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-8942948518243302840	Climate of Massachusetts	Climate of Massachusetts - wikipedia Climate of Massachusetts Jump to : navigation , search See also : Climate of New England Köppen climate classification maps of Massachusetts . A blizzard after hitting Boston on February 12 , 2006 The climate of Massachusetts is mainly a humid continental climate , with warm summers and cold , snowy winters . Massachusetts is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States . Most of its population of 6.4 million live in the Boston metropolitan area . The eastern half of this relatively small state is mostly urban and suburban . Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and ranks third in overall population density and fourth by GDP per capita . Massachusetts receives about 50 inches ( 1016 mm ) of rain annually , fairly evenly distributed throughout the year , slightly wetter during the winter . Summers are warm with average high temperatures in July above 80 ° F ( 26.7 ° C ) and overnight lows above 60 ° F ( 15.5 ° C ) common throughout the state . Winters are cold , but generally less extreme on the coast with high temperatures in the winter averaging above freezing even in January , although areas further inland are much colder . The state does have extreme temperatures from time to time with 90 ° F ( 32.2 ° C ) in the summer and temperatures below 0 ° F ( - 17.8 ° C ) in the winter not being unusual . The state has its share of extreme weather , prone to nor'easters and to severe winter storms . Summers can bring thunderstorms , averaging around 30 days of thunderstorm activity per year . Massachusetts averages one tornado per year . Massachusetts , like the entire United States eastern seaboard , is vulnerable to hurricanes . Because its location is farther east in the Atlantic Ocean than states farther south , Massachusetts has suffered a direct hit from a major hurricane three times since 1851 , the same number of direct hits suffered by the southern Atlantic state of Georgia . More often hurricanes weakened to tropical storm strength pass near Massachusetts . With the exception of extreme southern Connecticut , all of New England has a humid continental climate or in a broad transition zone , with hot summers and cold winters . Owing to thick deciduous forests , fall in New England brings bright and colorful foliage , which comes earlier than in other regions , attracting tourism . Springs are generally wet and cloudy . Average rainfall generally ranges from 1,000 to 1,500 mm ( 40 to 60 in ) a year . Snowfall can often exceed 100 in ( 2,500 mm ) annually . Contents ( hide ) 1 Climate type 2 Temperature 3 Extreme weather 3.1 Nor'easters 3.2 Tornadoes 3.3 Tropical cyclones 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Climate type. ( edit ) A map of the Humid continental climate zone around the world , including Massachusetts . Western , central and interior northeastern Massachusetts 's climate is the continental climate type. This is found over large areas of land masses in the temperate regions of the mid-latitudes where there is a zone of conflict between polar and tropical air masses . The Humid continental climate is marked by variable weather patterns and a large seasonal temperature variance . The seasonal temperature variance can be as great as 91 ° F ( 51 ° C ) , but is typically about 59 ° F ( 33 ° C ) to 71 ° F ( 39 ° C ) . The temperature difference between the warmest and coldest months increases as one moves further inland and away from the moderating influence of the ocean . Places with a hottest monthly temperature above 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) and a coldest monthly temperature below 27 ° F ( − 3 ° C ) , and which do not meet the criteria for an arid climate , are classified as continental . Beverly , Lynn , Cambridge , Boston , and the Interstate 95 corridor southwest of Boston begin a broad transition zone into subtropical or oceanic climates , with slightly warmer winters . The only areas in Massachusetts that are transitioning to an oceanic climate are Cape Ann , parts of the South Shore and South Coast , Cape Cod and the islands . These areas have a moderate influence by the North Atlantic current , which has an impact on Bermuda and the British Isles as well . Temperature ( edit ) Massachusetts sees a wide variety of temperatures throughout the year , the average being as high as 82 ° F ( 27 ° C ) in the summertime , and as low as 16 ° F ( - 8 ° C ) in the wintertime . In the capital city of Boston , the hottest month of the year is July , with an average high temperature of 82 ° F ( 27 ° C ) and an average low temperature of 66 ° F ( 18 ° C ) . The coldest month of the year is January , with an average high temperature of 36 ° F ( 2 ° C ) , and an average low temperature of 22 ° F ( - 5 ° C ) . Boston saw 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) only twice in recorded history for February . The highest recorded temperature for February was 73 ° F on February 24 , 2017 . The maximum temperature recorded in March was 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) , on March 31 , 1998 . Spring in Boston can be warm , with temperatures as high as the 90s when winds are offshore , though it is just as possible for a day in late May to remain in the lower 40s due to cool ocean waters . The hottest month is July , with an average high of 82 ° F ( 28 ° C ) and average low of 66 ° F ( 18 ° C ) , with conditions usually humid . Periods exceeding 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) in summer and below 10 ° F ( − 12 ° C ) in winter are not uncommon , but rarely prolonged . The record high temperature is 104 ° F ( 40 ° C ) , recorded July 4 , 1911 . The record low temperature is - 18 ° F ( - 28 ° C ) , recorded on February 9 , 1934 . Cooler temperatures in the summertime are seen in the coastal areas of Massachusetts . On Nantucket , the warmest month of the year is July , with an average high temperature of 76 ° F ( 25 ° C ) and an average low temperature of 64 ° F ( 17 ° C ) . Winters in coastal Massachusetts are nearly the same as winters on the mainland . In January , the coldest month of the year , Cape Cod has an average high temperature of 37 ° F ( 2 ° C ) and an average low temperature of 21 ° F ( - 6 ° C ) . Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various Massachusetts Cities ( ° F ) City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Boston 36 / 22 39 / 24 46 / 32 56 / 40 67 / 50 77 / 59 82 / 66 80 / 64 72 / 57 62 / 46 52 / 38 42 / 28 Worcester 31 / 16 34 / 18 43 / 26 54 / 36 66 / 46 74 / 55 79 / 61 77 / 60 69 / 51 58 / 41 47 / 32 36 / 22 Extreme Weather ( edit ) Nor'easters ( edit ) Massachusetts is often hit with storms called `` ' nor'easters '' during the winter months of the year . A nor'easter is a storm along the East Coast of the United States . The storm is so named because the winds in a nor'easter come from the northeast , especially in the coastal areas of the Northeastern United States and Atlantic Canada . More specifically , it describes a low pressure area whose center of rotation is just off the East Coast and whose leading winds in the left forward quadrant rotate onto land from the northeast . The precipitation pattern is similar to other extratropical storms . Nor'easters also can cause coastal flooding , coastal erosion , hurricane force winds , and heavy snow . Nor'easters can occur at any time of the year but are mostly known for their presence in the winter season . Most Nor'easters start from a low - pressure system that forms in the south , most often the Gulf of Mexico , and are drawn across to the Northeast by the jet stream . The divergence or diffluence in the upper atmosphere caused by the jet stream removes and disperses the rising air at a faster rate than it is replaced at the surface , which , along with the Coriolis Effect , creates and develops a storm . Their northeast track brings them up the East Coast past the mid-Atlantic and New England coastal states . The counterclockwise flow around a low pressure system brings the warm moist oceanic air over land . The warm moist air meets cold air carried southward by the trough . The deepening low enhances the surrounding pressure gradient , which acts to spiral the very different air masses toward each other at an even faster rate . The greater the temperature differences between the two air masses , the greater the turbulence and instability , and the more severe the storm can become . If the nor'easter takes the East Coast track , that usually indicates the presence of a high pressure area in the vicinity of Bermuda . The storm will then reach the North Carolina coast and begin to develop . At this time , the nor'easter can move slightly offshore , which would be the more destructive path , or can move slightly inland , which would present mostly rain . If it takes the offshore path , it would begin to rapidly strengthen . The effects would then start reaching the major cities of the Northeast , such as Boston . The storm , now rapidly intensifying , tracks northward . These storms sometimes intensify during their entire existence . The storm moves northward , following the topography of the East Coast . It usually reaches its peak intensity while off the Canadian coast . The storm then reaches Arctic areas , and can reach intensities equal to a strong hurricane . They then meander throughout the North Atlantic and can last for several weeks . Tornadoes ( edit ) Massachusetts is seldom hit by tornadoes , but has been part of one particularly notable event , the Flint - Worcester tornado outbreak sequence , on June 9 , 1953 . The massive Worcester tornado was on the ground for nearly an hour and one half . In that period it traveled 46 miles ( 74 km ) , reached 1 - mile ( 1.6 km ) in width and injured 1,300 people . At 5 : 08 P.M. , the tornado entered Worcester and grew to an unprecedented width of one mile . Damage was extensive in Worcester ( second largest city in Massachusetts ) and in some areas equaled the worst damage in any U.S. tornado . Hardest - hit areas included Assumption College , where a priest and two nuns were killed . The main building 's 3 - foot ( 0.91 m ) - thick brick walls were reduced by three floors , and the landmark tower lost three stories . The nearby Burncoat Hill neighborhood saw heavy devastation ( especially on its western slope ) , but it was the Uncatena - Great Brook Valley neighborhoods to the east of Burncoat Hill that were leveled , houses simply vanishing and debris swept clean from the sites . Forty people died in the Uncatena - Great Brook Valley areas alone . A 12 - ton bus was picked up , rolled over several times and thrown against the newly constructed Curtis Apartments in Great Brook Valley , resulting in the deaths of two passengers . The Curtis Apts . blueprints were blown all the way to Duxbury , 75 miles ( 121 km ) away . Across Boylston St. from the Curtis Apts. , the Brookside Home Farm ( a city - operated dairy facility and laundry ) sustained total damage , with six men killed and the loss of its herd of 80 Holsteins . Wrecked houses and bodies were blown into Lake Quinsigamond . The six fatalities at Brookside were the most in any particular building in the tornado . Ninety - four people were killed . The 2011 New England tornado outbreak spawned six tornadoes which killed three people , injured over two hundred , and caused extensive property damage in central and western Massachusetts . Tropical cyclones ( edit ) Hurricane Gloria caused 7 deaths in Massachusetts , as well as 84,000 power outages . Massachusetts has been hit by many notable tropical cyclones . One of these was the New England Hurricane of 1938 . The storm formed near the coast of Africa in September of the 1938 Atlantic hurricane season , becoming a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir - Simpson Hurricane Scale before making landfall as a Category 3 hurricane on Long Island on September 21 . The hurricane killed over 682 people , damaged or destroyed over 57,000 homes , and caused property losses estimated at $4.7 billion ( 2005 US dollars ) . In 1951 damaged trees and buildings were still to be seen in the affected areas . The eye of the storm followed the Connecticut River north into Massachusetts , where the winds and flooding killed 99 people . In Springfield , the river rose to 6 to 10 feet ( 2 to 3 m ) above flood stage , causing significant damage . Up to 6 inches ( 152 mm ) of rain fell across western Massachusetts , which combined with over 4 inches ( 102 mm ) that had fallen a few days earlier produced widespread flooding . Residents of Ware were stranded for days , and relied on air - dropped food and medicine . After the flood receded , the town 's Main Street was left a chasm in which sewer pipes could be seen . To the east , the surge left Falmouth and New Bedford under 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) of water . Two - thirds of all the boats in New Bedford harbor sank . The Blue Hills Observatory registered sustained winds of 121 mph ( 195 km / h ) and a peak gust of 186 mph ( 299 km / h ) . Hurricane Gloria glancingly struck Massachusetts in 1985 . On August 19 , 1991 , Hurricane Bob , a Category 2 hurricane , hit southeastern Massachusetts , Cape Cod and Martha 's Vineyard hard , killing 18 people and injuring 190 , as well as causing billions of dollars in damage . See also ( edit ) Climate change in Massachusetts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Humid continental climate map '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Climate Data ( Massachusetts ) '' . NOAA . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Boston , MA - History and Almanac '' . Weather Underground . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Multi-Community Environmental Storm Observatory ( 2006 ) . `` Nor'easters '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://www.ustornadoes.com/2013/03/19/monthly-tornado-averages-by-state-and-region/ ) ) . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : US Mainland Strikes per State 1851 - 2004 . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New England 's Fall Foliage '' . Discover New England . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` New England , '' Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006 Jump up ^ Peel , M.C. ; Finlayson B.L. ; McMahon , T.A. ( 2007 ) . `` Updated world map of the Köppen - Geiger climate classification '' . Hydrol . Earth Syst . Sci. 11 : 1633 -- 1644 . doi : 10.5194 / hess - 11 - 1633 - 2007 . ISSN 1027 - 5606 . ( direct : Final Revised Paper ) ^ Jump up to : `` Daily temperature and precipitation records at Worcester , MA '' . NOAA . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Daily Normals '' . NWS Taunton , MA . 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Temperature Records '' . NWS Taunton , MA . 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` MONTHLY AVERAGES for Hyannis , MA '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Daily temperature and precipitation records at Boston , MA '' . NOAA . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Multi-Community Environmental Storm Observatory ( 2006 ) . `` Nor'easters '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Storm - E ( 2007 ) . `` Nor'easters '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Weather channel ( 2007 ) . `` Nor'easters '' . Weather Channel . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Pombo , Jamy . `` Worcester Tornado : 50 Years Later '' . The Boston Channel.com ( WCVB ) . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ The Great Hurricane of 1938 - The Long Island Express Jump up ^ Scotti , R.A. `` Sudden Sea - The Great Hurricane of 1938 '' . Boston : Little , Brown & Co. , 2003 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Hurricane of 1938 '' . The Boston Globe . Boston.com. 2005 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lane , F.W. The Elements Rage ( David & Charles 1966 , ISBN ) , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : Galvin , John . `` The New England Hurricane : New York , Connecticut , Rhode Island , Massachusetts , Vermont , September 1938 '' . Popular Mechanics . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 03 . External links ( edit ) NOAA climate data from Massachusetts Massachusetts Climate Action Network Massachusetts Climate Coalition ( hide ) Climate of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Massachusetts&oldid=825781441 '' Categories : Climate of Massachusetts Climate of the United States by state Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 11 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does it start to get warm in rhode island	[]	[]
-3212697818516713352	Runaways (TV series)	Runaways ( TV series ) - wikipedia Runaways ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Marvel television series . For other series with similar names , see Runaway ( disambiguation ) § Television . Runaways Genre Adventure Superhero Teen drama Created by Josh Schwartz Stephanie Savage Based on Runaways by Brian K. Vaughan Adrian Alphona Starring Rhenzy Feliz Lyrica Okano Virginia Gardner Ariela Barer Gregg Sulkin Allegra Acosta Angel Parker Ryan Sands Annie Wersching Kip Pardue Ever Carradine James Marsters Brigid Brannagh Kevin Weisman Brittany Ishibashi James Yaegashi Composer ( s ) Siddhartha Khosla Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Brett Morgen ( 1x01 only ) Alan Fine Stan Lee Joe Quesada Karim Zreik Jim Chory Jeph Loeb Josh Schwartz Stephanie Savage Producer ( s ) Kelly Van Horn Emma Fleischer Location ( s ) Los Angeles Cinematography Ramsey Nickell David Stockton John C. Newby Editor ( s ) Jeff Granzow Lois Blumenthal Adrienne McNally Jesse Ellis Running time 46 -- 53 minutes Production company ( s ) ABC Signature Studios Marvel Television Fake Empire Productions Distributor Hulu Release Original network Hulu Original release November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Marvel Cinematic Universe television series External links Website Marvel 's Runaways , or simply Runaways , is an American web television series created for Hulu by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage , based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise . The series is produced by ABC Signature Studios , Marvel Television and Fake Empire Productions , with Schwartz and Savage serving as showrunners . Rhenzy Feliz , Lyrica Okano , Virginia Gardner , Ariela Barer , Gregg Sulkin , and Allegra Acosta star as the Runaways , six teenagers from different backgrounds who unite against their parents , the Pride , portrayed by Angel Parker , Ryan Sands , Annie Wersching , Kip Pardue , Ever Carradine , James Marsters , Brigid Brannagh , Kevin Weisman , Brittany Ishibashi , and James Yaegashi . A film from Marvel Studios based on the Runaways began development in May 2008 , before being shelved in 2013 due to the success of The Avengers . In August 2016 , Marvel Television announced that Runaways had received a pilot order from Hulu , after being developed and written by Schwartz and Savage . Casting for the Runaways and the Pride were revealed in February 2017 . Filming on the pilot began in Los Angeles in February 2017 . The series was officially ordered by Hulu in May 2017 . The first season was released from November 21 , 2017 , to January 9 , 2018 . In January 2018 , Runaways was renewed for a 13 - episode second season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Music 4.6 Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Six teenagers from different backgrounds unite against a common enemy -- their criminal parents , collectively known as the Pride . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Rhenzy Feliz as Alex Wilder : A nerd who longs to reunite with his childhood friends , with a high intellect and the leader of the Runaways . Lyrica Okano as Nico Minoru : A Wiccan who isolates herself with her gothic appearance and a member of the Runaways . Unlike the comics , Nico does not summon the Staff of One through self - harm . Okano said this was tweaked , `` for good reason '' as there would be `` a lot of young teenagers watching the show and we do n't want to promote anything like self - harm because that 's serious . '' She added that an element of drawing blood would still be involved . Virginia Gardner as Karolina Dean : An alien passing as a teenager , burdened by her religious upbringing , who wants to pursue her own desires and instead of following in her mother 's footsteps . She is a member of the Runaways . Karolina has the ability of flight , to glow with rainbow - colored light , and shoot beams of light . Ariela Barer as Gert Yorkes : A riot grrrl , social activist , and a member of the Runaways . She also has a telepathic link with her genetically engineered dinosaur , Old Lace . Gregg Sulkin as Chase Stein : A high school lacrosse player who is often dismissed as a dumb jock but displays brilliance in engineering and a member of the Runaways . Sulkin and the writers wanted the character to be `` more layered '' than the comics , and Sulkin felt that Chase was the most changed of the Runaways from the source material . The character is depicted as having the potential to be as much of a genius as his father is , and builds gadgets powerful weaponized gauntlets called `` Fistigons '' . Connor Falk portrays a young Chase . Allegra Acosta as Molly Hernandez : The youngest member of the Runaways who is characterized by her positive attitude . Molly discovers she has the ability of superhuman strength and invulnerability . Evelyn Angelos portrays a young Molly . Angel Parker as Catherine Wilder : Alex 's mother , a successful lawyer , and a member of Pride . Ryan Sands as Geoffrey Wilder : Alex 's father and a self - made business man who had a grueling path to his success who is a member of Pride . Annie Wersching as Leslie Dean : Karolina 's mother and one of the leaders of the cult - like religious group the Church of Gibborim who is a member of Pride . Kip Pardue as Frank Dean : Karolina 's father , a former teen star who is struggling in his professional acting career , who becomes one of the leaders of the Church of Gibborim . Ever Carradine as Janet Stein : Chase 's mother who has a brilliant mind , is `` a perfect PTA mom '' , and a member of Pride . Sorel Carradine portrays a young Janet . James Marsters as Victor Stein : Chase 's father , an engineering genius , and a member of Pride . Marsters was inspired by Vincent D'Onofrio 's portrayal of Wilson Fisk in Daredevil , saying it was `` exactly opposite of what I was expecting '' , and also looked for common ground with Victor , saying , `` I 'm not an abusive parent but I 'm not a perfect parent . I do n't think anyone is . '' He added that Victor just wants Chase to live up to his potential . Tim Pocock portrays a young Victor . Brigid Brannagh as Stacey Yorkes : Gert 's mother , a bioengineer , and a member of Pride . Kevin Weisman as Dale Yorkes : Gert 's father , a bioengineer , and a member of Pride . Brittany Ishibashi as Tina Minoru : Nico 's mother who is a brilliant innovator , ruthless CEO , and perfectionist `` tiger mom '' who is a member of Pride . The character previously appeared in the film Doctor Strange , in a minor role as a Master of the Mystic Arts , portrayed by Linda Louise Duan . The producers felt free to recast the role and create a different version of Tina Minoru since Duan was not named as the character in the film . James Yaegashi as Robert Minoru : Nico 's father and a member of Pride . Recurring ( edit ) Danielle Campbell as Eiffel : A girl who attends Atlas Academy and looks down on Karolina . Pat Lentz as Aura : A member of the Church of Gibborim who works for the Deans . Heather Olt as Frances : A member of the Church of Gibborim who works for the Deans . DeVaughn Nixon as Darius Davis : An old associate of Geoffrey 's who holds a grudge against him . Cody Mayo as Vaughn : Leslie Dean 's assistant at the Church of Gibborim . Julian McMahon as Jonah : The leader of Pride and Karolina 's biological father . McMahon described Jonah as `` the wealthy guy who 's pretty ego - driven and mission - driven ... who 's trying to accomplish certain things and if something were to get in his way he 'd plow through it '' , which he felt was similar to Victor von Doom , who he portrayed in Fantastic Four and its sequel . He also revealed that he did not appear in the earlier episodes as the character in his near - death state , as he had been cast after the first four episodes had been completed . Ric Sarabia portrayed the character in this state , which McMahon stated took five hours of make up application to achieve . Old Lace , a genetically engineered Deinonychus telepathically linked with Gert Yorkes , appears in the series . The character is portrayed by a puppet that was operated by six people , including one person pumping air through the puppet to show the dinosaur breathing . Barer called the puppet `` incredible ... You see her emotions . We do n't not make use of that . '' Guest ( edit ) Zayne Emory as Brandon : A member of Chase 's lacrosse team . Timothy Granaderos as Lucas : A member of Chase 's lacrosse team . Nicole Wolf as Destiny Gonzalez : A young woman who joins the Church of Gibborim and is sacrificed soon after by the Pride . Nathan Davis Jr. as Andre : An associate of Darius ' who is used as a sacrifice for the Pride . Alex Fernandez as Flores : An LAPD lieutenant who works under the Pride . Ryan Doom as Alphona : Chase 's lacrosse coach . Devan Chandler Long as Kincaid : A man hired by Tina Minoru for devious purposes . Kimmy Shields as a supporter of Gert 's club . Anjelika Washington as a supporter of Gert 's club . Cooper Mothersbaugh as a supporter of Gert 's club . Amanda Suk as Amy Minoru : Nico 's sister , Alex 's best friend and Tina and Robert 's daughter who died prior to the beginning of the series . Chandler Shen portrays a young Amy . Vladimir Caamaño as Gene Hernandez : Molly 's father and a former member of Pride who died in a fire . Carmen Serano as Alice Hernandez : Molly 's mother and a former member of Pride who died in a fire . Marlene Forte as Graciela Aguirre : A distant relative of Molly 's . Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance as a limo driver . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Reunion '' Brett Morgen Josh Schwartz & Stephanie Savage November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) A girl named Destiny is `` rescued '' by the Church of Gibborim from two muggers , who were actually trying to save her . Six months later , friends Alex Wilder , Nico Minoru , Karolina Dean , Gert Yorkes , Chase Stein , and Molly Hernandez have grown apart since the death of Nico 's sister , Amy , two years earlier . Alex uses a meeting for their parents ' group the Pride to reach out to the others , but they turn him down . They later change their minds : Karolina removes her Church of Gibborim bracelet at a party , sees her hands glowing , and loses consciousness -- Chase rescues her from being raped ; because of this , Chase stands Gert up for a study session , and she picks up her adopted sister Molly who has discovered that she has super strength and that their parents have a creature in the basement ; and Nico arrives after failing to contact Amy 's spirit in a ritual . The gathering is awkward , but they soon discover a secret passage in the house that leads to their parents sacrificing Destiny in a ritual . Molly 's camera flash is seen by the parents . `` Rewind '' Roxann Dawson Josh Schwartz & Stephanie Savage November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) Before the ritual , Geoffrey Wilder had confronted an old associate from his time as a criminal , threatening him against interfering with the Pride 's construction project ; Victor Stein was having issues testing the container used in the ritual ; Leslie Dean convinced Destiny not to leave the Church of Gibborim until she reaches the stage of `` Ultra '' , which involves the then upcoming secret ritual ; her husband Frank , an actor who is not a member of the Pride , lost his agent due to his role as the co-founder of the Church . The group are all reluctant to sacrifice someone the same age as their children , but go ahead anyway . When they see the flash , they race to investigate , but are convinced by the children that there was an electrical problem in the house . Geoffrey later finds Molly 's hairpin outside the entrance to the secret passage , while Victor realizes that his container malfunctioned and Destiny is still alive inside it . Meanwhile , Frank unsuccessfully attempts to enter Leslie 's private study , where a decrepit figure lies on another of Victor 's containers . `` Destiny '' Nina Lopez - Corrado Kalinda Vazquez November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) Karolina is told that Destiny is officially in London for a Church trip . Nico investigates the Staff of One , but is unable to control its power and calls Alex for help . Chase and Gert use some of Victor 's inventions to search for Destiny in the Steins ' house , and then discover that the creature in the Yorkes ' house is a dinosaur genetically engineered by Gert 's parents . Tina and Robert Minoru attempt to deal with their deteriorating marriage , due to Amy 's death , but it ends with Robert continuing a secret affair with Janet Stein , and Tina returning home to find Nico and Alex ( pretending to be romantically involved to avoid suspicion ) . Catherine Wilder confronts Molly , but the latter lies that she had been sneaking around to steal alcohol for the other children . Catherine promises to tell Molly about her parents , who died in a fire when Molly was young ( members of the Pride blamed each other for doing this ) . The Yorkes plan to move with Gert , Molly , and their dinosaur to a remote ranch in Yucatan now that the Pride is over , but then Destiny 's body is found . `` Fifteen '' Ramsey Nickell Tamara Becher - Wilkinson November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) The Pride holds an emergency meeting , though the Yorkes are out searching for their missing dinosaur . Victor accepts responsibility for the failed sacrifice ; he and Robert go to find a new one . They attempt to kidnap a homeless man , but they bungle the act and are arrested . Karolina is shunned at school as a slut , and Chase is told to apologize to his lacrosse teammates who he injured when he stopped them from raping her . He instead quits the team . Karolina reveals to Chase how her body glows without her bracelet . She and Gert also look for proof of their parents ' innocence , but with Alex 's help they realise that Leslie has been selecting people from her church to sacrifice for years . This does not include Amy , who appeared to commit suicide but Nico believes was murdered by the Pride . She goes to the police , but leaves when she sees Victor and Robert talking with a policeman apparently on their payroll . The Yorkes find the dinosaur , doing what Gert tells her to do , and are then threatened by Tina who knows about Yucatan . Alex is kidnapped . 5 `` Kingdom '' Jeffrey W. Byrd Rodney Barnes & Michael Vukadinovich December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) In flashback , Geoffrey makes a deal with the mysterious Jonah to buy up land and has to convince his cellmate Darius to take the blame for shooting someone to get out of prison . In the present , Darius has kidnapped Alex as ransom for Geoffrey to pay one million dollars . Nico gets Karolina , Gert , Molly and Chase to come to the rescue , using the staff to find Alex . Geoffrey shows up with LAPD to take out Darius and his men , Alex shoots Andre , one of Darius ' goons , but he gets taken again . Alex 's friends show up and using their newfound abilities cause Darius to run . Alex makes it back to Geoffrey who tells him to go home while he preps Andre for a sacrifice . The kids all barge into the secret room only to realize that the Pride has moved the sacrifice somewhere else . Tina reveals that she knows Nico used the staff , but allows her to use it and Victor 's time machine shows Los Angeles crumbling in the future . Frank fails going Ultra and the sacrifice works revealing that the man the Pride was reviving is Jonah who demands to see Karolina . 6 `` Metamorphosis '' Patrick Norris Kalinda Vazquez December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) Jonah has all the parents recorded during their first sacrifice so as to keep them in check and to prevent them from leaving the Pride . The Pride hosts their annual gala and the kids use the time to download footage of the previous sacrifices from the Minoru 's servers . Gert deduces that Karolina is lesbian , but she gets mad at her for not being honest with Chase . While drunk on the roof , Karolina discovers she can fly and Chase kisses her which she is placid to . Alex and Nico break into Tina 's office to get the footage causing Nico to become suspicious of him as he knew the password rather easily . During the Pride members speech , Victor reveals his knowledge of Robert and Janet 's tryst and collapses from his brain tumor . Jonah uses his experimental medicine to revive him , making him happily euphoric with his family . Frank appears to know about Leslie and Jonah 's secret relationship , but keeps this information to himself . Molly , in an effort to know more about her parents , accidentally lets slip to Catherine about her knowledge of the Pride . 7 `` Refraction '' Peter Hoar Quinton Peeples December 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) Victor sees a message from Chase from the future telling him not to pick up the fistigons . Frank gets healing gloves from Jonah causing Leslie to become suspicious . Molly becomes distant from the others and tries joining the cheerleaders who disregard her and finds solace with Karolina . Dale and Stacy discover that Jonah 's cure makes people hyperactive and euphoric , but gives them a drawn hangover . At the open house , Leslie gets Janet to break up with Robert who agrees due to Victor 's changing behavior and has Tina take Robert back . Geoffrey and Catherine tell Dale and Stacy that they must do something about Molly as she knows about the Pride 's activities . They tell Molly she is going to be sent away which angers her and Gert comforts her . Frank discovers that Jonah has been living for a long time and finally confronts Leslie about what she and Jonah have been doing . Nico forces Alex to reveal how he knew Tina 's password . Victor suddenly becomes violent again and attacks his son with the fistigons only to get shot by Janet . 8 `` Tsunami '' Millicent Shelton Rodney Barnes & Michael Vukadinovich December 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 26 ) Victor bleeds out as the Pride members arrive to try and patch him up , though this proves to be inefficient . Leslie has Frank arrive to use his healing gloves , but it sends Victor into a coma . Tina contacts Jonah who instructs them to have Janet be sacrificed for Victor causing the Pride to argue . Robert decides to sacrifice himself instead , but Tina destroys the pod reaffirming her devotion to him . Victor is carried away to be revived later . Karolina decides to tell Frank everything she knows about Pride , getting him to her side . Alex reveals to an angry Nico that he was aware of Amy 's snooping and was told to keep her information secret . Molly is living with her relative , Graciela , who gives Molly a letter containing a key . It leads her to a locker that holds a VHS tape . Nico finds Amy 's things and Alex successfully gets the footage of their parents , but his laptop is destroyed by a sympathetic Chase . In flashback , Amy learns from Alex that her laptop was hacked and confides her findings to Kincaid . Upon `` him '' finding out , Amy tries to run away from home , but is caught . 9 `` Doomsday '' Jeremy Webb Jiehae Park & Kendall Rogers January 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) Ten years prior , Leslie murders Gene and Alice Hernandez with a bomb while Tina listens on the phone . Molly survives due to strange glowing rocks giving her powers . In the present , Janet covers for Victor 's absence to the public as Jonah tasks the remaining Pride members with his current plan ; to use Geoffrey 's drilling company to dig a hole underneath Los Angeles . Darius monitors the area and voices his suspicions to his wife . Molly returns to the group with the VHS tape which contains a video from her parents warning her about the Pride 's activities . The kids decide to use the school dance as a cover to infiltrate the drilling site . Before leaving , Gert and Chase have sex while Karolina kisses Nico , revealing her feelings to her . Frank reveals everything he knows to Jonah who relays the fact that the kids know everything to their parents . The kids arrive at the drilling site and manage to stop the drill . The Pride arrive to confront their kids who have all decided to finally take a stand . The kids reveal their powers and the Pride is shocked . 10 `` Hostile '' Marc Jobst Quinton Peeples January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) Karolina is kidnapped by Jonah while the rest of the Runaways hide . They make it to the woods outside L.A. and Gert is forced to let her dinosaur , now named Old Lace , go . Finding new disguises , Chase and Molly sneak into the Church of Gibborim to rescue Karolina while Alex waits outside and overhears his parents announcing their intent to find him by themselves . Leslie and the Yorkes discover that Jonah is digging for something that is `` alive '' . Leslie reveals that she was indirectly responsible for Amy 's death and that she is unsure of Frank 's loyalty . She manages to convince the Yorkes , the Minorus and Janet to join with her in killing Jonah . Alex makes a deal with Darius by telling him everything about the Pride . In return , Darius gives Alex hundreds of dollars for him and his friends and a gun . Jonah plans his next move with Frank over Victor 's body and reveals that he needs another sacrifice . The Runaways make it to a bus stop and are reunited with Old Lace , but are forced to run upon seeing that they have been framed for Destiny 's murder . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Brian K. Vaughan was hired to write a screenplay for Marvel Studios in May 2008 , based on his Runaways . In April 2010 , Marvel hired Peter Sollett to direct the film , and a month later Drew Pearce signed on to write a new script . Development on the film was put on hold the following October , and Pearce explained in September 2013 that the Runaways film had been shelved due to the success of The Avengers ; the earliest the film could be made was for Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . In October 2014 , after announcing Marvel 's Phase Three films without Runaways , Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige said the project was `` still an awesome script that exists in our script vault ... . In our television and future film discussions , it 's always one that we talk about , because we have a solid draft there . ( But ) we ca n't make them all . '' Marvel Television , based at ABC Studios , was waiting for the right showrunner before moving forward with a television take on the characters . Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage , whose company Fake Empire Productions had an overall deal with ABC , independently brought up the property during a general meeting with the studio , and , by August 2016 , the pair had spent a year conversing with Marvel about turning Runaways into a television series . That month , Marvel 's Runaways was announced from Marvel Television , ABC Signature Studios , and Fake Empire Productions , with the streaming service Hulu ordering a pilot episode and scripts for a full season . Hulu was believed to already have `` an eye toward a full - season greenlight . '' Executive producer Jeph Loeb felt `` it was an easy decision '' to have Hulu air the series over the other networks Marvel Television works with , because `` We were very excited about the possibility of joining a network that was young and growing in the same way that when we went to Netflix when it was young and growing on the original side . It really feels like we 're in the right place at the right time with the right show . '' Loeb and Marvel Television were also impressed by the success of Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale , which helped further justify the decision . Schwartz and Savage wrote the pilot , and serve as showrunners on the series , as well as executive producers alongside Loeb and Jim Chory . In May 2017 , Runaways received a 10 - episode series order from Hulu at their annual advertising upfront presentation . Fake Empire 's Lis Rowinski produces the series , and Vaughan serves as an executive consultant . On this , Vaughan noted he `` did a little consulting early in the process , '' but felt the series `` found the ideal ' foster parents ' in Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage ... ( who ) lovingly adapted ( the comics ) into a stylish drama that feels like contemporary Los Angeles . '' He also praised the cast , crew and writers working on the series , and felt the pilot looked `` like an Adrian Alphona comic '' , referring to the artist who worked with Vaughan when he created the characters . Loeb said that it had been Schwartz and Savage who had asked that Vaughan be involved , and said that this was something that `` a lot of showrunners do n't immediately gravitate towards . '' In discussions with Vaughan , Marvel found that he `` really wanted to be involved and make sure that it was done , not just properly , but in a way that it would last 100 episodes . '' On January 8 , 2018 , Hulu renewed the series for a 13 - episode second season . Writing ( edit ) Schwartz was a fan of the Runaways comic for some time , and introduced it to Savage , saying , `` When you 're a teenager , everything feels like life and death , and the stakes in this story -- really felt like that . '' Loeb described the series as The O.C. of the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , which Schwartz said meant `` treating the problems of teenagers as if they are adults '' and having the series `` feel true and authentic to the teenage experience , even in this heightened context '' . Loeb noted that it would deal with modern political issues by saying , `` This is a time when figures of authority are in question , and this is a story where teenagers are at that age where they see their parents as fallible and human . Just because someone is in charge , does n't mean that they 're here to do good . '' The producers did note that the series would explore the parents ' perspective as well , with the pilot telling the story from the Runaways ' perspective , and the second episode showing the same story from their parents ' -- the Pride 's -- perspective , with the two stories converging midway through the first season . Schwartz likened the tone of Runaways to that of the comics it was based on , calling it `` so distinct '' , saying much of the tone Vaughn used when writing the comics overlapped with the tones Schwartz and Savage like to work in . The pair were excited by the freedom given to them by Hulu over the usual broadcasters they were used to working with , such as allowing the children to swear in the show , not having set lengths for each episode , and being able to explore the parents ' story ; Hulu wanted `` something that felt broad and where we could push the envelope in places '' . Schwartz described the series as a coming - of - age story and a family drama , with focus on the characters that can lead to long stretches of the series not featuring super powers , so `` if you did n't see the show title , you would n't know that you were in a Marvel show for long stretches ... That was our aesthetic starting place , but there are episodes where there 's some good ( Marvel ) stuff . '' Casting ( edit ) Cast of Runaways at the 2017 New York Comic Con ( L-R : Rhenzy Feliz , Lyrica Okano , Gregg Sulkin , Virginia Gardner and Ariela Barer ) In February 2017 , Marvel announced the casting of the Runaways , with Rhenzy Feliz as Alex Wilder , Lyrica Okano as Nico Minoru , Virginia Gardner as Karolina Dean , Ariela Barer as Gert Yorkes , Gregg Sulkin as Chase Stein , and Allegra Acosta as Molly Hernandez . Shortly after , Marvel announced the casting of the Pride , with Ryan Sands as Geoffrey Wilder , Angel Parker as Catherine Wilder , Brittany Ishibashi as Tina Minoru , James Yaegashi as Robert Minoru , Kevin Weisman as Dale Yorkes , Brigid Brannagh as Stacey Yorkes , Annie Wersching as Leslie Dean , Kip Pardue as Frank Dean , James Marsters as Victor Stein , and Ever Carradine as Janet Stein . Loeb praised casting director Patrick Rush , explaining that all of the series regulars for Runaways were the producers ' first choice for the role . The majority of the children are portrayed by `` fresh faces '' , which was an intentional choice . By August 2017 , Julian McMahon had been cast in the recurring role of Jonah . Filming ( edit ) Filming on the pilot began by February 10 , 2017 , in Los Angeles , under the working title Rugrats , and concluded on March 3 . Director Brett Morgen was given free rein by Marvel and Hulu to establish the look of the series , and wanted to create a feel that was `` very grounded and authentic '' . He also looked to differentiate between the hand - held , gritty world of the Runaways and the more stylistic world of the Pride . He felt the latter could be explored more in the series moving forward , but was not available to direct any more episodes of the season . Following completion of the pilot and the show 's pick - up to series , there was concern among the cast and crew that the impending writers ' strike would prevent the series to move forward . However , the strike did not happen , and filming on the rest of the season began at the end of June , again in Los Angeles . Production on the season had concluded by October 21 . Music ( edit ) In May 2017 , Siddhartha Khosla was hired to compose the music for the series . Khosla said that , due to his history as a songwriter , his scoring process involves `` working on these song - stories and weaving them through different episodes '' . He described the Runaways score as being `` completely synthesized '' , utilizing analog synthesizers from the 1980s , specifically the Roland Juno - 60 and Oberheim Electronics ' synths . Khosla compared the `` alternative feel '' of his score to Depeche Mode , adding `` There is an element of rebellion , so sonically going for something that is a little bit outside the box , non-traditional , I felt was an appropriate approach . I feel like I 'm making art on this show . '' Alex Patsavas serves as music supervisor , having done so on all of Schwartz and Savage 's previous series . On January 12 , 2018 , a soundtrack from the first season consisting of 12 licensed tracks plus two by Khosla , was released digitally . Additionally , Khosla 's original score for the series was released digitally on January 26 . ( show ) Runaways ( Original Soundtrack ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Runaways Theme '' Siddhartha Khosla 1 : 13 2 . `` May I Have This Dance '' Francis and the Lights 2 : 53 3 . `` Cane Shuga '' Glass Animals 3 : 17 4 . `` King Charles '' Yungblud 2 : 41 5 . `` Drinkee '' Sofi Tukker 4 : 59 6 . `` Ocean Eyes ( Blackbear Remix ) '' Billie Eilish 3 : 14 7 . `` Beat Goes On '' Lizzy Land 3 : 40 8 . `` All My Heroes '' Bleachers 3 : 03 9 . `` Antidote ( Live Arrangement ) '' Emily Wells 5 : 43 10 . `` Fuerza ( feat . Nani Castle ) '' Tony Quattro 3 : 40 11 . `` Beyond a Mortal '' Austra 5 : 45 12 . `` Long Life '' Bombadil 2 : 38 13 . `` Blanket Me '' Hundred Waters 4 : 56 14 . `` Gert 's Lullaby '' Siddhartha Khosla & Ariela Barer 2 : 19 Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins ( edit ) Loeb confirmed in July 2017 that the series would be set in the MCU , but that the show 's characters would not be concerned with the actions of the Avengers , for example , saying , `` Would you be following Iron Man ( on social media ) or would you be following someone your own age ? The fact that they 've found each other and they 're going through this mystery together at the moment is what we 're concerned about , not what Captain America is doing . '' The showrunners considered the series ' connection to the MCU to be `` liberating '' , as it allowed them to set the series in a universe where superheroics and fantasy are already established and do not need to be explained to the audience . Schwartz said they `` were very capable of telling the story that we wanted to tell independent of any of the other Marvel stories that are out there . '' Loeb added that there were no plans to crossover across networks with the similarly themed Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger on Freeform and Marvel 's New Warriors , as Marvel wanted the series to find its footing before further connecting with other elements of the universe , though `` You 'll see things that comment on each other ; we try to touch base wherever we can ... things that are happening in L.A. are not exactly going to be affecting what 's happening in New Orleans ( where Cloak & Dagger is set ) ... It 's being aware of it and trying to find a way ( to connect ) that makes sense . '' Release ( edit ) Runaways premiered its first three episodes on Hulu in the United States on November 21 , 2017 , with the first season consisting of 10 episodes , and concluding on January 9 , 2018 . The series aired on Showcase in Canada , premiering on November 22 , and will air on Syfy in the United Kingdom beginning on April 18 , 2018 . Marketing ( edit ) Cast members and Schwartz and Savage appeared at New York Comic Con 2017 to promote the series , where a trailer for the series was revealed , along with a screening of the first episode . The series had its red carpet premiere at the Regency Bruin Theatre in Westwood , Los Angeles on November 16 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Critical Response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 82 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.63 / 10 based on 56 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Earnest , fun , and more balanced than its source material , Runaways finds strong footing in an over-saturated genre . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 68 out of 100 based on 22 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Reviewing the first two episodes of the series , Joseph Schmidt of ComicBook.com praised the show for its faithfulness to the comics , but also for some of the changes it made , appreciating the increased focus on the parents . He thought the cast portraying the Runaways was `` pretty spot on '' , but `` many of the parents are scene stealers '' , highlighting the performances of Marsters , Wersching , and Pardue . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref . 2018 Saturn Awards Best New Media Superhero Series Runaways Pending References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu Orders ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Series From Josh Schwartz & Stephanie Savage '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dinh , Christine ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Sets Remaining Cast For Television Project With Hulu '' . Marvel.com . 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Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Runaways on IMDb Runaways Brian K. 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5194870858573433525	Hollywood Walk of Fame	Hollywood Walk of Fame - wikipedia Hollywood Walk of Fame For a list of the stars , see List of stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Entertainment hall of fame in Hollywood , Los Angeles Hollywood Walk of Fame 6801 Hollywood Boulevard near the Dolby Theatre Hollywood Walk of Fame Location of the Hollywood Walk of Fame , at its center at Hollywood and Vine , within Central Los Angeles Established 1958 Location Hollywood Blvd. and Vine St . Hollywood , Los Angeles 34 ° 06 ′ 06 '' N 118 ° 19 ′ 36 '' W / 34.101630 ° N 118.326684 ° W / 34.101630 ; - 118.326684 Type Entertainment hall of fame Visitors 10 million annually Public transit access Hollywood / Vine Hollywood / Highland Website Official website Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monument Designated July 5 , 1978 Reference no . 194 The Hollywood Walk of Fame comprises more than 2,600 five - pointed terrazzo and brass stars embedded in the sidewalks along 15 blocks of Hollywood Boulevard and three blocks of Vine Street in Hollywood , California . The stars are permanent public monuments to achievement in the entertainment industry , bearing the names of a mix of actors , musicians , directors , producers , musical and theatrical groups , fictional characters , and others . The Walk of Fame is administered by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and maintained by the self - financing Hollywood Historic Trust . It is a popular tourist destination , with a reported 10 million visitors in 2003 . Contents 1 Description 1.1 Categorization 1.2 Special stars 2 History 2.1 Origin 2.2 Selection and construction 2.3 Stagnation and revitalization 2.4 Expansion 2.5 Restoration 3 The Walk of Fame today 3.1 Multiple stars 3.2 Controversial additions 3.3 Stars with the same name 3.4 Bending the rules 3.5 Unique and unusual 3.6 Fictional characters and their creators 3.7 Star locations 3.8 Errors and mysteries 3.9 Theft and vandalism 3.10 Four Ladies of Hollywood 4 Nomination process 5 Homage 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) The Walk of Fame runs 1.3 miles ( 2.1 km ) east to west on Hollywood Boulevard from Gower Street to La Brea Avenue , plus a short segment of Marshfield Way that runs diagonally between Hollywood and La Brea ; and 0.4 miles ( 0.64 km ) north to south on Vine Street between Yucca Street and Sunset Boulevard . According to a 2003 report by the market research firm NPO Plog Research , the Walk attracts about 10 million visitors annually -- more than Sunset Strip , TCL Chinese Theatre ( formerly Grauman 's ) , the Queen Mary , and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art -- and has played an important role in making tourism the largest industry in Los Angeles County . Categorization ( edit ) As of 2018 , the Walk of Fame comprises over 2,600 stars , spaced at 6 - foot ( 1.8 m ) intervals . The monuments are coral - pink terrazzo five - point stars rimmed with brass ( not bronze , an oft - repeated inaccuracy ) inlaid into a charcoal - colored terrazzo background . In the upper portion of each star field the name of the honoree is inlaid in brass block letters . Below the inscription , in the lower half of the star field , a round inlaid brass emblem indicates the category of the honoree 's contributions . The emblems symbolize five categories within the entertainment industry : Classic film camera representing motion pictures Television receiver representing broadcast television Phonograph record representing audio recording or music Radio microphone representing broadcast radio Comedy / tragedy masks representing theatre / live performance ( added in 1984 ) Of all the stars on the Walk to date , 47 % have been awarded in the motion pictures category , 24 % in television , 17 % in audio recording , 10 % in radio , and fewer than 2 % in the live performance category . Approximately 20 new stars are added to the Walk each year . Special stars ( edit ) Special category stars recognize various contributions by corporate entities , service organizations , and special honorees , and display emblems unique to those honorees . For example , former Los Angeles mayor Tom Bradley 's star displays the Seal of the City of Los Angeles ; the Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) star emblem is a replica of a Hollywood Division badge ; and stars representing corporations , such as Victoria 's Secret and the Los Angeles Dodgers , display the honoree 's corporate logo . The `` Friends of the Walk of Fame '' monuments are charcoal terrazzo squares rimmed by miniature pink terrazzo stars displaying the five standard category emblems , along with the sponsor 's corporate logo , with the sponsor 's name and contribution in inlaid brass block lettering . Special stars and Friends monuments are granted by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce or the Hollywood Historic Trust , but are not part of the Walk of Fame proper and are located nearby on private property . The monuments for the Apollo 11 mission to the Moon are uniquely shaped : Four identical circular moons , bearing the names of the three astronauts ( Neil A. Armstrong , Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. , Michael Collins ) the date of the first Moon landing ( `` 7 / 20 / 69 '' ) , and the words `` Apollo XI '' , are set on each of the four corners of the intersection of Hollywood and Vine . The moons are silver and grey terrazzo circles rimmed in brass on a square pink terrazzo background , with the television emblem inlaid at the top of each circle . History ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) The Walk of Fame at the 6800 block of Hollywood Boulevard , looking eastward . The Dolby Theatre is in the foreground at left . In the upper left quadrant is the famous intersection of Hollywood and Highland Center . The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce credits E.M. Stuart , its volunteer president in 1953 , with the original idea for creating a Walk of Fame . Stuart reportedly proposed the Walk as a means to `` maintain the glory of a community whose name means glamour and excitement in the four corners of the world . '' Harry Sugarman , another Chamber member and president of the Hollywood Improvement Association , receives credit in an independent account . A committee was formed to flesh out the idea , and an architectural firm was retained to develop specific proposals . By 1955 the basic concept and general design had been agreed upon , and plans were submitted to the Los Angeles City Council . Multiple accounts exist for the origin of the star concept . According to one , the historic Hollywood Hotel -- which stood for more than 50 years on Hollywood Boulevard at the site now occupied by the Hollywood and Highland complex and the Dolby ( formerly Kodak ) Theatre -- displayed stars on its dining room ceiling above the tables favored by its most famous celebrity patrons , and that may have served as an early inspiration . By another account , the stars were `` inspired ... by Sugarman 's ( Tropics Restaurant ) drinks menu , which featured celebrity photos framed in gold stars . '' In February 1956 a prototype was unveiled featuring a caricature of an example honoree ( John Wayne , by some accounts ) inside a blue star on a brown background . However , caricatures proved too expensive and difficult to execute in brass with the technology available at the time ; and the brown and blue motif was vetoed by Charles E. Toberman , the legendary real estate developer known as `` Mr. Hollywood '' , because the colors clashed with a new building he was erecting on Hollywood Boulevard . Selection and construction ( edit ) By March 1956 the final design and coral - and - charcoal color scheme had been approved , and between the spring of 1956 and the fall of 1957 , 1,558 honorees were selected by committees representing the four major branches of the entertainment industry at that time : motion pictures , television , audio recording , and radio . The committees met at the Brown Derby restaurant , and included such prominent names as Cecil B. DeMille , Samuel Goldwyn , Jesse L. Lasky , Walt Disney , Hal Roach , Mack Sennett , and Walter Lantz . Woodward 's star , contrary to popular belief , was not the first . A requirement stipulated by the original audio recording committee ( and later rescinded ) specified minimum sales of one million records or 250,000 albums for all music category nominees . The committee soon realized that many important recording artists would be excluded from the Walk by that requirement . As a result , the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences was formed for the purpose of creating a separate award system for the music business . The first Grammy Awards were presented in Beverly Hills in 1959 . Construction of the Walk began in 1958 but two lawsuits delayed completion . The first was filed by local property owners challenging the legality of the $ 1.25 million tax assessment levied upon them to pay for the Walk , along with new street lighting and trees . In October 1959 the assessment was ruled legal . The second lawsuit , filed by Charles Chaplin , Jr. , sought damages for the exclusion of his father , whose nomination had been withdrawn due to pressure from multiple quarters ( see Controversial additions ) . Chaplin 's suit was dismissed in 1960 , paving the way for completion of the project . While Joanne Woodward is often singled out as the first to receive a star on the Walk of Fame , in fact there was no `` first '' recipient ; the original stars were installed as a continuous project , with no individual ceremonies . Woodward 's name was one of eight drawn at random from the original 1,558 and inscribed on eight prototype stars that were built while litigation was still holding up permanent construction . The eight prototypes were installed temporarily on the northwest corner of Hollywood Boulevard and Highland Avenue in August 1958 to generate publicity and to demonstrate how the Walk would eventually look . The other seven names were Olive Borden , Ronald Colman , Louise Fazenda , Preston Foster , Burt Lancaster , Edward Sedgwick , and Ernest Torrence . Official groundbreaking took place on February 8 , 1960 . On March 28 , 1960 , the first permanent star , director Stanley Kramer 's , was completed on the easternmost end of the new Walk near the intersection of Hollywood and Gower . The Joanne Woodward legend may have originated , according to one source , because she was the first to pose with her star for photographers . Stagnation and revitalization ( edit ) Though the Walk was originally conceived in part to encourage redevelopment of Hollywood Boulevard , the 1960s and 1970s were periods of protracted urban decay in the Hollywood area as residents moved to suburbs . After the initial installation of approximately 1,500 stars in 1960 and 1961 , eight years passed without the addition of a new star . In 1962 the Los Angeles City Council passed an ordinance naming the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce `` the agent to advise the City '' about adding names to the Walk , and the Chamber , over the following six years , devised rules , procedures , and financing methods to do so . In December 1968 , Richard D. Zanuck was awarded the first star in eight years in a presentation ceremony hosted by Danny Thomas . In July 1978 the City of Los Angeles designated the Hollywood Walk of Fame a Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monument . Johnny Grant , center , at producer Joe Pasternak 's presentation ceremony in 1991 . At left is Gene Kelly . Radio personality , television producer and Chamber member Johnny Grant is generally credited with implementing the changes that resuscitated the Walk and established it as a significant tourist attraction . Beginning in 1968 , he stimulated publicity and encouraged international press coverage by requiring that each recipient personally attend his or her star 's unveiling ceremony . Grant later recalled that `` it was tough to get people to come accept a star '' until the neighborhood finally began its recovery in the 1980s . In 1980 he instituted a fee of $2,500 , payable by the person or entity nominating the recipient , to fund the Walk of Fame 's upkeep and minimize further taxpayer burden . The fee has increased incrementally over time ; by 2002 it had reached $15,000 , and stood at $30,000 in 2012 . The current ( 2017 ) fee is $40,000 . Grant was awarded a star in 1980 for his television work . In 2002 , he received a second star in the `` special '' category to acknowledge his pivotal role in improving and popularizing the Walk . He was also named chairman of the Selection Committee and Honorary Mayor of Hollywood ( a ceremonial position previously held by Art Linkletter and Monty Hall , among others ) . He remained in both offices from 1980 until his death in 2008 and hosted the great majority of unveiling ceremonies during that period . His unique special - category star , with its emblem depicting a stylized `` Great Seal of the City of Hollywood '' , is located at the entrance to the Dolby Theatre adjacent to Johnny Grant Way . Expansion ( edit ) In 1984 a fifth category , Live Theatre , was added to permit acknowledgment of contributions from the live performance branch of the entertainment industry , and a second row of stars was created on each sidewalk to alternate with the existing stars . Hollywood Boulevard , 7000 block , north side , looking westward In 1994 the Walk of Fame was extended one block to the west on Hollywood Boulevard , from Sycamore Avenue to North LaBrea Avenue ( plus the short segment of Marshfield Way that connects Hollywood and La Brea ) , where it now ends at the silver `` Four Ladies of Hollywood '' gazebo and the special `` Walk of Fame '' star . At the same time , Sophia Loren was honored with the 2,000 th star on the Walk . During construction of tunnels for the Los Angeles subway system in 1996 , the Metropolitan Transportation Authority removed and stored more than 300 stars . Controversy arose when the MTA proposed a money - saving measure of jackhammering the 3 - by - 3 - foot terrazzo pads , preserving only the brass lettering , surrounds , and medallions , then pouring new terrazzo after the tunnels were completed ; but the Cultural Heritage Commission ruled that the star pads were to be removed intact . Restoration ( edit ) In 2008 a long - term restoration project began with an evaluation of all 2,365 stars on the Walk at the time , each receiving a letter grade of A , B , C , D , or F. Honorees whose stars received F grades , indicating the most severe damage , were Joan Collins , Peter Frampton , Dick Van Patten , Paul Douglas , Andrew L. Stone , Willard Waterman , Richard Boleslavsky , Ellen Drew , Frank Crumit , and Bobby Sherwood . Fifty celebrities ' stars received `` D '' grades . The damage ranged from minor cosmetic flaws caused by normal weathering to holes and fissures severe enough to constitute a walking hazard . At least 778 stars will eventually be repaired or replaced during the ongoing project at an estimated cost of $4 million to $4.2 million . The restoration is a collaboration among the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and various Los Angeles city and county governmental offices , along with the MTA , which operates the Metro Red Line that runs beneath the Walk , since earth movement due to the presence of the subway line is thought to be partly responsible for the damage . To encourage supplemental funding for the project by corporate sponsors , the `` Friends of Walk of Fame '' program was inaugurated . Absolut Vodka became the first Friend with a donation of $1 million , followed by L'Oréal . Friends are recognized with honorary plaques adjacent to the Walk of Fame in front of the Dolby Theatre . The program received some criticism . Alana Semuels of the Los Angeles Times described it as `` just the latest corporate attempt to buy some good buzz , '' and , quoting an area brand strategist , `` I think Johnny Grant would roll over in his grave . '' Karen Fondu , President of L'Oréal Paris , countered that the association was `` a natural affinity . '' The Walk of Fame today ( edit ) Multiple stars ( edit ) The original selection committees chose to recognize some entertainers ' contributions in multiple categories with multiple stars . Gene Autry is the only honoree with stars in all five categories . Bob Hope , Mickey Rooney , Roy Rogers , and Tony Martin each have stars in four categories -- Rooney has three of his own and a fourth with his eighth and final wife , Jan , while Rogers also has three of his own , and a fourth with his band , Sons of the Pioneers . Thirty - three people , including Bing Crosby , Frank Sinatra , Jo Stafford , Dean Martin , Dinah Shore , Gale Storm , Danny Kaye , Douglas Fairbanks Jr. , and Jack Benny , have stars in three categories . Seven recording artists have two stars in the same category for distinct achievements : Michael Jackson , as a soloist and as a member of The Jackson 5 ; Diana Ross , as a member of The Supremes and for her solo work ; Smokey Robinson , as a solo artist and as a member of The Miracles ; and John Lennon , Ringo Starr , George Harrison , and Paul McCartney as individuals and as members of The Beatles . Cher forfeited her opportunity by declining to schedule the mandatory personal appearance when she was selected in 1983 . She did attend the unveiling of the Sonny & Cher star in 1998 as a tribute to her recently deceased ex-husband , Sonny Bono . George Eastman is the only honoree with two stars in the same category for the same achievement , the invention of roll film . In 1977 , country singer Loretta Lynn was the first of her genre to receive a star on the Walk of Fame . Controversial additions ( edit ) Charlie Chaplin 's star , selected in 1956 , installed in 1972 Charlie Chaplin is the only honoree to be selected twice for the same star on the Walk . He was unanimously voted into the initial group of 500 in 1956 but the Selection Committee ultimately excluded him , ostensibly due to questions regarding his morals ( he had been charged with violating the Mann Act -- and exonerated -- during the White Slavery hysteria of the 1940s ) , but more likely due to his left - leaning political views . The rebuke prompted an unsuccessful lawsuit by his son , Charles Chaplin Jr . His star was finally added to the Walk in 1972 , the same year he received his Academy Award ; but even then , 16 years later , the Chamber of Commerce received angry letters from across the country protesting its decision to include him . The committee 's Chaplin difficulties reportedly contributed to its decision in 1978 against awarding a star to Paul Robeson , a controversial opera singer , actor , athlete , writer , lawyer , and social activist . The resulting outcry from the entertainment industry , civic circles , local and national politicians , and many other quarters was so intense that the decision was reversed and Robeson was awarded a star in 1979 . Following sexual assault allegations involving comedian Bill Cosby , actor Kevin Spacey , reality television host Donald Trump , and producer - director Brett Ratner , the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce released a statement regarding inquiries as to the removal of stars : The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce has received inquiries asking whether we are planning to remove the stars of Walk of Famers because of alleged misconduct . The answer is no ... The Hollywood Walk of Fame is a registered historic landmark . Once a star has been added to the Walk , it is considered a part of the historic fabric of the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Because of this , we have never removed a star from the Walk . As of 2018 , this has been the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce 's only statement regarding the removal of stars . On August 6 , 2018 , the West Hollywood City Council passed a resolution asking for the removal of the star for Donald Trump , after repeated vandalism to the site . The Mayor of West Hollywood , John Duran , stated that `` the council unanimously passes the resolution to remove his star '' ; however , the West Hollywood City Council has no jurisdiction over the Walk of Fame . Stars with the same name ( edit ) Two pairs of stars share identical names representing different people . There are two Harrison Ford stars , honoring the silent film actor ( at 6665 Hollywood Boulevard ) , and the present - day actor ( in front of the Dolby Theatre at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard ) . Two Michael Jackson stars represent the singer / dancer / songwriter ( at 6927 Hollywood Boulevard ) , and the radio personality ( at 1597 Vine Street ) . When the recording artist Jackson died in 2009 , fans mistakenly began leaving flowers , candles , and other tributes at the Vine Street star . Upon learning of this , the radio host wrote on his website , `` I am willingly loan ( ing ) it to him and , if it would bring him back , he can have it . '' The most common surname , with sixteen stars , is Williams : Andy Williams , Bill Williams , Billy Dee Williams , Cindy Williams , Earle Williams , Esther Williams , Guy Williams , Hank Williams , Joe Williams , Kathlyn Williams , Paul Williams , Pharrell Williams , Robin Williams , Roger Williams , Tex Williams and Vanessa Williams . There are fourteen stars with the surname Moore , twelve with Jones , and seven with Smith . The largest collection of stars honoring one group of blood relatives is the widely scattered set of seven representing the Barrymore family : John Barrymore , his brother Lionel ( who has two ) , and sister Ethel , their uncle Sidney Drew , John 's son John Drew Barrymore , and John Drew 's daughter Drew Barrymore . Bending the rules ( edit ) One of the four monuments recognizing the Apollo 11 astronauts at the corners of Hollywood and Vine Walk of Fame rules prohibit consideration of nominees whose contributions fall outside the five major entertainment categories , but the selection committee has been known to conjure some interesting rule interpretations to justify a selection . The Walk 's four round Moon landing monuments at the corners of Hollywood and Vine , for example , officially recognize the Apollo 11 astronauts for `` contributions to the television industry '' . Johnny Grant acknowledged , in 2005 , that classifying the first Moon landing as a television entertainment event was `` a bit of a stretch '' . Magic Johnson 's considerable basketball skills had no direct connection to movies , music , TV , radio , or theater , but the committee added him to the motion picture category , based on his ownership of the Magic Johnson Theatre chain , citing as precedent Sid Grauman , builder of Grauman 's ( now TCL ) Chinese Theatre . `` ( Now ) people want Orville Redenbacher , '' Grant quipped in the 2005 interview , `` because his popcorn is in all the theaters . '' Muhammad Ali 's star was granted after the committee decided that boxing could be considered a form of `` live performance '' . Its placement , on a wall of the Dolby Theatre , makes it the only star mounted on a vertical surface , acceding to Ali 's request that his name not be walked upon . All living honorees have been required since 1968 to personally attend their star 's unveiling , and approximately 40 have declined the honor due to this condition . The only recipient to date who failed to appear after agreeing to do so was Barbra Streisand , in 1976 . Her star was unveiled anyway , near the intersection of Hollywood and Highland . Streisand did attend when her husband , James Brolin , unveiled his star in 1998 two blocks to the east . Unique and unusual ( edit ) Fifteen stars are identified with a one - word stage name : Cantinflas , Houdini , Liberace , Mako , Meiklejohn , Paderewski , Parkyakarkus , Roseanne , RuPaul , Sabu , Shakira , Slash , Sting , Thalía , and Usher . The largest group of individuals represented by a single star is the estimated 122 adults and 12 children collectively known as the Munchkins , from the landmark 1939 film The Wizard of Oz . Clayton Moore is so inextricably linked with his Lone Ranger character , even though he played other roles during his career , that he is one of only two actors to have his character 's name alongside his own on his star . The other is Tommy Riggs , whose star reads , `` Tommy Riggs & Betty Lou . '' For more than 40 years , singer Jimmy Boyd was the youngest star recipient at age 20 , but he lost that distinction in 2004 to 18 - year - old twins Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen . Their joint star ( the only one shared by twins ) is outside the Dolby Theatre , near the Hollywood and Highland Center . The Westmores received the first star honoring contributions in theatrical make - up . Other make - up artists on the walk are Max Factor , John Chambers and Rick Baker . Three stars recognize experts in special effects : Ray Harryhausen , Dennis Muren , and Stan Winston . Only one costume designer has received a star , eight - time Academy Award winner Edith Head . Sidney Sheldon is one of two novelists with a star , which he earned for writing screenplays such as The Bachelor and the Bobby - Soxer before turning to novels . The other is Ray Bradbury , whose books and stories have formed the basis of dozens of movies and television programs over a nearly 60 - year period . Ten inventors have stars on the Walk : George Eastman ( as mentioned ) ; Thomas Edison , inventor of the first true film projector and holder of numerous patents related to motion - picture technology ; Lee de Forest , inventor of the vacuum tube , which made radio and TV possible , and Phonofilm , which made sound movies possible ; Merian C. Cooper , co-inventor of the Cinerama process ; Herbert Kalmus , inventor of Technicolor ; Auguste and Louis Lumière , inventors of important components of the motion picture camera ; Mark Serrurier , inventor of the technology used for film editing ; Hedy Lamarr , co-inventor of a frequency - hopping radio guidance system that was a precursor to Wi - Fi networks and cellular telephone systems ; and Ray Dolby , co-developer of the video tape recorder and inventor of the Dolby noise reduction system . A few star recipients moved on after their entertainment careers to political notability . Two Presidents of the United States , Ronald Reagan ( 40th President ) and Donald Trump ( 45th President ) have stars on the Walk . Reagan is also one of two Governors of California with a star ; the other is Arnold Schwarzenegger . One U.S. senator ( George Murphy ) and two members of the U.S. House of Representatives ( Helen Gahagan and Sonny Bono ) have stars . Ignacy Paderewski , who served as Prime Minister of Poland between the World Wars , is the only European head of government represented . Film and stage actor Albert Dekker served one term in the California State Assembly during the 1940s , which was notable for his outspoken public criticism of Senator Joseph McCarthy 's anti-communism demagoguery , leading to his blacklisting . On its 50th anniversary in 2005 , Disneyland received a star adjacent to the Walk of Fame near Disney 's Soda Fountain on Hollywood Boulevard . While not technically part of the Hollywood Walk of Fame ( a city ordinance prohibits putting corporate names on sidewalks ) , the star was installed adjacent to the Walk of Fame , and was thought of by Johnny Grant , the proverbial `` Mayor of Hollywood . '' Roger Ebert said of the star `` If you stop to think about what Disneyland has achieved and what a revolutionary idea it was to begin with , of course it deserve ( s ) a star . '' In lieu of the traditional icon indicating the specific achievement ( s ) of the honoree , Disneyland 's star has an icon of Sleeping Beauty Castle , and a plaque beneath the star reading : `` Award of Excellence Special achievement for 50 years of magical entertainment Hollywood Historic Trust July 14 , 2005 . Johnny Grant , Chairman . '' Fictional characters and their creators ( edit ) Main article : List of fictional characters with stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Mickey Mouse 's star was the first awarded to an animated character In 1978 , in honor of his 50th anniversary , Mickey Mouse became the first animated character to receive a star . Other animated recipients are Bugs Bunny , Donald Duck , Minnie Mouse , Woody Woodpecker , Snow White , Tinker Bell , Winnie the Pooh , Shrek , The Simpsons , the Rugrats , and Snoopy . The star inscribed Charlie Tuna honors not the animated advertising mascot , but Art Ferguson , the long - time radio personality and game show announcer . Other fictional characters on the Walk include the Munchkins ( as mentioned ) , two individual Muppets ( Kermit the Frog and Big Bird ) and the Muppets as a group , one monster ( Godzilla ) , and three non-animated canine characters ( Strongheart , Lassie , and Rin Tin Tin ) . Ten stars recognize cartoonists and animators : Walt Disney , Chuck Jones , Friz Freleng , Walter Lantz , Hanna -- Barbera , Charles M. Schulz , Jay Ward , Dr. Seuss , Matt Groening and John Lasseter . Two puppeteers have stars : Jim Henson and Shari Lewis , as does Fran Allison , who appeared with Burr Tillstrom 's puppets on the TV show Kukla , Fran and Ollie . Star locations ( edit ) Locations of individual stars are not necessarily random or arbitrary . Stars of most legendary and world - famous celebrities -- the so - called `` show business royalty '' -- are found in front of TCL ( formerly Grauman 's ) Chinese Theatre . Oscar - winners ' stars are usually placed near the Dolby Theatre , site of the annual Academy Awards presentations . Decisions are occasionally made with a dollop of whimsy : Mike Myers 's star , for example , lies in front of an adult store called the International Love Boutique , an association with his Austin Powers roles ; Roger Moore 's star is located at 7007 Hollywood Boulevard in recognition of his seven James Bond 007 films ; Ed O'Neill 's star is located outside a shoe store in reference to his character 's occupation on the TV show Married ... with Children ; and the last star , at the very end of the westernmost portion of the Walk , belongs to The Dead End Kids . Honorees may request a specific location for their star , although final decisions remain with the Chamber . Jay Leno , for example , requested a spot near the corner of Hollywood Blvd. and Highland Ave . because he was twice picked up at that location by police for vagrancy ( though never actually charged ) shortly after his arrival in Hollywood . George Carlin chose to have his star placed in front of the KDAY radio station near the corner of Sunset Blvd. and Vine St. , where he first gained national recognition . Carol Burnett explained her choice in her 1986 memoir : While working as an usherette at the historic Warner Brothers Theatre ( now the Hollywood Pacific Theatre ) during the 1951 run of Alfred Hitchcock 's film Strangers on a Train , she took it upon herself to advise a couple arriving during the final few minutes of a showing to wait for the next showing , to avoid seeing ( and spoiling ) the ending . The theater manager fired her on the spot for `` insubordination '' and humiliated her by stripping the epaulets from her uniform in the theater lobby . Twenty - six years later , at her request , Burnett 's star was placed at the corner of Hollywood and Wilcox -- in front of the theater . Errors and mysteries ( edit ) In 2010 , Julia Louis - Dreyfus 's star was constructed with the name `` Julia Luis Dreyfus '' . The actress was reportedly amused , and the error was corrected . A similar mistake was made on Dick Van Dyke 's star in 1993 ( `` Vandyke '' ) , and rectified . `` Motion Picture '' category , `` TV '' emblem Film and television actor Don Haggerty 's star originally displayed the first name `` Dan '' . The mistake was fixed , but years later the television actor Dan Haggerty ( of Grizzly Adams fame , no relation to Don ) also received a star . The confusion eventually sprouted an urban legend that Dan Haggerty was the only honoree to have a star removed from the Walk of Fame . For 28 years , the star intended to honor Mauritz Stiller , the Helsinki - born pioneer of Swedish film who brought Greta Garbo to the United States , read `` Maurice Diller '' , possibly due to mistranscription of verbal dictation . The star was finally remade with the correct name in 1988 . Three stars remain misspelled : opera diva Lotte Lehmann 's first name is spelled `` Lottie '' ; Cinerama co-inventor and King Kong creator , director , and producer Merian C. Cooper 's first name is spelled `` Meriam '' ; and cinematography pioneer Auguste Lumière 's first name is listed as `` August '' . Monty Woolley , the veteran film and stage actor best known for The Man Who Came to Dinner ( 1942 ) and the classic line `` Time flies when you 're having fun '' , is officially listed in the motion picture category , but his star on the Walk of Fame bears the television emblem . Woolley did appear on the small screen late in his career , but his TV contributions were eclipsed by his extensive stage , film , and radio work . Similarly , the star of film actress Carmen Miranda bears the TV emblem , although her official category is motion pictures . Radio and television talk show host Larry King is officially a television honoree , but his star displays a film camera . The Los Angeles Times , which documented and photographed the Walk as part of its Hollywood Star Walk project , reported that it could not find two stars , honoring Richard Crooks and the film career of Geraldine Farrar . ( Farrar 's music star is located on the 1700 block of Vine Street . ) Theft and vandalism ( edit ) Acts of vandalism occur on the Walk on a regular basis , ranging from profanity and political statements written on stars with markers to attempted removal of brass emblems with chisels . Closed circuit surveillance cameras have been installed on the stretch of Hollywood Boulevard between La Brea Avenue and Vine Street in an effort to discourage mischievous activities . Four of the stars , which weigh about 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) each , have been stolen from the Walk of Fame . In 2000 , James Stewart 's and Kirk Douglas 's stars disappeared from their locations near the intersection of Hollywood and Vine , where they had been temporarily removed for a construction project . Police recovered them in the suburban community of South Gate when they arrested a man involved in an incident there and searched his house . The suspect was a construction worker employed on the Hollywood and Vine project . The stars had been badly damaged , and had to be remade . One of Gene Autry 's five stars ( it is not clear which one ) was also stolen from a construction area . Johnny Grant later received an anonymous phone tip that the missing star was in Iowa , but it was never found . `` Someday , it will end up on eBay , '' Grant once joked . The most brazen and ambitious theft occurred in 2005 when thieves used a concrete saw to remove Gregory Peck 's star from its Hollywood Boulevard site at the intersection of North El Centro Avenue , near North Gower . The star was replaced almost immediately , but the original was never recovered and the perpetrators never caught . In late 2009 , rumors circulated widely on media outlets and the Internet that John Lennon 's star had been stolen , but it was merely being relocated farther south on Vine Street to an area near the circular Capitol Records Building , adjacent to the stars of bandmates George Harrison and Ringo Starr . Paul McCartney 's star was installed in the same location in 2012 . Donald Trump 's star was repaired soon after it was destroyed on July 25 , 2018 . Donald Trump 's star -- received as host of The Apprentice television series -- was repeatedly defaced during the 2016 presidential campaign . In late October , near the end of the race , a man named Jamie Otis ( who claimed to be an heir to the Otis Elevator fortune ) used a sledge hammer and a pickaxe to destroy all of the star 's brass inlays . He readily admitted to the vandalism , which he described as `` civil disobedience '' and `` freedom of expression '' , and told reporters that he originally planned to remove the entire star and auction it to raise money for the women who accused Trump of sexually assaulting them . Otis was arrested three weeks after the incident , charged with one count of felony vandalism , and sentenced to three years ' probation plus $3,400 in restitution payments . The star itself was repaired , serving as the site of pro-Trump demonstrations until it was destroyed a second time in July 2018 by a man named Austin Clay . Clay later surrendered himself to the police and was bailed out by Jamie Otis . Four Ladies of Hollywood ( edit ) The Four Ladies of Hollywood gazebo at the Walk of Fame 's west end The Four Ladies of Hollywood gazebo -- known officially as the Hollywood and La Brea Gateway -- stands upon a small triangular island formed by the confluence of Hollywood Boulevard , Marshfield Way , and North La Brea Avenue at the westernmost extension of the Walk of Fame . It was commissioned in 1993 by the Los Angeles Community Redevelopment Agency Art Program and created by the architect , production designer , and film director Catherine Hardwicke as a tribute to the multi-ethnic women of Hollywood . The gazebo is a stainless steel stylized Art Deco lattice structure . The roof is an arched square supporting a circular dome , which is topped by a central obelisk with descending neon block letters spelling `` Hollywood '' on each of its four sides . Atop the obelisk is a small gilded weathervane - style sculpture of Marilyn Monroe in her iconic billowing skirt pose from The Seven Year Itch . The domed structure is held aloft by four caryatids sculpted by Harl West to represent the African - American actress Dorothy Dandridge , Asian - American actress Anna May Wong , Mexican actress Dolores del Río , and the multi-ethnic , Brooklyn - born actress Mae West . The gazebo was dedicated on February 1 , 1994 , to a mixed reception . Los Angeles Times art critic Christopher Knight called it `` the most depressingly awful work of public art in recent years '' , representing the opposite of Hardwicke 's intended tribute to women . `` Sex , as a woman 's historic gateway to Hollywood '' , he wrote , `` could n't be more explicitly described '' . Independent writer and film producer Gail Choice called it a fitting tribute to a group of pioneering and courageous women who `` carried a tremendous burden on their feminine shoulders . Never in my wildest dreams did I believe I 'd ever see women of color immortalized in such a creative and wonderful fashion . '' Hardwicke contended that critics had missed the `` humor and symbolism '' of the structure , which `` embraces and pokes fun at the glamour , the polished metallic male form of the Oscar , and the pastiche of styles and dreams that pervades Tinseltown . '' Nomination process ( edit ) Director James Cameron unveiling his star , 2009 Each year an average of 200 nominations are submitted to the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce Walk of Fame selection committee . Anyone , including fans , can nominate anyone active in the field of entertainment as long as the nominee or his or her management approves the nomination ( a letter of agreement from the nominated celebrity or representative must accompany the application ) . Nominees must have a minimum of five years ' experience in the category for which they are nominated and a history of `` charitable contributions . '' Posthumous nominees must have been deceased at least five years . At a meeting each June , the committee selects approximately 20 to 24 celebrities to receive stars on the Walk of Fame . One posthumous award is given each year as well . The nominations of those not selected are rolled over to the following year for reconsideration ; those not selected two years in a row are dropped , and must be renominated to receive further consideration . Living recipients must agree to personally attend a presentation ceremony within two years of selection . If the ceremony is not scheduled within two years , a new application must be submitted . A relative of deceased recipients must attend posthumous presentations . Presentation ceremonies are open to the public . A fee of $40,000 ( as of 2018 ) , payable at time of selection , is collected to pay for the creation and installation of the star , as well as general maintenance of the Walk of Fame . The fee is usually paid by the nominating organization , which may be a fan club , or a film studio , record company , broadcaster , or other sponsor involved with the prospective honoree . The Starz cable network , for example , paid for Dennis Hopper 's star as part of the promotion for its series Crash . The star was unveiled in March 2010 shortly before Hopper 's death . Actor Matt Damon 's star under construction , August 2007 Numerous major entertainment figures and legendary show business acts are not included on the Walk of Fame for a variety of reasons . Some , such as Julia Roberts and Clint Eastwood , have declined to participate ; nominations can not proceed without the nominee 's consent . Others , such as George Clooney and John Denver , were nominated , but would not agree to the mandatory personal appearance at the unveiling ceremony ; however , Denver received a posthumous star in late 2014 . Others have simply never been nominated , or do not have a nominator willing or able to pay the selection fee , or have less than the required five years ' minimum involvement in their designated field . Probability also plays a role as only about 10 % of nominees are selected each year . Traditionally , the identities of selection committee members , other than its chairman , have not been made public in order to minimize conflicts of interest and to discourage lobbying by celebrities and their representatives ( a significant problem during the original selections in the late 1950s ) . However , in 1999 , in response to intensifying charges of secrecy in the selection process , the chamber disclosed the members ' names : Johnny Grant , the longtime chair and representative of the television category ; Earl Lestz , president of Paramount Studio Group ( motion pictures ) ; Stan Spero , retired manager with broadcast stations KMPC and KABC ( radio ) ; Kate Nelson , owner of the Palace Theatre ( live performance ) ; and Mary Lou Dudas , vice president of A&M Records ( recording industry ) . Since that 1999 announcement the chamber has revealed only that Lestz ( who received his own star in 2004 ) became chairman after Grant died in 2008 . Their current official position is that `` each of the five categories is represented by someone with expertise in that field . '' In 2010 , Lestz was replaced as chairman by John Pavlik , former Director of Communications for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . While no public announcement was made to that effect , he was identified as chairman in the chamber 's press release announcing the 2011 star recipients . The current chair , according to the chamber 's 2016 selection announcement , is film producer Maureen Schultz . Homage ( edit ) Michael Jackson 's star , about two weeks after his death in 2009 Some fans show respect for star recipients both living and dead by laying flowers or other symbolic tributes at their stars . Others show their support in other ways ; the star awarded to Julio Iglesias , for example , is kept in `` pristine condition ( by ) a devoted band of elderly women ( who ) scrub and polish it once a month '' . The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce has adopted the tradition of placing flower wreaths at the stars of newly deceased awardees ; for example Bette Davis in 1989 , Katharine Hepburn in 2003 , and Jackie Cooper in 2011 . The stars of other deceased celebrities , such as Michael Jackson , Elizabeth Taylor , Richard Pryor , Ricardo Montalbán , James Doohan , Frank Sinatra , Robin Williams , Joan Rivers , George Harrison , and Aretha Franklin have become impromptu memorial and vigil sites as well , and some continue to receive anniversary remembrances . See also ( edit ) Greater Los Angeles portal List of stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame List of actors with Hollywood Walk of Fame motion picture stars List of halls and walks of fame References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Upcoming Star Ceremonies '' . walkoffame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . February 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Dedication of the 2,601 st star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Jump up ^ Martín , Hugo ( 2010 - 02 - 06 ) . `` Golden milestone for the Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . 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ASIN B001T4F75E Jump up ^ `` On This Day : September 23 , 1952 : Charlie Chaplin Comes Home '' . BBC . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shuit , Doug ( April 9 , 1972 ) . `` Bitterness Survives 20 Years -- They Have n't Given Up -- Letter Writers Assail Chaplin '' . Los Angeles Times ( archive ) . p . B2 . Retrieved August 31 , 2010 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Thomson , David ( 2006 ) . The Whole Equation : A History of Hollywood . Vintage . pp. 164 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 70154 - 0 . Jump up ^ Qualles , Paris H. ( August -- September 1979 ) . `` What Price a Star ? Robeson vs. Hollywood Chamber of Commerce '' . The Crisis . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Paul Robeson Gets a Star '' . Jet Magazine . 54 ( 23 ) : 58 . August 24 , 1978 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` At Long Last Hollywood Implants Robeson Star '' . Jet Magazine . 56 ( 7 ) : 60 . May 3 , 1979 . 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Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Geraldine Farrar '' . Los Angeles Times Hollywood Star Walk . Jump up ^ `` Richard Crooks '' . Los Angeles Times Hollywood Star Walk . Jump up ^ `` Mary Kate and Ashley Olsen Star Vandalized '' . HollywoodGrind.com . January 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Aundreia , et al ( August 2008 ) . `` Measuring the Effects of Video Surveillance on Crime in Los Angeles '' ( PDF ) , p. 26 . USC School of Policy , Planning , & Development . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pool , Bob ( November 30 , 2005 ) . `` A Star is Torn from Boulevard '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` John Lennon 's star not stolen '' . Rock Star Weekly . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sinha - Roy , Piya ( February 10 , 2012 ) . Paul McCartney finally gets Walk of Fame star . Reuters.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2012 Jump up ^ Jackson , Henry C. ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Trump : A star is scorned '' . POLITICO . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romero , Dennis ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump 's Walk of Fame Star Gets a Baby Border Wall ( PHOTOS ) '' . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Protester uses Donald Trump Hollywood Walk of Fame star to mock him '' . CBS News . July 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man who destroyed Trump 's star is ' proud ' of his work '' . POLITICO . October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamer , Melissa ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Man Who Smashed Donald Trump 's Walk of Fame Star Charged With Felony Vandalism '' . KTLA.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Von Quednow , Cindy ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Man Sentenced to 3 Years Probation in Connection With Vandalizing Donald Trump 's Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . KTLA.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jennewein , Chris ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` Trump supporters rally at repaired Hollywood Walk of Fame star '' . MyNewsLA.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Levenson , Eric ; Chan , Stella ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` President Trump 's Walk of Fame star was smashed to pieces '' . CNN.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nashrulla , Tasneem ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` Donald Trump 's Star On The Hollywood Walk Of Fame Was Vandalized Again '' . BuzzFeedNews.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Folley , Aris ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` Man who vandalized Trump 's Walk of Fame star bailed out by person who did it years ago : report '' . TheHill.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Deioma , Kayte ( 2004 ) . `` Hollywood La Brea Gateway -- The Four Ladies Statue '' . ( Photo gallery ) . Golosangeles.about.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Hollywood and La Brea Gateway '' ( sculpture ) Smithsonian American Museum Art Inventories Catalog . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Silver Women '' ( photo montage ) . JustAboveSunset.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Knight , Christopher ( January 19 , 1994 ) . `` Caution : Bad Art Up Ahead '' . Los Angeles Times ( archives ) . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Choice , Gale ( February 14 , 1994 ) . `` These Women Were Dreamers and Doers '' . Los Angeles Times ( archives ) . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hardwicke , Catherine ( February 14 , 1994 ) . `` Critic Missed the Humor and Symbolism '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Donaldson - Evans , Catherine ( December 3 , 2003 ) . `` Hollywood Boulevard 's Price of Fame '' . foxnews.com ; News Corp . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Duke , Alan ( March 26 , 2010 ) . `` Dennis Hopper attends Hollywood Walk of Fame ceremony '' . Cable News Network . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten celebrities who deserve the Walk of Fame more than Tinker Bell '' . Upi.com . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dear Stargirl : Hollywood 's Stargirl has the answers '' Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` John Denver Honored Posthumously with Star on the Hollywood Walk Of Fame '' . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pool , Bob ( January 6 , 1999 ) . `` Hollywood Tries to Help Stars Shine '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Academy Appoints Unger Communications Chief '' . Oscars.org , February 14 , 2007 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Walk of Fame 2011 Selection '' . hollywoodchamber.net . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . June 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2010 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . `` It was not an easy job to winnow down the extra large number of nominations this year to reach these 30 names '' , said John Pavlik , chair of the Hollywood Walk of Fame Committee ... Jump up ^ Holmes , M ( June 22 , 2015 ) . Bradley Cooper , Quentin Tarantino Among Hollywood Walk of Fame 2016 Honorees . Variety.com archive , retrieved December 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Halpern , Jake ( 2006 ) . Fame junkies : the hidden truths behind America 's favorite addiction . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 45369 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Floral Tribute to Late Actress '' . The Union Democrat . October 10 , 1989 . p. 5A -- via Google News . Jump up ^ `` ' Superman ' Daily Planet actor Jackie Cooper dies '' . Google News . ( AFP ) . May 4 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Taylor : Walk of Fame deluged by flowers '' . The Telegraph ( UK ) . March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas , George M. ( December 15 , 2005 ) . `` Richard Pryor Influence Is Unforgettable '' . The Vindicator . Knight - Ridder . p . D5 . ( Google News arch ) Jump up ^ `` Sinatra 's death brings sales surge for his music '' . Star - News . May 18 , 1998 . p. 2A -- via Google News . Jump up ^ Waxman , Sharon ; Span , Paula ( May 16 , 1998 ) . `` Across America , A Plaintive Note Of Mourning '' . The Washington Post . p . A1 . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fans mourn death of Robin Williams on Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . LA Times . August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Remembered At Hollywood Walk Of Fame '' . Lodi News - Sentinel . AP . December 1 , 2001 . p. 16 -- via Google News . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hollywood Walk of Fame . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the most stars on hollywood walk of fame	[ "The original selection committees chose to recognize some entertainers' contributions in multiple categories with multiple stars. Gene Autry is the only honoree with stars in all five categories.[52][53] Bob Hope, Mickey Rooney, Roy Rogers, and Tony Martin each have stars in four categories—Rooney has three of his own and a fourth with his eighth and final wife, Jan,[54][55] while Rogers also has three of his own, and a fourth with his band, Sons of the Pioneers.[56][57] Thirty-three people, including Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, Jo Stafford, Dean Martin, Dinah Shore, Gale Storm, Danny Kaye, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., and Jack Benny, have stars in three categories.[52]\n" ]	[ "Gene Autry" ]
