable nature . He talks about his long - time girlfriend who is in the Coast Guard in Utah , but she breaks up with him in `` The Wedding ( Part 1 ) '' . Haley discovers that she has been keeping Andy `` on the hook '' for the last 7 years as they have been on - again off - again and she does not treat Andy the way he treats her . His father died of cancer when he was 14 , as explained in `` The Help '' . Haley begins to appreciate Andy 's demeanor and treatment of women in `` Other People 's Children '' and tries to perhaps start a relationship with him in the episodes `` The Wedding ( Part 1 ) '' and `` The Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' . However , Alex convinces Haley that she is not that into him and she stops her pursuit as Andy was ready to jump into it . Afterwards , Andy drives away , perhaps to his flight to see his ex-girlfriend . Andy also becomes a quick friend to the Dunphy family . In the Season 6 episode `` The Cold '' , Andy and Haley discuss their relationship . They agree that it 's better they stay friends , however Haley gets upset when Andy claims that if they had kissed she would n't be able to get over him . To try to prove him wrong , Haley kisses him . Andy is unaffected by this but Haley has a smitten look afterwards . In the episode `` Queer Eyes , Full Hearts '' , Haley helps Andy get a job as Phil 's assistant and Andy helps her prepare for an interview with a fashion designer . During the episode they seem completely platonic and it is also revealed that Andy is back together with Beth . In `` Rash Decisions '' , Luke becomes distant from Phil and Andy becomes his right - hand man . In the episode `` Connection Lost '' , Claire assumes by mistake that Haley and Andy had gotten married . In `` Closet ? You 'll Love It ! '' , Andy ends up at the hospital due to appendicitis which had Haley worried enough to visit him but arrived to him a bit too groggy with the drugs the doctors had given him , leading her to tell his sleeping form that he had a shot with her , unbeknownst to Haley that he had heard everything she said . Andy decides to talk to her about her hospital visit in `` Grill , Interrupted '' , but Haley 's new boyfriend interrupts them before Andy could bring it up . At the end of the episode , Haley mentions to Andy that she was n't looking for a serious relationship at the moment , which appeared to disappoint him . In the Season 6 finale `` American Skyper '' , Andy reveals to Phil that he already had the engagement ring that he had been saving up for , but is hesitant to propose to Beth because he 's still confused about the feelings he has for someone else . Phil advises him to propose to Beth , but later finds out that Andy had feeling 's for Haley , who was also in love with Andy . The episode ends with Phil attempting to tell Andy and Haley that they loved each other , but failing to do so , as Andy leaves the house to propose to Beth at a beach he liked . As of `` White Christmas '' in Season 7 Andy and Haley are in a relationship . In season 8 , he and Haley broke up because of a long distance relationship . Rhonda ( edit ) Rhonda First appearance `` iSpy '' 5x14 , February 5 , 2014 Portrayed by Arden Belle Information Gender Female Occupation Student Rhonda is a friend of Luke and Manny . In `` iSpy '' , she , Luke , Manny and some other friends of theirs ( mostly boys ) make a movie about zombies . In `` Spring - a-Ding - Fling '' , Luke has a date with Rhonda for the spring dance in their High School . Claire wants to help him to score with her , so she helps Rhonda to dress more like a girl and be beautiful , as she always wears very dirty and manly clothes . Luke is not really happy with that because he preferred her the way she was and asks Claire to `` fix '' her . However , the two are later seen dancing together , so he may really like the new Rhonda . Introduced in season 6 ( edit ) Earl Chambers ( edit ) Earl Chambers First appearance `` Wo n't You Be Our Neighbor '' 6x05 , October 22 , 2014 Portrayed by Jon Polito ( Season 6 - Season 7 ) Robert Costanzo ( Season 8 - ) Information Gender Male Occupation Owner of closet company Family Mr. Chambers ( son ) Mrs. Chambers ( daughter - n - law ) Spouse ( s ) Mrs. Chambers ( wife ) Relatives Sophie Chambers ( granddaughter ) Earl Chambers ( Jon Polito , then Robert Costanzo ) is Jay 's former best friend and longtime enemy . Many years before the events of `` Wo n't You Be Our Neighbor , '' Earl and Jay worked together . They had formed their closet company , Closet - fornia , and the business became successful . One day , Jay came into work and Earl 's desk had been cleared out . He had badmouthed Jay to half their rolodex , and Jay had to start all over . In the present , it turns out Manny met Earl 's granddaughter Sophie in his theater group and she is now his new girlfriend . This makes Jay mad when , after showing a new idea of his for work , he finds out that his rival is her grandfather . Gloria organizes a dinner for the two men so they can work things out , but they soon start disputing again . Earl is also angered to hear that his granddaughter is groping his rival 's stepson . Earl goes to Jay and Gloria 's house because he thinks the rivalry between him and Jay is getting way out of control , and wants to do something to work it out . Manny then enters and introduces himself ; Earl asks if this is `` the stud who 's been groping ( his ) Sophie , '' and Manny tries to assure him that there 's nothing untoward between Manny and Sophie . Earl laughs and tells Manny he `` believes '' him ( maybe , maybe not ) . Earl sees the box that Jay had shown earlier to Manny , Gloria , and Sophie , and Earl says he thinks he 'll call it the Sock ' n Roll , takes the box and leaves . Jay shouts at him `` The hell you are ! '' Earl reappears in `` The Closet Case '' where Mitchell has been called to work for him in a consultant job . Earl tricks Mitchell into thinking that Earl wants to bury the hatchet with Jay . A van pulls up in front of Jay 's house and Jay sees what has happened . That night , Jay and Mitchell break into Earl 's office and Earl catches them ; Mitchell is disgusted at Earl for tricking him . Earl and Jay start fighting again and later in Jay 's car , Mitchell returns his father 's old rolodex to him . This gesture makes Jay very happy ; Mitchell snuck it out of Earl 's office while he and Jay had their ten - minute fight . Earl reappears in `` The Cover - Up '' where it turns out that he is leaving horrible comments on Jay 's new webshow . Jay and Manny track Earl down to his house and , with help from Alex , find out that he 's the one doing it . After a brief fight , Earl suggests that he and Jay could make their collective show , to which Jay refuses . Earl decides to make his own show instead , and deactivates comments -- much to Jay 's wrath -- so Jay wo n't be able to troll him back . Earl briefly reappears in `` Halloween 4 : The Revenge of Rod Skyhook '' ( now played by Robert Costanzo , because Jon Polito died ) , dressed as the Devil . He fights with Jay , who is dressed as Jesus and who asked Manny to steal a picture from Earl 's mansion . The two start fighting until Jay looks at his reflection in the mirror and gives up on trying to take the picture . Ronnie LaFontaine ( edit ) Ronnie LaFontaine First appearance `` Wo n't You Be Our Neighbor '' 6x05 , October 22 , 2014 Portrayed by Steve Zahn Information Gender Male Occupation Medical Marijuana Vendor Spouse ( s ) Amber LaFontaine ( wife ) Children Ronnie LaFontaine Jr. ( son ) Tammy LaFontaine ( daughter ) Ronnie LaFontaine ( Steve Zahn ) is a man who moves next door to the Dunphys with his wife , Amber and their children , Ronnie Jr . And Tammy . He and his wife both turn out to be loud and obnoxious and the Dunphys dislike them . Their rivalry soon ends in `` Knock ' Em Down '' when they share a mutual dislike of a pornographic statue in their neighborhood and they soon go out to dinner and we find out that the Dunphys and the LaFontaines have many things in common and later that same night they are drinking wine together in their neighborhood . Amber LaFontaine ( edit ) Amber LaFontaine First appearance `` Wo n't You Be Our Neighbor '' 6x05 , October 22 , 2014 Portrayed by Andrea Anders Information Gender Female Occupation Unknown Spouse ( s ) Ronnie LaFontaine ( husband ) Children Ronnie LaFontaine Jr. ( son ) Tammy LaFontaine ( daughter ) Amber LaFontaine ( Andrea Anders ) is a woman who moves next door to the Dunphys with her husband , Ronnie and their children , Ronnie Jr . And Tammy . She and her husband both turn out to be loud and obnoxious and the Dunphys dislike them . Their rivalry went from their first meeting until the episode `` Knock ' Em Down '' when they share a mutual dislike of a pornographic statue in their neighborhood and they soon go out to dinner and we find out that the Dunphys and the LaFontaines have many things in common and later that same night they are drinking wine together in their neighborhood . Ronnie LaFontaine Jr ( edit ) Ronniee LaFontaine Jr . First appearance `` Wo n't You Be Our Neighbor '' 6x05 , October 22 , 2014 Portrayed by Finneas O'Connell Information Gender Male Occupation Student Family Ronnie LaFontaine ( father ) Amber LaFontaine ( mother ) Tammy LaFontaine ( sister ) Ronnie LaFontaine ( Finneas O'Connell ) is the son of Ronnie and Amber LaFontaine and the brother of Tammy LaFontaine . They move in next door to the Dunphys . He likes to play music , plays a drum kit and is currently studying in New York . Tammy LaFontaine ( edit ) Tammy LaFontaine First appearance `` Wo n't You Be Our Neighbor '' 6x05 , October 22 , 2014 Portrayed by Brooke Sorenson Information Gender Female Occupation Student Family Ronnie LaFontaine ( father ) Amber LaFontaine ( mother ) Ronnie LaFontaine Jr. ( brother ) Tammy LaFontaine ( Brooke Sorenson ) is the daughter of Ronnie and Amber LaFontaine and the sister of Ronnie LaFontaine Jr . In `` The Big Guns '' , Luke develops a crush on Tammy ; every time he tries to flirt with her , however , she insults him and blows him off . In the end of the episode , Luke passes Tammy without even glancing at her and pretends he no longer cares about her , which bothers Tammy enough that she wants him to come back and talk to her , and it turns out Alex gave Luke this advice . Beth ( edit ) Beth First appearance `` Closet ? You 'll Love It ! '' 6x17 , March 4 , 2015 Portrayed by Laura Ashley Samuels Information Gender Female Occupation U.S. Coast Guard Family unnamed mother Significant other ( s ) Andy Bailey ( ex-fiancé ) Beth ( Laura Ashley Samuels ) is Andy 's ex-fiancée . She was first seen in Closet ? You 'll Love It ! where she visited Andy in hospital . She reappeared in `` American Skyper '' where she seems to have been responsible for setting Haley 's hair on fire and was last seen in Summer Lovin where she makes a cameo and she and Andy walk in the park and he proposes to her and she accepts ... thus , they become engaged and are being watched by Haley and Claire . She reappeared in `` The More You Ignore Me '' where she and Andy meet Haley and Dylan at the movies and in `` White Christmas '' she comes to the cabin where the family is with Andy and she admits to him that she has been cheating on him behind his back and it looks like they end things . Sanjay Patel ( edit ) Sanjay Patel First appearance `` Patriot Games '' 6x17 , May 6 , 2015 Portrayed by Suraj Partha Information Gender Male Occupation Student Family Vish Patel ( father ) Nina Patel ( mother ) Significant other ( s ) Alex Dunphy ( ex-girlfriend ) Sanjay Patel ( Suraj Partha ) is Alex 's former academic rival and ex-boyfriend . While they had still been at school , Alex and Sanjay had been competing against each other nonstop . Sanjay had only been mentioned in `` Our Children , Ourselves '' , `` See You Next Fall '' , `` Career Day '' , `` Under Pressure '' , `` Sleeper '' , and `` Integrity '' . He eventually made his first appearance in `` Patriot Games '' where he and Alex were tied in first position and only did n't have gym grades completed . Principal Brown organized a race for the two and the one who did fours laps first wins . Sanjay goes to Alex 's house and tells her that he likes her and that she is the reason he can attend Stanford University because she was always pushing him to study more and become better . But when the race happens , Sanjay forfeits it to prove to Alex that he was telling the truth and the two of them end up in a passionate kiss in front of their parents , much to their delight except Sanjay 's mother , Nina . Sanjay and Alex are eventually named co-valedictorians of 2015 . Sanjay reappears in `` Summer Lovin ' '' and he and Alex are now dating . They go up to Alex 's room after he asks her to test him on the periodic table and later they would break up when Sanjay leaves for school , but in the end they decide against it . However , in `` The Closet Case '' , Alex reveals that Sanjay broke up with her because he is seeing someone new . Special guest stars ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Shelley Long as DeDe Williams Edward Norton as Izzy LaFontaine Margo Harshman as Jungle Tanya Chazz Palminteri as Shorty Kristen Schaal as Whitney Minnie Driver as Valerie David Brenner as himself Judy Greer as Denise Bruce Altman as Mr. Jennings Justin Kirk as Charlie Bingham Kobe Bryant as himself Fred Willard as Frank Dunphy Stoney Jackson as Referee Mo Collins as Denise Kaitlyn Dever as Bianca Eric Lange as Coach Stupak Brandy Ledford as Desiree Elizabeth Banks as Sal Season 2 ( edit ) Nathan Lane as Pepper Saltzman Kevin Daniels as Longines Ki Hong Lee as clerk Craig Zimmerman as Crispin Danny Trejo as Gus Artemis Pebdani as Bethenny Jami Gertz as Laura James Marsden as Barry Stephnie Weir as Mrs. Hoffman Mary Lynn Rajskub as Tracy Rachael Harris as Amelia Jeremy Rowley as Broderick Matt Dillon as Robbie Sullivan Philip Baker Hall as Walt Kleezak Jonathan Banks as Donnie Pritchett Lauren Cohan as Receptionist Matt Besser as Jerry Norman Lloyd as Donald Kate Reinders as Princess Lin - Manuel Miranda as Guillermo Rob Huebel as Glen Whipple Celia Weston as Barb Tucker Season 3 ( edit ) Tim Blake Nelson as Hank Gilles Marini as Juilian David Cross as Duane Bailey Samm Levine as Josh Phil Hendrie as Booker Bell Jennifer Tilly as Darlene Leslie Mann as Katie Kevin Hart as Andre Don Lake as Dr. Sendroff Greg Kinnear as Tad Bobby Cannavale as Lewis Ellen Barkin as Mitzi Roth Barry Corbin as Merle Tucker Matt Prokop as Ethan Beth Grant as Maxine Ernie Hudson as Miles Josh Gad as Kenneth Marc Vann as Stan Zoe Jarman as Lindsay Season 4 ( edit ) Nathan Lane as Pepper Saltzman Michaela Watkins as Susan Wendi McLendon - Covey as Pam Matthew Broderick as Dave Paul Scheer as Paul Billy Dee Williams as himself Lainie Kazan as Eleanor Jason Mantzoukas as Kenny Elizabeth Peña as Pilar Stephanie Beatriz as Sonia David Faustino as Tater Maxwell Caulfield as Professor Cooke Margaret Easley as Rachel Maribeth Monroe as Maggie Richard Riehle as Norman Justine Bateman as Angela Paget Brewster as Trish Rob Riggle as Gil Thorpe Anders Holm as Zack Season 5 ( edit ) Nathan Lane as Pepper Saltzman Andrew Daly as Principal Brown Amy Yasbeck as Lorraine Diane Farr as Diane Peri Gilpin as Jeannie Jordan Peele as Derrick Jane Krakowski as Dr. Donna Duncan Jesse Eisenberg as Asher John Benjamin Hickey as Dr. Clark John Heard as Gunther Thorpe Aisha Tyler as Wendy Will Sasso as Senor Kaplan Dylan Riley Snyder as Neal Patton Oswalt as Ducky Fred Armisen as Langham Stephen Merchant as Leslie Higgins Rhys Darby as Fergus Steve Hytner as sales clerk Ann Guilbert as Grandmother Tucker Elizabeth Banks as Sal Season 6 ( edit ) Sam Lloyd as Lester Steve Zahn as Ronnie Andrea Anders as Amber Tyne Daly as Mrs. Plank Jon Polito as Earl Chambers Michael Urie as Gavin Sinclair Nigella Lawson as herself Kristen Johnston as Brenda Aya Cash as Vanessa Roger Bart as Anders Stephanie Beatriz as Sonia Penn Jillette as Edward Legrand Natasha Leggero as Dana Oliver Platt as Martin Sherman Horatio Sanz as Armando Robbie Amell as Chase Season 7 ( edit ) Adam DeVine as Andy Bailey Vicki Lewis as Erica Catherine O'Hara as Debra Radcliffe Andrea Martin as Fig Ray Liotta as himself Barbra Streisand as herself Keegan - Michael Key as Tom Delaney Christine Lakin as Lisa Delaney June Squibb as Auntie Alice Steve Agee as Tommy Adam Arkin as Reece Illeana Douglas as Janet Season 8 ( edit ) Martin Short as Merv Schechter Jackson Millarker as Tom Winston Duke as Dwight Nathan Fillon as Rainer Shine Shannon Cochran as Nancy Decker Sam Horrigan as Nick Joely Fisher as Maggie Braithwaite Vanessa Bayer as Marjorie Cole Doman as Damien Kelsey Grammer as Keifth Victor Garber as Charles Dumont Faith Prince as Lorraine Lauren Bowles as Ana Peyton Manning as Coach Gary Niecy Nash as Joan DeAndre Jordan as himself Charles Barkley as himself Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In an episode from the second season that aired in 2011 , Claire and Mitchell recalled a childhood incident that occurred twenty years prior , and later said that their parents divorced `` twelve years later '' . With this information , twenty years prior to 2011 is 1991 , and twelve years after that is 2003 . In the third season , Jay comments that he and DeDe were married for thirty - five years . Jump up ^ Portrayed by Jaden Hiller and Ella Hiller Jump up ^ Portrayed by Pierce Wallace References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Phil ( Ty Burrell ) Bio -- Modern Family -- ABC.com '' . Abc.go.