4303564332112787684	Nate Robinson	Nate Robinson - wikipedia Nate Robinson For other people named Nate Robinson , see Nate Robinson ( disambiguation ) . Nate Robinson Robinson with the New York Knicks in January 2007 Homenetmen Beirut B.C. Position Point guard League Lebanese Basketball League ( 1984 - 05 - 31 ) May 31 , 1984 ( age 34 ) Seattle , Washington Nationality American Listed height 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Listed weight 173 lb ( 78 kg ) Career information High school Rainier Beach ( Seattle , Washington ) James Logan ( Union City , California ) College Washington ( 2002 -- 2005 ) NBA draft 2005 / Round : 1 / Pick : 21st overall Selected by the Phoenix Suns Playing career 2005 -- present Career history 2005 -- 2010 New York Knicks 2010 -- 2011 Boston Celtics 2011 Oklahoma City Thunder 2012 Golden State Warriors 2012 -- 2013 Chicago Bulls 2013 -- 2015 Denver Nuggets 2015 Los Angeles Clippers 2015 New Orleans Pelicans 2016 Hapoel Tel Aviv 2017 Delaware 87ers 2017 Guaros de Lara 2018 -- present Homenetmen Beirut Career highlights and awards 3 × NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion ( 2006 , 2009 , 2010 ) Venezuelan League champion ( 2017 ) Venezuelan League Grand Final MVP ( 2017 ) Third - team All - American -- AP , NABC ( 2005 ) Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award ( 2005 ) 2 × First - team All - Pac - 10 ( 2004 , 2005 ) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Nathaniel Cornelius Robinson ( born May 31 , 1984 ) is an American professional basketball player for Homenetmen Beirut of the Lebanese Basketball League . Born in Seattle , Robinson played college basketball for the University of Washington in Seattle and was the 21st pick in the 2005 NBA draft . The 5 ′ 9 '' point guard has also played for the New York Knicks , Boston Celtics , Oklahoma City Thunder , Golden State Warriors , Chicago Bulls , and Denver Nuggets . Robinson is the NBA 's first three - time slam dunk champion . In 2018 he plays BIG3 basketball for Tri-State and AFFL flag football for Holdat concurrently , until Holdat was eliminated in the Semi Finals of the AFFL . Contents 1 High school career 2 College career 3 Professional career 3.1 New York Knicks ( 2005 -- 2010 ) 3.1. 1 2005 -- 06 3.1. 2 2006 -- 07 3.1. 3 2007 -- 08 3.1. 4 2008 -- 09 3.1. 5 2009 -- 10 3.2 Boston Celtics ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 3.3 Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2011 ) 3.4 Golden State Warriors ( 2012 ) 3.5 Chicago Bulls ( 2012 -- 2013 ) 3.6 Denver Nuggets ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 3.7 Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 ) 3.8 New Orleans Pelicans ( 2015 ) 3.9 Hapoel Tel Aviv ( 2016 ) 3.10 Delaware 87ers ( 2017 ) 3.11 Guaros de Lara ( 2017 ) 3.12 Homenetmen Beirut ( 2018 -- present ) 4 NBA career statistics 4.1 Regular season 4.2 Playoffs 4.3 Career highs 5 Personal life 6 Other work 7 See also 8 References 9 External links High school career Robinson spent his first two years of high school at Rainier Beach High School in Seattle before moving to Union City , California where he played for James Logan High School in 2000 -- 01 . He then returned to Rainier Beach for his senior season in 2001 -- 02 . At Rainier Beach , he excelled in basketball , football and track . He led his basketball team to a 28 -- 2 record and won the AAA state championship as a senior with teammates Terrence Williams and twins , Rodrick and Lodrick Stewart . He averaged 17.9 points , seven rebounds , seven assists and three steals per game in 2001 -- 02 , and was named the AAA State player of the year in Washington . Rainier Beach also received a No. 7 national ranking from USA Today . On September 10 , 2010 , Rainier Beach retired Robinson 's No. 2 jersey . College career Robinson was originally enrolled at Washington on a football scholarship , but decided to concentrate on basketball beginning with his sophomore year . He played all 13 football games in 2002 and started the final six games as a cornerback on the Husky football squad , including the Sun Bowl . He intercepted two passes and made 34 tackles . In his freshman basketball season at Washington in 2002 -- 03 , Robinson was named to the CollegeInsider. com 's 20 - player national All - Freshmen Team , as well as earning All - Pac - 10 Freshman Team honors . He led the team in scoring average with 13.0 points per game , a figure that ranked 17th among Pac - 10 players ; also his 300 points tied for fourth among all - time UW freshmen . In his sophomore season , Robinson was named to the All - Pac - 10 first team after he led the team and ranked 13th among Pac - 10 scorers with 13.2 points per game . In his junior season , Robinson was named to the NABC All - NCAA District 14 first team , NABC All - America third team , Pac - 10 All - Tournament team and All - Pac - 10 first team after leading Washington to a Sweet Sixteen appearance . In April 2005 , Robinson declared for the NBA draft , forgoing his final year of college eligibility . Professional career New York Knicks ( 2005 -- 2010 ) 2005 -- 06 Robinson was selected with the 21st overall pick by the Phoenix Suns in the 2005 NBA draft . He was later traded to the New York Knicks on draft night along with Quentin Richardson in exchange for Kurt Thomas and the draft rights to Dijon Thompson . Robinson played in 72 games his rookie year , starting 26 of them , while averaging 9.3 points and 2.0 assists per game . He had a major breakout performance against the Philadelphia 76ers at Madison Square Garden where he scored 17 points and grabbed 6 rebounds . Of his 17 points , three came on a game - winning three - pointer at the overtime buzzer . During the All - Star weekend , Robinson won the 2006 Sprite Rising Stars Slam Dunk Contest , edging Andre Iguodala 141 -- 140 in overtime , although he took 14 attempts to make his final dunk . In his most memorable dunk of the night , he jumped over 1986 champion Spud Webb , and received a perfect 50 - point score for the dunk . During the 2005 -- 06 season , Robinson was reportedly involved in physical altercations between teammates Jerome James and Malik Rose in separate incidents . He was at one point considered by Knicks ' coach Larry Brown to be demoted to the NBA Development League . He was instead placed on the Inactive List for 10 games between February 24 and March 11 . 2006 -- 07 On December 16 , 2006 , Robinson was one of the primary participants in the brawl between the Denver Nuggets and the Knicks . His fight with Nuggets guard J.R. Smith landed in the seats , and he was suspended for 10 games as a result . Robinson competed in the 2007 Slam Dunk Contest to defend his 2006 title , and came in second place after Gerald Green . In the second round , Green 's Boston Celtics teammate Paul Pierce brought out a cardboard cut - out of Robinson to dunk over , but Robinson came out and stood in its place instead , and Green jumped over him to complete the dunk . 2007 -- 08 In the 2007 -- 08 season , Robinson averaged 12.7 points per game and was the team 's leading scorer in 10 games . On March 8 , 2008 , he scored a career - high 45 points in a 114 - 120 overtime loss to the Portland Trail Blazers . 2008 -- 09 On February 14 , 2009 , Robinson won the 2009 Sprite Slam Dunk Competition . During the first round he completed two dunks , the second of which included jumping off Knicks teammate Wilson Chandler , who was on the floor . He finished second in the first round with a score of 87 . After the first round , he went into the locker room and changed into a green Knicks jersey with green shorts and green shoes representing Kryptonite ( which he called `` KryptoNATE '' ) , countering competitor Dwight Howard 's Superman theme . In the final round , Robinson , who is only 5 feet 9 , jumped over Dwight Howard ( 6 feet 11 inches ) for the slam . Robinson went on to win his second Slam Dunk title with 52 % of the fan vote . Robinson enjoyed his best season in 2008 -- 2009 , averaging 17.2 points per game , 4.1 assists per game , and almost 30 minutes per game . On February 23 , 2009 , Robinson scored 41 points and also had 8 rebounds . On August 12 , 2009 , Robinson reported on his Twitter page that he would change his number from number 4 to number 2 for the 2009 -- 10 season . On September 25 , 2009 , Robinson re-signed with the New York Knicks to a one - year deal . 2009 -- 10 After a series of disagreements , Mike D'Antoni removed Robinson from the Knicks ' rotation for 14 games beginning on December 1 , 2009 . Robinson 's agent , Aaron Goodwin , urged the Knicks to deal his client , or perhaps work out a buy - out with the team . After remaining on the bench for nearly a month , Robinson made his return on January 1 , 2010 , against the Atlanta Hawks , and scored 41 points off the bench in the Knicks ' overtime victory . He scored 21 of the Knicks ' final 25 points , which included outscoring the Hawks by himself in overtime . On February 13 , 2010 , Robinson won the 2010 Sprite Slam Dunk Contest , becoming the first three - time Slam Dunk champion . Boston Celtics ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Robinson played parts of two seasons ( February 2010 to February 2011 ) with the Boston Celtics . On February 18 , 2010 , Robinson was traded to the Boston Celtics along with Marcus Landry in exchange for Eddie House , Bill Walker , and J.R. Giddens . Robinson played in 26 games with the Celtics averaging 6.5 points per game in 14.7 minutes per game . He was the primary backup to Rajon Rondo , though unable to earn many minutes with Rondo playing 37 minutes per game . Despite his limited playing time , Robinson made key contributions during the Celtics playoff run that season . In the series clinching Game 6 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Orlando Magic , he scored 13 points in just 13 minutes while Rondo was attending an injury . The Celtics bench , namely Robinson and Glen Davis ( who called themselves `` Shrek and Donkey '' ) , led a 13 -- 2 run in the fourth quarter of their NBA Finals Game 4 victory to tie the series at two games each . The Celtics ultimately lost the series in seven games . On July 16 , 2010 , Robinson re -- signed with Boston on a two - year deal . With Rajon Rondo on limited minutes in the first two months due to an ankle injury , Robinson received extended playing time and started 11 games for the Celtics between November and December . Six of the games Robinson started were part of a 14 -- game win streak for the Celtics . By January 2011 , both Rondo and Delonte West were healthy , and Robinson was pushed to third on the point guard depth chart . Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2011 ) On February 24 , 2011 , Robinson was traded , along with Kendrick Perkins , to the Oklahoma City Thunder in exchange for Jeff Green and Nenad Krstić . He appeared in a second consecutive Conference Finals that year , but had completely fallen out of the Thunder 's rotation by that point . On December 24 , 2011 , just prior to the start of the lockout -- shortened 2011 -- 12 season , the Thunder waived Robinson . Golden State Warriors ( 2012 ) On January 4 , 2012 , Robinson signed with the Golden State Warriors . On January 10 , 2012 , with the absence of Stephen Curry , Robinson led the Warriors with 24 points in a 111 -- 106 overtime victory over the Miami Heat . In the 2011 -- 2012 season he averaged 11.2 points , 4.5 assists and 2 rebounds in 51 games played . Chicago Bulls ( 2012 -- 2013 ) On July 31 , 2012 , Robinson signed a one - year contract with the Chicago Bulls . Due to Derrick Rose 's injury , Robinson was given extensive playing time and started 23 games behind Kirk Hinrich . Robinson was named as the Eastern Conference Player of the Week for the first week of February , after averaging 17.8 points , 6.8 assists , and 2.5 steals on 52.9 percent from the three - point line in a 4 - game span . During a 19 - game stretch from March 8 to April 14 , Robinson averaged 18.6 points and 5.1 assists , which included a win over the Heat on March 27 to end Miami 's 27 - game winning streak . The Bulls finished 45 -- 37 , good for the fifth seed in the East . Up 2 - 1 in their first round series against the Brooklyn Nets , the Bulls faced a 109 - 95 deficit in game 4 with less than three minutes left in regulation . Robinson scored 12 unanswered points to bring the Bulls back and eventually win the game in triple overtime . He finished the game with 34 points , including 23 points in the 4th quarter , just one point shy of Michael Jordan 's franchise playoff record . The Nets won the next two games setting up a decisive game 7 in Brooklyn that the Bulls won , which was their first road game 7 victory in franchise history . Matched with the Miami Heat in the semifinals , Robinson scored 27 points and nine assists in game 1 to stun the defending champions and take a 1 - 0 series lead . He joined Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen , and Derrick Rose as the only Bulls to score at least 25 points and nine assists in a playoff game . The Bulls lost the next four as Miami went on to repeat as NBA Champions . Steve Kerr , then television analyst , said after Robinson 's performance in the 2013 NBA Playoffs `` they might have to put a statue of this guy outside the building , right next to Michael . '' Kevin Craft of The Atlantic called Robinson the breakout star of the playoffs . Denver Nuggets ( 2013 -- 2015 ) On July 26 , 2013 , Robinson signed a multi-year deal with the Denver Nuggets . He announced that he would wear number 10 to honor soccer player Lionel Messi ; his preferred number 2 was already retired for Alex English . On June 23 , 2014 , Robinson exercised the player option on his contract . On January 13 , 2015 , Robinson was traded to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Jameer Nelson Two days later , he was waived by the Celtics before appearing in a game for them . Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 ) On March 7 , 2015 , Robinson signed a 10 - day contract with the Los Angeles Clippers . On March 17 , he signed a second 10 - day contract with the Clippers . Due to injury , he was not retained by the Clippers following the expiration of his second 10 - day contract . New Orleans Pelicans ( 2015 ) On October 16 , 2015 , Robinson signed a one - year deal with the New Orleans Pelicans . On October 29 , he was waived by the Pelicans after appearing in the team 's first two games of the regular season . Hapoel Tel Aviv ( 2016 ) On March 17 , 2016 , Robinson signed with Hapoel Tel Aviv of the Israeli Basketball Premier League . On May 19 , he scored a season - high 46 points in a playoff game against Hapoel Jerusalem . In 14 games for Tel Aviv , he averaged 16.2 points , 1.6 rebounds , 2.9 assists and 1.8 steals per game . Delaware 87ers ( 2017 ) On February 8 , 2017 , Robinson was acquired by the Delaware 87ers of the NBA Development League . On February 14 , he made his debut in a 123 -- 101 win over the Maine Red Claws , recording three points , three assists and three steals in 18 minutes off the bench . Guaros de Lara ( 2017 ) On April 3 , 2017 , Robinson signed with Guaros de Lara of the Venezuelan Liga Profesional de Baloncesto ( LPB ) . In July , Robinson won the 2017 LPB championship with Guaros . Robinson was named the LPB Grand Final MVP . Homenetmen Beirut ( 2018 -- present ) On July 31 , 2018 , Robinson signed with Homenetmen Beirut of the Lebanese Basketball League . NBA career statistics Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2005 -- 06 New York 72 26 21.4 . 407 . 397 . 752 2.3 2.0 . 8 . 0 9.3 2006 -- 07 New York 64 5 21.2 . 434 . 390 . 777 2.4 1.4 . 8 . 1 10.1 2007 -- 08 New York 72 17 26.2 . 423 . 332 . 786 3.1 2.9 . 8 . 0 12.7 2008 -- 09 New York 74 11 29.9 . 437 . 325 . 841 3.9 4.1 1.3 . 1 17.2 2009 -- 10 New York 30 24.4 . 452 . 375 . 778 2.4 3.7 . 9 . 2 13.2 2009 -- 10 Boston 26 0 14.7 . 401 . 414 . 615 1.5 2.0 . 8 . 0 6.5 2010 -- 11 Boston 55 11 17.9 . 404 . 328 . 825 1.6 1.9 . 5 . 1 7.1 2010 -- 11 Oklahoma City 0 7.5 . 267 . 250 . 750 . 3 1.5 . 0 . 0 3.3 2011 -- 12 Golden State 51 9 23.4 . 424 . 365 . 832 2.0 4.5 1.2 . 0 11.2 2012 -- 13 Chicago 82 23 25.4 . 433 . 405 . 799 2.2 4.4 1.0 . 1 13.1 2013 -- 14 Denver 44 19.7 . 428 . 377 . 835 1.8 2.5 . 8 . 1 10.4 2014 -- 15 Denver 33 14.1 . 348 . 261 . 650 1.2 2.3 . 4 . 1 5.8 2014 -- 15 L.A. Clippers 9 0 14.0 . 333 . 350 . 833 1.2 2.2 . 7 . 0 5.1 2015 -- 16 New Orleans 11.5 . 000 . 000 . 000 . 0 2.0 . 5 . 0 . 0 Career 618 107 22.5 . 423 . 360 . 796 2.3 3.0 . 9 . 1 11.0 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Boston 17 0 7.5 . 375 . 333 . 800 . 8 . 4 . 1 4.2 2011 Oklahoma City 0 4.0 . 286 . 333 1.000 . 0 . 3 . 0 . 0 2.7 2013 Chicago 12 8 33.7 . 436 . 338 . 756 2.7 4.4 1.0 . 2 16.3 Career 32 8 17.0 . 415 . 337 . 776 1.4 2.3 . 6 . 1 8.6 Career highs Stat High Opponent Date Points 45 vs. Portland March 8 , 2008 Rebounds 10 3 times -- Assists 15 vs. LA Clippers February 11 , 2009 Steals 5 5 times -- Blocks vs. Charlotte January 28 , 2013 Field goals made 18 vs. Atlanta January 1 , 2010 3 - pointers made 8 vs. Portland March 22 , 2007 Free throws made 15 vs. Indiana February 23 , 2009 Personal life Robinson 's father , Jacque Robinson , played American football for the Huskies and earned MVP honors in both the 1982 Rose Bowl and 1985 Orange Bowl . Robinson 's father was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in 1987 and played one season with the Philadelphia Eagles before his NFL career ended . His mother , Renee Busch , operates a beauty salon in Seattle . He is also the cousin of point guard Tony Wroten . Robinson 's great - great - grandfather on his maternal side was Filipino . Robinson has three children , Navyi , Nahmier and Ny'ale , with his high school sweet heart , Sheena Felitz . Besides basketball , he is an avid car collector and owns a Jeep Grand Cherokee , Dodge Challenger and Hummer H2 as well as a blue Porsche Panamera and orange Cadillac CTS - V. His favorite car is the Pontiac Firebird which he also owns and is the same color as his Cadillac . Other work In 2014 , he became an author of a book called Heart over Height which he began writing after he scored 34 points against the Brooklyn Nets . In the book , he talks about his former football coach Rick Neuheisel who was fired . During the interview with the Seattle Times , he said that he favors Earl Thomas since he was the one who inspired him to write a book . He also said that he met LL Cool J and Martin Lawrence in person . In 2014 , Robinson opened a chicken and waffles restaurant in Rainier Beach , Seattle , the neighborhood in which he went to high school . In June 2016 , Robinson had a tryout with the Seattle Seahawks . In 2018 , he played Boots in the film Uncle Drew . See also National Basketball Association portal List of shortest players in National Basketball Association history References Jump up ^ `` Rewind : Live chat with Denver Nuggets guard Nate Robinson '' . The Seattle Times . June 25 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2014 . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Friedell , Nick ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` Bulls sign Nate Robinson '' . ESPN Chicago . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nate Robinson Info Page '' . NBA . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2010 . Retrieved December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Stephen ( February 13 , 2010 ) . `` Nate Robinson Wins NBA Slam Dunk Contest '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2010 . Retrieved October 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nate Robinson Profile '' . GoHuskies.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Mason ( September 10 , 2010 ) . `` Nate Robinson 's number retired at Rainier Beach High School '' . Seattle Times . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2010 . Retrieved December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Percy Allen ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Former UW star Nate Robinson to be inducted in Pac - 12 Hall of Honor '' . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nate Robinson Declares for NBA Draft '' . CSTV.com. April 11 , 2005 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suns send first - round pick Robinson to Knicks '' . ESPN . June 29 , 2005 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wong , Matt ( February 21 , 2006 ) . `` Robinson wins dunkfest amid controversy '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2010 . Retrieved December 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Isola , Frank ( April 6 , 2006 ) . `` Nate nearly shut down '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Suspensions total 47 games from Knicks - Nuggets fight '' . ESPN . December 20 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berman , Marc ( February 18 , 2007 ) . `` Nate Sees Green '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( March 9 , 2008 ) . `` Robinson Gets 45 , but Knicks Fall Short '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson , Cook , Rose shine in Phoenix '' . Phoenix : ESPN.com . Associated Press . February 15 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved February 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nate Robinson returns , Knicks beat Hawks '' . Jump up ^ Steve Aschburner ( February 14 , 2010 ) . `` High - flying Nate becomes first three - time Slam Dunk champ '' . NBA . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics acquire Nate Robinson , Marcus Landry from Knicks '' . NBA . February 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Magic vs. Celtics - Game Recap - May 28 , 2010 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Expendable as a Knick , Invaluable as a Celtic '' . The New York Times . 12 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Sharp , Andrew ( 11 June 2010 ) . `` Just A Heads Up : Glen Davis And Nate Robinson Are Really Awesome '' . SBNation.com . Jump up ^ `` Glen ' Shrek ' Davis and Nate ' Donkey ' Robinson Make News Conferences Fun Again '' . 12 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers vs. Celtics - Game Recap - June 10 , 2010 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Guard Nate Robinson to re-sign with Celtics '' . Jump up ^ `` 76ers vs. Celtics - Game Recap - December 22 , 2010 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Ford , Chad ( February 25 , 2011 ) . `` Celtics get Thunder 's Jeff Green '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder waive guard Nate Robinson '' . NBA.com . December 24 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Sign Free Agent Guard Nate Robinson '' . NBA . January 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Bruce ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` Nate Robinson sparks Warriors ' rally over Heat '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Friedell , Nick ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` Bulls sign Nate Robinson '' . ESPN Chicago . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mark Potash ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Bulls ' Nate Robinson wins first Player of the Week Award '' . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets Sign Free - Agent Guard Nate Robinson - Denver Nuggets '' . Jump up ^ `` Heat vs. Bulls - Game Recap - March 27 , 2013 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Nets vs. Bulls - Game Recap - April 27 , 2013 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Greenberg : Little Robinson plays big for Bulls '' . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( 6 May 2013 ) . `` N.B.A. Playoffs -- Heat Have M.V.P. ; Bulls Have Series Lead '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` It 's Robinson , not James , who strikes first '' . Jump up ^ `` Is Nate Robinson the next Michael Jordan ? '' . 27 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Craft , Kevin . `` In Praise of Nate Robinson , the NBA Playoffs ' Surprising Scene - Stealer '' . Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets Sign Free - Agent Guard Nate Robinson '' . NBA.com . July 26 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eric Freeman ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` Nate Robinson will wear No. 10 with the Denver Nuggets to honor Lionel Messi '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arthur , Robinson Exercise Player Options '' . KCNC - TV . June 23 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2014 . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kurt Helin ( June 23 , 2014 ) . `` Report : As expected , Nate Robinson to opt in with Denver Nuggets '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics Complete Trade With Denver Nuggets '' . NBA.com . January 13 , 2015 . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics Complete Three - Team Trade '' . NBA.com . January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Ralph ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` CLIPPERS SIGN NATE ROBINSON TO 10 - DAY CONTRACT '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Clippers sign Nate Robinson to second 10 - day contract '' . NBA.com . March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Clippers holding off on re-signing Nate Robinson after second 10 - day contract expires '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . March 26 , 2015 . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pelicans Sign Nate Robinson '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans to fill void with Nate Robinson '' . ESPN . October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pelicans Waive Nate Robinson '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hapoel Tel Aviv signs Nate Robinson '' . Sportando.com . March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Glasspiegel , Ryan ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Nate Robinson Tear Up a Playoff Game in Israel '' . thebiglead.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Delaware 87ers Acquire 11 - Year NBA Vet Nate Robinson '' . NBA.com . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Vet Nate Robinson Debuts as 87ers Shoot Past Red Claws '' . NBA.com . February 14 , 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nate Robinson signs in Venezuela with Guaros de Lara '' . Sportando.com. April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Template : Cite . On 2018 he signed to clevland cavalirs news Jump up ^ `` Nate Robinson signs with Homenetmen in Lebanon '' . Sportando . July 31 , 2018 . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nate Robinson Bio Page '' . NBA . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Father Jacque Robinson played tailback at Washington from 1981 -- 84 and amassed 2,300 career yards to rank eighth on all - time Huskies list Jump up ^ `` Tony Wroten profile '' . gohuskies.com . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2010 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New York Knicks ' Nate Robinson : Pinoy Slam Dunk Champ '' . Asian Journal . January 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Bartholomew , who wrote a profile about Robinson for the Seattle Weekly , interviewed Robinson 's mother Renee Busch and she confirmed that her great grand father was full Filipino Jump up ^ Narcisco , Gerald ( January 18 , 2010 ) . `` The Thrilla In Manila : Nate Robinson Talks About His Filipino Roots '' . Dime Magazine . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . ' I 'm like 1 / 8th , on my momma 's side . But that 's like digging down the line though . It 's like great , great grandparent . ' Jump up ^ `` Nate Robinson 's Girlfriend Sheena Felitz ( Photos - Pictures ) '' . BallerWives.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ross Edwards ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Nate Robinson 's Awesome Car Collection '' . Auto Loan Daily . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Highlights of live chat with Nate Robinson '' . The Seattle Times . June 25 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2014 . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nate Robinson opens up a Chicken & Waffles restaurant '' . Ballislife.com. 30 September 2014 . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NBA star Nate Robinson opens restaurant in Rainier Beach '' . 26 September 2014 . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nate Robinson to tryout for the Seattle Seahawks '' . External links Career statistics and player information from Basketball-Reference.com Nate Robinson at nba.com Links to related articles Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award winners Male 1969 : Keller 1970 : Rinka 1971 : C. Johnson 1972 : Martin 1973 : Sherwin 1974 : M. Robinson 1975 : Towe 1976 : Alagia 1977 : Jonas 1978 : Scheib 1979 : Byrd 1980 : Sweeney 1981 : Adolph 1982 : Moore 1983 : McCallum 1984 : Stokes 1985 : B. 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5517500822437429637	House of Cards (U.S. TV series)	House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) - Wikipedia House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the 1990 UK series of the same name , see House of Cards ( UK TV series ) . House of Cards Genre Political drama Political thriller Created by Beau Willimon Based on House of Cards by Michael Dobbs House of Cards by Andrew Davies Starring Kevin Spacey Robin Wright ( See full cast below ) Music by Jeff Beal Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 65 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Fincher Kevin Spacey Eric Roth Joshua Donen Dana Brunetti Andrew Davies Michael Dobbs John Melfi Beau Willimon David Manson John David Coles Robin Wright Location ( s ) Baltimore , Maryland Joppa , Maryland ( sound stage ) Cinematography Eigil Bryld Tim Ives Igor Martinovic Running time 43 -- 59 minutes Production company ( s ) Media Rights Capital Trigger Street Productions Wade / Thomas Productions Knight Takes King Productions Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 1080p ( 2 : 1 HDTV ) ( 2013 ) 4K ( 2 : 1 UHDTV ) ( 2014 -- present ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) -- present Chronology Related shows House of Cards External links Website www.netflix.com/houseofcards House of Cards is an American political thriller web television series created by Beau Willimon . It is an adaptation of the 1990 BBC miniseries of the same name , based on the novel by Michael Dobbs . The first 13 - episode season premiered on February 1 , 2013 , on the streaming service Netflix . Set in Washington , D.C. , House of Cards is the story of Congressman Frank Underwood ( Kevin Spacey ) , a Democrat from South Carolina 's 5th congressional district and House Majority Whip . After being passed over for appointment as Secretary of State , he initiates an elaborate plan to attain power , aided by his wife , Claire Underwood ( Robin Wright ) . The series deals with themes of ruthless pragmatism , manipulation , and power . House of Cards has received positive reviews and several award nominations , including 33 Primetime Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , Outstanding Lead Actor for Spacey , and Outstanding Lead Actress for Wright , for each of its first five seasons . It is the first original online - only web television series to receive major Emmy nominations . The show also earned eight Golden Globe Award nominations , with Wright winning for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama in 2014 and Spacey winning for Best Actor -- Television Series Drama in 2015 . On October 30 , 2017 , following sexual misconduct allegations against Spacey , Netflix announced that the sixth season , scheduled for 2018 , would be the final season . On November 3 , 2017 , Netflix announced that Spacey had been fired from the show . On December 4 , 2017 , Netflix announced that an eight - episode sixth season would start production in early 2018 without Spacey 's involvement . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 1.2 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 1.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 1.4 Season 4 ( 2016 ) 1.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Conception 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.3. 1 Locations 3.3. 2 Tax credits 3.4 Final season announcement and firing of Spacey 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.1. 1 Season 1 5.1. 2 Season 2 5.1. 3 Season 3 5.1. 4 Season 4 5.1. 5 Season 5 5.2 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) See also : List of House of Cards episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) 13 February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) 13 February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) 13 March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) 5 13 May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 1 ) Frank Underwood , a power - hungry Democratic congressman from South Carolina and House majority whip , celebrates the election of President Garrett Walker , whose campaign he aided to get himself appointed Secretary of State . However , Underwood learns that the President wants him to promote his agenda in Congress and will not honor their agreement . Inwardly seething , Underwood presents himself as a helpful lieutenant to Walker . In reality , Underwood begins an elaborate plan behind the President 's back , with the ultimate goal of gaining a cabinet position . Frank 's wife Claire runs an NGO , the Clean Water Initiative , which she uses to cultivate her own power , yet its ultimate purpose remains unknown . Despite the success of the operation , Claire seeks to expand its scope to the international stage , often using Frank 's connections . It is clear from the outset that Claire shares both her husband 's cold - hearted , ruthless pragmatism and lust for power , and they frequently scheme together to ensure the success of each other 's ventures . They both work with Remy Danton , a corporate lobbyist and former Underwood staffer , to secure funds for their operations and expand their influence . Underwood begins a symbiotic , and ultimately sexual , relationship with Zoe Barnes , a young political reporter , secretly feeding her damaging stories about his political rivals to sway public opinion as needed . Meanwhile , he manipulates Peter Russo , a troubled alcoholic and congressman from Pennsylvania , into helping him undermine Walker 's pick for Secretary of State , Senator Michael Kern . Underwood eventually has Kern replaced with his own choice , Senator Catherine Durant . Underwood also uses Russo in a plot to end a teachers ' strike and pass an education bill , which improves Underwood 's standing with Walker . Because the new vice president is the former governor of Pennsylvania , a special election is to be held for his successor . Underwood helps Russo get clean and props up his candidacy , but later uses call girl Rachel Posner to break his sobriety and trigger his downfall shortly before the election . When Russo decides to come clean about his role in Underwood 's schemes , Frank kills Russo and stages his death as a suicide . With the special election in chaos , Underwood convinces the vice president to step down and run for his old position of governor -- leaving the vice presidency open to Underwood , as was his plan all along . Underwood is introduced to Missouri billionaire Raymond Tusk , Walker 's friend and advisor . Tusk reveals that he has been influencing Walker 's decisions all along and convinced him to cancel the original agreement , and explains he will influence Walker to nominate Underwood for vice president if he does a favor benefiting Tusk 's interests . Underwood counter-proposes to Tusk that they work together to fulfill both their interests , which Tusk accepts . Meanwhile , after Underwood ends their affair , Zoe begins piecing together clues about Underwood 's various plots . The season ends when Underwood accepts the nomination for vice president . Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 2 ) Zoe and two colleagues , Lucas Goodwin and Janine Skorsky , continue investigating Frank and ultimately locate Rachel . As a protective measure , Frank 's aide Doug Stamper brings Rachel to a safe house while Frank lures Zoe to a Metro station and , unseen by witnesses or security cameras , pushes her in front of an oncoming train . Zoe 's death compels Janine to abandon the investigation , but Lucas continues the search alone . He solicits the help of a hacker to retrieve Frank 's text history . However , the hacker , Gavin Orsay , actually works for Doug and frames Lucas for cyberterrorism . Later , Gavin uses Rachel to extort Doug . Fearing potential harm and Doug 's growing obsession with her , Rachel hits Doug with a brick and leaves him for dead . After Frank begins his vice presidential duties , Claire becomes close with the First Lady and learns Walker 's marriage is strained . Meanwhile , Frank aims to drive a wedge between Walker and Tusk . He meets Xander Feng , a Chinese businessman and ally of Tusk 's , to engage in back - channel negotiations that Frank intentionally scuttles at the expense of Tusk 's credibility . In the resulting trade war with China , Tusk opposes Walker 's efforts to deal with the crisis and begins having a tribal casino funnel money into Republican PACs in retaliation . When Frank discovers that Feng is the source of the donations , he gets Feng to end his partnership with Tusk in exchange for a lucrative contract for a bridge over Long Island Sound . The Justice Department investigates the White House 's ties to Feng and Tusk . Frank manipulates Walker into volunteering his travel records , which reveal his visits to a marriage counselor and raise questions about whether the donations were discussed . Wishing to avoid public disclosure of his personal issues , Walker has the White House Counsel coach the counselor , which the special prosecutor interprets as witness tampering . As the House Judiciary Committee begins drafting articles of impeachment , both Walker and Frank offer Tusk a presidential pardon in exchange for implicating each other . Tusk sides with Walker at first , leaving Frank no other option than to regain the president 's trust as a friend . Walker then calls off his deal with Tusk , who testifies against him . With Walker forced to resign , Frank is sworn in as president . Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 3 ) Six months into his presidency , Frank pushes for a controversial jobs program called America Works . Determined to not be a `` placeholder '' president , Underwood reverses his previous pledge and runs in the 2016 election , competing against Heather Dunbar in the Democratic primaries . When Frank refuses to reinstate Doug as his Chief of Staff , Doug appears to switch sides and begins working for Dunbar . Gavin helps Doug track down Rachel and delivers findings purporting that she is dead , causing Doug to suffer a relapse . When Gavin reveals that Rachel is really alive , Doug brutalizes him into divulging her location . Doug finds Rachel living under a false identity in New Mexico , drives her into the desert , and eventually kills her . He returns to work as Frank 's Chief of Staff after Remy resigns . Meanwhile , Claire is named the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and faces a crisis in the Jordan Valley , which pits Frank against Russian President Viktor Petrov . When Petrov has an American gay rights activist arrested in Russia , the Underwoods persuade him to secure a release . However , Petrov demands that the activist apologize on Russian television , leading the activist to kill himself while being visited by Claire . Later , after Russian troops are killed in the Jordan Valley , Petrov convinces Frank to remove Claire as ambassador in exchange for a peaceful resolution . Claire resigns , giving the reason that she wants to be more active in Frank 's campaign . Throughout the season , a writer named Thomas Yates is hired by Frank to write a biography for the purpose of promoting America Works . Yates , a fiction writer with a dark past of his own , decides to put a different spin on the book and writes less about Frank and more about his marriage with Claire . Yates reads Frank a prologue that he does not understand at first , but agrees is a decent beginning . By the end of the season , Yates has the first chapter written and Frank , not liking the direction the book is taking , fires Yates . By the season finale , tensions between the Underwoods reach a point where Claire states her intent to leave Frank . Season 4 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 4 ) Claire relocates to Dallas and runs for Congress in her home district . The incumbent , Doris Jones , plans to retire and endorse her daughter Celia as her successor . Claire offers them federal funding for a key Planned Parenthood clinic in exchange for stepping down , but they refuse the offer . Frank wins back Claire 's support by promising not to sabotage her campaign in Texas , but he later publicly endorses Celia in his State of the Union address . Frank and Claire travel to South Carolina for a primary , but a series of scandals causes Frank to narrowly lose the state to Dunbar . Frank discovers that Claire had been leaking information to Dunbar , and she threatens to continue unless he names her as his running mate . Frank refuses . Lucas is released from prison and seeks revenge against Frank . He explains his story to Dunbar , but she turns him away . Desperate , he attempts to assassinate Frank , wounding the president in the abdomen and killing bodyguard Edward Meechum , but not before Meechum kills Lucas . While Frank remains comatose , Donald Blythe is sworn in as acting president . Blythe is indecisive during a military crisis involving Russia , and turns to Claire for guidance . Claire goes against Frank 's wishes by convincing Blythe to involve China and secure a meeting with Petrov , where she brokers an ambitious peace deal . Doug leaks information about Dunbar 's secret meeting with Lucas and forces her to suspend her campaign . Frank recovers and resumes his position as president , agreeing to put Claire on the ticket for the upcoming election . Tom Hammerschmidt , Zoe and Lucas 's former editor , digs deeper into the latter 's claims of Frank 's misdeeds . He approaches Remy and , with his help , starts to piece together Frank 's corruption . Tom also meets with Walker , convincing him to help by appealing to his anger for being forced to resign . Danton and Jackie Sharp also decide to go on the record against Frank to lend credibility to the story . An American family is kidnapped in Tennessee by two supporters of a radical Islamist group called the Islamic Caliphate Organization ( ICO ) , who agree to negotiate only with the ambitious Republican nominee , Governor Will Conway . Frank invites Conway to the White House to assist in the negotiations as a publicity stunt , and Conway helps buy critical time in locating the suspects . However , tensions between the Conways and Underwoods lead to the governor ending his role in the crisis . Frank and Claire allow the kidnappers to speak to the deposed leader of ICO , Yusuf al Ahmadi , after successfully obtaining the release of two of the hostages . Instead of defusing the situation as he agreed , al Ahmadi urges the kidnappers to kill the remaining hostage and broadcast the killing to the public . Meanwhile , Hammerschmidt publishes his story and threatens to end Frank 's campaign weeks before the election . Claire urges Frank to use a heavier hand in the situation , and they decide to fight back by creating chaos . Frank addresses the public declaring that the nation is at total war , ordering the full force of the military be used to combat global terrorism regardless the cost . The season ends with Frank and Claire watching the live execution of the hostage together , and Claire breaking the fourth wall for the first time by looking into the camera along with Frank . Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 5 ) In the weeks before the 2016 election , Frank uses ICO as a pretext to enacting martial law in urban areas and consolidating polling places in key states . Done mainly through back channels with Democratic governors , this is officially done in the name of safety , but in practice disenfranchises rural Republican voters . To keep the strategy of fear going , Doug blackmails hacker Aidan Macallan into launching a massive cyberattack on the NSA , slowing down Internet traffic and wiping out hundreds of thousands of files . The Underwood Administration pins the attack on ICO . On Election Day , the result hinges on Pennsylvania , Tennessee , and Ohio . Contrary to the Underwoods ' desired plans , the early returns seem to favor Conway . Underwood 's political machine stages a terrorist attack in Knoxville , Tennessee , which is pinned on a local suspected ICO sympathizer . With Pennsylvania secured by Conway and Ohio seeming to swing his way , Frank unofficially calls Conway directly to concede . However , this is merely a tactic to put Conway off guard , as the Underwoods contact Ohio 's governor and convince him to close the polls early on the pretense of a terrorist threat . Ohio and Tennessee refuse to certify the election , and neither candidate reaches the requisite number of electoral votes . Nine weeks after the unresolved election , the Twelfth Amendment is invoked , with the vote being put up to members of Congress . During a meeting with the Congressional Black Caucus , cracks begin to appear in Conway 's facade as he loses his cool . In spite of this , Frank 's own baggage and 12 % approval rating only allows him a tie with Conway in the House , while Claire manages to secure the Senate vote , becoming acting president . In light of the tie , Claire orders a special election for Ohio and Tennessee . Meanwhile , Jane Davis , a low - ranking Commerce Department official who has a wide - ranging network of connections and influence , begins working closely with the Underwoods . As a private citizen for the time being , Frank attends a meeting of powerful men at a secret society known as Elysian Fields , in an effort to secure their influence for votes in the upcoming special election . Meanwhile , Conway has a mental breakdown on his private plane due to feeling that the election was stolen from him . Eventually , this and other leaks from his campaign are slowly dripped to the media in a manner that seems unconnected to the Underwoods . Seeing that his candidate is losing , Conway 's campaign manager , Mark Usher , switches sides to the Underwoods . The Underwood ticket wins both Ohio and Tennessee , and Frank is sworn in as president and Claire as vice president . Meanwhile , Hammerschmidt continues to investigate Zoe 's death , and is given information by an unknown leaker within the White House . Major document dumps are made available to Hammerschmidt , which , among other charges , prompts an impeachment hearing against Frank . In response , the Underwoods set up extensive surveillance on all White House personnel . Eventually , the leaker makes a voice - modulated call to Hammerschmidt , implicating Doug in Zoe 's murder . The Underwoods convince Doug to take the fall for killing Zoe , and the leaker is revealed to be Frank himself . The leaks are revealed to be part of Frank 's master plan to resign the presidency to Claire , believing his thirst for power can be better achieved in the private sector , working alongside his wife 's presidency . Frank , concerned about Durant 's intention to testify at the impeachment hearing , pushes her down a short flight of stairs upon accepting her resignation , hospitalizing her . Claire poisons Yates with an overdose of Gelsemium provided to her by Jane , concerned that he knows too much . Finally , contractors working for the Underwoods eliminate LeAnn by ramming her car off the road into a guard rail . Frank resigns , and the two await the proper moment for Claire to pardon him . This comes in the form of a military special operations unit finding and taking out the leader of ICO , which moves media focus away from Frank . Standing in the Oval Office , Claire appears to reconsider pardoning Frank , and ignores multiple concerned calls from him regarding the matter . The season ends with Claire ignoring Frank 's call , then breaking the fourth wall to tell the viewers , `` My turn . '' Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of House of Cards characters Kevin Spacey portrays Francis `` Frank '' Underwood . Kevin Spacey as Francis J. `` Frank '' Underwood , Democrat from South Carolina 's 5th congressional district who is House Majority Whip in season one , Vice President of the United States in season two , and the 46th President of the United States in seasons three to five . Robin Wright as Claire Underwood , Frank 's wife who runs the Clean Water Initiative , a non-governmental organization , in season one before giving it up to become Second Lady of the United States in season two . She then becomes United States Ambassador to the United Nations in season three and First Lady of the United States in seasons three to five , Acting President of the United States briefly in season five before becoming Vice President of the United States and then permanently 47th President of the United States at the end of the season . Kate Mara as Zoe Barnes , a reporter for The Washington Herald ( and later Slugline ) . She forms an intimate relationship with Frank Underwood , her political informant , who in turn uses her as a mouthpiece to leak stories to the press and irk his political rivals . Corey Stoll as Peter Russo , a Democratic congressman from Pennsylvania 's 1st congressional district and recovering addict . Michael Kelly as Douglas `` Doug '' Stamper , Underwood 's unwaveringly loyal chief of staff and confidant . He is temporarily replaced by Remy Danton as Chief of Staff after his injury for most of season 3 but returns as his new chief of staff at the end of the season . Kristen Connolly as Christina Gallagher , a congressional staffer and personal assistant to President Walker , and lover to Peter Russo . Sakina Jaffrey as Linda Vasquez , President Walker 's White House Chief of Staff . Sandrine Holt as Gillian Cole , the leader of a grass - roots organization called World Well that provides clean water to developing countries . Constance Zimmer as Janine Skorsky , a reporter for The Washington Herald . Michel Gill as Garrett Walker , 45th President of the United States , former Governor of Colorado . He trusts Underwood as a close adviser and lieutenant , but remains blind to his machinations . Sebastian Arcelus as Lucas Goodwin , an editor at The Washington Herald and later Zoe 's boyfriend . Mahershala Ali as Remy Danton , a lawyer for Glendon Hill and lobbyist who works for natural gas company SanCorp in season one and Raymond Tusk in season two . He worked in Underwood 's congressional office as Communications Director prior to the series , and after severing ties with Tusk , serves as Underwood 's chief of staff for most of season 3 until quitting at the end of the season . Boris McGiver as Tom Hammerschmidt , editor - in - chief of The Washington Herald . He opens an investigation into the secret dealings of Frank and his inner circle in Season 4 . Nathan Darrow as Edward Meechum , a member of the United States Capitol Police and the Underwoods ' bodyguard and driver . Rachel Brosnahan as Rachel Posner , a prostitute trying to make a better life for herself using Stamper . Molly Parker as Jacqueline `` Jackie '' Sharp , a Democratic congresswoman from California who succeeded Frank as Majority Whip . She also briefly ran for the Democratic nomination for President in season 3 . Gerald McRaney as Raymond Tusk , a billionaire businessman with a wide network of influence , although he prefers to live modestly . Jayne Atkinson as Catherine `` Cathy '' Durant , a Democratic Senator from Louisiana and Secretary of State . Curtiss Cook as Terry Womack , a Democratic congressman and the head of the Congressional Black Caucus . Jimmi Simpson as Gavin Orsay , a computer hacker turned reluctant FBI informant , who works secretly with Doug Stamper in exchange for help escaping the country . Mozhan Marnò as Wall Street Telegraph reporter Ayla Sayyad . She is assigned to the White House and does freelance investigative reporting . Elizabeth Marvel as Heather Dunbar , a lawyer and Solicitor General of the United States in the Walker Administration . She runs against Underwood for the Democratic nomination . Derek Cecil as Seth Grayson , a political operative who becomes Press Secretary for Vice President Underwood through blackmail . Paul Sparks as Thomas Yates , a successful author whom Frank asks to write a book about the America Works jobs program . He stays on as a speech writer and Claire 's lover . Joel Kinnaman as Will Conway , Republican Governor of New York and Nominee for President of the United States running against Frank . Kim Dickens as Kate Baldwin , chief political reporter of the Wall Street Telegraph . She replaces Sayyad at the White House after Seth Grayson dismisses Sayyad for protocol violations . Lars Mikkelsen as Viktor Petrov , the President of Russia . Neve Campbell as LeAnn Harvey , a Texas - based political consultant Claire hires to run her Congressional campaign . She later becomes the Campaign Manager for the Underwoods for the 2016 Election . Campbell Scott as Mark Usher , Conway 's Campaign Manager . He later joins the Underwood 's inner circle as a `` Special Adviser '' . Patricia Clarkson as Jane Davis , Deputy Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade . She is very well connected and able to successfully negotiate back channel dealings for the Underwoods . Dominique McElligott as Hannah Conway , wife of New York Governor and Republican presidential nominee Will Conway . Korey Jackson as Sean Jeffries , a young reporter at the Washington Herald working under Hammerschmidt . Damian Young as Aidan Macallan , a data scientist and NSA contractor who is friends with LeAnn Harvey . James Martinez as Alex Romero , a Democratic Congressman who leads the House Intelligence Committee 's investigation into Frank 's alleged abuse of power . Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) The world of 7 : 30 on Tuesday nights , that 's dead . A stake has been driven through its heart , its head has been cut off , and its mouth has been stuffed with garlic . The captive audience is gone . If you give people this opportunity to mainline all in one day , there 's reason to believe they will do it . `` '' -- David Fincher Independent studio Media Rights Capital ( MRC ) , founded by Mordecai Wiczyk and Asif Satchu , producer of films such as Babel , purchased the rights to House of Cards with the intention to create a series . While finishing production on his 2008 film The Curious Case of Benjamin Button , David Fincher 's agent showed him House of Cards , a BBC miniseries starring Ian Richardson . Fincher was interested in producing a potential series with Eric Roth . Fincher said that he was interested in doing television because of its long - form nature , adding that working in film does not allow for complex characterizations the way that television allows . `` I felt for the past ten years that the best writing that was happening for actors was happening in television . And so I had been looking to do something that was longer form , '' Fincher stated . MRC approached different networks about the series , including HBO , Showtime and AMC , but Netflix , hoping to launch its own original programming , outbid the other networks . Ted Sarandos , Netflix 's Chief Content Officer , looked at the data of Netflix users ' streaming habits and concluded that there was an audience for Fincher and Spacey . `` It looked incredibly promising , '' he said , `` kind of the perfect storm of material and talent . '' In finding a writer to adapt the series , Fincher stated that they needed someone who could faithfully translate parliamentary politics to Washington . '' Beau Willimon , who has served as an aide to Chuck Schumer , Howard Dean and Hillary Clinton , was hired and completed the pilot script in early 2011 . Willimon saw the opportunity to create an entirely new series from the original and deepen its overall story . This is the future , streaming is the future . TV will not be TV in five years from now ... everyone will be streaming . `` '' -- Beau Willimon The project was first announced in March 2011 , with Kevin Spacey attached to star and serve as an executive producer . Fincher was announced as director for the first two episodes , from scripts by Willimon . Netflix ordered 26 episodes to air over two seasons . Spacey called Netflix 's model of publishing all episodes at once a `` new perspective . '' He added that Netflix 's commitment to two full seasons gave the series greater continuity . `` We know exactly where we are going , '' he said . In a speech at the Edinburgh International Television Festival , he also noted that while other networks were interested in the show , they all wanted a pilot , whereas Netflix -- relying solely on their statistics -- ordered the series directly . In January 2016 , show creator , executive producer and showrunner Beau Willimon 's departure following season 4 was announced . Casting ( edit ) I was lucky to get into film at a time that was very interesting for drama . But if you look now , the focus is not on the same kind of films that were made in the 90s . When I look now , the most interesting plots , the most interesting characters , they are on TV . `` '' -- Kevin Spacey Fincher stated that every main cast member was their first choice . In the first read through , he said `` I want everybody here to know that you represent our first choice -- each actor here represents our first choice for these characters . So do not fuck this up . '' Spacey , whose last regular television role was in the series Wiseguy , which ran from 1987 until 1990 , responded positively to the script . He then played Richard III at The Old Vic , which Fincher said was `` great training . '' Spacey supported the decision to release all of the episodes at once , believing that this type of release pattern will be increasingly common with television shows . He said , `` When I ask my friends what they did with their weekend , they say , ' Oh , I stayed in and watched three seasons of Breaking Bad or it 's two seasons of Game of Thrones . '' He was officially cast on March 18 , 2011 . Robin Wright was approached by Fincher to star in the series when they worked together in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo . She was cast as Claire Underwood in June 2011 . Kate Mara was cast as Zoe Barnes in early February 2012 . Mara 's sister , Rooney , worked with Fincher in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , and when Kate Mara read the part of Zoe , she `` fell in love with the character '' and asked her sister to `` put in a word for me with Fincher . '' The next month , she got a call for an audition . Filming ( edit ) Locations ( edit ) Principal photography for the first season began in January 2012 in Harford County , Maryland , on the Eastern seaboard of the United States . Filming of exterior scenes in 2013 centered primarily in and around the city of Baltimore , Maryland , which is about 40 miles northeast of Washington , D.C. Among the numerous exteriors filmed in Baltimore , but set in Washington , D.C. , are : Francis and Claire Underwood 's residence , Zoe Barnes ' apartment , Freddy 's BBQ Rib Joint , The Clean Water Initiative building where Claire works , The Washington Herald offices , the Washington Opera House , the Secretary of State 's building , Hotel Cotesworth , The Georgetown Hotel , Werner 's Bar , Tio Pepe 's , the DuPont Circle Bar , as well as scenes set in other locations , including Peter Russo 's campaign rally in Pennsylvania and The Sentinel ( military academy ) 's Francis J. Underwood Library and Waldron Hall in South Carolina . Maryland Gov. Martin O'Malley visits the set of House of Cards at Joppa , Maryland in 2013 Most of the interior scenes in House of Cards are filmed in a large industrial warehouse , which is located in Joppa , Maryland , also in Harford County , which is about 17 miles north east of Baltimore . The warehouse is used for the filming of some of the most iconic scenes of the series , such as the full - scale reconstruction of most of the West Wing of the White House , including the Oval Office , the Congressional offices and corridors , the large ' Slugline ' open - plan office interior , and domestic interiors such as the large townhouse rooms of the Underwood residence and a large loft apartment . Extensive filming for season 5 was also done at the Maryland Historical Society in Mount Vernon , Baltimore . The series uses green screen to augment the live action , inserting views of outdoor scenes in windows and broadcast images on TV monitors , often in post-production . The Production Designer , Steve Arnold , also describes in detail the use of a three - sided green screen to insert street scenes outside car windows , with synchronized LED screens above the car ( and out of camera shot ) , that emit the appropriate light onto the actors and parts of the car , such as window frames : `` All the driving in the show , anything inside the vehicle is done on stage , in a room that is a big three - sided green screen space . The car does not move , the actors are in the car , and the cameras are set up around them . We have very long strips of LED monitors hung above the car . We had a camera crew go to Washington , D.C. to drive around and shoot plates for what you see outside when you 're driving . And that is fed into the LED screens above the car . So as the scene is progressing , the LED screens are synched up to emit interactive light to match the light conditions you see in the scenery you 're driving past ( that will be added in post ) . All the reflections on the car windows , the window frames and door jambs is being shot while we 're shooting the actors in the car . Then in post the green screens are replaced with the synced up driving plates , and it works really well . It gives you the sense of light passing over the actors ' faces , matching the lighting that is in the image of the plate '' . In June 2014 , filming of three episodes in the UN Security Council chamber was vetoed by Russia at the last minute . However the show was able to film in other parts of the UN Building . In August 2014 , the show filmed a `` mock - motorcade scene '' in Washington , D.C. In December 2014 , the show filmed in Española , Santa Fe , and Las Vegas , New Mexico . Tax credits ( edit ) According to the Maryland Film Office , the state provided millions in tax credits to subsidize the production costs . For season 1 , the company received a final tax credit of $11.6 million . Production costs were $63 million , more than 1,800 Maryland businesses were involved , and nearly 2,200 Marylanders were hired with a $138 million economic impact . For season 2 , the company was reported to expect to get a tax credit of about $15 million because filming costs were more than $55 million . There were nearly 2,000 Maryland businesses benefitting from the production and more than 3,700 Marylanders were hired with a $120 million estimated economic impact . For season 3 , the company filed a letter of intent to film , and estimated costs and economic impact similar to season 2 . Under the 2014 formula , `` the show would qualify for up to $15 million in tax credits . '' Final season announcement and firing of Spacey ( edit ) On October 11 , 2017 , The Baltimore Sun reported that House of Cards had been renewed for a sixth season and that filming would begin by the end of October 2017 . On October 30 , 2017 , Netflix cancelled House of Cards , announcing that the upcoming sixth season would be its last . The cancellation was announced 12 hours after actor Anthony Rapp publicly stated that lead actor Spacey had made a sexual advance on him at a 1986 party when Rapp was 14 . Multiple sources stated that the decision to end the series was made prior to Rapp 's accusation , but the announcement nevertheless caused suspicions for its timing . The following day , it was announced that production on the season would be temporarily suspended , according to an official joint statement from Netflix and MRC , `` to give us time to review the current situation and to address any concerns of our cast and crew '' . On November 3 , 2017 , Netflix announced that they will no longer be associated with Spacey in any capacity whatsoever . On December 4 , 2017 , Ted Sarandos , Netflix 's chief content officer , announced that production will restart in 2018 with Robin Wright in the lead , without Spacey 's involvement , and revealed that the sixth and final season of the show will consist of eight episodes . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) In Australia , where Netflix was not available prior to 2015 , the series was broadcast on Showcase , premiering on May 7 , 2013 . Australian subscription TV provider Foxtel , and owner of Showcase , offered the entire first season to Showcase subscribers via their On Demand feature on Foxtel set - top boxes connected to the internet , as well as through their Xbox 360 , Internet TV , and mobile ( Foxtel Go ) services . Although the entire season was made available , it maintained its weekly timeslot on Showcase . Season two returned to Showcase on February 15 , 2014 . As with season one , the entire season was made available on demand to Showcase subscribers while also retaining a weekly timeslot . The series has also been made available to non-Foxtel subscribers through Apple 's Apple TV service . Prior to Netflix 's Australian launch on March 28 , 2015 , Netflix renounced Showcase 's rights to House of Cards , with season 3 premiering on Netflix at launch . In New Zealand , where Netflix was unavailable prior to 2015 , season 1 premiered on TV3 in early 2014 , followed immediately by season 2 . Netflix launched in New Zealand on March 24 , 2015 , and unlike Australia ( which had Netflix launch on the same day ) where House of Cards season 3 was available at launch , the series was unavailable and the premiere date and network of season 3 is unknown . In India , where Netflix was unavailable prior to January 2016 , House of Cards premiered on February 20 , 2014 , on Zee Café . Seasons 1 and 2 were aired back -- to -- back . The channel aired all 13 episodes of season 3 on March 28 and 29 , 2015 . This marked the first time that an English - language general entertainment channel in India aired all episodes of the latest season of a series together . The move was intended to satisfy viewers ' urge to binge - watch the season . Although Netflix launched in India in January 2016 , House of Cards was not available on the service until March 4 . All episodes of season 4 had their television premiere on Zee Café on March 12 and 13 , 2016 . House of Cards was acquired by Canadian superstation CHCH for broadcast beginning September 13 , 2017 , making the program available throughout Canada on cable and free - to - air in CHCH 's broadcast region , which includes portions of the United States . However , the show was removed from the CHCH primetime schedule two months later , following the sexual assault allegations towards Kevin Spacey . Home media ( edit ) Season 1 was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in region 1 on June 11 , 2013 , season 2 was released on June 17 , 2014 , season 3 was released on July 7 , 2015 , season 4 was released on July 5 , 2016 , and season 5 was released on October 3 , 2017 . Season Cover DVD release date Blu - ray release date Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B The Complete First Season Volume One : Chapters 1 -- 13 June 11 , 2013 June 10 , 2013 June 27 , 2013 June 11 , 2013 June 10 , 2013 The Complete Second Season Volume Two : Chapters 14 -- 26 June 17 , 2014 June 16 , 2014 June 19 , 2014 June 17 , 2014 June 16 , 2014 The Complete Third Season Volume Three : Chapters 27 -- 39 July 7 , 2015 June 29 , 2015 August 6 , 2015 July 7 , 2015 June 29 , 2015 The Complete Fourth Season Volume Four : Chapters 40 -- 52 July 5 , 2016 July 4 , 2016 July 7 , 2016 July 5 , 2016 July 4 , 2016 5 The Complete Fifth Season Volume Five : Chapters 53 -- 65 October 3 , 2017 October 2 , 2017 October 4 , 2017 October 3 , 2017 October 2 , 2017 Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 85 % ( 39 reviews ) 76 ( 25 reviews ) 88 % ( 42 reviews ) 80 ( 25 reviews ) 77 % ( 52 reviews ) 76 ( 24 reviews ) 88 % ( 32 reviews ) 76 ( 17 reviews ) 5 70 % ( 33 reviews ) 60 ( 11 reviews ) Season 1 ( edit ) The first season received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the first season holds a rating of 85 % , based on 39 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Bolstered by strong performances -- especially from Kevin Spacey -- and surehanded direction , House of Cards is a slick , engrossing drama that may redefine how television is produced . '' On Metacritic , the first season has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . USA Today critic Robert Bianco praised the series , particularly Spacey 's and Wright 's lead performances , stating `` If you think network executives are nervous , imagine the actors who have to go up against that pair in the Emmys . '' Tom Gilatto of People Weekly lauded the first two episodes , calling them `` cinematically rich , full of sleek , oily pools of darkness . '' In The Denver Post , critic Joanne Ostrow said the series is `` Deeply cynical about human beings as well as politics and almost gleeful in its portrayal of limitless ambition . '' She added : `` House of Cards is a wonderfully sour take on power and corruption . '' Writing in The New York Times , critic Alessandra Stanley noted that the writing in the series sometimes fails to match the high quality of its acting : `` Unfortunately Mr. Spacey 's lines do n't always live up to the subtle power of his performance ; the writing is n't Shakespeare , or even Aaron Sorkin , and at times , it turns strangely trite . '' Nevertheless , she lauded House of Cards as an entertainment that `` revels in the familiar but always entertaining underbelly of government . '' Andrew Davies , the writer of the original UK TV series , stated that Spacey 's character lacks the `` charm '' of Ian Richardson 's , while The Independent praised Spacey 's portrayal as a more `` menacing '' character , `` hiding his rage behind Southern charm and old - fashioned courtesy . '' Randy Shaw , writing for The Huffington Post , criticized House of Cards for glorifying `` union bashing and entitlement slashing within a political landscape whose absence of activist groups or anyone remotely progressive resembles a Republican fantasy world '' . Critics such as Time television critic James Poniewozik and Hank Stuever of The Washington Post compare the series to Boss . Like the UK show and novel of the same name many critics have noted that it is heavily influenced by both Macbeth and Richard III , In addition , some critics find elements of Othello , such as Iago 's bitter ire . Season 2 ( edit ) The second season received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the season has a rating of 88 % , based on 42 reviews , with an average rating of 8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` House of Cards proves just as bingeworthy in its second season , with more of the strong performances , writing , and visual design that made the first season so addictive '' . On Metacritic the season has a score of 80 out of 100 , based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . But as the season progressed , reviews became more mixed . Jen Chaney of Vulture wrote that the second season `` felt kind of empty '' and that `` the closest it came to feeling emotionally rich was when it focused on Claire '' . At the end of the second season , Alan Sepinwall of HitFix wrote that show is a `` A ridiculous political potboiler that takes itself too seriously '' ; he gave the overall season a C - . Season 3 ( edit ) The third season received mostly positive reviews , although many critics noted it felt repetitive . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a rating of 77 % , based on 52 reviews , with an average rating of 7 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Season three introduces intriguing new political and personal elements to Frank Underwood 's character , even if it feels like more of the same for some . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 24 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Negative reviews came from Nick Gillespie of The Daily Beast who accused the writers of `` descending into prosaic moralism '' in season 3 and asserts that it deviates from the show 's original intent , and Michael Wolff of USA Today plainly asserts that `` the third season of House of Cards is no good ... not just no good , but incompetent , a shambles , lost '' . IndieWire named the season one of the most disappointing shows of 2015 . Season 4 ( edit ) The fourth season received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a rating of 88 % , based on 32 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` House of Cards retains its binge - worthiness by ratcheting up the drama , and deepening Robin Wright 's role even further . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 17 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Ben Travers of IndieWire had a positive response to season four , calling it an upgrade from what he perceived as a `` messy and unsatisfying melodramatic '' third season , writing that `` House of Cards is aiming at authenticity , and -- for what feels like the first time -- consistently finding it . '' Todd Van DerWerff of Vox had a mixed review to season four , criticizing the repetitive and predictable nature of the series , writing : `` There 's no such mystery with House of Cards , where you know exactly what will happen as surely as you do on NCIS . Obstacles will present themselves , but Frank ( the hammy Kevin Spacey ) and Claire ( the almost perfect Robin Wright ) Underwood will overcome . What you see is what you get . '' The choice to have Frank and Claire run as running mates was highly criticized by some reviewers . Jonathan Holmes of Radio Times wrote that `` there are limits to the stupidity viewers are willing to accept , and with season four ( House of Cards ) may have stepped over the line . Claire demanding her selection as Frank 's running mate is stupid . Moronic . It turns a canny political operator into a ham - brained fish - eyed jar - opener . '' Spencer Kornhaber of The Atlantic wrote that `` in moments like this it 's good to remember that Cards really , fundamentally is a stupid TV show instead of a particularly cunning comment on political reality . '' Season 5 ( edit ) The fifth season received mixed to positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 70 % based on 33 reviews , with an average rating of 7.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` House of Cards enjoys a confident return to form this season , though its outlandish edge is tempered slightly by the current political climate . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 60 out of 100 , based on 11 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . After the fifth season received a Best Drama Series nomination at the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , Brian Grubb of Uproxx wrote : House of Cards has not been very good for multiple seasons now , if it was ever that good . I can understand the original excitement about it . Kevin Spacey and Robin Wright were on television . And not even `` television , '' really . They were on a big budget series that was made for and by a streaming service . David Fincher was involved and even directed a few episodes . This was a borderline revolutionary development . ( ... ) I do n't see how anyone who watched it can think it deserves a place in the best six or seven dramas on television . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by House of Cards Beau Willimon with cast and crew at the 73rd Annual Peabody Awards For its first season , House of Cards received nine nominations for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2013 , to become the first original online - only web television series to receive major nominations . Among House of Cards ' nine nominations , `` Chapter 1 '' received four nominations for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards and 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards becoming the first webisode ( online - only episode ) of a television series to receive a major Primetime Emmy Award nomination : Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for David Fincher . This episode also received several Creative Arts Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series , Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series , and Outstanding Music Composition for a Series ( Original Dramatic ) . Although Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series is not a category that formally recognizes an episode , Spacey submitted `` Chapter 1 '' for consideration to earn his nomination . At the Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Award presentation , `` Chapter 1 '' and Eigil Bryld earned the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series , making `` Chapter 1 '' the first Emmy - awarded webisode . At the Primetime Emmy Awards ceremony , Fincher won for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for directing the pilot episode `` Chapter 1 '' in addition to the pair of Creative Arts Emmy Awards , making `` Chapter 1 '' the first Primetime Emmy - awarded webisode . None of the Emmy awards were considered to be in major categories . For the 71st Golden Globe Awards , House of Cards received four nominations . Among those nominations was Wright for Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama for her portrayal of Claire Underwood , which she won . In so doing she became the first actress to win a Golden Globe Award for an online - only web television series . For its second season , House of Cards received 13 Primetime Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , Kevin Spacey for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series , Robin Wright for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series , Kate Mara for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series , and Reg E. Cathey for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series . At the 72nd Golden Globe Awards , the series was nominated for Best Drama Series and Wright was nominated for Best Drama Actress , while Spacey won for Best Drama Actor . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anderson , David ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards ' keeps busy Harford shooting schedule , prompting a rare complaint '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graves , Lucia ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Frank Underwood and a Brief History of Ruthless Pragmatism '' . National Journal . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cronk , Jordan ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' Doing bad for the greater good ' : Kevin Spacey , Beau Willimon and Co . Look Back at ' House of Cards ' Season One '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards '' . Television Academy . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Does Well in 2013 Primetime Emmy Nominations '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards '' . Golden Globes . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix Cancels ' House Of Cards ' , Says It 's ' Deeply Troubled ' Over Kevin Spacey Claims '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` House of Cards : Kevin Spacey Fired '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chmielewski , Dawn ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Abbreviated ' House Of Cards ' Season 6 Sans Kevin Spacey To Start Production In 2018 , Netflix 's Ted Sarandos Says '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dolgov , Anna ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Putin vs Petrov -- Fact and Fiction in House of Cards '' . The Moscow Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abele , Robert . `` Playing With a New Deck '' . Director 's Guild of America . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( January 18 , 2013 ) . `` A Drama 's Streaming Premiere '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' director David Fincher on making 13 hours for Netflix '' . HitFix . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( March 18 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix Builds a ' House of Cards ' That Could Knock Down the Networks '' . aoltv.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Show ' House of Cards ' Is A Big Gamble '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carr , David and Ashley Parker ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Debating ' House of Cards ' : What the Show Gets Right and Wrong About Journalism '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Roxborough , Scott ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` MIPCOM 2012 : Kevin Spacey , Robin Wright : Why Netflix 's ' House of Cards ' Is the Future of TV '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Kevin Spacey Set To Star in David Fincher 's Drama Series For MRC ' House of Cards ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix To Enter Original Programming With Mega Deal For David Fincher - Kevin Spacey Series ' House of Cards ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Spacey urges TV channels to give control to viewers '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' House Of Cards ' Renewed For Season 5 By Netflix , Creator Beau Willimon Departs '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( January 27 , 2013 ) . `` Kevin Spacey ' House of Cards ' Q&A : ' My role is diabolical , delicious ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 9 , 2011 ) . `` Robin Wright in Talks to Star in Netflix 's ' House of Cards ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Finnigan Joins David E. Kelley TNT Pilot , Kate Mara in Netflix ' House of Cards ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Sarah ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Why we 're watching ... Kate Mara '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Netflix to film political thriller ' House of Cards ' in Baltimore '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Brian ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Political Thriller House of Cards to Film in Harford County '' . The Dagger . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' House Of Cards ' Filming Locations In Baltimore : The Complete Guide '' . CBSLocal.com . March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Production design of `` House of Cards '' -- interview with Steve Arnold `` . Pushing-Pixels.org . December 29 , 2013 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ; Kaltenbach , Chris ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Find a little Hollywood in Baltimore '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ( March 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' brings Hollywood to Harford County '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards barred from UN Security Council chamber '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Breitman , Kendall ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' filming comes to D.C '' . Politico . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Adrian ( December 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' films season - three finale in NM '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Da , Royale ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Episode of ' House of Cards ' filmed in Santa Fe : Film insiders dish on popular Netflix show '' . KOAT - TV . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Jenna ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` How did ' House of Cards ' get millions in Maryland tax credits ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Butler , Erika ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` House of Cards renewed for sixth season , filming to begin by end of October '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Canceled ; Netflix ' Deeply Troubled ' by Spacey Assault Claim '' . Variety . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix to cancel House of Cards in wake of Kevin Spacey allegations '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards cancelled as fallout continues for Spacey '' . CBC News . Associated Press . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Though the decision to end the series was announced on Monday , the decision to end the series was made several months ago , according to a person with knowledge of the situation who spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to discuss the decision . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' House Of Cards ' : Production On Netflix Series Suspended Indefinitely Following Kevin Spacey Allegations '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Foxtel to offer full series of House of Cards online TV Tonight '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Returning : House of Cards '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix launches in Australia '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( November 16 , 2014 ) . `` Foxtel loses House of Cards '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` House of Cards shifts from Foxtel to Netflix streaming '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Blacklist , Rake , House of Cards and more coming to TV3 '' . TV3 . July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schulz , Chris ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix launches in New Zealand today , in direct competition with Spark 's Lightbox and Sky TV 's Neon . Should you join ? Chris Schulz weighs up the pros and cons ... '' The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zee Café brings home the biggest show of 2014 ; House Of Cards '' . IndianTelevision.com . January 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Naidu , Vinaya ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Zee Café Launches Innovative Campaign To Promote House Of Cards TV Premiere '' . Lighthouse Insights . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zee Café to air the entire Season 3 of House of Cards in Two Days ! '' . The Times of India . March 9 , 2015 . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arora , Akhil . `` Netflix India Finally Gets ' House of Cards ' '' . NDTV . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zee Café to premiere ' House of Cards ' season 4 on 12 -- 13 March '' . IndianTelevision.com . February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards Broadcast Premiere on CHCH '' . CHCH . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CHCH Statement Regarding House of Cards '' . CHCH . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` House of Cards -- Packaging and Official Press Release for ' The Complete 1st Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : The Complete Second Season Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` House of Cards -- Press Release from Sony for ' The Complete 3rd Season ' on DVD , Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` House of Cards -- Official Sony Press Release for ' The Complete 4th Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` House of Cards - ' The Complete 5th Season ' Announced ; Package Art Released ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards - The Complete 1st Season DVD Information '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards - Season 1 ( DVD + UV Copy ) ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House Of Cards - Season 1 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : The Complete First Season Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards - Season 1 ( Blu - ray + UV Copy ) ( 2013 ) ( Region A & B ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards - The Complete 2nd Season DVD Information '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House Of Cards - Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House Of Cards - Season 2 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : The Complete Second Season Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House Of Cards - Season 2 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards - The Complete 3rd Season DVD Information '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards -- Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House Of Cards - Season 3 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : The Complete Third Season Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards -- Season 3 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards - The Complete 4th Season DVD Information '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards - Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House Of Cards - Season 4 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : The Complete Fourth Season Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards - Season 4 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards - The Complete 5th Season DVD Information '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards - Season 5 ( DVD ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House Of Cards - Season 5 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : The Complete Fifth Season Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards - Season 5 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 1 ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` House of Cards ( 2013 ) : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stone , Jeff ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix 's ' House of Cards ' Earns Rave Reviews , CEO Reed Hastings Promises Hollywood Takeover '' . International Business Times . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' is all aces '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ostrow , Joanne ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Ostrow : Kevin Spacey shines in `` House of Cards '' political drama on Netflix `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( February 2 , 2013 ) . `` Political Animals That Slither '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lacob , Jace ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` David Fincher , Beau Willimon & Kate Mara On Netflix 's ' House of Cards ' '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Sarah ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Urquhart is deliciously diabolical ' : Kevin Spacey is back in a remake of House of Cards '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Randy ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards Is a Republican Fantasy World '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Review : House of Cards Sinks Its Sharp Teeth into Washington '' . Time . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' : Power corrupts ( plus other non-breaking news ) '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Youngs , Ian ( February 9 , 2007 ) . `` Richardson 's rule in House of Cards '' . BBC News . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 9 Things ' House Of Cards ' Took From Shakespeare '' . The Huffington Post . February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Addario , Daniel ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Yes , `` House of Cards '' is our Shakespeare : Comparing the show to Shakespeare is n't pretentious ; it 's appropriate `` . Salon . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blank , Paula C. ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` To figure out House of Cards , read a lot of Shakespeare '' . The Star . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 2 ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards ( 2013 ) : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grant , Drew ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` The Anhedonia of Antiheroes : Why House of Cards ' Second Season Is n't as Fun as It Should Be '' . The New York Observer . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards Season 2 Finale Recap : The Wicked Wing of the West '' . Vulture . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' season 2 in review : It gets weaker the more you watch '' . HitFix . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 3 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards ( 2013 ) : Season 3 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Nick ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` That 's It , House of Cards . You Lost Me '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wolff , Michael ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wolff : ' House of Cards ' shows Netflix weakness '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shannon Miller , Liz ; Travers , Ben ( 2015 ) . `` The Most Disappointing TV Shows of 2015 '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 4 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards ( 2013 ) : Season 4 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' House of Cards ' Season 4 Might Be the Best Season Yet , But It Wo n't Be Your Favorite '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van DerWerff , Todd ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` House of Cards season 4 review : The Netflix drama 's latest season is a ridiculous mess -- but better than you 'd expect '' . Vox . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Jonathan ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Has House of Cards outstayed its welcome ? '' . Radio Times . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kornhaber , Spencer ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` House of Cards Season 4 , Episode 3 : The Live - Binge Review '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 5 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 5 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grubb , Brian ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Please Stop Nominating ' House Of Cards ' For Emmys '' . Uproxx . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Does Well in 2013 Primetime Emmy Nominations '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Riley , Jenelle ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` Emmy Episode Submissions : Lead Actor in a Drama '' . Backstage . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Makes History With Two Primetime Creative Arts Emmy ® Awards '' . The Star - Ledger . PR Newswire . September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` @ HouseofCards status update '' . Twitter . September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Amol ; Alexandra Cheney ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Makes Some History With Showing at Emmys '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Wins Three Emmys , ' House of Cards ' Shut Out of Major Categories '' . The Huffington Post . September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farley , Christopher John ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Golden Globes Nominations 2014 : ' 12 Years a Slave , ' ' American Hustle ' Lead Field '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' star Robin Wright earns series ' sole Golden Globes win '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hyman , Vicki ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Golden Globes : Robin Wright wins best actress for online - only ' House of Cards ' '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Globes : ' Brooklyn Nine Nine ' Nabs Upset TV Comedy Wins '' . Variety . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 10 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Emmy Awards : ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Fargo ' Lead Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . 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Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 22 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is kevin spacey in house of cards	[ "Set in Washington, D.C., House of Cards is the story of Congressman Frank Underwood (Kevin Spacey), a Democrat from South Carolina's 5th congressional district and House Majority Whip. After being passed over for appointment as Secretary of State, he initiates an elaborate plan to attain power, aided by his wife, Claire Underwood (Robin Wright). The series deals with themes of ruthless pragmatism,[2] manipulation, and power.[3]" ]	[ "Congressman" ]