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Game Changer '' Jump up ^ `` Strangers on a Treadmill '' Jump up ^ `` Manny Get Your Gun '' Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( December 20 , 2009 ) . `` The best and worst of 2009 : TV '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Paige Wiser ( December 30 , 2009 ) . `` It never got better than when Dexter met his match '' . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Canning , Robert ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` Modern Family : Season 1 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Gianatasio , David ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` The National Association of Realtors Finds Its Perfect Pitchman in Modern Family Dad '' . Adweek . ^ Jump up to : `` Claire ( Julie Bowen ) Bio -- Modern Family -- ABC.com '' . ABC.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Moon Landing '' . Modern Family . Season 1 . Episode 14 . Los Angeles , California . 2010 - 02 - 03 . ABC . Jump up ^ Ken Tucker ( December 24 , 2009 ) . `` Help me pick TV 's best supporting actors of 2009 : From ' Chuck , ' ' The Office , ' ' Southland , ' and more ! '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Haley ( Sarah Hyland ) Bio -- Modern Family -- ABC.com '' . Abc.go.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Haley 's 21st Birthday ^ Jump up to : `` Alex ( Ariel Winter ) Bio -- Modern Family -- ABC.com '' . Abc.go.com . September 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luke ( Nolan Gould ) Bio -- Modern Family -- ABC.com '' . Abc.go.com . September 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Twitter Jump up ^ Fizbo Jump up ^ `` Nominations Announced for the 17th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gloria ( Sofia Vergara ) Bio -- Modern Family -- ABC.com '' . Abc.go.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Pinto , Rochelle ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Up close and personal with Sofia Vergara '' . hindustantimes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . Vergara is also one of the few actors who get to improvise with the writers ' permission . `` I was worried in the beginning , thinking ' How will they know how a Latin woman thinks ? ' But now they even write my mispronunciations . The script will say ( Gloria says something in Spanish ) and then I 'll just say whatever I think is funny . '' Jump up ^ `` Yo Soy Boricua Pa'que Tu Lo Sepas ! ( 2006 ) '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Manny ( Rico Rodriguez ) Bio -- Modern Family -- ABC.com '' . Abc.go.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ ' Modern Family ' Season 7 Recast : Jeremy Maguire Cast as Joe TVLine Jump up ^ `` Good Cop Bad Dog '' ^ Jump up to : `` The Old Wagon '' Modern Family TV Review The A.V. Club ^ Jump up to : `` Mitchell ( Jesse Tyler Ferguson ) Bio -- Modern Family -- ABC.com '' . Abc.go.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Our Top 5 New TV Dads '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Family in Times Sq . Interesting way to fingld out Cameron 's last name is `` Tucker '' `` . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cameron ( Eric Stonestreet ) Bio -- Modern Family -- ABC.com '' . Abc.go.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jon ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' is a ' Cosby ' celebre '' . Variety . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ The Television Critics Association Announces 2010 TCA Awards Nominees Television Critics Association Archived June 8 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Aubrey Anderson - Emmons Joins Modern Family as the New Lily '' . People.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Willard Due For `` Big '' ' Modern Family ' Encore `` . Xfinity TV . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( March 3 , 2010 ) . `` Jesse Tyler Ferguson : Drunk Twittering is the new drunk dialing ! '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Family : Up All Night Episode Recap on '' . Tv.com . January 20 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Knolle , Sharon ( Feb 26 , 2015 ) . `` 6 Easter Eggs in the `` Connection Lost '' Episode `` . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Leung , Jason ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` The Top 5 Haley & Andy Moments '' . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Leung , Jason ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` SEASON 6 FINALE : Haley & Andy 's Star - Crossed Cliffhanger '' . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Broderick Books ' Modern Family ' and More Casting News '' . The Huffington Post . September 21 , 2012 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Terry , Joshua ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Will Feature Transgender Child Actor '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Scores Peyton Manning for Guest Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Modern Family characters on IMDb List of Modern Family characters at TV.com `` List of Modern Family Episodes '' . TVGuide . Bringing `` The Office '' Home With You Review Fix ( hide ) Modern Family Awards and nominations Characters Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Bicycle Thief '' `` Come Fly with Me '' `` The Incident '' `` Coal Digger '' `` Run for Your Wife '' `` En Garde '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Fizbo '' `` Undeck the Halls '' `` Up All Night '' `` Not in My House '' `` Fifteen Percent '' `` Moon Landing '' `` My Funky Valentine '' `` Fears '' `` Truth Be Told '' `` Starry Night '' `` Game Changer '' `` Benched '' `` Travels with Scout '' `` Airport 2010 '' `` Hawaii '' `` Family Portrait '' Season 2 `` The Old Wagon '' `` The Kiss '' `` Earthquake '' `` Strangers on a Treadmill '' `` Unplugged '' `` Halloween '' `` Chirp '' `` Manny Get Your Gun '' `` Mother Tucker '' `` Dance Dance Revelation '' `` Slow Down Your Neighbors '' `` Our Children , Ourselves '' `` Caught in the Act '' `` Bixby 's Back '' `` Princess Party '' `` Regrets Only '' `` Two Monkeys and a Panda '' `` Boys ' Night '' `` The Musical Man '' `` Someone to Watch Over Lily '' `` Mother 's Day '' `` Good Cop Bad Dog '' `` See You Next Fall '' `` The One That Got Away '' Season 3 `` Dude Ranch '' `` When Good Kids Go Bad '' `` Phil on Wire '' `` Door to Door '' `` Hit and Run '' `` Go Bullfrogs ! '' `` Treehouse '' `` After the Fire '' `` Punkin Chunkin '' `` Express Christmas '' `` Lifetime Supply '' `` Egg Drop '' `` Little Bo Bleep '' `` Me ? Jealous ? '' `` Aunt Mommy '' `` Virgin Territory '' `` Leap Day '' `` Send Out the Clowns '' `` Election Day '' `` The Last Walt '' `` Planes , Trains and Cars '' `` Disneyland '' `` Tableau Vivant '' `` Baby on Board '' Season 4 `` Bringing Up Baby '' `` Schooled '' `` Snip '' `` The Butler 's Escape '' `` Open House of Horrors '' `` Yard Sale '' `` Arrested '' `` Mistery Date '' `` When a Tree Falls '' `` Diamond in the Rough '' `` New Year 's Eve '' `` Party Crasher '' `` Fulgencio '' `` A Slight at the Opera '' `` Heart Broken '' `` Bad Hair Day '' `` Best Men '' `` The Wow Factor '' `` The Future Dunphys '' `` Flip Flop '' `` Career Day '' `` My Hero '' `` Games People Play '' `` Goodnight Gracie '' Season 5 `` Suddenly , Last Summer '' `` First Days '' `` Larry 's Wife '' `` Farm Strong '' `` The Late Show '' `` The Help '' `` A Fair to Remember '' `` ClosetCon ' 13 '' `` The Big Game '' `` The Old Man & the Tree '' `` And One to Grow On '' `` Under Pressure '' `` Three Dinners '' `` iSpy '' `` The Feud '' `` Spring - a-Ding - Fling '' `` Other People 's Children '' `` Las Vegas '' `` A Hard Jay 's Night '' `` Australia '' `` Sleeper '' `` Message Received '' `` The Wedding ( Part 1 ) '' `` The Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' Season 6 `` The Long Honeymoon '' `` Do Not Push '' `` The Cold '' `` Marco Polo '' `` Wo n't You Be Our Neighbor '' `` Halloween 3 : AwesomeLand '' `` Queer Eyes , Full Hearts '' `` Three Turkeys '' `` Strangers in the Night '' `` Haley 's 21st Birthday '' `` The Day We Almost Died '' `` The Big Guns '' `` Rash Decisions '' `` Valentine 's Day 4 : Twisted Sister '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Connection Lost '' `` Closet ? You 'll Love It ! '' `` Spring Break '' `` Grill , Interrupted '' `` Knock ' Em Down '' `` Integrity '' `` Patriot Games '' `` Crying Out Loud '' `` American Skyper '' Season 7 `` Summer Lovin ' '' `` The Day Alex Left for College '' `` The Closet Case '' `` The Verdict '' `` Playdates '' `` Spread Your Wings '' `` Clean for a Day '' Season 8 `` A Tale of Three Cities '' `` A Stereotypical Day '' `` Blindsided '' `` Weathering Heights '' `` Halloween IV : Revenge of Rod Skyhook '' `` Grab It '' `` Thanksgiving Jamboree '' `` The Alliance '' `` Do You Believe in Magic '' Adaptations Familia moderna Haft Sang Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Modern_Family_characters&oldid=803529250 '' Categories : Modern Family Lists of American sitcom television characters Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français עברית Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 01 : 54 . 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who is haley's boyfriend on modern family
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[
"\n\nHaley Dunphy\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\n\"Pilot\"\n1x01, September 23, 2009\n\n\nPortrayed by\nSarah Hyland\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nGender\nFemale\n\n\nOccupation\nFashion Designer at Gavin Sinclair\n\n\nFamily\nPhil Dunphy (father)\nClaire Dunphy (mother)\nAlex Dunphy (sister)\nLuke Dunphy (brother)\n\n\nSignificant other(s)\nDylan Marshall (Ex-boyfriend)\nAndy Bailey (Ex-Boyfriend)\nRainer Shine (Brief Fiance)\n\n\nRelatives\nFrank Dunphy (paternal grandfather)\nGrace Dunphy (paternal grandmother; deceased)\nJay Pritchett (maternal grandfather)\nDeDe Pritchett (maternal grandmother)\nMItchell Pritchett (maternal uncle)\nCameron Tucker (maternal uncle by marriage)\nLily Tucker-Pritchett (adoptive maternal cousin)\nGloria Pritchett (maternal step-grandmother)\nJoe Pritchett (maternal half-uncle)\nMichael Pritchett (first cousin, once removed)\nMelanie Pritchett (second cousin)\n\n",
"\n\nHaley Dunphy\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\n\"Pilot\"\n1x01, September 23, 2009\n\n\nPortrayed by\nSarah Hyland\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nGender\nFemale\n\n\nOccupation\nFashion Designer at Gavin Sinclair\n\n\nFamily\nPhil Dunphy (father)\nClaire Dunphy (mother)\nAlex Dunphy (sister)\nLuke Dunphy (brother)\n\n\nSignificant other(s)\nDylan Marshall (Ex-boyfriend)\nAndy Bailey (Ex-Boyfriend)\nRainer Shine (Brief Fiance)\n\n\nRelatives\nFrank Dunphy (paternal grandfather)\nGrace Dunphy (paternal grandmother; deceased)\nJay Pritchett (maternal grandfather)\nDeDe Pritchett (maternal grandmother)\nMItchell Pritchett (maternal uncle)\nCameron Tucker (maternal uncle by marriage)\nLily Tucker-Pritchett (adoptive maternal cousin)\nGloria Pritchett (maternal step-grandmother)\nJoe Pritchett (maternal half-uncle)\nMichael Pritchett (first cousin, once removed)\nMelanie Pritchett (second cousin)\n\n",
"\n\nHaley Dunphy\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\n\"Pilot\"\n1x01, September 23, 2009\n\n\nPortrayed by\nSarah Hyland\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nGender\nFemale\n\n\nOccupation\nFashion Designer at Gavin Sinclair\n\n\nFamily\nPhil Dunphy (father)\nClaire Dunphy (mother)\nAlex Dunphy (sister)\nLuke Dunphy (brother)\n\n\nSignificant other(s)\nDylan Marshall (Ex-boyfriend)\nAndy Bailey (Ex-Boyfriend)\nRainer Shine (Brief Fiance)\n\n\nRelatives\nFrank Dunphy (paternal grandfather)\nGrace Dunphy (paternal grandmother; deceased)\nJay Pritchett (maternal grandfather)\nDeDe Pritchett (maternal grandmother)\nMItchell Pritchett (maternal uncle)\nCameron Tucker (maternal uncle by marriage)\nLily Tucker-Pritchett (adoptive maternal cousin)\nGloria Pritchett (maternal step-grandmother)\nJoe Pritchett (maternal half-uncle)\nMichael Pritchett (first cousin, once removed)\nMelanie Pritchett (second cousin)\n\n"
] |
[
"Dylan Marshall",
"Andy Bailey",
"Rainer Shine"
] |
-3722201411110762477
|
Food Network Star
|
Food Network Star - Wikipedia Food Network Star For the most recent season of the series , see Food Network Star ( season 14 ) . This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2015 ) Food Network Star Genre Food reality television Judges Marc Summers , Bobby Flay , Giada De Laurentiis , Alton Brown Country of origin United States No. of seasons 14 No. of episodes 75 Production Production location ( s ) New York , New York Burbank , California Running time 40 -- 120 minutes Production company ( s ) CBS EYEtoo Productions ( Seasons 1 - 8 ) Triage Entertainment ( Seasons 9 - present ) Release Original network Food Network Original release June 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 05 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Party Line with The Hearty Boys Guy 's Big Bite Diners , Drive - Ins and Dives Ultimate Recipe Showdown Guy Off the Hook The Gourmet Next Door Big Daddy 's House Will Work for Food Ten Dollar Dinners Kid in a Candy Store Kelsey 's Essentials Aarti Party Outrageous Food United Tastes of America Sandwich King $24 in 24 Southern at Heart BBQ Blitz Kitchen Sink External links Website Food Network Star is a reality television series that premiered June 5 , 2005 . It was produced by CBS EYEtoo Productions for seasons 1 -- 8 and by Triage Entertainment for subsequent seasons . It airs on the Food Network in the United States . Prior to season seven , the series was known as The Next Food Network Star . Contents 1 Season one 1.1 Summary 1.2 Contestants 2 Season two 2.1 Summary 2.2 Contestants 3 Season three 3.1 Summary 3.2 Contestants 4 Season four 4.1 Summary 4.2 Contestants 5 Season five 5.1 Summary 5.2 Contestants 6 Season six 6.1 Summary 6.2 Contestants 7 Season seven 7.1 Summary 7.2 Contestants 8 Season eight 8.1 Summary 8.2 Coaches 8.3 Contestants 9 Season nine 9.1 Summary 9.2 Contestants 10 Season ten 10.1 Contestants 11 Season eleven 11.1 Contestants 12 Season twelve 12.1 Contestants 13 Season thirteen 13.1 Contestants 14 Season fourteen 14.1 Contestants 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links Season one ( edit ) Summary ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first season of The Next Food Network Star series was taped in February 2005 , and was composed of five episodes in June 2005 . Chicago area caterers Dan Smith and Steve McDonagh emerged as the winners , and went on to host a show called Party Line with Dan & Steve , now titled Party Line with The Hearty Boys , which premiered on September 18 , 2005 . The runner - up , Deborah Fewell , was chosen to host a special on food at beaches , Surf N Turf , which aired in June 2006 . Michael Thomas was the recurring chef on The Tyra Banks Show . Susannah Locketti made an appearance on The Tony Danza Show , and is also an on - air chef for Publix grocery stores in the southern United States . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Place Dan Smith & Steve McDonagh 42 and 40 Bellmore , NY and Wayne , NJ Winners Deborah Fewell 32 Los Angeles Runner - up Hans Rueffert 32 Jasper , GA 3rd Susannah Locketti 33 Plymouth , MA 4th Eric Warren 52 Los Angeles 5th Michael Thomas 36 Venice , CA 6th Harmony Marceau 30 New York City , NY 7th Brook Harlan 24 Columbia , MO 8th Season two ( edit ) Summary ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The second season of The Next Food Network Star series was taped in December 2005 and began airing in March 2006 . Guy Fieri was announced as the winner on April 23 , 2006 , beating Reggie Southerland . Fieri has achieved considerable success at Food Network since his victory , and is still regularly on air as of July 2018 . Guy 's Big Bite premiered in June 2006 and was picked up for a second season in 2008 and remains in production . Originally intended as a one - hour special , Fieri 's second series , Diners , Drive - Ins and Dives , premiered April 23 , 2007 . He went on to the series , Ultimate Recipe Showdown , premiering February 17 , 2008 , and Guy Off The Hook on September 14 , 2008 . He has also started a new successful show called Guy 's Grocery Games . Fourth - place contestant Nathan Lyon began hosting his own series , A Lyon In the Kitchen , on the Discovery Health Channel in March 2007 . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Culinary P.O.V. Eliminated Guy Fieri 38 Ferndale , CA `` Off the Hook '' California Cuisine Winner Reggie Southerland 39 Los Angeles Modern Soul Food Runner - up Carissa Seward 33 San Diego , CA Simple Food for Entertaining Week 6 Nathan Lyon 35 Los Angeles Healthy and Seasonal Food Week 5 Andrew Schumacher 26 Brooklyn , NY Cooking Techniques Week 4 Evette Rodriguez 35 Port St. Lucie , FL Latin Cuisine Week 3 Elizabeth Raynor 32 Sausalito , CA Simple Mediterranean Cuisine Week 2 Jess Dang 24 Menlo Park , CA Asian Cuisine Week 1 Season three ( edit ) Summary ( edit ) The third season began on June 3 , 2007 , and the winner was announced on Sunday , July 22 . In season 3 , judges sent 1 or 2 contestants home weekly . Once the field was down to 2 final contestants , the viewers picked the winner . Marc Summers ( host of the first 2 seasons ) only returned for this season 's finale . Bobby Flay would host subsequent season finales . During the season , the contestants lived in a shared house in New York City . The contestants ' challenges included cooking concession food for an NBA game ( with guest Darryl Dawkins ) to a mini version of Food Network 's Iron Chef America ( with guest judges Bobby Flay and Cat Cora ) . The Selection Committee consisted of Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson along with one guest . Guest judges included Alton Brown , Giada De Laurentiis , Duff Goldman , season two winner Guy Fieri , and Robert Irvine . Paula Deen and Rachael Ray participated in contestant challenges , and Bobby Flay also played a role in the guidance and selection process . Amy Finley was chosen by America as The Next Food Network Star on July 22 , 2007 . Her new show The Gourmet Next Door premiered on October 14 , 2007 and ran for six episodes . Finley later declined to continue with the series , citing relocation to France for family reasons . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Occupation Eliminated Amy Finley 33 San Diego , CA Stay - at - Home Mom Winner Rory Schepisi 31 Vega , TX Restaurateur Runner - Up Joshua Adam `` JAG '' Garcia 25 Havelock , NC Chef - de-Cuisine Withdrew Paul McCullough 36 Los Angeles Caterer Week 6 Adrien Sharp 29 Jackson , MI Local Cooking Show Host Week 5 Michael Salmon 53 Brooklyn , NY Director of Operations for Macy 's Week 4 Tommy Grella , Jr . 34 Methuen , MA Self - Taught Chef Week 3 Colombe Jacobsen - Derstine 29 New York , NY Former Child Actress Week 3 Nikki Shaw 38 Oakland , CA Caterer Week 2 Patrick Rolfe 33 Seattle , WA Chef Week 1 Vivien Cunha 40 Hermosa Beach , CA Caterer Week 1 ^ Note 1 : Amy Finley was eliminated Week 7 , and the original finalists were Rory Schepisi and Joshua `` JAG '' Garcia . After the final elimination episode was aired , evidence came to light that JAG had lied about both his culinary training and his military service , representing both as more extensive than they actually were . Food Network allowed him to withdraw from the competition and reinstated Amy Finley , who was voted The Next Food Network Star . Season four ( edit ) Main article : The Next Food Network Star ( season 4 ) Summary ( edit ) Season four of The Next Food Network Star premiered on Sunday , June 1 , 2008 . Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson are joined by Bobby Flay as the selection committee for this season . Each new episode aired on Sundays at 10 : 00 PM EDT . For this season , the viewers no longer received the chance to vote for the winner ; producers instead made the final decision . This led to an error by FoodNetwork.com , which briefly posted the winning moment video on their website three days before the finale aired . The winner for the fourth season was Aaron McCargo Jr . His winning show idea , Big Daddy 's House , first aired August 3 , 2008 . Finalist Adam Gertler was hired to host a Food Network show called Will Work for Food , which debuted on January 19 , 2009 and was cancelled after one season . He hosted the Food Network show Kid in a Candy Store , which aired two seasons . Kelsey Nixon co-hosted a web show on food2.com ( a Food Network sister site aka Cooking Channel ) and also appeared in the premiere of Chefs vs. City in 2009 . In 2010 , Gertler and Nixon became co-hosts of The Next Food Network Star After Party , a half - hour recap / interview show following that night 's episode of Star , on Cooking Channel . Nixon stars in Kelsey 's Essentials , a program on kitchen and cooking basics for The Cooking Channel that ran November , 2010 - 2013 . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Occupation Eliminated Aaron McCargo Jr . 36 Camden , NJ Chef Winner Adam Gertler 30 Philadelphia , PA Food Server Runner - Up Lisa Garza 32 Dallas , TX Restaurateur / Designer Runner - Up Kelsey Nixon 23 North Ogden , UT Assistant Culinary Director Week 7 Shane Lyons 20 Colorado Springs , CO Private Chef and actor Week 6 Jennifer Cochrane 32 Woonsocket , RI Chef Week 5 Nipa Bhatt 35 Victoria , MN Marketing Manager Week 4 Jeffrey Vaden 43 White Plains , NY Food Service Management Week 3 Kevin Roberts 39 San Diego , CA Radio Talk Show Host / Restaurant Owner / Author Week 2 Cory Kahaney 45 New York , NY Stand - up Comedian Week 1 Season five ( edit ) Main article : The Next Food Network Star ( season 5 ) Summary ( edit ) Season five of The Next Food Network Star premiered on June 7 , 2009 . Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson were joined by Bobby Flay as the Selection Committee for this season , which was filmed early 2009 in New York , New York and Miami , Florida . Melissa D'Arabian was declared the winner on August 2 , 2009 with the title for her show being Ten Dollar Dinners . Her show premiered on August 9 , 2009. ( 1 ) On August 17 , 2009 , Food Network announced Jeffrey Saad would return in a series of online videos based on his pilot , now called `` The Spice Smuggler . '' The program premiered with four 4 - 1 / 2 minute videos featuring one spice and a recipe incorporating it . Saad was named the national representative for the American Egg Board . In November , 2010 , Saad debuted in a new show for The Cooking Channel titled United Tastes of America , which explores multiple aspects of traditional American food . Finalist Debbie Lee has carried her `` Seoul to Soul '' concept to the streets of L.A. , opening a lunch truck , Ahn - Joo , featuring a range of Korean food . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Occupation Culinary P.O.V. Eliminated Melissa d'Arabian 40 Keller , TX Stay - At - Home Mom `` Kitchen Survival Guide '' Winner Jeffrey Saad 42 Los Angeles , California Restaurateur / Food Consultant / Recipe Developer / Chef `` Ingredient Smuggler '' Runner - Up Debbie Lee 39 West Hollywood , California Restaurant Consultant `` From Seoul to Soul '' Week 8 Jamika Pessoa 30 Atlanta , Georgia Personal Chef / Businesswoman Caribbean Cuisine Week 7 Michael Proietti 28 City Island , NY Executive Chef `` Global A Go - Go '' Week 6 Katie Cavuto 30 Philadelphia , PA Personal Chef & Dietician Healthy and Green Cuisine Week 5 Teddy Folkman 33 Alexandria , VA Restaurant Owner / Executive Chef `` Gourmet Bar Food '' Week 4 Eddie Gilbert 30 Los Angeles Apprentice Chef `` Modernized Traditional Food '' Week 3 Brett August 33 New York , New York Executive Sous Chef Italian - American Cuisine Week 2 Jen Isham 30 Orlando , FL Sales Manager `` Housewife 2.0 '' Week 1 Season six ( edit ) Main article : The Next Food Network Star ( season 6 ) Summary ( edit ) The sixth season of the series premiered on Sunday , June 6 , 2010 . Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson were again joined by Bobby Flay as judges ; in addition , Giada De Laurentiis served as an on - set mentor . On July 17 , 2010 , a post-competition recap and discussion show premiered on The Cooking Channel . Shows were filmed in Los Angeles , California and New York , New York . On August 15 , 2010 , Aarti Sequeira was declared the winner , and her new show Aarti Party premiered on Sunday , August 22 , 2010 and features American style cuisine with unique Indian flair . Season 2 of Aarti Party premiered that December . The Food Network also signed runner - up Tom Pizzica to host a new show called Outrageous Food , which premiered in November 2010 . The last new episodes of Aarti Party aired in mid-2013 . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Occupation Culinary P.O.V. Eliminated Aarti Sequeira 31 Los Angeles , California Food Blogger `` Aarti Paarti '' Winner Herb Mesa 41 Atlanta , Georgia Personal Trainer / Personal Chef `` Cooking Con Sabor '' Runner - Up Tom Pizzica 32 San Francisco , CA Unemployed Chef `` Big Chef '' Runner - Up Aria Kagan 30 Hollywood , FL Private Chef `` Family Style '' Week 9 Brad Sorenson 25 Austin , Texas Professional Chef `` Pro '' / `` Culinary Quest '' Week 8 Serena Palumbo 31 New York , New York Attorney `` Serena 's Trattoria '' Week 7 Brianna Jenkins 30 Atlanta , Georgia Caterer `` Sexy and Fabulous Flavors '' Week 6 Paul Young 32 Chicago , IL Waiter `` Blue - Collar Dollar '' Week 5 Darrell `` DAS '' Smith 28 Los Angeles High School Culinary Teacher `` Food is the Life of the Party '' Week 4 Dzintra Dzenis 44 Austin , TX Private Cooking Instructor Week 3 Doreen Fang 38 Los Angeles Caterer / Cooking Instructor `` Simply Complex '' Week 2 Alexis Hernandez 40 Clarksville , IN Part - time food Writer Week 1 Season seven ( edit ) Main article : Food Network Star ( season 7 ) Summary ( edit ) For the seventh season , the reality television series was renamed , after the first episode , Food Network Star , dropping the word `` Next '' . It premiered Sunday , June 5 , 2011 . Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson were joined again by Bobby Flay and Giada De Laurentiis as the judges for this season . The series was filmed in Los Angeles , California and New York , New York . Season seven winner Jeff Mauro 's show `` Sandwich King '' premiered on Sunday , August 21 , 2011 . In spring 2013 , Jeff hosted $24 in 24 , a show in which he went to several cities and ate an entire day 's worth of meals on 24 dollars . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Occupation Culinary P.O.V. Eliminated Jeff Mauro 32 Chicago , IL Corporate Chef `` Sandwich King '' Winner Susie Jimenez 31 Carbondale , CO Catering Company Owner `` Spice It Up '' Runner - Up Vic `` Vegas '' Moea 36 Brooklyn , NY Executive Chef `` Mama 's Boy '' Week 11 Mary Beth Albright 38 Washington , DC Food Writer and Blogger `` Sunday Supper '' Week 10 Whitney Chen 28 New York , NY Chef `` Four Star Flair '' Week 9 Jyll Everman 31 Glendora , CA Caterer `` Jyllicious Bites '' Week 8 Penny Davidi 39 Los Angeles Restaurant Owner `` Stilettos in the Kitchen '' / `` Middle Eastern Mama '' Week 7 Chris Nirschel 28 Hoboken , NJ Sous Chef `` On the Line '' Week 7 Orchid Paulmeier 38 Bluffton , SC Restaurant Owner `` Asian Persuasion '' Week 6 Justin Davis 31 Minneapolis , MN Food Blogger `` The Flavor Factory '' Week 5 Justin Balmes 32 Marietta , GA Fishmonger / Butcher `` Kitchen Workshop '' Week 4 Alicia Sanchez 33 New York , NY Young Adult Culinary Teacher `` Alicia 's Guilty Pleasures '' Week 3 Katy Clark 34 Long Beach , CA Food and Fitness Company Operator `` Simply Fabulous '' Week 2 Juba Kali 29 New Orleans , LA Research Chef `` Cuisine Made Simply '' Week 2 Howie Drummond 40 Highlands Ranch , CO Radio Host `` Basic and Delicious '' Week 1 Season eight ( edit ) Main article : Food Network Star ( season 8 ) Summary ( edit ) Season 8 started May 13 , 2012 . For season 8 , the format changed , with the contestants divided into three five - member teams , each coached by a Food Network host , either Bobby Flay , Alton Brown , or Giada De Laurentiis . Coaches worked with the teams as they prepared for and completed their tasks . The winner 's coach would also be the producer of the winner 's show . Each week , a winning team was selected , and one member of the teams that did not win was up for elimination in a new feature called Producers ' Challenge . Each challenge was hosted by current Food Network personalities . The final winner was decided by an audience vote cast on foodnetwork.com between July 15 -- 17 , 2012 and the winner was announced on July 22 , 2012 . The winner was Justin Warner , who hosted a one - hour special on The Food Network , but did not have a series produced . He has become a blogger on foodnetwork.com , makes appearances at Food Network events , and is an active Twitter presence . Coaches ( edit ) Alton Brown -- host of Good Eats , Iron Chef America , The Next Iron Chef , and Cutthroat Kitchen . Bobby Flay -- host of Grill It ! with Bobby Flay , Throwdown ! with Bobby Flay . Co-host of season 3 of Worst Cooks in America and Iron Chef on Iron Chef America Giada De Laurentiis -- host of Everyday Italian , Giada at Home and Giada in Italy . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Occupation Culinary P.O.V. Team Eliminated Justin Warner 27 Brooklyn , NY Chef and Restaurant Owner `` Rebel with a Culinary Cause '' Team Alton Winner Michele Ragussis 42 Brooklyn , NY Executive Chef `` My New England '' Team Bobby Runner - Up Yvan Lemoine 30 New York City Bartender and Cook for the French Consulate `` Family Style '' Team Giada Runner - Up Martie Duncan 50 Birmingham , AL Blogger and Party Planner `` Martie with the Party '' Team Alton Runner - Up Philip `` Ippy '' Aiona 23 Kamuela , HI Executive Chef `` Voyage to Paradise '' Team Giada Week 10 Nikki Martin 31 West Hollywood , CA Private Chef , Food and Beverage Consultant `` The Grill Next Door '' Team Bobby Week 10 Martita Jara 35 San Diego , CA Self - Taught Chef `` Martita 's Mesa '' Team Giada Week 9 Malcolm Mitchell 41 Washington , DC Private Chef `` Simple and Soulful '' Team Bobby Week 8 Emily Ellyn 29 Orlando , FL College Student `` Cooking Retro Rad '' Team Alton Week 7 Linkie Marais 28 North Attleborough , MA Cake Baker `` Dessert Queen '' Team Giada Week 6 Judson Allen 30 Chicago , IL Catering Company Owner `` Weight Loss Journey '' Team Alton Week 5 Eric Lee 44 Petaluma , CA Winery Executive Chef `` Handcrafted in Wine Country '' Team Bobby Week 4 Josh Lyons 42 Jupiter , FL Restaurant Consultant and Sushi Chef `` Wok and Roll '' Team Giada Week 3 Kara Sigle 31 Chicago , IL Catering Company Owner `` Nostalgic Cooking with a Twist '' Team Bobby Week 2 Cristie Schoen 35 New Orleans , LA Caterer `` Healthy and Delicious '' Team Alton Week 1 Season Nine ( edit ) Main article : Food Network Star ( season 9 ) Summary ( edit ) Season 9 started on June 2 , 2013 . For season 9 , Alton Brown , Bobby Flay , and Giada De Laurentiis mentored and judged twelve Food Network Star competitors , although the contestants were not divided into teams as in season 8 . Many of this season 's contestants had previously appeared on other Food Network shows . The winner was Damaris Phillips , decided by an audience vote cast on foodnetwork.com and announced live on August 11 , 2013 . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Occupation Culinary P.O.V. Eliminated Damaris Phillips 31 Louisville , KY Culinary Teacher `` Modern Southern Food '' Winner Rodney Henry 47 Baltimore , MD Pie Shop Owner `` Pie Style '' Runner - up Russell Jackson 49 San Francisco , CA Underground Chef `` Seven Culinary Sins '' Runner - up Stacey Poon - Kinney 34 San Diego , CA Restaurant Owner `` Vintage with a Modern Twist '' Week 10 Nikki Dinki 29 New York , NY Food Blogger / Online Host `` Semi-Vegetarian '' / `` Meat on the Side '' Week 9 Connie `` Lovely '' Jackson 27 Los Angeles Caterer `` Party on a Plate '' Week 4 & Week 8 ( Winner of Star Salvation ) Chad Rosenthal 37 Ambler , PA Restaurant Owner `` Jewish BBQ Guy '' Week 7 Chris Hodgson 26 Cleveland , OH Chef / Restaurateur `` Compassion for Food '' Week 6 Viet Pham 33 Salt Lake City , UT Chef / Restaurant Owner `` The American Dream '' Week 5 Danushka Lysek 37 New York , NY Private Chef / Model `` Your Private Chef '' Week 3 Andres Guillama 26 Waynesville , NC Childhood Obesity Prevention Coach `` Teaching Men to Cook '' Week 2 Daniela Perez - Reyes 28 Haleiwa , HI Bartender / Caterer `` Peruvian Princess '' Week 1 Season ten ( edit ) Main article : Food Network Star ( season 10 ) The winner was Lenny McNab , decided by an audience vote cast on foodnetwork.com and announced live on August 10 , 2014 . It is the last season to date where the finale aired live -- all subsequent season finales would be filmed months in advance prior to airing . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Occupation Culinary P.O.V. Eliminated Lenny McNab 42 De Beque , CO Executive Chef Gourmet Cowboy Winner Luca Della Casa 38 San Antonio , TX ( Originally from Turin , Italy ) Restaurateur Luca 's Feast Episode 2 ( Winner of Star Salvation ) Runner - up Nicole Gaffney 29 Atlantic City , New Jersey Private Chef Coastal Cuisine Runner - up Sarah Penrod 30 League City , TX Private Chef Devoted to Date Night / Texas Cuisine Episode 10 Loreal Gavin 26 Indianapolis , IN Butcher Butcher Babe Episode 9 Emma Frisch 30 Ithaca , NY Farmer Farm - to - Table Episode 8 Chris Kyler 32 Stafford , VA Caterer elevating classics Episode 7 Reuben Ruiz 27 Miami , FL Restaurant Owner Flavors of Miami Episode 6 Christopher Lynch 39 New Orleans , LA Executive Chef New Orleans Inspired Episode 5 Aryen Moore - Alston 31 Memphis , TN Home Cook International Cuisine Made Easy Episode 4 Kenny Lao 36 New York , NY Food Truck Chef Fast - Casual Episode 3 Donna Sonkin Shaw 42 New York , NY Nutritionist Healthy Comfort Food Episode 1 Season eleven ( edit ) Main article : Food Network Star ( season 11 ) Beginning with this season , Alton Brown no longer appeared as a judge . The winner was Eddie Jackson . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Occupation Culinary P.O.V. Eliminated Eddie Jackson 34 Houston , TX Food Truck Owner Caribbean Winner Jay Ducote 33 Baton Rouge , LA Radio Host Louisiana Runner up Dominick `` Dom '' Tesoriero 31 Staten Island , NY Food Truck Owner Italian Week 8 ( Winner of Star Salvation ; returned for semi-final ) Runner up Arnold Myint 38 Nashville , TN Restaurant Owner Effortless Home Entertainment Week 10 Alex McCoy 31 Washington , D.C. Chef , Restaurant Owner Fusion Sandwiches Week 9 Michelle Karam 39 Santa Barbara , CA Food Blogger Mediterranean Week 7 ( Withdrew ) Emilia Cirker 36 Reston , VA Culinary Instructor Spice Class Week 6 Rue Rusike 26 Brooklyn , NY Private Chef South African Week 5 Rosa Graziano 38 Los Angeles Food Truck Owner Southern Italian Week 4 Sita Lewis 47 New York , NY Culinary Instructor Italian Soul Week 3 Matthew Grunwald 22 Scottsdale , AZ Restaurant Chef Hashtag Week 2 Christina Fitzgerald 29 St. Louis , MO Executive Chef Around The World Week 1 Season twelve ( edit ) Main article : Food Network Star ( season 12 ) Martita Jara originally competed in the eighth season of the series ; she returned after winning the pre-season competition Comeback Kitchen . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Occupation Eliminated Tregaye Fraser 31 Atlanta , Georgia Caterer Winner Jernard Wells 37 Executive chef Runner - up Damiano Carrara 30 Moorpark , California Pastry chef Yaku Moton - Spruill 33 San Francisco , California Basketball player , sous chef Week 4 / Week 10 Ana Quincoces 49 Coral Gables , Florida Cookbook writer , attorney Week 9 Erin Campbell 24 Woodbury , Minnesota Baker Week 8 Joy Thompson 40 Thomasville , North Carolina Baker , restaurateur Week 7 Rob Burmeister 45 Staten Island , New York School lunch administrator Week 6 Monterey Salka 26 Nashville , Tennessee Caterer Week 5 Martita Jara 39 San Diego , California Home cook Week 3 Aaron Crumbaugh 36 Spokane , Washington Caterer Week 2 Melissa Pfeister 34 Los Angeles , California Basketball player Havird Usry 28 Augusta , Georgia Restaurateur Week 1 Season thirteen ( edit ) Main article : Food Network Star ( season 13 ) Matthew Grunwald originally competed in season 11 . He returned for a second chance after winning the Comeback Kitchen competition . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Occupation Eliminated Jason Smith 39 Grayson , Kentucky Cafeteria manager Winner Rusty Hamlin 42 Atlanta , Georgia Executive chef Runner - up Cory Bahr 40 Monroe , Louisiana Chef Matthew Grunwald 24 Scottsdale , Arizona Restaurant chef Week 10 Amy Pottinger 32 Honolulu , Hawaii Food blogger Week 9 David Rose 35 Atlanta , Georgia Caterer Week 7 Addie Gundry 30 Lake Forest , Illinois Cookbook author ; chef Week 6 Caodan Tran 29 Dallas , Texas Personal chef Week 5 Trace Barnett 27 Brilliant , Alabama Food blogger Week 4 Suzanne Lossia 42 Detroit , Michigan Personal chef Week 3 Toya Boudy 34 New Orleans , Louisiana Week 2 Nancy Manlove 65 Texas City , Texas Chef Blake Baldwin 30 Flemington , New Jersey Marketing manager ; home cook Week 1 Season fourteen ( edit ) Main article : Food Network Star ( season 14 ) Contestants ( edit ) Amy Pottinger originally competed in season 13 . She returned for a second chance after winning the Comeback Kitchen competition , along with Adam Gertler , who originally competed in season four . Palak Patel also competed on Beat Bobby Flay , where she defeated him in the Chicken Curry episode . Name Age Hometown Occupation Eliminated Christian Petroni 34 Port Chester , New York Chef Winner Jess Tom Princeton , New Jersey Food Novelist Manny Washington 30 Orlando , Florida Firehouse cook Runner - up Amy Pottinger 33 Honolulu , Hawaii Food Blogger Week 8 Palak Patel 38 New York , New York Personal chef Week 7 Katie Dixon 35 Hattiesburg , Mississippi Private chef Week 6 Harrison Bader 26 Los Angeles , California Personal chef Week 4 Adam Gertler 40 Chef , TV Personality , Actor , Podcaster Rebekah Lingenfelser 34 Savannah , Georgia Marketing and Public Relations director Week 3 Samone Lett 46 Sanford , Florida Personal chef and caterer Week 2 Jason Goldstein 40 New York , New York Chiropractor ; culinary teacher Week 1 Chris Valdes 26 Miami , Florida Caterer Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yaku Moton - Spruill returned to the competition in Week 10 of season 12 after winning Star Salvation , but was again eliminated midway through the latter episode . Jump up ^ Cory Bahr returned to the competition in Week 10 of season 13 after winning Star Salvation . Jump up ^ Tom won Star Salvation in Week 8 of season 14 to be reinstated in the competition . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Food Network Star Episodes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Finale : Food Network Star : Food Network , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 Jump up ^ `` A Lyon In the Kitchen '' . Discovery Health Channel . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Food Network Star Episodes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Corey ( 2007 - 06 - 19 ) . `` TV chef spiced up credentials '' . Havelock News . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Brinkley , C. Mark ( 2007 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Food Network contestant cooked up details about Marine service '' . Army Times . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Rick ( 2008 - 07 - 26 ) . `` Web Site Snafu Reveals Winner Of ' Next Food Network Star ' '' . AllYourTV.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network Star Episodes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` PR-USA.net '' . PR-USA.net . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Show Tracker '' . Los Angeles Times . August 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Star '' . Food Network . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network Star Episodes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Show Tracker '' . Los Angeles Times . August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://allyourtv.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1565:next-food-network-star-runner-up-tom-pizzica-gets-his-own-show&catid=1:latest-news Jump up ^ `` Food Network Star Episodes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network Star Episodes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Why New England - Chef on a Pier . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot Green Lights '' . Food Network Star . July 15 , 2012 . Food Network . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Roster Of Hopefuls Vie For Culinary Stardom In Season Nine Of Primetime Competition Series Food Network Star '' . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Matt ( 2013 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Food Network Star Season 9 Begins June 2nd '' . Food Network Gossip . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network Star Episodes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network Star Episodes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Matt ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Food Network Gossip : Food Network Star Alumni Return For Season 12 Of Food Network Star In ' Comeback Kitchen ' '' . Food Network Gossip . Blogger . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Food Network Star , Season 13 Finalists '' . foodnetwork.com . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Food Network Star , Season 14 Finalists '' . foodnetwork.com . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Food Network Star on IMDb Food Network Star at TV.com Food Network Star Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Winners ( series ) Dan Smith & Steve McDonagh Party Line with the Hearty Boys Guy Fieri Guy 's Big Bite Amy Finley Aaron McCargo Jr . Big Daddy 's House Melissa d'Arabian Ten Dollar Dinners Aarti Sequeira Aarti Party Jeff Mauro Justin Warner Rebel Eats Damaris Phillips Southern at Heart Lenny McNab Eddie Jackson BBQ Blitz Tregaye Fraser Jason Smith Best Baker in America Christian Petroni & Jess Tom Other contestants Nathan Lyon Colombe Jacobsen Adam Gertler Kelsey Nixon Shane Lyons Cory Kahaney Jeffrey Saad Michele Ragussis Martie Duncan Nikki Martin Cristie Schoen Stacey Poon - Kinney Nikki Dinki Damiano Carrara Spin - off Food Network Star Kids Food Network original programming Current Barefoot Contessa ( since 2002 ) Beat Bobby Flay ( since 2014 ) Best Baker in America ( since 2017 ) Cake Wars ( since 2015 ) Chopped ( since 2009 ) Chopped After Hours ( since 2015 ) Dessert Games ( since 2017 ) Food Network Star ( since 2005 ) Girl Meets Farm ( since 2018 ) The Great Food Truck Race ( since 2010 ) Guy 's Grocery Games ( since 2013 ) Halloween Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Halloween Wars ( since 2011 ) Holiday Baking Championship ( since 2014 ) Iron Chef America ( since 2005 ) Iron Chef Gauntlet ( since 2017 ) Kids Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) The Kitchen ( since 2014 ) The Pioneer Woman ( since 2011 ) Spring Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Trisha 's Southern Kitchen ( since 2012 ) Valerie 's Home Cooking ( since 2015 ) Worst Cooks in America ( since 2010 ) Former 1990s debuts Cooking Live ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Emeril Live ( 1997 -- 2010 ) Essence of Emeril ( 1994 -- 2007 ) Good Eats ( 1999 -- 2012 ) How to Boil Water ( 1993 -- 2000 ) 2000s debuts 30 Minute Meals ( 2001 -- 2012 ) $40 a Day ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 5 Ingredient Fix ( 2009 -- 2011 ) A Cook 's Tour ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Ace of Cakes ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Ask Aida ( 2008 -- 2009 ) BBQ with Bobby Flay ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Behind the Bash ( 2006 ) Big Daddy 's House ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Boy Meets Grill ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Chocolate with Jacques Torres ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Cupcake Wars ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Dinner : Impossible ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Everyday Italian ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Feasting on Asphalt ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Food 911 ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Food Network Challenge ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Giada at Home ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Giada 's Weekend Getaways ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Glutton for Punishment ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Good Deal with Dave Lieberman ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Guy 's Big Bite ( 2006 -- 2016 ) Ham on the Street ( 2006 ) How 'd That Get on My Plate ? ( 2008 ) The Next Iron Chef ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Party Line with the Hearty Boys ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Paula 's Best Dishes ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Paula 's Home Cooking ( 2002 -- 2012 ) Private Chefs of Beverly Hills ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Rachael Ray 's Tasty Travels ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Road Tasted ( 2006 -- 2008 ) The Secret Life of ... ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Sara 's Secrets ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Sugar Rush ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Ten Dollar Dinners ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Throwdown ! with Bobby Flay ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Tyler 's Ultimate ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Ultimate Recipe Showdown ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Unwrapped ( 2001 -- 2011 ) What Would Brian Boitano Make ? ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Will Work for Food ( 2009 ) 2010s debuts 24 Hour Restaurant Battle ( 2010 -- 2011 ) $24 in 24 ( 2012 ) Aarti Party ( 2010 -- 2011 ) America 's Best Cook ( 2014 ) The Best Thing I Ever Made ( 2011 -- 2013 ) BBQ Blitz ( 2015 ) Brunch @ Bobby 's ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Chef Wanted with Anne Burrell ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Chopped Junior ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Clash of the Grandmas ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Cutthroat Kitchen ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Dessert First with Anne Thornton ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Food Network Star Kids ( 2016 ) Guilty Pleasures ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Heat Seekers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) I Hart Food ( 2017 ) Iron Chef Showdown ( 2017 ) Kid in a Candy Store ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Kids BBQ Championship ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Kitchen Casino ( 2014 ) Kitchen Sink ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Mystery Diners ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Patricia Heaton Parties ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Restaurant Express ( 2013 ) Restaurant : Impossible ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Restaurant Stakeout ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Rewrapped ( 2014 ) Southern at Heart ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Sweet Genius ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Top 5 Restaurants ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Worst Bakers in America ( 2016 ) Pilots and specials The Big Waste ( 2012 ) Kids Halloween Baking Championship ( 2016 ) Rebel Eats ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_Network_Star&oldid=853936419 '' Categories : 2005 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series English - language television programs Food Network series Food Network Star Television series by CBS Television Studios Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from June 2014 TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 22 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who won this season's food network star
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[