8217088003657883369	Historical Atlas of World Mythology	Historical Atlas of World Mythology - wikipedia Historical Atlas of World Mythology Jump to : navigation , search Historical Atlas of World Mythology Vol. 1 : The Way of the Animal Powers Author Joseph Campbell Country United States Language English Publisher Alfred van der Marck , Harper and Row Publication date First volume published in 1983 ; Volume 1 , 2nd ed. , 1988 ; Volume 2 , 1989 Media type Print ( Hardback ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 912383 - 00 - 2 OCLC 9758940 Dewey Decimal 291.1 / 3 19 LC Class BL311 . C26 1983 The Historical Atlas of World Mythology is a multi-volume series of books by Joseph Campbell that traces developments in humankind 's mythological symbols and stories from pre-history forward . Campbell is perhaps best known as a comparativist who focused on universal themes and motifs in human culture . He first conceived of the Historical Atlas in the late 1970s as an extension of his works , The Mythic Image and The Masks of God . Like those books , the Historical Atlas of World Mythology intended to show the ways in which those universal themes and motifs were expressed differently by different cultures in different times and places . Heavily illustrated and annotated , with numerous charts and maps to show both variations and similarities in different cultures ' expressions of mythic themes , this series was intended to serve both academic and lay readers . The Historical Atlas was left incomplete when Campbell died in 1987 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Publishing history 3 See also 4 References Summary ( edit ) This series was to build on Campbell 's idea , first presented in The Hero with a Thousand Faces , that myth evolves over time through four stages : The Way of the Animal Powers -- the myths of Paleolithic hunter - gatherers which focus on shamanism and animal totems . This volume was covered in two parts : Mythologies of the Primitive Hunter - Gathers and Mythologies of the Great Hunt . The Way of the Seeded Earth -- the myths of Neolithic , agrarian cultures which focus upon a mother goddess and associated fertility rites . This volume was to be covered in five parts , of which three were completed : The Sacrifice , Mythologies of the Primitive Planters : The Northern Americas , and Mythologies of the Primitive Planters : The Middle and Southern Americas . Two additional parts were planned : Mythologies of the Primitive Planters : Africa and South - western Asia and Mythologies of the Primitive Planters : Southern Asia . The Way of the Celestial Lights -- the myths of Bronze Age city - states with pantheons of gods ruling from the heavens , led by a masculine god - king . The Way of Man -- religion and philosophy as it developed after the Axial Age ( c. 6th century BC ) , in which the mythic imagery of previous eras was made consciously metaphorical , reinterpreted as referring to psycho - spiritual , not literal - historical , matters . This transition is evidenced in the East by Buddhism , Vedanta , and philosophical Taoism ; and in the West by the Mystery Cults , Platonism , Christianity and Gnosticism . Publishing history ( edit ) Only the first volume was completed at the time of Campbell 's death . Published by Alfred van der Marck editions as a single book in 1983 , it was rereleased by Harper and Row in 1988 , in the wake of Campbell 's posthumous fame , brought by the airing of the television series , The Power of Myth . The first three parts of the second volume , which Campbell was working on literally to the day that he died , were completed by Campbell 's long - time editor , Robert Walter , and published by Harper and Row in 1989 . Both volumes are currently out of print . Campbell left rough text for the last two parts of Way of the Seeded Earth , as well as notes for the final two volumes . The Joseph Campbell Foundation has expressed the intention to rerelease the existing books , and , if possible , to complete Campbell 's magnum opus . See also ( edit ) Comparative mythology Anthropology Ethnology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Historical Atlas of World Mythology ( taken from the JCF web site ( hide ) Joseph Campbell Books Where the Two Came to Their Father : A Navaho War Ceremonial ( 1943 ) , with Jeff King and Maud Oakes A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake ( 1944 ) , with Henry Morton Robinson The Hero with a Thousand Faces ( 1949 ) . The Masks of God ( 1959 -- 1968 ) Volume 1 , Primitive Mythology ( 1959 ) Volume 2 , Oriental Mythology ( 1962 ) Volume 3 , Occidental Mythology ( 1964 ) Volume 4 , Creative Mythology ( 1968 ) ) The Flight of the Wild Gander : Explorations in the Mythological Dimension ( 1968 ) Myths to Live By ( 1972 ) Erotic irony and mythic forms in the art of Thomas Mann ( 1973 ) The Mythic Image ( 1974 ) The Inner Reaches of Outer Space : Metaphor As Myth and As Religion ( 1986 ) Historical Atlas of World Mythology ( 1983 -- 1989 ) Volume I : The Way of the Animal Powers ( 1983 ) ( reprint in two parts : Part 1 : Mythologies of the Primitive Hunters and Gatherers ( 1988 ) ; Part 2 : Mythologies of the Great Hunt ( 1988 ) ) Volume II : The Way of the Seeded Earth ( Part 1 : The Sacrifice ( 1988 ) ; Part 2 : Mythologies of the Primitive Planters : The North Americas ( 1989 ) ; Part 3 : Mythologies of the Primitive Planters : The Middle and Southern Americas ( 1989 ) ) , editor Robert Walter Transformations of Myth Through Time ( 1990 ) A Joseph Campbell Companion : Reflections on the Art of Living ( 1991 ) , editor Robert Walter Mythic Worlds , Modern Words : On the Art of James Joyce ( 1993 ) , editor Edmund L. Epstein The Mythic Dimension : Selected Essays ( 1959 -- 1987 ) ( 1993 ) , editor Anthony Van Couvering Baksheesh & Brahman : Indian Journals ( 1954 -- 1955 ) ( 1995 ) , editors Robin / Stephen Larsen & Anthony Van Couvering Thou Art That : Transforming Religious Metaphor ( 2001 ) , editor Eugene Kennedy Sake & Satori : Asian Journals - Japan ( 2002 ) , editor David Kudler Myths of Light : Eastern Metaphors of the Eternal ( 2003 ) , editor David Kudler Pathways to Bliss : Mythology and Personal Transformation ( 2004 ) , editor David Kudler The Mythic Imagination : Collected Short Fiction ( 2012 ) , editors David Kudler and Robert Walter Goddesses : Mysteries of the Feminine Divine ( 2013 ) , editor Safron Rossi Romance of the Grail : The Magic and Mystery of Arthurian Myth ( 2015 ) , editor Evans Lansing Smith Asian Journals : India and Japan ( 2017 ) , editors Antony Van Couvering , Stephen / Robin Larsen , & David Kudler The Ecstasy of Being : Mythology and Dance ( 2017 ) , editor Nancy Allison Books based upon interviews The Power of Myth ( 1988 ) , with Bill Moyers and editor Betty Sue Flowers An Open Life : Joseph Campbell in Conversation with Michael Toms ( 1989 ) , editors John Maher and Dennie Briggs , forward by Jean Erdman Campbell This business of the gods : Interview with Fraser Boa ( 1989 ) The Hero 's Journey : Joseph Campbell on His Life and Work ( 1990 ) , editor Phil Cousineau Audio recordings The Power of Myth ( With Bill Moyers ) ( 1987 ) Transformation of Myth through Time Volume 1 - 3 ( 1989 ) The Hero with a Thousand Faces : The Cosmogonic Cycle ( Read by Ralph Blum ) ( 1990 ) The Way of Art ( 1990 -- unlicensed ) The Lost Teachings of Joseph Campbell Volume 1 - 9 ( With Michael Toms ) ( 1993 ) On the Wings of Art : Joseph Campbell ; Joseph Campbell on the Art of James Joyce ( 1995 ) The Wisdom of Joseph Campbell ( With Michael Toms ) ( 1997 ) Joseph Campbell Audio Collection ( 1997 - ) Volume I. 1 : Mythology and the Individual ( 1997 ) Volume I. 2 : The Inward Journey ( 1997 ) Volume I. 3 : The Eastern Way ( 1997 ) Volume I. 4 : Man and Myth ( 1997 ) Volume I. 5 : The Myths and Masks of God ( 1997 ) Volume I. 6 : The Western Quest ( 1997 ) Volume II. 1 : A Brief History of World Mythology ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Volume II. 2 : Perspectives on Creative Mythology ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Volume II. 3 : Christian Symbols & Ideas ( 2014 ) Volume II. 4 : Psychology and Asian Philosophies ( 2015 ) Volume II. 5 : Your Myth Today ( 2016 ) Volume II. 6 : Mythic Ideas and Modern Culture ( 2017 ) Myth and Metaphor in Society ( With Jamake Highwater ) ( abridged ) ( 2002 ) Video / DVDs Mask , Myth , & Dream ( 1963 -- 1964 ) Psyche & Symbol ( 1976 ) Transformations of Myth Through Time ( 1989 ) Mythos ( 1997 / 1998 / 2011 ) Joseph Campbell and the Power of Myth ( 1988 ) The Hero 's Journey : The World of Joseph Campbell ( 1987 ) Myth and Metaphor in Society ( With Jamake Highwater ) ( 1993 ) Sukhavati : Place of Peace ( 1998 ) Books edited Gupta , Mahendranath . The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna ( 1942 ) ( translation from Bengali by Swami Nikhilananda ; Joseph Campbell and Margaret Woodrow Wilson , translation assistants - see preface ; foreword by Aldous Huxley ) Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization . Heinrich Zimmer ( 1946 ) The King and the Corpse : Tales of the Soul 's Conquest of Evil . Heinrich Zimmer ( 1948 ) Philosophies of India . Heinrich Zimmer ( 1951 ) The Portable Arabian Nights ( 1951 ) The Art of Indian Asia . Heinrich Zimmer ( 1955 ) Man and Time : Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks . Various authors ( 1954 -- 1969 ) Man and Transformation : Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks . Various authors ( 1954 -- 1969 ) The Mysteries : Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks . Various authors ( 1954 -- 1969 ) The Mystic Vision : Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks . Various authors ( 1954 -- 1969 ) Spirit and Nature : Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks . Various authors ( 1954 -- 1969 ) Spiritual Disciplines : Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks . Various authors ( 1954 -- 1969 ) Myths , Dreams , Religion . Various authors ( 1970 ) The Portable Jung . Carl Jung ( 1971 ) See also Monomyth Mythos Joseph Campbell Foundation Jean Erdman Wikiquote Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historical_Atlas_of_World_Mythology&oldid=715641885 '' Categories : Books by Joseph Campbell Anthropology books Mythology books Comparative mythology 1983 books Harper & Row books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2016 , at 02 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4339439073009719867	Do They Know It's Christmas?	Do They Know It 's Christmas ? - Wikipedia Do They Know It 's Christmas ? Jump to : navigation , search `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' Single by Band Aid B - side `` Feed the World '' ( 1984 ) `` One Year On ( Feed the World ) '' ( 1985 ) Released 3 December 1984 Format 7 '' 12 '' Recorded 25 November 1984 Studio Sarm West Studios , London Genre Christmas new wave synth - pop Length 3 : 50 6 : 16 ( 12 '' version ) Label Phonogram ( UK ) Columbia ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Bob Geldof Midge Ure Producer ( s ) Midge Ure Trevor Horn ( 12 '' and 1985 reissue ) Music video `` Do They Know It 's Christmas '' on YouTube `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' is a song written in 1984 by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure in reaction to television reports of the 1983 -- 85 famine in Ethiopia . It was first recorded in a single day on 25 November 1984 by Band Aid , a supergroup put together by Geldof and Ure and consisting mainly of the biggest British and Irish musical acts at the time . The single was released in the United Kingdom on 3 December 1984 and aided by considerable publicity it entered the UK Singles Chart at number one and stayed there for five weeks , becoming the Christmas number one of 1984 . The record became the fastest selling single in UK chart history , selling a million copies in the first week alone and passing 3 million on the last day of 1984 , on the way to displacing Wings 's `` Mull of Kintyre '' as the biggest - selling single of all time in the UK . It held this title until 1997 when it was overtaken by Elton John 's `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' , released in tribute to Diana , Princess of Wales following her death . The original version of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' has sold 3.8 million copies in the UK to date . The song was also a major success around the world , reaching number one in thirteen other countries outside the UK . In the US , the single fell short of the top ten in the Billboard Hot 100 due to a lack of airplay , but it had sold an estimated 2.5 million copies in the US by January 1985 . Worldwide the single had sold 11.7 million copies by 1989 . Geldof 's cautious hope was that the single would raise £ 70,000 for Ethiopia , but `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' raised £ 8 million within twelve months of release . The single 's worldwide success in raising awareness and financial relief for the victims of the Ethiopian famine led the recording of several other charity singles in the UK and in other countries , such as `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa . The song also led to various spin - off charity events , such as Comic Relief , and the Live Aid concert which would take place seven months later in July 1985 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' was re-recorded three times : in 1989 , 2004 , and 2014 . All the re-recordings were also charity records ; the 1989 and 2004 versions also provide money for famine relief , while the 2014 version was used to raise funds for the Ebola crisis in West Africa . All three of these versions also reached number one in the UK , and the 2004 version of the song was also a UK million seller , with 1.8 million copies sold . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Recording 4 Style and content 5 Release and promotion 6 Reception and criticism 7 1985 reissue 8 Personnel 9 Charts and certifications 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 9.3 Certifications 10 Band Aid II 10.1 Personnel 10.2 Charts and certifications 10.2. 1 Weekly charts 10.2. 2 Year - end charts 10.2. 3 Certifications 11 Band Aid 20 11.1 Personnel 11.2 Charts and certifications 11.2. 1 Weekly charts 11.2. 2 Year - end charts 11.2. 3 Certifications 12 Band Aid 30 12.1 Background 12.2 Personnel 12.3 German version 12.4 Track listing 12.5 Charts and certifications 12.5. 1 Weekly charts 12.5. 2 Year - end charts 12.5. 3 Certifications 12.6 Release history 13 Other versions 14 See also 15 References Background ( edit ) The song was inspired by a series of reports that Michael Buerk made for BBC television news programmes , which highlighted the famine in Ethiopia that was taking place at the time . The BBC News crew were the first to document the famine , with Buerk 's report on 23 October describing it as `` a biblical famine in the 20th century '' and `` the closest thing to hell on Earth '' . The reports shocked the UK , motivating the British people to inundate relief agencies , such as Save the Children , with donations , and also to bring world attention to the crisis in Ethiopia . The Boomtown Rats singer Bob Geldof and his partner , television presenter Paula Yates , watched the 23 October report and were also deeply affected by it . On 2 November Yates travelled from the couple 's home in London to the Tyne Tees studio in Newcastle upon Tyne where she was presenting the weekly live music show The Tube . Among the acts performing on that week 's programme were Ultravox , promoting their greatest hits album The Collection . Ultravox 's front man Midge Ure happened to be chatting to Yates in the dressing room after the show when Geldof called her . On discovering that she was with Ure , an old friend of Geldof 's , he asked to speak to Ure and told him that he wanted to do something to alleviate the suffering in Ethiopia . Ure immediately agreed to help and the pair arranged to meet and discuss ideas over lunch the following Monday , 5 November , quickly coming to the conclusion that the best option would be to make a charity record . Following their meeting , Geldof immediately set about recruiting other well known musicians to participate on the record . Geldof said , `` I then rang Sting and he said , yeah , count me in , and then ( Simon ) Le Bon , he just immediately said tell me the date and we 'll clear the diary . The same day I was passing by this antique shop and who is standing in there but Gary Kemp , just about to go off on tour to Japan . He said he was mad for it as well and to wait 10 days till they ( Spandau Ballet ) got back in the country ... suddenly it hit me . I thought , ' Christ , we have got the real top boys here ' , all the big names in pop are suddenly ready and willing to do this ... I knew then that we were off , and I just decided to go for all the rest of the faces and started to ring everyone up , asking them to do it . '' Further phone calls from Geldof also secured promises of everybody involved in the record 's making to provide their services free of charge , including most of the UK music magazines which donated advertising space in their publications to promote the single , Geldof 's record label Phonogram who released the single , their parent company Polygram who distributed it , and the artist Peter Blake who created the single 's sleeve . Composition ( edit ) Geldof and Ure 's biggest problem was to be able to come up with a song that could be recorded and released in time for Christmas . They both realised that they would have to write one themselves and not record a cover version , otherwise they would have to pay royalties which would have to be subtracted from the amount raised for charity . On the Monday afternoon Ure came up with the outline of what he felt sounded a Christmas - like melody on a portable keyboard , which he recorded onto a tape and sent to Geldof , who sarcastically told him that the tune sounded like the theme to Z - Cars . Geldof came to Ure 's house the next day and together they worked on the tune with Geldof on his acoustic guitar . Geldof added lyrics based on a song he had originally written for the Boomtown Rats , as he later recalled : It was lucky in a way , because I had already written this song , which I had provisionally called ' It 's My World ' , and I knew it would be suitable if I just changed the words a bit and called it ' Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ' Midge , reliable as ever , sent down this tune which is the sort of Christmassy bit at the end and we married the two together . Ure recorded Geldof and his guitar and used the recording to develop Geldof 's ideas later back in his home studio , adding his own melody onto the end as a chorus . He later stated that he had been unable to improve on Geldof 's lyrics and left most of them as they were , with the exception of the line `` And there wo n't be snow in Africa this Christmas time '' -- the original lyric substituted `` Africa '' with `` Ethiopia '' but Ure decided that this did not scan . Geldof 's original idea had been to ask Trevor Horn to produce the song . At the time Horn was an in - demand producer , having produced the three number one singles in 1984 for Frankie Goes to Hollywood . Although Horn was receptive to the idea , he told Geldof that he would need at least six weeks to be able to produce the song , which made it impossible for it to be ready by Christmas . He did , however , offer the use of Sarm West Studios in Notting Hill in west London ( owned by Horn and his wife Jill Sinclair ) free of charge for twenty - four hours on Sunday 25 November . Horn would later remix and co-produce the 12 '' version of the single , as well as remixing the single for its 1985 re-release . In Horn 's absence Ure was assigned the job of producer and he spent several days in his home studio with his engineer Rik Walton to create the song 's backing track , programming the keyboards and drum machines and using a sample of the drums from the title track of Tears for Fears album The Hurting for the song 's intro . John Taylor of Duran Duran and Paul Weller visited Ure 's studio the day before the recording at Sarm West in order to add bass guitar and lead guitar respectively , although Ure and Weller later agreed that the lead guitar did not fit the predominantly synthesizer - based song and subsequently decided not to use Weller 's contribution . Ure sang the original guide vocal , although Simon Le Bon and Sting both came to Ure 's studio to add the vocals for their lines . Recording ( edit ) While Ure was occupied creating the song 's backing track in the studio , Geldof was busy contacting various British artists to ask them to appear for the recording session . His plan was to have the biggest names in British music at the time appear on the record , and few declined : Geldof later revealed that only three people had turned him down , although he refused to disclose who they were . Those he asked but who were unable to appear instead sent recorded messages of support that appeared on the single 's B - side , including David Bowie and Paul McCartney . Another UK act who had been successful in 1984 , The Thompson Twins , were unable to appear on the Band Aid record as they were out of the country and were made aware of the recording too late to return and be involved in it , but they donated part of the proceeds of their then current single `` Lay Your Hands on Me '' to the Action for Ethiopia charity . Geldof kept a November appointment with BBC Radio 1 DJ Richard Skinner to appear on his show , but instead of discussing his new album ( the original reason for his booking ) , he used the airtime to publicise the idea for the charity single , so by the time the musicians were recruited there was intense media interest in the subject . Geldof and Ure arrived at Sarm West at around 8 am on Sunday 25 November with the media in attendance outside . With recording scheduled to begin at 10 : 30 am the artists began arriving . Geldof had arranged for the UK newspaper The Daily Mirror to have exclusive access inside the studio , and ensured that a ' team photo ' was taken by the newspaper 's photographer Brian Aris before any recording got under way , knowing that it would be ready in time to appear in the following day 's edition of the newspaper and help publicise the record . The photograph also appeared on the back cover of the single . Ure played the backing track and guide vocals to the artists and then decided , as a way of getting all involved straightaway , to record the climax first . The artists were put in a huge group and sang the ' Feed the world , let them know it 's Christmas time ' refrain over and over again until it was complete . Having recorded the group , Ure chose Tony Hadley of Spandau Ballet to be the first singer into the studio to record his solo part . Hadley admitted that this had been nerve - wracking , knowing that all his contemporaries were watching him . One by one the other assigned singers then did likewise , with Ure taping their efforts and then making notes on which segments would be cut into the final recording . Le Bon , despite having already recorded his part at Ure 's house , re-recorded it so he could be part of the moment . Sting also recorded his words again , this time to provide harmony vocals . Despite being lead singers themselves , both Geldof and Ure had already decided that they would not sing any solo lines , although both took part in the ' feed the world ' finale . Ure later stated in his autobiography that he was constantly battling with Geldof , and telling him to leave when he would come into the production booth and wrongly tell the artist behind the microphone what to sing . Phil Collins arrived with his entire drum kit to record a live drum track on top of the already programmed drum machine . He set up the kit and then waited patiently until early evening until after all the vocals had been recorded . Ure was content with the first take that Collins performed , but the perfectionist Collins was unhappy with it and asked for a second take to be recorded , which he was satisfied with . Although the majority of the artists who took part were the UK 's biggest musical stars at the time , there were a few unusual participants . Members of the US group Kool & the Gang appeared on the record because they were signed to the same record label as the Boomtown Rats , and just happened to be visiting Phonogram 's London offices on the day that Geldof walked in to pitch his idea for the charity single to the label . Singer Marilyn , who had scored a couple of chart hits a year earlier but whose star had faded throughout 1984 , saw the opportunity to reclaim the spotlight and turned up to the recording despite not being invited to take part , a fact overlooked by Geldof and Ure who felt any publicity was good publicity and the more stars they could get to appear on the record , the better . Actor Nigel Planer , who had reached number two earlier in the year with a cover version of `` Hole in My Shoe '' in the guise of his character Neil from the television comedy series The Young Ones , also showed up uninvited and in character as Neil to play up to the cameras , and after being tolerated for a while was sent away by Ure . Geldof also asked Francis Rossi and Rick Parfitt , the two frontmen of rock band Status Quo , to take part , knowing that although the group were from an entirely different musical era and background , their consistent chart success and fame would bring a certain amount of credibility to the project from the rock fraternity and ensure that the group 's loyal following of fans ( the `` Quo Army '' ) would buy the record in large numbers . Ure 's original idea was for Rossi and Parfitt to sing the `` here 's to you '' harmonies in the song 's bridge , but he had to shelve the idea because Parfitt could not hit the high notes . This section was eventually taken on by Weller , Sting and Glenn Gregory . Rossi privately told Ure afterwards that in the studio he sang most of Status Quo 's vocal parts and that Parfitt only usually sang onstage , and that Ure should have kept Parfitt away from the microphone . Parfitt admitted in a 2004 documentary that he and Rossi had been extremely hungover from partying the night before , and were in no fit state to attempt to record their vocals . However , according to the journalist Robin Eggar , who at the time was music correspondent for The Daily Mirror and who was the only journalist present throughout the recording of the song , the pair were able to contribute in other ways : Once Status Quo produced their bag of cocaine and the booze started to flow -- I brought six bottles of wine from my flat , which disappeared in a minute -- it became a party . Geldof had been keen to include Culture Club 's Boy George on the single , at the time one of the biggest music stars in the world , and had called him in New York the day before the recording to insist that George turn up . By midday , with George still absent , an irate Geldof telephoned him again demanding to know where he was . Having only gone to bed a few hours before , a sleepy George was woken up by Geldof insisting that he get onto a Concorde transatlantic flight later that morning . However , George went back to sleep following the phone call , and only made it onto the last Concorde flight of the day later that afternoon . George eventually arrived at Sarm West at 6 pm and went immediately into the recording booth to deliver his lines , the last solo artist of the day . Once George 's contribution had been recorded , Ure began working on the mix as the participants began to party in the studio . A B - side was also produced by Trevor Horn in his own studio , using the same instrumental track and featuring messages from artists who had been at the recording , and also from those who had been unable to attend , including David Bowie , Paul McCartney , the members of Big Country and Holly Johnson from Frankie Goes to Hollywood . Style and content ( edit ) The song comprises two parts : a verse and bridge which allow individual singers to perform different lines ; and a chorus in the form of two repeated phrases by ensemble . The first line of the recording is sung by Paul Young on the 1984 version , Kylie Minogue on the 1989 version , Chris Martin of Coldplay on the 2004 version , and One Direction on the 2014 version . The line was originally written for David Bowie who finally sang it at the Live Aid concert in 1985 . Release and promotion ( edit ) The following morning Geldof appeared on Mike Read 's BBC Radio 1 Breakfast Show to promote the record and promised that every penny would go to the cause . Most record retailers agreed to sell the record at its cost price of £ 1.35 including VAT : however , some refused , citing cost pressures . Geldof was also incensed that the British Government refused to waive the VAT on the sales of the single . Geldof made the headlines by publicly standing up to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . In the end the UK government relented and donated an amount to the charity equal to the amount of tax they had collected on the single . Radio 1 began to play the song every hour -- normally an A-list single got seven or eight plays per day . The number one single at the time of its release was `` I Should Have Known Better '' by Jim Diamond , and Diamond was quoted as saying , `` I 'm delighted to be at number one , but next week I do n't want people to buy my record ; I want them to buy Band Aid instead '' . The song had advance orders of 250,000 within a week of its recording , and orders from record dealers had topped one million by 8 December . In order to meet demand , Phonogram had all five of their European factories put to work pressing the single . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' was released on Monday 3 December 1984 . It received further publicity from a launch party on 7 December at the Royal Albert Hall during the charity event `` Dinner at Albert 's '' , an evening of music to raise money for Save the Children and the Ethiopia Famine Relief Fund . The single entered the UK Singles Chart the following week at number one , outselling all the other records in the chart put together , with the 7 '' single alone selling 200,000 copies in the first two days of release . In the United States , the video was played on MTV frequently throughout the Christmas season . Released in the US on 10 December 1984 on Columbia Records , `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' sold 1.9 million copies in its first eleven days on release but did not reach number 1 there , due to the more complex nature of the chart system , which counted airplay as well as sales . Despite outselling the official number 1 by four to one , it did not make the top ten due to a lack of airplay , ultimately peaking at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Due to the time constraints of releasing the single as quickly as possible , the promotional video for the song simply featured footage from the recording session . David Bowie , who had been Geldof 's original choice to sing the song 's opening line but who had been unable to attend the recording , flew into England from Switzerland to record a short introduction for the video to be played on the BBC 's flagship television music show Top of the Pops . However , Geldof was unhappy when he discovered that the show 's regulations meant that the song and its video could not be played until it had actually charted . Undeterred , he contacted BBC1 controller Michael Grade directly and successfully persuaded Grade to order that every programme preceding that week 's episode of Top of the Pops should start five minutes early to make space to broadcast the song 's video ( complete with Bowie 's introduction ) just before the show . Each week of its stay at number one , the video was shown on Top of the Pops . However , for the Christmas Day special edition of the programme , most of the artists on the record appeared in the studio to mime to the song as it was relayed through the speaker system . The two most notable absentees were George Michael and Bono : during Michael 's line the cameras focussed on the studio audience , while Paul Weller mimed Bono 's line to the camera . The charity received a further boost during Band Aid 's five week tenure at the top of the UK charts with Wham ! at number 2 with their double A-side `` Last Christmas '' / `` Everything She Wants '' . Wham ! singer George Michael had appeared on the Band Aid single and he and fellow band member Andrew Ridgeley donated all the royalties from their single to the Band Aid Trust . `` Last Christmas '' / `` Everything She Wants '' also ended up selling over a million copies and became the biggest - selling single never to reach number 1 in the UK . A 30 - minute video titled ' Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ' -- The Story of the Official Band Aid Video was released in the UK on 15 December 1984 and in the US on 18 December 1984 on VHS and Betamax formats . The video featured documentary footage shot at the recording session and interviews with Geldof and Ure , as well as the completed promotional video . At the 1986 Grammy Awards the song 's video was nominated for the Best Music Video , Short Form award , eventually losing out to its US counterpart song `` We Are the World '' . Reception and criticism ( edit ) The reception in December 1984 to the original single from the UK music press was mixed . Under a caption of `` TURKEY '' ( a double meaning referring both to the traditional British Christmas meal and an artistic failure ) , the biggest selling music paper NME dismissed the song with the single line , `` Millions of Dead Stars write and perform rotten record for the right reasons '' . The other two major music papers looked upon the record more favourably , recognising that while musically the song was flawed , its intentions were admirable . Sounds said , `` It 's far from brilliant ( if not quite the Bland Aid some have predicted ) but you can have fun playing Spot the Star on the vocals , and it deserves to sell by the truckload '' . Melody Maker stated , `` Inevitably , after such massive publicity , the record itself is something of an anti-climax , even though Geldof 's sense of universal melodrama is perfectly suited to this kind of epic musical manifesto . Midge Ure 's large - screen production and the emotional vocal deliveries of the various celebrities matches the demonstrative sweep of Geldof 's lyric , which veers occasionally toward an uncomfortably generalised sentimentality which threatens to turn righteous pleading into pompous indignation . On the other hand , I 'm sure it 's impossible to write flippantly about something as fundamentally dreadful as the Ethiopia famine . '' The song has received criticism for what has been described as a colonial western - centric viewpoint and condescending stereotypical descriptions of Africa . Musician Fuse ODG turned down a request to sing `` Do They Know It 's Christmas '' with the group during the 2014 Ebola outbreak , stating that the lyrics of the song do not reflect what Africa truly is . He cited lyrics such as `` There is no peace and joy in west Africa this Christmas '' ; saying he goes to Ghana yearly for the sole purpose of peace and joy , so singing such lyrics would be a blatant lie . A parody version entitled `` Do They Know It 's Hallowe'en ? '' was created to poke fun at the lyrics in the original version . In the 2014 version , several lyrics that were previously criticised were rewritten , and the song was changed to focus on Ebola rather than the original version 's famine . The new lyrics have also been criticised for stereotypes and condescension . Geldof and Ure themselves later recognised the musical limitations of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' : in his typically blunt manner , Geldof told Australia 's Daily Telegraph in 2010 , `` I am responsible for two of the worst songs in history . The other one is ' We Are the World ' . '' Ure 's assessment in his autobiography was that `` it is a song that has nothing to do with music . It was all about generating money ... The song did n't matter : the song was secondary , almost irrelevant . '' 1985 reissue ( edit ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' was reissued the following year on 29 November 1985 , reaching number 3 in the UK Singles Chart the week following Christmas . The 1985 single was remixed by Trevor Horn , the intended producer of the original version , and it included an updated B - side entitled `` One Year On ( Feed the World ) '' , beginning and ending with a recording of a telephone message from Geldof and in between featuring Ure reciting a list of what had been bought with the money raised during the previous 12 months . Personnel ( edit ) ( adapted from credits on back cover of the record sleeve ) Vocalists : Robert `` Kool '' Bell ( Kool & the Gang ) Bono ( U2 ) Pete Briquette ( The Boomtown Rats ) Adam Clayton ( U2 ) Phil Collins ( Genesis and solo artist ) Chris Cross ( Ultravox ) Simon Crowe ( The Boomtown Rats ) Sarah Dallin ( Bananarama ) Siobhan Fahey ( Bananarama ) Johnny Fingers ( The Boomtown Rats ) Bob Geldof ( The Boomtown Rats ) Boy George ( Culture Club ) Glenn Gregory ( Heaven 17 ) Tony Hadley ( Spandau Ballet ) John Keeble ( Spandau Ballet ) Gary Kemp ( Spandau Ballet ) Martin Kemp ( Spandau Ballet ) Simon Le Bon ( Duran Duran ) Marilyn George Michael ( Wham ! ) Jon Moss ( Culture Club ) Steve Norman ( Spandau Ballet ) Rick Parfitt ( Status Quo ) Nick Rhodes ( Duran Duran ) Francis Rossi ( Status Quo ) Sting ( The Police ) Andy Taylor ( Duran Duran ) James `` J.T. '' Taylor ( Kool & the Gang ) John Taylor ( Duran Duran ) Roger Taylor ( Duran Duran ) Dennis Thomas ( Kool & the Gang ) Midge Ure ( Ultravox ) Martyn Ware ( Heaven 17 ) Jody Watley Paul Weller ( The Style Council ) Keren Woodward ( Bananarama ) Paul Young Additional spoken messages on B - side : Stuart Adamson , Mark Brzezicki , Tony Butler , Bruce Watson ( Big Country ) David Bowie Holly Johnson ( Frankie Goes to Hollywood ) Paul McCartney Musicians : Phil Collins -- drums John Taylor -- bass Midge Ure -- keyboards and programming Notes : Jump up ^ Annie Lennox 's name also appears on the sleeve credits as a recorded message from her was due to be included on the B - side , but the message did not arrive in time before the record was pressed . Jump up ^ Midge Ure stated in his autobiography that most of the bass line was created and played on a synthesizer ( later revealed to be the OSCar ) , but that John Taylor had added some bass guitar to the song in Ure 's home studio on 24 November 1984 . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 -- 85 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada ( RPM 100 Singles ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Europarade ) France ( SNEP ) 34 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Oricon ) 20 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 13 Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 23 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Chart ( 1985 ) Position Australian Singles ( Kent Music Report ) 19 New Zealand Singles ( RMNZ ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 3,802,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 2,500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Band Aid II ( edit ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' Single by Band Aid II B - side `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Instrumental ) Released 11 December 1989 Format 7 '' cassette CD Recorded 2 -- 3 December 1989 at The Hit Factory , London Genre Pop Length 4 : 25 Label PWL Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Bob Geldof Midge Ure Producer ( s ) Stock Aitken Waterman A second version of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' was recorded under the name of Band Aid II in 1989 , overseen by the most successful British production team of the late 1980s , Stock Aitken Waterman . Geldof had telephoned Pete Waterman to ask him to produce a new version of the song to aid the ongoing situation in Ethiopia , and within 24 hours the recording session had been arranged at Stock Aitken Waterman 's studios on London 's South Bank . The recording took place over the weekend of 2 and 3 December , and featured several artists who had already been produced by SAW , including Kylie Minogue , Jason Donovan , Bananarama , Sonia , and Cliff Richard , as well as other artists who had big hits in 1989 , such as Lisa Stansfield , Jimmy Somerville , Wet Wet Wet and Bros. Bananarama 's Sara Dallin and Keren Woodward became the only artists to appear on both the 1984 and 1989 versions of the record . Siobhan Fahey , who had been part of Bananarama 's line - up at the time the first recording of the song was released , had left the group in 1988 . The lyrics were rearranged for a more traditional ' verse and chorus ' structure , with the opening verse being split in two with a short repeat of the ending chorus being played at the end of both , followed by the `` here 's to you '' section and a final lengthened version of the closing chorus ( with commentary by Michael Buerk played over the outro in the music video ) . Released on 11 December 1989 , the Band Aid II version spent three weeks at number one in the UK , becoming the Christmas number one single and the last number one single of the 1980s , and ended the year as the ninth biggest selling single of 1989 . Personnel ( edit ) ( adapted from credits on back cover of the record sleeve ) Bananarama Big Fun Bros Cathy Dennis D Mob Jason Donovan Kevin Godley Glen Goldsmith Kylie Minogue The Pasadenas Chris Rea Cliff Richard Jimmy Somerville Sonia Lisa Stansfield Technotronic ( incorrectly listed as `` Technotronics '' on the record sleeve ) Wet Wet Wet Musicians : Matt Aitken -- keyboards , guitar Luke Goss -- drums Chris Rea -- guitar Mike Stock -- keyboards The sleeve also credits `` A Linn '' with playing drums on the record , a joking reference to the programmed Linn drum machine . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 -- 90 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 30 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 74 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 24 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Band Aid 20 ( edit ) Main article : Band Aid 20 `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' Single by Band Aid 20 B - side `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( original Band Aid version ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( performed at Live Aid , 1985 ) Released 29 November 2004 Format CD digital download Recorded 12 -- 14 November 2004 at Mayfair Studios , Primrose Hill and AIR Studios , Hampstead , London Genre Pop alternative rock Length 5 : 07 Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Bob Geldof Midge Ure Producer ( s ) Nigel Godrich Music video Band Aid 20 `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' at MTV UK Band Aid 20 recorded a third version of the song in November 2004 for the twentieth anniversary of the original recording , and again got to number one . The recording and release of the single tied in with the release of the Live Aid concert on DVD for the first time . The idea was prompted by Coldplay 's Chris Martin , although Geldof and Ure both got quickly involved . Geldof did the publicity and educated the younger artists on the issues ( some of them were n't born , or were very young , when the original was recorded ) while Ure assisted producer Nigel Godrich and filmed the event for the corresponding documentary . The gathering of the artists to record the song 's chorus took place at AIR Studios in Hampstead in north London on Sunday 14 November 2004 , although the backing track and many of the solo lines had been recorded over the previous two days . Damon Albarn did not take part in the recording but turned up to serve tea to the participants . This version of the song featured an extra segment -- a rap by Dizzee Rascal in the midst of the `` here 's to you '' section . Bono flew in especially from Ireland late on Sunday evening to sing the same line as he had done two decades earlier , making him the sixth artist to appear on two versions , in addition to Geldof , Ure , Paul McCartney , Sarah Dallin and Keren Woodward ( Bananarama ) . Personnel ( edit ) Vocalists : Tim Wheeler ( Ash ) Daniel Bedingfield Natasha Bedingfield Bono ( U2 ) Busted Chris Martin ( Coldplay ) Dido -- performed separately from a studio in Melbourne Dizzee Rascal -- the only artist to add lyrics to the song Ms Dynamite Skye Edwards ( Morcheeba ) Estelle Feeder Neil Hannon ( The Divine Comedy ) Justin Hawkins ( The Darkness ) Jamelia Tom Chaplin ( Keane ) Tim Rice - Oxley ( Keane ) Beverley Knight Lemar Shaznay Lewis ( All Saints ) Katie Melua Róisín Murphy ( Moloko ) Snow Patrol Rachel Stevens Joss Stone Sugababes The Thrills Turin Brakes Robbie Williams -- performed separately from a studio in Los Angeles Will Young Fran Healy ( Travis ) Musicians : Danny Goffey ( Supergrass ) -- drums Jonny Greenwood ( Radiohead ) -- guitar Dan Hawkins ( The Darkness ) -- guitar Justin Hawkins ( The Darkness ) -- guitar Paul McCartney -- bass guitar Thom Yorke ( Radiohead ) -- piano Additional personnel : Damon Albarn -- tea boy Bob Geldof -- organiser Nigel Godrich -- producer Midge Ure -- executive producer Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 9 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 28 Canada ( Nielsen Soundscan ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 6 France ( SNEP ) 72 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Position Ireland ( IRMA ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 90,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,184,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Band Aid 30 ( edit ) Main article : Band Aid 30 `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' Single by Band Aid 30 Released 17 November 2014 Format CD digital download Recorded 15 November 2014 Genre Pop Length 3 : 48 Label Virgin EMI Island Songwriter ( s ) Bob Geldof Midge Ure Producer ( s ) Paul Epworth At a press conference on 10 November 2014 , Geldof and Ure announced that another group of artists would come together to re-record the song , this time under the banner of Band Aid 30 and in aid of the Ebola crisis . It was released on the following Monday , 17 November , 11 days short of the 30th anniversary of the release of the original version of the track . Background ( edit ) Tracey Emin provided the artwork and Paul Epworth produced the track . Vocal contributions came from artists including Ed Sheeran , One Direction , Paloma Faith , Ellie Goulding , Seal , Sam Smith , Sinéad O'Connor , Rita Ora , Emeli Sandé , Bastille and Olly Murs . Returning guest musicians from previous versions of the song included Chris Martin ( who recorded the opening lines of the 2004 version ) and Bono ( who sang the tenth line in both the 1984 and 2004 versions ) . The line `` Well , there wo n't be snow in Africa this Christmas time '' was changed to `` Bring peace and joy this Christmas to West Africa '' . Personnel ( edit ) Vocalists : Bastille Bono ( U2 ) Alfie Deyes Paloma Faith Guy Garvey ( Elbow ) Ellie Goulding Angélique Kidjo Chris Martin ( Coldplay ) Sinéad O'Connor One Direction Rita Ora Olly Murs Emeli Sandé Seal Ed Sheeran Sam Smith Joe Sugg Zoe Sugg Karl Hyde ( Underworld ) Jessie Ware Musicians : Milan Neil Amin - Smith ( Clean Bandit ) -- violin Grace Chatto ( Clean Bandit ) -- cello Roger Taylor ( Queen ) -- drums , keyboards Additional personnel : Paul Epworth -- producer German version ( edit ) A German - language version of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' was released on 21 November 2014 . It was produced by Vincent Sorg and Tobias Kuhn and features vocals from artists including 2raumwohnung , Andreas Bourani , Die Toten Hosen , Jan Delay , Joy Denalane , Max Raabe , Milky Chance , Peter Maffay , Silbermond , Thees Uhlmann , and Wolfgang Niedecken . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' 3 : 48 German digital download -- German version No . Title Length 1 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( Deutsche version ) 3 : 55 German CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( Deutsche version ) 3 : 56 2 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' 3 : 50 German CD maxi - single No . Title Length 1 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( Deutsche version ) 3 : 56 2 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' 3 : 50 3 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2004 version ) '' ( Band Aid 20 ) 5 : 06 4 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 1989 version ) '' ( Band Aid II ) 4 : 22 5 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 1984 version ) '' ( Band Aid ) 3 : 52 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) British and Irish version ( original ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 8 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 35 France ( SNEP ) 25 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 11 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 31 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 40 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 31 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 63 German version Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 21 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 31 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 501,000 sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United Kingdom 17 November 2014 Digital download Virgin EMI Germany 21 November 2014 28 November 2014 CD single CD maxi - single Other versions ( edit ) ITV television show Spitting Image produced a song entitled `` We 're Scared of Bob '' with the various artists suggesting they are only making the record because they were too afraid to say no when Bob Geldof asked them . Slade released a version of the song on their 1985 Christmas album Crackers : The Christmas Party Album , with vocals by Noddy Holder and Jim Lea and proceeds from the track , along with a further Slade release `` Do You Believe in Miracles '' ( which told the story of Geldof 's rise and demise in the pop scene and then his determination to raise money for the famine victims ) , were donated to the Band Aid Trust . See also ( edit ) Christmas portal `` Tears Are Not Enough '' , 1985 charity single recorded by a supergroup of Canadian artists , under the name Northern Lights `` We Are the World '' , 1985 charity single recorded by the supergroup USA for Africa `` What More Can I Give '' , song written by Michael Jackson and recorded by a supergroup of singers following the 11 September attacks in 2001 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Looking Back At Live Aid , 25 Years Later '' . MTV . Retrieved 22 October 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Band - Aid Rocks the Shops '' . The Sun . London , England : News International . 4 December 1984 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Band Aid sales top 3m -- proceeds set to reach Ethiopia by summer '' . Music Week . London , England : Morgan -- Grampian Publications : 3 . 12 January 1985 . Jump up ^ Allison , David ( 18 August 2017 ) . `` Mull of Kintyre -- Looking back on a Scottish mega-hit '' . BBC Scotland News . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Sedghi , Ami ( 4 November 2012 ) . `` UK 's million - selling singles : the full list '' . The Guardian . London , England : Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( 19 September 2017 ). `` he UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . The Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Green , Paul ( 5 January 1985 ) . `` Ethiopia - Aid Single , Video Take Off '' . Billboard . New York City , USA : Billboard Publications : 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Holden , Stephen ( 27 February 1985 ) . `` The Pop Life ; Artists Join in Effort for Famine Relief '' . The New York Times . New York City , USA : The New York Times Company . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ McFarlen , Donald . Guinness Book of World Records , 1989 , page 155 - 156 . Jim Pattison Group . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Presenter : Midge Ure ( 21 October 2004 ) . Band Aid : The Song That Rocked the World ( Documentary ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( TV Production ) . Jump up ^ `` 1984 : Extent of Ethiopia famine revealed '' . BBC . 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Higgins marvels at change in Ethiopia 's Tigray province '' . The Irish Times . 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Live Aid : Against All Odds : Episode 1 '' . BBC . 7 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live Aid : The show that rocked the world '' . BBC . Retrieved 7 January 2018 ^ Jump up to : Ure , Midge ( 2013 ) . If I Was ... An Enhanced Updated Autobiography . Acorn Digital Press . ^ Jump up to : McIlhenney , Barry ( 8 December 1984 ) . `` Feed the World '' . Melody Maker . London , England : IPC Media : 24 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stars rally round '' . Music Week . London , England : Morgan -- Grampian Publications : 1 . 1 December 1984 . Jump up ^ `` More Action for Ethiopia '' . Melody Maker . London , England : IPC Media : 4 . 8 December 1984 . Jump up ^ Eggar , Robin ( 18 November 2004 ) . `` From fears to tears '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , England : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Band Aid bonanza '' . Music Week . Morgan - Grampian Publications : 1 & 4 . 15 December 1984 . ^ Jump up to : Maconie , Stuart ( 2014 ) . The People 's Songs : The Story of Modern Britain in 50 Songs . London , England : Ebury Press . p. 291 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09193 - 380 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopia -- dealers ' superb ' '' . Music Week . Morgan - Grampian Publications : 4 . 8 December 1984 . Jump up ^ Davis , Sharon ( 1999 ) . ' 80s Chart Toppers : Every Chart - Topper Tells a Story . Mainstream Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85158 - 838 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Peter ; Dupler , Simon ( 15 December 1984 ) . `` Ethiopia Aid Single Due Out in U.S. '' . Billboard . New York City , USA : Billboard Publications , Inc. 96 ( 50 ) : 6 & 78 . Jump up ^ Kopf , Biba ( 8 December 1984 ) . `` Singles '' . NME . London , England : IPC Media : 21 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Garry ( 8 December 1984 ) . `` Singles '' . Sounds . London , England : Spotlight Publications : 16 . Jump up ^ Jones , Allan ( 8 December 1984 ) . `` Singles '' . Melody Maker . London , England : IPC Media : 27 . Jump up ^ `` Live Aid , Band Aid , USA for Africa : Did pop stars and hit songs help Ethiopia famine victims ? '' . Slate Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Bono had the good sense to change that awful lyric for the new `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` . Jump up ^ `` uprisingradio.org '' Do They Know How Racist They Sound ? `` . Jump up ^ `` In Africa , do they know it 's Christmas time at all ? - Crikey '' . crikey.com . Jump up ^ `` The 15 Worst Christmas Songs , Ranked '' . pastemagazine.com . Jump up ^ `` Why I had to turn down Band Aid '' . The Guardian . 19 November 2014 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Ollerenshaw , Tracy ( 17 November 2014 ) . `` Bob Geldof : Fuse ODG felt awkward about Band Aid track '' . BBC . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ McGregor , Nesta ( 18 November 2014 ) . `` Band Aid is ' detrimental ' to African continent says Fuse ODG '' . BBC . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Denham , Jess ( 18 November 2014 ) . `` Band Aid 30 : Fuse ODG turned down Bob Geldof single over ' negative ' image of Africa '' . The Independent . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - Entertainment - World premiere of Band Aid song '' . Jump up ^ `` In a Send - Up of Charity Songs , the Elite Of Indie Rock Take On Halloween Revelry '' . The New York Times . 5 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Do They Know It 's Christmas 2014 remake is about Ebola , featuring Bono , Sam Smith , and other Brits . It 's terrible ( VIDEO ) '' . Slate Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 lyrics : Reworked lyrics for Ebola - themed ' Do they know it 's Christmas ? ' revealed '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Outrage over ' ignorant ' Band Aid 30 Ebola lyrics '' . Jump up ^ `` Why Adele was right to ignore Bob Geldof and Band Aid '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 : Fuse ODG turned down Bob Geldof 's song over ' negative ' image of Africa '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Bim Adewunmi . `` Band Aid 30 : clumsy , patronising and wrong in so many ways '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Fucked Up '' . Pitchfork . Jump up ^ McCabe , Kathy ( 27 November 2010 ) . `` Sir Bob Geldof 's tacky curse of Christmas '' . Daily Telegraph . Sydney , Australia : Nationwide News . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid reissue -- onus on dealers '' . Music Week . London , England : Morgan -- Grampian Publications : 4 . 23 November 1985 . Jump up ^ Band Aid ( 1984 ) . Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( Record sleeve ) . Phonogram . FEED 1 . Jump up ^ Wiffen , Paul ( September 1999 ) . `` Oxford Synthesizer Company OSCar '' . Sound on Sound . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , New South Wales , Australia : Australian Chart Book . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Singles , January 5 , 1985 '' . RPM , Vol. 41 No. 17 . Canada : Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Europarade Hot 100 '' . Music Week . London , England : Morgan -- Grampian Publications . 12 January 1985 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Irish Singles Chart . ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media : 62 . 9 February 1985 . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Band Aid '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles January 3 -- December 29 , 1984 '' . Music Week . London , England : Spotlight Publications : 37 . 26 January 1985 . Jump up ^ Kent ( 1993 ) . p. 437 . Jump up ^ Scapolo , Dean ( 1997 ) . `` Top Songs 1985 '' . New Zealand Music Charts 1966 -- 1996 : Singles . Wellington , New Zealand : IPL Books . p. 358 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 90887 - 600 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles January 5 -- December 28 , 1985 '' . Music Week . London , England : Spotlight Publications : 10 . 18 January 1986 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Scapolo ( 1997 ) . p. 28 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Enter Do They Know It 's Christmas ? in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` News Extra : Band Aid II '' . Record Mirror . London , England : United Newspapers : 54 . 9 December 1989 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year - End Chart ' 89 : Top 100 Singles '' . Music Week . London , England : Spotlight Publications : 16 . 3 March 1990 . Jump up ^ Band Aid II ( 1989 ) . Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( Record sleeve ) . PWL / Polydor . FEED 2 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Band Aid II -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Band Aid II -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Band Aid II Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Band Aid II -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Band Aid II -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Band Aid II -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Band Aid II -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Band Aid II -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Enter Do They Know It 's Christmas ? in the search field and then press Enter . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Shane ( 30 November 2004 ) . `` How Band Aid 20 came together '' . BBC News . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Youngs , Ian ( 14 November 2004 ) . `` Blogging the Band Aid recording '' . BBC News . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World premiere of Band Aid song '' . BBC News . 16 November 2004 . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . New York City . 18 December 2004 . p. 42 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 20 : Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 49 , 2004 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2004 '' . IRMA . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts : 2004 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . Retrieved 28 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 20 `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` . IFPI Denmark . 3 January 2018 . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Enter Do They Know It 's Christmas ? in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Do they know it 's 2014 ? Geldof puts Band Aid back together 30 years after it first topped the chart '' . Daily Mail . 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Elbow and Ed Sheeran among Band Aid 30 artists '' . BBC News . 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 details revealed : line - up to feature Adele , One Direction , more '' . 10 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 - line - up : A clickable guide of who 's who '' . BBC . 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BAND AID 30 - Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( Dt . Version , 2014 ) - Diskografie '' . www.universal-music.de . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 47 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( Deutsche Version / 2014 ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Band Aid 30 Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( Deutsche Version / 2014 ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 - 2014 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Enter Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 8 December 2016 ) . `` Christmas Number 1 Flashback : Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( Deutsche Version / 2014 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( German + UK Version ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( German + UK Versionen ) '' . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Band Aid version Preceded by `` Mull of Kintyre '' by Wings UK best - selling single in history ( UK Top 10 Best Selling Singles ) 11 December 1984 -- 14 September 1997 Succeeded by `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight / Candle in the Wind 1997 '' by Elton John Preceded by `` The Power of Love '' by Frankie Goes to Hollywood UK number one single 11 December 1984 - 15 January 1985 Succeeded by `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' by Foreigner Preceded by `` Only You '' by The Flying Pickets UK Singles Chart Christmas number one 1984 Succeeded by `` Merry Christmas Everyone '' by Shakin ' Stevens Preceded by `` Like a Virgin '' by Madonna Australian Kent Music Report number one single 14 January 1985 - 4 February 1985 Succeeded by `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' by Foreigner Band Aid II version Preceded by `` Let 's Party '' by Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers UK number one single 17 December 1989 - 7 January 1990 Succeeded by `` Hangin ' Tough '' by New Kids on the Block Preceded by `` Mistletoe and Wine '' by Cliff Richard UK Singles Chart Christmas number one 1989 Succeeded by `` Saviour 's Day '' by Cliff Richard Band Aid 20 version Preceded by `` I 'll Stand by You '' by Girls Aloud UK number one single 11 December 2004 - 8 January 2005 Succeeded by `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' by Steve Brookstein Preceded by `` Just Lose It '' by Eminem RIANZ ( New Zealand ) number - one single 20 December 2004 -- 27 December 2004 Succeeded by `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' by Snoop Dogg Preceded by `` Mad World '' by Michael Andrews and Gary Jules UK Singles Chart Christmas number one Succeeded by `` That 's My Goal '' by Shayne Ward Band Aid 30 version Preceded by `` Wake Me Up '' by Gareth Malone 's All Star Choir UK number one single 23 November 2014 - 30 November 2014 Succeeded by `` These Days '' by Take That UK Christmas number - one singles in the 1980s `` There 's No One Quite Like Grandma '' ( St Winifred 's School Choir , 1980 ) `` Do n't You Want Me '' ( The Human League , 1981 ) `` Save Your Love '' ( Renée and Renato , 1982 ) `` Only You '' ( The Flying Pickets , 1983 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid , 1984 ) `` Merry Christmas Everyone '' ( Shakin ' Stevens , 1985 ) `` Reet Petite '' ( Jackie Wilson , 1986 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( Pet Shop Boys , 1987 ) `` Mistletoe and Wine '' ( Cliff Richard , 1988 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid II , 1989 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s UK Christmas number - one singles in the 2000s `` Can We Fix It ? '' ( Bob the Builder , 2000 ) `` Somethin ' Stupid '' ( Robbie Williams & Nicole Kidman , 2001 ) `` Sound of the Underground '' ( Girls Aloud , 2002 ) `` Mad World '' ( Michael Andrews & Gary Jules , 2003 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid 20 , 2004 ) `` That 's My Goal '' ( Shayne Ward , 2005 ) `` A Moment Like This '' ( Leona Lewis , 2006 ) `` When You Believe '' ( Leon Jackson , 2007 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( Alexandra Burke , 2008 ) `` Killing in the Name '' ( Rage Against the Machine , 2009 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s UK Christmas number - one single downloads in the 2000s `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid 20 , 2004 ) `` JCB '' ( Nizlopi , 2005 ) `` Patience '' ( Take That , 2006 ) `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' ( Mariah Carey , 2007 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( Alexandra Burke , 2008 ) `` Killing in the Name '' ( Rage Against the Machine , 2009 ) 2000s 2010s Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) UK best - selling singles ( by decade ) 1950s : `` Rock Around the Clock '' - Bill Haley & His Comets 1960s : `` She Loves You '' - The Beatles 1970s : `` Mull of Kintyre '' - Wings 1980s : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' - Band Aid 1990s : `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' - Elton John 2000s : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' - Will Young Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_They_Know_It%27s_Christmas%3F&oldid=823310687 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom Christmas number - one single downloads in the United Kingdom 1984 singles 1985 singles 1989 singles 2004 singles All - star recordings European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Finland Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland RPM Top Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Christmas songs Charity singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Music videos directed by Nigel Dick Songs written by Midge Ure Slade songs Albums with cover art by Peter Blake ( artist ) 1984 songs Phonogram Records singles Columbia Records singles Pete Waterman Entertainment singles Polydor Records singles Mercury Records singles Virgin EMI Records singles Island Records singles 2014 singles SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Songs about poverty Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) Use British English from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 14 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	do they know it's christmas time at all original	[]	[]
8920677267202726172	Dolphins–Patriots rivalry	Dolphins -- Patriots rivalry - wikipedia Dolphins -- Patriots rivalry Dolphins - Patriots rivalry Miami Dolphins New England Patriots First meeting November 27 , 1966 Patriots 20 , Dolphins 14 Latest meeting September 30 , 2018 Patriots 38 , Dolphins 7 Next meeting December 9 , 2018 Statistics Meetings total 106 ( including the playoffs ) All - time series Dolphins lead 54 -- 52 ( including the playoffs ) Postseason results Patriots lead 2 -- 1 January 8 , 1983 : Dolphins 28 , Patriots 13 January 12 , 1986 : Patriots 38 , Dolphins 14 December 28 , 1997 : Patriots 17 , Dolphins 3 Largest victory Dolphins : 52 -- 0 ( 1972 ) Patriots : 34 -- 0 ( 1980 ) Longest win streak Dolphins : 9 ( 1989 -- 93 ) Patriots : 7 ( 2 times : 1986 -- 88 , 2010 -- 13 ) Current win streak Patriots : 1 win ( 2018 -- present ) The Dolphins -- Patriots rivalry is an American football rivalry between the Miami Dolphins and New England Patriots of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The Dolphins lead the all - time series 54 -- 51 . The two teams play twice every regular season . While not as famous as some other rivalries , the rivalry has a long history that dates back to the 1960s . The beginning of the rivalry was dominated by the Dolphins , as the time the Dolphins were one of the NFL 's most successful teams , while the Patriots were one of the worst . The Patriots finally made the Super Bowl in 1985 . Starting in 1986 , the rivalry was a little bit more even , with the Pats having a 7 - game winning streak from 1986 to 1988 . The Dolphins then took over the rivalry once again , winning 13 of the next 15 matchups between the 2 teams . Both teams had great quarterbacks in the 90s , with the Patriots having Drew Bledsoe and the Dolphins with Dan Marino . The Dolphins continued to dominate the rivalry through the late 1990s with the Dolphins sweeping the Patriots in back to back years , 1999 and 2000 . Miami is one of 4 teams in the AFC with a winning overall record against New England ( the others being the Cleveland Browns , Denver Broncos , and Kansas City Chiefs ) ) . Since 2003 , the Patriots have dominated the rivalry , but not as much as their rivalries with their two other AFC East opponents . In 2004 , one of the most famous moments in the rivalry happened where the Dolphins , 2 -- 11 at the time , upset the 12 -- 1 Patriots in a game that has been known as `` The Night That Courage Wore Orange '' . In 2008 , the rivalry briefly intensified when the Dolphins became the only team other than the Patriots since 2003 to win the division . In week 3 of the aforementioned 2008 season , the Dolphins used the Wildcat formation to throw the Patriots off and went on to upset them , 38 -- 13 . Also notable is the fact that the Dolphins and Patriots are the only NFL teams to post undefeated regular season records following the NFL - AFL merger . The 1972 Dolphins finished with a 14 -- 0 regular season record and went on to win Super Bowl VIII , finishing the only complete perfect season in NFL history , while the 2007 Patriots were the first team to go undefeated in the regular season since the league expanded to 16 games , but famously lost Super Bowl XLII against the New York Giants . Contents 1 Results 1.1 1960s ( Dolphins 4 -- 3 ) 1.2 1970s ( Dolphins 13 -- 7 ) 1.3 1980s ( Patriots 11 -- 10 ) 1.4 1990s ( Dolphins 14 -- 7 ) 1.5 2000s ( Patriots 11 -- 9 ) 1.6 2010s ( Patriots 13 -- 4 ) 2 Notes 3 References Results ( edit ) Note : Playoff matchups are in bold 1960s ( Dolphins 4 -- 3 ) ( edit ) Dolphins victories Patriots victories Tie games No . Date Location Winning team Losing team Score Series November 27 , 1966 Orange Bowl Patriots Dolphins 20 -- 14 Patriots 1 -- 0 October 15 , 1967 Fenway Park Patriots Dolphins 41 -- 10 Patriots 2 -- 0 December 17 , 1967 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 41 -- 32 Patriots 2 -- 1 November 24 , 1968 Fenway Park Dolphins Patriots 34 -- 10 Tied 2 -- 2 5 December 8 , 1968 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 38 -- 7 Dolphins 3 -- 2 6 November 9 , 1969 Alumni Stadium Dolphins Patriots 17 -- 16 Dolphins 4 -- 2 7 December 8 , 1969 Tampa Stadium Patriots Dolphins 38 -- 23 Dolphins 4 -- 3 1970s ( Dolphins 13 -- 7 ) ( edit ) Dolphins victories Patriots victories Tie games No . Date Location Winning team Losing team Score Series September 20 , 1970 Harvard Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27 -- 14 Patriots 1 -- 0 December 8 , 1970 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 37 -- 20 Tied 1 -- 1 October 17 , 1971 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 41 -- 3 Dolphins 2 -- 1 December 8 , 1971 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 34 -- 13 Tied 2 -- 2 5 November 12 , 1972 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 52 -- 0 Dolphins 3 -- 2 6 December 3 , 1972 Schaefer Stadium Dolphins Patriots 37 -- 21 Dolphins 4 -- 2 7 September 30 , 1973 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 44 -- 23 Dolphins 5 -- 2 8 October 28 , 1973 Schaefer Stadium Dolphins Patriots 30 -- 14 Dolphins 6 -- 2 9 September 15 , 1974 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 34 -- 24 Dolphins 6 -- 3 10 December 15 , 1974 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 34 -- 27 Dolphins 7 -- 3 11 September 28 , 1975 Schaefer Stadium Dolphins Patriots 22 -- 14 Dolphins 8 -- 3 12 December 1 , 1975 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 30 -- 14 Dolphins 9 -- 3 13 September 19 , 1976 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 22 -- 14 Dolphins 9 -- 4 14 October 31 , 1976 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 10 -- 3 Dolphins 10 -- 4 15 November 13 , 1977 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 17 -- 5 Dolphins 11 -- 4 16 December 11 , 1977 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 14 -- 10 Dolphins 11 -- 5 17 October 22 , 1978 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 33 -- 24 Dolphins 11 -- 6 18 December 18 , 1978 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 23 -- 3 Dolphins 12 -- 6 19 October 21 , 1979 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 28 -- 13 Dolphins 12 -- 7 20 November 29 , 1979 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 39 -- 24 Dolphins 13 -- 7 Series Overall : Dolphins lead 17 -- 10 after 1970s 1980s ( Patriots 11 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Dolphins victories Patriots victories Tie games No . Date Location Winning team Losing team Score Series September 20 , 1980 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 34 -- 0 Patriots 1 -- 0 December 8 , 1980 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 16 -- 13 Tied 1 -- 1 November 8 , 1991 Schaefer Stadium Dolphins Patriots 30 -- 3 Dolphins 2 -- 1 December 6 , 1981 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 24 -- 14 Dolphins 3 -- 1 5 November 8 , 1982 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 3 -- 0 Dolphins 3 -- 2 6 January 8 , 1983 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 28 -- 13 Dolphins 4 -- 2 7 September 11 , 1983 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 34 -- 24 Dolphins 5 -- 2 8 November 13 , 1983 Sullivan Stadium Patriots Dolphins 17 -- 6 Dolphins 5 -- 3 9 September 9 , 1984 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 28 -- 7 Dolphins 6 -- 3 10 October 21 , 1984 Sullivan Stadium Dolphins Patriots 44 -- 24 Dolphins 7 -- 3 11 November 3 , 1985 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 17 -- 13 Dolphins 7 -- 4 12 December 16 , 1985 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 30 -- 27 Dolphins 8 -- 4 13 January 8 , 1986 Orange Bowl Patriots Dolphins 31 -- 14 Dolphins 8 -- 5 14 October 5 , 1986 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 34 -- 7 Dolphins 8 -- 6 15 December 22 , 1986 Orange Bowl Patriots Dolphins 34 -- 27 Dolphins 8 -- 7 16 September 13 , 1987 Orange Bowl Patriots Patriots 28 -- 21 Tied 8 -- 8 17 December 28 , 1987 Joe Robbie Stadium Patriots Dolphins 24 -- 10 Patriots 9 -- 8 18 November 6 , 1988 Sullivan Stadium Patriots Dolphins 21 -- 10 Patriots 10 -- 8 19 November 20 , 1988 Joe Robbie Stadium Patriots Dolphins 6 -- 3 Patriots 11 -- 8 20 September 17 , 1989 Sullivan Stadium Dolphins Patriots 24 -- 10 Patriots 11 -- 9 21 December 10 , 1989 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 31 -- 10 Patriots 11 -- 10 Series Overall : Dolphins lead 27 -- 21 after 1980s 1990s ( Dolphins 14 -- 7 ) ( edit ) Dolphins victories Patriots victories Tie games No . Date Location Winning team Losing team Score Series Attendance September 9 , 1990 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 27 -- 24 Dolphins 1 -- 0 N / A October 18 , 1990 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 17 -- 10 Dolphins 2 -- 0 N / A October 6 , 1991 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 20 -- 10 Dolphins 3 -- 0 N / A November 10 , 1991 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 30 -- 21 Dolphins 4 -- 0 N / A 5 October 18 , 1992 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 38 -- 17 Dolphins 5 -- 0 N / A 6 December 27 , 1992 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 16 -- 13 ( OT ) Dolphins 6 -- 0 N / A 7 November 21 , 1993 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 17 -- 13 Dolphins 7 -- 0 N / A 8 January 2 , 1994 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 33 -- 27 ( OT ) Dolphins 7 -- 1 N / A 9 September 4 , 1994 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 39 -- 35 Dolphins 8 -- 1 N / A 10 October 30 , 1994 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 23 -- 3 Dolphins 9 -- 1 N / A 11 September 10 , 1995 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 20 -- 3 Dolphins 10 -- 1 N / A 12 November 12 , 1995 Joe Robbie Stadium Patriots Dolphins 34 -- 17 Dolphins 10 -- 2 N / A 13 September 1 , 1996 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 34 -- 7 Dolphins 11 -- 2 71,542 14 November 3 , 1996 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 42 -- 23 Dolphins 11 -- 3 58,492 15 September 13 , 1997 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27 -- 24 Dolphins 11 -- 4 59,002 16 December 22 , 1997 Pro Player Stadium Patriots Dolphins 14 -- 12 Dolphins 11 -- 5 74,379 17 December 28 , 1997 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 17 -- 3 Dolphins 11 -- 6 60,041 18 October 25 , 1998 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 12 -- 9 ( OT ) Dolphins 12 -- 6 73,973 19 November 23 , 1998 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 26 -- 23 Dolphins 12 -- 7 58,729 20 October 17 , 1999 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 31 -- 30 Dolphins 13 -- 7 60,006 21 November 21 , 1999 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 27 -- 17 Dolphins 14 -- 7 74,295 Series Overall : Dolphins lead 41 -- 28 after 1990s 2000s ( Patriots 11 -- 9 ) ( edit ) Dolphins victories Patriots victories Tie games No . Date Location Winning team Losing team Score Series Attendance September 24 , 2000 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 10 -- 3 Dolphins 1 -- 0 73,344 December 24 , 2000 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 27 -- 24 Dolphins 2 -- 0 60,292 October 7 , 2001 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 20 -- 10 Dolphins 3 -- 0 72,713 December 22 , 2001 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 30 -- 21 Dolphins 3 -- 1 60,292 5 October 18 , 2002 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 26 -- 13 Dolphins 4 -- 1 73,369 6 December 27 , 2002 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27 -- 24 ( OT ) Dolphins 4 -- 2 68,436 7 October 19 , 2003 Pro Player Stadium Patriots Dolphins 19 -- 13 ( OT ) Dolphins 4 -- 3 73,650 8 December 7 , 2003 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 12 -- 0 Tied 4 -- 4 68,436 9 September 4 , 2004 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 39 -- 35 Patriots 5 -- 4 68,756 10 December 20 , 2004 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 29 -- 28 Tied 5 -- 5 73,629 11 November 13 , 2005 Dolphin Stadium Patriots Dolphins 23 -- 16 Patriots 6 -- 5 73,405 12 January 1 , 2006 Gillette Stadium Dolphins Patriots 28 -- 26 Tied 6 -- 6 68,756 13 October 8 , 2006 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 20 -- 10 Patriots 7 -- 6 68,756 14 December 10 , 2006 Dolphin Stadium Dolphins Patriots 21 -- 0 Tied 7 -- 7 74,033 15 October 21 , 2007 Dolphin Stadium Patriots Dolphins 49 -- 28 Patriots 8 -- 7 71,951 16 December 23 , 2007 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 28 -- 7 Patriots 9 -- 7 68,756 17 September 21 , 2008 Gillette Stadium Dolphins Patriots 38 -- 13 Patriots 9 -- 8 68,756 18 November 23 , 2008 Dolphin Stadium Patriots Dolphins 48 -- 28 Patriots 10 -- 8 67,146 19 October 17 , 2009 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 31 -- 30 Patriots 11 -- 8 68,756 20 December 26 , 2009 Land Shark Stadium Dolphins Patriots 22 -- 21 Patriots 11 -- 9 70,102 Series Overall : Dolphins lead 50 -- 39 after 2000s 2010s ( Patriots 13 -- 4 ) ( edit ) Dolphins victories Patriots victories Tie games No . Date Location Winning team Losing team Score Series Attendance October 4 , 2010 Sun Life Stadium Patriots Patriots 41 -- 14 Patriots 1 -- 0 69,090 January 2 , 2011 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 38 -- 7 Patriots 2 -- 0 68,756 September 12 , 2011 Sun Life Stadium Patriots Dolphins 38 -- 24 Patriots 3 -- 0 66,860 December 24 , 2011 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27 -- 24 Patriots 4 -- 0 68,756 5 December 2 , 2012 Sun Life Stadium Patriots Dolphins 23 -- 16 Patriots 5 -- 0 72,114 6 December 30 , 2012 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 28 -- 0 Patriots 6 -- 0 68,736 7 October 27 , 2013 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27 -- 17 Patriots 7 -- 0 68,736 8 December 15 , 2013 Sun Life Stadium Dolphins Patriots 24 -- 20 Patriots 7 -- 1 71,863 9 September 7 , 2014 Sun Life Stadium Dolphins Patriots 33 -- 20 Patriots 7 -- 2 70,630 10 December 14 , 2014 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 41 -- 13 Patriots 8 -- 2 68,756 11 October 29 , 2015 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 36 -- 7 Patriots 9 -- 2 66,829 12 January 1 , 2016 Sun Life Stadium Dolphins Patriots 20 -- 10 Patriots 9 -- 3 62,918 13 October 8 , 2016 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 31 -- 24 Patriots 10 -- 3 68,756 14 January 1 , 2017 Hard Rock Stadium Patriots Dolphins 35 -- 14 Patriots 11 -- 3 66,163 15 October 21 , 2017 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 35 -- 17 Patriots 12 -- 3 65,878 16 December 23 , 2017 Hard Rock Stadium Dolphins Patriots 27 -- 20 Patriots 12 -- 4 65,548 17 September 21 , 2018 Gillette Stadium Patriots Patriots 38 -- 7 Patriots 13 -- 4 65,878 Series overall : Dolphins lead 54 -- 52 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Dolphins and Patriots only played once in 1982 due to the strike shortened season References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots vs. Miami Dolphins Results The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Galicia , Thomas ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` Miami Dolphins - New England Patriots : Greatest Games In The Series '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dolphins stun Patriots 38 - 13 '' . The Seattle Times . 2008 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ 1972 Perfect Season - Miami Dolphins Jump up ^ `` Giants prevent perfect season , beat Patriots '' . Sporting News . February 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2008 . Retrieved February 8 , 2008 . Miami Dolphins Founded in 1966 Based in Miami Gardens , Florida Headquartered in Davie , Florida Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Records Honor roll Training facility Broadcasters Stadiums Orange Bowl Hard Rock Stadium Culture `` Fins '' ( Jimmy Buffett song ) Wayne Huizenga Stephen M. Ross Joe Robbie T.D. Cheerleaders Ace Ventura : Pet Detective `` Only Wanna Be with You '' ( Hootie & the Blowfish song ) Ballers Lore Perfect season The Sea of Hands Announcerless game Epic in Miami Snowplow Game Clock Play Monday Night Miracle Rivalries Buffalo Bills New England Patriots New York Jets Tampa Bay Buccaneers Division championships ( 13 ) 1971 1972 1973 1979 1981 1984 1985 1992 1994 2000 2008 Conference championships ( 5 ) 1971 1972 1973 1982 1984 League championships ( 2 ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) Retired numbers 12 13 39 Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1966 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 53 ) 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' `` Your Love '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game 16 -- 0 Spygate 2007 game vs. New York Giants Helmet Catch Butt fumble Deflategate 28 -- 3 Philly Special Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Denver Broncos Indianapolis Colts Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 20 ) 1963 1978 1986 1997 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1985 2001 2003 2007 2011 2014 2016 2017 League championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2016 ( LI ) Retired numbers 20 40 56 57 73 78 79 89 Media Broadcasters WBZ - FM Radio network Gil Santos Gino Cappelletti Bob Socci Scott Zolak Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold National Football League rivalries American Football Conference AFC East Bills -- Dolphins Bills -- Jets Bills -- Patriots Dolphins -- Jets Dolphins -- Patriots Jets -- Patriots AFC North Bengals -- Browns Bengals -- Steelers Browns -- Ravens Browns -- Steelers Ravens -- Steelers AFC South Jaguars -- Titans Texans -- Titans AFC West Broncos -- Chargers Broncos -- Chiefs Broncos -- Raiders Chargers -- Chiefs Chargers -- Raiders Chiefs -- Raiders Intraconference Broncos -- Patriots Colts -- Patriots Raiders -- Steelers Ravens -- Patriots Steelers -- Titans National Football Conference NFC East Cowboys -- Eagles Cowboys -- Giants Cowboys -- Redskins Eagles -- Giants Eagles -- Redskins Giants -- Redskins NFC North Bears -- Lions Bears -- Packers Bears -- Vikings Lions -- Vikings Lions -- Packers Packers -- Vikings NFC South Buccaneers -- Panthers Buccaneers -- Saints Falcons -- Panthers Falcons -- Saints NFC West 49ers -- Rams 49ers -- Seahawks Intraconference 49ers -- Cowboys 49ers -- Giants Cowboys -- Packers Panthers -- Seahawks Interconference 49ers -- Raiders Buccaneers -- Dolphins Cowboys -- Steelers Eagles -- Steelers Giants -- Jets Governor 's Cup Missouri Texas Players Tom Brady -- Peyton Manning Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dolphins -- Patriots_rivalry&oldid = 864238850 '' Categories : National Football League rivalries Miami Dolphins New England Patriots Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 00 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time miami won in foxboro	[ "No.DateLocationWinning teamLosing teamScoreSeriesAttendance1 September 9, 1990 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 27–24Dolphins 1–0 N/A\n2 October 18, 1990 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 17–10Dolphins 2–0 N/A\n3 October 6, 1991 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 20–10Dolphins 3–0 N/A\n4 November 10, 1991 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 30–21Dolphins 4–0 N/A\n5 October 18, 1992 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 38–17Dolphins 5–0 N/A\n6 December 27, 1992 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 16–13 (OT)Dolphins 6–0 N/A\n7 November 21, 1993 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 17–13Dolphins 7–0 N/A\n8 January 2, 1994 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 33–27 (OT)Dolphins 7–1 N/A\n9 September 4, 1994 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 39–35Dolphins 8–1 N/A\n10 October 30, 1994 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 23–3Dolphins 9–1 N/A\n11 September 10, 1995 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 20–3Dolphins 10–1 N/A\n12 November 12, 1995 Joe Robbie Stadium Patriots Dolphins 34–17Dolphins 10–2 N/A\n13 September 1, 1996 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 34–7Dolphins 11–2 71,542\n14 November 3, 1996 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 42–23Dolphins 11–3 58,492\n15 September 13, 1997 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27–24Dolphins 11–4 59,002\t\n16 December 22, 1997 Pro Player Stadium Patriots Dolphins 14–12Dolphins 11–5 74,379\n17 December 28, 1997 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 17–3Dolphins 11–6 60,041\n18 October 25, 1998 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 12–9 (OT)Dolphins 12–6 73,973\n19 November 23, 1998 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 26–23Dolphins 12–7 58,729\n20 October 17, 1999 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 31–30Dolphins 13–7 60,006\n21 November 21, 1999 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 27–17Dolphins 14–7 74,295\n" ]	[ "October 17, 1999" ]
-4404435518312133438	Marine invertebrates	Marine invertebrates - wikipedia Marine invertebrates Jump to : navigation , search Ernst Haeckel 's 96th plate , showing some marine invertebrates . Marine invertebrates have a large variety of body plans , which are currently categorised into over 30 phyla . Marine invertebrates are the invertebrates that live in marine habitats . Invertebrate is a blanket term that includes all animals apart from the vertebrate members of the chordate phylum . Invertebrates lack a vertebral column , and some have evolved a shell or a hard exoskeleton . As on land and in the air , marine invertebrates have a large variety of body plans , and have been categorised into over 30 phyla . They make up most of the macroscopic life in the oceans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Evolution 2 Classification 3 Marine sponges 4 Marine cnidarians 5 Marine worms 6 Echinoderms 7 Marine molluscs 8 Marine arthropods 9 Other phyla 10 Minerals from sea water 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Other references Evolution ( edit ) Kimberella , an early mollusc important for understanding the Cambrian explosion . Invertebrates are grouped into different phyla ( body plans ) . Opabinia an extinct , stem group arthropod that appeared in the Middle Cambrian See also : Cambrian explosion The earliest animals were marine invertebrates , that is , vertebrates came later . Animals are multicellular eukaryotes , and are distinguished from plants , algae , and fungi by lacking cell walls . Marine invertebrates are animals that inhabit a marine environment apart from the vertebrate members of the chordate phylum ; invertebrates lack a vertebral column . Some have evolved a shell or a hard exoskeleton . The earliest widely accepted animal fossils are the rather modern - looking cnidarians ( the group that includes jellyfish , sea anemones and Hydra ) , possibly from around 580 Ma The Ediacara biota , which flourished for the last 40 million years before the start of the Cambrian , were the first animals more than a very few centimetres long . Many were flat and had a `` quilted '' appearance , and seemed so strange that there was a proposal to classify them as a separate kingdom , Vendozoa . Others , however , have been interpreted as early molluscs ( Kimberella ) , echinoderms ( Arkarua ) , and arthropods ( Spriggina , Parvancorina ) . There is still debate about the classification of these specimens , mainly because the diagnostic features which allow taxonomists to classify more recent organisms , such as similarities to living organisms , are generally absent in the Ediacarans . However , there seems little doubt that Kimberella was at least a triploblastic bilaterian animal , in other words , an animal significantly more complex than the cnidarians . The small shelly fauna are a very mixed collection of fossils found between the Late Ediacaran and Middle Cambrian periods . The earliest , Cloudina , shows signs of successful defense against predation and may indicate the start of an evolutionary arms race . Some tiny Early Cambrian shells almost certainly belonged to molluscs , while the owners of some `` armor plates , '' Halkieria and Microdictyon , were eventually identified when more complete specimens were found in Cambrian lagerstätten that preserved soft - bodied animals . In the 1970s there was already a debate about whether the emergence of the modern phyla was `` explosive '' or gradual but hidden by the shortage of Precambrian animal fossils . A re-analysis of fossils from the Burgess Shale lagerstätte increased interest in the issue when it revealed animals , such as Opabinia , which did not fit into any known phylum . At the time these were interpreted as evidence that the modern phyla had evolved very rapidly in the Cambrian explosion and that the Burgess Shale 's `` weird wonders '' showed that the Early Cambrian was a uniquely experimental period of animal evolution . Later discoveries of similar animals and the development of new theoretical approaches led to the conclusion that many of the `` weird wonders '' were evolutionary `` aunts '' or `` cousins '' of modern groups -- for example that Opabinia was a member of the lobopods , a group which includes the ancestors of the arthropods , and that it may have been closely related to the modern tardigrades . Nevertheless , there is still much debate about whether the Cambrian explosion was really explosive and , if so , how and why it happened and why it appears unique in the history of animals . Classification ( edit ) Bryozoa , from Ernst Haeckel 's Kunstformen der Natur , 1904 Invertebrates are grouped into different phyla . Informally phyla can be thought of as a way of grouping organisms according to their body plan . A body plan refers to a blueprint which describes the shape or morphology of an organism , such as its symmetry , segmentation and the disposition of its appendages . The idea of body plans originated with vertebrates , which were grouped into one phylum . But the vertebrate body plan is only one of many , and invertebrates consist of many phyla or body plans . The history of the discovery of body plans can be seen as a movement from a worldview centred on vertebrates , to seeing the vertebrates as one body plan among many . Among the pioneering zoologists , Linnaeus identified two body plans outside the vertebrates ; Cuvier identified three ; and Haeckel had four , as well as the Protista with eight more , for a total of twelve . For comparison , the number of phyla recognised by modern zoologists has risen to 35 . Historically body plans were thought of as having evolved in rapidly during the Cambrian explosion , but a more nuanced understanding of animal evolution suggests a gradual development of body plans throughout the early Palaeozoic and beyond . More generally a phylum can be defined in two ways : as described above , as a group of organisms with a certain degree of morphological or developmental similarity ( the phenetic definition ) , or a group of organisms with a certain degree of evolutionary relatedness ( the phylogenetic definition ) . As on land and in the air , invertebrates make up a great majority of all macroscopic life , as the vertebrates makes up a subphylum of one of over 30 known animal phyla , making the term almost meaningless for taxonomic purpose . Invertebrate sea life includes the following groups , some of which are phyla : The 49th plate from Ernst Haeckel 's Kunstformen der Natur , 1904 , showing various sea anemones classified as Actiniae , in the Cnidaria phylum `` A variety of marine worms '' : plate from Das Meer by M.J. Schleiden ( 1804 -- 1881 ) Acoela , among the most primitive bilateral animals ; Annelida , ( polychaetes and sea leeches ) ; Brachiopoda , marine animals that have hard `` valves '' ( shells ) on the upper and lower surfaces ; Bryozoa , also known as moss animals or sea mats ; Chaetognatha , commonly known as arrow worms , are a phylum of predatory marine worms that are a major component of plankton ; Cephalochordata represented in the modern oceans by the lancelets ( also known as Amphioxus ) ; Cnidaria , such as jellyfish , sea anemones , and corals ; Crustacea , including lobsters , crabs , shrimp , crayfish , barnacles , hermit crabs , mantis shrimps , and copepods ; Ctenophora , also known as comb jellies , the largest animals that swim by means of cilia ; Echinodermata , including sea stars , brittle stars , sea urchins , sand dollars , sea cucumbers , crinoids , and sea daisies ; Echiura , also known as spoon worms ; Gnathostomulids , slender to thread - like worms , with a transparent body that inhabit sand and mud beneath shallow coastal waters ; Gastrotricha , often called hairy backs , found mostly interstitially in between sediment particles ; Hemichordata , includes acorn worms , solitary worm - shaped organisms ; Kamptozoa , goblet - shaped sessile aquatic animals , with relatively long stalks and a `` crown '' of solid tentacles , also called Entoprocta ; Kinorhyncha , segmented , limbless animals , widespread in mud or sand at all depths , also called mud dragons ; Loricifera , very small to microscopic marine sediment - dwelling animals only discovered in 1983 ; Merostomata ; also known as horseshoe crabs ; Mollusca , including shellfish , squid , octopus , whelks , Nautilus , cuttlefish , nudibranchs , scallops , sea snails , Aplacophora , Caudofoveata , Monoplacophora , Polyplacophora , and Scaphopoda ; Myzostomida , a taxonomic group of small marine worms which are parasitic on crinoids or `` sea lilies '' ; Nemertinea , also known as `` ribbon worms '' or `` proboscis worms '' ; Orthonectida , a small phylum of poorly known parasites of marine invertebrates that are among the simplest of multi-cellular organisms ; Phoronida , a phylum of marine animals that filter - feed with a lophophore ( a `` crown '' of tentacles ) , and build upright tubes of chitin to support and protect their soft bodies ; Placozoa , small , flattened , multicellular animals around 1 millimetre across and the simplest in structure . They have no regular outline , although the lower surface is somewhat concave , and the upper surface is always flattened ; Porifera ( sponges ) , multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them ; Priapulida , or penis worms , are a phylum of marine worms that live marine mud . They are named for their extensible spiny proboscis , which , in some species , may have a shape like that of a human penis ; Pycnogonida , also called sea spiders , are unrelated to spiders , or even to arachnids which they resemble ; Sipunculida , also called peanut worms , is a group containing 144 -- 320 species ( estimates vary ) of bilaterally symmetrical , unsegmented marine worms ; Tunicata , also known as sea squirts or sea pork , are filter feeders attached to rocks or similarly suitable surfaces on the ocean floor ; Some flatworms of the classes Turbellaria and Monogenea ; Xenoturbella , a genus of bilaterian animals that contains only two marine worm - like species ; Xiphosura , includes a large number of extinct lineages and only four recent species in the family Limulidae , which include the horseshoe crabs . Arthropods total about 1,113,000 described extant species , molluscs about 85,000 and chordates about 52,000 . Marine sponges ( edit ) Sponges have no nervous , digestive or circulatory system Sponges are animals of the phylum Porifera ( Modern Latin for bearing pores ) . They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them , consisting of jelly - like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells . They have unspecialized cells that can transform into other types and that often migrate between the main cell layers and the mesohyl in the process . Sponges do not have nervous , digestive or circulatory systems . Instead , most rely on maintaining a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and to remove wastes . Sponges are similar to other animals in that they are multicellular , heterotrophic , lack cell walls and produce sperm cells . Unlike other animals , they lack true tissues and organs , and have no body symmetry . The shapes of their bodies are adapted for maximal efficiency of water flow through the central cavity , where it deposits nutrients , and leaves through a hole called the osculum . Many sponges have internal skeletons of spongin and / or spicules of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide . All sponges are sessile aquatic animals . Although there are freshwater species , the great majority are marine ( salt water ) species , ranging from tidal zones to depths exceeding 8,800 m ( 5.5 mi ) . While most of the approximately 5,000 -- 10,000 known species feed on bacteria and other food particles in the water , some host photosynthesizing micro-organisms as endosymbionts and these alliances often produce more food and oxygen than they consume . A few species of sponge that live in food - poor environments have become carnivores that prey mainly on small crustaceans . Sponge biodiversity . There are four sponge species in this photo . Branching vase sponge Venus ' flower basket at a depth of 2572 meters Barrel sponge Stove - pipe sponge Linnaeus mistakenly identified sponges as plants in the order Algae . For a long time thereafter sponges were assigned to a separate subkingdom , Parazoa ( meaning beside the animals ) . They are now classified as a paraphyletic phylum from which the higher animals have evolved . Marine cnidarians ( edit ) Cnidarians are the simplest animals with cells organised into tissues . Yet the starlet sea anemone contains the same genes as those that form the vertebrate head . Cnidarians ( Greek for nettle ) are distinguished by the presence of stinging cells , specialized cells that they use mainly for capturing prey . Cnidarians include corals , sea anemones , jellyfish and hydrozoans . They form a phylum containing over 10,000 species of animals found exclusively in aquatic ( mainly marine ) environments . Their bodies consist of mesoglea , a non-living jelly - like substance , sandwiched between two layers of epithelium that are mostly one cell thick . They have two basic body forms : swimming medusae and sessile polyps , both of which are radially symmetrical with mouths surrounded by tentacles that bear cnidocytes . Both forms have a single orifice and body cavity that are used for digestion and respiration . Fossil cnidarians have been found in rocks formed about 580 million years ago . Fossils of cnidarians that do not build mineralized structures are rare . Scientists currently think cnidarians , ctenophores and bilaterians are more closely related to calcareous sponges than these are to other sponges , and that anthozoans are the evolutionary `` aunts '' or `` sisters '' of other cnidarians , and the most closely related to bilaterians . Cnidarians are the simplest animals in which the cells are organised into tissues . The starlet sea anemone is used as a model organism in research . It is easy to care for in the laboratory and a protocol has been developed which can yield large numbers of embryos on a daily basis . There is a remarkable degree of similarity in the gene sequence conservation and complexity between the sea anemone and vertebrates . In particular , genes concerned in the formation of the head in vertebrates are also present in the anemone . Sea anemones are common in tidepools Their tentacles sting and paralyse small fish Close up of polyps on the surface of a coral , waving their tentacles . As islands sink below the sea , corals growth can keep pace with the rising water , forming an atoll Portuguese man o ' war Porpita porpita Turritopsis dohrnii , a small , biologically immortal jellyfish transfers its cells back to childhood . Moon jellyfish , found in coastal waters around the world Lion 's mane jellyfish , largest known jellyfish Marine worms ( edit ) Further information : Marine worm and Sea worm Arrow worms are predatory components of plankton worldwide . Worms ( Old English for serpent ) typically have long cylindrical tube - like bodies and no limbs . Marine worms vary in size from microscopic to over 1 metre ( 3.3 ft ) in length for some marine polychaete worms ( bristle worms ) and up to 58 metres ( 190 ft ) for the marine nemertean worm ( bootlace worm ) . Some marine worms occupy a small variety of parasitic niches , living inside the bodies of other animals , while others live more freely in the marine environment or by burrowing underground . Different groups of marine worms are related only distantly , so they are found in several different phyla such as the Annelida ( segmented worms ) , Chaetognatha ( arrow worms ) , Hemichordata , and Phoronida ( horseshoe worms ) . Many of these worms have specialized tentacles used for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide and also may be used for reproduction . Some marine worms are tube worms , such as the giant tube worm which lives in waters near underwater volcanoes and can withstand temperatures up to 90 degrees Celsius . Platyhelminthes ( flatworms ) form another worm phylum which includes a class Cestoda of parasitic tapeworms . The marine tapeworm Polygonoporus giganticus , found in the gut of sperm whales , can grow to over 30 m ( 100 ft ) . Nematodes ( roundworms ) constitute a further worm phylum with tubular digestive systems and an opening at both ends . Over 25,000 nematode species have been described , of which more than half are parasitic . It has been estimated another million remain undescribed . They are ubiquitous in marine , freshwater and terrestrial environments , where they often outnumber other animals in both individual and species counts . They are found in every part of the earth 's lithosphere , from the top of mountains to the bottom of oceanic trenches . By count they represent 90 % of all animals on the ocean floor . Their numerical dominance , often exceeding a million individuals per square meter and accounting for about 80 % of all individual animals on earth , their diversity of life cycles , and their presence at various trophic levels point at an important role in many ecosystems . Giant tube worms cluster around hydrothermal vents Lamellibrachia luymes , a cold seep tubeworm , lives over 250 years . Nematodes are ubiquitous pseudocoelomates which can parasite marine plants and animals . Bloodworms are typically found on the bottom of shallow marine waters Bobbit worms are ambush predators that live on the seafloor Echinoderms ( edit ) Starfish larvae are bilaterally symmetric , whereas the adults have fivefold symmetry Echinoderms ( Greek for spiny skin ) is a phylum which contains only marine invertebrates . The adults are recognizable by their radial symmetry ( usually five - point ) and include starfish , sea urchins , sand dollars , and sea cucumbers , as well as the sea lilies . Echinoderms are found at every ocean depth , from the intertidal zone to the abyssal zone . The phylum contains about 7000 living species , making it the second - largest grouping of deuterostomes ( a superphylum ) , after the chordates ( which include the vertebrates , such as birds , fishes , mammals , and reptiles ) . Echinoderms are unique among animals in having bilateral symmetry at the larval stage , but fivefold symmetry ( pentamerism , a special type of radial symmetry ) as adults . The echinoderms are important both biologically and geologically . Biologically , there are few other groupings so abundant in the biotic desert of the deep sea , as well as shallower oceans . Most echinoderms are able to regenerate tissue , organs , limbs , and reproduce asexually ; in some cases , they can undergo complete regeneration from a single limb . Geologically , the value of echinoderms is in their ossified skeletons , which are major contributors to many limestone formations , and can provide valuable clues as to the geological environment . They were the most used species in regenerative research in the 19th and 20th centuries . Further , it is held by some scientists that the radiation of echinoderms was responsible for the Mesozoic Marine Revolution . Echinoderm literally means `` spiny skin '' , as this water melon sea urchin illustrates Sea cucumbers filter feed on plankton and suspended solids Benthopelagic sea cucumbers can lift off the seafloor and journey as much as 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) up the water column The ochre sea star was the first keystone predator to be studied . They limit mussels which can overwhelm intertidal communities . Colorful sea lilies in shallow waters Aside from the hard - to - classify Arkarua ( a Precambrian animal with echinoderm - like pentamerous radial symmetry ) , the first definitive members of the phylum appeared near the start of the Cambrian . Marine molluscs ( edit ) Reconstruction of an ammonite , a highly successful early cephalopod that first appeared in the Devonian ( about 400 mya ) . They became extinct during the same extinction event that killed the land dinosaurs ( about 66 mya ) . Molluscs ( Latin for soft ) form a phylum with about 85,000 extant recognized species . By species count they are the largest marine phylum , comprising about 23 % of all the named marine organisms . Molluscs have more varied forms than other invertebrate phylums . They are highly diverse , not just in size and in anatomical structure , but also in behaviour and in habitat . The majority of species still live in the oceans , from the seashores to the abyssal zone , but some form a significant part of the freshwater fauna and the terrestrial ecosystems . The mollusc phylum is divided into 9 or 10 taxonomic classes , two of which are extinct . These classes include gastropods , bivalves and cephalopods , as well as other lesser - known but distinctive classes . Gastropods with protective shells are referred to as snails ( sea snails ) , whereas gastropods without protective shells are referred to as slugs ( sea slugs ) . Gastropods are by far the most numerous molluscs in terms of classified species , accounting for 80 % of the total . Bivalves include clams , oysters , cockles , mussels , scallops , and numerous other families . There are about 8,000 marine bivalves species ( including brackish water and estuarine species ) , and about 1,200 freshwater species . Cephalopod include octopus , squid and cuttlefish . They are found in all oceans , and neurologically are the most advanced of the invertebrates . About 800 living species of marine cephalopods have been identified , and an estimated 11,000 extinct taxa have been described . There are no fully freshwater cephalopods . Colossal squid , largest of all invertebrates The nautilus is a living fossil little changed since it evolved 500 million years ago as one of the first cephalopods . Marine gastropods are sea snails or sea slugs . This nudibranch is a sea slug . The sea snail Syrinx aruanus has the largest shell of any living gastropod Molluscs usually have eyes . Bordering the edge of the mantle of a scallop , a bivalve mollusc , can be over 100 simple eyes . Common mussel , another bivalve Generalized or hypothetical ancestral mollusc Molluscs have such diverse shapes that many textbooks base their descriptions of molluscan anatomy on a generalized or hypothetical ancestral mollusc . This generalized mollusc is unsegmented and bilaterally symmetrical with an underside consisting of a single muscular foot . Beyond that it has three further key features . Firstly , it has a muscular cloak called a mantle covering its viscera and containing a significant cavity used for breathing and excretion . A shell secreted by the mantle covers the upper surface . Secondly ( apart from bivalves ) it has a rasping tongue called a radula used for feeding . Thirdly , it has a nervous system including a complex digestive system using microscopic , muscle - powered hairs called cilia to exude mucus . The generalized mollusc has two paired nerve cords ( three in bivalves ) . The brain , in species that have one , encircles the esophagus . Most molluscs have eyes and all have sensors detecting chemicals , vibrations , and touch . The simplest type of molluscan reproductive system relies on external fertilization , but more complex variations occur . All produce eggs , from which may emerge trochophore larvae , more complex veliger larvae , or miniature adults . The depiction is rather similar to modern monoplacophorans , and some suggest it may resemble very early molluscs . Good evidence exists for the appearance of marine gastropods , cephalopods and bivalves in the Cambrian period 541 to 485.4 million years ago . However , the evolutionary history both of molluscs ' emergence from the ancestral Lophotrochozoa and of their diversification into the well - known living and fossil forms are still subjects of vigorous debate among scientists . Marine arthropods ( edit ) Head _______________________ Thorax _______________________ Abdomen _______________________ Segmentation and tagmata of an arthropod Arthropods ( Greek for jointed feet ) have an exoskeleton ( external skeleton ) , a segmented body , and jointed appendages ( paired appendages ) . They form a phylum which includes insects , arachnids , myriapods , and crustaceans . Arthropods are characterized by their jointed limbs and cuticle made of chitin , often mineralised with calcium carbonate . The arthropod body plan consists of segments , each with a pair of appendages . The rigid cuticle inhibits growth , so arthropods replace it periodically by moulting . Their versatility has enabled them to become the most species - rich members of all ecological guilds in most environments . Marine arthropods range in size from the microscopic crustacean Stygotantulus to the Japanese spider crab . Arthropods ' primary internal cavity is a hemocoel , which accommodates their internal organs , and through which their haemolymph - analogue of blood - circulates ; they have open circulatory systems . Like their exteriors , the internal organs of arthropods are generally built of repeated segments . Their nervous system is `` ladder - like '' , with paired ventral nerve cords running through all segments and forming paired ganglia in each segment . Their heads are formed by fusion of varying numbers of segments , and their brains are formed by fusion of the ganglia of these segments and encircle the esophagus . The respiratory and excretory systems of arthropods vary , depending as much on their environment as on the subphylum to which they belong . Their vision relies on various combinations of compound eyes and pigment - pit ocelli : in most species the ocelli can only detect the direction from which light is coming , and the compound eyes are the main source of information , but the main eyes of spiders are ocelli that can form images and , in a few cases , can swivel to track prey . Arthropods also have a wide range of chemical and mechanical sensors , mostly based on modifications of the many setae ( bristles ) that project through their cuticles . Arthropods ' methods of reproduction and development are diverse ; all terrestrial species use internal fertilization , but this is often by indirect transfer of the sperm via an appendage or the ground , rather than by direct injection . Marine species all lay eggs and use either internal or external fertilization . Arthropod hatchlings vary from miniature adults to grubs that lack jointed limbs and eventually undergo a total metamorphosis to produce the adult form . Trilobites , now extinct , roamed oceans for 270 million years . Horseshoe crab , a living fossil arthropod from 450 million years ago Crustaceans Many crustaceans are very small , like this tiny amphipod , and make up a significant part of the ocean 's zooplankton The banded cleaner shrimp is a crustacean common in the tropics . The Tasmanian giant crab is long - lived and slow - growing , making it vulnerable to overfishing . The Japanese spider crab has the longest leg span of any arthropod . The evolutionary ancestry of arthropods dates back to the Cambrian period . The group is generally regarded as monophyletic , and many analyses support the placement of arthropods with cycloneuralians ( or their constituent clades ) in a superphylum Ecdysozoa . Overall however , the basal relationships of Metazoa are not yet well resolved . Likewise , the relationships between various arthropod groups are still actively debated . Other phyla ( edit ) Tardigrade , Lobopodia , ( Onychophora ) Non-craniate ( non-vertebrate ) chordates : Cephalochordate , Tunicata and Haikouella . These invertebrates are close relatives of the vertebrates . Non-craniate chordates are close relatives of vertebrates The lancelet , a small translucent fish - like Cephalochordate , is the closest living invertebrate relative of the vertebrates . Fluorescent - colored sea squirts , Rhopalaea crassa . Tunicates may provide clues to vertebrate ( and therefore human ) ancestry . Salp chain Gill slits in an acorn worm ( left ) and tunicate ( right ) Minerals from sea water ( edit ) There are a number of marine invertebrates that use minerals that are present in the sea in such minute quantities that they were undetectable until the advent of spectroscopy . Vanadium is concentrated by some tunicates for use in their blood cells to a level ten million times that of the surrounding seawater . Other tunicates similarly concentrate niobium and tantalum . Lobsters use copper in their respiratory pigment hemocyanin , despite the proportion of this metal in seawater being minute . Although these elements are present in vast quantities in the ocean , their extraction by man is not economic . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marine invertebrates . Marine life Marine biology Marine vertebrate List of marine aquarium invertebrate species Wiwaxia Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Myxozoa were thought to be an exception , but are now thought to be heavily modified members of the Cnidaria . Jímenez - Guri , Eva ; Philippe , Hervé ; Okamura , Beth ; Holland , Peter W.H. ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Buddenbrockia Is a Cnidarian Worm '' . Science . Washington , D.C. : American Association for the Advancement of Science . 317 ( 5834 ) : 116 -- 118 . Bibcode : 2007Sci ... 317 ... 116J . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1142024 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 17615357 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 03 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gould , Stephen Jay ( 1990 ) Wonderful Life : The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History W.W. Norton . ISBN 9780393307009 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Michael W. ( May 26 , 2005 ) . `` Animal Cell Structure '' . Molecular Expressions . Tallahassee , FL : Florida State University . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jun - Yuan Chen ; Oliveri , Paola ; Feng Gao ; et al. ( August 1 , 2002 ) . `` Precambrian Animal Life : Probable Developmental and Adult Cnidarian Forms from Southwest China '' ( PDF ) . Developmental Biology . Amsterdam , the Netherlands : Elsevier . 248 ( 1 ) : 182 -- 196 . doi : 10.1006 / dbio. 2002.0714 . ISSN 0012 - 1606 . PMID 12142030 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 26 , 2013 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Grazhdankin , Dima ( June 2004 ) . `` Patterns of distribution in the Ediacaran biotas : facies versus biogeography and evolution '' . Paleobiology . Paleontological Society . 30 ( 2 ) : 203 -- 221 . doi : 10.1666 / 0094 - 8373 ( 2004 ) 030 < 0203 : PODITE > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0094 - 8373 . Jump up ^ Seilacher , Adolf ( August 1992 ) . `` Vendobionta and Psammocorallia : lost constructions of Precambrian evolution '' . Journal of the Geological Society . London : Geological Society of London . 149 ( 4 ) : 607 -- 613 . doi : 10.1144 / gsjgs. 149.4. 0607 . ISSN 0016 - 7649 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Martin , Mark W. ; Grazhdankin , Dmitriy V. ; Bowring , Samuel A. ; et al. ( May 5 , 2000 ) . `` Age of Neoproterozoic Bilaterian Body and Trace Fossils , White Sea , Russia : Implications for Metazoan Evolution '' . Science . Washington , D.C. : American Association for the Advancement of Science . 288 ( 5467 ) : 841 -- 845 . Bibcode : 2000Sci ... 288 ... 841M . doi : 10.1126 / science. 288.5467. 841 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 10797002 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Fedonkin , Mikhail A. ; Waggoner , Benjamin M. ( August 28 , 1997 ) . `` The late Precambrian fossil Kimberella is a mollusc - like bilaterian organism '' . Nature . London : Nature Publishing Group . 388 ( 6645 ) : 868 -- 871 . Bibcode : 1997Natur. 388 ... 868F . doi : 10.1038 / 42242 . ISSN 0028 - 0836 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Mooi , Rich ; David , Bruno ( December 1998 ) . `` Evolution Within a Bizarre Phylum : Homologies of the First Echinoderms '' ( PDF ) . American Zoologist . Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology . 38 ( 6 ) : 965 -- 974 . doi : 10.1093 / icb / 38.6. 965 . ISSN 1540 - 7063 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Mark A.S. ( September 2003 ) . Spriggina is a trilobitoid ecdysozoan . Geoscience Horizons Seattle 2003 . Abstracts with Programs. 35 . Boulder , CO : Geological Society of America . p. 105 . OCLC 249088612 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 24 . Paper No. 40 - 2 presented at the Geological Society of America 's 2003 Seattle Annual Meeting ( November 2 -- 5 , 2003 ) on November 2 , 2003 , at the Washington State Convention Center . Jump up ^ Jih - Pai Lin ; Gon , Samuel M. , III ; Gehling , James G. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` A Parvancorina - like arthropod from the Cambrian of South China '' . Historical Biology : An International Journal of Paleobiology . Taylor & Francis . 18 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 45 . doi : 10.1080 / 08912960500508689 . ISSN 1029 - 2381 . Jump up ^ Butterfield , Nicholas J. ( December 2006 ) . `` Hooking some stem - group ' worms ' : fossil lophotrochozoans in the Burgess Shale '' . BioEssays . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . 28 ( 12 ) : 1161 -- 1166 . doi : 10.1002 / bies. 20507 . ISSN 0265 - 9247 . PMID 17120226 . ^ Jump up to : Bengtson 2004 , pp. 67 -- 78 Jump up ^ Budd , Graham E. ( February 2003 ) . `` The Cambrian Fossil Record and the Origin of the Phyla '' ( PDF ) . Integrative and Comparative Biology . Oxford : Oxford University Press for the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology . 43 ( 1 ) : 157 -- 165 . doi : 10.1093 / icb / 43.1. 157 . ISSN 1557 - 7023 . PMID 21680420 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Budd , Graham E. ( March 1996 ) . `` The morphology of Opabinia regalis and the reconstruction of the arthropod stem - group '' . Lethaia . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley - Blackwell . 29 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 14 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1502 - 3931.1996. tb01831. x . ISSN 0024 - 1164 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Charles R. ( May 2006 ) . `` Explaining the Cambrian ' Explosion ' of Animals '' . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . Palo Alto , CA : Annual Reviews . 34 : 355 -- 384 . Bibcode : 2006AREPS ... 34 ... 355M . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. earth. 33.031504. 103001 . ISSN 1545 - 4495 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Valentine , James W. ( 2004 ) . On the Origin of Phyla . Chicago : University Of Chicago Press . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 84548 - 6 . 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PMID 10881389 . ^ Jump up to : Ponder , W.F. ; Lindberg , D.R. , eds. ( 2008 ) . Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 481 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25092 - 5 . Jump up ^ Porifera ( n . ) Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Vacelet & Duport 2004 , pp. 179 -- 190 . Jump up ^ `` Spongia Linnaeus , 1759 '' . World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rowland , S.M. & Stephens , T. ( 2001 ) . `` Archaeocyatha : A history of phylogenetic interpretation '' . Journal of Paleontology. 75 ( 6 ) : 1065 -- 1078 . doi : 10.1666 / 0022 - 3360 ( 2001 ) 075 < 1065 : AAHOPI > 2.0.CO ; 2 . JSTOR 1307076 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sperling , E.A. ; Pisani , D. ; Peterson , K.J. ( January 1 , 2007 ) . `` Poriferan paraphyly and its implications for Precambrian palaeobiology '' ( PDF ) . 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Jump up ^ Karleskint G , Richard Turner R , and James Small J ( 2012 ) Introduction to Marine Biology Cengage Learning , edition 4 , page 445 . ISBN 9781133364467 . Jump up ^ `` Cornwall -- Nature -- Superstar Worm '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Mark Carwardine ( 1995 ) The Guinness Book of Animal Records . Guinness Publishing . p. 232 . Jump up ^ `` The Persistent Parasites '' . Time Magazine . Time Inc. 1957 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Hargis , William J. ( 1985 ) . `` Parasitology and pathology of marine organisms of the world ocean '' . NOAA Tech . Rep. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Jump up ^ `` Classification of Animal Parasites '' . Jump up ^ https://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/4/734.full.pdf Jump up ^ Hodda , M ( 2011 ) . `` Phylum Nematoda Cobb , 1932 . In : Zhang , Z. - Q. ( Ed . ) Animal biodiversity : An outline of higher - level classification and survey of taxonomic richness '' . Zootaxa. 3148 : 63 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Zhang , Z ( 2013 ) . `` Animal biodiversity : An update of classification and diversity in 2013 . In : Zhang , Z. - Q. ( Ed . ) Animal Biodiversity : An Outline of Higher - level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness ( Addenda 2013 ) '' . Zootaxa. 3703 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 11 . doi : 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3703.1. 3 . Jump up ^ Lambshead PJD ( 1993 ) . `` Recent developments in marine benthic biodiversity research '' . Oceanis. 19 ( 6 ) : 5 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Borgonie G , García - Moyano A , Litthauer D , Bert W , Bester A , van Heerden E , Möller C , Erasmus M , Onstott TC ( June 2011 ) . `` Nematoda from the terrestrial deep subsurface of South Africa '' . Nature . 474 ( 7349 ) : 79 -- 82 . doi : 10.1038 / nature09974 . PMID 21637257 . Jump up ^ Danovaro R , Gambi C , Dell'Anno A , Corinaldesi C , Fraschetti S , Vanreusel A , Vincx M , Gooday AJ ( January 2008 ) . `` Exponential decline of deep - sea ecosystem functioning linked to benthic biodiversity loss '' . Curr. Biol. 18 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2007.11. 056 . PMID 18164201 . Lay summary -- EurekAlert ! . Jump up ^ Platt HM ( 1994 ) . `` foreword '' . In Lorenzen S , Lorenzen SA . The phylogenetic systematics of freeliving nematodes . London : The Ray Society . ISBN 0 - 903874 - 22 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Sea Lily '' . Science Encyclopedia . Retrieved Sep 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Animal Diversity Web - Echinodermata '' . University of Michigan Museum of Zoology . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Fox , Richard . `` Asterias forbesi '' . Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine . Lander University . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Holsinger , K. ( 2005 ) . Keystone species . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 , from `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Chapman , A.D. ( 2009 ) . Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World , 2nd edition . Australian Biological Resources Study , Canberra . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 642 - 56860 - 1 ( printed ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 642 - 56861 - 8 ( online ) . Jump up ^ Hancock , Rebecca ( 2008 ) . `` Recognising research on molluscs '' . Australian Museum . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Barnes , R.S.K. , Calow , P. , Olive , P.J.W. , Golding , D.W. and Spicer , J.I. ( 2001 ) . The Invertebrates , A Synthesis ( 3 ed . ) . UK : Blackwell Science . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Welcome to CephBase '' . CephBase . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Karl M. ; Clarke , M.R. ; Trueman , E.R. , eds. ( 1985 ) , The Mollusca , 12 . Paleontology and neontology of Cephalopods , New York : Academic Press , ISBN 0 - 12 - 728702 - 7 Jump up ^ `` Are there any freshwater cephalopods ? '' . 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Black , Richard ( April 26 , 2008 ) . `` Colossal squid out of the freezer '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Ewen Callaway ( 2 June 2008 ) . `` Simple - Minded Nautilus Shows Flash of Memory '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Kathryn Phillips ( 15 June 2008 ) . `` Living Fossil Memories '' ( PDF ) . Inside JEB. 211 ( 12 ) : iii . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 020370 . Jump up ^ Robyn Crook & Jennifer Basil ( 2008 ) . `` A biphasic memory curve in the chambered nautilus , Nautilus pompilius L. ( Cephalopoda : Nautiloidea ) '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Experimental Biology . 211 ( 12 ) : 1992 -- 1998 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 018531 . PMID 18515730 . ^ Jump up to : Ruppert , Edward E. ; Fox , Richard , S. ; Barnes , Robert D. ( 2004 ) . Invertebrate Zoology , 7th edition . Cengage Learning . ISBN 81 - 315 - 0104 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Hayward , PJ ( 1996 ) . Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North - West Europe . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 854055 - 8 . Jump up ^ Giribet , G. ; Okusu , A , A. ; Lindgren , A.R. , A.R. ; Huff , S.W. , S.W. ; Schrödl , M , M. ; Nishiguchi , M.K. , M.K. ( May 2006 ) . `` Evidence for a clade composed of molluscs with serially repeated structures : monoplacophorans are related to chitons '' ( Free full text ) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 103 ( 20 ) : 7723 -- 7728 . Bibcode : 2006PNAS ... 103.7723 G . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0602578103 . PMC 1472512 . PMID 16675549 . Jump up ^ Healy , J.M. ( 2001 ) . `` The Mollusca '' . In Anderson , D.T. Invertebrate Zoology ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . pp. 120 -- 171 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 551368 - 1 . Jump up ^ Work , Yes We . `` Learn more about First Life - David Attenborough 's First Life '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ D.R. Currie ; T.M. Ward ( 2009 ) . South Australian Giant Crab ( Pseudocarcinus gigas ) Fishery ( PDF ) . South Australian Research and Development Institute . Fishery Assessment Report for PIRSA . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Gewin , V ( 2005 ) . `` Functional genomics thickens the biological plot '' . PLOS Biology . 3 ( 6 ) : e219 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0030219 . PMC 1149496 . PMID 15941356 . Jump up ^ Lancelet ( amphioxus ) genome and the origin of vertebrates Ars Technica , 19 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Lemaire , P ( 2011 ) . `` Evolutionary crossroads in developmental biology : the tunicates '' . Development . 138 ( 11 ) : 2143 -- 2152 . doi : 10.1242 / dev. 048975 . PMID 21558365 . Jump up ^ Carson , Rachel ( 1997 ) . The Sea Around Us . Oxford Paperbacks . pp. 190 -- 191 . ISBN 0195069978 . Other references ( edit ) List of Animal Phyla Aquatic ecosystem topics Aquatic ecosystems -- general and freshwater components General Acoustic ecology Adaptation Agent - based models Algal bloom Anoxic waters Aquatic animals ( Insects Mammals ) Aquatic plants Aquatic science Benthos Biodiversity research Bioluminescence Biomass Biomonitoring Cascade effect Colored dissolved organic matter Camouflage and mimicry Dead zone Ecohydrology Ecosystems Eutrophication Fisheries science Food chain Food web GIS and aquatic science Hydrobiology Hypoxia Isotope analysis Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial loop Nekton Neuston Particle Pelagic zone Photic zone Phytoplankton Plankton Pleuston Predation Productivity Ramsar Convention Respiration Schooling Sediment trap Siltation Spawning Substrate Thermal pollution Toxicology Trophic level Water column Zooplankton More ... Freshwater Biology Biomes Ecosystems freshwater lake river Fish Hyporheic zone Limnology Lake stratification Macrophyte Pond Fish pond Rheotaxis Stream bed Stream pool Trophic state index Upland and lowland Water garden Wetland brackish marsh freshwater marsh swamp bog fen Environmental quality More ... Ecoregions Freshwater ( List ) Marine ( List ) The Everglades Maharashtra The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre The San Francisco Estuary ( hide ) Aquatic ecosystems -- marine components Marine Marine biology Marine chemistry Deep scattering layer Diel vertical migration Ecosystems large marine marine ) f - ratio Iron fertilization Marine snow Ocean nourishment Oceanic physical - biological process Ocean turbidity Photophore Thorson 's rule Upwelling Whale fall More ... Marine life Bacteriophages Census Fish coastal coral reef deep sea demersal pelagic Deep sea communities Deep sea creature Deep - water coral Invertebrates Larvae Mammals Marine life Microorganisms Paradox of the plankton Reptiles Seabirds Seashore wildlife Vertebrates Wild fisheries Marine habitats Bay mud Coastal biogeomorphology Cold seeps Coral reefs Davidson Seamount Estuaries Intertidal ecology Intertidal wetlands Kelp forests Hydrothermal vents Lagoons Mangroves Marine biomes Marine habitats Mudflats Rocky shores Salt marshes Salt pannes and pools Seagrass meadows Sponge grounds Sponge reefs Tide pools Issues Ecological values of mangroves Fisheries and climate change HERMIONE Marine conservation Marine conservation activism Marine pollution Marine Protected Area Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_invertebrates&oldid=829629057 '' Categories : Marine animals Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Português Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 9 March 2018 , at 20 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the animal group that is not found in marine water	[]	[]
-3133874131387359766	Diamond lane	Diamond lane - wikipedia Diamond lane Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A rider in a bicycle diamond lane . In the United States and Canada , a diamond lane is a special lane on a street or highway that is reserved for specific types of traffic . These lanes are usually marked with white diamonds or lozenge , hence their name . Diamond lanes are generally the right-most or left-most lane on the road . They are usually implemented to provide ways through traffic congestion , for safety reasons , and to encourage environmentally friendly transportation . A diamond lane may be intended for a specific type of traffic , or for several types . The intended use of a diamond lane is marked by traffic signs . In most areas , violating the rules of a diamond lane is punishable by a fine . Some common examples are : High - occupancy vehicle lane ( HOV ) , also known as a carpool lane . These are typically freeway lanes intended for multiple occupant or `` green vehicles '' ( such as hybrid or electric cars ) . Bike lane , sometimes referred to as segregated cycle facilities . Separating bicycle traffic from pedestrian or motor vehicle traffic is typically safer and improves traffic flow . Bus lane , an uncongested lane for buses to travel , load , or unload in . Emergency vehicle lane , to help emergency vehicles get to their destination as fast as possible while avoiding traffic congestion . Taxicab lanes , most often found at airports or other transit hubs for passenger loading and unloading . Horse and buggy lanes in areas with significant Amish populations Standards ( edit ) The U.S. Department of Transportation 's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices states that diamonds indicates a lane reserved for high - occupancy vehicles . `` United States Pavement Markings '' . See also ( edit ) Reversible lane High - occupancy toll Local lane Bike lane debate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diamond_lane&oldid=757560572 '' Categories : Road traffic management Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from October 2007 All articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 December 2016 , at 10 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does the white diamond road marking mean	[ "In the United States and Canada, a diamond lane is a special lane on a street or highway that is reserved for specific types of traffic. These lanes are usually marked with white diamonds or lozenge, hence their name. Diamond lanes are generally the right-most or left-most lane on the road. They are usually implemented to provide ways through traffic congestion, for safety reasons, and to encourage environmentally friendly transportation. A diamond lane may be intended for a specific type of traffic, or for several types. The intended use of a diamond lane is marked by traffic signs. In most areas, violating the rules of a diamond lane is punishable by a fine." ]	[ "a special lane on a street or highway that is reserved for specific types of traffic" ]
111020052508218732	RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars	RuPaul 's Drag Race : All Stars - wikipedia RuPaul 's Drag Race : All Stars Jump to : navigation , search For the recently concluded season , see RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ( season 3 ) . For the current regular season , see RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 10 ) . RuPaul 's Drag Race : All Stars Genre Reality competition Directed by Nick Murray Judges RuPaul Santino Rice Michelle Visage Carson Kressley Todrick Hall Ross Mathews Theme music composer RuPaul Lucian Piane Opening theme `` RuPaul 's Drag Race '' theme ( season 1 -- present ) Ending theme `` Responsitrannity '' ( season 1 ) `` Throw Ya Hands Up '' ( season 2 ) `` Charisma , Uniqueness , Nerve & Talent '' ( season 3 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 23 Production Executive producer ( s ) Fenton Bailey Randy Barbato Tom Campbell RuPaul Steven Corfe Pamela Post Mandy Salangsang Camera setup Multiple Running time 42 -- 62 minutes Production company ( s ) World of Wonder Productions Distributor Passion Distribution Release Original network Logo VH1 Picture format HDTV 1080i Original release October 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 22 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows RuPaul 's Drag Race External links Website RuPaul 's Drag Race : All Stars is an American reality competition television series spin - off produced by World of Wonder for Logo TV , where host and mentor RuPaul invites past contestants of RuPaul 's Drag Race to compete for a spot in the Drag Race Hall of Fame . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Mini challenges 1.2 Main challenges 1.3 Judging 1.4 Untucked 1.5 Prizes 2 Series overview 2.1 Season 1 ( 2012 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 3 Contestants 4 DVD releases 5 References Format ( edit ) Mini challenges ( edit ) In the mini challenge , each contestant is asked to perform a different task with varying requirements and time limitations . The winner of a mini challenge is sometimes rewarded with some kind of advantage in the main challenge . Main challenges ( edit ) The requirements of the main challenge vary across each episode , and can be individual or group challenges . The winner of the main challenge also receives a `` special '' prize for their win . In the past , challenge winners have been rewarded with prizes including custom designer clothing , vacations , cruises , and quality cosmetic items . The goal of each main challenge involves a new theme and outcome . Challenges focus on the returning contestants ' ability to once again present themselves on camera , perform with music , or perform humorously . Season 1 saw the focus on the groups ability to perform well together , while season 2 is based on more individual challenges where the returning contestant relied on themselves and performance solely . Along with the `` special '' prizes awarded by winning the main challenge , the top two queens must now lip - sync for the legacy , with the victor being awarded a cash prize of $10,000 and the choice of elimination out of the bottom three queens . Judging ( edit ) Judges Judge Season RuPaul Main Michelle Visage Main Santino Rice Main Carson Kressley Main Todrick Hall Main Guest Ross Mathews Guest Main Untucked ( edit ) Just like RuPaul 's Drag Race , episodes of the first season of All Stars were followed by an Untucked episode each week , giving the viewers a glimpse into the backstage drama and discussions ' between the returning contestants . For the second and third seasons , the contestants deliberated themselves backstage on who they would choose to eliminate , serving as a mini-Untucked as there were no separately filmed Untucked companion show for that season . Prizes ( edit ) Each season , the winner of RuPaul 's Drag Race : All Stars receives a selection of prizes . The prizes won for each season were : Season 1 : $100,000 cash prize A coveted spot in the Drag Race Hall of Fame A supply of MAC Cosmetics A vacation trip courtesy of ALandCHUCK.travel Season 2 & 3 : $100,000 cash prize A coveted spot in the Drag Race Hall of Fame A one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics In each season there are also smaller prizes awarded for challenges within the episodes , ranging from `` cash tips '' to vacations , gift cards , etc . Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 6 October 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 22 ) November 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 26 ) 9 August 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) 8 January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) Season 1 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ( season 1 ) RuPaul 's Drag Race : All Stars is the first All - Star season of RuPaul 's Drag Race and premiered on the Logo network on October 22 , 2012 . Cast members were announced on August 6 . This season features twelve returning contestants representing all four seasons for a chance to be inducted into the `` Drag Race Hall of Fame '' . This series aired six episodes , each an hour in length . Contestants were judged on their `` charisma , uniqueness , nerve and talent '' and , since they competed in teams of two , also `` synergy '' . The winner received a supply of MAC cosmetics , a `` one of a kind trip '' and $100,000 . The theme song playing during the runway every episode is `` Sexy Drag Queen '' ( dootdoot ' doot - swift ' remix ) and the song playing during the credits is `` Responsitrannity '' ( Matt Pop 's edit ) , the latter of which is originally from RuPaul 's album Glamazon . The judges each provide their opinion on the contestants ' performances in the main challenge and on the runway before RuPaul announces which queen is the episode 's winner and which two had the weakest performances . The day before judging , the contestants are all provided with a song by a female artist to which they must learn the lyrics . The contestants deemed as being the bottom two must `` lip sync for their lives '' to the song in a final attempt to impress RuPaul . After the lip sync , RuPaul alone decides who stays and who leaves . RuPaul describes the qualities the contestants must have to be crowned the winner of the show as `` Charisma , Uniqueness , Nerve , and Talent ... These are people who have taken adversity and turned it into something that is beautiful and something powerful . '' The phrase `` charisma , uniqueness , nerve , and talent '' is used repeatedly on the show , the acronym of which is CUNT . On the All Stars season , `` synergy '' was added to provide an explanation behind the contestants being sorted into teams ( expanding the acronym into CUNTS ) . The winner of the first season of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars was Chad Michaels . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ( season 2 ) A second season of All Stars was announced in 2015 and started shooting immediately after Season 8 . The show was to begin airing on August 25 , 2016 . Along with the season premiere 's announcement , the cast of All Stars 2 were revealed . The show 's cast consisted of 10 returning contestants , including Adore Delano , Alaska , Alyssa Edwards , Coco Montrese , Detox , Ginger Minj , Katya , Phi Phi O'Hara , Roxxxy Andrews and Tatianna . A new twist was revealed for this season changing the format of the show . In previous seasons , the two lowest performing queens had to `` Lip - sync for their Life '' to avoid elimination . This season has the two best performing queens of the challenge `` Lip - sync for their Legacy '' , with the winner of the lip - sync earning $10,000 and choosing which one of the bottom queens gets eliminated . However , on their exit , RuPaul advised the first four eliminated queens that they will have the opportunity to come back for their `` revenge '' . The winner of the second season of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars was Alaska . Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ( season 3 ) On August 21 , 2017 , VH1 announced it would air a third season of the series in early 2018 . On October 13 , 2017 , VH1 announced that a one - hour special , RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars Exclusive Queen RuVeal , would air on October 20 , 2017 , announcing the season 's returning contestants . The ten contestants that competed on the third season of All Stars consist of Aja , BenDeLaCreme , Chi Chi DeVayne , Kennedy Davenport , Milk , Morgan McMichaels , Shangela , Thorgy Thor , Trixie Mattel , and surprise 10th queen BeBe Zahara Benet . On December 14 , 2017 , it was announced that the third season would premiere on January 25 , 2018 . A new twist on how the top queens of the season were chosen was revealed in the seasons last episode . The previously eliminated queens returned in the finale and voted for the top two out of the remaining top four finalists , from there on the two queens with the most votes advanced and the others were subsequently eliminated . The winner of the third season of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars was Trixie Mattel . Contestants ( edit ) All returning contestants are listed below by season and elimination order . Placing Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Winner Chad Michaels Alaska Trixie Mattel Runner - Up Raven Detox Katya Kennedy Davenport 3rd Place Jujubee Shannel BeBe Zahara Benet Shangela 4th Place Roxxxy Andrews 5th Place Alexis Mateo Yara Sofia Alyssa Edwards Morgan McMichaels 6th Place Tatianna BenDeLaCreme 7th Place Latrice Royale Manila Luzon Phi Phi O'Hara Aja 8th Place Ginger Minj Chi Chi DeVayne 9th Place Nina Flowers Tammie Brown Adore Delano Milk 10th Place Coco Montrese Thorgy Thor 11th Place Mimi Imfurst Pandora Boxx 12th Place The contestant was eliminated earlier in the competition , returned and advanced . The contestant quit the competition . DVD releases ( edit ) Season Release date Special features Discs January 22 , 2013 Bonus scenes Episodes of Untucked Meet the Queens interviews References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` RuPaul 's All Stars Drag Race '' . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ RuPaul 's All Stars Drag Race : Meet the Queens from www.newnownext.com 6 August 2012 Jump up ^ Logo launching all - stars edition of ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' -- EXCLUSIVE from Entertainment Weekly 12 March 2012 Jump up ^ `` RuPaul 's All Stars Drag Race Premiere : Never Too Early to Throw Shade '' . Jump up ^ RuPaul 's Drag Race Insider Clip ( October 8 , 2008 ) . `` WOW TV '' . Wow.wowtv.tv . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2008 . Retrieved March 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` eet the Cast of RuPaul 's Drag Race All - Stars Season 2 '' . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bellino , Damian ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` VH1 Greenlights RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars Season Three and Brings Untucked After Show Back to TV '' . VH1 . United States : Viacom Media Networks . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` VH1 Orders RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars Season 3 and More Untucked ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars & Untucked Renewed By VH1 '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bellino , Damian ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` RuPaul Will Unveil the Cast of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars in an Exclusive Queen Reveal on October 20th ! '' . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rudolph , Christopher ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` '' All Stars '' Season 3 Queens Will Be Ruvealed In `` RuPaul 's Drag Race '' Special Next Week `` . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ' season 3 queens announced : See an exclusive cast photo '' . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars 3 premiere date announced in stiletto - snapping trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RuPaul 's Drag Race : All Stars '' . LogoTV Shop . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . RuPaul 's Drag Race Seasons Original 5 6 7 8 9 10 All Stars Contestants Winners Original BeBe Zahara Benet Tyra Sanchez Raja Sharon Needles Jinkx Monsoon Bianca Del Rio Violet Chachki Bob the Drag Queen Sasha Velour All Stars Chad Michaels Alaska Trixie Mattel Other contestants Nina Flowers Ongina Tammie Brown Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker Raven Jujubee Pandora Boxx Jessica Wild Sahara Davenport Morgan McMichaels Shangela Manila Luzon Alexis Mateo Yara Sofia Carmen Carrera Delta Work Mimi Imfurst Venus D - Lite Phi Phi O'Hara Latrice Royale Willam Jiggly Caliente Roxxxy Andrews Detox Coco Montrese Alyssa Edwards Ivy Winters Honey Mahogany Monica Beverly Hillz Adore Delano Courtney Act BenDeLaCreme Laganja Estranja Milk Kelly Mantle Pearl Kennedy Davenport Katya Miss Fame Jasmine Masters Kim Chi Chi Chi DeVayne Thorgy Thor Cynthia Lee Fontaine Peppermint Shea Couleé Farrah Moan Aja Charlie Hides Asia O'Hara Vanessa Vanjie Mateo Related articles RuPaul 's Drag U episodes Drag Race Thailand Natalia Pliacam The Switch Drag Race Book RuPaul Discography Studio albums Supermodel of the World Foxy Lady Ho Ho Ho Red Hot Champion Glamazon Born Naked Realness Slay Belles Butch Queen Remember Me : Essential , Vol. 1 American Singles `` Supermodel ( You Better Work ) '' `` House of Love '' `` Back to My Roots '' `` Snapshot '' `` A Little Bit of Love '' `` Looking Good , Feeling Gorgeous '' `` WorkOut '' `` Cover Girl ( Put the Bass in Your Walk ) '' `` Jealous of My Boogie '' Television The RuPaul Show RuPaul 's Drag Race RuPaul 's Drag U RuPaul 's Drag Race : All Stars Gay for Play Game Show Starring RuPaul Filmography RuPaul Is : Starbooty ! Starrbooty Books Lettin ' It All Hang Out Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race:_All_Stars&oldid=838453790 '' Categories : RuPaul 's Drag Race 2012 American television series debuts Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 03 : 15 . About Wikipedia	what happened on rupaul's drag race all stars	[]	[]
5640986608817329466	Signing of the United States Constitution	Signing of the United States Constitution - wikipedia Signing of the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Howard Chandler Christy 's painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States . This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Signing of the United States Constitution occurred on September 17 , 1787 , at Independence Hall in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , when 39 delegates to the Constitutional Convention , representing 12 states ( all but Rhode Island , which declined to send delegates ) , endorsed the Constitution created during the four - month - long convention . In addition to signatures , this endorsement , the Constitution 's eschatocol , included a brief declaration that the delegates ' work has been successfully completed and that those whose signatures appear on it subscribe to the final document . Included are , a statement pronouncing the document 's adoption by the states present , a formulaic dating of its adoption , along with the signatures of those endorsing it . Additionally , the convention 's secretary , William Jackson , signed the document to authenticate the validity of the delegate signatures . He also made a few secretarial notes . The language of the concluding endorsement , conceived by Gouverneur Morris and presented to the convention by Benjamin Franklin , was made intentionally ambiguous in hopes of winning over the votes of dissenting delegates . Advocates for the new frame of government , realizing the impending difficulty of obtaining the consent of the states needed for it to become operational , were anxious to obtain the unanimous support of the delegations from each state . It was feared that many of the delegates would refuse to give their individual assent to the Constitution . Therefore , in order that the action of the Convention would appear to be unanimous , the formula , Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present ... was devised . The U.S. Constitution lays out the frame of the nation 's federal government and delineates how its 3 branches ( legislative , executive , and judicial ) are to function . Of those who signed it , virtually every one had taken part in the American Revolution ; seven had signed the Declaration of Independence , and thirty had served on active military duty . In general , they represented a cross-section of 18th - century American leadership , with individuals having experience in local or colonial and state government . Jonathan Dayton , age 26 , was the youngest to sign the Constitution , while Benjamin Franklin , age 81 , was the oldest . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Background 3 About the endorsement 4 About the signers 5 Accompanying documents 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Text ( edit ) Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present the seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth . In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names , George Washington -- President and deputy from Virginia Delaware ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) George Read Gunning Bedford , Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) John Blair James Madison North Carolina ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) William Few Abraham Baldwin New Hampshire ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) Alexander Hamilton New Jersey ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) William Livingston David Brearly William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas FitzSimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris The closing endorsement section of the United States Constitution The Word `` the '' , being interlined between the seventh and eighth Lines of the first Page , The Word `` Thirty '' being partly written on an Erazure in the fifteenth Line of the first Page . The Words `` is tried '' being interlined between the thirty second and thirty third Lines of the first Page and the Word `` the '' being interlined between the forty third and forty fourth Lines of the second Page . Attest William Jackson Secretary Background ( edit ) Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States , by Howard Chandler Christy On July 24 , 1787 convention delegates selected a Committee of Detail to write - up a draft a draft constitution reflective of the resolutions passed by the convention up to that point . The final report of this committee , a twenty - three article ( plus a preamble ) document , became the first draft of the constitution . Overall , the draft produced by the committee conformed to the resolutions adopted by the Convention , adding some elements . Even after it issued this report , the committee continued to meet off and on until early September . The draft constitution was discussed , section by section and clause by clause . Details were attended to , and further compromises were effected . On September 8 , 1787 , a Committee of Style , with different members , was impaneled to distill a final draft constitution from the twenty - three approved articles . The final draft , presented to the convention on September 12 , contained seven articles , a preamble , and a closing statement , cleverly written by Gouverneur Morris so as to make the constitution seem unanimous . The committee also presented a proposed letter to accompany the constitution when delivered to the Congress of the Confederation . The final document , engrossed by Jacob Shallus , was taken up on Monday , September 17 , at the Convention 's final session . Several delegates were disappointed by the numerous compromises contained in the final document , believing that they had impaired its quality . Alexander Hamilton called the Constitution a `` weak and worthless fabric '' , certain to be superseded . Luther Martin regarded it as a stab in the back of the goddess of liberty . The most that Madison and the majority of delegates hoped , was that this practical , workable constitution , planned to meet the immediate needs of thirteen states with approximately four million people , would last a generation . In all , twelve of the thirteen states sent delegates to the Constitutional Convention ; a total of 74 were named , 55 attended and 39 signed . Several attendees left before the signing ceremony , and three that did not refused to sign . Benjamin Franklin summed up the sentiments of those who did sign , stating : `` There are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve , but I am not sure I shall never approve them . '' He would accept the Constitution , `` because I expect no better and because I am not sure that it is not the best '' . About the endorsement ( edit ) Gouverneur Morris , author of the Constitution 's closing endorsement The closing endorsement of the U.S. Constitution serves an authentication function only . It neither assigns powers to the federal government nor does it provide specific limitations on government action . It does however , provide essential documentation of the Constitution 's validity , a statement of `` This is what was agreed to . '' It records who signed the Constitution , plus when and where they signed . It also describes the role played by the signers in developing the document . Due to this limited function , it is frequently overlooked and no court has ever cited it when reaching a judicial decision . On the final day of the Constitutional Convention , Benjamin Franklin delivered an address ( read by James Wilson ) strongly endorsing the Constitution despite any perceived imperfections . Hoping to gain the support of critics and create a sense of common accord , Franklin then proposed , and the convention agreed , that the Constitution be endorsed by the delegates as individual witnesses of the unanimous consent of the states present . Thus the signers subscribed their names as witnesses to what was done in convention ( rather than on the part and behalf of particular states , as they had in the Articles of Confederation ) . The signers ' names are , with the exception of Convention President George Washington , grouped by state , with the listing of states arraigned geographically , from north to south . About the signers ( edit ) Seventy - four individuals were selected to attend the Constitutional Convention , but a number of them could not attend or chose not to attend . In all , fifty - five delegates participated in the convention , though thirteen of them dropped out , either for personal reasons in protest over decisions made during the deliberations . Three individuals remained engaged in the work of the convention until its completion , but then refused to sign the final draft . The names of thirty - nine delegates are inscribed upon the proposed constitution . Among them is John Dickinson , who , indisposed by illness , authorized George Read to sign his name by proxy . Additionally , the convention 's secretary , William Jackson , while not himself a delegate , signed the document to authenticate the results of the Convention 's sessions and the signatures . George Washington , as president of the Convention , signed first , followed by the other delegates , grouped by states in progression from north to south . Washington , however , signed near the right margin of the page , and when the delegates ran out of space they began a second column of signatures to the left . Jonathan Dayton , aged 26 , was the youngest to sign the Constitution , while Benjamin Franklin , aged 81 , was the oldest . Franklin was also the first signer to die , in April 1790 , while James Madison was the last , dying in June 1836 . Virtually every signer had taken part in the Revolution ; at least 29 had served in the Continental forces , most of them in positions of command . All but seven were native to the thirteen colonies : Pierce Butler , Thomas Fitzsimons , James McHenry , and William Paterson were born in Ireland , Robert Morris in England , James Wilson in Scotland , and Alexander Hamilton in the West Indies . Independence Hall 's Assembly Room , where both the Constitution and Declaration of Independence were debated and signed . The Syng inkstand , used at the signing of the Constitution and , eleven years earlier , the Declaration of Independence . Accompanying documents ( edit ) When the Constitutional Convention adjourned on September 17 , 1787 William Jackson was ordered to carry the Constitution to Congress in New York City . He also carried two letters with him . One was a resolution , adopted by the delegates , that the recommendation of the Constitutional Convention be received by Congress and distributed to the states , for their approval or disapproval . The other was written by George Washington , on behalf of the delegates , to the President of the Continental Congress , Arthur St. Clair , regarding the proposed Constitution . ( show ) Resolution to the Continental Congress IN CONVENTION Monday September 17 . 1787 PRESENT The States of New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Connecticut , Mr. Hamilton from New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina and Georgia . RESOLVED THAT the preceding Constitution be laid before the United States in Congress assembled , and that it is the Opinion of this Convention , that it should afterwards be submitted to a Convention of Delegates , chosen in each State by the People thereof , under the Recommendation of its Legislature , for their Assent and Ratification ; and that each Convention assenting to , and ratifying the Same , should give Notice thereof to the United States in Congress assembled . Resolved , That it is the Opinion of this Convention , that as soon as the Conventions of nine States shall have ratified this Constitution , the United States in Congress assembled should fix a Day on which Electors should be appointed by the States which shall have ratified the same , and a Day on which the Electors should assemble to vote for the President , and the Time and place for commencing Proceedings under this Constitution . That after such Publication the Electors should be appointed , and the Senators and Representatives elected : That the Electors should meet on the Day fixed for the Election of the President , and should transmit their votes certified signed , sealed and directed , as the Constitution requires , to the Secretary of the United States in Congress assembled , that the Senators and Representatives should convene at the Time and Place assigned ; that the Senators should appoint a President of the Senate , for the sole Purpose of receiving , opening and counting the Votes for President ; and , that after he shall be chosen , the Congress , together with the President , should , without Delay , proceed to execute this Constitution . By the Unanimous Order of the Convention , GEORGE WASHINGTON President . William Jackson Secretary ( show ) Letter to the President of the Continental Congress IN CONVENTION , September 17 , 1787 . Sir , We have now the honor to submit to the consideration of the United States in Congress assembled , that Constitution which has appeared to us the most advisable . The friends of our country have long seen and desired , that the power of making war , peace and treaties , that of levying money and regulating commerce , and the correspondent executive and judicial authorities should be fully and effectually vested in the general government of the Union : but the impropriety of delegating such extensive trust to one body of men is evident -- Hence results the necessity of a different organization . It is obviously impracticable in the federal government of these States , to secure all rights of independent sovereignty to each , and yet provide for the interest and safety of all -- Individuals entering into society , must give up a share of liberty to preserve the rest . The magnitude of the sacrifice must depend as well on situation and circumstance , as on the object to be obtained . It is at all times difficult to draw with precision the line between those rights which must be surrendered , and those which may be reserved ; and on the present occasion this difficulty was increased by a difference among the several States as to their situation , extent , habits , and particular interests . In all our deliberations on this subject we kept steadily in our view , that which appears to us the greatest interest of every true American , the consolidation of our Union , in which is involved our prosperity , felicity , safety , perhaps our national existence . This important consideration , seriously and deeply impressed on our minds , led each State in the Convention to be less rigid on points of inferior magnitude , than might have been otherwise expected ; and thus the Constitution , which we now present , is the result of a spirit of amity , and of that mutual deference and concession which the peculiarity of our political situation rendered indispensable . That it will meet the full and entire approbation of every State is not perhaps to be expected ; but each will doubtless consider , that had her interest alone been consulted , the consequences might have been particularly disagreeable or injurious to others ; that it is liable to as few exceptions as could reasonably have been expected , we hope and believe ; that it may promote the lasting welfare of that country so dear to us all , and secure her freedom and happiness , is our most ardent wish . With great respect , We have the honor to be . SIR , Your Excellency 's most Obedient and humble Servants , GEORGE WASHINGTON , PRESIDENT . By unanimous Order of the Convention . See also ( edit ) America 's Critical Period Constitution Day ( United States ) Founding Fathers of the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wright , Jr. , Robert K. ; MacGregor , Jr. , Morris J. ( 1987 ) . `` Soldier - Statesmen of the Constitution '' . Army historical series . Washington , D.C. : Center of Military History , United States Army . pp. 33 -- 45 . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Committees at the Constitutional Convention '' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates August 6 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Committee Assignments Chart and Commentary '' . Ashland , Ohio : TeachingAmericanHistory.org . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Founding Fathers - Delegates to the Constitutional Convention '' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 311 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates September 12 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vile , John R. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding ( Volume 1 : A-M ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 705 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 669 - 8 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates September 15 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spaulding , Matthew . `` Attestation Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.usconstitution.net/constnotes.html#Sigs Jump up ^ `` The Founding Fathers : Delegates to the Constitutional Convention '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Convention , Resolution and Letter to the Continental Congress '' . The Founders ' Constitution . The University of Chicago Press . pp. 194 -- 195 , Volume 1 , Chapter 6 , Document 11 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Founding Fathers of the United States . The Founding Fathers : Delegates to the Constitutional Convention National Constitution Center ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Signing_of_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=809547422 '' Categories : United States Constitution 1787 in American politics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español עברית Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 20 : 48 . About Wikipedia	signers of both the declaration of independence and constitution	[]	[]