"\n\n\nName\n\nAge\n\nHometown\n\nOccupation\n\nEliminated\n\n\nChristian Petroni\n34\nPort Chester, New York\nChef\nWinner\n\n\nJess Tom\nPrinceton, New Jersey\nFood Novelist[C]\n\n\nManny Washington\n30\nOrlando, Florida\nFirehouse cook\nRunner-up\n\n\nAmy Pottinger\n33\nHonolulu, Hawaii\nFood Blogger\nWeek 8\n\n\nPalak Patel\n38\nNew York, New York\nPersonal chef\nWeek 7\n\n\nKatie Dixon\n35\nHattiesburg, Mississippi\nPrivate chef\nWeek 6\n\n\nHarrison Bader\n26\nLos Angeles, California\nPersonal chef\nWeek 4\n\n\nAdam Gertler\n40\nChef, TV Personality, Actor, Podcaster\n\n\nRebekah Lingenfelser\n34\nSavannah, Georgia\nMarketing and Public Relations director\nWeek 3\n\n\nSamone Lett\n46\nSanford, Florida\nPersonal chef and caterer\nWeek 2\n\n\nJason Goldstein\n40\nNew York, New York\nChiropractor; culinary teacher\nWeek 1\n\n\nChris Valdes\n26\nMiami, Florida\nCaterer\n\n",
"\n\n\nName\n\nAge\n\nHometown\n\nOccupation\n\nEliminated\n\n\nChristian Petroni\n34\nPort Chester, New York\nChef\nWinner\n\n\nJess Tom\nPrinceton, New Jersey\nFood Novelist[C]\n\n\nManny Washington\n30\nOrlando, Florida\nFirehouse cook\nRunner-up\n\n\nAmy Pottinger\n33\nHonolulu, Hawaii\nFood Blogger\nWeek 8\n\n\nPalak Patel\n38\nNew York, New York\nPersonal chef\nWeek 7\n\n\nKatie Dixon\n35\nHattiesburg, Mississippi\nPrivate chef\nWeek 6\n\n\nHarrison Bader\n26\nLos Angeles, California\nPersonal chef\nWeek 4\n\n\nAdam Gertler\n40\nChef, TV Personality, Actor, Podcaster\n\n\nRebekah Lingenfelser\n34\nSavannah, Georgia\nMarketing and Public Relations director\nWeek 3\n\n\nSamone Lett\n46\nSanford, Florida\nPersonal chef and caterer\nWeek 2\n\n\nJason Goldstein\n40\nNew York, New York\nChiropractor; culinary teacher\nWeek 1\n\n\nChris Valdes\n26\nMiami, Florida\nCaterer\n\n"
] |
[
"Christian Petroni",
"Jess Tom"
] |
-7834991301182319283
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Car SOS
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Car SOS - wikipedia Car SOS Jump to : navigation , search Car SOS Genre Motoring Entertainment Directed by Stephen Taylor Woodrow Steve Bonser James Redgate Ben Mann Presented by Tim Shaw Fuzz Townshend Starring Car restoration team Narrated by Jim Smallman ( series 1 - 3 ) Phil Cornwell ( series 4 - ) Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 6 No. of episodes 55 ( including 1 special ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Charlie Bunce Theo Williams Carolyn Payne Producer ( s ) Stephen Taylor Woodrow Location ( s ) To - Ta Classics Ltd in Oldbury , West Midlands , England Editor ( s ) Del Kersting David Barry Steve Wey Running time 44 mins approx ( not inc . advertisements ) Production company ( s ) Renegade Pictures National Geographic Channels NGC UK Partnership Distributor NGC Network International Release Original network National Geographic Channel More4 ( repeats ) Picture format HDTV 1080i Original release 2013 ( 2013 ) -- present External links Car SOS at National Geographic Production website Car SOS is a British automotive entertainment television series that airs on National Geographic Channel as well as being repeated on More4 . The series began in 2013 , and is presented by Tim Shaw and Fuzz Townshend . The show features Shaw and Townshend working closely with the specialist car restoration team helping to restore owners ' classic cars from across the UK and Europe , often beginning in serious state of disrepair . The owner and their car , unbeknownst to them , are nominated by a relative or friend because of an inability to restore the vehicle themselves due to unforeseen medical and / or financial reasons . The owners are then reunited with their finished car , much to their surprise at a staged event usually setup by Shaw . In a special series three episode , however , the owner was aware , and the car , a 1962 Austin - Healey Sebring Sprite , once driven by a racing team that included Steve McQueen and Sir Stirling Moss ( the latter of which featured in the episode ) , was restored due to its meaning to the classic car world instead , and was placed in the Heritage Motor Centre once completed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Presenters 2 Format 3 Series 4 Episode list 4.1 Series 1 4.2 Series 2 4.3 Series 3 4.4 Series 4 4.5 Series 5 4.6 Series 6 5 References 6 External links Presenters ( edit ) The series is presented by motor vehicle and engineering enthusiast Tim Shaw , and musician and mechanic , Fuzz Townshend . Townshend leads a team of car restoration experts who mainly work off camera , though they do have occasional cameos , most notably `` Workshop '' Phil Palmer 's appearances within skits or scripted light - hearted moments taking place within the workshop . Presenters Presenter , Tim Shaw . Presenter , Fuzz Townshend . Format ( edit ) Each episode begins with Shaw and Townshend picking up and reviewing the featured car . Shaw will discuss why the car is being restored with the nominee 's relatives , while Townshend inspects the car 's state , working out the amount of work needed . The car is then winched onto a trailer , and taken to Townshend 's workshop , where it is inspected further by all of the restoration team . As the work on restoring the car begins , Shaw is given a list and travels the country to find the needed parts , often portrayed in a comedic , ' blagging ' manner . Shaw and Townshend will occasionally break from the restoration , leaving it in the safe hands of the team to visit other restored models of the same car , test driving them and talking with other owners . Towards the end of the restoration , Shaw will invite the nominee 's family to discuss setting up a fake scenario or event , in which they can return the car to the owner . The fake event is also usually presented in a comedic manner , with Shaw often being in a form of disguise , before revealing who he is , and his intentions to the owner , who is then presented with their restored car . A special aired as the third episode of the third series featuring Sir Stirling Moss . A 1962 Sebring Austin Healey Sprite , once driven at Sebring as part of a racing team featuring Steve McQueen and Sir Stirling Moss , was restored by the team and was placed in the Heritage Motor Centre museum once completed . In the 1962 race , a sister car was driven by Moss to a class win , and second overall . That car had since been destroyed , leaving the team car , restored by the team , as the only Sebring Sprite left in the world . Series ( edit ) Five series of Car SOS have aired as of May 2017 , each containing 10 episodes . Series Episodes First aired 10 2013 10 2014 10 2015 10 2016 5 10 2017 6 10 2018 Episode list ( edit ) Series 1 ( edit ) Total episode no . No. in series Title `` Cosworth in Crisis '' TV presenter Tim Shaw and master mechanic Fuzz Townshend come to the rescue of Darren 's 1986 Ford Sierra RS Cosworth , which was neglected after a family tragedy . `` Beetle Mania '' Fuzz and Tim attempt to renovate ' Boris ' , a Volkswagen Type 1 Beetle that may once have been a beauty but soon found itself rusting in the garage . `` Phoenix Jeep '' Tim and Fuzz embark on a rapid renovation project to surprise Dick Masters , the owner of a US Army Willys Jeep that survived World War II only to be damaged in an arson attack . `` Fiat Fiasco '' Tim and Fuzz meet Jeremy , who lost his wife and was unable to work after a car accident . Can they give Jeremy 's Fiat 850 Sport the makeover it desperately needs ? 5 5 `` Anglia Angels '' Fuzz and Tim encounter the Hutchings - Clarke family , who each has a Ford Anglia except James , whose own model does n't even have an engine . Will the guys manage to restore it ? 6 6 `` The Rover 's Return '' Rover - lover Steve 's health issues have ended his dreams of renovating his 1972 Rover P6 . Can Tim and Fuzz beat the odds and save Steve 's beloved car ? 7 7 `` Triumph of the Stag '' Tim and Fuzz head to Portsmouth on a mission to rescue injured former Royal Navy diver Morgan 's 1976 Triumph Stag and , hopefully , put a smile back on his face . 8 8 `` Austin Re-Powered '' Fuzz and Tim visit Suffolk to secretly restore a charismatic but worn - out 1928 Austin 12 Tourer : ' a mobster 's car ' as Tim puts it . 9 9 `` Zodiac Come Back '' Tim and Fuzz head to Norfolk to revive an ageing Ford Zodiac . They plan to help the owner get behind the wheel of his beloved car for the first time in 20 years , but tensions soon arise . 10 10 `` Lotus Flowers '' Fuzz and Tim are off to Warwickshire to spruce up a 1970 Lotus Elan , whose ex-racing driver owner has a painful spinal injury that has prevented him from maintaining the vehicle . Series 2 ( edit ) Total episode no . No. in series Title 11 `` Cortina Conundrum '' Tim and Fuzz must restore a Ford Cortina GT that has seen better days , but when they arrive at the lock - up where it is kept , they find that the vehicle is little more than a well - preserved body shell . 12 `` MG Miracle '' Fuzz Townshend and Tim Shaw head to Cheshire to answer an SOS call about a 1938 MG TA , whose owner is unable to restore it to a roadworthy state due to illness . 13 `` A Porsche Puzzle '' Fuzz and Tim race against the clock to restore a 1980s Porsche 911 from East Anglia that has seen better days . The car is suffering from an almost terminal case of rust and is collapsing in on itself . 14 `` The Herald Angels '' Tim and Fuzz head to Cornwall to save a poorly 1970 Triumph Herald , a much - cherished motor that has been left standing in a garage for over four years due to its owner 's tragic family circumstances . 15 5 `` Land Rover Legend '' Fuzz and Tim head to South Yorkshire to tackle an ever - lengthening list of mechanical problems suffered by a Series 1 Land Rover , a family heirloom that has been off the road for 16 years . 16 6 `` Start the Dart '' Tim and Fuzz are off to Berkshire to give some TLC to a forgotten 1960s sports classic , a Daimler SP250 Dart which has been gathering dust in a shed for over 10 years . 17 7 `` Morris Traveller Mayday '' Fuzz and Tim head to Leighton Buzzard in Bedfordshire to help Richard and Tracy finish restoring a 1968 Morris Traveller for their son Justin . 18 8 `` Danish Dilemma '' Tim and Fuzz embark on their first continental car rescue as they head over to Denmark to fix a 1968 Volvo Amazon , a Scandinavian classic that 's been in the same family for over 45 years . 19 9 `` Escort RS in Distress '' Fuzz and Tim travel to Dorset to restore Adrian 's 1980s Ford Escort RS 1600i , which has been gathering dust in a damp garage for seven years . Can the duo bring the vehicle back to peak condition ? 20 10 `` Campervan Challenge '' Tim and Fuzz head to Hartlepool in the north east of England , where they hope to cheer up car enthusiast Brian by secretly restoring his cherished 1971 classic VW T2 Type 2 campervan . Series 3 ( edit ) Total episode no . No. in series Title 21 `` E-Type Emergency '' Ill health turned caretaker Mick 's childhood dream of owning a Jaguar E-Type into a nightmare , and now his 60s supercar has seen better days . Tim and Fuzz try to get his iconic car back on the road . 22 `` Awesome Audi '' Barry from Brighton dreams of restoring his 1984 Audi UR Quattro but the vehicle has been under a tarpaulin cover for 10 years . Tim and Fuzz visit the south coast to bring the car back to its best . 23 `` Stirling Moss Sprite Special '' Tim and Fuzz fix up a historic Austin Healey Sprite , which has been in a garage since 1968 , so that Sir Stirling Moss , who raced in it at Sebring in the USA in 1962 , can get back behind the wheel . 24 `` Morgan Mayhem '' Tim and Fuzz head to Northumberland to rescue a 1934 Morgan F4 three - wheeler , one of the most successful lightweight cars from the early days of motoring , which has been in a shed for over 50 years . 25 5 `` Skyline Sensation '' In Hampshire , Tim and Fuzz convert an accident - damaged 1995 Nissan Skyline GTR that has been kept in a shed from a sorry - looking nightmare into a street racer 's dream for its owner , petrolhead Kim . 26 6 `` Alfa Romeo Renaissance '' Fuzz and Tim encounter a beloved 1963 Alfa Romeo Giulia Spider , a two - seater convertible that has been kept in a dusty barn in Essex since its owner 's plans to restore it ground to a halt . 27 7 `` Tim 's Golf GTI Obsession '' Fuzz and Tim are in Hampshire to repair a 1982 VW Golf GTI Mk1 that has been kept in a garage since a road accident in 2001 . But they have different ideas about how the finished car should look . 28 8 `` Lancia Reborn '' Fuzz and Tim try to restore a high - end car , a 1967 Lancia Flavia coupé , that has been hidden away for over 30 years in a Rochdale garage , but the rebuild culminates in a race against the clock . 29 9 `` Little Black Corvette '' Tim and Fuzz head to Essex to rescue a 1974 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray that has been off the road for years . But back at the workshop , they discover it might be a bigger job than they 'd anticipated . 30 10 `` Vive La Citroën '' Tim and Fuzz are off to Eastbourne in East Sussex to take on an iconic French front - wheel drive car , a 1954 Citroën Traction Avant belonging to former watchmaker and classic car lover Andrew . Series 4 ( edit ) Total episode no . No. in series Title Original air date 31 `` Volvo P1800 '' April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) Peter 's 1964 Volvo P1800 gets heavenly treatment by Fuzz , Tim , and Sir Roger Moore . 32 `` AC Aceca '' April 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 14 ) Today Tim and Fuzz are off to Leeds to take on one of the most beautiful British sports cars that no one has ever heard of - the AC Aceca . 33 `` BMW 2002 Turbo '' April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) A Car S.O.S. call comes in for a BMW 2002 Turbo , but it becomes apparent that this legendary motor might prove a restoration challenge too far . 34 `` Datsun 240Z '' April 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) Today Tim and Fuzz are off to West Sussex to rescue an iconic 1970s motor - the first truly successful Japanese car export - the Datsun 240z . 35 5 `` Range Rover Vogue SE '' May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) Fuzz Townshend and Tim Shaw restore a 1991 Range Rover , which is a sad reminder of happier days for the owner and her family . 36 6 `` Mazda MX5 '' May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) Fuzz Townshend and Tim Shaw restore a sports car for a former ambulance driver in Plymouth , who was forced to abandon the project for health reasons . 37 7 `` Singer Le Mans '' May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) Fuzz Townshend and Tim Shaw restore a two - seater sports car that has not been on the road for 17 years , belonging to a farmer suffering from dementia . 38 8 `` Vauxhall Astra GTE '' May 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 26 ) General Motors was a late entrant to the hot hatch market - but when it did turn up to the party , it did so with an amazingly effective offering . 39 9 `` Mini Cooper S '' June 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 02 ) Tim and Fuzz head to Eastbourne on a quest to secretly restore a 1962 Mini Cooper S and transform it into a Monte Carlo - winning replica . 40 10 `` Tim and Fuzz 's Greatest Hits '' June 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 09 ) Tim and Fuzz take a tour of the UK , to visit their favourite cars and owners after they 've given them their cars back . They also air previously un-seen clips . Series 5 ( edit ) Total episode no . No. in series Title Original air date 41 `` Mercedes Pagoda '' March 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 16 ) Tim and Fuzz restore a 1965 Mercedes 230 SL `` Pagoda '' that has previously been welded very poorly , to the point where Fuzz utters that it is the worst shell he has ever seen , and return it to its former glory . 42 `` Jaguar Mark 2 '' March 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 23 ) Fuzz Townshend and Tim Shaw restore a classic 1962 Mark 2 Jaguar 2.4 litre , which the owner could n't restore due to serious complications after what was supposed to be a minor stomach operation . 43 `` Aston Martin DB6 '' March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) Fuzz Townshend and Tim Shaw secretly restore an Aston Martin DB6 for an owner who has been prevented from working on it by health problems . 44 `` Fiat Dino '' April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) Fuzz Townshend and Tim Shaw restore the smallest car they ever worked on for a man who has endured a series of family tragedies . 45 5 `` Renault 5 GT Turbo '' April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) The Car SOS team restore a 1988 Renault 5 GT Turbo , the owner of which had a sudden kidney failure that has left him with a irreversible kidney disease , that makes it impossible for him to work on his beloved car . 46 6 `` Fiat 500 '' April 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 20 ) The Car SOS team restore a Fiat 500 , but when they discover the car has terminal rust , Fuzz and Tim travel to Italy to pick up a better shell , and restore it for its loving owner who has been dealing with the loss of his wife and son . 