-4077119423790873167	List of The 100 episodes	List of the 100 episodes - Wikipedia List of the 100 episodes The 100 ( pronounced `` The Hundred '' ) is an American post-apocalyptic science fiction drama television series developed by Jason Rothenberg , which premiered on March 19 , 2014 , on The CW . It is loosely based on a 2013 book of the same name , the first in a book series by Kass Morgan . The series follows a group of teens as they become the first people from a space habitat to return to Earth after a devastating nuclear apocalypse . As of August 7 , 2018 , 71 episodes of The 100 have aired , concluding the fifth season . In May 2018 , the series was renewed for a sixth season . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 3.6 Summary 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Viewers ( millions ) 13 March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 150 2.59 16 October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 157 2.46 16 January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 165 1.94 13 February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) 158 1.47 5 13 April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) August 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) 182 1.61 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Bharat Nalluri Jason Rothenberg March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) 296843 2.73 Set in an indeterminate year in the distant future , 97 years after a nuclear apocalypse has devastated the surface of Earth , all known humans are residents of merged orbiting space stations known as `` The Ark '' . Equipped with vital - monitoring wristbands and instructions to proceed directly to Mount Weather , upon landing , 100 juvenile delinquents are sent to the surface to test its habitability . Among them is 17 - year - old Clarke Griffin ( Eliza Taylor ) , the daughter of The Ark 's chief medical officer , Dr. Abby ( Paige Turco ) . The 100 discover a lush Earth filled with new wonders and dangers . Clarke and four others search for the former Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center , a possible site of supplies . Ultimately , they discover that there are hostile survivors on the ground when Jasper , one of their party , is speared . The other delinquents remain at the landing site and , under the leadership of Bellamy ( Bob Morley ) , celebrate their new world . Back on The Ark , Chancellor Jaha ( Isaiah Washington ) has been shot , causing the merciless and unsympathetic Councilman Kane ( Henry Ian Cusick ) to take charge . `` Earth Skills '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) 2J7052 2.27 Chancellor Jaha recovers and learns of his son Wells ' supposed fate on the ground . Abby recruits Raven , a zero - gravity mechanic , to fix a drop pod to send herself to the ground . Meanwhile on Earth , Clarke , Wells , Murphy , and Bellamy set out to rescue Jasper , who was taken by the grounders after being attacked . They find Jasper tied to a tree and manage to return to camp with him , in addition to a panther they killed prior his rescue . Bellamy forces the 100 to trade their wristbands for food . Clarke manages to keep hers . As the Ark watches more wristbands going offline believing they are dying , a figure watches the 100 from above the camp . `` Earth Kills '' Dean White Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain April 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) 2J7053 1.90 In flashbacks , Clarke 's engineer father Jake discovers a life support problem with The Ark , and is arrested for threatening to tell the people and `` floated '' by Jaha . In the present , Clarke , Finn , and Wells search for antibiotic seaweed to treat Jasper 's wounds . Bellamy assembles a hunting group who are followed by Charlotte , a troubled 13 - year - old . A lethal acidic fog hits , forcing Clarke , Finn , and Wells to seek shelter . The three talk , and Clarke berates Wells for his apparent part in her father 's execution believing he told his father of Clarke 's father 's intent to commit treason . Bellamy and Charlotte take refuge from the fog ; he comforts her when she has a nightmare . Clarke discovers her mother 's culpability in her father 's death , learning that she actually told Thelonious , knowing her father would be floated . Clarke and Wells reconcile . Later , Charlotte 's misinterpretation of Bellamy 's advice leads her to kill Wells . `` Murphy 's Law '' P.J. Pesce T.J. Brady & Rasheed Newson April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) 2J7054 1.69 Monty attempts to use the wristbands to contact The Ark . Octavia and Jasper discover Murphy 's knife outside the wall with two fingers , which are Wells ' . Clarke publicly accuses Murphy , inciting a mob that begins hanging him . Overwhelmed , Charlotte confesses and Murphy is cut down . Charlotte flees camp with Clarke and Finn , and they take refuge in a bunker , pursued by a revenge - seeking Murphy . Feeling guilty , Charlotte attempts to turn herself in , but Bellamy intercepts her . The whole group ends up at a dead - end cliff where Charlotte jumps off and commits suicide , and Bellamy banishes Murphy . Monty accidentally fries all of the wristbands . Finn runs to the bunker in frustration , Clarke follows , and they have sex . On The Ark , Abby and Raven go to great lengths to acquire a pressure regulator , but Kane finds out and has Abby arrested . Raven launches off The Ark alone and prepares to enter the atmosphere . 5 5 `` Twilight 's Last Gleaming '' Milan Cheylov Bruce Miller April 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 16 ) 2J7055 1.80 Raven , unconscious , has made it to the ground . Bellamy reaches her pod first and throws away her radio . Clarke and Finn follow , and help Raven , who is revealed to be Finn 's girlfriend , leaving Clarke devastated . They catch up with Bellamy and tell him of the 300 people to be culled from The Ark to preserve oxygen . He helps locate the radio , but it can not be repaired in time , so they devise a plan to fire `` flare '' rockets that The Ark will see , confirming that Earth is survivable . On The Ark , the approved plan calls for sealing off and deoxygenating Section 17 . A desperate Abby reveals her husband 's discovery to The Ark , causing some residents to volunteer for the culling . After the culling , Abby , imprisoned , and Jaha watch in surprise as the `` flare '' rockets appear in the viewport above Abby 's cell . Meanwhile , Octavia is captured by a grounder . 6 6 `` His Sister 's Keeper '' Wayne Rose Tracy Bellomo & Dorothy Fortenberry April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 2J7056 1.97 In flashbacks , Bellamy witnesses Octavia 's birth ; he names her after Augustus ' sister Octavia the Younger . Due to The Ark 's one child rule , Octavia is forced to live beneath the floor of her family 's quarters . To ensure her daughter 's safety , her mother resorts to prostitution in order to gain notice of guard 's inspections . When Octavia is 16 , Bellamy takes her to a masked ball for Unity Day . She is caught , and their mother is floated ( execution by being blown out of an airlock ) . A year later , Commander Shumway convinces Bellamy to assassinate Jaha , in exchange for a place on the dropship with his sister . In the present , Bellamy combs the camp looking for Octavia , to no avail . He assembles a search party , and they leave for the woods . Meanwhile , Clarke and Raven travel to Finn 's bunker in hopes of finding a radio transmitter with which to contact The Ark , and Raven discovers Finn 's involvement with Clarke . Bellamy , Finn , and Jasper rescue Octavia , and Finn is stabbed in the process . 7 7 `` Contents Under Pressure '' John Showalter Akela Cooper & Kira Snyder April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 2J7057 1.88 In the midst of a hurricane on the ground , Finn is near death from a poisoned stab wound . Bellamy , having captured the grounder who stabbed Finn , tortures him for the antidote but he does not speak . Raven successfully connects with The Ark ; Abby assists Clarke with treating Finn . Octavia convinces the grounder to reveal the antidote by poisoning herself with the same blade . On The Ark , Abby is released but is removed from the Council . Replacing her is the former chancellor , Diana Sydney , whose intentions are questionable . After learning that Earth is habitable , The Ark begins preparations for Project Exodus : their re-colonization of Earth . However , their drop ships can only carry about 25 % of The Ark 's population . In addition , residual tension from the culling causes mistrust in the Council . 8 8 `` Day Trip '' Matt Barber Story by : Andrei Haq Teleplay by : Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 2J7058 1.64 Video connection is established with The Ark . The Ark informs the 100 of a nearby underground depot that may serve as a winter home . Bellamy and Clarke investigate , and discover a stockpile of weapons and supplies . Dax , whom Commander Shumway is coercing to kill Bellamy , follows them . Octavia takes advantage of the camp 's suffering from the effects of hallucinogenic nuts gathered as rations and frees the grounder , whose name is Lincoln . Bellamy , also hallucinating , is wracked with guilt for the culling and almost killed by Dax . Now , coming to terms with his actions , he speaks to Jaha and is pardoned in exchange for information about the assassination attempt . This leads to the arrest and imprisonment of Shumway . He is visited by Diana Sydney , and it is revealed that Jaha 's assassination was her idea . Diana then has Shumway killed in his cell . 9 9 `` Unity Day '' John Behring Kim Shumway & Kira Snyder May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 2J7059 1.73 `` Unity Day '' arrives , when the joining of the orbiting space stations is celebrated . As the 100 celebrate , they find their video link interrupted when a bomb explodes during the ceremony on The Ark . Diana engineers a mutiny in order to hijack the first dropship . As the ship launches , it is not fully disconnected from The Ark 's main systems , causing an Ark - wide power outage and disabling every dropship . On the ground , in an effort to initiate peace , Finn arranges a meeting with the local grounder leader through Lincoln . Clarke represents the group and goes to the meeting , where she meets Anya , a grounder leader . Jasper , who along with Bellamy is monitoring the meeting from cover , believes he sees the grounder spotters in the trees about to shoot , he opens fire , and the meeting dissolves into battle . That night , Clarke and Bellamy see the dropship descending . It comes in too fast with no parachute , and violently crashes in the distance . 10 10 `` I Am Become Death '' Omar Madha T.J. Brady & Rasheed Newson May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) 2J7060 1.46 Murphy returns to the dropship after being captured and tortured by the grounders for information about the group . Soon , a deadly virus spreads thanks to Murphy , who was used by the grounders as an agent of biological warfare . Bellamy , Raven and Clarke all contract the disease . Octavia learns from Lincoln that this is his people 's way of softening the battlefield . To delay the incoming attack , Raven builds a bomb to stop the grounders from crossing the bridge featured in the previous episode . Bellamy tasks Jasper with detonating the bomb , and he does so just as the raiding party reaches the bridge . Later , Murphy smothers Connor as revenge for his part in Murphy 's hanging . Raven breaks up with Finn . 11 11 `` The Calm '' Mairzee Almas Bruce Miller May 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 28 ) 2J7061 1.71 After a fire destroys most of the food supply , the group sends out hunting parties to restock . Clarke , Finn , and Myles go out together , but Clarke and Finn are captured and brought to the grounder camp . Anya instructs Clarke to save Tris , her second , a young girl who was injured in the bomb blast . Clarke tries to save her but is unsuccessful . In revenge , Finn is taken away to be executed . Clarke escapes by killing her guard and runs . Bellamy , Raven , Octavia , and Monty search for the missing party and find Myles , hurt in the woods . Monty mysteriously disappears after hearing a strange signal on their hand radios . Kane awakens on a devastated Ark . He searches for survivors and realizes Jaha is alive in the Earth Monitoring Station and trying to bring systems online . With over half The Ark 's populace likely dead , they discover that there are survivors in an access bay to the exodus ship . Kane braves the extreme heat in a maintenance tunnel to reach the survivors -- including Abby . 12 12 `` We Are Grounders -- Part I '' Dean White Tracy Bellmo & Akela Cooper June 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 04 ) 2J7062 1.58 Clarke is recaptured by Anya , and they encounter a grounder named Tristan , who assumes command . Clarke is saved by Lincoln and taken to a very much alive Finn . Lincoln leads the two through a network of tunnels occupied by the reapers , cannibalistic humanoids the grounders themselves are afraid of . Lincoln seemingly sacrifices himself so Clarke and Finn can live to warn the others , including Octavia . Back at the dropship , Murphy has taken Jasper hostage . Bellamy trades himself for Jasper . While Raven attempts to open the dropship door , Murphy prepares to hang Bellamy . She is successful as Bellamy is dangling , and Murphy retreats to the upper level . Murphy shoots his gun aimlessly at the floor and accidentally shoots Raven . Murphy blows a hole in the ship with gunpowder and escapes with a radio . A returned Clarke convinces the group to flee the camp for the ocean where they 'll be safe . On The Ark , with the dropships no longer functional , Jaha realizes the only way to save the rest of the citizens is by bringing The Ark and its people to the ground . 13 13 `` We Are Grounders -- Part II '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 2J7063 1.68 The 100 are ambushed by grounder scouts and forced to retreat to camp . Meanwhile , the remaining citizens of The Ark prepare to return to Earth . After a technical failure to jettison requires manual intervention , Jaha remains on The Ark . The Mecha Station , with Abby and Kane , makes it to the ground . Back at the dropship , Tristan leads the grounders ' attack . The 100 mount their defense . Octavia is injured and leaves with Lincoln . Most of the 100 retreat into the dropship ; Anya leaps in after them . As previously planned , Jasper manages to activate its rockets , and the massive fireball kills all 300 of the grounders , and apparently Finn and Bellamy . When the 100 emerge from the dropship , gas grenades drop at their feet , and they all pass out . Clarke wakes up in a white room . Through the window in her door she sees Monty locked in an identical room across the hallway . A sign next to his door reads `` Mount Weather Quarantine Ward '' . Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 14 `` The 48 '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 3J5251 1.54 Finding Monty gone from his cell , Clarke breaks out and discovers she is trapped in an underground complex inside Mount Weather . She discovers an entire population of humans has survived , but is unable to go outside because they have never built up the resistance to radiation that the grounders and the 100 have from space and adaptation . After meeting their leader , President Dante Wallace , she is invited to stay along with the 47 surviving teenagers out of the original 100 that landed on Earth . Distrusting him , she makes a break for freedom but is stopped by Jasper . Clarke secretly plots an escape . Meanwhile , grounders capture Finn and Bellamy , before Abby , Kane , and the rest of The Ark 's survivors find them and free them . After heading to the crash site , they discover an injured Raven and Murphy . Bellamy attacks Murphy , and Kane arrests him . The group returns to the newly established Camp Jaha , the remains of the crashed Ark . Separated from everyone else , Lincoln tries to save a poisoned Octavia , but with no antidote , he is forced to take her to his village , knowing it will mean certain death if he is caught . 15 `` Inclement Weather '' John F. Showalter Michael Angeli October 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 29 ) 3J5252 1.48 Chancellor Jaha discovers a baby left on The Ark and plans to take him to Earth . While a suspicious Clarke confronts Dante , Octavia is healed by Nyko , a friend of Lincoln 's . Octavia holds Nyko hostage and leverages him to Indra , the village leader , in order to get Lincoln back . Abby performs surgery on Raven to remove the bullet from her spine without any anaesthesia . Jaha learns that the baby is an hallucination of his son , who convinces him to continue living his life ; he crash lands a missile to Earth . During the prisoner exchange , Octavia is attacked by the reapers , who capture Lincoln . Clarke learns that Anya -- the leader of the grounders -- is being held in Mount Weather with other prisoners being forced to supply blood to heal the mountain residents . 16 `` Reapercussions '' Dean White Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) 3J5253 1.68 Clarke and Anya escape Mount Weather into the reaper tunnels . Abby is punished for supplying guns to Finn , Bellamy and the others leave Camp Jaha to search for their friends . Octavia joins Indra 's hunting party in order to follow the reapers and retrieve Lincoln , but he is not among the grounders they intercept . In Mount Weather , Jasper and Monty worry about Clarke 's whereabouts . Kane goes after Finn , Bellamy , and the others , and appoints Abby chancellor in his absence . Clarke and Anya risk their lives to escape the tunnels ; Anya takes Clarke hostage . Lincoln is shown to be in Mount Weather , and it is revealed that the reapers work with the mountain men , bringing prisoners to Mount Weather and being fed with dead grounders . 17 `` Many Happy Returns '' P.J. Pesce Kim Shumway November 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 12 ) 3J5254 1.75 Chancellor Jaha is found in a desert and rescued by a boy named Zoran , living with his parents who left their people in search of a place in the `` dead zone '' called the `` City of Light '' . Searching for their friends , Finn , Bellamy , and the others find a survivor from The Ark -- Mel -- who is saved by Bellamy after Sterling dies while trying to rescue her . While Clarke and Anya are on the run from mountain men who follow them , Raven starts working in the camp again alongside Wick , who has made her a brace for her leg . Octavia finally reunites with Bellamy and the others . Chancellor Jaha is forced to leave Zoran and his parents when Zoran 's father trades him for a horse . On their way out of the woods , Clarke and Anya arrive at Camp Jaha . At the end , Ark soldiers shoot and kill Anya and knock out Clarke , after mistaking her for a hostile grounder . 18 5 `` Human Trials '' Ed Fraiman Charlie Craig November 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) 3J5255 1.64 Clarke is brought into Camp Jaha and , after receiving medical attention from Abby , is reunited with Bellamy , Octavia , and Raven . They go after Finn and Murphy . Kane is hoping to find peace with the grounders but instead is imprisoned at the grounder camp , where he discovers Jaha is also a prisoner . Meanwhile , Lincoln is being held at Mount Weather where he is the subject of experimentation involving a red drug that turns grounders into reapers . Jasper takes extreme measures to save Maya from radiation exposure by allowing a blood transfusion conducted by Dr. Tsing . After Maya 's successful treatment , Dr. Tsing and Cage -- Dante 's son and Lincoln 's torturer -- ask President Wallace for permission to move forward with trials on the 47 . He refuses . Elsewhere , Finn holds an entire grounder village hostage while searching for Clarke . Clarke , Bellamy , and Octavia arrive in time to see Finn gun down 18 grounders . 19 6 `` Fog of War '' Steven DePaul Kira Snyder December 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 03 ) 3J5256 1.86 Two days after the massacre , Raven discovers that Mount Weather has jammed communications . Leaving camp to investigate , Bellamy and Octavia discover that Lincoln has become a reaper . Clarke still has not spoken to Finn . Raven manages to listen in on Mount Weather 's radio broadcasts and discovers the previously encountered acid fog is a weapon of the mountain . In Mount Weather , Wallace wants Jasper to find volunteers to provide blood for the mountain residents , but he is unsuccessful . Maya discovers the radiation leak she was caught in was no accident and confides in Jasper about the mountain 's caged grounders . In captivity , Jaha and Kane are told that one of them must kill the other to gain an audience with the Commander . Kane attempts to take his own life rather than kill Jaha , but a grounder witness , named Lexa , reveals herself to be the Commander and says that she believes their wish for peace is sincere . She sends Jaha to Camp Jaha with a message ; leave within two days , or die . 20 7 `` Long Into an Abyss '' Antonio Negret James Thorpe December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 3J5257 1.62 With the grounders ' deadline imminent , Abby and Jaha disagree over what the survivors are to do ; Jaha wishes to evacuate to the so called `` City of Light '' , while Abby wants to remain behind to rescue the 47 . Clarke , Octavia , and Bellamy hold the reaper - state Lincoln in the dropship , and learn he was drugged and experimented on . Lincoln 's heart stops but is restarted by Clarke , who believes there is a way to cure reapers -- information they can leverage to the grounders . When Abby is successful in curing Lincoln , Lexa grants Clarke the truce but demands Finn 's execution for the massacre before it can begin . In Mount Weather , Jasper , Monty , Miller , and Harper discover that there are Ark survivors on the ground . Dr. Tsing learns that for the mountain residents to live on the surface , they would have to kill the 47 for their bone marrow . Though Wallace vetoes the plan , his son Cage goes behind his back and begins the process with Harper . 21 8 `` Spacewalker '' John F. Showalter Bruce Miller December 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 17 ) 3J5258 1.40 Clarke returns to camp with knowledge of the only way the grounders will accept a truce . Opinions are divided when Clarke reveals the grounders will cease their attack if they are given Finn . Flashbacks to The Ark reveal that Finn was imprisoned because he took the fall for Raven 's illegal spacewalking . At Camp Jaha , Abby and a returned Kane think they can bargain with the grounders by offering to put Finn on trial , but such plans are for naught , as Finn ultimately turns himself in . In a last - ditch effort to save Finn , Clarke goes to meet with Lexa . When Lexa refuses clemency Clarke asks to say goodbye . She approaches Finn , kisses him , and tells him that she loves him while stabbing him to death , saving him the brutal torture / execution of grounder custom . 22 9 `` Remember Me '' Omar Madha Dorothy Fortenberry January 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5259 1.48 Clarke and a group from The Ark accompany Finn 's body to a grounder camp to complete their agreement for a truce . Clarke is haunted by visions of Finn . Bellamy tries to convince Clarke to let him go to Mount Weather as a inside man ; she refuses . At the village , Finn 's corpse is burned along with those of the massacre victims . Kane gifts Lexa a bottle of liquor , which when tested appears poisoned , leading to the belief it was an assassination attempt by the Sky People . The grounders accuse and prepare to execute Raven , but Clarke and Bellamy pinpoint Gustus , Lexa 's right hand , as the true culprit . Later , Clarke changes her mind and sends Bellamy , along with Lincoln , to infiltrate Mount Weather . 23 10 `` Survival of the Fittest '' Dean White Akela Cooper January 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5260 1.53 Clarke and Lexa encounter a gigantic mutated gorilla after one of the grounder council members drives Clarke into the forest with the intent to kill her . They escape it but become temporarily trapped in its cage , and Lexa is injured . Clarke figures out a way to escape and has an idea about freeing the grounders inside Mount Weather to act as an insider army . Bellamy and Lincoln plan their infiltration of Mount Weather en route to the reaper tunnels , but upon arrival Lincoln is overcome by his addiction , leaving Bellamy to a questionable fate . Murphy helps Jaha confront his past , while Jaha persuades Murphy that the Sky People have nothing to offer him and that his best option is to search for the mystical `` City of Light '' . Jaha then leaves the camp with over a dozen Ark survivors , with Murphy tagging along , to search for the `` City of Light '' . After witnessing Octavia 's determination and unwavering spirit to fight , Indra offers to make Octavia her second in command , but Kane warns Octavia that once the war ends it is likely that the grounders and Sky People will end up breaking their alliance . 24 11 `` Coup de Grace '' P.J. Pesce Charlie Craig February 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5261 1.51 Bellamy is caged in Mount Weather along with numerous grounders . Jasper 's search for Monty and Harper remains fruitless , so he confronts the President about their disappearance . Cage sends snipers to assassinate Clarke and Lexa ; they are intercepted , and one is captured for questioning . Maya discovers Bellamy being harvested for blood and saves him ; he makes contact with Clarke . President Wallace and Jasper discover Dr. Tsing 's illegal experiments on Harper and Monty . Cage replaces his father as President by force and orders a lockdown for the surviving 47 teens . Realizing she has to draw attention to the outside for Bellamy 's sake , Clarke sends Emerson , their captive , back to Mount Weather with a message boasting that the army that is coming for them . 25 12 `` Rubicon '' Mairzee Almas Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre February 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5262 1.36 An unmasked Cage rescues Emerson on the surface , revealing the success of the bone marrow experiments . In the dormitory , Jasper tells the others of Bellamy 's presence . Meanwhile , Jaha , Murphy , and his group encounter a strange woman , a scavenger and drifter named Emori , who offers to serve as guide to the City of Light through the `` dead zone '' desert . But Emori is not who she appears to be . In Mount Weather , Bellamy seeks a way to help his friends . When Bellamy makes radio contact , Clarke and Raven overhear Cage 's plan to bomb the planned peace conference in Tondc . Clarke races to the village , where she explains the danger to Lexa . Lexa convinces Clarke that an evacuation would expose Bellamy 's presence in the mountain ; the two secretly escape . As they leave , Clarke sees her mother arrive in the village and returns to try to rescue Abby as the missile hits the village . 26 13 `` Resurrection '' Dean White Bruce Miller February 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5263 1.42 Clarke and Abby survive the missile strike on Tondc , but Abby is horrified to realize that Clarke knew it was coming and did not evacuate the village . She goes back to help survivors , while Lexa and Clarke set off to find and kill the spotter who called in the strike and is still shooting . Lincoln saves Indra 's life , while Octavia leads the other seconds in an effort to dig out survivors . Abby finds Kane pinned below rubble and struggles to free him , while they wonder whether they deserve to survive at all . Clarke finds and kills the spotter with Lincoln 's help , and realizes that the spotter 's lack of a hazmat suit means the mountain men have started harvesting her friends . Inside Mount Weather , Jasper and the others fight back and find refuge with those in Mount Weather who do not agree with Cage . 27 14 `` Bodyguard of Lies '' Uta Briesewitz Kim Shumway February 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5264 1.55 Lexa decides to kill Octavia to protect the secret that she and Clarke knew about the missile strike in advance . Clarke stops her and Lexa reveals that she has feelings for Clarke . Meanwhile , Bellamy , Raven , and Wick find a way to disable the acid fog ; Bellamy soon discovers it was a trick but radio contact has been cut and he has no way to warn the others . Lexa agrees to trust Clarke and not hurt Octavia , and Clarke notes there is more to life than survival . Lexa kisses Clarke who says that she is n't ready for a relationship . On Raven 's signal that the fog is disabled , Clarke and Lexa lead the army to Mount Weather . Bellamy manages to destroy the acid fog system just as the mountain men are deploying it . Elsewhere , Jaha , Murphy , and crew continue to search for the City of Light . They take casualties crossing a minefield and reach a lake where a mysterious boat appears . 28 15 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part One '' Omar Madha Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre March 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) 3J5265 1.49 Bellamy is letting the grounders imprisoned inside Mount Weather out of their cages as Cage starts to raid the complex for the 47 . Some of them are temporarily captured but freed again by Bellamy , Jasper , and Maya , who bring them to the harvest chamber . Soldiers soon raid the harvest chamber too , taking the 47 prisoner once again . Meanwhile , Cage visits his father , desperately hoping he will tell him a way to stop the incoming attack . Raven and Wick destroy the mountain 's generators , and the lock on Mount Weather 's door is disabled . When they pull the door open however , Lexa commands her people to stand down -- she has made a deal with Emerson , her people will be freed if the grounder army retreats leaving the Sky People left for dead . It is later learned that this was Dante 's suggestion . When the grounders retreat , almost all the Sky People accept defeat and soon leave too , leaving behind only Clarke at the front door and Octavia in the tunnels . 29 16 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part Two '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 3J5266 1.34 Clarke joins Octavia in the tunnels and is let into Mount Weather by Bellamy . With the 47 waiting for bone marrow extraction , Clarke and Bellamy take Dante hostage . When Cage still refuses to stop , Clarke shoots his father , which leads Cage to begin bone marrow extraction on Abby . Seeing no other option , Clarke has Monty hack into Mount Weather 's air filtration system , and she and Bellamy irradiate the mountain , killing the entire population , including Maya . Cage escapes but comes upon Lincoln , who injects Cage with the reaper drug , killing him , leaving Emerson , who also escaped , as the last Mountain Man . Everyone returns to Camp Jaha , but Clarke , wracked with guilt over the deaths of hundreds of people , leaves . Meanwhile , Jaha and Murphy arrive at an island where they separate . Murphy finds a lighthouse inside of which he watches a video recording ( dated May 10 , 2052 ) of the previous occupant who says she `` got the launch codes '' , before shooting himself . In the final scene , Jaha finds a well kept mansion , surrounded by flying drones , where he meets an A.I. , named `` A.L.I.E. '' , in the hologram form of an attractive dark - haired woman wearing a red dress , who thanks him for his `` gift '' : the nuclear warhead from the missile he used to land on Earth . Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 30 `` Wanheda : Part One '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5751 1.88 For the past three months , Clarke has been living on her own in the woods . At a grounder trading post , Clarke sleeps with the post owner , Niylah , and is caught by a bounty hunter while leaving the next morning . At Camp Jaha , renamed Arkadia , Lincoln -- unable to leave camp due to a kill order put on him by Lexa -- tries to fit in with the Sky People , much to Octavia 's distaste . Bellamy , with several others , goes on patrol and encounters scouts from another grounder clan called the Ice Nation . Jasper is injured , and part of the group returns to Arkadia . The rest meet up with Kane and Indra , from whom they learn there is a bounty on Clarke ( who is known in the grounder circles as `` Wanheda '' ; the Commander of Death ) for the mass killings of the population of Mount Weather . They leave to search for Clarke , but the solar powered Rover ATV they are using gets trapped by a deliberately felled tree . Meanwhile , Murphy is released from his bunker and finds Jaha and A.L.I.E. at the mansion . Murphy refuses to be a part of Jaha 's mission but decides to leave the island with him when he sees that Emori is part of the boat crew . 31 `` Wanheda : Part Two '' Mairzee Almas Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre January 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5752 1.63 The attackers of the Rover ATV turn out to be fellow Ark members from Farm Station who landed separately , including Monty 's mother , and under the control of Pike . Conflicts with the Ice Nation , in whose territory they landed , have reduced their numbers to 63 . Pike and his group accept Kane 's offer to come to Arkadia . Part of the group continues their search for Clarke , but after Bellamy is injured by the bounty hunter who has captured Clarke , the group is forced to return to base . Indra returns to the grounder city of Polis where the bounty hunter -- revealed to be Prince Roan of Ice Nation -- delivers Clarke to Lexa . Meanwhile , Jaha continues his mission for A.L.I.E. While Otan distracts Jaha , Emori and ( unwittingly ) Murphy kill Gideon and steal a backpack containing A.L.I.E. 's portable nuclear powered hardware . When Otan returns he appears to be brainwashed , and Murphy throws the pack into the water . Emori and Murphy escape on the boat , while Jaha and Otan scramble to save the bag . A.L.I.E. reveals that no one can die in the City of Light , showing them Gideon -- alive and unscarred -- in the city . 32 `` Ye Who Enter Here '' Antonio Negret Kim Shumway February 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5753 1.57 Lexa reveals to Clarke that she intends to initiate the Sky People into her Coalition . Meanwhile , Bellamy , his girlfriend Gina , Octavia , and Raven arrive at Mount Weather with supplies for the Farm Station refugees . There , Echo , the grounder Bellamy first freed from the cages beneath the mountain , appears and speaks of an Ice Nation plot to attack the summit in Polis . Bellamy , Pike , and Octavia leave for Polis . As they reach the summit , it is revealed there is no imminent threat to those present ; the `` warning '' was a ruse to lure them away . Meanwhile , an assassin infiltrates Mount Weather , kills Gina , and punches in the self - destruct codes . After a fight between the assassin on one hand , and Sinclair and Raven on the other , Mount Weather detonates , killing all 36 members of the Farm Station ; only Raven and Sinclair survive . It is revealed that Echo is working with Queen Nia of the Ice Nation , who is helped by Emerson , the last survivor of Mount Weather , in carrying out its destruction . 33 `` Watch the Thrones '' Ed Fraiman Dorothy Fortenberry February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5754 1.32 In a fight to the death for the right to the throne , Queen Nia chooses her son Roan to fight Lexa . At Arkadia , Bellamy , wracked with guilt , resigns from the guard . Monty and Jasper leave camp , and Monty confronts his grieving friend . Pike publicly confronts Kane and Abby , questioning them about the grounder army surrounding Arkadia , sent as protection by Lexa . Pike convinces Bellamy to supply him with guns and help massacre the grounder army . Lincoln , Abby , and Kane stop them at the last minute . Pike 's name is then suggested for inclusion on the ballot for the upcoming Chancellor vote . Back at Polis , Lexa bests Roan but kills Nia instead of him , and pronounces Roan the king of Ice Nation . Back at Arkadia , Pike is the elected Chancellor . Pike then frees himself , his supporters , and Bellamy , and they leave to finish what they started . 34 5 `` Hakeldama '' Tim Scanlan Charlie Craig February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5755 1.36 Clarke , Lexa , and other grounders from Polis discover the fallen army of grounders , slain by Pike and his followers . Indra is found wounded and claims Bellamy persuaded Pike to let her live in order to tell Lexa that the Sky People reject the newly - formed coalition . Lexa allows Clarke 's return to Arkadia to tell Bellamy and the others to step down . Clarke fails to convince Bellamy , but instead induces Lexa to end the cycle of violence in hopes of peace . Meanwhile , Murphy and Emori set up traps to steal from passersby . Murphy is caught , and one of the grounders spots the pill Jaha gave him earlier in the season ; he demands to know where Murphy found it . After arriving in Arkadia , Jaha and A.L.I.E. set out to recruit more people into the City of Light by giving out the pills . Devastated by her chronic agony , Raven decides to take the pill , which successfully removes her pain . She then sees A.L.I.E. for the first time . 35 6 `` Bitter Harvest '' Dean White Kira Snyder February 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5756 1.41 When Roan has Emerson , the last Mountain Man , delivered to Polis , Clarke must decide his fate . Ultimately , she decides to let Lexa banish him . Octavia and Kane find out Pike intends to clear a nearby grounder village and utilize their fertile soil for crops , so Octavia rides to alert the village . The village set a deadly trap for the incoming Sky People , which Octavia manages to warn Bellamy about just in time . Meanwhile , Abby confiscates the City of Light chips from Jaha when it becomes clear he has no recollection of his son . A.L.I.E. enlists Raven 's help to search The Ark for her second iteration , A.L.I.E. 2.0 . They are unable to find it , which leads to the realization that it may be on the mythical 13th station , named Polaris , that got shot out of orbit before joining the rest of The Ark . Titus , the Flamekeeper , tortures Murphy for information , alongside an escape pod with two letters clearly scorched off from re-entry that , with the other marked letters , spells Polaris . 36 7 `` Thirteen '' Dean White Javier Grillo - Marxuach March 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 03 ) 3J5757 1.39 Murphy convinces Titus to tell him more about the origin of his religion , speculating that the first Commander was from the 13th station rather than born on the ground . Flashbacks to 97 years earlier reveal that after A.L.I.E. causes the nuclear apocalypse by hacking all of the world 's computer launch codes , Becca -- A.L.I.E. 's creator and avatar template -- attempted to create A.L.I.E. 2.0 to interface more directly with humanity . When The Ark destroyed her research station Polaris , Becca injected herself with an unknown black substance while implanting the A.L.I.E. 2.0 in her neck , and traveled to Earth in an escape pod . In the present , Clarke and Lexa sleep together for the first time as they prepare to part ways in response to Lexa 's decision to blockade Arkadia until Pike is removed from leadership . Titus attempts to ensure that the Sky People are destroyed by shooting Clarke and blaming Murphy for it , only he shoots Lexa accidentally . After Lexa dies , it is revealed that the A.L.I.E. 2.0 computer has been implanted in the back of her neck ; Titus describes it as the spirit of the Commander . 37 8 `` Terms and Conditions '' John Showalter Charlie Craig March 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) 3J5758 1.20 Two grounders inform Arkadia of the blockade and note that it will only be lifted if Pike is surrendered to them . In response , Pike begins to plan for war , while Kane plans to hand Pike over to the grounders . To this end , Sinclair allows himself to be arrested . He and an interned Lincoln stage an argument in lock - up , creating a distraction for Kane to capture Pike . Bellamy and other guards intercept him at the gate . Meanwhile , Raven convinces Jasper to help her break into Pike 's office to recover the confiscated chip manufacturer . Jasper , mentioning Finn , prompts a realisation that Raven has no recollection of him at all , and they leave the device where it is . As Jaha reflects on his future plans , Pike decides to sentence Kane to death for treason , forcing Bellamy and Monty to re-evaluate which side they are truly on in the ever - escalating tensions towards war . 38 9 `` Stealing Fire '' Uta Briesewitz Heidi Cole McAdams March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) 3J5759 1.23 In Polis , a conclave is held to decide the new Commander . Ontari , Nia 's bodyguard , arrives and murders the other Nightbloods , declaring herself Commander . Titus names Clarke the new Flamekeeper and she takes the A.L.I.E. 2.0 computer chip , known to the grounders as `` the Flame '' , to find Luna , a Nightblood friend of Lincoln . Titus kills himself to ensure Ontari can not use him against Clarke , and Ontari swears Roan and Murphy to secrecy about the missing Flame . Meanwhile , Bellamy goes to Octavia for help to save Kane , Lincoln , and Sinclair from execution , but is captured by Octavia and Indra . Abby , Octavia , Miller , and Harper stage an elaborate rescue , with last - minute help from Monty , whose betrayal of Pike is covered up by his mother . When Pike threatens to execute the interned grounders , Lincoln surrenders to save them , while the others escape Arkadia . Octavia watches from a distance as Pike executes Lincoln . 39 10 `` Fallen '' Matt Barber Charmaine DeGrate & Javier Grillo - Marxuach April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) 3J5760 1.13 Acting as a fake Flamekeeper , Murphy helps Ontari convince the grounders to submit to her rule ; she later rapes him . Pike discovers Monty 's betrayal , forcing him to flee Arkadia . Monty rejoins Kane , Octavia , and a captive Bellamy at the dropship , but Pike 's men capture them , and Bellamy offers to lead them to the rest of Kane 's insurgents . Instead , he leads them to the grounder blockade and hands Pike over to them . Kane goes with the grounders to Polis . Meanwhile , A.L.I.E. 's influence spreads throughout Arkadia as more people fall under the mind - controlling influence , and Raven enlists Abby and Jasper to help her destroy the chip inside her . A.L.I.E. restores Raven 's pain to torture her into submission , and then uses her to coerce Abby to take the chip . Jasper , finding the whole of Arkadia in A.L.I.E. 's thrall , manages to escape with an unconscious Raven , encountering Clarke on the way out . 40 11 `` Nevermore '' Ed Fraiman Kim Shumway April 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 14 ) 3J5761 1.08 Clarke and Jasper regroup with Bellamy , Octavia , Monty , and Sinclair . They decide to carry out Raven 's original plan to free herself from A.L.I.E. 's control : by building an electromagnetic pulse device ( EMP ) from one of The 100 's old wristbands and frying the chip inside her . Clarke leads the group to Niylah 's trading post , where there is a salvaged bracelet . Monty and Octavia return to the dropship to retrieve additional components for the EMP , but they are attacked by Monty 's mother Hannah , now under A.L.I.E. 's control . Monty fatally shoots his mother to save Octavia , and they return to Niylah 's , where they are able to destroy the chip inside Raven using the EMP and Clarke cuts out its liquefied remains using Titus ' Flamekeeper kit . Raven reveals to the group that the Flame is the only thing that can stop A.L.I.E. 41 12 `` Demons '' P.J. Pesce Justine Juel Gillmer April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) 3J5762 1.15 Clarke 's group finds Arkadia abandoned , and retrieve Lincoln 's journal , which contains a map to Luna 's location . A mysterious masked figure attacks Harper , Miller , and his boyfriend Bryan before they can reach Arkadia and then targets Clarke , who unmasks him as Carl Emerson . Emerson kills Sinclair , and traps everyone else in the airlock planning to force Clarke to watch them suffocate . Clarke uses the Flame to kill him and saves her friends . The group hold a funeral for Lincoln and Sinclair , after which Clarke , Bellamy , Octavia , and Jasper embark on a journey to find Luna , while the others remain to use the Arkadia 's mainframe to hack A.L.I.E. Meanwhile , Emori arrives in Polis and reunites with Murphy . Jaha arrives with knowledge of Ontari 's deception , revealing that Emori is under A.L.I.E. 's control . Ontari has Murphy arrested , and Jaha convinces her to take a chip . With Ontari in her thrall , A.L.I.E. now has mastery of both the Sky People and the grounders . 42 13 `` Join or Die '' Dean White Julie Benson & Shawna Benson April 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) 3J5763 1.27 Flashbacks depict Pike giving The 100 an Earth Skills crash - course in the two weeks prior to the events of the pilot episode . Realising the teens were being sent to the ground and failing to persuade Jaha to let him go with them , Pike beats Murphy in front of the class to incite them to fight for their survival . In the present , Kane and Pike arrive in an A.L.I.E. - controlled Polis and are taken prisoner by Ontari . While incarcerated , Pike is tortured by fellow prisoner Indra in revenge for the massacre of her people , but Murphy convinces her they must unite against A.L.I.E. 's followers . Jaha threatens Abby 's life to coerce Kane into taking the chip . Meanwhile , Clarke , Bellamy , Octavia , and Jasper arrive at the shore of a vast ocean and send a signal to Luna 's people . After being drugged , they awaken aboard a disused oil rig and meet Luna of the ' boat people ' clan , who refuses to take the Flame . 43 14 `` Red Sky at Morning '' P.J. Pesce Lauren Muir & Kira Snyder May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) 3J5764 1.13 At Arkadia , Harper and Monty sleep together while Raven hacks into the City of Light . She breaks through the firewalls but is blocked by the spirit of Hannah . Monty erases his mother 's code , but A.L.I.E. removes herself from Arkadia before Raven can destroy her code . Meanwhile , Murphy , Indra , and Pike escape the Polis dungeons and destroy A.L.I.E. 's core processor , but she has already migrated to the computer system on The Ark , still orbiting Earth . At the oil rig , Clarke plans to implant the Flame into Luna against her will , but is unsuccessful . Some of Luna 's people return from the mainland having been taken over by A.L.I.E. , and capture Jasper and Luna . After breaking free and killing her captors , Luna , knowing Clarke will stop at nothing to get her to accept the Flame , drugs Clarke and her companions , and has them returned to the mainland . 44 15 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part One '' Ed Fraiman Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 3J5765 1.17 Clarke encounters Roan in the woods , and he agrees to help her infiltrate Polis to implant the Flame into Ontari as a last resort . In Arkadia , Jasper is revealed to have been put under A.L.I.E. 's control at the oil rig , and traps Monty and Raven , and takes Harper hostage . At Polis , Roan is shot by Kane and dragged away , while Clarke is captured and tortured by Abby . Murphy , Pike , and Indra rescue Bellamy and the rest of the group . Bellamy and Murphy then attempt to rescue Clarke while the others fight A.L.I.E. 's acolytes , during which Kane is almost killed in an explosion but is tackled aside by Indra , who is captured . Bellamy and Murphy arrive in time to save Clarke , but Jaha prevents them from using Ontari by inflicting a severe head wound that leaves her brain - dead . 45 16 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part Two '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 3J5766 1.29 At Arkadia , Monty rescues Harper and captures Jasper . At the Polis tower , freed from A.L.I.E. 's control , Abby transfuses the near - dead Ontari 's Nightblood into Clarke so she can be implanted with the Flame . While Pike and the others fend off A.L.I.E. 's acolytes , Clarke takes a chip and enters the City of Light . She is protected by Lexa 's spirit and aided by Raven 's hacking against A.L.I.E. 's minions , and is led to Becca 's spirit who shows her A.L.I.E. 's kill switch . To stop Clarke , A.L.I.E. claims that the world 's abandoned nuclear power plants are melting down and releasing radiation , meaning Earth will be uninhabitable in the next six months , and City of Light is the only salvation . Clarke decides to pull the switch despite this , destroying A.L.I.E. and freeing all her subjugates . In the aftermath , Octavia brutally executes Pike to avenge Lincoln 's death . Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 46 `` Echoes '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) T27. 13251 1.21 Picking up immediately after destroying A.L.I.E. , Clarke confides in Bellamy about A.L.I.E. 's warning of the nuclear power plants melting down and the human race surviving only six more months . In the aftermath of the battle , it turns out that the people Lexa killed to protect Clarke in the City of Light are actually dead , leading the people of Polis to declare both Wanheda and Skaikru their enemies . During these events , Echo leads the Ice Nation warriors against Skaikru and begins to take the city by force ; in order to stop her , Clarke and Abby go to King Roan to save him from his bullet wound . When Roan awakens , Echo attempts to convince him to kill Clarke , but Clarke gives Roan the Flame and he declares himself ruler of the thirteen clans until the Flame chooses another commander and announces their peace with Skaikru . Murphy and Emori run away from everyone to be together . Clarke , Bellamy , and Jaha leave Polis to return to Arkadia to decide their next move in their fight against the radiation that 's coming . Elsewhere at Arkadia , Raven attempts to determine exactly what kind of damage the radiation will deliver while Jasper 's suicide attempt is unknowingly interrupted by Monty . 47 `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' Ed Fraiman Justine Juel Gillmer February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) T27. 13252 1.01 Ilian , a grounder who was under A.L.I.E. 's influence , kills his family to convince his mother to take the chip . Soon after when his mother dies , she tells him to avenge her . In Polis , Ambassador Raphael and Ilian plan to challenge Roan . Roan prepares for battle despite being too weak from his injury . Kane and Octavia attempt to deter Raphael , but he refuses , Octavia later assassinates him . At Arkadia , Raven , Clarke , Bellamy , Monty , Harper , Bryan , and Miller devise a plan to restore Alpha Station to survive the radiation and acquire a hydro - generator for water from Farm Station which is in the Ice Nation . Grounders meet them there and eventually agree to give them the generator . However , they find many of their own as slaves and vote amongst them to use the generator to make an explosion to free them . Everyone returns to Arkadia but with no way of supplying water for everyone . Clarke tells the people of the radiation crisis and they all agree to work together . Kane and Abby sleep together in Polis . 48 `` The Four Horsemen '' P.J. Pesce Heidi Cole McAdams February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) T27. 13253 1.05 A possible lead from Jaha for a safe place for when the radiation comes turns out to be false hope . A group of grounders arrive at Arkadia with signs of Acute Radiation Syndrome ( A.R.S ) from eating contaminated fish , including Nyko and Luna . Abby wants to use their radiation medicine , but Raven who 's now in charge of rationing , stops her . Murphy steals it and gives it to Abby anyway . The new Flamekeeper , Gaia , steals the Flame from King Roan , but before Octavia kills her Indra stops her , stating that she is her estranged daughter . Using a decoy , Octavia tells Roan the Flame was destroyed . Arkadia can only house 100 people for the next 5 years to ride out the radiation . Clarke writes a list and includes Bellamy as number 99 , and he writes her name for the 100th spot . Luna is the only person who does not die from the A.R.S , which makes Abby realize that Luna 's body is rejecting the radiation because of her Nightblood . 49 `` A Lie Guarded '' Ian Samoil Kim Shumway February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) T27. 13254 1.00 In Polis , Kane and Bellamy are sentenced to die when Roan ends the alliance with both Skaikru and Trikru . Meanwhile , Abby , Raven , Murphy and Luna return to A.L.I.E. 's island to discover how they can use Luna 's Nightblood to save the human race from the radiation . Drones fire on them , resulting in Nyko 's death and driving Luna to her breaking point . Echo hunts down Octavia and after a sword fight , Octavia is stabbed and falls off a cliff , but survives . Also , Monty and Jasper discover and expose Clarke 's list of 100 names forcing Jaha to resolve the conflict . 50 5 `` The Tinder Box '' John F. Showalter Morgan Gendel March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) T27. 13255 1.02 Raven and Abby discover that because they were released from A.L.I.E. 's control via EMP instead of when Clarke pulled the kill switch , that they have leftover knowledge from Becca / A.L.I.E. in their brains . They learn that Becca was making Nightblood on the Ark and after they find a rocket , they prepare to go back to the Ark to make Nightblood for the survival of the human race . Meanwhile , Ilian brings Octavia to Arkadia to sneak his way in . Octavia warns them of Roan 's planned takeover of the ship and Clarke goes to negotiate with him . They eventually agree to share Arkadia 50 -- 50 until Ilian blows up the ship and they all watch their last chance of survival burn to the ground . 51 6 `` We Will Rise '' Dean White Charmaine DeGrate March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) T27. 13256 0.98 Clarke , Bellamy , and Roan go on a road trip to deliver ten barrels of hydrazine fuel to Raven for her trip to space to make Nightblood . Meanwhile , the residents of Arkadia band against Ilian and want to execute him for destroying the ship but Kane tries to resolve the conflict peacefully . However , Octavia holds a gun to Ilian 's head but is stopped at the last minute by Kane who points out that Lincoln had been murdered in a similar fashion ; she has an emotional breakdown and leaves . Also , Clarke lets her lover , Niylah , stay at Arkadia for the time being . During the drive , a Trikru attack on Clarke , Bellamy , and Roan results in one of the hydrazine barrels being pierced by an arrow and emptied . Later as Raven hears the news , she suffers a seizure . 52 7 `` Gimme Shelter '' Tim Scanlan Terri Hughes Burton & Ron Milbauer March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) T27. 13257 0.90 The black rain begins to fall , and as the Sky People shelter in the remains of Arkadia , Bellamy tries to rescue a father and son trapped outside , but is unable to reach them . Meanwhile , Octavia and Ilian take refuge in a cave , but when he tries to get her to open up about Lincoln , she tries to go into the black rain and kill herself , but he stops her . They have sex , and she decides to go with him back to his family 's abandoned farm . At the underground lab on Becca 's island , Abby tells Clarke her new plan to implant Luna 's bone marrow into a test subject to see if it can create immunity , but to test this they would need to use a huge dose of radiation on the subject , which could kill them . When a grounder thief breaks into Becca 's mansion and is captured , Emori identifies him as her nemesis Baylis . She intends to kill him , but Clarke decides to use him as the test subject . Emori later admits to Murphy that the thief is not Baylis , and that she lied to save herself from being sacrificed . 53 8 `` God Complex '' Omar Madha Lauren Muir March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) T27. 13258 0.97 After the first test kills the thief , Emori 's lie is discovered and she is taken prisoner , with the intention of using her as the next subject . Murphy also has to be tied up when he tries to stop them , and Luna is knocked out by Roan when she tries to leave . Clarke changes her mind and injects herself with Luna 's bone marrow , becoming a Nightblood , but before she can subject herself to the radiation , Abby destroys the machine , with her hallucinations having convinced her that Clarke would die . In Arkadia , Jaha overhears Niylah use a phrase associated with the cult who built the shelter , and believes that the shelter he found was a decoy . Suspecting Gaia may have information that could lead to the real shelter , he , Kane and Monty go to Polis , where the Tree People are fighting the Ice Nation for control . Gaia helps them deduce that the shelter is beneath Polis , and they find it using a talisman found at the decoy shelter . 54 9 `` DNR '' Mairzee Almas Miranda Kwok April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) T27. 13260 0.81 Clarke struggles to keep the peace in Polis after word of Jaha 's discovery of the shelter spreads , which makes other clans , including Roan 's and Indra 's , want a part of the shelter for their own people . At Arkadia , Jasper and Bellamy get into an argument when Jasper and other like - minded youth of the original 100 want to stay behind to celebrate the end of the world , while Bellamy wants to lead the remainder of Arkadia 's 400 - plus population to the shelter before the death wave arrives in less than six days and wipes out all life . Meanwhile , Raven decides to stay behind at the lab as she is haunted by Becca 's hallucination urging her to continue the space rocket repairs as Murphy and Emori decide to head out to the shelter . Elsewhere , Octavia struggles to adjust to living at Ilian 's farm until a brutal and lethal encounter with three hostile grounders make her realize that she can not run away from her past . 55 10 `` Die All , Die Merrily '' Dean White Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) T27. 13259 0.85 The clans hold a fight to the death at Polis to determine which clan will receive the shelter . Octavia , Roan , and Ilian represent their respective clans . Luna also fights , but explains she will not let anyone into the shelter if she wins . During the fight , Echo is discovered to be cheating without Roan 's knowledge and is subsequently banished by Roan as punishment . Octavia decides to ally with Ilian , but he is killed with an arrow to his neck . Later , only three warriors are left ; Octavia teams up with Roan to take on Luna , but a storm of black rain arrives which puts both of them at a disadvantage against Luna , who is a Nightblood . Although Luna kills Roan , Octavia eventually defeats Luna and becomes the winning champion . She decides to share the shelter equally with the clans , allowing 100 survivors from each clan . It is then discovered that members of Skaikru settled in the bunker during the battle and sealed the door . 56 11 `` The Other Side '' Henry Ian Cusick Julie Benson & Shawna Benson May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) T27. 13261 0.86 With little sense of the situation outside the bunker , Clarke and Jaha refuse to open the door and risk the future of humanity . Abby helps Bellamy unlock the door and Clarke is unable to use force to stop him from opening it . Echo is stopped from exposing Skaikru 's treachery when Octavia threatens to reveal her cheating and banishment . Octavia bars Echo from the bunker . By Octavia 's decision , Clarke is left with 12 hours to banish over 300 of her people to the surface , possibly leaving too few skilled workers to maintain the bunker . At Arkadia , Monty tries to save the others by explaining how horribly they 'll die , which convinces them to blissfully overdose -- except for Harper who decides that she loves Monty enough to live . Raven has hallucinations of Sinclair which convince her to undertake a risky procedure to stop her mental deterioration and live . 57 12 `` The Chosen '' Alex Kalymnios Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) T27. 13262 0.83 Jaha and Kane disagree over how to handle their grim reality when they must choose only 100 out of their 400 people to shelter at the Second Dawn bunker to make room for the rest of the 1,200 grounders who want to place their own survivors there as well . It all leads to holding a lottery which threatens to tear the fragile plans apart . Abby asks Kane to let her give up her place to make space for others . Meanwhile , Clarke leads Bellamy , Murphy , and Emori , to save Raven , who still is at the lab . However , they run into a grounder clan , which wreck their truck until Echo appears to save them . With no time to return to Polis , Monty and Harper are called to transport the group to the lab , where they decide to go to space before the death wave reaches them . 58 13 `` Praimfaya '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) T27. 13263 0.91 As the death wave hits Polis and the Second Dawn bunker , Clarke , Bellamy , Raven , Murphy , Emori , Monty , Harper and Echo gather at the lab to ready the rocket to travel to the remains of the Ark . Monty is incapacitated after going out with Murphy to obtain an oxygen generator for installation in the Ark . With only 90 minutes before the radioactive pyroclastic wave of the death wave hits , Clarke decides to stay behind to climb to the top of an antenna tower to realign the dish in order to program power for the Ark prior to launch . The rocket 's launch is successful , and Raven spacewalks to the Ark to dock the rocket pod . After programming power for the Ark , Clarke runs to the lab with the death wave right behind her , but upon arriving , she is revealed to have been affected by the radiation . On the Ark , the group almost runs out of air before the oxygen generator is installed . Six years and seven days later , Clarke is revealed to have survived the death wave along with a young Nightblood girl . While Clarke tries to make contact with the Ark , a spacecraft lands on Earth . Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 59 `` Eden '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) T27. 13551 1.43 In a flashback to six weeks after Praimfaya , Clarke searches for food and water in the rover , first going to Polis where she tries to dig out the bunker , then to Arkadia where she finds Maya 's MP3 player among other people 's possessions as well as Jasper 's goggles and a suicide letter addressed to Monty . She then drives to the Dead Zone , where the rover breaks down in a storm . She follows a bird , at one stage considering suicide , and discovers the Shallow Valley . She finds a room of dead people , then a young Nightblood girl who runs from her . Clarke follows her and tries to get acquainted with her , which does not work until Clarke draws a sketch of her . The time jumps back to six years after Praimfaya , where Clarke and the Nightblood , Madi , are living together . Raven and the other six on the Go - Sci Ring try to boost signals to contact the Bunker , when they see the Eligius ship . Clarke watches the passengers de-board the ship , where they roam the area and almost kill Madi , before Clarke jumps in . Echo tells Bellamy she is afraid of returning to the ground . Octavia watches over Wonkru warriors fighting to the death . 60 `` Red Queen '' P.J. Pesce Terri Hughes Burton May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) T27. 13552 1.02 Shortly after Praimfaya , the clan delegates discuss punishment for a thief . Kane and Abby hear Clarke knocking on the bunker , and when they try to open it , they discover it has been sealed shut due to the rubble from Polis . A Skaikru rebel stages a coup and locks several Skaikru members in the farm area . While grounders gather the remaining Skaikru not in the farm area , Jaha is stabbed . Octavia spares him due to his expertise as an engineer . With Jaha , Indra , and Gaia 's help , Octavia resolves the problem of opening the farm area door and proves herself to be a capable leader . When many grounders question her leadership , she kills them , telling them they are Wonkru , or they are against Wonkru . Those remaining bow before her . After opening the door , Octavia , Kane , and Abby rush to Jaha 's aid . As Kane recites the Skaikru prayer , Jaha dies of his injuries . As punishment for Kara and the guilty Skaikru involved in the coup , Octavia instructs them to fight to the death . Kara emerges victorious . Six years later , Octavia and her advisers watch over Wonkru warriors fighting to the death . The next batch of combatants are brought in , Kane among them . 61 `` Sleeping Giants '' Tim Scanlan Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) T27. 13553 1.08 Clarke and Madi hide from the Eligius crew , while Diyoza sends McCreary to find them and interrogate them . He captures Clarke and brings her to Diyoza . To make Clarke talk , she orders Madi shot on sight . Clarke promises to tell her everything . Raven and the others board the Eligius IV ship in space and find a way to Earth . Monty and Murphy argue over returning to Earth , when Echo finds a lab of cryogenically frozen prisoners . One prisoner is remotely woken up by the prisoners on the ground and attacks Bellamy , who kills him . In order to leverage the frozen prisoners against Diyoza , Raven stays behind . Bellamy objects until Raven tells him of an escape pod that she can use to go to Earth . Bellamy , Echo , Monty , Harper and Emori safely make their way back to the ground . Murphy stays behind with Raven and learns that there is no escape pod and they are trapped . The Eligius men find Bellamy and the others . Shortly after , Madi kills the Eligius men and guides them to Clarke . McCreary uses a shock collar on Clarke . Bellamy arrives , telling Diyoza that 283 frozen people will be killed if they do not release Clarke . 62 `` Pandora 's Box '' Dean White Charmaine DeGrate May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) T27. 13554 1.07 Octavia punishes Kane for stealing medicine , which is a crime against Wonkru . Bellamy and Clarke reunite after he brokers a deal with Diyoza . Diyoza outwardly accepts the deal but still tries to hack into the Eligius mainframe . Bellamy and Clarke , with the help of Diyoza and McCreary , break into the bunker and rescue everyone inside . Octavia is the first to be lifted onto the ground . Miles opens the docking bay doors to Eligius 4 in an attempt to kill Raven and Murphy , but they counter by waking up the frozen prisoners . The Eligius warriors on the ground break the deal and take Kane and Abby . As they attempt to fire missiles at Wonkru , they find that the launch codes have been changed . Miles tells them it must be Raven . They fly to retrieve Raven while Octavia tells Wonkru to prepare for war . 63 5 `` Shifting Sands '' Omar Madha Nick Bragg May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) T27. 13555 0.94 Diyoza orders Kane and Abby to help and cure Vinson , while Octavia takes her people to march in the Shallow Valley . McCreary tortures Raven and threatens to kill Murphy to find out how to turn their weapons system back on ; Miles stops him with a gun to his head and reveals to Raven and Murphy that he was the one who disabled them . Abby tells Diyoza she does not know if she can help Vinson . Murphy escapes with Miles ' help and Echo finds him . She , Murphy , Harper , Emori , Monty and Madi set out to find Bellamy , but McCreary activates Murphy 's shock collar , leaving him with Emori while the rest keep on the journey . A Wonkru warrior dies and worms pop out of his chest . Octavia and Wonkru retreat , as the four in the van arrive . Octavia angrily witness Bellamy and Echo 's reunion , as do a reconciling Madi and Clarke . 64 6 `` Exit Wounds '' Michael Blundell Drew Lindo June 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 05 ) T27. 13556 0.92 Octavia confronts Bellamy over his relationship with Echo and reiterates the latter 's banishment . Diyoza 's ship arrives , delivering apples and offering free passage to any Wonkru defectors . Octavia offers Echo a deal ; spy on her people and report anyone that plans to defect in exchange for her banishment to be lifted . Monty eventually deduces that he will need to access the firewall from the inside ; Echo , who has decided against Octavia 's plan , offers to instead go undercover as a defector so that she can breach Diyoza 's camp . Octavia agrees , but has Cooper to shoot fleeing defectors , ostensibly for appearances . Murphy and Emori work to remove his shock collar and decide to use his collar to set up an explosive trap . During which time they discuss and rekindle their relationship . The two find McCreary survived the explosion and take him hostage . Clarke believing that Octavia will figure out and kill Madi for her natural Nightblood status , plans to leave with the defectors . Madi objects , fearing for Clarke 's safety , and reveals her status to Octavia . Octavia tells Clarke that nothing bad will happen to Madi and that Madi will train as a Wonkru warrior . Echo successfully infiltrates Diyoza 's camp . 65 7 `` Acceptable Losses '' Mairzee Almas Jeff Vlaming June 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) T27. 13557 0.83 Kane finds Abby huddled on the floor by a dead patient and deduces she was high on pills during the surgery despite her denials . Later , Kane gives Abby an ultimatum ; him or the pills . Diyoza interviews the Wonkru defectors to determine their use and trustworthiness . In order to gain Diyoza 's trust , Echo reports Shaw as the one to shutdown the systems despite Raven 's initial protests . Echo uses Raven 's demonstration about the shutdown to Diyoza to install Monty 's backdoor into the prisoner 's system . A bloodied , collared Shaw later appears in the defector 's room . In the bunker , Clarke and Bellamy discover Cooper 's human experimentation to breed the parasitic worms as a weapon . Octavia reveals her plan to release the worms with the next group of Defectors . Diyoza reveals her pregnancy to Abby . Madi , at the urging of Clarke and Gaia , initially hides her aptitude in hand - to - hand combat , but drops the charade during a class presentation to Octavia and is designated Octavia 's second . Clarke attempts to negotiate a nonviolent settlement of the valley with Diyoza . The only term Diyoza will agree to is Wonkru 's unconditional surrender , to which Octavia will never agree . Clarke declares the need to assassinate Octavia . 66 8 `` How We Get to Peace '' Antonio Negret Lauren Muir June 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) T27. 13558 0.73 Octavia is ready to prepare for an all - out war against Diyoza which Clarke opposes . Despite perfecting the algae , Monty 's request to end the war and forget about the valley is ignored . Monty , sick of the unending violence , resolves to not go with his friends to the valley . Due to Octavia 's unwillingness to listen to reason , Clarke and Bellamy decide to sabotage Wonkru 's plan to attack the valley . Clarke and Bellamy enlist the help of Indra to sabotage Octavia 's plan . They use the worms to kill Cooper , and attempt to make her death look like an accident . At the camp , Diyoza reveals to Kane that she is pregnant while the two discuss their plans for a better world . Raven finds out about Abby 's addiction to pills , and feels betrayed when Abby tricks her into creating a device that can cure the lung disease of the Eligius prisoners . Later , Octavia finds Cooper 's body , and immediately deduces Cooper was murdered and she reveals to Indra that she had planned to use the worm 's eggs on the camp instead of the worms . Octavia arrests Clarke for treason and plans to have her executed . Bellamy and Octavia have dinner where Bellamy uses Monty 's algae to poison her food . 67 9 `` Sic Semper Tyrannis '' Ian Samoil Miranda Kwok July 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 10 ) T27. 13559 0.89 Indra announces her intentions to surrender to Diyoza to Wonkru , only to be challenged by Miller for leadership . Wonkru takes Miller 's side and Indra tells Bellamy that Madi ascending is the only way that they can stop the war . Clarke opposes the plan but Bellamy leaves her chained up to carry it out . In Eden , Murphy successfully starts a civil war by telling McCreary that Diyoza has a cure for the lung disease . A battle breaks out , and McCreary takes over the valley with Diyoza escaping . Raven , Emori , Echo , and Shaw escape while Kane and Murphy stay behind to find Abby and Diyoza . Octavia wakes up and reports Bellamy 's betrayal , but Indra secures the room and will not let her leave . Niylah eventually rescues Clarke who goes to kill Octavia . Octavia convinces her that neither of them want Madi to ascend . However , Gaia performs the ascension on Madi ; Clarke then shows up and escapes with Madi in the rover . Octavia arrests Bellamy , Indra , and Gaia and sentences them to fight in the arena . Then , behind closed doors , Octavia sheds a tear . 68 10 `` The Warriors Will '' Henry Ian Cusick Julie Benson & Shawna Benson July 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 17 ) T27. 13560 0.86 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Clarke goes on the run with Madi and tells her she will remove the flame , but Madi insists that she needs to go back , because the flame is giving her visions of the previous commanders , specially Becca Pramheda . Bell tells Octavia that they must be shown what happens if they do n't march by making Bellamy , Indra and Gaia fight in the arena . Octavia goes to Indra to try and come up with another way , which Indra denies . She also says that if they fight , she will kill Bellamy and then ensure that Gaia kills her . Octavia remembers her childhood with Bellamy when she cut herself and was terrified someone would find her by the blood , but Bellamy was always there to help . She then asks how that led to him poisoning her and he states that was to protect her too . Octavia tells Bellamy of a weakness of Indra 's - because she still does n't want him to die . Monty shows Octavia that the Hydrofarm is working again and they could grow crops elsewhere than the Shallow Valley , but it makes no difference , she still makes Indra , Bellamy and Gaia fight . McCreary takes Abby 's pills away in order to make her cure him - sure she will break before she dies , so she enlists Vinson to get them back for her under the pretense of 2 hourly check - ups . By the time Vinson is back with the pills , he attacks the other guards , while Abby takes too many pills . Clarke and Madi find Diyoza 's men burying bodies in the woods and convince one to tell them where Abby is , where they find her unconscious . Monty stops the fight between Bellamy , Gaia and Indra by revealing the truth about the Hydrofarm to Wonkru , as well as Octavia 's knowledge of it . They turn against her , so she burns the Hydrofarm down , leaving everybody with one choice , stay behind and die , or march with her and live . 69 11 `` The Dark Year '' Alex Kalymnios Heidi Cole McAdams July 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 24 ) T27. 13561 0.85 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Clarke helps Abby after her overdose and McCreary orders her to get her mother operating again , and says that if she still refuses to cure them , they can both watch their daughters die . Raven , Emori , Murphy and Echo head out to scout ways into the valley ( Octavia 's army will arrive in 5 days ) . Raven tells Shaw to stay behind . Shaw follows the scouting group , and after Murphy suggests they steal the ammo rather than just scouting , they get ambushed , and Shaw saves them . The truth of the dark year in the bunker is revealed - they do not have enough protein until another year , so they have to get it from the fighting pits . Clarke and Abby cure McCreary 's people and Madi confronts Clarke , telling her they are on the wrong side of the war . Bellamy tells Octavia about the safe way into the valley , as long as she agrees to his terms - accept McCreary 's surrender and share the valley - to which Octavia agrees . Diyoza and Kane go to McCreary and tell him that Wonkru will win because they know every move he is going to make before he makes it but they will tell him how to win the war . 70 12 `` Damocles -- Part One '' Dean White Justine Juel Gillmer July 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 31 ) T27. 13562 0.88 McCreary 's men ambush Wonkru at the gorge , causing many fatalities and trapping Bellamy , Octavia , Indra , and Gaia . Madi hears the attack over the radio and tries to help , but Clarke forcibly detains her . The surviving Wonkru retreat to the wasteland and descend into disarray . Echo , Raven , and Shaw go into McCreary 's camp to recover Madi so she can lead Wonkru , however Clarke betrays them to McCreary . Vinson attacks Kane and grievously injures him , however Vinson is slain by Abby . Recalling Lexa 's memories from the flame , Madi sways Clarke to her side . Clarke kills McCreary 's guards and stays to prevent the launch of the transport ship while Madi and Echo return to Wonkru . Back at the gorge Octavia decides to draw the fire of McCreary 's men so that Bellamy and Indra can flee with Gaia , but before she gets gunned down they 're saved by the Rover carrying Bellamy 's group and Madi . 71 13 `` Damocles -- Part Two '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg August 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) T27. 13563 0.99 Bellamy 's group along with Madi , Octavia , Gaia , and Indra return to Wonkru . Octavia publicly submits to Madi , unifying Wonkru under Madi 's command . Madi consults the previous commanders with Gaia 's help and devises a strategy to take the gorge . Clarke frees Diyoza and holds her and McCreary 's unborn child hostage , grounding the transport ship . Bellamy 's group freely enter the gorge and take out its defenses , clearing the way for Wonkru . Bellamy convinces Madi to spare the remainder of McCreary 's men . McCreary triggers a protocol that will destroy the valley before he 's killed by Clarke . Everyone on Earth flees the planet aboard the Eligius transport ship and head towards the mother ship before the valley is destroyed . Due to the limited rations , everyone decides to enter cryogenic sleep for 10 years in order to give Earth time to recuperate . Clarke and Bellamy are the first to awake and are greeted by a 27 - year old man named Jordan , Harper and Monty 's son , who informs them 125 years have passed . He shows them a series of video diaries recorded by Monty and Harper , in which Monty gives updates on Earth 's condition , their lives , and their son . As years go by , it became clear to him that Earth would not recuperate , so he put his son to sleep as well . Over decades , he managed to crack the Eligius III data and found a new planet to sustain the survivors , although Harper 's death due to her genetic illness and his own age left him unwilling to put himself to sleep . Bellamy and Clarke stare outside the ship 's window to the new planet , hoping that this time , things will be different . Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) `` Pilot '' March 19 , 2014 0.9 / 3 2.73 N / A N / A `` Earth Skills '' March 26 , 2014 0.7 / 2 2.27 0.5 `` Earth Kills '' April 2 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.90 0.4 1.0 `` Murphy 's Law '' April 9 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.69 0.4 0.9 5 `` Twilight 's Last Gleaming '' April 16 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.80 N / A N / A 6 `` His Sister 's Keeper '' April 23 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.97 0.4 1.0 7 `` Contents Under Pressure '' April 30 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.88 N / A N / A 8 `` Day Trip '' May 7 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.64 N / A N / A 9 `` Unity Day '' May 14 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.73 0.3 0.9 10 `` I Am Become Death '' May 21 , 2014 0.5 / 1 1.46 N / A N / A 11 `` The Calm '' May 28 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.71 N / A N / A 12 `` We Are Grounders -- Part I '' June 4 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.58 N / A N / A 13 `` We Are Grounders -- Part II '' June 11 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.68 N / A N / A Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) `` The 48 '' October 22 , 2014 0.5 / 1 1.54 0.3 0.8 `` Inclement Weather '' October 29 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.48 N / A N / A `` Reapercussions '' November 5 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.68 0.4 0.9 `` Many Happy Returns '' November 12 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.75 0.4 0.9 5 `` Human Trials '' November 19 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.64 N / A N / A 6 `` Fog of War '' December 3 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.86 0.4 1.0 7 `` Long Into an Abyss '' December 10 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.62 0.4 1.0 8 `` Spacewalker '' December 17 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.40 N / A N / A 9 `` Remember Me '' January 21 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.48 0.4 0.9 10 `` Survival of the Fittest '' January 28 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.53 0.4 0.9 11 `` Coup de Grace '' February 4 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.51 0.4 0.9 12 `` Rubicon '' February 11 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.36 0.4 0.9 13 `` Resurrection '' February 18 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.42 0.4 0.9 14 `` Bodyguard of Lies '' February 25 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.55 0.3 0.8 15 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part One '' March 4 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.49 0.4 0.9 16 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part Two '' March 11 , 2015 0.4 / 1 1.34 0.4 0.8 Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Wanheda : Part One '' January 21 , 2016 0.7 / 2 1.88 0.4 1.01 2.89 `` Wanheda : Part Two '' January 28 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.63 0.4 0.9 1.0 2.54 `` Ye Who Enter Here '' February 4 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.57 N / A 0.92 N / A 2.48 `` Watch the Thrones '' February 11 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.32 N / A 0.89 N / A 2.21 5 `` Hakeldama '' February 18 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.36 0.4 0.96 0.9 2.32 6 `` Bitter Harvest '' February 25 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.41 N / A 0.88 N / A 2.29 7 `` Thirteen '' March 3 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.39 N / A 0.80 N / A 2.19 8 `` Terms and Conditions '' March 10 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.20 0.4 0.92 0.8 2.13 9 `` Stealing Fire '' March 31 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.23 0.4 0.76 0.8 1.99 10 `` Fallen '' April 7 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.13 0.4 0.79 0.8 1.98 11 `` Nevermore '' April 14 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.08 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.83 12 `` Demons '' April 21 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.15 0.3 0.74 0.7 1.89 13 `` Join or Die '' April 28 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.27 0.4 0.75 0.8 2.02 14 `` Red Sky at Morning '' May 5 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.13 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.88 15 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part One '' May 12 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.17 0.3 0.72 0.7 1.89 16 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part Two '' May 19 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.29 0.3 0.79 0.8 2.08 Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Echoes '' February 1 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.21 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.97 `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' February 8 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.01 0.3 0.78 0.7 1.79 `` The Four Horsemen '' February 15 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.05 0.3 0.76 0.7 1.80 `` A Lie Guarded '' February 22 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.00 0.3 0.70 0.7 1.69 5 `` The Tinder Box '' March 1 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.02 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` We Will Rise '' March 15 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.4 0.73 0.7 1.72 7 `` Gimme Shelter '' March 22 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.90 0.3 0.74 0.6 1.63 8 `` God Complex '' March 29 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.97 0.3 0.68 0.6 1.65 9 `` DNR '' April 26 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.81 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Die All , Die Merrily '' May 3 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.85 0.3 0.54 0.6 1.42 11 `` The Other Side '' May 10 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.86 0.3 0.66 0.6 1.52 12 `` The Chosen '' May 17 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.83 0.2 0.57 0.5 1.40 13 `` Praimfaya '' May 24 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.91 0.3 0.59 0.6 1.50 Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Eden '' April 24 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.43 0.4 0.91 0.8 2.34 `` Red Queen '' May 1 , 2018 0.3 / 1 1.02 0.4 0.93 0.7 1.95 `` Sleeping Giants '' May 8 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.08 0.3 0.89 0.7 1.97 `` Pandora 's Box '' May 15 , 2018 0.3 / 1 1.07 0.4 0.77 0.7 1.84 5 `` Shifting Sands '' May 22 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.94 0.3 0.88 0.6 1.82 6 `` Exit Wounds '' June 5 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.92 0.4 0.94 0.7 1.87 7 `` Acceptable Losses '' June 19 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.83 0.3 0.87 0.6 1.70 8 `` How We Get to Peace '' June 26 , 2018 0.2 / 1 0.73 0.4 0.86 0.6 1.59 9 `` Sic Semper Tyrannis '' July 10 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.89 0.3 0.80 0.6 1.69 10 `` The Warriors Will '' July 17 , 2018 0.2 / 1 0.86 0.4 0.76 0.6 1.62 11 `` The Dark Year '' July 24 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.85 0.3 0.70 0.6 1.56 12 `` Damocles -- Part One '' July 31 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.88 0.2 0.62 0.5 1.50 13 `` Damocles -- Part Two '' August 7 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.99 0.3 0.74 0.6 1.73 Summary ( edit ) The 100 : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Episode number 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2.73 2.27 1.90 1.69 1.80 1.97 1.88 1.64 1.73 1.46 1.71 1.58 1.68 N / A 1.54 1.48 1.68 1.75 1.64 1.86 1.62 1.40 1.48 1.53 1.51 1.36 1.42 1.55 1.49 1.34 1.88 1.63 1.57 1.32 1.36 1.41 1.39 1.20 1.23 1.13 1.08 1.15 1.27 1.13 1.17 1.29 1.21 1.01 1.05 1.00 1.02 0.98 0.90 0.97 0.81 0.85 0.86 0.83 0.91 N / A 5 1.43 1.02 1.08 1.07 0.94 0.92 0.83 0.73 0.89 0.86 0.85 0.88 0.99 N / A Audience measurement performed by Nielsen Media Research . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ellis , Kate . `` Dangerous planet Earth : The CW 's new sci - fi drama ' The 100 ' premieres '' . TV Media . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Sets Midseason Schedule & New Series Premiere Dates ; ' The Tomorrow People ' Moving to Monday '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ James Hibberd ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` CW orders 3 new sci - fi shows '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` UPDATE : CW 's ' The Tomorrow People ' , ' The 100 ' , ' Reign ' & ' Oxygen ' Ordered To Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` CW Orders 4 Dramas ; Renews ' Carrie Diaries , ' ' Nikita ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 100 , THE ( CW ) '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' The 100 ' Renewed for Season 6 by CW '' . Variety . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mixology ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Law and Order : SVU ' & ' Mixology ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Revolution ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' The 100 ' or ' So You Think You Can Dance ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Motive ' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings for Stanley Cup Finals : Game 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Motive ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment to ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' black - ish ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' & ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ′ Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ′ Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' , ' Red Band Society ' or ' Nashville ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Arrow ' , ' Modern Family ' or ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' or ' The Sing - Off ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' & ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Empire ' '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' , ' The 100 ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Suvivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' Adjusted Up '' . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI : Cyber ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up , CW premieres hold , ' My Diet ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Apocalypse ' premiere and all other shows hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Mom ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Mom ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' and ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Scandal ' adjusts up , 4 CBS shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Scandal , ' ' Life in Pieces ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Odd Couple ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Bones ' adjust up , ' 2 Broke Girls ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up ; ' Odd Couple , ' ' Mom ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Mom ' and ' Rush Hour ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Catch ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Bones ' adjusts up , ' The Catch ' finale and ' Game of Silence ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' and ' Chicago PD ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Black - ish ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dirty Dancing ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Bull ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' NCIS , ' ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' NCIS ' finales adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' 20 / 20 ' adjusts up , ' The Outpost ' and ' World of Dance ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and all shows hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Last Defense ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Outpost ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Making It ' and ' The Outpost ' adjust down , ' Beat Shazam ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' The Following ' , ' Enlisted ' , ' The Tomorrow People ' & ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Gains Most Viewers in Week 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' Hart of Dixie ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Gains Most Viewers in Week 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings & Viewership Gain , ' Parenthood ' & ' Reign ' Top Percentage Gains in Week 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Blacklist ' Have Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Gain , ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gainer in Week 31 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings & Viewership Gain , ' Glee ' Top Percentage Gains in Week 34 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' America 's Next Top Model ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 5 Ending October 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 7 Ending November 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Constantine ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 11 Ending December 7 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Elementary ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 12 Ending December 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Increase , ' Revenge ' Leads Percentage Gainers & ' Elementary ' Tops Viewership Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending January 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Increase , ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gainers in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending February 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Glee ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 20 Ending February 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases & Viewer Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 21 Ending February 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 22 Ending February 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Gains +'Glee ' Tops Percentage Increases , ' The Blacklist ' Wins in Viewer Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 23 Ending March 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains + ' Glee ' & ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 24 Ending March 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 25 Ending March 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' , 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Blindspot , ' ' Jane ' and ' Quantico ' top week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' lead week 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' stay on top for April 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' have biggest gains , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' lead for April 18 -- 24 , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 -- May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Originals ' on CW More Than Doubles its Live Plus Same Day Figures in Delayed Viewing '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ABC Finale of ' Designated Survivor ' Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts ' Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' finale tops the week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Originals ' triples in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for June 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' Gains Nearly 3 Million More Viewers to Again Dominate Scripted Telecasts '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' the Lone Telecast to Rise At Least 3 Million Viewers , Also Tops Scripted Fare in Adults 18 - 49 Raw Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' Earns Third Straight Week of Broadcast Network Scripted Leadership in Delayed Viewing Boosts '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' The Bachelorette ' lead in 18 - 49 broadcast Live + 7 ratings for July 16 - 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Shades of Blue ' doubles in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for July 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Originals ' Series Finale Telecast Ranks as Fourth - Largest Percentage Gainer Among Broadcast Network Entries '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 21 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : Both ' Elementary ' Airings on CBS Lead in Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ For the first season , see `` The 100 : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 13 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . For the second season , see `` The 100 : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . For the third season , see `` The 100 : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . For the fourth season , see `` The 100 : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . For the fifth season , see `` The 100 : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The 100 episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_100_episodes&oldid=856889389 '' Categories : The 100 Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Use mdy dates from April 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Magyar मराठी Polski Português Русский Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 05 : 39 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when is the next the 100 episode coming out	[]	[]
2692538608018195106	Convective heat transfer	Convective heat transfer - wikipedia Convective heat transfer Simulation of thermal convection . Red hues designate hot areas , while regions with blue hues are cold . A hot , less - dense lower boundary layer sends plumes of hot material upwards , and likewise , cold material from the top moves downwards . This illustration is taken from a model of convection in the Earth 's mantle . Convective heat transfer , often referred to simply as convection , is the transfer of heat from one place to another by the movement of fluids . Convection is usually the dominant form of heat transfer in liquids and gases . Although often discussed as a distinct method of heat transfer , convective heat transfer involves the combined processes of unknown conduction ( heat diffusion ) and advection ( heat transfer by bulk fluid flow ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Types 3 Newton 's law of cooling 4 Convective heat transfer 5 See also 6 References Overview ( edit ) Convection can be `` forced '' by movement of a fluid by means other than buoyancy forces ( for example , a water pump in an automobile engine ) . Thermal expansion of fluids may also force convection . In other cases , natural buoyancy forces alone are entirely responsible for fluid motion when the fluid is heated , and this process is called `` natural convection '' . An example is the draft in a chimney or around any fire . In natural convection , an increase in temperature produces a reduction in density , which in turn causes fluid motion due to pressures and forces when fluids of different densities are affected by gravity ( or any g - force ) . For example , when water is heated on a stove , hot water from the bottom of the pan rises , displacing the colder denser liquid , which falls . After heating has stopped , mixing and conduction from this natural convection eventually result in a nearly homogeneous density , and even temperature . Without the presence of gravity ( or conditions that cause a g - force of any type ) , natural convection does not occur , and only forced - convection modes operate . The convection heat transfer mode comprises one mechanism . In addition to energy transfer due to specific molecular motion ( diffusion ) , energy is transferred by bulk , or macroscopic , motion of the fluid . This motion is associated with the fact that , at any instant , large numbers of molecules are moving collectively or as aggregates . Such motion , in the presence of a temperature gradient , contributes to heat transfer . Because the molecules in aggregate retain their random motion , the total heat transfer is then due to the superposition of energy transport by random motion of the molecules and by the bulk motion of the fluid . It is customary to use the term convection when referring to this cumulative transport and the term advection when referring to the transport due to bulk fluid motion . Types ( edit ) This colour schlieren image reveals thermal convection from a human hand ( in silhouette form ) to the surrounding still exchange . Two types of convective heat transfer may be distinguished : Free or natural convection : when fluid motion is caused by buoyancy forces that result from the density variations due to variations of thermal ± temperature in the fluid . In the absence of an internal source , when the fluid is in contact with a hot surface , its molecules separate and scatter , causing the fluid to be less dense . As a consequence , the fluid is displaced while the cooler fluid gets denser and the fluid sinks . Thus , the hotter volume transfers heat towards the cooler volume of that fluid . Familiar examples are the upward flow of air due to a fire or hot object and the circulation of water in a pot that is heated from below . Forced convection : when a fluid is forced to flow over the surface by an internal source such as fans , by stirring , and pumps , creating an artificially induced convection current . In many real - life applications ( e.g. heat losses at solar central receivers or cooling of photovoltaic panels ) , natural and forced convection occur at the same time ( mixed convection ) . Internal and external flow can also classify convection . Internal flow occurs when a fluid is enclosed by a solid boundary such when flowing through a pipe . An external flow occurs when a fluid extends indefinitely without encountering a solid surface . Both of these types of convection , either natural or forced , can be internal or external because they are independent of each other . The bulk temperature , or the average fluid temperature , is a convenient reference point for evaluating properties related to convective heat transfer , particularly in applications related to flow in pipes and ducts . Further classification can be made depending on the smoothness and undulations of the solid surfaces . Not all surfaces are smooth , though a bulk of the available information deals with smooth surfaces . Wavy irregular surfaces are commonly encountered in heat transfer devices which include solar collectors , regenerative heat exchangers and underground energy storage systems . They have a significant role to play in the heat transfer processes in these applications . Since they bring in an added complexity due to the undulations in the surfaces , they need to be tackled with mathematical finesse through elegant simplification techniques . Also they do affect the flow and heat transfer characteristics , thereby behaving differently from straight smooth surfaces . For a visual experience of natural convection , a glass filled with hot water and some red food dye may be placed inside a fish tank with cold , clear water . The convection currents of the red liquid may be seen to rise and fall in different regions , then eventually settle , illustrating the process as heat gradients are dissipated . Newton 's law of cooling ( edit ) Main article : Newton 's law of cooling Convection - cooling is sometimes loosely assumed to be described by Newton 's law of cooling . Newton 's law states that the rate of heat loss of a body is proportional to the difference in temperatures between the body and its surroundings while under the effects of a breeze . The constant of proportionality is the heat transfer coefficient . The law applies when the coefficient is independent , or relatively independent , of the temperature difference between object and environment . In classical natural convective heat transfer , the heat transfer coefficient is dependent on the temperature . However , Newton 's law does approximate reality when the temperature changes are relatively small . Convective heat transfer ( edit ) The basic relationship for heat transfer by convection is : Q _̇ = h A ( T a − T b ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( Q ) ) = hA ( T_ ( a ) - T_ ( b ) ) ) where Q _̇ ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( Q ) ) ) is the heat transferred per unit time , A is the area of the object , h is the heat transfer coefficient , T is the object 's surface temperature and T is the fluid temperature . The convective heat transfer coefficient is dependent upon the physical properties of the fluid and the physical situation . Values of h have been measured and tabulated for commonly encountered fluids and flow situations . See also ( edit ) Heat transfer coefficient Heisler Chart Thermal conductivity Heat transfer enhancement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Incropera DeWitt VBergham Lavine 2007 , Introduction to Heat Transfer , 5th ed. , pg. 6 ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 45727 - 5 Jump up ^ http://biocab.org/Heat_Transfer.html Biology Cabinet organization , April 2006 , `` Heat Transfer '' , Accessed 20 / 04 / 09 Jump up ^ http://www.engineersedge.com/heat_transfer/convection.htm Engineers Edge , 2009 , `` Convection Heat Transfer '' , Accessed 20 / 04 / 09 Jump up ^ Garbrecht , Oliver ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Large eddy simulation of three - dimensional mixed convection on a vertical plate '' ( PDF ) . RWTH Aachen University . Jump up ^ Aroon Shenoy , Mikhail Sheremet , Ioan Pop , 2016 , Convective Flow and Heat Transfer from Wavy Surfaces : Viscous Fluids , Porous Media , and Nanofluids , CRC Press , Taylor & Francis Group , Florida ISBN 978 - 1 - 498 - 76090 - 4 Jump up ^ Based on a work by Newton published anonymously as `` Scala graduum Caloris . Calorum Descriptiones & signa . '' in Philosophical Transactions , 1701 , 824 -- 829 ; ed . Joannes Nichols , Isaaci Newtoni Opera quae exstant omnia , vol. 4 ( 1782 ) , 403 -- 407 . Jump up ^ `` Heat Transfer Mechanisms '' . Colorado State University . The College of Engineering at Colorado State University . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Convective Heat Transfer Convection Equation and Calculator '' . Engineers Edge . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convective_heat_transfer&oldid=849546341 '' Categories : Thermodynamics Heat transfer Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français עברית Magyar Polski Português Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 18 : 56 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what are three natural processes that depend on convection	[]	[]
6310395489410277015	Bedknobs and Broomsticks	Bedknobs and Broomsticks - wikipedia Bedknobs and Broomsticks Jump to : navigation , search Bedknobs and Broomsticks Theatrical poster Directed by Robert Stevenson Produced by Bill Walsh Screenplay by Bill Walsh Don DaGradi Based on The Magic Bedknob & Bonfires and Broomsticks by Mary Norton Starring Dame Angela Lansbury David Tomlinson John Ericson Ian Weighill Cindy O'Callaghan Roy Snart Music by Songs : Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman Score : Irwin Kostal Cinematography Frank Phillips Edited by Cotton Warburton Production company Walt Disney Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Distribution Release date October 7 , 1971 ( 1971 - 10 - 07 ) ( United Kingdom ) December 13 , 1971 ( 1971 - 12 - 13 ) ( United States ) Running time 117 minutes ( 1971 original version ) 96 minutes ( 1979 reissue version ) 139 minutes ( 1996 reconstruction version ) Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $37.9 million Bedknobs and Broomsticks is a 1971 American musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by Buena Vista Distribution Company in North America on December 13 , 1971 . It is based upon the books The Magic Bedknob ; or , How to Become a Witch in Ten Easy Lessons ( 1943 ) and Bonfires and Broomsticks ( 1945 ) by English children 's author Mary Norton . The film , which combines live action and animation , stars Angela Lansbury and David Tomlinson . The film is frequently compared with Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) , since it combines live action and animation and is partially set in the streets of London . It also features numerous cast members from Mary Poppins , particularly Tomlinson , supporting actor Reginald Owen ( in his last film role ) , a similar film crew , songwriters the Sherman Brothers , director Robert Stevenson , art director Peter Ellenshaw , and musical direction by Irwin Kostal . This was the last film released prior to the death of Walt Disney 's surviving brother , Roy O. Disney , who died one week later . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voices 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reaction 5.2 Accolades 6 Soundtrack 7 Cast reunion 8 Stage musical 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) During the Blitz , Charlie , Carrie , and Paul are evacuated from London to Pepperinge Eye , where they are placed in the reluctant care of Miss Eglantine Price , who agrees to the arrangement temporarily . The three children attempt to run back to London , but after observing Miss Price attempting to fly on a broomstick , they change their minds . Miss Price reveals she is learning witchcraft through a correspondence school with hopes of using her spells in the British war effort , and offers the children a transportation spell in exchange for their silence . She casts the spell on a knob , and adds only Paul can work the spell . Later , Miss Price receives a letter from her school announcing its closure , thus preventing her from learning the final spell . She convinces Paul to use the enchanted bed to return the group to London , and locate Professor Emelius Browne . They discover Browne is actually a charismatic showman who created the course from an old book , and is surprised to learn the spells actually work for Miss Price . He gives the book to Miss Price , who is distraught to discover the final spell is missing . The group travels to Portobello Road to locate the rest of the book . They are approached by Swinburne , who takes them to the Bookman , who possesses the remainder of the book . They exchange their pieces , but learn only the spell was inscribed on a medallion , the Star of Astaroth , that belonged to a sorcerer of that name . The Bookman reveals the medallion may have been taken by a pack of wild animals , given anthropomorphism by Astaroth , to a remote island called Naboombu . It was said in the 17th century , a lascar claimed he saw Naboombu . The Bookman , however , does not believe the island exists , as he looked in every chart for it , until Paul confirms its existence via a storybook . The group fly on the bed , and land in the Island of Naboombu 's lagoon ; there , the bed goes underwater , where Mr. Browne and Miss Price enter a dance contest , and win first prize . Just then , the bed is fished out of the sea by a bear , who tells the five there is `` No Peopling Allowed '' . They are brought before King Leonidas , who rules the island . He is wearing the Star of Astaroth , then invites Mr. Browne to act as a referee in a soccer game . The chaotic match ends in Leonidas ' self - proclaimed victory , but Mr. Browne cleverly swaps the medallion with his referee whistle as he leaves . Upon examining the Star , Miss Price finds the missing spell , `` Substitutiary Locomotion '' . When he discovers the theft , Leonidas pursues the travelers , but Miss Price transforms him into a white rabbit , and the five escape . Back home , Miss Price prepares to try out the spell , but the Star has vanished back into the fantasy world of Naboombu . Paul reveals the spell `` Substitutiary Locomotion '' was actually in his storybook the whole time . Miss Price attempts the spell on Mr. Browne 's shoes ; while the spell works , and imbues the shoes with life , she finds she inadvertently brought other items throughout the house to life as well , and has difficultly controlling them . Mrs. Hobday informs Miss Price the children can be relocated with another family , but Miss Price wants them to stay . Mr. Browne is leery of commitment , and when the children refer to him as a father figure , he attempts to return to London . A platoon of Nazi commandos land on the coast , and invade Miss Price 's house , imprisoning her and the children in the local museum . After observing more Nazis disabling phone lines , Mr. Browne comes to the rescue , inspiring Miss Price to use `` Substitutiary Locomotion '' to enchant the museum 's exhibits into an army . The army of knights ' armour and military uniforms chase the Nazis away , but as the Nazis retreat , they destroy Miss Price 's workshop , ending her career as a witch . Though disappointed her career is over , she is happy she played a small part in the war effort . Mr. Browne enlists in the army , and departs with the local Home Guard escorting him , while Paul reveals he still has the enchanted bedknob , hinting they can continue on with their adventures . Cast ( edit ) Angela Lansbury as Miss Eglantine Price . Miss Price is initially a somewhat reclusive woman , reluctant to take in children from London as she believes they will get in the way of her witchcraft , which she prefers to keep secret but hopes to use to bring the nascent World War II to an end . David Tomlinson as Mr. Emelius Browne . Introduced as `` Professor Browne , '' the title by which Miss Price knows him , he is running a Correspondence College of Witchcraft based on what he believes to be `` nonsense words '' found in an old book . When Miss Price and the children find him in London , he is revealed to be a street performer and con artist , and not a very good one . He is , however , a smooth talker , which proves useful on the group 's adventures , and believes in doing everything `` with a flair . '' As the adventures unfold , he finds himself developing an attachment to Miss Price and the children , a feeling he struggles with . Ian Weighill as Charles `` Charlie '' Rawlins . Charlie is the eldest of the orphaned Rawlins children ; eleven , going on twelve , according to Carrie , an age which Miss Price calls `` The Age of Not Believing . '' Accordingly , he is initially cynical and disbelieving of Miss Price 's magical efforts , but comes around as time goes on ; it is at his initial suggestion that Ms. Price uses the Substitutiary Locomotion spell on the museum artifacts . Cindy O'Callaghan as Carrie Rawlins . Slightly younger than Charlie , she takes on a motherly attitude toward her brothers , especially Paul . She is the first to encourage a friendly relationship between Miss Price and the children . Roy Snart as Paul Rawlins . Paul is about six ; his possession of the bedknob and the Isle of Naboombu children 's book lead to the group 's adventures as well as the eventual solution to the quest for the Substitutiary Locomotion spell . Paul is prone to blurting out whatever is on his mind , which occasionally leads to trouble . Roddy McDowall as Mr. Rowan Jelk , the local clergyman . Deleted scenes reveal Mr. Jelk to be interested in marrying Miss Price , largely for her property . Sam Jaffe as the Bookman , a mysterious criminal also in pursuit of the Substitutiary Locomotion spell . It is implied that there is some history and bad blood between him and Mr. Browne . Bruce Forsyth as Swinburne , a spiv and associate of the Bookman 's who acts as his muscle . Tessie O'Shea as Mrs. Jessica `` Jessie '' Hobday , the local postmistress of Pepperinge Eye and chairwoman of the War Activities Committee . John Ericson as Colonel Heller , leader of the German raiding party which comes ashore at Pepperinge Eye . Reginald Owen as Major General Sir Brian Teagler , commander of the local Home Guard . Arthur Gould - Porter as Captain Ainsley Greer , a British Army captain who comes from HQ in London to inspect the Home Guard and becomes lost in the area . He is constantly running into locals who suspect him of being a Nazi in disguise . Hank Worden as Old Home Guard Soldier ( uncredited ) Cyril Delevanti as Elderly farmer Voices ( edit ) Lennie Weinrib as King Leonidas and Secretary Bird . The king is a lion , and a devoted football player with a fearsome temper , as well as a notorious cheat who is known to make up the rules as he goes along -- according to Paul 's book . His Secretary Bird is a prim and proper type who often bears the brunt of the king 's temper . Dallas McKennon as Bear . The Bear is a sailor and fisherman on the Isle of Naboombu who pulls the bed , with Miss Price 's group on it , out of the lagoon with his fishing pole , and takes them to see the King after warning them of his temper . Bob Holt as Codfish , a denizen of the Naboombu lagoon . Leslie Caron , Lynn Redgrave , Judy Carne , and Julie Andrews were all considered for the role of Eglantine Price before the Disney studio decided on Lansbury . David Tomlinson replaced Ron Moody as Emelius Brown because Moody refused to star in the film unless he received top billing which the studio would not allow . Peter Ustinov was also considered before Tomlinson was cast . Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : further information on the production of Bedknobs and Broomsticks . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2017 ) Filming took place at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California . The castle scenes were shot on location at Corfe Castle , Dorset , England . The armor used for the climactic battle against the Nazis had been assembled in Spain for the movie El Cid and was later shipped to Burbank for use in the movie Camelot before being rented for this film . Release ( edit ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks was originally intended to be a large - scale epic holiday release similar to Mary Poppins , but after its premiere , it was shortened from its two and a half - hour length ( while the liner notes on the soundtrack reissue in 2002 claims it was closer to three hours ) to a more manageable ( to movie theatres ) two hours . Along with a minor subplot involving Roddy McDowall 's character , three songs were removed entirely , and the central dance number `` Portobello Road '' was shortened by more than six minutes . The 139 - minute version of the film would eventually be published years later . By 1976 , the film had earned rentals of $8.5 million in North America . The movie was reissued theatrically on April 13 , 1979 , with a shorter running time of 96 minutes and all songs , excluding `` Portobello Road '' and `` Beautiful Briny Sea '' , muted out . Home media ( edit ) The film has been released for home several times on VHS and DVD . The initial VHS and Laserdisc is a time - compressed transfer that would n't be corrected until the 1986 reprinting for the Wonderland Sale promotion . Upon rediscovering the removed song `` A Step in the Right Direction '' on the original soundtrack album , Disney decided to reconstruct the film 's original running length . Most of the film material was found , but some segments of `` Portobello Road '' had to be reconstructed from work prints with digital re-coloration to match the film quality of the main content . The footage for `` A Step in the Right Direction '' was never located . As of 2009 , it remains lost , and it is believed that the footage was possibly destroyed . A reconstruction of `` A Step in the Right Direction '' , using the original music track linked up to existing production stills , was included on the DVD as an extra to convey an idea of what the lost sequence would have looked like . The edit included several newly discovered songs , including `` Nobody 's Problems '' , performed by Lansbury . The number had been cut before the premiere of the film . Lansbury had only made a demo recording , singing with a solo piano because the orchestrations would have been added when the picture was scored . When the song was cut , the orchestrations had not yet been added ; therefore , it was finally orchestrated and put together when it was placed back into the film . The soundtrack for some of the spoken tracks was unrecoverable . Therefore , Lansbury and McDowall re-dubbed their parts , while other actors made ADR dubs for those who were unavailable . Even though David Tomlinson was still alive when the film was being reconstructed , he was in ill - health , and unavailable to provide ADR for Emelius Browne . Some of the alternate actors who re-dubbed the newly inserted scenes had questionable likenesses to that of the original voices ( the postmistress , for example , had a British regional accented voice that changed from Welsh to Scottish and back again on the reconstructed scenes ) . Elements of the underscoring were either moved or extended when it was necessary to benefit the new material . The extended version of the film was released on VHS and DVD on March 20 , 2001 , to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the film . The reconstruction additionally marks the first time the film was presented in stereophonic sound . A new edition called Bedknobs and Broomsticks : Enchanted Musical Edition was released on DVD on September 8 , 2009 . This new single - disc edition is an identical transfer to the 30th Anniversary Edition , dropping the Scrapbook and Film Facts to make room for a Wizards of Waverly Place Special Effects featurette and a The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Blu - ray infomercial . The Sherman Brothers Featurette , the lost song `` A Step in the Right Direction '' and most of the other bonus features are retained from the previous edition . The movie was released on Special Edition Blu - ray , DVD , and Digital HD on August 12 , 2014 , in its 117 - minute General Release Version , with the deleted scenes used in the previous reconstructed version presented in a separate section on the Blu - ray disc . Many fans are disappointed that the 30th anniversary version has not been transferred onto Blu - ray as an option , ( e.g. a Blu - ray set containing both the 117 - min and 140 - min versions ) , as despite the ADR dubbing , many still prefer the longer uncut version . Reception ( edit ) Critical reaction ( edit ) The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics . It has a score of 63 % on Rotten Tomatoes . Accolades ( edit ) The film received five Academy Award nominations and won one . Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Golden Globe Awards February 6 , 1972 Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Angela Lansbury Nominated Academy Awards April 10 , 1972 Best Special Visual Effects Alan Maley , Eustace Lycett and Danny Lee Won Best Costume Design Bill Thomas Nominated Best Art Direction Art Direction : John B. Mansbridge and Peter Ellenshaw ; Set Decoration : Emile Kuri and Hal Gausman Nominated Best Song Original for the Picture Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman Nominated Best Original Song and Adaptation Score Song Score : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ; Adaptation : Irwin Kostal Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks Soundtrack album by Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman and Irwin Kostal Released 1971 Label Walt Disney Producer Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman Irwin Kostal The musical score for Bedknobs and Broomsticks was composed by Irwin Kostal , with all songs written by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman . A soundtrack album was released by Buena Vista Records in 1971 . While the film was released in mono sound , the musical score was recorded in stereo and the soundtrack album was released in stereo . An expanded soundtrack album was later released on CD on August 13 , 2002 . These songs include : `` The Old Home Guard '' `` The Age of Not Believing '' ( received an Oscar nomination for Best Song Original for the Picture ) `` With a Flair '' ( only in the reconstruction ) `` Eglantine '' `` Do n't Let Me Down '' ( only in the reconstruction ) `` Portobello Road '' `` The Beautiful Briny '' `` Substitutiary Locomotion '' `` A Step in the Right Direction '' `` Nobody 's Problems '' ( only in the reconstruction ) `` Solid Citizen '' ( replaced by the soccer match ) `` Fundamental Element '' ( sections were incorporated into `` Do n't Let Me Down '' ) Cast reunion ( edit ) The three child stars of the film shared their recollections on an edition of The One Show broadcast on BBC One on 3 May 2016 and Angela Lansbury recorded a short filmed tribute to them . The two boys did not go any further with their film careers ; Ian Weighill who played the older boy , Charlie , reportedly became a train engineer and Roy Snart who played the younger boy , Paul , is the head of a software company . Cindy O'Callaghan , who played Carrie , went on to appear in numerous television productions including `` EastEnders '' and `` Gem '' . Stage musical ( edit ) Main article : Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( musical ) A stage musical adaptation of Bedknobs and Broomsticks featuring a book by Brian Hill , additional musical and lyrics by Neil Bartram ( in addition to The Sherman Brothers songs ) and will be directed and choreographed by Rachel Rockwell . It will make its world premiere at The Yard at the Chicago Shakespeare Theater from May 30 to July 28 , 2019 . See also ( edit ) Disney portal Cartoon portal 1970s portal Film portal List of American films of 1971 Mary Poppins References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bedknobs and Broomsticks '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bedknobs and Broomsticks '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bedknobs and Broomsticks , Box Office Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ' Bedknobs and Broomsticks : Cast & Crew ' movies.msn.com Jump up ^ ' Bedknobs & Broomsticks ' Turner Classic Movies Database Jump up ^ According to film critic Leonard Maltin 's book Disney Films . Jump up ^ `` All - time Film Rental Champs '' , Variety , 7 January 1976 p 44 Jump up ^ `` Bedknobs and Broomsticks : Enchanted Musical Edition DVD Review '' . DVDizzy.com . Jump up ^ `` NY Times : Bedknobs and Broomsticks '' . NY Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ The One Show 3 May 2016 Retrieved 4 May 2016 Jump up ^ Where Are They Now Bedknobs and Broomsticks at The Express 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 4 May 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Bedknobs and Broomsticks Official website Bedknobs and Broomsticks 30th Anniversary Edition DVD Review at UltimateDisney.com Bedknobs and Broomsticks on IMDb Bedknobs and Broomsticks at AllMovie Bedknobs and Broomsticks at The Big Cartoon DataBase Bedknobs and Broomsticks at the TCM Movie Database Bedknobs and Broomsticks at Rotten Tomatoes Bedknobs and Broomsticks at DBCult Film Institute A contemporary , 1971 review Films directed by Robert Stevenson Happy Ever After ( 1932 ) Falling for You ( 1933 ) Tudor Rose ( 1936 ) The Man Who Changed His Mind ( 1936 ) Jack of All Trades ( 1936 ) King Solomon 's Mines ( 1937 ) Non-Stop New York ( 1937 ) Owd Bob ( 1938 ) The Ware Case ( 1938 ) Young Man 's Fancy ( 1939 ) Return to Yesterday ( 1940 ) Tom Brown 's School Days ( 1940 ) Back Street ( 1941 ) Joan of Paris ( 1942 ) Forever and a Day ( 1943 ) Jane Eyre ( 1943 ) Dishonored Lady ( 1947 ) To the Ends of the Earth ( 1948 ) I Married a Communist ( 1949 ) Walk Softly , Stranger ( 1950 ) My Forbidden Past ( 1951 ) The Las Vegas Story ( 1952 ) Johnny Tremain ( 1957 ) Old Yeller ( 1957 ) Darby O'Gill and the Little People ( 1959 ) Kidnapped ( 1960 ) The Absent - Minded Professor ( 1961 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1962 ) Son of Flubber ( 1963 ) The Misadventures of Merlin Jones ( 1964 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) The Monkey 's Uncle ( 1965 ) That Darn Cat ! ( 1965 ) The Gnome - Mobile ( 1967 ) Blackbeard 's Ghost ( 1968 ) The Love Bug ( 1968 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Herbie Rides Again ( 1974 ) The Island at the Top of the World ( 1974 ) One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing ( 1975 ) The Shaggy D.A. ( 1976 ) Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time The Sherman Brothers Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman Motion pictures The Parent Trap ( 1961 ) The Absent - Minded Professor ( 1961 ) Greyfriars Bobby ( 1961 ) Bon Voyage ! ( 1962 ) A Symposium on Popular Songs ( 1962 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1962 ) Big Red ( 1962 ) Moon Pilot ( 1962 ) Summer Magic ( 1963 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Misadventures of Merlin Jones ( 1964 ) The Moon - Spinners ( 1964 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Those Calloways ( 1965 ) The Monkey 's Uncle ( 1965 ) That Darn Cat ! ( 1965 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Follow Me Boys ( 1966 ) The Happiest Millionaire ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin ( 1967 ) The One and Only , Genuine , Original Family Band ( 1968 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Goldilocks ( 1971 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Snoopy , Come Home ( 1972 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) Tom Sawyer ( 1973 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Magic of Lassie ( 1978 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland ( 1992 ) The Mighty Kong ( 1998 ) Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Stage musicals and musical revues Victory Canteen ( 1971 ) Over Here ! ( 1974 ) Dawgs ( 1983 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Busker Alley ( 1994 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 2002 ) On the Record ( 2004 ) Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) Merry - Go - Round workshop ( 2007 ) A Spoonful of Sherman ( 2014 ) Theme park attractions Golden Horseshoe Revue ( 1955 ) King Arthur Carrousel ( 1955 ) Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room ( 1963 ) It 's a Small World ( 1966 ) Adventure Thru Inner Space ( 1967 ) Main Street Electrical Parade ( 1972 ) America Sings ( 1974 ) Walt Disney 's Carousel of Progress ( 1975 ) America on Parade ( 1975 ) CommuniCore ( 1982 ) Imagination ! ( 1982 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) The World Showcase March ( 1982 ) Japan ( Epcot ) ( 1982 ) Journey into Imagination ( 1983 ) Meet the World ( 1983 ) Innoventions ( 1998 ) Rocket Rods ( 1998 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1999 ) Disneyland Forever ( 2015 ) Books Walt 's Time : from before to beyond ( 1998 ) Moose : Chapters From My Life ( 2013 ) Related The Boys : The Sherman Brothers ' Story ( 2009 ) Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bedknobs_and_Broomsticks&oldid=834031139 '' Categories : 1971 films English - language films 1970s adventure films 1970s fantasy films 1970s musical films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated fantasy films American fantasy adventure films American films American musical fantasy films Animated films based on children 's books Animated musical films Association football films Battle of Britain films Films about animals playing sports Films about shapeshifting Films based on British novels Films based on multiple works Films directed by Robert Stevenson Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Bill Walsh ( producer ) Films set in 1940 Films set in England Films set in London Films shot in Dorset Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award Films with live action and animation Magic in film Musicals about World War II Nazis in fiction Walt Disney Pictures films World War II films Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles to be expanded from November 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from July 2014 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 15 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	voice of the king in bedknobs and broomsticks	[ "Lennie Weinrib as King Leonidas and Secretary Bird. The king is a lion, and a devoted football player with a fearsome temper, as well as a notorious cheat who is known to make up the rules as he goes along – according to Paul's book. His Secretary Bird is a prim and proper type who often bears the brunt of the king's temper." ]	[ "Lennie Weinrib" ]
-221772010253531213	Botnet	Botnet - wikipedia Botnet Stacheldraht botnet diagram showing a DDoS attack . ( Note this is also an example of a type of client - server model of a botnet . ) A botnet is a number of Internet - connected devices , each of which is running one or more bots . Botnets can be used to perform distributed denial - of - service attack ( DDoS attack ) , steal data , send spam , and allows the attacker to access the device and its connection . The owner can control the botnet using command and control ( C&C ) software . The word `` botnet '' is a combination of the words `` robot '' and `` network '' . The term is usually used with a negative or malicious connotation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Architecture 2.1 Client - server model 2.2 Peer - to - peer 3 Core components of a botnet 3.1 Control protocols 3.2 Zombie computer 4 Command and control 4.1 Telnet 4.2 IRC 4.3 P2P 4.4 Domains 4.5 Others 5 Construction 5.1 Traditional 5.2 Others 6 Common features 7 Market 8 Countermeasures 9 Historical list of botnets 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Overview ( edit ) A botnet is a logical collection of internet - connected devices such as computers , smartphones or IoT devices whose security has been breached and control ceded to a third party . Each such compromised device , known as a `` bot '' , is created when a device is penetrated by software from a malware ( malicious software ) distribution . The controller of a botnet is able to direct the activities of these compromised computers through communication channels formed by standards - based network protocols such as IRC and Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP ) . Botnets are increasingly rented out by cyber criminals as commodities for a variety of purposes . Architecture ( edit ) Botnet architecture has evolved over time in an effort to evade detection and disruption . Traditionally , bot programs are constructed as clients which communicate via existing servers . This allows the bot herder ( the person controlling the botnet ) to perform all control from a remote location , which obfuscates their traffic . Many recent botnets now rely on existing peer - to - peer networks to communicate . These P2P bot programs perform the same actions as the client - server model , but they do not require a central server to communicate . Client - server model ( edit ) A network based on the client - server model , where individual clients request services and resources from centralized servers The first botnets on the internet used a client - server model to accomplish their tasks . Typically , these botnets operate through Internet Relay Chat networks , domains , or websites . Infected clients access a predetermined location and await incoming commands from the server . The bot herder sends commands to the server , which relays them to the clients . Clients execute the commands and report their results back to the bot herder . In the case of IRC botnets , infected clients connect to an infected IRC server and join a channel pre-designated for C&C by the bot herder . The bot herder sends commands to the channel via the IRC server . Each client retrieves the commands and executes them . Clients send messages back to the IRC channel with the results of their actions . Peer - to - peer ( edit ) A peer - to - peer ( P2P ) network in which interconnected nodes ( `` peers '' ) share resources among each other without the use of a centralized administrative system In response to efforts to detect and decapitate IRC botnets , bot herders have begun deploying malware on peer - to - peer networks . These bots may use digital signatures so that only someone with access to the private key can control the botnet . See e.g. Gameover ZeuS and ZeroAccess botnet . Newer botnets fully operate over P2P networks . Rather than communicate with a centralized server , P2P bots perform as both a command distribution server and a client which receives commands . This avoids having any single point of failure , which is an issue for centralized botnets . In order to find other infected machines , the bot discreetly probes random IP addresses until it contacts another infected machine . The contacted bot replies with information such as its software version and list of known bots . If one of the bots ' version is lower than the other , they will initiate a file transfer to update . This way , each bot grows its list of infected machines and updates itself by periodically communicating to all known bots . Core components of a botnet ( edit ) A botnet 's originator ( known as a `` bot herder '' or `` bot master '' ) controls the botnet remotely . This is known as the command - and - control ( C&C ) . The program for the operation which must communicate via a covert channel to the client on the victim 's machine ( zombie computer ) . Control protocols ( edit ) IRC is a historically favored means of C&C because of its communication protocol . A bot herder creates an IRC channel for infected clients to join . Messages sent to the channel are broadcast to all channel members . The bot herder may set the channel 's topic to command the botnet . E.g. the message : herder ! herder@example.com TOPIC # channel DDoS www.victim.com from the bot herder alerts all infected clients belonging to # channel to begin a DDoS attack on the website www.victim.com . An example response : bot1 ! bot1@compromised.net PRIVMSG # channel I am DDoSing www.victim.com by a bot client alerts the bot herder that it has begun the attack . Some botnets implement custom versions of well - known protocols . The implementation differences can be used for detection of botnets . For example , Mega-D features a slightly modified SMTP implementation for testing spam capability . Bringing down the Mega-D 's SMTP server disables the entire pool of bots that rely upon the same SMTP server . Zombie computer ( edit ) In computer science , a zombie computer is a computer connected to the Internet that has been compromised by a hacker , computer virus or trojan horse and can be used to perform malicious tasks of one sort or another under remote direction . Botnets of zombie computers are often used to spread e-mail spam and launch denial - of - service attacks . Most owners of zombie computers are unaware that their system is being used in this way . Because the owner tends to be unaware , these computers are metaphorically compared to zombies . A coordinated DDoS attack by multiple botnet machines also resembles a zombie horde attack . Many computer users are unaware that their computer is infected with bots . The process of stealing computing resources as a result of a system being joined to a `` botnet '' is sometimes referred to as `` scrumping . Command and control ( edit ) Botnet Command and control ( C&C ) protocols have been implemented in a number of ways , from traditional IRC approaches to more sophisticated versions . Telnet ( edit ) Telnet botnets use a simple C&C Protocol in which bots connect to the main command server to host the botnet . Bots are added to the botnet by using a scanning script , the scanning script is run on an external server and scans IP ranges for telnet and SSH server default logins . Once a login is found it is added to an infection list and infected with a malicious infection line via SSH on from the scanner server . When the SSH command is run it infects the server and commands the server to ping to the control server and becomes its slave from the malicious code infecting it . Once servers are infected to the server the bot controller can launch DDoS attacks of high volume using the C&C panel on the host server . These types of botnets were used to take down large websites like Xbox and PlayStation network by a known hacking group called Lizard Squad . IRC ( edit ) IRC networks use simple , low bandwidth communication methods , making them widely used to host botnets . They tend to be relatively simple in construction and have been used with moderate success for coordinating DDoS attacks and spam campaigns while being able to continually switch channels to avoid being taken down . However , in some cases , the mere blocking of certain keywords has proven effective in stopping IRC - based botnets . The RFC 1459 ( IRC ) standard is popular with botnets . The first known popular botnet controller script , `` MaXiTE Bot '' was using IRC XDCC protocol for private control commands . One problem with using IRC is that each bot client must know the IRC server , port , and channel to be of any use to the botnet . Anti-malware organizations can detect and shut down these servers and channels , effectively halting the botnet attack . If this happens , clients are still infected , but they typically lie dormant since they have no way of receiving instructions . To mitigate this problem , a botnet can consist of several servers or channels . If one of the servers or channels becomes disabled , the botnet simply switches to another . It is still possible to detect and disrupt additional botnet servers or channels by sniffing IRC traffic . A botnet adversary can even potentially gain knowledge of the control scheme and imitate the bot herder by issuing commands correctly . P2P ( edit ) Since most botnets using IRC networks and domains can be taken down with time , hackers have moved to P2P botnets with C&C as a way to make it harder to be taken down . Some have also used encryption as a way to secure or lock down the botnet from others , most of the time when they use encryption it is public - key cryptography and has presented challenges in both implementing it and breaking it . Domains ( edit ) Many large botnets tend to use domains rather than IRC in their construction ( see Rustock botnet and Srizbi botnet ) . They are usually hosted with bulletproof hosting services . This is one of the earliest types of C&C . A zombie computer accesses a specially - designed webpage or domain ( s ) which serves the list of controlling commands . The advantages of using web pages or domains as C&C is that a large botnet can be effectively controlled and maintained with very simple code that can be readily updated . Disadvantages of using this method are that it uses a considerable amount of bandwidth at large scale , and domains can be quickly seized by government agencies without much trouble or effort . If the domains controlling the botnets are not seized , they are also easy targets to compromise with denial - of - service attacks . Fast - flux DNS can be used as a way to make it difficult to track down the control servers , which may change from day to day . Control servers may also hop from DNS domain to DNS domain , with domain generation algorithms being used to create new DNS names for controller servers . Some botnets use free DNS hosting services such as DynDns.org , No-IP.com , and Afraid.org to point a subdomain towards an IRC server that harbors the bots . While these free DNS services do not themselves host attacks , they provide reference points ( often hard - coded into the botnet executable ) . Removing such services can cripple an entire botnet . Others ( edit ) Calling back to large social media sites such as GitHub , Twitter , Reddit , Instagram , the XMPP open source instant message protocol and Tor hidden services are popular ways of avoiding egress filtering to communicate with a C&C server . Construction ( edit ) Traditional ( edit ) This example illustrates how a botnet is created and used for malicious gain . A hacker purchases or builds a Trojan and / or exploit kit and uses it to start infecting users ' computers , whose payload is a malicious application -- the bot . The bot instructs the infected PC to connect to a particular command - and - control ( C&C ) server . ( This allows the botmaster to keep logs of how many bots are active and online . ) The botmaster may then use the bots to gather keystrokes or use form grabbing to steal online credentials and may rent out the botnet as DDoS and / or spam as a service or sell the credentials online for a profit . Depending on the quality and capability of the bots , the value is increased or decreased . Newer bots can automatically scan their environment and propagate themselves using vulnerabilities and weak passwords . Generally , the more vulnerabilities a bot can scan and propagate through , the more valuable it becomes to a botnet controller community . Computers can be co-opted into a botnet when they execute malicious software . This can be accomplished by luring users into making a drive - by download , exploiting web browser vulnerabilities , or by tricking the user into running a Trojan horse program , which may come from an email attachment . This malware will typically install modules that allow the computer to be commanded and controlled by the botnet 's operator . After the software is downloaded , it will call home ( send a reconnection packet ) to the host computer . When the re-connection is made , depending on how it is written , a Trojan may then delete itself or may remain present to update and maintain the modules . Others ( edit ) In some cases , a botnet may be temporarily created by volunteer hacktivists , such as with implementations of the Low Orbit Ion Cannon as used by 4chan members during Project Chanology in 2010 . China 's Great Cannon of China allows the modification of legitimate web browsing traffic at internet backbones into China to create a large ephemeral botnet to attack large targets such as GitHub in 2015 . Common features ( edit ) Most botnets currently feature distributed denial - of - service attacks in which multiple systems submit as many requests as possible to a single Internet computer or service , overloading it and preventing it from servicing legitimate requests . An example is an attack on a victim 's server . The victim 's server is bombarded with requests by the bots , attempting to connect to the server , therefore , overloading it . Spyware is software which sends information to its creators about a user 's activities -- typically passwords , credit card numbers and other information that can be sold on the black market . Compromised machines that are located within a corporate network can be worth more to the bot herder , as they can often gain access to confidential corporate information . Several targeted attacks on large corporations aimed to steal sensitive information , such as the Aurora botnet . E-mail spam are e-mail messages disguised as messages from people , but are either advertising , annoying , or malicious . Click fraud occurs when the user 's computer visits websites without the user 's awareness to create false web traffic for personal or commercial gain . Bitcoin Mining was used in some of the more recent botnets have which include bitcoin mining as a feature in order to generate profits for the operator of the botnet . Self - spreading functionality , to seek for pre-configured command - and - control ( CNC ) pushed instruction contains targeted devices or network , to aim for more infection , is also spotted in several botnets . Some of the botnets are utilizing this function to automate their infections . Market ( edit ) The botnet controller community features a constant and continuous struggle over who has the most bots , the highest overall bandwidth , and the most `` high - quality '' infected machines , like university , corporate , and even government machines . While botnets are often named after the malware that created them , multiple botnets typically use the same malware but are operated by different entities . Countermeasures ( edit ) The geographic dispersal of botnets means that each recruit must be individually identified / corralled / repaired and limits the benefits of filtering . Computer security experts have succeeded in destroying or subverting malware command and control networks , by , among other means , seizing servers or getting them cut off from the Internet , denying access to domains that were due to be used by malware to contact its C&C infrastructure , and , in some cases , breaking into the C&C network itself . In response to this , C&C operators have resorted to using techniques such as overlaying their C&C networks on other existing benign infrastructure such as IRC or Tor , using peer - to - peer networking systems that are not dependent on any fixed servers , and using public key encryption to defeat attempts to break into or spoof the network . Norton AntiBot was aimed at consumers , but most target enterprises and / or ISPs . Host - based techniques use heuristics to identify bot behavior that has bypassed conventional anti-virus software . Network - based approaches tend to use the techniques described above ; shutting down C&C servers , null - routing DNS entries , or completely shutting down IRC servers . BotHunter is software , developed with support from the U.S. Army Research Office , that detects botnet activity within a network by analyzing network traffic and comparing it to patterns characteristic of malicious processes . Researchers at Sandia National Laboratories are analyzing botnets ' behavior by simultaneously running one million Linux kernels -- a similar scale to a botnet -- as virtual machines on a 4,480 - node high - performance computer cluster to emulate a very large network , allowing them to watch how botnets work and experiment with ways to stop them . One thing that 's becoming more apparent is the fact that detecting automated bot attacks is becoming more difficult each day as newer and more sophisticated generations of bots are getting launched by attackers . For example , an automated attack can deploy a large bot army and apply brute - force methods with highly accurate username and password lists to hack into accounts . The idea is to overwhelm sites with tens of thousands of requests from different IPs all over the world , but with each bot only submitting a single request every 10 minutes or so , which can result in more than 5 million attempts per day . In these cases , many tools try to leverage volumetric detection , but automated bot attacks now have ways of circumventing triggers of volumetric detection . One of the techniques for detecting these bot attacks is what 's known as `` signature - based systems '' in which the software will attempt to detect patterns in the request packet . But attacks are constantly evolving , so this may not be a viable option when patterns ca n't be discerned from thousands of requests . There 's also the behavioral approach to thwarting bots , which ultimately is trying distinguish bots from humans . By identifying non-human behavior and recognizing known bot behavior , this process can be applied at the user , browser , and network levels . Historical list of botnets ( edit ) The first botnet was first acknowledged and exposed by Earthlink during a lawsuit with notorious spammer Khan C. Smith in 2001 for the purpose of bulk spam accounting for nearly 25 % of all spam at the time . Around 2006 , to thwart detection , some botnets were scaling back in size . Date created Date dismantled Name Estimated no. of bots Spam capacity ( bn / day ) Aliases 1999 ! a 999,999,999 100000 ! a 2003 MaXiTE 500 - 1000 servers 0 MaXiTE XDCC Bot , MaXiTE IRC TCL Script , MaxServ 2004 ( Early ) Bagle 230,000 5.7 Beagle , Mitglieder , Lodeight Marina Botnet 6,215,000 92 Damon Briant , BOB. dc , Cotmonger , Hacktool. Spammer , Kraken Torpig 180,000 Sinowal , Anserin Storm 160,000 Nuwar , Peacomm , Zhelatin 2006 ( around ) 2011 ( March ) Rustock 150,000 30 RKRustok , Costrat Donbot 125,000 0.8 Buzus , Bachsoy 2007 ( around ) Cutwail 1,500,000 74 Pandex , Mutant ( related to : Wigon , Pushdo ) 2007 Akbot 1,300,000 2007 ( March ) 2008 ( November ) Srizbi 450,000 60 Cbeplay , Exchanger Lethic 260,000 none Xarvester 10,000 0.15 Rlsloup , Pixoliz 2008 ( around ) Sality 1,000,000 Sector , Kuku 2008 ( around ) 2009 - Dec Mariposa 12,000,000 2008 ( November ) Conficker 10,500,000 + 10 DownUp , DownAndUp , DownAdUp , Kido 2008 ( November ) 2010 ( March ) Waledac 80,000 1.5 Waled , Waledpak Maazben 50,000 0.5 None Onewordsub 40,000 1.8 Gheg 30,000 0.24 Tofsee , Mondera Nucrypt 20,000 5 Loosky , Locksky Wopla 20,000 0.6 Pokier , Slogger , Cryptic 2008 ( around ) Asprox 15,000 Danmec , Hydraflux 0 Spamthru 12,000 0.35 Spam - DComServ , Covesmer , Xmiler 2008 ( around ) Gumblar 2009 ( May ) November 2010 ( not complete ) BredoLab 30,000,000 3.6 Oficla 2009 ( Around ) 2012 - 07 - 19 Grum 560,000 39.9 Tedroo Mega-D 509,000 10 Ozdok Kraken 495,000 9 Kracken 2009 ( August ) Festi 250,000 2.25 Spamnost 2010 ( March ) Vulcanbot 2010 ( January ) LowSec 11,000 + 0.5 LowSecurity , FreeMoney , Ring0. Tools 2010 ( around ) TDL4 4,500,000 TDSS , Alureon Zeus 3,600,000 ( US only ) Zbot , PRG , Wsnpoem , Gorhax , Kneber ( Several : 2011 , 2012 ) Kelihos 300,000 + Hlux 2011 or earlier 2015 - 02 Ramnit 3,000,000 2013 ( early ) 2013 Zer0n3t 200 + server computers Fib3rl0g1c , Zer0n3t , Zer0Log1x 2012 ( Around ) Chameleon 120,000 None 2016 ( August ) Mirai ( malware ) 380,000 None Researchers at the University of California , Santa Barbara took control of a botnet that was six times smaller than expected . In some countries , it is common that users change their IP address a few times in one day . Estimating the size of the botnet by the number of IP addresses is often used by researchers , possibly leading to inaccurate assessments . See also ( edit ) Computer worm Spambot Timeline of computer viruses and worms Advanced Persistent Threat References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Thingbots : The Future of Botnets in the Internet of Things '' . Security Intelligence . 20 February 2016 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` botnet '' . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Ramneek , Puri ( 2003 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Bots & ; Botnet : An Overview '' ( PDF ) . SANS Institute . Retrieved 12 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Danchev , Dancho ( 11 October 2013 ) . `` Novice cyberciminals offer commercial access to five mini botnets '' . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schiller , Craig A. ; Binkley , Jim ; Harley , David ; Evron , Gadi ; Bradley , Tony ; Willems , Carsten ; Cross , Michael ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ) . Botnets . Burlington : Syngress . pp. 29 -- 75 . ISBN 9781597491358 . ^ Jump up to : Heron , Simon ( 2007 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Botnet command and control techniques '' . Network Security . 2007 ( 4 ) : 13 -- 16 . doi : 10.1016 / S1353 - 4858 ( 07 ) 70045 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wang , Ping et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Peer - to - peer botnets '' . In Stamp , Mark & Stavroulakis , Peter . Handbook of Information and Communication Security . Springer . ISBN 9783642041174 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ C.Y. Cho , D. Babic , R. Shin , and D. Song . Inference and Analysis of Formal Models of Botnet Command and Control Protocols , 2010 ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security . Jump up ^ Teresa Dixon Murray . `` Banks ca n't prevent cyber attacks like those hitting PNC , Key , U.S. Bank this week '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Arntz , Pieter ( 30 March 2016 ) . `` The Facts about Botnets '' . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Schiller , Craig A. ; Binkley , Jim ; Harley , David ; Evron , Gadi ; Bradley , Tony ; Willems , Carsten ; Cross , Michael ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ) . Botnets . Burlington : Syngress . pp. 77 -- 95 . ISBN 978 - 159749135 - 8 . Jump up ^ Zeltser , Lenny . `` When Bots Use Social Media for Command and Control '' . Jump up ^ Osborne , Charlie . `` Hammertoss : Russian hackers target the cloud , Twitter , GitHub in malware spread '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Singel , Ryan ( 13 August 2009 ) . `` Hackers Use Twitter to Control Botnet '' . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Twitter - controlled Android botnet discovered '' . 24 August 2016 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Sean ( 3 October 2014 ) . `` Reddit - powered botnet infected thousands of Macs worldwide '' . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Cimpanu , Catalin ( 6 June 2017 ) . `` Russian State Hackers Use Britney Spears Instagram Posts to Control Malware '' . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Dorais - Joncas , Alexis ( 30 January 2013 ) . `` Walking through Win32 / Jabberbot. A instant messaging C&C '' . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Constantin , Lucian ( 25 July 2013 ) . `` Cybercriminals are using the Tor network to control their botnets '' . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cisco ASA Botnet Traffic Filter Guide '' . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Attack of the Bots at Wired Jump up ^ Norton , Quinn ( 2012 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Anonymous 101 Part Deux : Morals Triumph Over Lulz '' . Wired.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Andrea ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` China deploys new weapon for online censorship in form of ' Great Cannon ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Aurora -- The Command Structure '' . Damballa.com . Archived from the original on 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Jim ( 27 November 2013 ) . `` This Is What It Looks Like When A Click - Fraud Botnet Secretly Controls Your Web Browser '' . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Shaun ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Got a botnet ? Thinking of using it to mine Bitcoin ? Do n't bother '' . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bitcoin Mining '' . BitcoinMining.com . Archived from the original on 30 April 2016 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trojan horse , and Virus FAQ '' . DSLReports . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Many - to - Many Botnet Relationships , Damballa , 8 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Detecting and Dismantling Botnet Command and Control Infrastructure using Behavioral Profilers and Bot Informants '' . Jump up ^ `` DISCLOSURE : Detecting Botnet Command and Control Servers Through Large - Scale NetFlow Analysis '' ( PDF ) . Annual Computer Security Applications Conference . ACM . Dec 2012 . Jump up ^ BotSniffer : Detecting Botnet Command and Control Channels in Network Traffic . Proceedings of the 15th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium. 2008 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.110. 8092 . Jump up ^ `` Researchers Boot Million Linux Kernels to Help Botnet Research '' . IT Security & Network Security News . 2009 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 23 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brute - Force Botnet Attacks Now Elude Volumetric Detection '' . DARKReading from Information Week . 2016 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Credeur , Mary . `` Atlanta Business Chronicle , Staff Writer '' . bizjournals.com . Retrieved 22 July 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Hackers Strengthen Malicious Botnets by Shrinking Them '' ( PDF ) . Computer ; News Briefs . IEEE Computer Society . April 2006 . doi : 10.1109 / MC. 2006.136 . Retrieved 12 November 2013 . The size of bot networks peaked in mid-2004 , with many using more than 100,000 infected machines , according to Mark Sunner , chief technology officer at MessageLabs. The average botnet size is now about 20,000 computers , he said . ^ Jump up to : `` Symantec. cloud Email Security , Web Security , Endpoint Protection , Archiving , Continuity , Instant Messaging Security '' ( PDF ) . Messagelabs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Chuck Miller ( 2009 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Researchers hijack control of Torpig botnet '' . SC Magazine US . Retrieved 10 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Storm Worm network shrinks to about one - tenth of its former size '' . Tech.Blorge.Com. 2007 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Chuck Miller ( 2008 - 07 - 25 ) . `` The Rustock botnet spams again '' . SC Magazine US . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Joe . `` Spam Botnets to Watch in 2009 '' . Secureworks.com . SecureWorks . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pushdo Botnet -- New DDOS attacks on major web sites -- Harry Waldron -- IT Security '' . Msmvps.com. 2 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2010 . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand teenager accused of controlling botnet of 1.3 million computers '' . The H security . 2007 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Technology Spam on rise after brief reprieve '' . BBC News . 2008 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 24 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sality : Story of a Peer - to - Peer Viral Network '' ( PDF ) . Symantec. 2011 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How FBI , police busted massive botnet '' . theregister.co.uk . Retrieved 3 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Calculating the Size of the Downadup Outbreak -- F - Secure Weblog : News from the Lab '' . F-secure.com. 2009 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 24 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Waledac botnet ' decimated ' by MS takedown '' . The Register . 2010 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 23 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gregg Keizer ( 2008 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Top botnets control 1M hijacked computers '' . Computerworld . Retrieved 23 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Botnet sics zombie soldiers on gimpy websites '' . The Register . 2008 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 23 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Infosecurity ( UK ) - BredoLab downed botnet linked with Spamit.com '' ... canada.com . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 10 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Research : Small DIY botnets prevalent in enterprise networks '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Warner , Gary ( 2010 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Oleg Nikolaenko , Mega-D Botmaster to Stand Trial '' . CyberCrime & Doing Time . Retrieved 6 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Massive Botnet Twice the Size of Storm -- Security / Perimeter '' . DarkReading . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Jeremy ( Aug 16 , 2012 ) . `` Spamhaus Declares Grum Botnet Dead , but Festi Surges '' . PC World . Jump up ^ `` Cómo detectar y borrar el rootkit TDL4 ( TDSS / Alureon ) '' . kasperskytienda.es. 2011 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 11 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` America 's 10 most wanted botnets '' . Networkworld.com. 2009 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 10 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` EU police operation takes down malicious computer network '' . Jump up ^ `` Discovered : Botnet Costing Display Advertisers over Six Million Dollars per Month '' . Spider.io. 2013 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Espiner , Tom ( 2011 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Botnet size may be exaggerated , says Enisa Security Threats ZDNet UK '' . Zdnet.com . Retrieved 10 November 2011 . External links ( edit ) The Honeynet Project & Research Alliance -- `` Know your Enemy : Tracking Botnets '' The Shadowserver Foundation -- an all - volunteer security watchdog group that gathers , tracks , and reports on malware , botnet activity , and electronic fraud EWeek.com -- `` Is the Botnet Battle Already Lost ? '' Botnet Bust -- `` SpyEye Malware Mastermind Pleads Guilty '' , FBI hide Botnets Notable botnets Akbot Asprox Bagle BASHLITE Bredolab Cutwail Conficker Donbot Festi Grum Gumblar Kelihos Koobface Kraken Lethic Mariposa Mega-D Mirai Metulji Nitol Rustock Sality Slenfbot Srizbi Storm TDL - 4 Torpig Virut Vulcanbot Waledac ZeroAccess Zeus Main articles Browser security Computer virus Computer worm Malbot Internet security Malware Man - in - the - browser Network security Operation : Bot Roast Trojan horse hide Malware topics Infectious malware Computer virus Comparison of computer viruses Computer worm List of computer worms Timeline of computer viruses and worms Concealment Trojan horse Rootkit Backdoor Zombie computer Man - in - the - middle Man - in - the - browser Man - in - the - mobile Clickjacking Malware for profit Privacy - invasive software Adware Spyware Botnet Keystroke logging Form grabbing Web threats Fraudulent dialer Malbot Scareware Rogue security software Ransomware Crimeware By operating system Linux malware Palm OS viruses Mobile malware Macro virus Classic Mac OS viruses MacOS malware iOS malware Android malware Protection Anti-keylogger Antivirus software Browser security Internet security Mobile security Network security Defensive computing Firewall Intrusion detection system Data loss prevention software Countermeasures Computer and network surveillance Operation : Bot Roast Honeypot Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Botnet&oldid=845558500 '' Categories : Malware Command and control Computer network security Spamming Multi-agent systems Botnets Distributed computing Cyberwarfare Cybercrime Bots Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2014 Use dmy dates from November 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Pages using RFC magic links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Boarisch Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Lumbaart മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 15 : 27 . 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9155602628244457974	Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp	Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp - wikipedia Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp Genre Comedy Created by Michael Showalter David Wain Written by Michael Showalter David Wain Christina Lee Directed by David Wain Starring H. Jon Benjamin Michael Ian Black Bradley Cooper Janeane Garofalo Nina Hellman Joe Lo Truglio Ken Marino A.D. Miles Marguerite Moreau Zak Orth Amy Poehler Paul Rudd Michael Showalter Elizabeth Banks Christopher Meloni Marisa Ryan Molly Shannon Judah Friedlander Kevin Sussman David Hyde Pierce Opening theme `` Jane '' by Jefferson Starship Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 8 Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Showalter David Wain Jonathan Stern Peter Principato Howard Bernstein Cinematography Kevin Atkinson Camera setup Single - camera Running time 27 -- 30 minutes Production company ( s ) Showalter Wain Abominable Pictures Principato - Young Entertainment Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release July 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 31 ) Chronology Preceded by Wet Hot American Summer Followed by Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later External links Website Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp is a comedy web television series written by David Wain and Michael Showalter , and directed by Wain . First Day of camp is the second installment in the Wet Hot American Summer franchise . The eight - episode Netflix series is a prequel to Wain 's 2001 film Wet Hot American Summer , a parody of teen sex comedies which has since developed a cult following . Although many of the original film 's ensemble cast have gone on to high - profile work , all of the then - adult actors returned for this series , playing even younger versions of their original roles . The episodes were released for online viewing at the end of July 2015 . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Returning cast from the film ( in alphabetical order ) 1.2 New cast 1.3 Guest appearances 2 Episodes 3 Production 4 Sequel 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Returning cast from the film ( in alphabetical order ) ( edit ) Elizabeth Banks as Lindsay ( 6 episodes ) H. Jon Benjamin as Mitch / Can of Mixed Vegetables ( 4 episodes ) Michael Ian Black as McKinley ( 7 episodes ) Bradley Cooper as Ben ( 7 episodes ) Judah Friedlander as Ron Von Kleinenstein ( 2 episodes ) Janeane Garofalo as Beth ( 7 episodes ) Nina Hellman as Nancy ( 6 episodes ) Joe Lo Truglio as Neil ( 5 episodes ) Ken Marino as Victor ( 5 episodes ) Christopher Meloni as Gene Jenkinson / Jonas Jurgenson ( 6 episodes ) A.D. Miles as Gary ( 5 episodes ) Marguerite Moreau as Katie ( 8 episodes ) Zak Orth as J.J. ( 8 episodes ) David Hyde Pierce as Assoc . Prof. Henry Neumann ( 2 episodes ) Amy Poehler as Susie ( 7 episodes ) Paul Rudd as Andy ( 8 episodes ) Marisa Ryan as Abby ( 3 episodes ) Molly Shannon as Gail ( 7 episodes ) Michael Showalter as Coop ( 8 episodes ) Showalter also portrays U.S. President Ronald Reagan Kevin Sussman as Steve ( 3 episodes ) New cast ( edit ) Jason Schwartzman as Greg , Boys ' Head Counselor ( 7 episodes ) Lake Bell as Donna Berman , Coop 's love interest ( 7 episodes ) David Bloom as Kevin , a kid at the camp ( 7 episodes ) Thomas Barbusca as Drew , Kevin 's nemesis ( 7 episodes ) George Dalton as Arty `` The Beekeeper '' Solomon ( 7 episodes ) Samm Levine as the voice of Arty Michael Blaiklock as Danny ( 7 episodes ) David Wain as Yaron , an Israeli counselor ( 6 episodes ) John Slattery as Claude Dumet , a renowned Broadway actor - director ( 6 episodes ) Michaela Watkins as Rhonda , a professional choreographer ( 6 episodes ) Josh Charles as Blake , Camp Tigerclaw counselor and Katie 's boyfriend ( 6 episodes ) Rich Sommer as Graham , one of Blake 's cronies ( 5 episodes ) Eric Nenninger as Warner , one of Blake 's cronies ( 5 episodes ) Hailey Sole as Amy , Kevin 's love interest ( 5 episodes ) Chris Pine as Eric , a reclusive musician ( 5 episodes ) Jon Hamm as The Falcon , a hired assassin ( 4 episodes ) Randall Park as Jeff , a city hall records clerk who 's in love with Gail ( 4 episodes ) Michael Cera as Jim Stansel , Beth and Greg 's lawyer ( 3 episodes ) Kristen Wiig as Courtney , a snobby Camp Tigerclaw counselor ( 3 episodes ) Guest appearances ( edit ) Jordan Peele as Alan , Lindsay 's boss Paul Scheer as Dave , Lindsay 's colleague Jayma Mays as Jessica , Lindsay 's colleague `` Weird Al '' Yankovic as Jackie Brazen , a famous hypnotist Beth Dover as Shari , Neil 's high school sweetheart John Early as Logan St. Bogan Bruce Greenwood as Bill Martinson , powerful lawyer Rob Huebel as Brodfard Gilroy , Henry 's rival Richard Schiff as Dean Fairchild , Henry 's superior Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Campers Arrive '' David Wain Michael Showalter & David Wain July 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 31 ) It 's the first morning at Camp Firewood , and the horny counselors are already making their moves , while something sinister is going on in the woods . `` Lunch '' David Wain Michael Showalter & David Wain July 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 31 ) Journalist Lindsay goes undercover as a counselor . Beth and Greg make a startling discovery . Coop has his hands full with Kevin and Donna . `` Activities '' David Wain Michael Showalter July 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 31 ) Tensions rise after Blake sees Andy hitting on Katie . Beth goes to an unlikely source for help . Coop is crushed when Donna gives out multiple gifts . `` Auditions '' David Wain Michael Showalter July 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 31 ) Claude helps Susie find new leads for the musical . Gail tries to discover the truth about Jonas . The Falcon lands . 5 `` Dinner '' David Wain Michael Showalter & Christina Lee July 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 31 ) Susie , Claude , Andy and Katie get closer during the evening meal . Jonas overreacts when Victor prank - calls him . Beth and Greg hire a lawyer . 6 `` Electro / City '' David Wain Michael Showalter & David Wain July 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 31 ) Lives change dramatically during the performance of the staff musical `` Electro - City . '' Greg and Beth 's lawsuit goes to trial . 7 `` Staff Party '' David Wain Michael Showalter July 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 31 ) Victor and Coop discover that sex is a lot more complicated than they thought . Lindsay has to file her article . Andy and Katie have a moment of truth . 8 `` Day Is Done '' David Wain Michael Showalter & David Wain July 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 31 ) While Beth and Gene fight to save the camp from government forces , Andy and the other counselors take on their Camp Tiger Claw rivals . Production ( edit ) After years of speculation and reports on a possible sequel to Wet Hot American Summer , shooting began on the miniseries in January 2015 . The entire adult cast of the film returned in the same roles . Much of the film was shot in Los Angeles . Working around the availability of the cast members , many of whom had seen a significant rise in stardom since the original film , was difficult ; some sources report that Bradley Cooper , who plays Ben , had to shoot all of his scenes in one day , although star and co-writer Michael Showalter has since denied this claim . Along with the series , a making - of documentary on Wet Hot American Summer , titled Hurricane of Fun : The Making of Wet Hot , was released on Netflix on July 24 , 2015 , consisting of behind the scenes interviews and footage shot during the filming of the movie . Sequel ( edit ) See also : Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later On April 27 , 2016 , it was announced that Netflix ordered a follow - up series entitled Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later , set ten years after the events of the film . The series consists of eight episodes , and was released on August 4 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the series has a score of 92 % , based on 53 reviews , with an average rating of 7.44 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp offers more of the same goofy hijinks that fans of the cult classic crave , but outsiders might not be quite as enamored . '' On Metacritic , the series holds a score of 74 out of 100 , based on 23 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . For the 6th Critics ' Choice Television Awards , John Slattery was nominated for Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp '' . instantwatcher.com . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( 2008 - 06 - 11 ) . `` The New Cult Canon : Wet Hot American Summer '' . The AV Club . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Campers ! Camp Firewood is under quarantine due to an outbreak of mono . Get checked . Camp will now start on July 31 '' . Twitter . April 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wet Hot American Summer ' A Go As Netflix Limited Series ; Original Cast To Return -- Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ( 2015 -- ) Trivia '' . Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ Andy Greene ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wet Hot American Summer ' : How Netflix Rescued a Cult - Comedy Classic '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WET HOT AMERICAN SUMMER : FIRST DAY OF CAMP ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations : ' Mad Max ' Leads Film ; ABC , HBO , FX Networks & ' Fargo ' Top TV '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp on IMDb Netflix original ended series Lilyhammer ( 2012 -- 14 ) Hemlock Grove ( 2013 -- 15 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) Marco Polo ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- 18 ) Richie Rich ( 2015 ) Bloodline ( 2015 -- 17 ) Residue ( 2015 ) Between ( 2015 -- 16 ) Sense8 ( 2015 -- 18 ) Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ( 2015 ) Project Mc ( 2015 -- 17 ) Narcos ( 2015 -- 17 ) Popples ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( 2015 -- 17 ) Care Bears and Cousins ( 2015 -- 16 ) Master of None ( 2015 -- 17 ) W / Bob & David ( 2015 ) Atelier ( 2015 ) Lost & Found Music Studios ( 2015 -- 17 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 -- 17 ) Chelsea Does ( 2016 ) Love ( 2016 -- 18 ) Lego Bionicle : The Journey to One ( 2016 ) Netflix Presents : The Characters ( 2016 ) Marseille ( 2016 -- 18 ) Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Lady Dynamite ( 2016 -- 17 ) Hibana : Spark ( 2016 ) Paranoid ( 2016 ) The Get Down ( 2016 -- 17 ) Bottersnikes and Gumbles ( 2016 -- 17 ) StoryBots Super Songs ( 2016 ) Haters Back Off ( 2016 -- 17 ) Estocolmo ( 2016 ) Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life ( 2016 ) Captive ( 2016 ) White Rabbit Project ( 2016 ) Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective Agency ( 2016 -- 17 ) Trollhunters ( 2016 -- 18 ) Crazyhead ( 2016 ) Chasing Cameron ( 2016 ) Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan and Jane ( 2017 ) We 're Lalaloopsy ( 2017 ) Abstract : The Art of Design ( 2017 ) My Only Love Song ( 2017 ) Disjointed ( 2017 -- 18 ) Five Came Back ( 2017 ) Girlboss ( 2017 ) The Keepers ( 2017 ) Gypsy ( 2017 ) Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later ( 2017 ) The Defenders ( 2017 ) Alias Grace ( 2017 ) Godless ( 2017 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) A StoryBots Christmas ( 2017 ) Damnation ( 2017 -- 18 ) Devilman Crybaby ( 2018 ) Collateral ( 2018 ) Everything Sucks ! ( 2018 ) First Team : Juventus ( 2018 ) Seven Seconds ( 2018 ) Evil Genius ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wet_Hot_American_Summer:_First_Day_of_Camp&oldid=854698687 '' Categories : 2010s American satirical television series 2015 American television series debuts 2015 American television series endings English - language television programs Netflix original programming Prequel television series Single - camera television sitcoms Summer camps in television Television programs based on films Television series set in the 1980s Television shows set in Maine Cultural depictions of Ronald Reagan Wet Hot American Summer Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 05 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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-4019488320915333566	Mrs.	Mrs - wikipedia Mrs . `` Mrs '' redirects here . For other uses , see Mrs ( disambiguation ) . This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mrs. ( American English ) or Mrs ( British English ) ( Standard English pronunciation / ˈmɪsɪz / ) is a commonly used English honorific used for women , usually for those who are married and who do not instead use another title ( or rank ) , such as Dr , Professor , President , Dame , Prime Minister , etc . In most Commonwealth countries , a full stop ( period ) is usually not used with the title . In the United States and Canada a period is usually used ( see Abbreviation ) . Mrs originated as a contraction of the honorific Mistress , the feminine of Mister , or Master , which was originally applied to both married and unmarried women . The split into Mrs for married women and Miss for unmarried began during the 17th century ; the 17th century also saw the coinage of a new unmarked option Ms with a return of this usage appearing in the 20th century . It is rare for Mrs to be written in a non-abbreviated form , and the unabbreviated word lacks a standard spelling . In literature it may appear as missus or missis in dialogue . A variant in the works of Thomas Hardy and others is `` Mis'ess '' , reflecting its etymology . Misses has been used but is ambiguous , as this is a commonly used plural for Miss . The plural of Mrs is from the French : Mesdames . This may be used as - is in written correspondence , or it may be abbreviated Mmes . Look up Mrs in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Traditional usage 2 Modern usage 3 See also 4 References Traditional usage ( edit ) Mrs was most often used by a woman when married , in conjunction with her husband 's first and last names ( e.g. , Mrs John Smith ) . A widow was and still is addressed with the same title as when she was married . Mrs was rarely used before a woman 's first name , her maiden name , or a hyphenated surname her husband was not using . For example , Mrs Jane Smith , Mrs Miller ( wife of John Smith ) , or Mrs Miller - Smith were considered incorrect by many etiquette writers , especially of the early 20th century . In several languages , the title for married women such as Madame , Señora , Signora , or Frau , is the direct feminine equivalent of the title used for men ; the title for unmarried women is a diminutive : Mademoiselle , Señorita , Signorina , or Fräulein . For this reason , usage had shifted toward using the married title as the default for all women in professional usage . This had long been followed in the United Kingdom for some high - ranking household staff , such as housekeepers , cooks , and nannies , who were called Mrs as a mark of respect regardless of marital status . However , in the late 20th century the marital - neutral Ms became more common for women professionally and socially . In the United Kingdom , the traditional form for a divorcée was Mrs Jane Smith . In the U.S. , the divorcée originally retained her full married name unless she remarried . Later , the form Mrs Miller Smith was sometimes used , with the birth surname in place of the first name . However , the form Mrs Jane Miller eventually became widely used for divorcées , even in formal correspondence ; that is , Mrs preceded the divorcée 's maiden name . Before social mores relaxed to the point where single women with children were socially acceptable , the unwed mother was often advised by etiquette mavens like Emily Post to use Mrs with her maiden name to avoid scrutiny . The separation of Miss and Mrs became problematic as more women entered the white - collar workforce . Women who became famous or well known in their professional circles before marriage often kept their birth names , stage names , or noms de plume . Miss became the appellation for celebrities ( e.g. , Miss Helen Hayes , or Miss Amelia Earhart ) but this also proved problematic , as when a married woman did use her husband 's last name but was still referred to as Miss ; see more at Ms and Miss . Modern usage ( edit ) It is now very uncommon for a woman to be addressed by her husband 's first name ; however , this still sometimes occurs if a couple is being addressed jointly , such as in Mr and Mrs John Smith . Many married women still use the title with their spouse 's last name but retaining their first name ( e.g. , Mrs Jane Smith ) . Other married women choose not to adopt their spouse 's last name at all . It is generally considered polite to address a woman by Ms rather than Mrs , unless the preference of the woman in question is clearly known . This is especially true in written communication , as dictated by professional etiquette . Modern etiquette provides various options in addressing married couples in which the wife uses her own last name , or uses a title such as Dr , Mayor , or Ms. Etiquette writer Judith Martin ( `` Miss Manners '' ) generally advises that , in non-standard situations , the individuals be addressed on separate lines when writing invitations ( e.g. , `` Dr Sue Martin / Mr John Martin '' ) . In direct address , a woman with the title Mrs may be addressed Mrs ( Lastname ) , or with the stand - alone Madam or Ma'am , although the latter two are more often used for any adult woman , regardless of marital status , in modern conversation . It is normally considered correct to address a woman as Ms ( Lastname ) , regardless of her marital status . A woman who has a long - term sexual relationship with a partner who is married may be referred to as that person 's `` mistress '' . See also ( edit ) MRS Degree References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Abbreviations : Capital Letters and Abbreviations '' . www.sussex.ac.uk . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Spender , Dale . Man - Made Language . Jump up ^ Stannard , Una . Mrs Man . Jump up ^ Post , Emily . Etiquette. 1922 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Addressing Correspondence - The Emily Post Institute , Inc '' . emilypost.com . hide English social honorific titles Feminine Mrs . Miss Ms . Mistress Madam Dame Lady Masculine Mr . Master Esquire Sir Sire Lord Neutral Mx Dr Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mrs.&oldid=842523547 '' Categories : Honorifics Women 's social titles Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from January 2009 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia ChiShona Dansk Gàidhlig Norsk Norsk nynorsk Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 00 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	do you use mrs for a married woman	[]	[]
-862417077226116146	United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018	United Kingdom in the Eurovision song Contest 2018 - wikipedia United Kingdom in the Eurovision song Contest 2018 Eurovision Song Contest 2018 Country United Kingdom National selection Selection process Eurovision : You Decide Selection date ( s ) 7 February 2018 Selected entrant SuRie Selected song `` Storm '' Selected songwriter ( s ) Nicole Blair Gil Lewis Sean Hargreaves Finals performance Final result 24th , 48 points United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest ◄ 2017 2018 The United Kingdom participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 . The British entry for the 2018 contest in Lisbon , Portugal , was selected via the national final Eurovision : You Decide , organised by the British broadcaster BBC . On 16 November 2017 , it was announced that Måns Zelmerlöw , winner of the 2015 contest for Sweden , would join the show as co-host alongside Mel Giedroyc . The national final took place on 7 February 2018 at the Brighton Dome . Six acts competed in the national final , with the song `` Storm '' performed by SuRie being selected the winner . As a member of the `` Big 5 '' , the United Kingdom automatically qualified to compete in the final of the Eurovision Song Contest . Contents 1 Background 2 Before Eurovision 2.1 Eurovision : You Decide 2.1. 1 Competing entries 2.1. 2 Final 3 At Eurovision 3.1 Grand Final 3.2 Points awarded to United Kingdom 3.2. 1 Points awarded by United Kingdom 3.3 Split voting results 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest Prior to the 2018 contest , the United Kingdom has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest sixty times . Thus far , the United Kingdom has won the contest five times : in 1967 with the song `` Puppet on a String '' performed by Sandie Shaw , in 1969 with the song `` Boom Bang - a-Bang '' performed by Lulu , in 1976 with the song `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' performed by Brotherhood of Man , in 1981 with the song `` Making Your Mind Up '' performed by Bucks Fizz and in 1997 with the song `` Love Shine a Light '' performed by Katrina and the Waves . To this point , the nation is noted for having finished as the runner - up in a record fifteen contests . Up to and including 1998 , the UK had only twice finished outside the top 10 , in 1978 and 1987 . Since 1999 , the year in which the rule was abandoned that songs must be performed in one of the official languages of the country participating , the UK has had less success , thus far only finishing within the top ten twice : in 2002 with the song `` Come Back '' performed by Jessica Garlick and in 2009 with the song `` It 's My Time '' performed by Jade Ewen . For the 2017 contest , the United Kingdom finished in fifteenth place out of twenty - six competing entries with the song `` Never Give Up on You '' performed by Lucie Jones amassing a total of 111 points . The British national broadcaster , BBC , broadcasts the event within the United Kingdom and organises the selection process for the nation 's entry . BBC announced that the United Kingdom would participate in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 on 29 September 2017 . Between 2011 and 2015 , BBC opted to internally select the British entry . For their 2016 entry , the broadcaster announced that a national final would be organised featuring a competition among several artists and songs to choose the British entry for Eurovision . The same process was used in 2017 . Before Eurovision ( edit ) Eurovision : You Decide ( edit ) Main article : Eurovision : You Decide Eurovision : You Decide is the national final that was used to select the 2018 entrant , being previously used in the past two years . Six acts competed in a televised show on 7 February 2018 which was held at the Brighton Dome and once again hosted by Mel Giedroyc , being joined this year by Eurovision Song Contest 2015 winner Måns Zelmerlöw . The winner was selected via the combination of a public televote , consisting of televoting and online voting , and the votes of a professional jury panel . As in 2017 , the show was broadcast live on BBC Two . The national final was watched by 900,000 viewers in the United Kingdom with a market share of 4.8 % . Competing entries ( edit ) On 29 September 2017 , BBC announced an open submission for interested artists to submit their songs . The submission period lasted until 27 October 2017 . The BBC invited the UK branch of the international OGAE fan club to assist in shortlisting the open entries and also revived its partnership with the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors ( BASCA ) who ran a songwriting competition amongst its members . The BBC also consulted with music industry experts including writers , producers , artist managers and members of the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . Former music director of RCA Records and founder of Innocent Records , Hugh Goldsmith , acted as music consultant to the BBC . As in 2017 , multiple songwriting camps were also held to promote the submission of entries . Songs from all entry methods were included in a final shortlist which was presented to a professional panel , who ultimately selected six finalists to compete in the national final . The six songs were announced on 24 January 2018 . Final ( edit ) Six acts competed in the televised final on 7 February 2018 . A combination of the votes from the public and the votes from an eight - member professional jury selected the winner , SuRie , with `` Storm '' . The three members of the panel , who provided feedback regarding the songs during the show , were : Rylan Clark - Neal -- singer , television presenter , television personality and model Rochelle Humes -- singer and television presenter Tom Fletcher -- singer - songwriter and guitarist The eight - member jury panel consisted of the following : music journalist Caroline Sullivan , music correspondent Roisin O'Connor , regional radio promoter Steve Tandy , Spotify music editor Sara Sesardic , A&R manager Alastair Webber , MTV Music editor Marco Sensi , singer Kele Le Roc and head judge , vocal coach David Grant . Zelmerlöw and the United Kingdom 's 2017 representative , Lucie Jones , opened the show performing an ABBA medley . Draw Artist Song Songwriter ( s ) RAYA `` Crazy '' Emil Rosendal Lei , Greta Salóme Stefánsdóttir , Samir Salah Elshafie Liam Tamne `` Astronaut '' Ashley Hicklin , Jacob Pedersen , Jeanette Bonde , Rune Braager Asanda `` Legends '' Christopher Wortley , Laurell Barker , Roel Rats Jaz Ellington `` You '' Ashley Hicklin , Herman Gardarfve , Laura White 5 SuRie `` Storm '' Nicole Blair , Gil Lewis , Sean Hargreaves 6 Goldstone `` I Feel the Love '' Eric Lumiere , Joakim Buddee , Laura White , Roel Rats At Eurovision ( edit ) The Eurovision Song Contest 2018 took place at the Altice Arena in Lisbon , Portugal and consisted of two semi-finals on 8 and 10 May and the final on 12 May 2018 . According to Eurovision rules , all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the `` Big 5 '' ( France , Germany , Italy , Spain and the United Kingdom ) are required to qualify from one of two semi-finals in order to compete for the final ; the top ten countries from each semi-final progress to the final . As a member of the `` Big 5 '' , the United Kingdom automatically qualifies to compete in the final . In addition to their participation in the final , the United Kingdom is also required to broadcast and vote in one of the two semi-finals . During the semi-final allocation draw on 29 January 2018 , the United Kingdom was assigned to broadcast and vote in the first semi-final on 8 May 2018 . In the United Kingdom , the semi-finals were broadcast on BBC Four with commentary by Scott Mills and Rylan Clark - Neal , while the final was televised on BBC One with commentary by Graham Norton . Mel Giedroyc announced the United Kingdom jury results . Grand final ( edit ) SuRie performed 9th in the running order during the Grand Final . In the middle of her performance , a stage invader grabbed her microphone and shouted : `` Modern Nazis of The UK media , we demand freedom ! War is not peace ! '' , before being removed by security and taken into police custody . SuRie was without her microphone for about 10 seconds , but was nevertheless able to finish her performance . She was offered the opportunity to perform again by the EBU after the final country , Italy , had performed , but declined , claiming she and her team were `` proud of her performance '' . After returning to The UK , in an interview on This Morning , SuRie revealed she had some bruises on her hands where the invader had grabbed her and also on her shoulder where he had barged into her , but she said that she had not been seriously harmed by the incident . Points awarded to United Kingdom ( edit ) Points awarded to United Kingdom ( Final ) Televote 12 points 10 points 8 points 7 points 6 points Ireland Australia 5 points 4 points 3 points 2 points 1 point Albania Denmark Germany Malta San Marino Jury 12 points 10 points 8 points 7 points 6 points Israel Italy 5 points 4 points 3 points 2 points 1 point France Croatia Latvia Montenegro Points awarded by United Kingdom ( edit ) Semi-final 1 Score Televote Jury 12 points Lithuania Bulgaria 10 points Ireland Austria 8 points Cyprus Israel 7 points Finland Albania 6 points Bulgaria Estonia 5 points Israel Croatia 4 points Estonia Switzerland 3 points Greece Finland 2 points Czech Republic Armenia 1 point Albania Ireland Final Score Televote Jury 12 points Lithuania Austria 10 points Ireland Israel 8 points Cyprus Bulgaria 7 points Israel Albania 6 points Bulgaria Estonia 5 points Czech Republic Norway 4 points Moldova Finland 3 points Germany Ireland 2 points Denmark Sweden 1 point Australia Spain Split voting results ( edit ) The following five members comprised the British jury : Richard Beadle -- Chairperson -- musical director , orchestrator , composer Natalie Shay - singer - songwriter Michelle Escoffery -- singer - songwriter Toby Lawrence -- club and radio DJ Eady Crawford -- singer show Split voting results from United Kingdom ( Semi-final 1 ) Draw Country Jury Televote R. Beadle M. Escoffery N. Shay T. Lawrence E. Crawford Average Rank Points Rank Points 01 Azerbaijan 11 18 18 16 7 16 15 02 Iceland 9 19 14 17 14 17 16 03 Albania 10 5 7 10 04 Belgium 5 8 16 15 15 11 13 05 Czech Republic 19 15 8 6 19 13 9 06 Lithuania 18 17 15 19 16 19 12 07 Israel 7 5 8 6 5 08 Belarus 12 14 17 9 8 14 14 09 Estonia 8 5 14 6 5 6 7 10 Bulgaria 12 5 6 11 Macedonia 13 16 19 12 12 18 17 12 Croatia 6 6 9 13 6 5 19 13 Austria 5 10 11 14 Greece 17 7 7 18 13 12 8 15 Finland 16 11 11 10 8 7 16 Armenia 10 9 6 8 11 9 18 17 Switzerland 12 12 11 18 7 12 18 Ireland 14 13 10 9 10 10 19 Cyprus 15 10 13 7 17 15 8 show Split voting results from United Kingdom ( Final ) Draw Country Jury Televote R. Beadle M. Escoffery N. Shay T. Lawrence E. Crawford Average Rank Points Rank Points 01 Ukraine 23 19 10 13 14 18 23 02 Spain 17 17 11 24 10 22 03 Slovenia 12 18 21 5 11 13 24 04 Lithuania 16 8 12 23 12 17 12 05 Austria 8 12 19 06 Estonia 15 7 16 5 6 11 07 Norway 21 11 7 6 5 15 08 Portugal 21 15 19 19 13 23 18 09 United Kingdom 10 Serbia 24 22 24 14 9 20 25 11 Germany 22 12 23 21 10 19 8 12 Albania 5 8 7 16 13 France 19 13 17 15 15 22 21 14 Czech Republic 6 23 8 10 16 11 6 5 15 Denmark 20 24 22 12 24 24 9 16 Australia 13 11 16 22 23 21 10 17 Finland 11 7 13 6 6 7 14 18 Bulgaria 14 5 8 5 6 19 Moldova 8 9 18 9 22 14 7 20 Sweden 16 20 20 19 9 20 21 Hungary 9 6 14 18 25 15 12 22 Israel 5 5 10 7 23 Netherlands 10 20 6 17 20 16 13 24 Ireland 18 10 9 18 8 10 25 Cyprus 7 14 15 7 21 12 8 26 Italy 25 25 25 25 17 25 17 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jordan , Paul ( 29 September 2017 ) . `` BBC opens public song submissions for Eurovision 2018 ! '' . eurovision.tv . European Broadcasting Union . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Paul ( 16 November 2017 ) . `` UK national selection to be held in Brighton - with a Swedish twist ! '' . eurovision.tv . European Broadcasting Union . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Granger , Andy ( 8 February 2018 ) . `` United Kingdom : Less Than 1 Million Viewers Watched Eurovision : You Decide '' . eurovoix.com . Eurovoix . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UK : BBC opens song submissions for Eurovision 2018 ... as Greta Salóme joins songwriting camp '' . wiwibloggs.com. 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Six acts and songs revealed for Eurovision : You Decide 2018 '' . BBC . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BBC reveals six Eurovision : You Decide hopefuls '' . ESCXTRA.com . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ McCaig , Ewan ( 6 February 2018 ) . `` United Kingdom : You Decide panelists revealed '' . eurovoix.com . Eurovoix . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Voting - Eurovision : You Decide '' . BBC Eurovision . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Paul ( 25 July 2017 ) . `` Lisbon revealed as Host City of the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest ! '' . eurovision.tv . European Broadcasting Union . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ https://eurovision.tv/story/results-of-the-semi-final-allocation-draw Jump up ^ Groot , Evert ( 30 April 2018 ) . `` Exclusive : They are the expert jurors for Eurovision 2018 '' . eurovision.tv . European Broadcasting Union . Retrieved 30 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) BBC 's official Eurovision website hide United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest Participation 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1997 1998 2017 2018 Artists 1950s 1956 Patricia Bredin 1958 Pearl Carr & Teddy Johnson 1960s Bryan Johnson The Allisons Ronnie Carroll Ronnie Carroll Matt Monro Kathy Kirby Kenneth McKellar Sandie Shaw Cliff Richard Lulu 1970s Mary Hopkin Clodagh Rodgers The New Seekers Cliff Richard Olivia Newton - John The Shadows Brotherhood of Man Lynsey de Paul & Mike Moran Co-Co Black Lace 1980s Prima Donna Bucks Fizz Bardo Sweet Dreams Belle and the Devotions Vikki Watson Ryder Rikki Scott Fitzgerald Live Report 1990s Emma Samantha Janus Michael Ball Sonia Frances Ruffelle Love City Groove Gina G Katrina and the Waves Imaani Precious 2000s Nicki French Lindsay Jessica Garlick Jemini James Fox Javine Hylton Daz Sampson Scooch Andy Abraham Jade Ewen 2010s Josh Dubovie Blue Engelbert Humperdinck Bonnie Tyler Molly Electro Velvet Joe and Jake Lucie Jones SuRie Songs 1950s 1956 `` All '' 1958 `` Sing , Little Birdie '' 1960s `` Looking High , High , High '' `` Are You Sure ? '' `` Ring - A-Ding Girl '' `` Say Wonderful Things '' `` I Love the Little Things '' `` I Belong '' `` A Man Without Love '' `` Puppet on a String '' `` Congratulations '' `` Boom Bang - a-Bang '' 1970s `` Knock , Knock Who 's There ? '' `` Jack in the Box '' `` Beg , Steal or Borrow '' `` Power to All Our Friends '' `` Long Live Love '' `` Let Me Be the One '' `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' `` Rock Bottom '' `` The Bad Old Days '' `` Mary Ann '' 1980s `` Love Enough for Two '' `` Making Your Mind Up '' `` One Step Further '' `` I 'm Never Giving Up '' `` Love Games '' `` Love Is '' `` Runner in the Night '' `` Only the Light '' `` Go '' `` Why Do I Always Get It Wrong ? '' 1990s `` Give a Little Love Back to the World '' `` A Message to Your Heart '' `` One Step Out of Time '' `` Better the Devil You Know '' `` Lonely Symphony ( We Will Be Free ) '' `` Love City Groove '' `` Ooh Aah ... Just a Little Bit '' `` Love Shine a Light '' `` Where Are You ? '' `` Say It Again '' 2000s `` Do n't Play That Song Again '' `` No Dream Impossible '' `` Come Back '' `` Cry Baby '' `` Hold On to Our Love '' `` Touch My Fire '' `` Teenage Life '' `` Flying the Flag ( for You ) '' `` Even If '' `` It 's My Time '' 2010s `` That Sounds Good to Me '' `` I Can '' `` Love Will Set You Free '' `` Believe in Me '' `` Children of the Universe '' `` Still in Love with You '' `` You 're Not Alone '' `` Never Give Up on You '' `` Storm '' Note : Entries scored out are when United Kingdom did not compete hide Eurovision Song Contest 2018 Countries Finalists ( by final results ) Israel ( winner ) Cyprus Austria Germany Italy Czech Republic Sweden Estonia Denmark Moldova Albania Lithuania France Bulgaria Norway Ireland Ukraine Netherlands Serbia Australia Hungary Slovenia Spain United Kingdom Finland Portugal Semi-final 1 Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Croatia Greece Iceland Macedonia Switzerland Semi-final 2 Georgia Latvia Malta Montenegro Poland Romania Russia San Marino Artists Finalists ( by final results ) Netta Barzilai Eleni Foureira Cesár Sampson Michael Schulte Ermal Meta & Fabrizio Moro Mikolas Josef Benjamin Ingrosso Elina Nechayeva Rasmussen DoReDoS Eugent Bushpepa Ieva Zasimauskaitė Madame Monsieur Equinox Alexander Rybak Ryan O'Shaughnessy Mélovin Waylon Sanja Ilić & Balkanika Jessica Mauboy AWS Lea Sirk Amaia & Alfred SuRie Saara Aalto Cláudia Pascoal Semi-final 1 Aisel Alekseev Ari Ólafsson Eye Cue Franka Gianna Terzi Sennek Sevak Khanagyan Zibbz Semi-final 2 Christabelle Gromee feat . Lukas Meijer Iriao Jessika feat . Jenifer Brening Julia Samoylova Laura Rizzotto The Humans Vanja Radovanović Songs Finalists ( by final results ) `` Toy '' `` Fuego '' `` Nobody but You '' `` You Let Me Walk Alone '' `` Non mi avete fatto niente '' `` Lie to Me '' `` Dance You Off '' `` La forza '' `` Higher Ground '' `` My Lucky Day '' `` Mall '' `` When We 're Old '' `` Mercy '' `` Bones '' `` That 's How You Write a Song '' `` Together '' `` Under the Ladder '' `` Outlaw in ' Em '' `` Nova deca '' `` We Got Love '' `` Viszlát nyár '' `` Hvala , ne ! '' `` Tu canción '' `` Storm '' `` Monsters '' `` O jardim '' Semi-final 1 `` A Matter of Time '' `` Crazy '' `` Forever '' `` Lost and Found '' `` Oneiro Mou '' `` Our Choice '' `` Qami '' `` Stones '' `` X My Heart '' Semi-final 2 `` For You '' `` Funny Girl '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Wo n't Break '' `` Inje '' `` Light Me Up '' `` Taboo '' `` Who We Are '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2018&oldid=846313081 '' Categories : Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 2018 in British music United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 22 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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-4751225041223492537	Economic liberalisation in India	Economic liberalisation in India - Wikipedia Economic liberalisation in India Jump to : navigation , search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : repeated information and poor organisation Please help improve this article if you can . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The economic liberalisation in India refers to the economic liberalisation , initiated in 1991 , of the country 's economic policies , with the goal of making the economy more market and service - oriented and expanding the role of private and foreign investment . Specific changes include a reduction in import tariffs , deregulation of markets , reduction of taxes , and greater foreign investment . Liberalisation has been credited by its proponents for the high economic growth recorded by the country in the 1990s and 2000s . Its opponents have blamed it for increased poverty , inequality and economic degradation . The overall direction of liberalisation has since remained the same , irrespective of the ruling party , although no party has yet solved a variety of politically difficult issues , such as liberalising labour laws and reducing agricultural subsidies . There exists a lively debate in India as to what made the economic reforms sustainable . Indian government coalitions have been advised to continue liberalisation . Before 2015 India grew at slower pace than China which has been liberalising its economy since 1978 . But in year 2015 India outpaced China in terms of GDP growth rate . The McKinsey Quarterly states that removing main obstacles `` would free India 's economy to grow as fast as China 's , at 10 % a year '' . There has been significant debate , however , around liberalisation as an inclusive economic growth strategy . Since 1992 , income inequality has deepened in India with consumption among the poorest staying stable while the wealthiest generate consumption growth . As India 's gross domestic product ( GDP ) growth rate became lowest in 2012 -- 13 over a decade , growing merely at 5.1 % , more criticism of India 's economic reforms surfaced , as it apparently failed to address employment growth , nutritional values in terms of food intake in calories , and also exports growth -- and thereby leading to a worsening level of current account deficit compared to the prior to the reform period . But then in FY 2013 -- 14 the growth rebounded to 6.9 % and then in 2014 -- 15 it rose to 7.3 % as a result of the reforms put by the New Government which led to the economy becoming healthy again and the current account deficit coming in control . Growth reached 7.5 % in the Jan -- Mar quarter of 2015 before slowing to 7.0 % in Apr -- Jun quarter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-liberalisation policies 1.1 Pre-1991 liberalisation attempts 1.2 Prevailing situation during 1980s 2 First reforms ( 1991 -- 96 ) 2.1 Crisis 3 Liberalisation of 1991 4 Later reforms 5 Impact 6 Challenges to further reforms 6.1 Reforms at the state level 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Pre-liberalisation policies ( edit ) Part of a series on the History of modern India Pre-independence Independence movement Rebellion / Mutiny / First War of Independence 1857 -- 1858 British Raj 1858 -- 1947 Partition 1947 Post-independence Political integration 1947 -- 1949 Non-Aligned Movement 1953 -- present States Reorganisation Act 1956 Indo - Pakistani War 1965 Green Revolution 1970s Indo - Pakistani War 1971 Emergency 1975 -- 1977 1990s Economic liberalisation See also History of India History of South Asia India portal Further information : Economic history of India and Licence Raj Indian economic policy after independence was influenced by the colonial experience ( which was seen by Indian leaders as exploitative in nature ) and by those leaders ' exposure to Fabian socialism . Policy tended towards protectionism , with a strong emphasis on import substitution , industrialisation under state monitoring , state intervention at the micro level in all businesses especially in labour and financial markets , a large public sector , business regulation , and central planning . Five - Year Plans of India resembled central planning in the Soviet Union . Steel , mining , machine tools , water , telecommunications , insurance , and electrical plants , among other industries , were effectively nationalised in the mid-1950s . Elaborate licences , regulations and the accompanying red tape , commonly referred to as Licence Raj , were required to set up business in India between 1947 and 1990 . Before the process of reform began in 1991 , the government attempted to close the Indian economy to the outside world . The Indian currency , the rupee , was inconvertible and high tariffs and import licensing prevented foreign goods reaching the market . India also operated a system of central planning for the economy , in which firms required licences to invest and develop . The labyrinthine bureaucracy often led to absurd restrictions -- up to 80 agencies had to be satisfied before a firm could be granted a licence to produce and the state would decide what was produced , how much , at what price and what sources of capital were used . The government also prevented firms from laying off workers or closing factories . The central pillar of the policy was import substitution , the belief that India needed to rely on internal markets for development , not international trade -- a belief generated by a mixture of socialism and the experience of colonial exploitation . Planning and the state , rather than markets , would determine how much investment was needed in which sectors . -- BBC Pre-1991 liberalisation attempts ( edit ) Attempts were made to liberalise the economy in 1966 and 1985 . The first attempt was reversed in 1967 . Thereafter , a stronger version of socialism was adopted . The second major attempt was in 1985 by prime minister Rajiv Gandhi . The process came to a halt in 1987 , though 1967 style reversal did not take place . In the 80s , the government led by Rajiv Gandhi started light reforms . The government slightly reduced Licence Raj and also promoted the growth of the telecommunications and software industries . The Chandra Shekhar Singh government ( 1990 -- 1991 ) took several significant steps towards the much needed reforms and laid its foundation . Prevailing situation during 1980s ( edit ) The low annual growth rate of the economy of India before 1980 , which stagnated around 3.5 % from 1950s to 1980s , while per capita income averaged 1.3 % . At the same time , Pakistan grew by 5 % , Indonesia by 9 % , Thailand by 9 % , South Korea by 10 % and Taiwan by 12 % . Only four or five licences would be given for steel , electrical power and communications . Licence owners built up huge powerful empires . A huge private sector emerged . State - owned enterprises made large losses . Income Tax Department and Customs Department became inefficient in checking tax evasion . Infrastructure investment was poor because of the public sector monopoly . Licence Raj established the `` irresponsible , self - perpetuating bureaucracy that still exists throughout much of the country '' and corruption flourished under this system . The fruits of liberalisation reached their peak in 2006 , when India recorded its highest GDP growth rate of 9.6 % . With this , India became the second fastest growing major economy in the world , next only to China . The growth rate has slowed significantly in the first half of 2012 . An Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) report states that the average growth rate 7.5 % will double the average income in a decade , and more reforms would speed up the pace . The economy then rebounded to 7.3 % growth in 2014 -- 15 . First reforms ( 1991 -- 96 ) ( edit ) P.V. Narasimha Rao Manmohan Singh Economic liberalisation in India was initiated in 1991 by Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and his then - Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh . Rao was often referred to as Chanakya for his ability to steer tough economic and political legislation through the parliament at a time when he headed a minority government . Crisis ( edit ) Main article : 1991 India economic crisis By 1991 , India still had a fixed exchange rate system , where the rupee was pegged to the value of a basket of currencies of major trading partners . India started having balance of payments problems since 1985 , and by the end of 1990 , the state of India was in a serious economic crisis . The government was close to default , its central bank had refused new credit and foreign exchange reserves had reduced to the point that India could barely finance three weeks ' worth of imports . It had to pledge 20 tonnes of gold to Union Bank of Switzerland and 47 tonnes to Bank of England as part of a bailout deal with the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . Most of the economic reforms were forced upon India as a part of the IMF bailout . A Balance of Payments crisis in 1991 pushed the country to near bankruptcy . In return for an IMF bailout , gold was transferred to London as collateral , the rupee devalued and economic reforms were forced upon India . That low point was the catalyst required to transform the economy through badly needed reforms to unshackle the economy . Controls started to be dismantled , tariffs , duties and taxes progressively lowered , state monopolies broken , the economy was opened to trade and investment , private sector enterprise and competition were encouraged and globalisation was slowly embraced . The reforms process continues today and is accepted by all political parties , but the speed is often held hostage by coalition politics and vested interests . -- India Report , Astaire Research Liberalisation of 1991 ( edit ) In response , Prime Minister Narasimha Rao , along with his finance minister Manmohan Singh , initiated the economic liberalisation of 1991 . The reforms did away with the Licence Raj , reduced tariffs and interest rates and ended many public monopolies , allowing automatic approval of foreign direct investment in many sectors . Since then , the overall thrust of liberalisation has remained the same , although no government has tried to take on powerful lobbies such as trade unions and farmers , on contentious issues such as reforming labour laws and reducing agricultural subsidies . By the turn of the 21st century , India had progressed towards a free - market economy , with a substantial reduction in state control of the economy and increased financial liberalisation . This has been accompanied by increases in life expectancy , literacy rates and food security , although urban residents have benefited more than rural residents . Later reforms ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . The Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) -- Atal Bihari Vajpayee administration surprised many by continuing reforms , when it was at the helm of affairs of India for six years , from 1998 -- 99 and from 1999 -- 2004 . The BJP - led National Democratic Alliance Coalition began privatising under - performing government owned business including hotels , VSNL , Maruti Suzuki , and airports , and began reduction of taxes , an overall fiscal policy aimed at reducing deficits and debts and increased initiatives for public works . The United Front government attempted a progressive budget that encouraged reforms , but the 1997 Asian financial crisis and political instability created economic stagnation . Towards the end of 2011 , the Congress - led UPA - 2 Coalition Government initiated the introduction of 51 % Foreign Direct Investment in retail sector . But due to pressure from fellow coalition parties and the opposition , the decision was rolled back . However , it was approved in December 2012 . In the early months of 2015 , the second BJP - led NDA Government under Narendra Modi further opened up the insurance sector by allowing up to 49 % FDI . This came seven years after the previous government attempted and failed to push through the same reforms and 16 years after the sector was first opened to foreign investors up to 26 % under the first BJP - led NDA Government under Atal Bihari Vajpayee 's administration . The second BJP - led NDA Government also opened up the coal industry through the passing of the Coal Mines ( Special Provisions ) Bill of 2015 . It effectively ended the Indian central government 's monopoly over the mining of coal , which existed since nationalization in 1973 through socialist controls . It has opened up the path for private , foreign investments in the sector , since Indian arms of foreign companies are entitled to bid for coal blocks and licences , as well as for commercial mining of coal . This could result in billions of dollars investments by domestic and foreign miners . The move is also beneficial to the state - owned Coal India Limited , which may now get the elbow room to bring in some much needed technology and best practices , while opening up prospects of a better future for millions of mine workers . In the 2016 budget session of Parliament , the Narendra Modi led BJP Government pushed through the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code . The Code creates time - bound processes for insolvency resolution of companies and individuals . These processes will be completed within 180 days . If insolvency can not be resolved , the assets of the borrowers may be sold to repay creditors . This law drastically eases the process of doing business , according to experts and is considered by many to be the second most important reform in India since 1991 next to the proposed GST . On July 1st 2017 , the BJP - led NDA Government under Narendra Modi launched the Goods and Services Tax ( India ) . This came years after the previous government attempted and failed to push through the same reform and 17 years after the legislation was proposed under the first BJP - led NDA Government under Atal Bihari Vajpayee 's administration in 2000 . Touted to be India 's biggest tax reform in 70 years of independence and the most important overall reform in terms of ease of doing business since 1991 . GST replaces a slew of indirect taxes with a unified tax structure and is therefore set to dramatically reshape the country 's 2 trillion dollar economy . Impact ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) HSBC GLT , Pune The impact of these reforms may be gauged from the fact that total foreign investment ( including foreign direct investment , portfolio investment , and investment raised on international capital markets ) in India grew from a minuscule US $132 million in 1991 -- 92 to $5.3 billion in 1995 -- 96 . Annual growth in GDP per capita has accelerated from just 11⁄4 per cent in the three decades after Independence to 71⁄2 per cent currently , a rate of growth that will double average income in a decade ... In service sectors where government regulation has been eased significantly or is less burdensome -- such as communications , insurance , asset management and information technology -- output has grown rapidly , with exports of information technology enabled services particularly strong . In those infrastructure sectors which have been opened to competition , such as telecoms and civil aviation , the private sector has proven to be extremely effective and growth has been phenomenal . -- OECD Election of AB Vajpayee as Prime Minister of India in 1998 and his agenda was a welcome change . His prescription to speed up economic progress included solution of all outstanding problems with the West ( Cold War related ) and then opening gates for FDI investment . In three years , the West was developing a bit of a fascination to India 's brainpower , powered by IT and BPO . By 2004 , the West would consider investment in India , should the conditions permit . By the end of Vajpayee 's term as prime minister , a framework for the foreign investment had been established . The new incoming government of Dr. Manmohan Singh in 2004 further strengthened the required infrastructure to welcome the FDI . Today , fascination with India is translating into active consideration of India as a destination for FDI . The AT Kearney study put India second most likely destination for FDI in 2005 behind China . It has displaced US to the third position . This is a great leap forward . India was at the 15th position , only a few years back . To quote the AT Kearney Study , `` India 's strong performance among manufacturing and telecom & utility firms was driven largely by their desire to make productivity - enhancing investments in IT , business process outsourcing , research and development , and knowledge management activities '' . Challenges to further reforms ( edit ) For 2010 , India was ranked 124th among 179 countries in Index of Economic Freedom World Rankings , which is an improvement from the preceding year . Slow growth of the agricultural sector , where half of Indians earn most of their income Highly restrictive and complex labour laws . High inflation High poverty Corruption and graft Lack of political consensus and will OECD summarised the key reforms that are needed : In labour markets , employment growth has been concentrated in firms that operate in sectors not covered by India 's highly restrictive labour laws . In the formal sector , where these labour laws apply , employment has been falling and firms are becoming more capital intensive despite abundant low - cost labour . Labour market reform is essential to achieve a broader - based development and provide sufficient and higher productivity jobs for the growing labour force . In product markets , inefficient government procedures , particularly in some of the states , acts as a barrier to entrepreneurship and need to be improved . Public companies are generally less productive than private firms and the privatisation programme should be revitalised . A number of barriers to competition in financial markets and some of the infrastructure sectors , which are other constraints on growth , also need to be addressed . The indirect tax system needs to be simplified to create a true national market , while for direct taxes , the taxable base should be broadened and rates lowered . Public expenditure should be re-oriented towards infrastructure investment by reducing subsidies . Furthermore , social policies should be improved to better reach the poor and -- given the importance of human capital -- the education system also needs to be made more efficient . -- OECD Though recently labour law reforms have been enacted at the state level Reforms at the state level ( edit ) See also : Economic disparities in India According to an OECD survey of the Indian economy states that had more liberal regulatory regimes had better economic performance . The survey also concluded that were complementary measures for better delivery of infrastructure , education and basic services implemented , they would boost employment creation and poverty reduction . See also ( edit ) Economy of India Globalisation in India Licence Raj Hindu rate of growth Economic miracle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` That old Gandhi magic '' . The Economist. 27 November 1997 . Jump up ^ For a critique of the existing explanations and a comprehensive alternative explanation see : Sharma , Chanchal Kumar ( 2011 ) `` A Discursive Dominance Theory of Economic Reforms Sustainability . '' India Review ( Routledge , UK ) 126 -- 84 Jump up ^ `` India 's economy : What 's holding India back ? '' . The Economist. 6 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India outpaces China in 2015 economic growth '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` The McKinsey Quarterly : India -- From emerging to surging '' ( PDF ) . The McKinsey Quarterly . 2001 . Jump up ^ `` India 's income inequality has doubled in 20 years '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . The Times of India . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ GDP growth slumps to 5 % , a decade 's low , Hindu Business Line 31 May 2013 Jump up ^ India 's Ponzi - styled economic reforms run out of steam , East Asia Forum 4 June 2013 Jump up ^ Kelegama , Saman ; Parikh , Kirit ( 2000 ) . `` Political Economy of Growth and Reforms in South Asia '' . Second Draft . Archived from the original on 11 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Sam Staley ( 2006 ) . `` The Rise and Fall of Indian Socialism : Why India embraced economic reform '' . Jump up ^ Street Hawking Promise Jobs in Future Archived 29 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , The Times of India , 25 November 2001 ^ Jump up to : `` India : the economy '' . BBC . 12 February 1998 . Jump up ^ For a complete history & analysis of liberalisation episodes in India , see : Sharma , Chanchal Kumar ( 2011 ) `` A Discursive Dominance Theory of Economic Reforms Sustainability . '' India Review ( Routledge , UK ) 126 -- 84 Jump up ^ History of Computing in India : 1955 -- 2010 , Rajaraman , V . Jump up ^ `` New Indian Express '' . New Indian Express . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Redefining The Hindu Rate of Growth '' . The Financial Express . Jump up ^ `` Industry passing through phase of transition '' . The Tribune India . Jump up ^ Eugene M. Makar ( 2007 ) . An American 's Guide to Doing Business in India . ^ Jump up to : `` The India Report '' ( PDF ) . Astaire Research . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` India growth rate slows to 5.3 % in first quarter '' . BBC.co.uk. 2012 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Economic survey of India 2007 : Policy Brief '' ( PDF ) . OECD . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Narasimha Rao -- a Reforming PM '' . news.bbc.co.uk . BBC News . 23 December 2004 . Retrieved 2 March 2007 . Jump up ^ V. Venkatesan ( 1 -- 14 January 2005 ) . `` Obituary : A scholar and a politician '' . Frontline. 22 ( 1 ) . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 30 March 2010 . Jump up ^ PV Narasimha Rao Passes Away . Retrieved 7 October 2007 . Archived 1 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ India 's Pathway through Financial Crisis Archived 12 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Arunabha Ghosh . Global Economic Governance Programme . Retrieved on 2 March 2007 . Jump up ^ What Caused the 1991 Currency Crisis in India ? , IMF Staff Papers , Valerie Cerra and Sweta Chaman Saxena . Jump up ^ Economic Crisis Forcing Once Self - Reliant India to Seek Aid , New York Times , 29 June 1991 Jump up ^ Task Force Report 2006 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ `` That old Gandhi magic '' . The Economist. 27 November 1997 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Kumar 2005 , p. 1037 Jump up ^ Task Force Report 2006 , pp. 17 -- 20 . Jump up ^ J. Bradford DeLong ( 2001 ) . `` India Since Independence : An Analytic Growth Narrative '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` End of policy paralysis : Govt approves 51 % FDI in multi-brand retail '' . Zeenews.india.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament passes insurance bill in a major boost to Modi 's reforms agenda '' . livemint.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament boost to Modi 's plans : Coal , mining bills passed by Rajya Sabha '' . indiatoday.intotoday.in . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Bankruptcy code biggest economic reform after GST : Finance Ministry '' . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` GST Launch Time Midnight Parliament Session '' . Hindustantimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Local industrialists against multinationals . Ajay Singh and Arjuna Ranawana . Asiaweek . Retrieved on 2 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Biswas , Soutik ( 2011 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Challenges ahead for India reforms '' . BBC News . BBC . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` IMF calls for urgent reform in Indian labour laws '' . Jump up ^ Kaushik Basu , Gary S. Fields , and Shub Debgupta . `` Retrenchment , Labor Laws and Government Policy : An Analysis with Special Reference to India '' ( PDF ) . The World Bank . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ R.C. Datta / Milly Sil ( 2007 ) . `` Contemporary Issues on Labour Law Reform in India '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Aditya Gupta ( 2006 ) . `` How wrong has the Indian Left been about economic reforms ? '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Basu , Kaushik ( 27 June 2005 ) . `` Why India needs labour law reform '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` A special report on India : An elephant , not a tiger '' . The Economist. 11 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India Country Overview 2008 '' . The World Bank . 2008 . Jump up ^ Gurcharan Das ( July -- August 2006 ) . `` The India Model '' . The Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on 7 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Schuman , Michael ( 2012 - 11 - 05 ) . `` India vs China : Which Has a Bigger Reform Challenge ? '' . Time . Time . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Rajasthan shows way in labour reforms '' . 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Jha , Somesh . `` President okays Rajasthan labour reforms : Firms with 300 workers need no govt nod to sack '' . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Somesh Jha & Shashikant . `` Madhya Pradesh assembly passes labour law amendments '' . Jump up ^ Jha , Somesh . `` President clears Madhya Pradesh labour reforms '' . External links ( edit ) For a short educational video of the `` economic history of India '' . Nick Gillespie ( 2009 ) . `` What Slumdog Millionaire can teach Americans about economic stimulus '' . Reason . Gurcharan Das ( 2006 ) . `` The India Model '' . The Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on 7 March 2009 . Ravinder Kaur ( 2015 ) . `` Good Times , Brought to you by Brand Modi '' . Television and New Media . Ravinder Kaur ( 2012 ) . `` India Inc. and its Moral Discontent '' . Economic and Political Weekly . Aditya Gupta ( 2006 ) . `` How wrong has the Indian Left been about economic reforms ? '' ( PDF ) . Centre for Civil Society . `` The India Report '' ( PDF ) . Astaire Research < < does n't work > >. 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 January 2009 . 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8919596588622953848	Game of Thrones (season 8)	Game of Thrones ( season 8 ) - Wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 8 ) Game of Thrones ( season 8 ) Promotional poster Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States Release Original network HBO Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 List of Game of Thrones episodes The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones was announced by HBO in July 2016 . Unlike the first six seasons that each had ten episodes and the seventh that had seven episodes , the eighth season will have only six episodes . Like the previous season , it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series and will also adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series , The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring . The season will be adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . Filming officially began on October 23 , 2017 , and concluded in July 2018 . The season is scheduled to premiere during the first half of 2019 . Contents 1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Supporting cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Crew 3.3 Writing 3.4 Filming 3.5 Episodes 3.6 Music 4 References 5 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 68 TBA David Nutter Dave Hill 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 69 TBA David Nutter Bryan Cogman 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 70 TBA Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 71 TBA David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 72 5 TBA Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 73 6 TBA David Benioff & D.B. Weiss David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Hannah Murray as Gilly Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Conleth Hill as Varys Carice van Houten as Melisandre Jerome Flynn as Bronn Joe Dempsie as Gendry Supporting cast ( edit ) Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Marc Rissmann as Harry Strickland Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones was announced by HBO in July 2016 , and , like the previous season , it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series and will instead adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series , The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring . Crew ( edit ) Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss will serve as showrunners for the eighth season . The directors for the eighth season were announced in September 2017 . Miguel Sapochnik , who previously directed `` The Gift '' and `` Hardhome '' on season 5 , as well as `` Battle of the Bastards '' and `` The Winds of Winter '' on season 6 will return as director . He will divide up direction of the first five episodes with David Nutter , who had directed two episodes on seasons two , three and five , including `` The Rains of Castamere '' and `` Mother 's Mercy '' . The final episode of the show will be directed by Benioff and Weiss , who have previously directed one episode each . At the show 's South by Southwest panel on March 12 , 2017 , Benioff and Weiss announced the writers for the show to be Dave Hill ( episode 1 ) and Bryan Cogman ( episode 2 ) . The showrunners will then divide up the screenplay for the remaining four episodes amongst themselves . Writing ( edit ) Writing for the eighth season started with a 140 - page outline . Benioff said that the divvying up process and who should write what section became more difficult because `` this would be the last time that we would be doing this '' . Filming ( edit ) In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , HBO programming president Casey Bloys stated that instead of the series finale being a feature film , the final season would be `` six one - hour movies '' on television . He continued , `` The show has proven that TV is every bit as impressive and in many cases more so , than film . What they 're doing is monumental . '' Filming officially began on October 23 , 2017 , and concluded in July 2018 . Episodes ( edit ) Co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss have said that the seventh and eighth season would likely consist of fewer episodes , stating that after season six , they were `` down to our final 13 episodes after this season . We 're heading into the final lap . '' Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 - month time frame , as Weiss said , `` It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule . '' HBO confirmed in July 2016 , that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes , and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule . Benioff and Weiss later confirmed that the eighth season will consist of six episodes , and is expected to premiere later than usual for the same reason . Benioff and Weiss spoke about the end of the show , saying , `` From the beginning we 've wanted to tell a 70 - hour movie . It will turn out to be a 73 - hour movie , but it 's stayed relatively the same of having the beginning , middle and now we 're coming to the end . It would have been really tough if we lost any core cast members along the way , I 'm very happy we 've kept everyone and we get to finish it the way we want to . '' The season is scheduled to premiere during the first half of 2019 . Music ( edit ) Ramin Djawadi is set to return as the composer of the show for the eighth season . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 : Directors revealed for all episodes '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' DP Fabian Wagner on Zack Snyder 's Cut , Superman 's Black Suit & ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carson , Biz ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The final season of ' Game of Thrones ' will only be six episodes '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Will Return in 2019 '' . HBO . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Stars Score Hefty Pay Raises for Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Liam Cunningham ( Davos ) talks about the filming schedule for Game of Thrones Season 8 '' . Winteriscoming.net . January 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Avery ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sophie Turner Drops Massive Spoiler About Sansa Stark 's Fate in Season 8 '' . Hollywood Life . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morton , Ashley ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Maisie Williams Thinks Arya Went Hunting for Trouble This Season '' . Making Off Game of Thrones . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 8 Filming Will Continue Up Until Summer 2018 '' . SuperHeroHype . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Jack ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 filming looks to be underway as cast members spotted in Belfast '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , John ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` There 's a new tag team in town . 💪 Hope you enjoyed season 7 . Thanks for watching and we 'll be back . The wait starts now . 😊 # gameofthrones # GOT '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Actor Says Cut Scene Would 've Explained Confusing Finale Moment '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ChristineDoesCons ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` Hannah Murray @ COT 2018 '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Actor Rory McCann Says He 's Already Training For Cleganebowl '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Comic Con Stockholm 2017 - Iain Glen Q&A '' . YouTube . October 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kinkaid , Ben ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` What News From Westeros ? Everything we know about Game of Thrones Season 8 '' . GQ . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2018 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 : Melisandre return confirmed as fans theorise on character storyline '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Emma ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 cast : Who will be in the final series ? '' . Daily Express . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Deen , Sarah ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` Game of Thrones star Joe Dempsie is scared he 'll get drunk and reveal final season secrets '' . Metro . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Night 's Watch WILL be in Game of Thrones season 8 , confirms Lord Commander actor '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Medeiros , Madison ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Attention Cleganebowl Fans : The Hound & The Mountain Are Already Bashing Each Other IRL '' . Refinery29 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riddell , Rose ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Interview : Daniel Portman on ' Game of Thrones ' and his upcoming visit to New Zealand '' . Coup de Main . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 casting announcement debunks fan theory '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 30 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO confirms season 8 will be last '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( July 30 , 2016 ) . `` HBO Confirms ' Game of Thrones ' Will End With Eighth Season '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` George R.R. Martin revealed 3 huge shocks to Game of Thrones producers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Liz Shannon ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 8 : Everything We Know About the Final Season '' . Indiewire . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morton , Ashley ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Everything You Missed From Game of Thrones at SXSW 2017 '' . Making Game of Thrones . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James Hibberd , James Hibberd ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO clarifies prequels , final seasons plan '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 filming looks to be underway as cast members spotted in Belfast '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelleher , Kevin ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Final Season Has Finished Filming . Now a Winter of Waiting Begins '' . Fortune . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Creators Mull Shorter Final Seasons ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Considering Shorter Final Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones producers confirm final season only 6 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO Boss Narrows Down Final Season Premiere Date '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2018 . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Composer Says You 're Not Hearing What You Think You Are '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Game of Thrones -- official US site Game of Thrones -- official UK site Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Reigns : Game of Thrones Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Fire & Blood ( 2018 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Myrcella Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte The Known World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Portal Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_8)&oldid=866309504 '' Categories : Game of Thrones Upcoming television seasons Hidden categories : Use American English from September 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from September 2018 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Português Română Русский Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 15 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is game of thrones season 8 released	[ "The season will be adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. Filming officially began on October 23, 2017, and concluded in July 2018. The season is scheduled to premiere during the first half of 2019.\n" ]	[ "during the first half of 2019" ]
-7792286359193436174	Construction of the World Trade Center	Construction of the World Trade Center - Wikipedia Construction of the World Trade Center Jump to : navigation , search The completed World Trade Center in March 2001 The construction of New York City 's first World Trade Center complex was conceived as an urban renewal project , spearheaded by David Rockefeller , to help revitalize Lower Manhattan . The project was developed by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey , which hired architect Minoru Yamasaki who came up with the specific idea for twin towers . After extensive negotiations , the New Jersey and New York state governments , which oversee the Port Authority , agreed to support the World Trade Center project , which was built at the site of Radio Row in the Lower West Side of Manhattan , New York City . To make the agreement acceptable to New Jersey , the Port Authority agreed to take over the bankrupt Hudson & Manhattan Railroad , which brought commuters from New Jersey to the Lower Manhattan site and , upon the Port Authority 's takeover of the railroad , was renamed PATH . The towers were designed as framed tube structures , which provided tenants with open floor plans , uninterrupted by columns or walls . This was accomplished using numerous closely spaced perimeter columns to provide much of the strength to the structure , along with gravity load shared with the core columns . The elevator system , which made use of sky lobbies and a system of express and local elevators , allowed substantial floor space to be freed up for use as office space by making the structural core smaller . The design and construction of the World Trade Center , most centrally its twin towers , involved many other innovative techniques , such as the slurry wall for digging the foundation , and wind tunnel experiments . Construction of the World Trade Center 's North Tower began in August 1968 , and the South Tower in 1969 . Extensive use of prefabricated components helped to speed up the construction process . The first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 1970 and into the South Tower in January 1972 . Four other low - level buildings were constructed as part of the World Trade Center in the 1970s , and the seventh building , 7 World Trade Center , was constructed in the mid-1980s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Planning 1.1 Original plans 1.2 Agreement 1.3 Controversy 2 Design 2.1 Design announced 2.2 Structural design 2.3 Wind effects 2.4 Aircraft impact 2.5 Fire protection 3 Construction 3.1 Twin Towers 3.2 Other buildings 4 Modifications 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Planning ( edit ) In 1942 , Austin J. Tobin became the Executive Director of the Port Authority , beginning a 30 - year career during which he oversaw the planning and development of the World Trade Center . The concept of establishing a `` world trade center '' was conceived during the post -- World War II period , when the United States thrived economically and international trade was increasing . In 1946 , the New York State Legislature passed a bill that called for a `` world trade center '' to be established . The World Trade Corporation was founded , and a board was appointed by New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey to develop plans for the project . Architect John Eberson and his son Drew devised a plan that included 21 buildings over a ten - block area , at an estimated cost of $150 million . In 1949 , the World Trade Corporation was dissolved by the New York State Legislature , and plans for a `` world trade center '' were put on hold . Original plans ( edit ) Architect 's model for the proposed World Trade Center on the East River During the post-war period , economic growth was concentrated in Midtown Manhattan , in part stimulated by the Rockefeller Center , which was developed in the 1930s . Meanwhile , Lower Manhattan was left out of the economic boom . One exception was the construction of One Chase Manhattan Plaza in the Financial District by David Rockefeller , who led urban renewal efforts in Lower Manhattan . In 1958 , Rockefeller established the Downtown - Lower Manhattan Association ( DLMA ) , which commissioned Skidmore , Owings and Merrill to draw up plans for revitalizing Lower Manhattan . The plans , made public in late June 1960 called for a World Trade Center to be built on a 13 - acre ( 53,000 m ) site along the East River , from Old Slip to Fulton Street and between Water Street and South Street . The complex would include a 900 - foot ( 275 m ) long exhibition hall , and a 50 -- 70 story building , with some of its upper floors used as a hotel . Other amenities would include a theater , shops , and restaurants . The plan also called for a new securities exchange building , which the Downtown - Lower Manhattan Association hoped would house the New York Stock Exchange . David Rockefeller suggested that the Port Authority would be a logical choice for taking on the project , and argued that the Trade Center would provide great benefits in facilitating and increasing volume of international commerce coming through the Port of New York . Given the importance of New York City in global commerce , Port Authority director Austin J. Tobin remarked that the proposed project should be the World Trade Center , and not just a `` world trade center . '' After a year - long review of the proposal , the Port Authority formally backed the project on March 11 , 1961 . Agreement ( edit ) Location of World Trade Center ( in red ) and originally proposed site ( in orange ) The States of New York and New Jersey also needed to approve the project , given their control and oversight role of the Port Authority . Objections to the plan came from New Jersey Governor Robert B. Meyner , who resented that New York would be getting this $335 million project . Meanwhile , ridership on New Jersey 's Hudson and Manhattan Railroad ( H&M ) had declined substantially from a high of 113 million riders in 1927 to 26 million in 1958 , after new automobile tunnels and bridges opened across the Hudson River . Toward the end of 1961 , negotiations with outgoing New Jersey Governor Meyner regarding the World Trade Center project reached a stalemate . In December 1961 , Tobin met with newly elected New Jersey Governor Richard J. Hughes , and made a proposal to shift the World Trade Center project to a west side site where the Hudson Terminal was located . In acquiring the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad , the Port Authority would also acquire the Hudson Terminal and other buildings which were deemed obsolete . On January 22 , 1962 , the two states reached an agreement to allow the Port Authority to take over the railroad and to build the World Trade Center on Manhattan 's lower west side . The shift in location for the World Trade Center to a site more convenient to New Jersey , together with Port Authority acquisition of the H&M Railroad , brought New Jersey to agreement in support of the World Trade Center project . Controversy ( edit ) Even once the agreement between the states of New Jersey , New York , and the Port Authority was finalized , the World Trade Center plan faced continued controversy . The site for the World Trade Center was the location of Radio Row , which was home to hundreds of commercial and industrial tenants , property owners , small businesses , and approximately 100 residents . The World Trade Center plans involved evicting these business owners , some of whom fiercely protested the forced relocation . In June 1962 , a group representing approximately 325 shops and 1,000 other affected small businesses filed an injunction , challenging the Port Authority 's power of eminent domain . The dispute with local business owners worked its way through the court system , up to the New York State Court of Appeals , which in April 1963 upheld the Port Authority 's right of eminent domain , saying that the project had a `` public purpose . '' On November 12 , 1963 , the United States Supreme Court refused to accept the case . Under the state law , the Port Authority was required to assist business owners in relocating , though many business owners regarded what the Port Authority offered as inadequate . Questions continued while the World Trade Center was constructed , as to whether the Port Authority really ought to take on the project , described by some as a `` mistaken social priority . '' By 1964 , by which time the intended scale of the Yamasaki designed scheme had been made public with plans for the twin 110 - story towers , private real estate developers and members of the Real Estate Board of New York also expressed concerns about this much `` subsidized '' office space going on the open market , competing with the private sector when there was already a glut of vacancies . An especially vocal critic was Lawrence Wien , a co-owner of the Empire State Building , which would lose its title of tallest building in the world . Wien organized a group of builders into a group called the `` Committee for a Reasonable World Trade Center '' to demand that the project be scaled down . In January 1964 , the Port Authority inked a deal with the State of New York to locate government offices at the World Trade Center . The Port Authority began signing commercial tenants in the spring and summer of 1964 , including several banks . In 1965 , the Port Authority signed the United States Customs Service as a tenant . A final obstacle for the Port Authority was getting approval from New York City Mayor John Lindsay and the New York City Council , who raised concerns about the limited extent that the Port Authority involved the city in the negotiations and deliberations . Negotiations between The City of New York and the Port Authority were centered on tax issues . A final agreement was made on August 3 , 1966 , that the Port Authority would make annual payments to the City , in lieu of taxes , for the portion of the World Trade Center leased to private tenants . In subsequent years , the payments would rise as the real estate tax rate increased . Design ( edit ) A typical floor layout and elevator arrangement of the WTC towers Design announced ( edit ) On September 20 , 1962 , the Port Authority announced the selection of Minoru Yamasaki as lead architect , and Emery Roth & Sons as associate architects . Originally , Yamasaki submitted to the Port Authority a concept incorporating twin towers , but with each building only 80 stories tall . Yamasaki remarked that the `` obvious alternative , a group of several large buildings , would have looked like a housing project . '' Yamasaki 's design for the World Trade Center was unveiled to the public on January 18 , 1964 , with an eight - foot model . The towers had a square plan , approximately 207 feet ( 63 m ) in dimension on each side . The buildings were designed with narrow office windows , only 18 inches ( 45 cm ) wide , which reflected on Yamasaki 's fear of heights and desire to make building occupants feel secure . Yamasaki 's design called for the building facades to be sheathed in aluminum - alloy . To meet the Port Authority 's requirement to build 10 million square feet ( 930,000 m2 ) of office space , the buildings would each need to be 110 stories tall . A major limiting factor in building heights is elevators ; the taller the building , the more elevators are needed to service the building , requiring more space - consuming elevator banks . Yamasaki and the engineers decided to use a new system that included sky lobbies , which are floors where people can switch from a large - capacity express elevator , which goes only to the sky lobbies , to a local elevator that goes to each floor in a section ( the local elevators can be stacked within the same elevator shaft ) . Located on the 44th and 78th floors of each tower , the sky lobbies enabled the elevators to be used efficiently , while also increasing the amount of usable space on each floor from 62 to 75 percent by reducing the number of required elevator shafts . The World Trade Center towers were the second supertall buildings to use sky lobbies , after the John Hancock Center in Chicago . This system was inspired by the New York City Subway system , whose lines include local stations where local trains stop and express stations where all trains stop . Original architectural and engineering model . This model is now on permanent display at the National September 11th . Memorial and Museum in NYC . Yamasaki , who had previously designed Saudi Arabia 's Dhahran International Airport with the Saudi Binladin Group , incorporated features of Arabic architecture into the design of the World Trade Center . The plaza was modelled after Mecca , incorporating features such as a vast delineated square , a fountain , and a radial circular pattern . Yamasaki described the plaza as `` a mecca , a great relief from the narrow streets and sidewalks of the Wall Street area . '' He also incorporated other features of Arabic architecture into the building design , including pointed arches , interweaving tracery of prefabricated concrete , a minaret like flight tower , and arabesque patterns . The World Trade Center design brought criticism of its aesthetics from the American Institute of Architects and other groups . Lewis Mumford , author of The City in History and other works on urban planning , criticized the project and described it and other new skyscrapers as `` just glass - and - metal filing cabinets . '' Television broadcasters raised concerns that the World Trade Center twin towers would cause interference in television reception for viewers in the New York City area . In response to these concerns , the Port Authority offered to provide new television transmission facilities at the World Trade Center . The Linnaean Society of the American Museum of Natural History also opposed the Trade Center project , citing hazards the buildings would impose on migrating birds . The structural engineering firm Worthington , Skilling , Helle & Jackson worked to implement Yamasaki 's design , developing the tube - frame structural system used in the buildings . The Port Authority 's Engineering Department served as foundation engineers , Joseph R. Loring & Associates as electrical engineers , and Jaros , Baum & Bolles ( JB&B ) as mechanical engineers . Tishman Realty & Construction Company was the general contractor on the World Trade Center project . Guy F. Tozzoli , director of the World Trade Department at the Port Authority , and the Port Authority 's Chief Engineer , Rino M. Monti , oversaw the project . Structural design ( edit ) As an interstate agency , the Port Authority was not subject to local laws and regulations of the City of New York , including building codes . Nonetheless , the Port Authority required architects and structural engineers to follow the New York City building codes . At the time when the World Trade Center was planned , new building codes were being devised to replace the 1938 version that was still in place . The structural engineers ended up following draft versions of the new 1968 building codes , which incorporated `` advanced techniques '' in building design . The World Trade Center towers included many structural engineering innovations in skyscraper design and construction , which allowed the buildings to reach new heights and become the tallest in the world . Traditionally , skyscrapers used a skeleton of columns distributed throughout the interior to support building loads , with interior columns disrupting the floor space . The tube - frame concept , earlier introduced by Fazlur Khan , was a major innovation , allowing open floor plans and more space to rent . The buildings used high - strength , load - bearing perimeter steel columns called Vierendeel trusses that were spaced closely together to form a strong , rigid wall structure . There were 60 perimeter columns , narrowly spaced , on each side of the buildings . In all , the perimeter walls of the towers were 210 feet ( 64 m ) on each side , and the corners were beveled . The perimeter columns were designed to provide support for virtually all lateral loads ( such as wind loads ) and to share the gravity loads with the core columns . Structural analysis of major portions of the World Trade Center were computed on an IBM 1620 . Typical WTC architectural floor plan The perimeter structure was constructed with extensive use of prefabricated modular pieces , which consisted of three columns , three stories tall , connected by spandrel plates . The perimeter columns had a square cross section , 14 inches ( 36 cm ) on a side , and were constructed of welded steel plate . The thickness of the plates and grade of structural steel varied over the height of the tower , ranging from 36,000 to 100,000 pounds per square inch ( 260 to 670 MPa ) . The strength of the steel and thickness of the steel plates decreased with height because they were required to support lesser amounts of building mass on higher floors . The tube - frame design required 40 percent less structural steel than conventional building designs . From the 7th floor to the ground level , and down to the foundation , the columns were spaced 10 feet ( 3 m ) apart . All columns were placed on bedrock , which , unlike that in Midtown Manhattan , where the bedrock is shallow , is at 65 -- 85 feet ( 20 -- 26 m ) below the surface . The spandrel plates were welded to the columns to create the modular pieces off - site at the fabrication shop . The modular pieces were typically 52 inches ( 1.3 m ) deep , and extended for two full floors and half of two more floors . Adjacent modules were bolted together , with the splices occurring at mid-span of the columns and spandrels . The spandrel plates were located at each floor , transmitting shear stress between columns , allowing them to work together in resisting lateral loads . The joints between modules were staggered vertically , so the column splices between adjacent modules were not at the same floor . The building 's core housed the elevator and utility shafts , restrooms , three stairwells , and other support spaces . The core of each tower was a rectangular area 87 by 135 feet ( 27 by 41 m ) , and contained 47 steel columns running from the bedrock to the top of the tower . The columns tapered after the 66th floor , and consisted of welded box - sections at lower floors and rolled wide - flange sections at upper floors . The structural core in 1 WTC was oriented with the long axis east to west , while that of 2 WTC was oriented north to south . All elevators were located in the core . Each building had three stairwells , also in the core , except on the mechanical floors where the two outside stairwells temporarily left the core in order to avoid the express elevator machine rooms , and then rejoined the core by means of a transfer corridor . It was this arrangement that allowed Stairwell A of 2 WTC to remain passable after the aircraft impact on September 11 , 2001 . Schematic of composite floor truss system The large , column - free space between the perimeter and core was bridged by prefabricated floor trusses . The floors supported their own weight , as well as live loads , provided lateral stability to the exterior walls , and distributed wind loads among the exterior walls . The floors consisted of 4 - inch ( 10 cm ) thick lightweight concrete slabs laid on a fluted steel deck with shear connections for composite action . A grid of lightweight bridging trusses and main trusses supported the floors . The trusses had a span of 60 feet ( 18 m ) in the long - span areas and 35 feet ( 11 m ) in the short span area . The trusses connected to the perimeter at alternate columns , and were on 6 - foot - 8 - inch ( 2.03 m ) centers . The top chords of the trusses were bolted to seats welded to the spandrels on the exterior side and a channel welded to the core columns on the interior side . The floors were connected to the perimeter spandrel plates with viscoelastic dampers , which helped reduce the amount of sway felt by building occupants . Hat trusses ( or `` outrigger truss '' ) located from the 107th floor to the top of the buildings were designed to support a tall communication antenna on top of each building . Only 1 WTC ( north tower ) actually had an antenna fitted , which was added in 1978 . The truss system consisted of six trusses along the long axis of the core and four along the short axis . This truss system allowed some load redistribution between the perimeter and core columns and supported the transmission tower . Wind effects ( edit ) The tube frame design using steel core and perimeter columns protected with sprayed - on fire resistant material created a relatively lightweight structure that would sway more in response to the wind , compared to traditional structures such as the Empire State Building that have thick , heavy masonry for fireproofing of steel structural elements . During the design process , wind tunnel tests were done at Colorado State University and at the National Physical Laboratory in the United Kingdom to establish design wind pressures that the World Trade Center towers could be subjected to and structural response to those forces . Experiments were also done to evaluate how much sway occupants could tolerate . Subjects were recruited for `` free eye exams , '' while the real purpose of the experiment was to subject them to simulated building sway and find out how much they could comfortably tolerate . Many subjects did not respond well , experiencing dizziness and other ill effects . One of the chief engineers Leslie Robertson worked with Canadian engineer Alan G. Davenport to develop viscoelastic dampers to absorb some of the sway . These viscoelastic dampers , used throughout the structures at the joints between floor trusses and perimeter columns , along with some other structural modifications reduced the building sway to an acceptable level . Aircraft impact ( edit ) The structural engineers on the project also considered the possibility that an aircraft could crash into the building . In July 1945 , a B - 25 bomber that was lost in the fog had crashed into the 78th and 79th floors of the Empire State Building . A year later , another airplane crashed into the 40 Wall Street building , and there was another close call at the Empire State Building . In designing the World Trade Center , Leslie Robertson considered the scenario of the impact of a jet airliner , the Boeing 707 , which might be lost in the fog , seeking to land at JFK or at Newark airports . The National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) found a three - page white paper that mentioned another aircraft impact analysis , involving impact of a jet at 600 mph ( 970 km / h ) , was indeed considered , but NIST could not locate the documentary evidence of the aircraft impact analysis . Fire protection ( edit ) Sprayed - fire resistant materials ( SFRMs ) were used to protect some structural steel elements in the towers , including all floor trusses and beams . Gypsum wallboard in combination with SFRMs , or in some cases gypsum wallboard alone , was used to protect core columns . Vermiculite plaster was used on the interior - side and SFRMs on the other three sides of the perimeter columns for fire protection . The 1968 New York City building codes were more lenient in some aspects of fire protection , such as allowing three exit stairwells in the World Trade Center towers , instead of six as required under older building codes . In April 1970 , the New York City Department of Air Resources ordered contractors building the World Trade Center to stop the spraying of asbestos as an insulating material . More fireproofing was added after a fire in February 1975 that spread to six floors before being extinguished . After the 1993 bombing , inspections found fireproofing to be deficient . The Port Authority was in the process of replacing it , but replacement had been completed on only 18 floors in WTC 1 , including all the floors affected by the aircraft impact and fires on September 11 , and on 13 floors in WTC 2 , although only three of these floors ( 77 , 78 , and 85 ) were directly affected by the aircraft impact . The 1968 New York City building codes did not require sprinklers for high - rise buildings , except for underground spaces . In accordance with building codes , sprinklers were originally installed only in the underground parking structures of the World Trade Center . Following a major fire in February 1975 , the Port Authority decided to start installing sprinklers throughout the buildings . By 1993 , nearly all of 2 WTC and 85 percent of 1 WTC had sprinklers installed , and the entire complex was retrofitted by 2001 . Construction ( edit ) South Tower and slurry wall `` bathtub '' under construction in 1969 In March 1965 , the Port Authority began acquiring property at the World Trade Center site . The Ajax Wrecking and Lumber Corporation was hired for the demolition work , which began on March 21 , 1966 to clear the site for construction of the World Trade Center . Twin Towers ( edit ) Groundbreaking was on August 5 , 1966 , marking the beginning of construction of the World Trade Center 's foundations . The site of the World Trade Center was located on landfill , with the bedrock located 65 feet ( 20 m ) below grade . In order to construct the World Trade Center , it was necessary to build `` The Bathtub '' , with the slurry wall along the West Street side of the site , to keep water from the Hudson River out . This method was used in place of conventional dewatering methods because lowering the groundwater table would cause large settlements of nearby buildings not built on deep foundations . The slurry method involves digging a trench , and as excavation proceeds , filling the space with a `` slurry '' mixture , composed of bentonite which plugs holes and keeps water out . When the trench was dug out , a steel cage was inserted , with concrete poured in , forcing the `` slurry '' out . The `` slurry '' method was devised by Port Authority chief engineer John M. Kyle Jr . Towards the end of 1966 , work began on building the slurry wall , led by Montreal - based Icanda , a subsidiary of an Italian engineering firm , Impresa Costruzioni Opere Specializzate ( I.C.O.S. ) . It took fourteen months for the slurry wall to be completed , which was necessary before excavation of material from the interior of the site could begin . The original Hudson Tubes , which carried PATH trains into Hudson Terminal , remained in service as elevated tunnels until 1971 when a new PATH station was built . Construction work began on the North Tower in August 1968 with construction beginning on the South Tower by January 1969 . In January 1967 , $74 million in contracts were awarded to the Pacific Car and Foundry Company , Laclede Steel Company , Granite City Steel Company , and Karl Koch Erecting Company to supply steel for the project . The Port Authority chose to use many different steel suppliers , bidding on smaller portions of steel , rather than buy larger amounts from a single source such as Bethlehem Steel or U.S. Steel as a cost - saving measure . Karl Koch was also hired to do all the work of erecting the steel , and a contract for work on the aluminum facade was awarded to the Aluminum Company of America . Tishman Realty & Construction was hired in February 1967 to oversee construction of the project . World Trade Center under construction in 1971 Extensive use of prefabricated parts for the perimeter framing and floor truss systems helped speed up the construction process and reduce costs , while providing greater quality control . Steel components were freighted into a Penn Central yard in Jersey City . From there , they were brought in early morning hours through the Holland Tunnel to the construction site , and lifted into place by a crane . Larger pieces were brought to the construction site by tugboats . A special type of crane , suitable for constructing such tall buildings , that used hydraulics to lift components and provided its own power was used in construction of the World Trade Center . The Favco Standard 2700 Crane , manufactured by Favelle Mort Ltd. of New South Wales , Australia was informally called a `` kangaroo crane . '' In 1970 , tugboat workers went on strike , halting the transport of material to the construction site . The Port Authority attempted other means of transporting material , including via helicopter . When this method was tried , the helicopter lost its load of steel into the Kill Van Kull . Some other mishaps occurred during the construction process , including disruption of telephone service in Lower Manhattan when telephone cables were crushed by pile drivers . On March 16 , 1970 , an explosion injured six workers when a truck hit a propane tank . In all , 60 workers were killed in construction accidents while the World Trade Center was being built . The topping out ceremony of 1 WTC ( North Tower ) took place on December 23 , 1970 , with 2 WTC 's ceremony ( South Tower ) occurring later on July 19 , 1971 . The first tenants moved into the North Tower on December 15 , 1970 , and into the South Tower in January 1972 . The buildings were dedicated on April 4 , 1973 ; Tobin , who had resigned the year before , was absent from the ceremonies . Building the World Trade Center involved excavating 1,200,000 cubic yards ( 920,000 m ) of material . Rather than transporting this material at great costs out to sea or to landfills in New Jersey , the fill material was used to expand the Manhattan shoreline across West Street . Work to demolish the piers began on January 5 , 1967 , including Pier 7 to Pier 11 which were all constructed around 1910 . The demolition work moved forward , despite conflicts between David Rockefeller , Governor Nelson Rockefeller , and Mayor John Lindsay regarding plans for Battery Park City . Landfill material from the World Trade Center was used to add land , and a cellular cofferdam was constructed to retain the material . The result was a 700 - foot ( 210 m ) extension into the Hudson River , running six blocks or 1,484 feet ( 452 m ) . This land was a `` gift '' to New York City , allowing more tax - generating developments in Battery Park City . The original estimates put forth by the Port Authority had the costs for construction of the World Trade Center at $350 million -- an optimistic figure . In December 1966 , the Port Authority announced increased cost estimates , bringing the estimated total to $575 million . This announcement brought criticism of the project from private real estate developers , The New York Times , and others in New York City . The critics charged that the Port Authority figure was an unrealistically low estimate , and they estimated the project would end up costing $750 million . When the World Trade Center twin towers were completed , the total costs to the Port Authority had reached $900 million . The project was financed through tax - exempt bonds issued by the Port Authority . Other buildings ( edit ) The World Trade Center complex included four other smaller buildings constructed during the 1970s . 3 World Trade Center was a 22 - story building , which was home to the Marriott World Trade Center . It was designed by Skidmore , Owings and Merrill in 1978 -- 79 . 4 World Trade Center , 5 World Trade Center , and 6 World Trade Center were all 8 -- 9 story buildings that were designed by the same team as the Twin Towers , including Minoru Yamasaki ; Emery Roth & Sons ; and Skilling , Helle , Christiansen , Robertson . 7 World Trade Center was built in the mid-1980s , just north of the main World Trade Center site . The 47 - story building was designed by Emery , Roth & Sons , and constructed on top of a Con Edison power substation . Modifications ( edit ) Over time , numerous structural modifications were made to suit the needs of tenants in the Twin Towers . Modifications were made in accordance with the Port Authority 's Tenant Alteration Review Manual and were reviewed by the Port Authority to ensure the changes did not compromise structural integrity of the buildings . In many instances , openings were cut in the floors to accommodate new stairways to connect tenant floors . Some steel beams in the core were reinforced and strengthened to accommodate heavy live loads , such as large amounts of heavy files that tenants had on their floors . Repairs to structural elements on the lower levels of 1 WTC were made following the 1993 bombing . The greatest damage occurred on levels B1 and B2 , with significant structural damage also on level B3 . Primary structural columns were not damaged , but secondary steel members experienced some damage . Floors that were blown out needed to be repaired to restore the structural support they provided to columns . The slurry wall was in peril following the bombing and loss of the floor slabs which provided lateral support to counteract pressure from Hudson River water on the other side . The refrigeration plant on sublevel B5 , which provided air conditioning to the entire World Trade Center complex , was heavily damaged and replaced with a temporary system for the summer of 1993 . The fire alarm system for the entire complex needed to be replaced , after critical wiring and signaling in the original system was destroyed in the 1993 bombing . Installation of the new system took years to complete , and replacement of some components was still underway in September 2001 . See also ( edit ) Construction of One World Trade Center Collapse of the World Trade Center Plans to rebuild the World Trade Center 1 World Trade Center Two World Trade Center Three World Trade Center Four World Trade Center References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Doig , Jameson W. ( 2001 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . Empire on the Hudson . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 07676 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dewey Picks Board for Trade Center '' . The New York Times . July 6 , 1946 . Jump up ^ Crisman , Charles B. ( November 10 , 1946 ) . `` Plans are Tabled for Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Lets Port Group Disband , State Senate for Dissolution of World Trade Corporation '' . The New York Times . March 11 , 1949 . ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Leonard Louis ( 1961 ) . Wall Street . New York : Ziff Davis Publishing . p. 346 . ^ Jump up to : Grutzner , Charles ( January 27 , 1960 ) . `` A World Center of Trade Mapped Off Wall Street '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Koch , Karl III ( 2002 ) . Men of Steel : The Story of the Family That Built the World Trade Center . Three Rivers Press . p. 173 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4950 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Text of Trade Center Report by the Downtown - Lower Manhattan Association '' . The New York Times . January 27 , 1960 . Jump up ^ `` Tobin Says Proposed Center Should Be World 's Best '' . The New York Times . May 5 , 1960 . Jump up ^ `` 355 Million World Trade Center Backed by Port Authority Study '' . The New York Times . March 12 , 1961 . Jump up ^ Cudahy , Brian J. ( 2002 ) . Rails Under the Mighty Hudson ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Fordham University Press . p. 56 . ISBN 0 - 8232 - 2190 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Grutzner , Charles ( December 29 , 1961 ) . `` Port Unit Backs Linking of H&M and Other Lines '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Wright , George Cable ( January 23 , 1962 ) . `` 2 States Agree on Hudson Tubes and Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Clark , Alfred E. ( June 27 , 1962 ) . `` Injunction Asked on Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Crowell , Paul ( April 5 , 1963 ) . `` World Trade Center Here Upheld by Appeals Court '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Merchants Ask Supreme Court to Bar Big Trade Center Here '' . The New York Times / Associated Press . August 26 , 1963 . ^ Jump up to : Arnold , Martin ( November 13 , 1963 ) . `` High Court Plea is Lost by Foes of Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ 375 US . 4 -- Courtesy Sandwich Shop , Inc. , et al. v. Port of New York Authority Jump up ^ Apple Jr . R.W. ( November 16 , 1963 ) . `` Port Body Raises Relocation Aid '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Kheel Urges Port Authority to Sell Trade Center '' . The New York Times . November 12 , 1969 . Jump up ^ Knowles , Clayton ( February 14 , 1964 ) . `` New Fight Begun on Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Ennis , Thomas W. ( February 15 , 1964 ) . `` Critics Impugned on Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Knowles , Clayton ( March 9 , 1964 ) . `` All Major Builders are Said to Oppose Trade Center Plan '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Sibley , John ( January 14 , 1964 ) . `` State Will Rent at Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` 4th Bank Signed by Trade Center '' . The New York Times . July 14 , 1964 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Glenn ( July 7 , 1965 ) . `` Customs to Move to Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Smith , Terence ( August 4 , 1966 ) . `` City Ends Fight with Port Body on Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Smith , Terence ( January 26 , 1967 ) . `` Mayor Signs Pact on Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Esterow , Milton ( September 21 , 1962 ) . `` Architect Named for Trade Center '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Huxtable , Ada Louise ( January 19 , 1964 ) . `` A New Era Heralded '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Pekala , Nancy ( November 1 , 2001 ) . `` Profile of a lost landmark ; World Trade Center '' . Journal of Property Management . ^ Jump up to : Huxtable , Ada Louise ( May 29 , 1966 ) . `` Who 's Afraid of the Big Bad Buildings '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Huxtable , Ada Louise ( January 26 , 1964 ) . `` Biggest Buildings Herald New Era '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Otis History : The World Trade Center '' . Otis Elevator Company . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2006 . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 76 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Robert Grudin ( 20 April 2010 ) . Design And Truth . Yale University Press . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16203 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Laurie ( 2001 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Bin Laden 's special complaint with the World Trade Center '' . Slate Magazine . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Steese , Edward ( March 10 , 1964 ) . `` Marring City 's Skyline '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Whitman , Alden ( March 22 , 1967 ) . `` Mumford Finds City Strangled By Excess of Cars and People '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Schumach , Murray ( February 20 , 1966 ) . `` TV Group Objects to Trade Towers '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` TV Mast Offered on Trade Center '' . The New York Times . February 24 , 1966 . Jump up ^ Knowles , Clayton ( March 16 , 1967 ) . `` Big Trade Center Called Bird Trap '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ National Construction Safety Team ( September 2005 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers ( PDF ) . NIST . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. xxxviii . Jump up ^ National Construction Safety Team ( September 2005 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers ( PDF ) . NIST . pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Taylor , R.E. ( December 1966 ) . `` Computers and the Design of the World Trade Center '' . ASCE , Structural Division . 92 ( ST -- 6 ) : 75 -- 91 . ^ Jump up to : National Construction Safety Team ( September 2005 ) . Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers ( PDF ) . NIST . Jump up ^ A36 steel has a nominal yield strength of 36,000 to 100,000 pounds per square inch . ^ Jump up to : American Iron and Steel Institute ( 1964 ) . `` The World Trade Center -- New York City '' . Contemporary Steel Design . American Iron and Steel Institute . 1 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ National Construction Safety Team ( September 2005 ) . Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers ( PDF ) . NIST . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Tamaro , George J. ( Spring 2002 ) . `` World Trade Center `` Bathtub '' : From Genesis to Armageddon `` . Bridges. 32 ( 1 ) . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ National Construction Safety Team ( September 2005 ) . Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers ( PDF ) . NIST . p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Cauchon , , Dennis ; Moore , Martha T. `` Machinery saved people in WTC '' . USA Today . Retrieved 17 May 2002 . Jump up ^ `` New York : A Documentary Film -- The Center of the World ( Construction Footage ) '' . Port Authority / PBS . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2007 . Retrieved May 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Glanz , James ; Eric Lipton ( 2003 ) . City in the Sky . Times Books . p. 138 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7428 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fanella , David A. ; Arnaldo T. Derecho ; S.K. Ghosh ( September 2005 ) . Design and Construction of Structural Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1A ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 65 . Jump up ^ Glanz , James ; Eric Lipton ( 2003 ) . City in the Sky . Times Books . pp. 139 -- 144 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7428 - 7 . Jump up ^ Glanz , James ; Eric Lipton ( 2003 ) . City in the Sky . Times Books . pp. 160 -- 167 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7428 - 7 . Jump up ^ Glanz , James ; Eric Lipton ( September 8 , 2002 ) . `` The Height of Ambition '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Robertson , Leslie E. ( 2002 ) . `` Reflections on the World Trade Center '' . The Bridge Volume 32 , Number 1 . National Academy of Engineering . Retrieved July 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Sadek , Fahim . Baseline Structural Performance and Aircraft Impact Damage Analysis of the World Trade Center Towers ( NCSTAR 1 -- 2 appendix A ) . NIST 2005 . pp. 305 -- 307 . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 153 . Jump up ^ New York Times : April 28 , 1970 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Hamburger , Ronald ; et al. `` World Trade Center Building Performance Study '' ( pdf ) . Federal Emergency Management Agency . Retrieved July 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ NCSTAR 1 -- 6 , ( p lxxi ) NIST lists upgraded floors as 92 -- 100 and 102 plus 8 unspecified floors . Jump up ^ NCSTAR 1 -- 6 , ( p lxvii -- lxix ) NIST lists upgraded floors as 77 , 78 , 85 , 88 , 89 , 92 , 96 and 97 plus 5 unspecified floors . Although replacement fireproofing was specified at 1.5 inches in thickness , NIST found the average thickness to be 2.5 inches ( 64 mm ) . ( NCSTAR 1 - 6A p xl ) NIST concluded that `` The existing condition of the fireproofing prior to aircraft impact and the fireproofing thickness on the WTC floor system did not play a significant role . '' Jump up ^ Dwyer , Jim ; Kevin Flynn ( 2005 ) . 102 Minutes . Times Books . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7682 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 162 . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 163 . Jump up ^ Evans , David D. ; Richard D. Peacock , Erica D. Kuligowski ; W. Stuart Dols ; William L. Grosshandler ( September 2005 ) . Active Fire Protection Systems ( NCSTAR 1 -- 4 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Ingraham , Joseph C. ( March 29 , 1965 ) . `` Port Agency Buys Downtown Tract '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 61 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Jackhammers Bite Pavement to Start Trade Center Job '' . The New York Times . August 6 , 1966 . ^ Jump up to : Iglauer , Edith ( November 4 , 1972 ) . `` The Biggest Foundation '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Kapp , Martin S ( July 9 , 1964 ) . `` Tall Towers will Sit on Deep Foundations '' . Engineering News Record . ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 68 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Maurice ( December 30 , 1968 ) . `` A Section of the Hudson Tubes is Turned into Elevated Tunnel '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline : World Trade Center chronology '' . PBS -- American Experience . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2007 . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Contracts Totaling $74,079,000 Awarded for the Trade Center '' . The New York Times . January 24 , 1967 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 83 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kihss , Peter ( February 27 , 1967 ) . `` Trade Center Job To Go To Tishman '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Micheal T. ( June 6 , 1969 ) . `` Trade Center is Doing Everything Big '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 88 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . pp. 92 -- 94 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ McFadden , Robert D. ( February 2 , 1970 ) . `` 300 Tugboats Idle as Men Walk Out for Doubled Wage '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 91 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Maurice ( March 19 , 1969 ) . `` Phones Disrupted by a Pile Driver '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Van Gelder , Lawrence ( March 17 , 1970 ) . `` Propane Blast Hits Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` America Rebuilds : Quick Facts '' . PBS . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ History of the Twin Towers , Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.PANYNJ.gov. 2013 . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. xxxvi . Jump up ^ Darton , Eric ( 1999 ) Divided We Stand : A Biography of New York 's World Trade Center , Chapter 6 , Basic Books . ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Horne , George ( January 5 , 1967 ) . `` Demolition Begun on 5 City Piers '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Roberts , Steven V. ( January 17 , 1967 ) . `` Conflicts Stall Landfill Plans '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` New York Gets $90 Million Worth of Land for Nothing '' . Engineering News Record . April 18 , 1968 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 70 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 69 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Questions on the Trade Center '' . The New York Times . December 24 , 1966 . Jump up ^ Phillips , McCandlish ( December 29 , 1966 ) . `` Estimate Raised for Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Cudahy , Brian J. ( 2002 ) . Rails Under the Mighty Hudson ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Fordham University Press . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 8232 - 2190 - 3 . Jump up ^ Allan , John H. ( February 28 , 1968 ) . `` Bonds : Port of New York Authority to Raise $100 - Million '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ McAllister , Therese ; Johnathan Barnett ; John Gross ; Ronald Hamburger ; Jon Magnusson ( May 2002 ) . `` WTC3 '' . World Trade Center Building Performance Study . FEMA . Jump up ^ McAllister , Therese ; Johnathan Barnett ; John Gross ; Ronald Hamburger ; Jon Magnusson ( May 2002 ) . `` WTC4 , 5 , and 6 '' . World Trade Center Building Performance Study . FEMA . Jump up ^ McAllister , Therese ; Johnathan Barnett ; John Gross ; Ronald Hamburger ; Jon Magnusson ( May 2002 ) . `` WTC7 '' . World Trade Center Building Performance Study . FEMA . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. xliv . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. xlv . Jump up ^ Fasullo , Eugene . `` Experiences of the Chief Engineer of the Port Authority '' ( PDF ) . United States Fire Administration . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Port Authority Risk Management Staff . `` The World Trade Center Complex '' ( PDF ) . United States Fire Administration . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ramabhushanam , Ennala ; Marjorie Lynch ( 1994 ) . `` Structural Assessment of Bomb Damage for World Trade Center '' . Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities . 8 ( 4 ) : 229 -- 242 . doi : 10.1061 / ( ASCE ) 0887 - 3828 ( 1994 ) 8 : 4 ( 229 ) . Jump up ^ Evans , David D. ; Richard D. Peacock , Erica D. Kuligowski ; W. Stuart Dols , William L. Grosshandler ( September 2005 ) . Active Fire Protection Systems ( NCSTAR 1 -- 4 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 44 . External links ( edit ) New York : A Documentary Film -- The Center of the World -- Building the World Trade Center , an 18 - minute film , with construction footage , produced by the Port Authority in 1983 World Trade Center -- Skyscraper Museum Coordinates : 40 ° 42 ′ 42 '' N 74 ° 00 ′ 49 '' W / 40.71167 ° N 74.01361 ° W / 40.71167 ; - 74.01361 ( hide ) New York City 's World Trade Center First WTC ( 1973 -- 2001 ) Construction Towers One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Windows on the World Mall The Bathtub Tenants One Two Four Five Six Seven Major events February 13 , 1975 fire February 26 , 1993 bombing January 14 , 1998 robbery September 11 , 2001 attacks Collapse Timeline Victims Aftermath Deutsche Bank Building St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church Second WTC ( 2001 -- present ) Site , towers , and structures One Construction Two Three Four Five Seven Performing Arts Center Vehicular Security Center Liberty Park St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church Westfield Mall Rapid transit PATH stations Transportation Hub New York City Subway stations Chambers Street -- WTC / Park Place ( 2 3 A C E trains ) Cortlandt Street ( N R W trains ) Cortlandt Street ( 1 2 trains ) Fulton Street ( 2 3 4 5 A C J Z trains ) Fulton Center Corbin Building Dey Street Passageway 9 / 11 memorials 9 / 11 Tribute Center National September 11 Memorial & Museum Competition Memory Foundations Tribute in Light America 's Response Monument Empty Sky Relics from original WTC The Sphere Cross Survivors ' Staircase People Minoru Yamasaki Emery Roth & Sons Larry Silverstein Austin J. Tobin David Childs Michael Arad THINK Team Daniel Libeskind Leslie E. Robertson Other Park51 Project Rebirth Take Back The Memorial West Street pedestrian bridges In popular culture Film Music 9 / 11 - related media featuring One WTC 10048 ZIP code Former : IFC Former : Twin Towers 2 Brookfield Place Brookfield Place 200 Liberty Street 225 Liberty Street 200 Vesey Street 250 Vesey Street Winter Garden Atrium New York Mercantile Exchange Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Construction_of_the_World_Trade_Center&oldid=807222041 '' Categories : World Trade Center Construction in the United States History of New York City 20th century in New York City 1960s in New York ( state ) 1970s in New York ( state ) 1980s in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Featured articles Use American English from April 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from April 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using New York City Subway service templates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 日本語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 17 : 45 . 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4203187490097793107	Seventh-inning stretch	Seventh - inning stretch - wikipedia Seventh - inning stretch Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In baseball in the United States and Canada , the seventh - inning stretch is a tradition that takes place between the halves of the seventh inning of a game -- in the middle of the seventh inning . Fans generally stand up and stretch out their arms and legs and sometimes walk around . It is a popular time to get a late - game snack or an alcoholic beverage as well , as vendors end alcohol sales after the last out of the seventh inning . The stretch also serves as a short break for the players . Most ballparks in professional baseball mark this point of the game by playing the crowd sing - along song `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' . Since the September 11 attacks , many American ballparks complement or replace the song with the playing of `` God Bless America . '' If a game goes into a fifth extra inning , a similar `` fourteenth - inning stretch '' is celebrated ( as well as a possible `` twenty - first inning stretch '' or `` twenty - eighth inning stretch '' ) . In softball games , amateur games scheduled for only seven innings , or in minor - league doubleheaders , a `` fifth - inning stretch '' may be substituted . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Current practice 3 Team traditions 3.1 8th inning traditions 4 Effects of 9 / 11 5 Other team traditions not in the 7th or 8th innings 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Origin ( edit ) Harry Wright , first to report the seventh - inning stretch in 1869 -- in the second inning William Howard Taft , first U.S. president to observe the seventh - inning stretch in 1910 The origin of the seventh - inning stretch is much disputed , and it is difficult to certify any definite history . One claimant is Brother Jasper ( Brennan ) of Mary , F.S.C. , the man credited with bringing baseball to Manhattan College in New York City . Being the Prefect of Discipline as well as the coach of the team , it fell to Brother Jasper to supervise the student fans at every home game . On one particularly hot and muggy day in June 1882 , during the seventh inning against a semi-pro team called the Metropolitans , the Prefect noticed his charges becoming restless . To break the tension , he called a timeout in the game and instructed everyone in the bleachers to stand up and unwind . It worked so well he began calling for a seventh - inning rest period at every game . The Manhattan College custom spread to the major leagues after the New York Giants were charmed by it at an exhibition game . In June 1869 the New York Herald published a report on a game between the Cincinnati Red Stockings and the Brooklyn Eagles ( home team ) : `` At the close of the long second inning , the laughable stand up and stretch was indulged in all round the field . '' Whether a stretch was observed nationwide is not known , but later in 1869 the Cincinnati Commercial reported on a game that was played on the West Coast between the Red Stockings and the Eagle Club of San Francisco : `` One thing noticeable in this game was a ten minutes ' intermission at the end of the sixth inning -- a dodge to advertise and have the crowd patronize the bar . '' However , a letter written in 1869 by Harry Wright ( 1835 -- 1895 ) , manager of the Cincinnati Red Stockings documented something very similar to a seventh - inning stretch , making the following observation about the Cincinnati fans ' ballpark behavior : `` The spectators all arise between halves of the seventh inning , extend their legs and arms and sometimes walk about . In so doing they enjoy the relief afforded by relaxation from a long posture upon hard benches . '' Another tale holds that the stretch was invented by a manager stalling for time to warm up a relief pitcher . On October 18 , 1889 Game 1 of the 1889 World Series saw a seventh - inning stretch after somebody yelled `` stretch for luck '' . A popular story for the origin of the seventh - inning stretch is that on April 14 , 1910 , on opening day , 6 ft 2 in ( 188 cm ) , 350 - pound ( 160 kg ) , President William Howard Taft was sore from prolonged sitting at a game between the Washington Senators and the Philadelphia Athletics and stood up to stretch , causing the crowd to feel obligated to join their president in his gestures . This story is set at a far later date than the others , however , so he may only have given the presidential seal of approval to a longstanding tradition ; the story that his physical problems forced him to stand up contradict this , but he might have just been waiting for the proper accepted time to relieve his pain ; either way , he gave national publicity to the practice ... As to the name , there appears to be no written record of the name `` seventh - inning stretch '' before 1920 , which since at least the late 1870s was called the Lucky Seventh , indicating that the 7th inning was settled on for superstitious reasons . Jack Norworth ( 1879 -- 1959 ) , lyricist of the 1908 song `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' Current practice ( edit ) In modern baseball , standing up and singing `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' during the seventh - inning stretch is a popular tradition . It was first played at a ballpark at a high school in Los Angeles , California in 1934 . The lyrics for the 1908 Tin Pan Alley standard were written by vaudeville star Jack Norworth ( 1879 -- 1959 ) , who had ironically never attended an actual baseball game prior to writing the song , and only attended his first Major League game in 1940 . There is no certain date when the tradition began , but the practice gained exceptional notoriety from broadcaster Harry Caray . Caray would sing the song to himself in the broadcast booth during the stretch while a play - by - play announcer for the Chicago White Sox . After hearing him sing one day , White Sox owner Bill Veeck Jr. , the famed baseball promoter , had Caray 's microphone turned on so that the ballpark could hear him sing . When Caray moved into the Chicago Cubs broadcast booth , he continued the practice , sparking what has become a Cubs tradition by regularly leading the crowd in singing the song in every seventh - inning stretch . Since his death , the Cubs have invited various celebrities to lead the crowd during the stretch , including James Belushi , John Cusack , Mike Ditka , Michael J. Fox , Bill Murray , Dan Patrick , Ozzy Osbourne , Eddie Vedder , Mr. T and Billy Corgan . Team Traditions ( edit ) Many teams will also play a local traditional song either before or after `` Take Me Out to the Ballgame '' . Since the 1970s , the Baltimore Orioles have often played the raucous John Denver song `` Thank God I 'm a Country Boy '' at the conclusion of `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' . During the bridge of the song , in which Denver holds a long note , fans yell `` Ooooooooh ! '' ( since the name Orioles is often shortened to `` O 's '' . ) The Atlanta Braves also play this song after `` Take Me Out To The Ball Game '' . Jane Jarvis , the organist at the New York Mets ' home Shea Stadium from 1964 to 1979 , played the `` Mexican Hat Dance '' during the stretch . After the Mets switched to recorded music , `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' became standard . In recent decades , the Lou Monte tune `` Lazy Mary '' has followed it , continuing to play it at Citi Field . When the St. Louis Cardinals were owned by Anheuser - Busch , Busch Memorial Stadium organist Ernie Hays played `` Here Comes the King '' , a commonly recognized jingle for Budweiser beer , during the stretch . On Opening Day , during playoff games and on `` big nights '' such as games against the Chicago Cubs , a team of Budweiser 's mascot Clydesdale horses would also make a circuit of the warning track . Since Anheuser - Busch 's sale of the Cardinals in 1996 , `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' has been played in the middle of 7th inning , with `` Here Comes The King '' at the top of the 8th . Often , `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' is followed by an instrumental rendition of `` Meet Me in St. Louis , Louis '' . The Clydesdales still appear on Opening Day and during the playoffs . The Toronto Blue Jays take the term `` seventh - inning stretch '' literally , as Health Canada officials lead fans at Rogers Centre in stretching exercises while the club 's song `` OK Blue Jays '' plays before `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' . The Miami Marlins , attempting to mimic the Blue Jays ' exercising song in their inaugural year of 1993 , created a group of dancers , some former University of Miami Sunsations or Miami Heat dancers , and called the group `` The Seventh Inning Stretchers '' . At the first game this group came onto the field at the top of the 7th inning , and the crowd was encouraged to stand and stretch , and do a choreographed dance to Gloria Estefan 's song `` Get on Your Feet '' . The crowd , thinking it was the actual 7th inning stretch , booed loudly . The group appeared at the 2nd game the following evening , but was booed again and was never seen following that game . After the Tampa Bay Devil Rays ' 1998 home opener , they played the popular Jimmy Buffett song `` Fins '' after the 6th inning , rather than the 7th inning stretch . The grounds crew sent on the field after the 6th inning wore tropical clothing , and everyone in the park formed their arms into fins for the `` Fins to the left , fins to the right '' portions of the song . This tradition was dropped several years later . The Texas Rangers initially played only `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' during the 7th inning stretch . When the team moved to their new facility in 1994 , The Ballpark in Arlington ( now The Globe Life Park in Arlington ) , `` Take Me Out To The Ballgame '' was added to 7th inning stretch , followed by `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' . Somewhat unusual for a 7th inning stretch song , the version of `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' played is an instrumental , by Al Dean from the album `` Plays For Urban Cowboys '' . Rather than singing along , the crowd claps along and stomps their feet to the tune . The Minnesota Twins play `` Little Red Corvette '' by Prince , due to the tradition that rookies and newly traded players know the lyrics to the song . Other clubs that traditionally play songs after `` Take Me Out To The Ballgame '' include ; Cincinnati Reds ( `` Cincinnati Ohio '' -- Connie Smith ) , Milwaukee Brewers ( `` The Beer Barrel Polka '' -- in reference to the city 's beermaking heritage ) , Houston Astros ( `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' ) , Los Angeles Angels ( `` Build Me Up Buttercup '' ) , Seattle Mariners ( `` Louie Louie '' by The Kingsmen ) , the Colorado Rockies ( a cover version of `` Hey ! Baby '' ) , and the Washington Nationals ( `` Take on Me '' by A-ha , a song that became popular with Nationals fans during the 2012 season when Michael Morse used it as his walk - up music ) . 