47 7 `` Sunbeam Alpine '' April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) The Car SOS team restore a rusty , badly repaired 1960 Sunbeam Alpine , for its owner Ray who was left severely disabled after a series of unlucky events , which have rendered him completely unable to work on cars . 48 8 `` Caterham 7 '' May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) Fuzz Townshend and Tim Shaw restore a Caterham 7 that belongs to a former amateur racer , who has had to retire from the track since being diagnosed with cancer . 49 9 `` Austin Tilly Truck '' May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) Fuzz Townshend and Tim Shaw restore a former soldier 's army truck that has been used as a farm vehicle for 60 years . 50 10 `` Mazda RX - 7 '' May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) Fuzz Townshend and Tim Shaw secretly restore a Japanese sports car with an unusual rotary engine belonging to a charity worker with a degenerative eye condition . Series 6 ( edit ) Total episode no . No. in series Title Original air date 51 `` MG MGA '' March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) Tim and Fuzz get help from James Nesbitt as they try to fix up a 1959 MGA roadster that has been kept in a damp barn for over 40 years . 52 `` Lancia Delta Integrale Evoluzione II '' March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) Tim and Fuzz secretly fix up an Italian car enthusiast 's rusty World Rally - winning pride and joy . This restoration took a tragic turn when the car 's owner died while it was being worked on . At the family 's request , Fuzz and Tim completed the process as a tribute and returned the car to the owner 's widow . 53 `` VW Karmann Ghia '' March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) Fuzz and Tim restore a 1965 German classic car for Lee , who has been unable to fix - up the vehicle himself due to ill health . 54 `` Triumph GT6 '' March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) Marfan 's syndrome means Andrew can no longer work on his classic 1971 sports car , so he is in for a surprise when Tim and Fuzz sneak it away for a secret fix - up . 55 5 `` Citroën DS '' April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) Fuzz and Tim go to France to find a war veteran 's old car , restore it after years of neglect , and return it to its previous owner . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Car SOS at NatGeoTV '' . National Geographic Channel UK . NGC Europe Ltd . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Car SOS on More4 '' . Channel4.com . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Visit the Austin - Healey Sebring Sprite at the Heritage Motor Centre , Gaydon '' . Car SOS on Facebook . Car SOS on Facebook . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Car SOS , Series One Episode Guide '' . Radiotimes.com . Radiotimes . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Car SOS , Series Two Episode Guide '' . Radiotimes.com . Radiotimes . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Car SOS , Series Three Episode Guide '' . Radiotimes.com . Radiotimes . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official Car SOS site at National Geographic Channel UK Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Car_SOS&oldid=833126912 '' Categories : National Geographic Channel programs Channel 4 television programmes 2013 British television programme debuts 2010s British television series English - language television programs Driving in the United Kingdom Automotive television series Conservation and restoration of vehicles Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use British English from January 2016 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 20 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who pays for the cars on car sos
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-5618227501152087668
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We'll Live and Die in These Towns
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We 'll Live and Die in These Towns - wikipedia We 'll Live and Die in These Towns Jump to : navigation , search We 'll Live and Die in These Towns Studio album by The Enemy Released 9 July 2007 Genre Indie rock , punk rock Length 37 : 11 Label Warner Bros . Producer Barny , Owen Morris , Matt Terry The Enemy chronology We 'll Live and Die in These Towns ( 2007 ) Music for the People ( 2009 ) Music for the People 2009 Singles from We 'll Live and Die in These Towns `` 40 Days and 40 Nights '' Released : 2006 `` It 's Not OK '' Released : 2007 `` Away from Here '' Released : 2007 `` Had Enough '' Released : 2007 `` You 're Not Alone '' Released : 2007 `` We 'll Live and Die in These Towns '' Released : 2007 `` This Song '' Released : 2008 We 'll Live And Die In These Towns is the debut album of British indie rock band The Enemy , released on 9 July 2007 . It went to number # 1 on its first week of release in the British album charts . It peaked at # 34 on the World Album Chart . The album reached # 75 in the UK end of year chart selling around 222,000 copies in 2007 . In February 2008 it was given platinum certification meaning sales of over 300,000 copies . A low - quality version of the full album was leaked on 3 July , containing both demo and non-album versions of particular songs . For the single release of `` This Song '' it was renamed `` This Song Is About You '' . The song `` Aggro '' is featured in the game Guitar Hero World Tour . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reception 2 Track listing 2.1 Writers 2.2 Signing Session 3 References Reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 61 / 100 Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Drowned in Sound ( 4 / 10 ) Gigwise.com The Guardian NME ( 8 / 10 ) Uncut Yahoo ! Music UK ( 6 / 10 ) Stereology ( 8 / 10 ) Critical response to We 'll Live and Die in These Towns tended toward the positive . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album has received an average score of 61 , based on 11 reviews . Track listing ( edit ) `` Aggro '' -- 3 : 25 `` Away From Here '' -- 3 : 02 `` Pressure '' -- 3 : 18 `` Had Enough '' - 2 : 39 `` We 'll Live and Die in These Towns '' -- 3 : 54 `` You 're Not Alone '' -- 3 : 44 `` It 's Not OK '' -- 3 : 35 `` Technodanceaphobic '' -- 2 : 34 `` 40 Days and 40 Nights '' -- 3 : 36 `` This Song '' -- 4 : 25 `` Happy Birthday Jane '' -- 2 : 59 Bonus tracks : `` Five Years '' ( David Bowie cover ) - 4 : 31 `` Fear Killed the Youth of our Nation '' - 3 : 31 Writers ( edit ) All songs written by Tom Clarke Signing session ( edit ) On 9 July , the day of release of the album , the band played a special set at HMV Oxford Street in London and in Coventry . The album ' We 'll Live And Die In These Towns ' went to number 1 on 15 July . Preceded by We Are the Night by The Chemical Brothers UK number one album 15 July 2007 -- 22 July 2007 Succeeded by One Chance by Paul Potts References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Enemy : We 'll Live and Die in These Towns ( 2007 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CNET Networks , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Allmusic review Jump up ^ Drowned in Sound review Jump up ^ Gigwise.com review Jump up ^ The Guardian review Jump up ^ NME review Jump up ^ Uncut review Jump up ^ Yahoo ! Music UK review Jump up ^ Stereology review Jump up ^ Enemy , The ( 6 ) -- We 'll Live And Die In These Towns . Discogs . Retrieved 13 April 2014 Jump up ^ The Enemy : We 'll Live and Die in These Towns - credits . AllMusic . Retrieved 13 April 2014 ( hide ) The Enemy Tom Clarke Andy Hopkins Liam Watts Studio albums We 'll Live and Die in These Towns Music for the People Streets in the Sky Singles `` Away from Here '' `` Had Enough '' `` You 're Not Alone '' `` We 'll Live and Die in These Towns '' `` No Time for Tears '' Related articles Warner Music Group Stiff Records Cooking Vinyl Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We%27ll_Live_and_Die_in_These_Towns&oldid=802368353 '' Categories : 2007 debut albums The Enemy ( UK band ) albums Warner Bros. Records albums Albums produced by Owen Morris Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2012 Use British English from July 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 18 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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the enemy we'll live and die in these towns lyrics
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Between the devil and the deep blue sea
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Between the devil and the deep blue sea - wikipedia Between the devil and the deep blue sea This article is about the idiom . For other uses , see Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article appears to be a dictionary definition . Please rewrite it to present the subject from an encyclopedic point of view . If it can not be turned into a full encyclopedia article in the near future , consider moving it to Wiktionary . Steps for moving to Wiktionary : Check that this article meets Wiktionary 's criteria for inclusion . Check that Wiktionary does not have an article on this word or phrase , as verified using the search page . If Wiktionary has a definition already , change this tag to ( ( TWCleanup2 ) ) or else consider a soft redirect to Wiktionary by replacing the text on this page with ( ( Wi ) ) . If Wiktionary does not have the definition yet , consider moving the whole article to Wiktionary by replacing this tag with the template ( ( Copy to Wiktionary ) ) . This template will no longer automatically categorize articles as candidates to move to Wiktionary . Look up between the devil and the deep blue sea in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` Between the devil and the deep blue sea '' is an idiom meaning a dilemma -- i.e. , to choose between two undesirable situations ( equivalent to `` between a rock and a hard place '' ) . The first recorded citation of `` the Devil and the deep sea '' in print is in Robert Monro 's His expedition with the worthy Scots regiment called Mac - keyes , 1637 : `` I , with my partie , did lie on our poste , as betwixt the devill and the deep sea . '' See also ( edit ) Between Scylla and Charybdis References ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Between_the_devil_and_the_deep_blue_sea&oldid=795867310 '' Categories : Dilemmas English - language idioms Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2009 All articles needing additional references Flagged dictionary definitions Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 August 2017 , at 00 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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between the devil and the deep blue sea idiom origin
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Joel Kinnaman
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Joel Kinnaman - wikipedia Joel Kinnaman Jump to : navigation , search Joel Kinnaman Kinnaman in 2014 Charles Joel Nordström Kinnaman ( 1979 - 11 - 25 ) 25 November 1979 ( age 37 ) Stockholm , Sweden Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 1990 -- present Spouse ( s ) Cleo Wattenström Relatives Melinda Kinnaman ( half - sister ) Charles Joel Nordström Kinnaman ( born 25 November 1979 ) is a Swedish American actor , best known in Sweden for playing the lead role in the Swedish film Easy Money , a role that earned him a Guldbagge Award in the `` Best Actor '' category , and also for his roles as Frank Wagner in the Johan Falk film series and Governor Will Conway in the U.S. version of House of Cards . He starred as detective Stephen Holder on AMC 's The Killing , and played Alex Murphy in the 2014 RoboCop remake , and Rick Flag in the film adaptation of Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) , based on the DC Comics anti-hero team of the same name . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 Awards and nominations 5.1 Film 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Kinnaman was born and raised in Stockholm . His mother , Bitte , a therapist , is a Swedish citizen . His father , Steve Kinnaman ( originally David Kinnaman ) , is an American who was drafted during the Vietnam War and deserted the military from his base in Bangkok . Kinnaman has both Swedish and American citizenship , because of his father 's American nationality . Kinnaman 's father , whose family was from the American Midwest , is of English , German , Irish , and Scottish descent , while Kinnaman 's mother is Ukrainian Jewish descent . He has five sisters , one of whom is actress Melinda Kinnaman ( his half - sister ) . During his childhood , Kinnaman learned two languages as he `` spoke English with my dad and Swedish with my mom . '' Kinnaman spent a year in Texas as a high school exchange student . Career ( edit ) Kinnaman at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con to promote Suicide Squad He originally started his career as a child actor in 1990 , in the soap opera Storstad . His older sister was dating one of the show 's directors , and he asked Joel to try out for a role . After portraying Felix Lundström in 22 episodes , he stepped away from acting . Kinnaman restarted his acting career in 2002 , taking part in a thriller called The Invisible and enrolling in the Swedish Academic School of Drama in Malmö , where actors such as Michael Nyqvist have studied . He graduated in 2007 , and afterwards attracted the attention of Swedish media in a stage adaptation of Crime and Punishment . Kinnaman then went on to star in nine Swedish movies in 14 months . He made his breakthrough in the 2009 film I skuggan av värmen and his success continued with a role in six films of the Johan Falk film series . He was then cast in the film Easy Money ( released January 2010 ) , which brought him attention in Sweden and the rest of the world . Looking to expand his acting career , Kinnaman hired an agent in the United States , the same agent that represents Johnny Depp . It was announced in the spring of 2010 that he would be making his international film debut in the thriller The Darkest Hour , which began filming in Moscow in June 2010 and was released in December 2011 . Beginning in April 2011 , Kinnaman had a starring role as Detective Stephen Holder in the AMC television series The Killing . Kinnaman was one of the contenders for the lead roles in Thor ( 2011 ) and Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) . He told the newspaper Östran that he `` was really close to getting the lead role in Mad Max 4 . It was between me and two others , and the one who got the role was Tom Hardy . ( The director ) was very pleased ( with my performance ) -- but they needed someone who seemed older . '' Regarding Thor , he has stated that `` they wanted someone with a Scandinavian touch . There were only five candidates left in the end , but unfortunately I could n't fly over ( to the United States ) and do test shoots with Natalie Portman , because it would interfere with the filming of Easy Money . '' Although Kinnaman has said that he is eager to work and become recognized in America , he added that `` I absolutely do n't feel that I have to take any role that I can get just because it is the United States . I 'm looking for something interesting , I 'm still young in my artistry , and I must dare to do things even when there 's a risk for failure '' . Kinnaman reunited with Easy Money director Daniel Espinosa in his Hollywood debut , 2012 's Safe House . On 3 March 2012 , it was confirmed that Kinnaman would play the lead role of Alex James Murphy / Robocop in the 2014 remake of 1987 's RoboCop . The film was released in February 2014 . In 2015 , he appeared in the drama Knight of Cups and starred in the thrillers Run All Night and Child 44 . Kinnaman next played Rick Flag Jr. in the Warner Bros. and DC Comics adaptation of Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) , directed by David Ayer . In 2016 , Kinnaman also starred in the independent drama - thriller film Edge of Winter . He plays Elliot Baker , a father of two who takes his children on a shooting trip that goes horribly wrong . The film was released on demand on 27 July , and in select theatres on 12 August . Joel has also been cast as the main protagonist in Netflix 's Altered Carbon , an adaption to Richard K. Morgan 's hardboiled cyberpunk science fiction novel of the same name . Netflix has ordered a 10 - episode season one . Kinnaman will portray Takeshi Kovacs , a native of the planet Harlan 's World . Kovacs is of Japanese and Eastern - European descent , and was a teenage gang member before enlisting in the military . After leaving the Envoy Corps , an elite military force , Kovacs returned to criminal life and became a mercenary , and was eventually imprisoned , his cortical `` stack '' stored without a body for decades at a time as punishment before being paroled or hired out to work high - risk situations . Personal life ( edit ) In mid-2014 , Kinnaman began dating Swedish tattoo artist Cleo Wattenström . In April 2016 , Kinnaman revealed he and Wattenström are married . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2002 Den osynlige Kalle 2003 Hannah med H Andreas 2005 Storm The Bartender 2005 Tjenare kungen Dickan 2006 Vinnarskallar Gurra 2007 Arn -- The Knight Templar Sverker Karlsson 2008 Arn -- The Kingdom at Road 's End Sverker Karlsson 2009 In Your Veins Erik 2009 183 dagar Byron 2009 Johan Falk - Gruppen för särskilda insatser Frank Wagner Nominated -- Guldbagge Award for the Best Supporting Actor 2009 Johan Falk - Vapenbröder Frank Wagner 2009 Johan Falk - National Target Frank Wagner 2009 Johan Falk - Leo Gaut Frank Wagner 2009 Johan Falk - Operation Näktergal Frank Wagner 2009 Johan Falk - De fredlösa Frank Wagner 2009 Simon & Malou Stefan Easy Money Johan `` JW '' Westlund Guldbagge Award for the Best Actor 2011 The Darkest Hour Skyler 2011 The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Christer Malm 2012 Safe House Keller 2012 Lola Versus Luke 2012 Easy Money II : Hard to Kill Johan `` JW '' Westlund 2012 Johan Falk -- Spelets regler Frank Wagner 2012 Johan Falk -- De 107 patrioterna Frank Wagner 2012 Johan Falk -- Alla råns moder Frank Wagner 2012 Johan Falk -- Organizatsija Karayan Frank Wagner 2012 Johan Falk -- Barninfiltratören Frank Wagner 2013 Johan Falk -- Kodnamn Lisa Frank Wagner 2013 Easy Money III : Life Deluxe Johan `` JW '' Westlund 2014 RoboCop Alex Murphy / RoboCop 2015 Knight of Cups Errol 2015 Run All Night Mike Conlon 2015 Child 44 Wasilij Nikitin 2016 Suicide Squad Rick Flag 2016 Edge of Winter Elliot Baker Television Year Title Role Notes Storstad Felix Lundström Swedish TV series ; credited as Joel Nordström 2008 Andra Avenyn Gustav Swedish TV series 2011 -- 2014 The Killing Stephen Holder U.S. TV series Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television 2016 -- present House of Cards Governor Will Conway Main Role 2017 Altered Carbon Takeshi Kovacs Upcoming series Awards and nominations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Award Notes 2011 Guldbagge Awards Best Actor - Easy Money 2012 Saturn Award Nominated - Best Supporting Actor on Television - The Killing References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Joel Kinnaman '' ( in Swedish ) . The Swedish Film Database ( Swedish Film Institute ) . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Rehlin , Gunnar ( 7 April 2010 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman klar för Hollywoodfilm '' . Helsingborgs Dagblad . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hägred , Per ( 19 January 2010 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman : ' Min revisor är i chocktillstånd ' '' . Expressen . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Suicide Squad ' Update : ' RoboCop 's Joel Kinnaman Cast as Rick Flagg '' . 13 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rochlinfer , Margy ( 7 February 2014 ) . `` Emotions Churning Under Armor : Joel Kinnaman Jumps From ' The Killing ' to ' RoboCop ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Helen ( 6 February 2014 ) . `` Robocop Joel Kinnaman 's Mom Tried to Send Him to Therapy for Walking Like a Robot '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Yglesias , Matthew . `` Joel Kinnaman from The Killing : An Interview '' . Slate . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Tweet Lina Wennersten 08 - 13 59 36 lina.wennersten@svd.se . `` Kroppslig kamp Kultur SvD '' ( in Swedish ) . Svd.se . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Eichel , Larry ( 9 December 1990 ) . `` Home Swede Home : Why Some Vietnam Dodgers Have n't Returned '' . The Seattle Times . David Kinnaman , as Steve was known for the first half of his life ... Jump up ^ Ventre , Michael ( 16 June 2011 ) . `` Killing actors all hiding secrets '' . Variety . Jump up ^ https://archive.is/20120913141051/www.thedaily.com/page/2012/04/02/040212-gossip-tv-joel-kinnaman-1-2 Jump up ^ `` Joel Kinnaman regerar i `` Arn '' - Film '' ( in Swedish ) . www.arbetarbladet.se . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` RoboCop 's Jewish ! '' . ^ Jump up to : Andersson , Jan - Olov ( 22 August 2009 ) . `` -- Jag fick sparka ihjäl Skarsgård '' . Aftonbladet . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Albiniak , Paige . `` In for the kill '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ `` -- Jag ville slå honom '' . aftonbladet.se . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Gradvall.se . `` Gradvall.se -- Artiklar Intervjuer Essäer 1979 - 2016 '' . gradvall.se . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Helmerson , Erik ( 11 January 2010 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman nära roll i Mad Max 4 '' . Östran . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Zac Efron to play drug smuggler in thriller '' . Reuters. 15 April 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Holmqvist , Emilia ( 22 March 2010 ) . `` Kinnaman ska få oss att springa '' . Aftonbladet . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( 14 April 2010 ) . `` AMC adds four actors to Killing pilot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( 16 March 2009 ) . `` Natalie Portman Joining Thor ? '' . IGN . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jen . `` Joel Kinnaman Talks Easy Money , His Marty Scorsese - Style Relationship With Daniel Espinosa & The Future Of The Dragon Tattoo Films '' . IndieWire . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 13 February 2015 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman eyed for Rick Flagg role in Suicide Squad '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Edge of Winter actor Joel Kinnaman says ' toughest shoot ' was filming in a freezing Sudbury lake '' . The Hamilton Spectator. 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 12 May 2016 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman to star in Netflix 's Altered Carbon series ; Miguel Sapochnik directs '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Här myser Kinnaman med svenska Cleo , 22 '' . Aftonbladet. 9 August 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cleo Wattenström , Joel Kinnaman 's Wife : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy . 29 May 2017 . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Bacardi , Francesca ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Surprise ! Joel Kinnaman and Cleo Wattenström Are Married '' . Eonline.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gugliemi , Jodi ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman Reveals He Secretly Married Cleo Wattenström '' . People.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` De kan vinna en Guldbagge '' . Dagens Nyheter. 8 January 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( 29 February 2012 ) . `` Saturn Award Nominations Announced ; Hugo and Harry Potter Lead with 10 Nominations Each '' . Collider . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . External links ( edit ) Joel Kinnaman on IMDb Joel Kinnaman on Facebook Joel Kinnaman on Twitter Joel Kinnaman on Instagram ( hide ) Guldbagge Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role 1963 -- 1990 Keve Hjelm ( 1963 / 64 ) Jarl Kulle ( 1964 / 65 ) Thommy Berggren ( 1965 / 66 ) Per Oscarsson ( 1966 / 67 ) Halvar Björk ( 1967 / 68 ) Roland Hedlund ( 1968 / 69 ) Carl - Gustaf Lindstedt ( 1969 / 70 ) Eddie Axberg ( 1971 / 72 ) Gösta Ekman ( 1972 / 73 ) Allan Edwall ( 1973 / 74 ) Göran Stangertz ( 1974 / 75 ) Toivo Pawlo ( 1975 / 76 ) Håkan Serner ( 1976 / 77 ) Anders Lönnbro ( 1977 / 78 ) Anders Åberg ( 1978 / 79 ) Peter Lindgren ( 1979 / 80 ) Ingvar Hirdwall ( 1980 / 81 ) Stellan Skarsgård ( 1981 / 82 ) Jarl Kulle ( 1982 / 83 ) Sven Wollter ( 1984 ) Anton Glanzelius ( 1985 ) Erland Josephson ( 1986 ) Max von Sydow ( 1987 ) Tomas Bolme ( 1988 ) Stellan Skarsgård ( 1989 ) Börje Ahlstedt ( 1990 ) 1991 -- present Lasse Åberg ( 1991 ) Rolf Lassgård ( 1992 ) Sven Lindberg ( 1993 ) Sven - Bertil Taube ( 1994 ) Loa Falkman ( 1995 ) Max von Sydow ( 1996 ) Göran Stangertz ( 1997 ) Krister Henriksson ( 1998 ) Björn Kjellman ( 1999 ) Kjell Bergqvist ( 2000 ) Sven Wollter ( 2001 ) Michael Nyqvist ( 2002 ) Jonas Karlsson ( 2003 ) Robert Gustafsson ( 2004 ) Krister Henriksson ( 2005 ) Gustaf Skarsgård ( 2006 ) Michael Segerström ( 2007 ) Mikael Persbrandt ( 2008 ) Claes Ljungmark ( 2009 ) Joel Kinnaman ( 2010 ) Sven - Bertil Taube ( 2011 ) Johannes Brost ( 2012 ) Mikael Persbrandt ( 2013 ) Sverrir Gudnason ( 2014 ) Rolf Lassgård ( 2015 ) Anders Mossling ( 2016 ) VIAF : 207335285 ISNI : 0000 0001 4006 500X GND : 1021087246 SUDOC : 15556465X BNF : cb16613955q ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kinnaman&oldid=802907058 '' Categories : 1979 births 20th - century American male actors 20th - century Swedish male actors 21st - century American male actors 21st - century Swedish male actors Swedish emigrants to the United States American male film actors American male television actors American people of English descent American people of German descent American people of Irish descent American people of Scottish descent American people of Swedish - Jewish descent American people of Ukrainian - Jewish descent Best Actor Guldbagge Award winners Jewish American male actors Living people Male actors from Stockholm Swedish Jews Swedish male film actors Swedish male television actors Swedish people of American descent Swedish people of English descent Swedish people of German descent Swedish people of Irish descent Swedish people of Scottish descent Swedish people of Ukrainian descent Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from April 2011 Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 06 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who is the actor that plays holder in the killing
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"Charles Joel Nordström Kinnaman (born 25 November 1979[1]) is a Swedish American actor,[1] best known in Sweden for playing the lead role in the Swedish film Easy Money,[2][3] a role that earned him a Guldbagge Award in the \"Best Actor\" category, and also for his roles as Frank Wagner in the Johan Falk film series and Governor Will Conway in the U.S. version of House of Cards. He starred as detective Stephen Holder on AMC's The Killing, and played Alex Murphy in the 2014 RoboCop remake, and Rick Flag in the film adaptation of Suicide Squad (2016), based on the DC Comics anti-hero team of the same name.[4]"
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"Charles Joel Nordström Kinnaman"
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How Not to Summon a Demon Lord
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How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord - Wikipedia How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord How Not to Summon a Demon Lord The cover of the first light novel featuring main character Shera . 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 ( Isekai Maō to Shōkan Shōjo no Dorei Majutsu ) Genre Comedy , fantasy , harem Light novel Written by Yukiya Murasaki Illustrated by Takahiro Tsurusaki Published by Kodansha English publisher J - Novel Club Demographic Male Imprint Kodansha Lanove Bunko Original run December 2 , 2014 -- present Volumes 10 ( List of volumes ) Manga Written by Naoto Fukuda Published by Kodansha English publisher Seven Seas Entertainment Demographic Shōnen Magazine Suiyōbi no Sirius Original run June 2015 -- present Volumes 7 ( List of volumes ) Anime television series Directed by Yūta Murano Written by Kazuyuki Fudeyasu Music by Yusuke Kato Studio Ajia - do Animation Works Licensed by Crunchyroll Funimation Original network AT - X , Tokyo MX , FNS , SUN English network Funimation Original run July 5 , 2018 -- present Episodes 12 Anime and Manga portal How Not to Summon a Demon Lord ( Japanese : 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 , Hepburn : Isekai Maō to Shōkan Shōjo no Dorei Majutsu , lit . `` The Other World Demon Lord and the Summoning Girl 's Slave Magic '' ) is a Japanese light novel series written by Yukiya Murasaki and illustrated by Takahiro Tsurusaki . The light novels are published in English by J - Novel Club . A manga adaptation by Naoto Fukuda has been running since 2015 , and is licensed by Seven Seas Entertainment . An anime television series adaptation by Ajia - do Animation Works premiered on July 5 , 2018 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Media 3.1 Light novels 3.2 Manga 3.3 Anime 4 Reception 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Takuma Sakamoto is a hikikomori gamer who is mysteriously transported to the world of his favourite MMORPG , Cross Reverie , with the appearance of his own character in the game , the Demon Lord Diablo . The two young girls who summoned him , the pantherian Rem and the elf Shera , attempt to use a spell to make Takuma their servant , but due to his passive `` Magic Reflection '' ability , the spell rebounds , and both end up with magic collars stuck on their necks , thus becoming his slaves instead . With a serious case of social anxiety , Takuma decides to act like his character while interacting with others , and makes use of his high stats and vast knowledge of Cross Reverie 's lore to survive in his new environment , traveling along with Rem and Shera to look for a way to remove their slave collars while helping them with their own , personal issues that led them to summon him in the first place . Characters ( edit ) Takuma Sakamoto ( 坂本 拓真 , Sakamoto Takuma ) / Diablo ( ディアヴロ , Diavuro ) Voiced by : Masaaki Mizunaka ( Japanese ) ; Eric Vale ( English ) Rem Galleu ( レム ・ ガレウ , Remu Gareu ) Voiced by : Azumi Waki ( Japanese ) ; Jad Saxton ( English ) Shera L. Greenwood ( シェラ ・ L ・ グリーン ウッド , Shera L Gurīn'uddo ) Voiced by : Yū Serizawa ( Japanese ) ; Sarah Wiedenheft ( English ) Alicia Crystella ( アリシア ・ クリステラ , Arishia Kurisutera ) Voiced by : Yumi Hara ( Japanese ) ; Sara Ragsdale ( English ) Sylvie ( シルヴィ , Shiruvi ) Voiced by : Rumi Okubo ( Japanese ) ; Leah Clark ( English ) Edelgard ( エデルガルト , Erudorugaruto ) Voiced by : Emiri Katō ( Japanese ) ; Kristi Rothrock ( English ) Klem ( クルム , Kurumu ) Voiced by : Atsumi Tanezaki Celestine Baudelaire ( セレスティーヌ ・ ボード レール , Seresutīnu Bōdorēru ) Voiced by : Sayaka Senbongi ( Japanese ) ; Marissa Lenti ( English ) Mei ( メイ , Mei ) Voiced by : Yūka Morishima ( Japanese ) ; Kimberly Grace ( English ) Emile Bichelberger ( エミール ・ ビュ シェル ベル ジェール , Emīru Byusheruberujēru ) Voiced by : Ryōtarō Okiayu Keera L. Greenwood ( キイラ ・ L ・ グリーン ウッド , Kiira L Gurīn'uddo ) Voiced by : Akira Ishida Chester Ray Galford ( チェスター ・ レイ ・ ガル フォード , Chesutā Rei Garufōdo ) Voiced by : Akio Ōtsuka ( Japanese ) ; Brian Mathis ( English ) Medios ( メディオス , Mediosu ) Voiced by : Sayaka Ohara Saddler ( サドラー , Sadorā ) Media ( edit ) Light novels ( edit ) The light novels are written by Yukiya Murasaki and illustrated by Takahiro Tsurusaki . Kodansha published the first volume under their Lanove Bunko imprint in December 2014 . J - Novel Club announced their license to the series on September 28 , 2017 . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN December 2 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 381433 - 0 December 4 , 2017 -- `` Prologue '' ( プロローグ , Purorōgu ) `` Being Summoned '' ( 召喚 され て みれ ば , Shōkan sa Rete Mireba ) `` Trying to be an Adventurer '' ( 冒険 者 を やっ て みる , Bōken - sha o Yatte Miru ) `` Trying to Save the World '' ( 世界 を 救っ て みる , Sekai o Sukutte Miru ) `` Epilogue '' ( エピローグ , Epirōgu ) May 1 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 381461 - 3 February 19 , 2018 -- `` Prologue '' ( プロローグ , Purorōgu ) `` Meeting with the Governor '' ( 領主 と 会っ て みる , Ryōshu to Atte Miru ) `` Interlude '' ( 幕間 , Makuai ) `` Trying to Avoid a War '' ( 戦争 を 回避 し て みる , Sensō o Kaihi Shite Miru ) `` Interlude '' ( 幕間 , Makuai ) `` Going to War '' ( 戦争 し て みる , Sensō Shite Miru ) `` Epilogue '' ( エピローグ , Epirōgu ) September 2 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 381487 - 3 May 7 , 2018 -- `` Prologue '' ( プロローグ , Purorōgu ) `` Interlude '' ( 幕間 , Makuai ) `` Speaking with the Fallen '' ( 魔 族 と 話し て みる , Mazoku to Hanashite Miru ) `` Releasing the Seal '' ( 封印 を 解 いて みる , Fūin o Hodoite Miru ) `` Going to a Café '' ( 珈琲 店 に 行っ て みる , Kōhī - ten ni Itte Miru ) `` Rem 's Story '' ( レム の 話 , Remu no Hanashi ) `` Interlude '' ( 幕間 , Makuai ) `` The Two Demon Lords '' ( 魔王 と 魔王 , Maō to Maō ) `` Epilogue '' ( エピローグ , Epirōgu ) February 2 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 381513 - 9 July 23 , 2018 -- `` Prologue '' `` Pest Control '' `` Interlude '' `` Flying Sky High '' `` Heading to a New Town '' `` Interlude '' `` In Hot Pursuit '' `` Epilogue '' 5 June 2 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 381541 - 2 October 8 , 2018 -- 6 September 30 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 381557 - 3 -- -- 7 March 2 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 381589 - 4 -- -- 8 August 2 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 381619 - 8 -- -- 9 February 2 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 381643 - 3 -- -- 10 June 29 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 512645 - 5 -- -- Manga ( edit ) Naoto Fukuda launched a manga adaptation of the series on Kodansha 's Niconico based manga service Suiyōbi no Sirius in June 2015 . Seven Seas Entertainment announced their license to the manga on September 14 , 2017 . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN February 2 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376596 - 0 June 26 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 1 - 626927 - 60 - 5 `` Being Summoned I '' ( 召喚 され て みれ ば I , Shōkan sa Rete Mireba I ) `` Being Summoned II '' ( 召喚 され て みれ ば II , Shōkan sa Rete Mireba II ) `` Being Summoned III '' ( 召喚 され て みれ ば III , Shōkan sa Rete Mireba III ) `` Being Summoned IV '' ( 召喚 され て みれ ば IV , Shōkan sa Rete Mireba IV ) June 2 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 390637 - 0 September 25 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 1 - 626928 - 65 - 7 Bōken - sha o Yatte Miru I ( 冒険 者 を やっ て みる I ) Bōken - sha o Yatte Miru II ( 冒険 者 を やっ て みる II ) Bōken - sha o Yatte Miru III ( 冒険 者 を やっ て みる III ) Bōken - sha o Yatte Miru IV ( 冒険 者 を やっ て みる IV ) Sekai o Sukutte Miru I ( 世界 を 救っ て みる I ) September 30 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 390657 - 8 February 26 , 2019 ISBN 978 - 1 - 626929 - 65 - 4 Sekai o Sukutte Miru II ( 世界 を 救っ て みる II ) Sekai o Sukutte Miru III ( 世界 を 救っ て みる III ) Sekai o Sukutte Miru IV ( 世界 を 救っ て みる IV ) Ryōshu to Atte Miru I ( 領主 と 会っ て みる I ) Ryōshu to Atte Miru II ( 領主 と 会っ て みる II ) March 9 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 390687 - 5 -- -- Makuai ( 幕間 ) Sensō o Kaihi Shite Miru I ( 戦争 を 回避 し て みる I ) Sensō o Kaihi Shite Miru II ( 戦争 を 回避 し て みる II ) Sensō o Shite Miru I ( 戦争 を し て みる I ) Sensō o Shite Miru II ( 戦争 を し て みる II ) 5 August 9 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 390723 - 0 -- -- Sensō Shite Miru III ( 戦争 し て みる III ) Makuai I ( 幕間 I ) Makuai II ( 幕間 II ) Mazoku to Hanashite Miru I ( 魔 族 と 話し て みる I ) Mazoku to Hanashite Miru II ( 魔 族 と 話し て みる II ) 6 February 2 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 510795 - 9 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 510419 - 4 ( LE ) -- -- Mazoku to Hanashite Miru III ( 魔 族 と 話し て みる III ) Fūin o Hodoite Miru I ( 封印 を 解 いて みる I ) Fūin o Hodoite Miru II ( 封印 を 解 いて みる II ) Fūin o Hodoite Miru III ( 封印 を 解 いて みる III ) Fūin o Hodoite Miru IV ( 封印 を 解 いて みる IV ) 7 July 9 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 511981 - 5 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 512845 - 9 ( LE ) -- -- Kōhī - ten ni itte miru I ( 珈琲 店 に 行っ て みる I ) Kōhī - ten ni itte miru II ( 珈琲 店 に 行っ て みる II ) Remu no Hanashi I ( レム の 話 I ) Remu no Hanashi II ( レム の 話 II ) Remu no Hanashi III ( レム の 話 III ) Chapters not yet in tankōbon format The following chapters have not yet been collected in tankōbon format : Maō to Maō I ( 魔王 と 魔王 I ) Maō to Maō II ( 魔王 と 魔王 II ) Maō to Maō III ( 魔王 と 魔王 III ) Maō to Maō IV ( 魔王 と 魔王 IV ) Anime ( edit ) An anime television series adaptation was announced in January 2018 . The series will be directed by Yūta Murano and written by Kazuyuki Fudeyasu , with animation by studio Ajia - do Animation Works . Character designs for the series are provided by Shizue Kaneko . Yuki Nishioka is the chief animation director . Yuki Miyamoto provides monster designs and serves as action animation director . Backgrounds are provided by Kusanagi , and Natsuko Otsuka is the color key artist . Photography for the series is directed by Teppei Satō at Asahi Production Shiraishi Studio , and Satoshi Motoyama is directing the sound at Half HP Studio . The series premiered on July 5 , 2018 , and was broadcast on AT - X , BS Fuji , Tokyo MX , and Sun TV . Crunchyroll is simulcasting the series worldwide outside of Asia , and Funimation will simuldub it . The series ' opening theme , `` DeCIDE '' , will be performed by the unit SUMMONERS 2 + , a group composed of voice actresses Azumi Waki , Yū Serizawa , Yumi Hara , Rumi Okubo , and Emiri Katō , and the ending theme , `` Saiaku na Hi demo Anata ga Suki . '' ( 最悪 な 日 でも あなた が 好き. , `` I Like You Even on the Worst Day . '' ) , will be performed by Serizawa and produced by HoneyWorks . The series will run for 12 episodes . No . Title Director Original air date Ref . `` The Demon Lord Act '' `` Maō Engi '' ( 魔王 演技 ) Hiroki Negishi July 5 , 2018 Takuma Sakamoto , a secluded gamer , is transported into the world of his favourite game , Cross Reverie with the appearance of his own character in the game , the Demon Lord Diablo , where the pantherian Rem Galleu and the elf Shera L Greenwood accidentally fall into an enchantment that bound them to him as their slaves , thus beginning their adventures together . `` Strongest Newcomer '' `` Saikyō Shinjin '' ( 最強 新人 ) Hiroki Negishi July 12 , 2018 Diablo , Rem and Shera become adventurers at the city of Faltra to make ends meet , but in their first quest , they end up in a trap set by elves who want Shera to return with them . `` Fallen Assault '' `` Mazoku Shūrai '' ( 魔 族 襲来 ) Wataru Sakaibashi July 19 , 2018 Diablo and Shera set for another quest while Rem stays behind at the city , when an army of Fallen prepare to invade . `` Point - Blank War Dance '' `` Hakugeki Ranbu '' ( 迫撃 乱舞 ) Hiroki Negishi July 26 , 2018 While Rem confronts the Fallen who sneaked past the town 's defenses , Diablo faces the Fallen army and their leader Edelgard alone . 5 `` Imperial Knight '' `` Kokka Kishi '' ( 国家 騎士 ) Toshiaki Kanbara August 2 , 2018 Diablo and co . are informed that the elf Kingdom of Greenwood demands Shera to be returned to them , threatening to wage war on Faltra if they do not comply . To help on this matter , Alicia Crystella , a royal knight , is assigned to assist them . 6 `` Slave Market '' `` Doreishijō '' ( 奴隷 市場 ) Kazuomi Koga August 9 , 2018 Diablo meets a slave owner looking for a way to remove the collars from Rem and Shera to no avail , and later , they are visited by Shera 's brother Keera , who is eager to take her back by any means necessary . 7 `` Change of Heart '' `` Jinshin henten '' ( 人心 変転 ) Yoshie Takagi August 16 , 2018 Despite affirming that she wants to stay with Diablo and Rem , Shera submits to her brother 's request to return with him , leaving Diablo disheartened , until Rem , certain that something is wrong , convinces him to chase after her . 8 `` Hero 's Charge '' `` Eiyuu Bakushin '' ( 英雄 驀進 ) August 23 , 2018 Diablo defeats the elves and rescue Shera . But Galford , the ruler of Faltra , takes advantage of the situation to launch an invasion on Greenwood , and Diablo must fight him to stop it . 9 `` Holy Knight Tale '' `` Hijiri kishi Tan '' ( 聖 騎士 譚 ) Reception ( edit ) The light novels had over 1 million copies in print as of March 2018 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ All English episode titles are taken from Crunchyroll . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord '' . Seven Seas Entertainment . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pineda , Rafael Antonio ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` How NOT to Summon A Demon Lord Anime 's Main Cast , July Premiere Revealed '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jad Saxton on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Hodgkins , Crystalyn ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` How NOT to Summon A Demon Lord Anime Reveals More Cast , New Visual , Opening Theme Artists '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Our Summer 2018 SimulDub lineup is just for you ! '' . Funimation . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kristi Rothrock on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sherman , Jennifer ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` How NOT to Summon A Demon Lord Anime Reveals More Cast , July 5 Premiere '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Loo , Egan ( June 30 , 2018 ) . `` How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord Anime Unveils 3 More Cast Members '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` J - Novel Club Adds How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord Light Novel '' . Anime News Network . October 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Komatsu , Mikikazu ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` '' How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord '' Reveals Anime Visuals of Its Two Heroines : Shera & Rem `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 '' . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord : Volume 1 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 2 '' . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord : Volume 2 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 3 '' . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord : Volume 3 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 4 '' . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord : Volume 4 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 5 '' . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord : Volume 5 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 6 '' . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 7 '' . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 8 '' . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 9 '' . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 10 '' . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seven Seas Licenses How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord Manga '' . Anime News Network . September 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 ( 1 ) '' . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord Vol. 1 '' . Seven Seas Entertainment . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 ( 2 ) '' . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord Vol. 2 '' . Seven Seas Entertainment . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 ( 3 ) '' . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord Vol. 3 '' . Seven Seas Entertainment . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 ( 4 ) '' . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 ( 5 ) '' . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 ( 6 ) '' . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` アクリル キーホルダー 2 種 付き 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 ( 6 ) 特 装 版 '' . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 ( 7 ) '' . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 両面 お 風呂 ポスター 付き 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 ( 7 ) 特 装 版 '' . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord Light Novels Get TV Anime '' . Anime News Network . January 25 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Loo , Egan ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord Anime 's Promo Video Reveals Staff , Summer Debut '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ressler , Karen ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Crunchyroll , Funimation to Stream Attack on Titan 3 , Overlord III , How NOT to Summon A Demon Lord , Angels of Death '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` OP テーマ 「 DeCIDE / SUMMONERS 2 + 」 '' . isekaimaou-anime.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Jennifer ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Yū Serizawa Performs How NOT to Summon A Demon Lord 's Ending Song '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Jennifer ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` How NOT to Summon A Demon Lord Anime Reveals Promo Video , Visual '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BD / CD '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 1 話 魔王 演技 '' ( Episode 1 : `` The Demon Lord Act '' ) . isekaimaou-anime.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 二 話 最強 新人 '' ( Episode 2 : `` The Strongest Newcomer '' ) . isekaimaou-anime.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 三 話 魔 族 襲来 '' ( Episode 3 : `` Fallen Assault '' ) . isekaimaou-anime.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 四 話 迫撃 乱舞 '' ( Episode 4 : `` Point - Blank War Dance '' ) . isekaimaou-anime.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 5 話 国家 騎士 '' ( Episode 5 : `` Imperial Knights '' ) . isekaimaou-anime.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved August 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 6 話 奴隷 市場 '' ( Episode 6 : `` Slave Market '' ) . isekaimaou-anime.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved August 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 第 7 話 人心 変転 '' ( Episode 6 : `` Change of Heart '' ) . isekaimaou-anime.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved August 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Komatsu , Mikikazu ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` '' How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord '' Reveals Anime Visuals of Its Two Heroines : Shera & Rem `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official light novel website ( in Japanese ) Official manga website ( in Japanese ) Official anime website ( in Japanese ) How Not to Summon a Demon Lord ( novel ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Ajia - do Animation Works Television series Ninjaboy Rantaro ( 1993 -- present ) Miracle Girls ( 1993 ) Wankorobe ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Kaiketsu Zorori ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Majime ni Fumajime Kaiketsu Zorori ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Absolute Boy ( 2005 ) Kujibiki Unbalance ( 2006 ) Emma - A Victorian Romance : Second Act ( 2007 ) Miyanishi Tatsuya Gekijō : Omae Umasou da na ( 2010 ) DD Fist of the North Star ( 2013 ) DD Fist of the North Star 2 ( 2015 ) Hokuto no Ken : Ichigo Aji ( 2015 ) Izetta : The Last Witch ( 2016 ) How Not to Summon a Demon Lord ( 2018 ) Films Maison Ikkoku : Kanketsuhen ( 1988 ) Eiga Nintama Rantarō ( 1996 ) Majime ni Fumajime Kaiketsu Zorori : Nazo no Otakara Daisakusen ( 2006 ) You Are Umasou ( 2010 ) Gekijō - ban Anime Nintama Rantarō Ninjutsu Gakuen Zenin Shutsudō ! no Dan ( 2011 ) Magic Tree House ( 2011 ) Kaiketsu Zorori Da - Da - Da - Daibouken ! ( 2012 ) Kaiketsu Zorori : Mamoru ze ! Kyouryuu no Tamago ( 2013 ) Kaiketsu Zorori : Uchū no Yūsha - tachi ( 2015 ) Eiga Kaiketsu Zorori ZZ no Himitsu ( 2017 ) OVAs / ONAs Time Knot : Reflection ( 1987 ) Shiratori Reiko de Gozaimasu ! ( 1990 ) Here Is Greenwood ( 1991 -- 1993 ) Spirit of Wonder : Chaina - san no Yūutsu ( 1992 ) Yokohama Kaidashi Kikō ( 1998 ) Spirit of Wonder ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Yokohama Kaidashi Kikō : Quiet Country Cafe ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Genshiken ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Not_to_Summon_a_Demon_Lord&oldid=856580786 '' Categories : Manga series 2015 manga 2018 anime television series 2014 Japanese novels Ajia - do Animation Works Anime and manga based on light novels Comedy anime and manga Crunchyroll Fantasy anime and manga Funimation Harem anime and manga Isekai anime and manga J - Novel Club Japanese comedy novels Japanese fantasy novels Kodansha books Kodansha manga Light novels Seven Seas Entertainment titles Shōnen manga Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with Japanese - language external links Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本 語 Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 06 : 50 ( UTC ) . 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