8th inning Traditions ( edit ) While all thirty Major League franchises currently sing the traditional `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' in the seventh inning , several other teams will sing their local favorite between the top and bottom of the eighth inning . Boston Red Sox fans at Fenway Park , for example , sing along to Neil Diamond 's recording of `` Sweet Caroline '' . A notable occurrence happened in June 2011 when during the playing of the song , the city 's NHL franchise , the Boston Bruins , captured the Stanley Cup following a 7 - game series against the Vancouver Canucks , and many fans cheered after the announcement was made . Following the Boston Marathon bombing , several teams ( including Boston 's archrival , the New York Yankees ) temporarily played `` Sweet Caroline '' in the middle of the eighth inning as well , or at other times during the game , as a means of showing solidarity with the City of Boston . The New York Mets have previously used `` Sweet Caroline '' but have since dropped it . After experimenting with it during select games during the 2014 season , the Mets began to implement Billy Joel 's `` Piano Man '' as a full - time sing along ... Similarly , starting in 2008 , the Kansas City Royals began to play `` Friends in Low Places '' by celebrity supporter and one - time spring training invitee Garth Brooks during the middle of the 8th . The Los Angeles Dodgers also hold an 8th inning tradition , with fans singing Journey 's `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' . The practice came under controversy when the song 's author , Steve Perry , a Bay Area native and San Francisco Giants fan , asked the Dodgers to stop the tradition . The team refused and continue to play the song through the 2013 season . The Minnesota Twins , who played the same song , ended the tradition upon moving to Target Field in 2010 . The Journey song `` Lights '' is frequently played at San Francisco Giants baseball games ( including a version led by Perry himself in the middle of the 8th inning during Game 2 of the 2010 World Series ) and the cross-bay Oakland Athletics after - game fireworks starts . The Detroit Tigers also play the beginning of `` Do n't Stop Believing '' in the eighth inning , showing the lyrics on the big screen . Fan will sing along , especially the line , `` born and raised in South Detroit . '' . Of course , there is no area called South Detroit by Detroiters , as Downtown Detroit is considered geographically south ( and , therefore , South Detroit would actually be in Windsor , Ontario , Canada ) . The Washington Nationals play A-ha 's `` Take on Me '' during the middle of the eighth inning . The Oakland Athletics play Bay Area native MC Hammer 's `` 2 Legit 2 Quit '' during the middle of the eighth . The Cleveland Indians play `` Hang on Sloopy '' in honor of Ohio State University during the middle of the 8th , and fans spell out O-H-I-O at the appropriate times within the song . The San Diego Padres play `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' during the middle of the 8th . The New York Yankees play `` Cotton Eyed Joe '' in the 8th inning . The Toronto Blue Jays play `` Hooked on a Feeling '' in the 8th inning . Effects of 9 / 11 ( edit ) Following the September 11 attacks , `` God Bless America '' became common during the seventh - inning stretch , sometimes in addition to `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' and sometimes replacing it entirely . Some stadiums play `` God Bless America '' only on Sundays . At Yankee Stadium the song is now played at every game , in addition to `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' . Since 2002 , `` God Bless America '' has been performed at all Major League Baseball All - Star Games and playoff games in the United States , often with a celebrity recording artist or a member of the United States Armed Forces ( `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' is sometimes done afterwards with a recording of Harry Caray ) , as well as Opening Day , Memorial Day , Independence Day , Labor Day , and September 11 . During the deciding Game 5 of the 2011 National League Division Series , Lauren Hart ( daughter of Hockey Hall of Fame broadcaster Gene Hart ) appeared at Citizens Bank Park to sing `` God Bless America '' during the seventh - inning stretch ; before this she had become a fixture at NHL Philadelphia Flyers games singing that song in duet with Kate Smith ( the artist best known for the song ) as the Flyers ' good - luck charm before important games , and it was hoped that she would bring luck to the Philadelphia Phillies as well . Other team Traditions not in the 7th or 8th innings ( edit ) Between the top and bottom of the 6th inning , the New York Yankees play The YMCA Song while the grounds crew come out and clean the infield . In the chorus , the grounds crew drop their tools and do the `` YMCA '' dance with their arms . The middle of the 6th inning at Milwaukee Brewers games is time for the Sausage Race , when people running in costumes for the bratwurst , Polish sausage , Italian sausage , hot dog and chorizo get up to 45,000 fans on their feet as they race around the clay dirt near the dugouts of Miller Park . Other teams hold similar races . The Pittsburgh Pirates hold the `` Great Pittsburgh Pierogi Race N'At '' ( also called the Great Pierogi Race ) during the sixth inning at home games , where people dressed as cartoon cheese , saurkraut , jalapeno , potato , onion , and bacon pierogies run around the warning track at PNC Park . This race is often combined with visiting mascots such as the Brewers ' sausages or the Nationals ' presidents . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Half - time References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Jasper Traditions -- Manhattan College '' . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Bruce ( April 16 , 1990 ) . `` A Pause that Refreshes '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=QR4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA111 Jump up ^ Aubrecht , Michael . `` 7th Inning Stretch '' . baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David Emery , The Seventh - Inning Stretch ; Origin ( or not ) of a baseball tradition , About.com . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' . Performing Arts Encyclopedia . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d8EUa9hxDaQ Jump up ^ http://kstp.com/sports/twins-7th-inning-stretch-prince/4116609/ Jump up ^ `` Sweet Caroline Plays At Ballparks Nationwide in Boston Tribute '' . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Alper , Josh ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` Steve Perry Would Prefer Dodgers Fans Stop Believing '' . NBCLosAngeles.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 43,000 + Giants Fans singing Journey 's `` Lights '' with Steve Perry in the audience . Someone on Yahoo ... `` . mccoveychronicles.com . October 29 , 2010 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Judkis , Maura ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` Nats ' `` Take on Me '' fans are n't afraid to take on the high notes `` . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Definitive Game 5 Phillies Events '' . NBCPhiladelphia.com . October 13 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Brother Jasper of Mary , F.S.C and Seventh Inning Stretch , Manhattan College . 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3720716690150379212	Appalachian Trail by state	Appalachian trail by State - wikipedia Appalachian trail by State The Appalachian National Scenic Trail spans fourteen U.S. states during its roughly 2,200 miles ( 3,500 km ) - long journey : Georgia , North Carolina , Tennessee , Virginia , West Virginia , Maryland , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , New York , Connecticut , Massachusetts , Vermont , New Hampshire , and Maine . It begins at Springer Mountain , Georgia , and follows the ridgeline of the Appalachian Mountains , crossing many of its highest peaks and running with only a few exceptions almost continuously through wilderness before ending at Mount Katahdin , Maine . The trail is currently protected along more than 99 % of its course by federal or state land ownership or right - of - way . Annually , more than 4,000 volunteers contribute over 175,000 hours to maintain the trail , an effort coordinated largely by the Appalachian Trail Conservancy ( ATC ) , assisted by some thirty trail clubs and multiple partnerships . Contents 1 Georgia 2 North Carolina 3 Tennessee 4 Virginia 5 West Virginia 6 Maryland 7 Pennsylvania 8 New Jersey 9 New York 10 Connecticut 11 Massachusetts 12 Vermont 13 New Hampshire 14 Maine 15 See also 16 References 17 Further reading Georgia ( edit ) Counties crossed : Fannin County → Union County → Lumpkin County → White County → Towns County → Habersham County → Rabun County A hiker signs the register at the southern terminus of the AT on Springer Mountain Georgia has 76.4 miles ( 123.0 km ) of the trail , including the southern terminus at Springer Mountain ( elevation 3,780 ft or 1,150 m ) . An 8.8 - mile ( 14.2 km ) approach trail ( not part of the AT ) begins at the Amicalola Falls State Park visitor center . The approach trail is often littered with items cast aside by overburdened hikers unprepared for the difficulties of the initial hike . At 4,458 feet ( 1,359 m ) , Blood Mountain is the highest point on the trail in Georgia . The AT and approach trail are managed and maintained by the Georgia Appalachian Trail Club . See : Georgia Peaks on the Appalachian Trail North Carolina ( edit ) Counties crossed : Clay County → Macon County → Swain County → Graham County → Swain County → ( The following counties are traversed along the Tennessee border ) Haywood County → Madison County → Yancey County → Mitchell County → Avery County North Carolina has 95.5 miles ( 153.7 km ) of the trail , not including more than 200 miles ( 320 km ) along the Tennessee border . Altitude ranges from 1,725 to 5,498 feet ( 526 to 1,676 m ) . The trail crosses Bly Gap one - tenth of a mile north of the Georgia state line . The trail further north includes peaks such as Standing Indian Mountain , Mount Albert , and Wayah Bald , followed by a Nantahala Gorge crossing by Wesser Falls and at Nantahala Outdoor Center , and , at the section 's north end , is the Fontana Dam Shelter , affectionately known as the Fontana Hilton , known for its view of fjordlike Fontana Lake , comparatively spacious accommodations , water spigots , flush toilets , nearby free hot showers , and a three dollar shuttle into Fontana Dam , North Carolina . Tennessee ( edit ) Counties crossed : Blount County → Sevier County → Cocke County → Greene County → Unicoi County → Carter County ( where it leaves the North Carolina border ) → Johnson County → Sullivan County View ( north ) from the summit of Clingmans Dome Tennessee has 287.9 miles ( 463.3 km ) of the trail , including more than 200 miles ( 320 km ) along or near the North Carolina border . The section that runs just below the summit of Clingmans Dome in Great Smoky Mountains National Park is the highest point on the trail at 6,625 feet ( 2,019 m ) . The trail enters Tennessee from North Carolina atop Doe Knob and exits Tennessee into Virginia atop Holston Mountain . The first 64 miles ( 103 km ) of the A.T. in Tennessee follow the crest of the Smokies , and are largely shared with North Carolina . In the western Smokies , the trail traverses a young forest that replaced what was once a large highland pasture , most noticeable in areas such as Spence Field , Thunderhead Mountain , and Silers Bald . The trail reaches 6,000 feet ( 1,800 m ) for the first time on the western slope of Mount Buckley ( a sub-peak of Clingmans Dome ) , where it first enters the sub-alpine spruce - fir forest , and comes within a few meters of the summit of Clingmans . The trail crosses U.S. Route 441 at Newfound Gap and traverses a series of rocky cliffs known as `` The Sawteeth '' en route to the high ridges of the Eastern Smokies . Here , the trail crosses Mount Chapman and Mount Guyot , and passes one of its most remote shelters at Tricorner Knob before gradually descending . Just beyond Mount Cammerer , the A.T. exits the Smokies , crossing Interstate 40 into the Cherokee National Forest . After traversing Snowbird Mountain , Max Patch Bald , and Lemon Gap ( just south of Del Rio ) , the trail exits Tennessee atop Bluff Mountain and re-enters again atop Rich Mountain ( in Greene County ) , some 10 miles ( 16 km ) to the northeast . After traversing the Bald Mountains , the Appalachian Trail crosses the Nolichucky River and enters the Unakas , gradually ascending to the Roan Highlands near the town of Roan Mountain in Carter County . Atop Roan High Knob , the A.T. again eclipses 6,000 feet ( approximately 6,280 ft or 1,910 m ) , and passes the highest shelter along the entire trail . After crossing Grassy Ridge , which is the longest stretch of grassy bald in the Appalachians , the trail descends to the Laurel Fork Valley , where it turns west away from the state boundary . Just beyond White Rocks Mountain , the trail passes through Hampton , Tennessee , before turning north again . At Watauga Lake at the TVA Watauga Dam , the trail turns northeast , crossing Iron Mountain before turning briefly to the northwest at the Carter County - Johnson County line . After passing over Cross Mountain , the trail again turns northeast and ascends Holston Mountain en route to Virginia . Virginia ( edit ) The Pocosin Cabin along the trail in Shenandoah National Park Counties crossed : Washington County → Smyth County → Grayson County → Wythe County → Bland County → Tazewell County → Giles County Briefly joins the West Virginia border here → Craig County → Montgomery County → Roanoke County → Botetourt County → Bedford County → Rockbridge County → Amherst County → Nelson County → Augusta County → Albemarle County → Rockingham County → Greene County → Page County → Rappahannock County → Warren County → Fauquier County → Clarke County → ( rejoins the West Virginia Border here ) Loudoun County Virginia has the most mileage of the trail of any state with 550.3 miles ( 885.6 km ) of the trail ( one - fourth of the entire trail ) , including more than 20 miles ( 32 km ) along the West Virginia border . With the climate , and the timing of northbound thru - hikers , this section is wet and challenging because of the spring thaw and heavy spring rainfall . Substantial portions of the trail closely parallel Skyline Drive in Shenandoah National Park and , further south , the Blue Ridge Parkway . The Appalachian Trail Conservancy considers to be excellent for beginning hikers a well - maintained 104 miles ( 167 km ) section of the trail that the Civilian Conservation Corps constructed in Shenandoah National Park and whose climbs rarely exceed 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) . McAfee Knob is affectionately known as `` the most photographed spot on the A.T. '' The plant life on Virginia 's section of the trail includes thickly - growing wild blueberry bushes . The bushes are especially numerous along the trail 's central sections , through the Shenandoah National Park , and its northern sections . The blueberries ripen in late summer , offering hikers a plentifully available food source . In 1989 , Hurricane Hugo damaged over 300 miles of the Appalachian Trail in Virginia . Three weeks of rain uprooted thousands of trees in what Mike Dawson of the Appalachian Trail Conference called `` the worst break in the continuous footpath since it was declared open from Maine to Georgia in August 1937 . '' Due to responsive and prepared local trail clubs , all but six miles of the trails were re-opened within a month . The annual `` Trail Days '' festival held in Damascus has become the largest single gathering of Appalachian Trail hikers anywhere . Panoramic image of the Catawba Valley from the McAfee Knob overlook West Virginia ( edit ) The AT crosses the railroad bridge at left in Harpers Ferry , West Virginia . Counties crossed : Monroe County ( while sharing the trail with Virginia in the south → Jefferson County ( while sharing the trail and briefly entering the state . ) West Virginia has 4 miles ( 6 km ) of the trail , not including about 20 miles ( 32 km ) along the Virginia border . The trail passes through the town of Harpers Ferry , headquarters of the Appalachian Trail Conservancy . Harpers Ferry is considered the `` psychological midpoint '' of the AT , although the actual midpoint is just west of Pine Grove Furnace State Park in Pennsylvania . Maryland ( edit ) Counties crossed : Washington County → Frederick County Annapolis Rock Overlook , found along the trail in South Mountain State Park Maryland has 40.9 miles ( 65.8 km ) of the trail , ranging in elevation from 230 to 1,880 feet ( 70 to 573 m ) . Most of the trail runs along the ridge line of South Mountain in South Mountain State Park Hikers are required to stay at designated shelters and campsites , no camping off - trail . Some hikers choose to hike Maryland in a single day , usually starting just before dawn and ending at dusk . This is known as the Maryland Challenge . The Challenge is especially popular among thru - hikers due to the endurance built up by the time one reaches Maryland from either terminus . A variation of this challenge , known as the Four State Challenge , involves hiking between the ridge line straddling Virginia and West Virginia all the way to or from Pennsylvania in 24 hours , thus hiking in four states in one day . The Four State Challenge requires a hike of approximately 45 miles ( 72 km ) , most of which are in Maryland . The state does contain one of the most unusual shelters , the Ensign Cowell shelter . From this shelter , you can hear artillery testing from a nearby military base . The Rocky Run Shelters are located near Boonsboro . The older log structure was built by the CCC in 1940 . Another stop is the Dahlgren Campground . Hikers can stop here for the night and have free showers . The trail passes close to the eastern edge of Greenbrier State Park . The trail also goes through Pen Mar Park , which is just north of High Rock , which offers views and is a hang - gliding site . On March 15 , 2015 , a hiker was killed near the Ed Garvey shelter in the southern part of the state 's portion of the trail when a large tree fell on him . Pennsylvania ( edit ) Hikers get information at this house in Boiling Springs , Pennsylvania Counties crossed : Franklin County → Cumberland County → Perry County → Dauphin County → Lebanon County → Schuylkill County → Berks County → Lehigh County → Carbon County → Northampton County → Monroe County Pennsylvania has 229.6 miles ( 369.5 km ) of the trail , extending from the Pennsylvania - Maryland border at Pen Mar , a tiny town straddling the state line , to the Delaware Water Gap , at the Pennsylvania - New Jersey line . The Susquehanna River is generally considered the dividing line between the northern and southern sections of the Pennsylvania AT . The AT crosses the Susquehanna via the Clarks Ferry Bridge , near Duncannon . In the southern half of the state , the AT passes through Caledonia State Park , Michaux State Forest , and Pine Grove Furnace State Park ( the actual midpoint of the AT was slightly moved and is now over just under a half - mile west of PGF State Park and is marked by a `` Midpoint '' sign ) . These areas in south central Pennsylvania are the northernmost portions of the Blue Ridge Mountains , which are geologically distinct from the Ridge and Valley section further north . The two parts are separated by the broad Cumberland Valley , where the trail has a change of scenery , crossing many farms and large highways . There is no camping allowed in the 18 - mile ( 29 km ) stretch between Alec Kennedy and Darlington shelters . In the northern half of the state , the AT climbs back up into the mountains and passes through St. Anthony 's Wilderness , which is the second largest roadless area in Pennsylvania and home to several coal mining ghost towns , such as Yellow Springs and Rausch Gap . Trail towns that are commons stops with thru - hikers are Boiling Springs , Duncannon , Port Clinton , Palmerton , Wind Gap , and Delaware Water Gap . Northeast of the Schuylkill River , the trail runs along the top of the Blue Mountain ridge . Just before entering New Jersey , the Blue Mountain ridge becomes the Kittatinny Ridge . With the description of `` where boots go to die '' , Pennsylvania is infamous among thru - hikers for having more long stretches of rocky trail than any other state , although many feel the rocks are overrated . The worst rocks are in the northern half of the state , north of the Susquehanna River . Many consider Pennsylvania one of the easier parts of the AT , since it is mostly walking on ridges with relatively small elevation changes compared to many other states . In 1984 , the ad - hoc citizen 's group Citizens Against the New Trail ( CANT ) and four local townships organized to oppose suggested changes by the National Park Service ( NPS ) to the 16 - mile ( 26 km ) route in the Great Cumberland Valley between Carlisle and Harrisburg , the longest route that follows a paved highway . New Jersey ( edit ) Counties crossed : Warren County → Sussex County → Passaic County Sunfish Pond on the Appalachian trail in New Jersey New Jersey is home to 72.2 miles ( 116.2 km ) of the trail . This makes the New Jersey section of the Appalachian Trail the second longest trail in the state , behind the Delaware and Raritan Canal Trail . More than half of the Appalachian Trail is along the top of Kittatinny Ridge at the northwestern corner of the state . The trail enters New Jersey from the south on a pedestrian walkway along the Interstate 80 Delaware Water Gap Toll Bridge over the Delaware River , ascends from the Delaware Water Gap to the top of Kittatinny Ridge in Worthington State Forest , passes Sunfish Pond , continues north through the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area and Stokes State Forest , and eventually reaches High Point State Park , highest peak in New Jersey ( a side trail is required to reach the actual peak ) . It then turns in a southeastern direction along the New York - New Jersey border for about 30 miles ( 48 km ) , passing over long sections of boardwalk bridges over marshy land , then entering Wawayanda State Park and then the Abram S. Hewitt State Forest just before entering New York near Greenwood Lake . The Appalachian Trail in New Jersey is maintained and updated by the New York -- New Jersey Trail Conference . Black bear activity along the trail in New Jersey increased rapidly starting in 2001 . In July 2005 , a teenage hiker sleeping at Mashipacong Shelter was awakened by a bear biting his leg . The bear was later identified and killed by authorities . Metal bear - proof trash boxes are in place at all New Jersey shelters . New York ( edit ) Counties crossed : Orange County → Rockland County → Westchester County → Putnam County → Dutchess County Bear Mountain Bridge from the top of Bear Mountain New York 's 88.4 miles ( 142.3 km ) of trail contain very little elevation change compared to other states . It is rather rugged terrain nonetheless , with many short though nearly - vertical ledges and small cliffs . From south to north , the trail summits many small mountains under 1,400 feet ( 430 m ) in elevation , its highest point in New York being Prospect Rock at 1,433 feet ( 437 m ) , and less than half a mile ( 800 m ) from the border with New Jersey . The trail continues north , climbing near Fitzgerald Falls , passing through Sterling Forest State Park , and then entering Harriman State Park and Bear Mountain State Park . In Harriman State Park , the trail passes through the famous Lemon Squeezer , a narrow crack between huge boulders . At Bear Mountain State Park , it goes through the park zoo , where the lowest point on the entire AT , at 124 feet ( 38 m ) above sea level , is located in front of the bear cage . Immediately afterward it crosses the Hudson River on the Bear Mountain Bridge , then climbs into Hudson Highlands State Park where it follows a ridge over several low - elevation peaks . It then passes through Fahnestock State Park and continues northeast and crosses the Metro - North Railroad 's Harlem Line at Pawling , which is also the only train station along the length of the trail . It enters Connecticut via the Pawling Nature Reserve . The section of the trail that passes through Harriman and Bear Mountain State Parks is the oldest section of the trail , completed in 1923 . The Appalachian Trail in New York is maintained and updated by the New York -- New Jersey Trail Conference . Professional trail builder Eddie Walsh and Edward Goodell ( Executive Director of the New York -- New Jersey Trail Conference ) oversaw and coordinated the construction of a paved trail coming off Bear Mountain . That portion of the trail is composed of 800 steps made of 1,000 - pound ( 450 kg ) slabs of granite followed by over a mile of walkway supported by stone crib walls with boulders called gargoyles lining the path . The project took four years , cost roughly $1 million , and was executed by about 700 volunteers . It officially opened in June 2010 . Connecticut ( edit ) Counties crossed : Fairfield County → Litchfield County The 51.6 miles ( 83.0 km ) of trail in Connecticut lie almost entirely along the ridges to the west above the Housatonic River Valley . The trail climbs ridges above the town of Kent , and then works its way past the Housatonic River to Falls Village , where it regains the heights . After the town of Salisbury , the trail ascends into the Taconic Range , crossing , in order : Lions Head , Riga Ridge , and Bear Mountain , after which the Massachusetts line is achieved at Sage 's Ravine . The trail passes within one mile ( 1.6 km ) of the business district of Kent , a resupply point for long - distance hikers . In the town of Salisbury ( which occupies the northwestern corner of the state ) , it skirts the town center before reaching the summit of Bear Mountain , the highest peak in Connecticut at 2,326 feet ( 709 m ) , descending , and entering Massachusetts . ( The state 's true highest point , on the shoulder of Mount Frissell at the Massachusetts line , lies about 2 miles ( 3 km ) west of the AT , just east of the junction of those two states with New York . Such a side - trip is on the order of 5 miles ( 8 km ) long and entails about 1,300 vertical feet ( 400 m ) of climbing . ) Massachusetts ( edit ) County crossed : Berkshire County View from Mount Greylock in Massachusetts Massachusetts has 90.2 miles ( 145.2 km ) of trail . The entire section of trail is in western Massachusetts ' Berkshire County ; it traverses both the Taconic Mountains and the Berkshires . The A.T. climbs the highest peak in the southern Taconic Mountains , Mount Everett ( 2,602 ft or 793 m ) , then descends to the Housatonic River Valley and skirts the town of Great Barrington . From there , it ascends into the Berkshires and passes through the towns of Dalton and Cheshire . It ascends into the Taconic Mountains again , visiting Mount Greylock , the highest point in the state at 3,491 feet ( 1,064 m ) . It then quickly descends to the valley of the Hoosic River within 2 miles ( 3 km ) of North Adams and Williamstown , before ascending again to the Vermont state line . The trail throughout Massachusetts is maintained by the Berkshire Chapter of the Appalachian Mountain Club . Vermont ( edit ) Counties crossed : Bennington County → Windham County → Rutland County → Windsor County Vermont has 150 miles ( 240 km ) of the trail . Upon entering Vermont , the trail coincides with the southernmost sections of the generally north / south - oriented Long Trail ( which is subject to a request by its maintainers to protect it in its most vulnerable part of the year by forgoing spring hiking ) . It follows the ridge of the southern Green Mountains , summiting such notable peaks as Stratton Mountain , Glastenbury Mountain and Killington Peak . The trail traverses the Glastenbury , Lye Brook , and Peru Peak Wilderness areas of the Green Mountain National Forest . After parting ways with the Long Trail at Maine Junction , the AT turns in a more eastward direction , crossing the White River , passing through Norwich , and entering Hanover , New Hampshire , as it crosses the Connecticut River . The Green Mountain Club maintains the entire portion of the AT in Vermont . The NPS challenged Killington and Pico ski resorts in Vermont over development of private land that crossed the AT . New Hampshire ( edit ) Counties crossed : Grafton County → Carroll County → Coos County View from the dutch door of the outhouse at Velvet Rocks shelter showing fall foliage New Hampshire has 160.9 miles ( 258.9 km ) of the trail . The New Hampshire AT is nearly all within the White Mountain National Forest . The easier southern portion of the trail , from Hanover to Glencliff , passes over Velvet Rocks , Moose Mountain , Smarts Mountain , and Mount Cube . It then ascends Mount Moosilauke and enters the high peaks region of the White Mountains . For northbound thru - hikers , it is the beginning of the main challenges that go beyond enduring distance and time : in New Hampshire and Maine , rough or steep ground are more frequent , and alpine conditions are found near summits and along ridges . In the Presidential Range of the White Mountains , the trail runs completely above treeline from the summit of Mount Pierce to the north side of the cone of Mount Madison , a distance of about 12 miles ( 19 km ) . The AT passes over the summits of 16 of the 48 four - thousand footers of New Hampshire : Moosilauke , South and North Kinsman , Lincoln , Lafayette , Garfield , South Twin , Jackson , Pierce , Washington ( the highest point of the AT north of Tennessee ) , Madison , Wildcats D and A , Carter Dome , South and Middle Carter . It comes close to the summits of 8 other of the 48 four - thousand footers : Liberty , Galehead , Zealand , Eisenhower , Monroe , Jefferson , Adams , and Moriah . A series of comfortable huts are maintained along parts of the NH trail by the Appalachian Mountain Club . In New Hampshire , the Dartmouth Outing Club maintains the AT from the Vermont border to Mount Moosilauke , Randolph Mountain Club maintains 2.2 miles from Osgood Trail near Madison Hut to Edmands Col , with the AMC maintaining the remaining miles through the state . The trail passes through the town of Hanover and near the town of Gorham , which have grocery stores and are accessible by public transportation ( Dartmouth Coach and Concord Coach Lines ) from Boston . Concord Coach also has bus service to Lincoln ( several miles off the AT ) and AMC Pinkham Notch . During the summer season , AMC runs a shuttle service to Crawford Notch and Franconia Notch . A tradition of thru - hikers Mooning the Cog has developed on Mount Washington . Maine ( edit ) Counties crossed : Oxford County → Franklin County → Somerset County → Piscataquis County Northern terminus of the Trail atop Mount Katahdin in Maine The Appalachian Trail Conservancy ( or ATC ) believes the 281.4 miles ( 452.9 km ) of the trail in Maine are particularly difficult . The western section includes a mile - long ( 1.6 km ) stretch of boulders at Mahoosuc Notch , often called the trail 's hardest mile . The central Maine section crosses the Kennebec River at a point where it is 200 feet ( 61 m ) wide , the widest unbridged stream along the trail . The last and most isolated portion in the state ( and arguably on the entire trail ) is known as the `` Hundred - Mile Wilderness '' . This section heads east - northeast from the town of Monson and ends outside Baxter State Park just south of Abol Bridge . More moose are seen by hikers in this state than any other on the trail . The northern terminus of the Appalachian Trail is on Katahdin 's Baxter Peak in Baxter State Park . Baxter State Park closes the summer rules overnight camping season from October 15 to May 15 each year . Park management strongly discourages thru - hiking within the park before May 31 or after October 15 . The AMC maintains the AT from the New Hampshire border to Grafton Notch , with the Maine Appalachian Trail Club responsible for maintaining the remaining miles to Katahdin . Beginning in the late 1980s , the NPS and ATC challenged the Saddleback Mountain resort in Maine over development of private land that the AT traversed . The dispute continued a decade later , and after a June 1996 meeting between the two sides , NPS and ATC relented from some of their previous positions and reduced their proposed land - acquisition corridor by 70 percent . Even so , they remained opposed to any ski trails crossing the Trail in the alpine area . Saddleback responded that further negotiations were unnecessary and the NPS began appraising if the area was feasible for development . See also ( edit ) Appalachian Trail Wesser Bald References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A.T. Essentials '' . Appalachian Trail Conservancy . Archived from the original on 16 July 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Terrain By Region : Georgia '' . Appalachian Trail Conservancy . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Terrain By Region : North Carolina '' . Appalachian Trail Conservancy . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Terrain by Region : Tennessee '' . Appalachian Trail Conservancy . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Terrain By Region : Virginia '' . About The Trail . Appalachian Trail Conservancy . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2011 . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bruce P. Hayden ; Patrick J. Michaels . `` Virginia 's Climate '' . University of Virginia Climatology Office . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 75th Anniversary of the Completion of the Appalachian Trail '' . Appalachian Trail Conservancy. 2012 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metz , Casey ( May / June 2007 ) , `` Appalachian Trail Tidbit '' . National Geographic Traveler. 24 ( 4 ) : 159 ^ Jump up to : Curtis , Wayne ( June 1990 ) . `` Hugo and the trial '' . 18 ( 4 ) : 16 Jump up ^ Collier , Christopher Percy ( May 12 , 2006 ) , `` Good Times at a Backpackers ' Paradise '' . New York Times . 155 ( 53577 ) : D1 - D5 Jump up ^ `` Terrain By Region : West Virginia '' . Appalachian Trail Conservancy . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Terrain By Region : Maryland '' . Appalachian Trail Conservancy . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` South Mountain State Park '' . Maryland Department of Natural Resources . Jump up ^ `` Pa. man dies in Appalachian Trail accident north of Harpers Ferry '' . The Journal . March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Terrain By Region : Pennsylvania '' . Appalachian Trail Conservancy . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ C. , K. ( July / August 1984 ) , `` Appalachian Trail Route Challenged '' . National Parks . 58 ( 7 / 8 ) : 41 Jump up ^ `` Terrain By Region : New Jersey '' . Appalachian Trail Conservancy . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Lynn Olanoff , `` Bear Attacks Sleeping Camper On Trail , '' New Jersey Herald , 2 August 2005 . Accessed at Archive.org : 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Terrain By Region : New York '' . Appalachian Trail Conservancy . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Applebome , Peter ( May 31 , 2010 ) , `` A Jolt of Energy for a Much Trod - Upon Trail '' . New York Times . : p14 Jump up ^ `` Terrain By Region : Connecticut '' . Appalachian Trail Conservancy . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Terrain By Region : Massachusetts '' . Appalachian Trail Conservancy . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Terrain By Region : Vermont '' . Appalachian Trail Conservancy . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Appalachian Trail in Vermont '' . Green Mountain Club . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Knize , P. ( January 1990 ) , `` Trails and tribulations '' . Skiing. 42 ( 5 ) : 2E Jump up ^ `` Terrain By Region : New Hampshire '' . Appalachian Trail Conservancy . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Zezima , Katie ( 2007 - 11 - 23 ) . `` Riding the Rail to the Top , and Not Amused '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Terrain By Region : Maine '' . Appalachian Trail Conservancy . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived August 24 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Holmstrom , David ( June 6 , 1997 ) , `` Path with a view is center of Maine ski resort dispute '' . Christian Science Monitor. 89 ( 134 ) : Further reading ( edit ) Stroh , Bess Zarafonitis ( September / October 1998 ) , `` Colorful climbs '' . National Parks . 72 ( 9 / 10 ) : 34 - 37 Bryson , Bill . A Walk in the Woods . Doubleday , 1997 . Black Swan Publishing , 1998 . Hiking trails in Connecticut Airline Alain and May White American Legion Appalachian Arthur A. Harris Aspetuck Valley Bigelow Hollow Case Mountain Charter Oak Greenway Chatfield Cockaponset East Coast Greenway Falls Brook Farmington Canal Heritage Gay City Hancock Brook Hop River Housatonic Range Jericho Kettletown Lillinonah Lone Pine Macedonia Brook Mattabesett Mattatuck McLean Game Refuge Menunkatuck Metacomet Mohawk Moosup Valley Muir Narragansett Natchaug Naugatuck Nayantaquit Nehantic New England Nipmuck Old Furnace Patchaug Paugussett Peoples Pequot Pine Knob Pomperaug Quinebaug Quinnipiac Ragged Mountain Regicides Salmon River Saugatuck Shenipsit Sleeping Giant Still River Greenway Stony Creek Quarry Sunny Valley Preserve Tunxis Washington -- Rochambeau Revolutionary Route Westwoods Whitestone Cliffs Williams Wolcott Zoar Hiking trails in Georgia Appalachian Arkaquah Bartram BeltLine Benton MacKaye Black Heritage Chattahoochee National Forest Chattahoochee River Cheshire Farm Trail Coleman River Duncan Ridge Eastern Continental Great Eastern Jacks Knob Oconee National Forest Panther Creek Pinhoti Silver Comet Hiking trails in Massachusetts Appalachian Battle Road Bay Circuit Cape Cod Canal Trail Canalside Commonwealth Connections East Coast Greenway Eastern Continental Emerald Necklace Great Esker Park Mahican - Mohawk Metacomet - Monadnock Midstate New England Norwottuck Pocumtuck Ridge Robert Frost Taconic South Taconic Taconic Crest Taconic Skyline Tully Wapack Warner Hiking trails in Maryland Allegheny Highlands American Discovery Anacostia Tributaries Appalachian B&A Billy Goat Borden Tunnel BWI Capital Crescent Catoctin C&O Canal College Park Trolley Cross Island Dalecarlia Tunnel East Coast Greenway Eastern Continental GAP Great Eastern Grist Mill Gwynns Falls Jones Falls Ma and Pa Mason - Dixon Metropolitan Branch North Bethesda Patuxent Branch Potomac Heritage Rachel Carson Savage Mill Short Line Sligo Creek Torrey C. Brown ( Northern Central ) Trolley Line # 9 Tuscarora WB&A WMRT Hiking trails in New York Appalachian Blue Disc Croton Aqueduct Devil 's Path East Coast Greenway Eastern Continental Finger Lakes Ithaca Kaaterskill Falls Long Island Long Path Mohawk Hudson North Country Old Croton Paumanok Path South Taconic Taconic Crest Taconic Skyline Taconic Tongue Mountain Range Hiking trails in New Jersey Appalachian Batona Capital to Coast Columbia Delaware and Raritan Canal East Coast Greenway Eastern Continental Hackensack RiverWalk Highlands Lenape Long Path Patriots ' Path Paulinskill Valley Raritan River Greenway Shawangunk Ridge Sussex Branch Hiking trails in North Carolina American Tobacco Appalachian Art Loeb Bartram Benton MacKaye Cape Fear River Capital Area Greenway Dunn - Erwin East Coast Greenway Eastern Continental Farlow Gap Foothills Haw River Mountains - to - Sea Neusiok Overmountain Victory Sauratown South Tar River Tanawha Uwharrie Trail Hiking trails in Pennsylvania Allegheny Front Appalachian Baker Black Forest Brandywine Bucktail Path Chester Valley Chuck Keiper Conestoga Cresheim Cross County Darlington Donut Hole Evansburg Forbes Road GAP GET Glacier Ridge Golden Eagle Horse - Shoe John P. Saylor Laurel Highlands Liberty Bell Lost Turkey Lower Loyalsock Mason - Dixon Mid State Mill Creek Montour North Country Old Loggers Path Panhandle Pennypack Perkiomen Pinchot Pine Creek Potomac Heritage Power Line Quebec Run Quehanna Rachel Carson Rock Run Schuylkill East Schuylkill River Standing Stone Struble Susquehannock Tanbark Terrace Mountain Thunder Swamp Tuscarora US 202 Parkway Valley Forge Warrior West Rim Wissahickon Youghiogheny River Hiking trails in Vermont Appalachian Eastern Continental Trail Long Trail Stowe Recreation Path Taconic Crest Trail Taconic Trails Hiking trails in Virginia Appalachian Blue Ridge Railway Bull Run Occoquan Chessie Nature Dahlgren Railroad Heritage Difficult Run East Coast Greenway Great Eastern High Bridge Massanutten Huckleberry New River Overmountain Victory Potomac Heritage Tuscarora Virginia Creeper Washington & Old Dominion Wild Oak Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appalachian_Trail_by_state&oldid=854359811 '' Categories : Appalachian Trail Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2014 Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 19 : 21 ( UTC ) . 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2507220737715977295	List of The World God Only Knows episodes	List of the World God only Knows episodes - wikipedia List of the World God only Knows episodes Jump to : navigation , search The sixth Blu - ray volume of The World God Only Knows released by Geneon Universal Entertainment . Featuring on the cover is the main protagonist , Keima Katsuragi . The World God Only Knows ( 神のみぞ知るセカイ , Kami nomi zo Shiru Sekai ) is an anime series based on the manga series of the same name by Tamiki Wakaki serialized in Weekly Shōnen Sunday magazine . The anime is produced by Manglobe , directed by Shigehito Takayanagi , series composition by Hideyuki Kurata , character design by Akio Watanabe , art direction by Ayumi Satō and Kayoko Tokō and sound directed by Yoshikazu Iwanami . The first season aired from October 6 , 2010 to December 22 , 2010 on TV Tokyo , TV Hokkaido and TV Setouchi and on later dates on TV Aichi , TV Osaka and TVQ Kyushu . A second season titled The World God Only Knows II aired from April 11 , 2011 to June 28 , 2011 . A third season , titled The World God Only Knows : Goddesses ( 神のみぞ知るセカイ女神篇 ) , aired from July 8 , 2013 to September 23 , 2013 . The series follows the exploits of Keima Katsuragi , an intelligent , gloomy teenager who is known on the Internet as `` The God of Conquest '' for his legendary skills to `` conquer '' any girl in Bishōjo games , yet does not like girls in real life , where he is known as the Otamegane ( オタメガネ ) , a derogatory portmanteau of the two words otaku ( オタク ) and Megane ( メガネ , lit . glasses ) . One day , out of pride , he accidentally accepts what he assumes to be a challenge for a Bishōjo game when in reality he has accepted a contract from a bumbling demoness named Elsie who asks for his help in capturing runaway spirits from Hell who are hiding in the hearts of girls . The only way to force the spirits out of the girls hearts is by replacing the spirits in the girls ' hearts with himself ( metaphorically speaking ) by making the girls fall in love with him , much to Keima 's horror . With the threat of death for both of them should he refuse , Keima has no choice but to help Elsie . Together with his intelligence and knowledge of the dating sim genre and Elsie 's magical powers , Keima is about to embark on his greatest challenge . Four pieces of theme music were used for the first season . The opening theme , titled `` God Only Knows '' , is performed by Elisa under the name `` Oratorio The World God Only Knows '' and the ending theme song is `` Koi no Shirushi '' ( コイノシルシ , lit . `` The Proof of Love '' ) by `` The Groove Party God Only Knows '' ( 神のみぞ知り隊 , Kami nomi zo Shiri - tai ) which is composed of the first season 's voice actresses , Kanae Itō , Ayana Taketatsu , Aoi Yūki , Nao Tōyama and Kana Hanazawa , who each sing a solo version of the ending theme song with the rest as back - up . Additionally , three special ending theme songs were used , the first , `` Tatta Ichi Do no Kiseki '' ( たった一度の奇跡 , lit . `` Just One Miracle at a Time '' ) by Tomo Sakurai in episode 4 , the second , `` Happy Crescent '' by Nao Tōyama in episode 7 , and the third , `` Shūseki Kairo no Yume Tabibito '' ( 集積回路の夢旅人 , lit . `` The Dream Traveler of the Integrated Circuit '' ) by Hiro Shimono and Oratorio The World God Only Knows in episode 12 . Three pieces of theme music are used for the second season . The opening theme is titled `` A Whole New World God Only Knows '' and is performed by Elisa and LIA under the name `` Oratorio The World God Only Knows '' and the ending theme song is `` Ai no Yokan '' ( アイノヨカン , lit . `` Premonition Of Love '' ) performed by `` The Groove Party God Only Knows '' which this time is composed of the second season 's voice actresses , Itō , Saori Hayami , Ami Koshimizu , Kana Asumi and Aki Toyosaki . A special version of `` Ai no Yokan '' ( アイノヨカン , lit . `` Premonition Of Love '' ) performed by Itō and Hayami is used as the ending theme for episodes 16 and 20 . For the 24th episode uses the first season 's theme song as its ending theme . An OVA episode , titled 4 girls and an Idol ( 4 人とアイドル , Yonin to Aidoru ) , was released with the limited edition of the 14th manga volume on September 16 , 2011 . The episode 's opening theme song is `` Natsu Iro Surprise '' ( 夏色サプライズ , lit . `` Surprise Summer Colors '' ) which is once again performed by Tōyama and the ending theme song , `` Hajimete Koi o Shita Kioku '' ( 始めて恋をした記憶 , lit . `` Memories of First Love '' ) is performed by Kana Asumi . It is based on chapters 54 -- 55 of the manga , in which Chihiro Kosaka forms a band called the `` 2B Pencils '' . A two - episode OVA , based on the character Tenri Ayukawa and titled Tenri Arc ( 天理篇 , Tenri - Hen ) , was released together with the limited editions of the 19th and 20th manga volumes on October 16 , 2012 , and December 18 , 2012 , respectively . The ending theme songs , `` Hikari no Kiseki '' ( ヒカリノキセキ , lit . `` Miracle of Light '' ) and `` Mirai e no Tobira '' ( 未来への扉 , lit . `` Door to the Future '' ) , are both performed by Eyelis . A fourth OVA episode , featuring the character Kanon Nagakawa becoming a magical girl and titled Magical Star Kanon 100 % ( マジカル ☆ スターかのん 100 % ) was released together with the limited edition of the 22nd manga volume on June 18 , 2013 . The episode 's opening theme song is `` Kanon 100 % '' ( かのん 100 % ) and the ending theme `` Kimi - iro Love Song '' ( 君色ラブソング , lit . `` Your Multicolor Love Song '' ) are again performed by Tōyama . Five pieces of theme music are used for third season . The opening theme , titled `` God only knows - Secrets of the Goddess - ( Extract ) '' , and is performed by Saori Hayami under the name `` Oratorio The World God Only Knows '' and the ending theme song is `` Kizuna no Yukue '' ( キズナノユクエ , `` The Way of the Bonds '' ) by `` The Jupiter Sisters '' ( ユピテルの姉妹 , Jupiter no Shimai ) which is composed of the third season 's voice actresses , Kaori Nazuka , Nao Toyama , Yuka Iguchi , Ayahi Takagaki , Kana Hanazawa and Ayana Taketatsu , who each sing a solo version of the ending theme song in different episodes . Additionally , three special ending theme songs were used . The first song , `` Hitomi Kara Snow '' ( 瞳からスノー , lit . `` A Pupil from the Snow '' ) by Nao Tōyama was used for the 32nd episode , the second song , `` With ... You ... '' by Saori Hayami was used in the 34th episode and the third song use for the 36th episode was `` Hajimete Koi wo Shita Kioku '' ( 初めて恋をした記憶 , lit . `` The Memory of My First Love '' ) by Kana Asumi and Nao Tōyama under the name the 2B PENCILS and Kanon Nagakawa . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode lists 1.1 The World God Only Knows 1.2 The World God Only Knows II 1.3 The World God Only Knows III : Goddesses 1.4 OVAs 2 Notes 3 References 4 External links Episode lists ( edit ) The World God only Knows ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original airdate `` Flag. 1.0 Love Makes the World Go Round '' `` Sekai wa ai de Ugoite Iru '' ( Flag. 1.0 世界はアイで動いている ) October 6 , 2010 Keima Katsuragi is known on the internet for his ability to capture any girl in any bishōjo game , although the girls in real life do not appeal to him . He accidentally accepts a contract with a demon named Elcea de Rux Ima , or Elsie , who wants his help in capturing evil spirits that have escaped from hell and have hidden themselves in girls ' hearts . Keima must find a way to make girls fall in love with him in order to force these spirits out , or else both of them will be killed by the magical collars on their necks if the contract is broken . His first target is his classmate named Ayumi Takahara , training for the upcoming track - and - field race . Keima cheers her on by displaying banners using Elsie 's magical raiment at the school field each day . When Ayumi is annoyed by his actions , Keima believes she will eventually grow to like him . After a confrontation with jealous upperclasswomen , Ayumi sprains her leg the day before the meet . However , this injury was realized to be a fake since she has doubted her confidence . Keima consoles Ayumi , saying for her to believe in herself . They kissed when Ayumi helps Keima from falling down the stairs , forcing the loose spirit out of her body and allowing Elsie to capture it . Ayumi won the race but lost all of her memories with Keima , she blushes when Keima congratulates her . Much to his confusion , Elsie has transferred to his school , claiming to be his sister . `` Flag. 2.0 Demon of a Sister '' `` Akumademo Imouto desu '' ( Flag. 2.0 あくまでも妹です ) October 13 , 2010 `` Flag. 2.5 Baby , You 're a Rich Girl '' `` Beibī Yū ā a Ricchi Gāru '' ( Flag. 2.5 ベイビー・ユー・アー・ア・リッチ・ガール ) Keima is dismayed upon learning from Elsie that there are many more runaway spirits within the city . After meeting Mari Katsuragi , Keima 's mother , Elsie claims to be her `` husband 's illegitimate daughter '' , though this causes Mari to snap during a phone conversation with her husband for his `` infidelity '' . Keima refuses to accept Elsie as his little sister , since she does not fit the criteria in his view . However , upon hearing her story on wanting to be successful just like her older sister , Haqua , Keima reluctantly accepts Elsie as his sister . During lunch at a popular sobawa sandwich stall , Keima and Elsie found their next target , Mio Aoyama , a rich girl who proceeds to buy all of the yakisoba sandwiches . Keima believes she is an easy target as she has all the characteristics of a tsundere , and a love confession might break her hard shell . Unfortunately , the confession does not work as planned , and Mio has her chauffeur to beat Keima . As Keima and Elsie follow Mio to her home , they are surprised to learn Mio was poor as she lives in a shabby apartment . `` Flag. 3.0 Drive My Car '' `` Doraivu Mai Kā '' ( Flag. 3.0 ドライヴ・マイ・カー ) October 20 , 2010 `` Flag. 3.5 I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Pātī wa Sonomama ni '' ( Flag. 3.5 パーティーはそのままに ) Keima and Elsie overhear from the chauffeur that Mio is no longer rich since her father has died and her mother has been working hard to make ends meet . The chauffeur leaves in disgust after the proud Mio refuses to stop pretending to be rich . Mio catches Keima snooping around and quickly goes back to her apartment . Since Keima is the only one to know her secret , he can use it to get closer with her . Keima becomes Mio 's new chauffeur by biking her to school in various elaborate bike carriages made by Elsie 's raiment each day . As he eventually gets tired of driving her to school , Mio almost tempts to whip him , briefly making her smile , but quickly reverts to her cold expression and goes home . Keima now begins the next stage of his plan by bringing her to a grand ball by invitation . At the ball , Mio is upset that Keima brought them to the mansion gardens , but Keima gets her to teach him how to dance . However , after encountering a few noblemen who look down on Mio 's current status , Keima finally tells her that she should stop pretending to be rich as an act to look up to her deceased father , convincing her to let go of the past and move on and live her own life . Keima kisses Mio and the spirit from her body is captured by Elsie . The next day , Keima and Elsie meet Mio , now without any memories of Keima , who has a change of attitude and has accepted her family 's status and burns incense for her late father . However , she still acts proud . `` Flag. 4.0 On a Crusade '' `` Ima Soko ni Aru Seisen '' ( Flag. 4.0 今そこにある聖戦 ) October 27 , 2010 Keima attempts to finish and get the heroine , Sora Asuka from a bishōjo game named `` Crayon '' . But the game has many bugs , including one that loops a previous scene over and over again . Not making things any better is the fact saving the game only crashes it and the game company that made it is now bankrupt thus there are no patches to fix the game . In order to avoid the bug loop and finish the game , Keima forcefully enlists a reluctant Elsie to help record the choices that he made in the game . Elsie is at first confused on why Keima takes the game seriously but soon respect his dedication to help the girls in his games just like the girls he helps in real life . After many attempts , Keima finally manages to avoid the loop bug and goes to the next scene but unexpectedly gets into another bug , resolving him to try again much to Elsie 's horror . An article about `` Crayon '' reveals a rumor that someone managed to get the ending , hinting that Keima was able to finish the game . 5 5 `` Flag. 5.0 IDOL BOMB ! ! '' November 3 , 2010 Elsie has become a fan of the popular teen idol Kanon Nakagawa . However , Keima shows no interest in her , explaining the flaws of idols in real life compare to video game heroines . Unknown to both of them , Kanon just so happens to be a classmate of their class and is coming back to school . When Kanon meets Keima on the school roof garden , she is shocked and depressed to learn Keima has no idea who she is and proceeds to tase him repeatedly . Elsie detects an evil spirit inside of Kanon , being Keima 's next target . Kanon vows to make Keima acknowledge her and make him her fan by holding a private concert just for him , but Keima ignores her , as he believes it is a trap as boys should be chasing girls and not the other way around . The next day , Kanon holds another concert for Keima which he ignores again . A sad Kanon suddenly starts to disappear in front of Keima and Elsie . 6 6 `` Flag. 6.0 I 'm Ordinary ? '' `` Watashi Heibon ? '' ( Flag. 6.0 ワタシ平凡 ? ) November 10 , 2010 Keima and Elsie realize that Kanon is actually turning invisible because of the spirit inside of her and manages to stop Kanon from tasing him again by praising her song . As Keima sends Elsie to investigate , they learn Kanon was once a member of the pop idol group Citron before they disbanded and has never played any songs from her old band . Kanon 's need for attention was the result of people not noticing her in the past . Keima later receives an email from Kanon and cheers up the depressed Kanon at her television shoot . Kanon continues sending Keima an obsessive number of emails to visit her whenever she feels down . With the relationship going smoothly , Keima agrees to come to Kanon 's Christmas Eve concert at Narusawa Seaside Hall , where she will perform in front of 10,000 people . On the day of the concert , Kanon is again nowhere to be found , and Keima knows it is time to go to the final stage of his plans to capture Kanon 's heart . 7 7 `` Flag. 7.0 Shining Star '' November 17 , 2010 As Kanon prepares for her concert , she soon gets second thoughts and fears that she will mess up and be forgotten again causing her to turn invisible . She leaves the stadium which sends the backstage staff looking for her . As the concert draws near , Keima finally finds Kanon at a nearby building . Keima knows why Kanon fears being unnoticed , telling her not to seek attention as proof as an idol , since her hard work to become one was the proof all along . With his encouragement and her fans cheering for her , Kanon kisses Keima , which causes the loose spirit in her to leave and be captured by Elsie . Kanon returns to the stadium and receives letters of congratulations for her progress thus far from her two former bandmates , Yuri and Lime . She goes up on stage and gives an amazing performance to the large crowd . As Keima and Elsie leave , he tells her his views on idols has not changed , but said Kanon not as an idol , but a shining star . 8 8 `` Flag. 8.0 Coupling With , With , With ... '' November 24 , 2010 This episode features four different perspectives happening on the same day . Elsie is angry that Keima called her useless for making his `` lunch '' , due to having bizarre ingredients that are still alive . After her friend Chihiro Kosaka advises her on how to impress Keima , Elsie decides to make a strawberry cake for him . Unfortunately , she misunderstands the recipe instructions and mistakenly uses hellish ingredients instead of normal ones , causing many accidents including releasing a mandragon and blowing up the home economics classroom . At the same time , Keima irritates his English teacher Ichiro Kodama , who dislikes the fact Keima constantly plays games during class yet still manages to get perfect scores on tests . After getting into an argument with Keima about this at gym class , Kodama is chased by the mandragon . The mandragon eventually arrives at the Katsuragi residence , where it drops Elsie 's cake . Keima returns home and finds Elsie 's cake and eats it out of guilt . However , because he was hiding , Mari mistakes him for a thief and hits him on the head with a vase . Kodama arrives at the Katsuragi residence for his meeting with Mari , but sees the mandragon get eaten by the `` lunch '' that Elsie made earlier , scaring him away . Elsie returns home and vows to make another cake for Keima . Despite having eaten the cake , he tells her that he does not like sweets , much to her chagrin . 9 9 `` Flag. 9.0 Inside & Outside the Big Wall '' `` Ōki na Kabe no Naka to Soto '' ( Flag. 9.0 大きな壁の中と外 ) December 1 , 2010 Keima orders Elsie to go to the school library to learn modern human history after learning her knowledge about human history is two centuries out of date . Instead , she becomes fascinated on a book about fire trucks . When she looks for more books about fire trucks , she asks one of the librarians , Shiori Shiomiya and detects a spirit inside of her . After bringing Keima to the library , the two are amazed that Shiori managed to find 458 books related to fire trucks . While Keima thinks Shiori used the library index , Shiori , deep in thought , wants to tell him she was able to find them as she remembered all the books she reads in the library but is too shy to speak up . The next day , Shiori arranges the books in the library and explains her love for books . Keima is aware how shy librarian girls like her are easy to figure out as they are a common character in games , but unlike games where he can read what the character is thinking , finding out what Shiori is thinking might be more difficult . As Shiori removes some books to be disposed of and laments to herself about their fate , Keima helps her get one book she can not reach . Shiori tries to think on how to thank him but fumbles in her words while thanking him . 10 10 `` Flag. 10.0 Inside of Me ... '' `` Atashi no Naka no ... '' ( Flag. 10.0 あたしの中の ... ... ) December 8 , 2010 Shiori is embarrassed on what she said and tries to leave , but when Keima comments on why books are useless nowadays , with much courage and anger , she verbally calls him stupid before quickly leaving . Keima later reveals to Elsie that he is purposely angering Shiori in order for her to speak up . It is revealed Shiori has been unable to speak normally to people due to her shyness , so she has been exploring various books to compensate for this . The next day , the library committee has decided to add a media room to the library . Shiori tries to give her opinion to the committee but is too shy to speak up . Later , she catches Keima writing in one of the library books which he justifies that he was making corrections and comments how books can not instantly be corrected , upsetting Shiori . The next afternoon , she catches Keima doing it again only to realize he is scribbling in his own book . In anger and confusion , she starts thinking out loud without realizing it until Keima points it out . The next day after that , Keima introduces himself to Shiori and talks about the library , now that she is speaking normally to him . With Shiori now speaking up , Keima decides it is time to capture her heart after finding a library notice to dispose library books for the media room . 11 11 `` Flag. 11.0 The Last Day '' `` Oshimai no Hi '' ( Flag. 11.0 おしまいの日 ) December 15 , 2010 Shiori locks herself in and barricades the library to prevent the library committee from disposing of books for the media room . As the committee tries to get inside , Shiori falls asleep and dreams how her love for books began until she is awoken by Keima , who manages to enter the library through a hole at the rooftop made by Elsie with her raiment . Keima has come to support Shiori in her protest and stays close to her . The library committee cuts the electricity to the library , surprising Shiori and causes some books to fall over them . As she hugs Keima , Shiori tells him that only he understands her love for books and reasons for protecting them . However , Keima calls her a liar , saying that she did not barricade herself to protect her books , instead herself to the world . Keima already knew that she always wanted to socialize , but her fears of being misunderstood prevented that , which is why she reads books as an escape from the real world . Troubled with this revelation , Shiori feels unsure on what to do until Keima drags her out of the rubble of books , telling her that he will give her courage and kisses her , which releases the loose spirit from her body allowing Elsie to capture it . As the library committee enters the library , Shiori finally speaks up for herself and explains her reasons which the committee agrees to have a meeting . In the epilogue , Shiori feels like she has forgotten someone who was with her during her protest so she writes a story on what she remembers . 12 12 `` Flag. 12.0 More Than a God , Less Than a Human '' `` Kami Ijou , Ningen Miman '' ( Flag. 12.0 神以上、人間未満 ) December 22 , 2010 Due to helping Elsie capture spirits , Keima has gathered a large backlog of new games he has not played yet . During the weekend , he plans to finish all the games in his room by playing six games at the same time , doing so with impressive speed while still managing to logically make the right choices and enjoy each game individually , but he suffers from burnout later on . Elsie finds this shocking yet bewildering and leaves him alone . Realizing he can not finish all of his games at this pace , Keima decides to up the ante by playing twenty - four games at once . Keima finally manages to finish all of his backlog games except one as he is too tired to continue , but he soon starts hallucinating that all of the game girls he captured are encouraging him to not give up . Rejuvenated , he finally finishes the last game and `` follows '' his game girls into the game world where they all sing and dance together . The episode ends with an announcement for the second season of the anime and a new character introduced . The World God only Knows II ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original airdate 13 `` Flag. 1.0 Flower in Bloom '' `` Ikka Ryōran '' ( Flag. 1.0 一花繚乱 ) April 12 , 2011 After a brief recap of the first season , Keima Katsuragi theorized to Elsie on why the spirits are attracted to the girls he helped before until they get into an altercation with group of delinquents but Kusunoki Kasuga , the captain of the girls karate club , intervenes . As Kusunoki lectures Keima for his weakness , Elsie detects a spirit inside her . Despite learning from Elsie that most of the members of the girls karate club had quit due to Kusunoki 's harsh attitude , Keima asks her to make him her apprentice to learn more about her . She refuses at first but reluctantly agrees due to Keima 's bishōnen looks . Keima has no leads on how she really acts , until he sees her cuddling a cat , revealing that she has a soft side . Embarrassed and angry , Kusunoki tries to throw the cat out from the balcony but a manifestation of her appears and saves the cat . Keima realizes that this manifestation shows her soft side whenever she sees cute things . Tofully draw out her feminine side by doing the most girly thing , Elsie tells Kusunoki to go on a date with Keima much to their embarrassment as they both reluctantly agree . 14 `` Flag. 2.0 Problem Solved by the Fist '' `` Ikken Rakuchaku '' ( Flag. 2.0 一挙落着 ) April 19 , 2011 Kusunoki is embarrassed on her date with Keima but still continues it hoping it will draw her feminine side out . After failing to connect themselves in their date , Keima and Kusunoki decide to eat an ice cream together , being the most romantic thing to do . After overcoming their embarrassments of doing so , the feminine side finally detaches from her and the two go head to head to fight for dominance . As they battle over inheriting the family dojo or living a life as a woman , Keima intervenes , telling them that they can just choose both and not sacrifice one for the other , in which he alludes to saying that a cat can be considered both cute and strong . Kusunoki admits from her feminine side that she enjoyed her date with Keima despite her earlier denial . The feminine side takes control of Kusunoki 's body to kiss Keima as a last act to be remembered , which then releases the spirit inside of her and is captured by Elsie . Kusunoki still continues her martial arts and now accepts her femininity . Later , Elsie tries to explain to Keima the powers of the evil spirits . However , she is inadvertently sucked into a spirit capturing bottle belonging to her friend and fellow spirit hunter named Haqua du Lot Herminium . 15 `` Flag. 3.0 The Section Chief Cometh '' `` Chikuchō , Kitaru . '' ( Flag. 3.0 地区長、来たる . ) April 26 , 2011 Elsie is glad to meet her friend Haqua , a genius who was one of the best students in their class and is now the section chief of her division . Haqua says she has captured 10 spirits , but she initially disbelieves Elsie having captured five of them already . A spirit is reported to be on the loose in the area due to a failure of another spirit hunter . Keima , already aware that Haqua was the spirit hunter who failed to capture the spirit , offers to find the spirit at school in exchange for telling him what the evil spirits are . Haqua explains the spirits are the souls of the demons who were overthrown and sealed by demons who opposed their wicked ways . However , they managed to escape and hide in the hearts of young girls , by which the spirit hunters are tasked to capture them before they are reincarnated as demonic children . Deducing that the spirit feeds on negative emotions , Keima leads Haqua to the school theater , the most depressing place on campus . Keima decides to leave everything to Haqua , but she confesses that she has yet to capture a spirit and lied about it to save face . Elsie confirms to Haqua that the spirit has been found inside the school theater . 16 `` Flag. 4.0 The Section Chief Regains Her Pride '' `` Chikuchō , Hokori o Torimodosu . '' ( Flag. 4.0 地区長、誇りを取り戻す . ) May 3 , 2011 The spirit has gotten powerful from feeding on the negative emotions of the unconscious students around them , which it then escapes to the roof by possessing the students to stop Haqua and Elsie . Haqua is distraught as she has failed to live up to her expectations , which allows the spirit to possesses her . By the time Keima and Elsie reach the roof , Haqua is under the control of the spirit , and it uses her and the possessed students to capture them . The only way for Haqua to be freed from its control is to calm the negative emotions in her heart . Haqua is ashamed for having lied to Elsie , inasmuch as to be thought of as a role model . Despite what she did , Elsie embraces her , still looking up to her as the greatest spirit hunter in her eyes . Haqua is finally able to break free from the control of the spirit . Haqua fends off the possessed students , and the spirit is then captured by Elsie . Haqua thanks Keima for his help and for not revealing her ruse to Elsie earlier . Keima congratulates Elsie on a good job , leading her to buy both Keima and Haqua lunch to celebrate . 17 5 `` Flag. 5.0 It Always Raining When We Get There '' `` Tadoritsuitara Itsumo Ame Furi '' ( Flag. 5.0 たどりついたらいつも雨ふり ) May 10 , 2011 After learning there are still 60,000 spirits to be captured before his contract is finished , Keima goes into a depression , not helping matters when his classmate the cheerful Chihiro Kosaka makes fun of him . Elsie later detects a spirit nearby , and it just so happens to be inside Chihiro , much to Keima 's horror . Keima refuses to assist Elsie this time since Chihiro has no known unique traits that stand out . However , they watch her confessing to a boy , only to see her get rejected . The next day , Keima attempts to console Chihiro , only for her to revert to her old self , revealing that she has been getting turned down by many guys she fancies . Keima scolds Chihiro for playing around with love , but she strikes back with his obsession with bishōjo games , which strikes a deep cord within him . An even more depressed Keima locks himself in his room for days until he decides to come back to school but refusing to speak with anyone . Worried about him , Ayumi Takahara visits Keima , who has fainted from not eating . 18 6 `` Flag. 6.0 10 % Chance of Rain '' `` 10 % no Ameyohou '' ( Flag. 6.0 10 % の雨予報 ) May 17 , 2011 Ayumi , after hearing about their argument , tells Keima to make up with Chihiro . After Ayumi shares lunch with him , Keima learns that all the girls he has helped in the past still have remnants of their feelings for him . Ayumi later tricks both Keima and Chihiro to do cleaning duty together , where Chihiro is truly sorry for insulting him . Keima soon discovers by chance that Chihiro now has a crush on a boy named Yuta . Chihiro asks Keima to teach her some techniques to win over her new crush , since she admits that she does not take love seriously . The following morning , Elsie indirectly points out to Keima that he would not have to be directly involved with Chihiro in filling the emptiness in her heart if he were to help her . Overjoyed by this revelation , he gathers information on Yuta which he then formulates into a plan , where he helps Chihiro get a notable impression from Yuta . As Keima teaches Chihiro in his final plan to get her to confess to Yuta tomorrow , Chihiro start to take an interest with Keima . 19 7 `` Flag. 7.0 Singing in the Rain '' May 24 , 2011 As Keima prepares Chihiro to finally confess to Yuta , it is then that Chihiro , beginning to have second thoughts , realizes her feelings for Keima and decides to call off the confession . However , Keima is angry that all his effort into this preparation was for naught , but Chihiro leaves with saying that she will never be special like the other girls . Since he never considered her feelings and focused primarily on the confession , Keima decides to make amends in order to capture her heart . By the time he finds Chihiro on a ship , she confesses that she started liking him for also being disappointed with the real world . He then corrects her that he never has given up on himself , despite his dislike with the real world , thereby she should do the same . When Chihiro tries protest that someone as average as her can never be special , Keima kisses her by surprise and tells her as long as she truly wants it , nothing can stop her from becoming special . This forces the spirit out , which is then captured by Elsie . With the spirit gone , Chihiro becomes more cheerful and confident , motivated to start her own rock band . As for Keima , he starts to question his life after remembering the girls he helped before . 20 8 `` Flag. 8.0 Her First Errand '' `` Hajimete no ☆ Otsukai '' ( Flag. 8.0 はじめての ☆ おつかい ) May 31 , 2011 `` Flag. 8.5 Tea for Three . '' `` 3 - Nin de ocha o . '' ( Flag. 8.5 3 人でお茶を . ) Keima learns that a rare first edition of a bishōjo game called `` Love Tears '' will be on sale at another town , so he goes there the next morning with Elsie tagging along . After teaching Elsie the history of bishōjo games and difference between many editions of the same game , Keima tasks Elsie to buy the game while he goes to a game fair . When she finally finds it , she discovers three different editions of `` Love Tears '' and correctly chooses the expensive one . Unfortunately , Elsie instead buys the anime version of `` Love Tears '' by mistake , which Keima suspected so he bought the game at the game fair just in case . Later , Haqua arrives at the Katsuragi residence and asks for their assistance for a report of the capture of the spirit that fed on negative emotions at the academy . They use a magical scale model of the school , including autonomous dolls of them and the students that follow their command by a mic . After Keima helps complete her report , Haqua purposely changes the event of when they had arrived at the theater , saying that he clung to her instead of the other way around . Haqua destroys the mic to prevent Keima from changing her version of the incident . She unfortunately reported beforehand that Keima harassed her during that time , which is displayed by their respective dolls . Much to Haqua 's embarrassment and Elsie 's anger , they attack him in misunderstanding , accidentally letting the dolls loose . After helping recover the dolls , Haqua thanks them for their help , yet Elsie wonders if Haqua used the report as an excuse to visit Keima . 21 9 `` Flag. 9.0 Class 2 - B Miss Nagase '' `` 2 - Nen B - gumi Nagase - sensei '' ( Flag. 9.0 2 年 B 組長瀬先生 ) June 7 , 2011 Jun Nagase , idealistic and upbeat , is assigned as a new student teacher for the class taught by Yuri Nikaidō . Jun , at first bewildered that everyone is indifferent to Keima playing video games during class , believes that he is a problem child , after all the other teachers explain their issues with him . She leaves with fear after trying to talk to him about it , but a spirit later enters her body when she had the resolve to help him open up . When Keima and Elsie learn about this , Keima finds his next target difficult since he is aware that a teacher can not easily fall in love with a student unless they eventually see each other as equals . As Keima leaves the campus to figure out his plan , Jun catches sight of him , thinking he is ditching school . After dragging him to have lunch with her , she offers him to talk to her about his assumed problems . However , Keima does not like this unprecedented event since it will take too long for him to capture her heart . 22 10 `` Flag. 10.0 School ☆ Wars '' `` Sukūru ☆ Uōzu '' ( スクール ☆ ウォーズ ) June 14 , 2011 Keima has an idea to quickly grow his relationship with Jun by forcing her to hate him and then turning those feelings into love , though this plan backfires as it only causes her to be more concerned about him . After finally getting him alone in class , Jun tell Keima her belief of him using video games as a form of escape from reality , but he scolds her for judging him by her own standards . With no other choice and a change of plans , Keima asks Nikaidō for more information about Jun , which she agrees to in exchange for helping her in her schoolwork . Meanwhile , Jun still affected by what Keima told her earlier , decides to help his class in their schoolwork after Ichiro Kodama insults them as failures . But when the students tell her that they do not have the zeal to improve themselves , a frustrated Jun inadvertently berates them before storming out the classroom . Keima later finds out that Jun and Nikaidō were both on the girls basketball team before it disbanded over an incident in the past . 23 11 `` Flag. 11.0 There 's Always a Sun in Your Heart '' `` Itsumo Kokoro ni Taiyō o '' ( いつも心に太陽を ) June 21 , 2011 Jun , going to a professional wrestling match , finds Keima sitting in her seat , thanks to Elsie discreetly duplicating her ticket , and is forced to sit with him during the match . After she wonders why her students had refused her help , Keima asks Jun why the girls basketball team was disbanded when she was captain . He then concludes that it was her selfish idealism that forced the other members to quit , despite her claiming her focus on perfecting their teamwork . She leaves the stadium in anger after hearing his words . The next day , Jun enters the class in a marathon race in hopes to help them bond , but , as the students feel pressured by this , Jun runs away after calling them all selfish . Keima then unexpectedly calls out their behavior before suddenly disappearing from the classroom . As Jun arrives at the old girls basketball team locker room , Keima confronts her for still remaining the same way since her team disbanded . Going into the school gymnasium , Keima consoles and convinces her never to give up and to try as hard as she can to make her students accept her ideals . Jun cheers up when the whole class comes to find her to apologize , much to her joy . Jun is unaware that Keima predetermined the events , purposely having the students start to dislike him then having them worry about her . As her internship comes to a finish , Keima asks Jun to return to the school someday , in which Jun promises to become a much better teacher by then . She then kisses him , finally expelling the spirit inside of her . 24 12 `` Flag. 12.0 Summer Wars '' `` Samā Uōzu '' ( サマーウォーズ ) June 28 , 2011 Though with its poor character design , Keima plays a bishōjo game called `` One Leaf '' , yet quickly falls in love with heroine Yotsuba Sugimoto , believing she is his ideal game heroine . Keima enjoys the game so much , that he decides to play it at a slow pace , ignoring everyone throughout the whole day , much to Elsie 's chagrin and Haqua 's confusion . Later that night , Keima receives an email from its game studio , who asks Keima to help them create a bishōjo game under his direction . As Keima thinks of ideas for the game , his inner minds soon start arguing over what is ideal and perfect . However , this war finally stops when all of them remember the importance of a bishōjo game . With that in mind , Keima contacts the game studio to tell them to make a good game . As the season finale comes to an end , including a preview of the new cast of heroines for Keima in the next season , Keima ends the episode saying that although he does not accept reality , he can still discover a way to be a part of it . The World God only Knows iii : goddesses ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original airdate 25 `` Flag . 1.0 When the Sun Goes Down '' July 8 , 2013 Keima explains to the audience how he has captured fourteen girls and two unique girls after the last season . Meanwhile , Kanon is preparing for her school tests , but ends up talking with her split personality , Apollo , who claims to be a goddess . The next day , Keima and Elsie meet up with Tenri and within her , Diana . Diana wants Keima to marry Tenri as Tenri 's love for Keima increases her powers , which he refuses . When asked to explain what she is , Diana reveals she is a goddess , one of the Jupiter Sisters , who helped the New Demons of Hell against the Weiss , when they attempted to take over the three realms of Earth , Heaven and Hell , and control all souls . After defeating them , the Jupiter Sisters sacrificed themselves by sealing themselves together with the Weiss , but they escaped ten years ago . Diana asks Keima to help find her sisters and reveals they reside in his past conquests , who did not forget their memories with him . At the same time , Kanon is stalked by a hooded stranger much to her worry . When Kanon spots her stalker during her test , she runs into Keima 's arms . Kanon reveals to him she still remembers her time with him and declares she loves him much to their class ' shock . Realizing Kanon has a goddess inside of her , he drags her away from everyone , only for Apollo to take over Kanon and run away , believing Keima is an innocent bystander . However , as she attempts to find a place to hide , Apollo is attacked and stabbed by her stalker who reveals herself to be Lune of Vintage . 26 `` Flag . 2.0 Scrambled Formation '' `` Sukuranburu Fōmēshon '' ( スクランブルフォーメーション ) July 15 , 2013 Apollo casts a warning in the sky to her sisters to trust no one before succumbing to her wounds . Lune attempts to finish her but is stopped by Nikaidō . Keima , Diana , Elsie and Haqua have Apollo taken to the Katsuragi household where they discover the magic dagger used on Apollo and Kanon is ancient Weiss magic and the culprits are Vintage , a group of demons who wish to resurrect the Weiss . With Kanon having a week to live , Keima must find the other four goddesses to heal her before Vintage gets them . To accomplish this without incident , Elsie disguises herself as Kanon and Keima tricks his mother to go to South America . Partnering with Haqua who is disguised as Elsie , Keima uses the rumor of Kanon 's confession to see the reactions of his prior conquests , who will act jealous if they remember falling in love with him . Keima narrows his suspects to Ayumi , Chihiro , Shiori and Tsukiyo Kujyo , who were all embarrassed around him . When he at first thinks Yui Goido is not a goddess host due to not remembering him , a confused Keima is surprised when Yui confesses her love for him , which Shiori and Haqua mistake the cross-dressing Yui as a boy who is being intimate with Keima . With his five suspects , Keima must now make them fall in love with him again which will fuel the goddesses ' powers and determine if they 're a host . 27 `` Flag. 3.0 5 Home '' July 22 , 2013 Keima plans to spend an hour each with the girls to raise their affection for him without any of them encountering each other with Haqua 's help . He manages to succeed with Tsukiyo on the bus but compilations occur when the 2B - Pencils finish band practice early which leaves Haqua with Chihiro . As a result , he misses Yui but continues by walking home with Ayumi and Miyako . Unfortunately , Haqua and Chihiro are heading in the same direction which prompts him to take Ayumi and Miyako inside the mall . After making sure Chihiro is busy with Haqua , he has a private talk with Ayumi that he wo n't give up on her . Next , he meets up with Chihiro at the music store where he praises a song she wrote . Later , he heads towards the library to meet with Shiori where he finds a story written about them that resembles her conquest with the roles reversed but his character is killed due to the rumors with Kanon . Shiori spots him reading her story but Keima uses this to make additions to her story which serves as a medium to convey their feelings to each other . Outside , Keima spots Yui who has been following him and much to his discomfort , Yui is hitting on him despite knowing Keima 's a playboy and wants him to crossdress as a girl . The next day , Nora arrives with orders from their higher ups that the spirit hunters are to find goddesses from Heaven . Suspicious , Keima has Haqua get more information from Nora while he continues his conquests . 28 `` Flag . 4.0 Doll Roll Hall '' July 29 , 2013 Keima arrives at the library whereupon Shiori allows him to read her story while being watched . Meanwhile , Nora discovers Kanon and demands an explanation from Haqua . In the library Keima discovers that Luna , Tsukiyo 's doll , is Vulcanus who warns Keima never to approach Tsukiyo again . Attempting to stop Vulcanus from being discovered , he approaches Tsukiyo not realizing she is in fact truly Vulcanus controlling objects . With both Vulcanus and Tsukiyo mad at Keima for cheating on her , he makes Tsukiyo remember the promise he made to her . Succumbing to her pity for his injury , Tsukiyo kisses Keima whereupon she grows wings . Nora explains to Haqua that Vintage have infiltrated the spirit hunters and the search order for the goddesses is a plot to capture them . Reunited , Diana and Vulcanus combine their powers to remove the cursed dagger but Apollo turns Kanon 's body into a liquid state as a preservation measure . After making a deal with Nora to help them , Haqua expresses her feelings for Keima only to be interrupted by Diana . Diana is angry that Vulcanus manage to regain her wings while she has n't despite Tenri having loved Keima longer . After Keima calms her , Diana realizes her hatred for Keima is preventing the restoration of her powers and tries to accept him . As Tenri heads home , Diana 's wings appear . 29 5 `` Flag . 5.0 Punch and Date '' `` Panchi de Dēto '' ( ぱんち DE でーと ) August 05 , 2013 Keima sends Tsukiyo home warning Vulcanus not to reveal herself while he searches for the other goddesses . Unexpectedly , Yui has come to Keima 's home to ask him out . Keima explains to Haqua he must now conquer Yui before Vintage realizes she has a goddess . The next day , Keima crossdress as a girl which gains Yui interest to awaken her past memories while unknowingly being overseen by Shiori . After Keima asks her out for a date , the goddess Mars finally awakens inside of Yui . As the crossdressing couple spend time together on their date at an amusement park , Keima is kidnapped by a Vintage agent . Wishing to save Keima , Yui 's love for him finally restores Mars ' powers which she defeats the agent who is revealed to be Haqua which was a part of Keima 's plan to awaken her powers . Yui proclaims her love for Keima and kisses him , which restore Mars ' wings . After explaining everything to Yui and Mars and warning them to be careful , Keima and Haqua head home only to encounter one of Elsie 's live ingredients . As Keima , Elsie and Haqua have dinner , Nikaidō watches over them . 30 6 `` Flag . 6.0 About me '' `` Watashi ni Tsuite . '' ( 私について . ) August 12 , 2013 Shiori is having trouble finishing her novel for the Mai High Festival due to her conflicting feelings for Keima . She then notices a young girl , who is actually her goddess , and chases after only to meet up with a crossdressing Keima . As she inquires his crossdressing and eat at a Ramen shop , Shiori tells Keima that she wants to make a story of him . Keima explains to Haqua that with Shiori 's boosted confidence after their talk , she can now finish writing her novel . But the next day , Shiori is suffering writer 's block so Keima decides to stay with her at the library to help her . After several drafts and procrastination by reading books , Keima eventually tells Shiori to write about herself especially when they both lock themselves in the library . Realizing Keima was there and kissed her during that time , Shiori starts writing . The next morning , Keima reads her story about her life at the library which ends with her declaring she loves Keima . The goddess Minerva involuntarily reveals herself to Keima and immediately reverts to Shiori as Keima rewards her hard work with a kiss on the cheek , causing her to grow wings . After Keima leaves , Minerva introduces herself to her host and Shiori contemplates that she has found her voice and is eager to finish her novel . 31 7 `` Flag . 7.0 Bad Medicine '' August 19 , 2013 Keima gets sick from a cold so Nora 's partner Ryo is ordered to watch over him . With two targets left , Keima decides to use his cold to get Ayumi to visit him by calling her while he calls Chihiro not to come so both of them wo n't visit at the same time . At his home , Ayumi decides to stay to take care of Keima after seeing him sick . Just when things were going according to his plan , Chihiro unexpectedly visits no thanks to Ryo letting her in . With no choice , Keima hides Ayumi under his bed as Chihiro takes care of him while trying to simultaneously raise both girls affection . After Chihiro leaves the bedroom after singing her song for him , Keima tries to explain to an angry Ayumi nothing is going on between him and Chihiro . But Chihiro knocks on the door and confesses to Keima which he feigns ignorance before she leaves . Keima tries to call Chihiro but Ayumi contacts her first where she admits she heard Chihiro 's confession and supports her . Keima 's is bewildered when Ayumi is no longer angry and leaves but not before telling him to be nice to Chihiro . 32 8 `` Flag . 8.0 Goddess Mix '' `` Megami Mikkusu '' ( めがみみっくす ) August 26 , 2013 While attending a meeting between the section chiefs in New Hell , Haqua questions Dokuro Skull if Vintage have infiltrated the spirit hunters which the latter denies . However , Haqua is arrested by Public Safety which she later learns to her shock from Nora that Vintage have also infiltrated the highers ups and Dokuro Skull was the one who ordered her arrest . Back at Earth , Keima gathers all the awakened goddesses at his house in order to undo the spell cast on Kanon and awaken Apollo . During the ritual , Keima is brought to Apollo 's realm . There , Apollo reveals she can not leave now as she stopping the power of the Weiss from spreading the city but can only do so for three more days . Kanon and Apollo put their faith on him and grow their wings before he returns home . While Majima High prepares for their upcoming festival , Ayumi becomes a participant of a pageant as Chihiro invites Keima on a date . On their date , Keima plans to kiss Chihiro as he suspects she has a goddess to awaken her powers . As Keima looks for a perfect spot to be alone , Chihiro agrees with Keima to look for one where there are n't any people around . Back in New Hell , Lune searches for more information about Haqua . 33 9 `` Flag . 9.0 Absent Lovers '' September 02 , 2013 Chihiro and Keima head to the rooftop to continue their date . As they are about to kiss , Chihiro asks him to be gentle as this is her first time , which leads Keima to realize that Chihiro does n't have a goddess as she does not remember her first kiss with him . Also , she confesses that she was in love with him long before her conquest . Chihiro asks him if he loves her and kisses him but Keima , knowing he must now conquer Ayumi , lies to her saying he does n't and only dated her as revenge for making fun of him . A heartbroken Chihiro runs away where - after an angry Ayumi , who witnessed what Keima did , kicks him and leaves , later crying while her goddess scolds her for falling in love with him . At home , Keima gets depressed about what he did to Chihiro but is later cheered up by Tenri . The next day , the Mai High Festival begins and Keima learns from Elsie that the festival existed long before the Academy 's founding after which Keima notices the Academy 's emblem is a goddess . Seeing a connection , Keima heads to the theater where he discovers the entry and exit of the underground tunnel has been sealed . Keima and Elsie then head to the sea to Point Rock , while being watched by Akari Kurakawa , one of his past conquest and Nikaidō , his homeroom teacher . There , Keima and Elsie discover that inside Point Rock is a lair where Vintage are raising Weiss in eggs to be reborn . Despite what he uncovered , Keima decides not to intervene as it is not his battle and chooses to continue his conquest of Ayumi . 34 10 `` Flag . 10.0 Labyrinth '' `` Rabirinsu '' ( ラビリンス ) September 09 , 2013 Ayumi is still angry with Keima but is forced to work with him after he becomes the 2 - B Class Cafe barista . Keima tries to talk with Ayumi but her anger and Chihiro being there does n't help . Meanwhile , Lune orders Vintage to target all of Keima 's past conquests . At the forest , Keima tries to stop Ayumi from revealing to Chihiro that she 's also in love with Keima but the three of them are captured by agents of Vintage until Haqua saves them . It is revealed Dokuro Skull had to arrest Haqua or Vintage would have killed her so now she frees her and tells Haqua to help Keima and stop Vintage 's plans . After defeating the Vintage agents , Haqua and Keima lie to Ayumi and Chihiro what happen earlier was part of Special Effect Film Society . As Haqua reveals to Keima that all of his past conquests where captured by Vintage after they correctly suspect the Goddesses were hiding in them , Ayumi heads home as Nora offers her assistance to watch her . As Chihiro is dragged to his home , Keima , Diana and Haqua realize Vintage plan is to release the Weiss on Earth by killing the goddesses at Point Rock which will open a gate from New Hell . Knowing he must awaken Mercurius inside of Ayumi so the goddesses combine powers can stop Vintage , Keima heads to Ayumi 's home with Haqua and Chihiro , who overheard his plans . 35 11 `` Flag . 11.0 SHOW ME '' September 16 , 2013 As Ayumi contemplates on what Keima said to her , Keima ask her to meet him at Kozue River . Haqua explains to Chihiro why Keima has to make Ayumi fall in love with him as he tries to make her like him again . However , their date is constantly interrupted by Vintage which Chihiro suggests she , Keima and Ayumi stay at Miyako 's home . However , Chihiro seemingly reveals Keima 's plans to Ayumi , causing Ayumi to slap him and storm off . Akari and Nikaidō assess their failed efforts to protect the Goddesses and decide to put their trust on Keima . Meanwhile , Chihiro reveals she told Ayumi the truth so that Keima would love Ayumi genuinely and Ayumi would no longer worry about her . To see if Keima is honestly in love with her , Ayumi asks that he marry her which Keima agrees , even in front of her parents . Given a wedding dress while being proposed to , Ayumi declines all of Keima 's confessions as unsatisfactory and runs off telling him she 'll be waiting for him at the harbor . As Nora watches over Ayumi and Ryō places decoys around town to fool Vintage , Keima and Chihiro head to Ayumi 's location as Haqua defends them against Lune . 36 12 `` Flag . 12.0 The Memory of My First Love '' `` Hajimete Koi o Shita Kioku '' ( 初めて恋をした記憶 ) September 23 , 2013 As they head to Ayumi 's location , Chihiro tells Keima he should tell the truth to Ayumi as unknown to Keima , she already told Ayumi that he was trying to win her heart for something important . At the harbor , Keima tell Ayumi he will honestly tell the truth if she ask anything before continuing their wedding . When she ask if he really loves her , Keima answers he does n't . After some bickering between the two , Ayumi tells Keima no one should manipulate her feelings as she does love him before kissing him , finally awakening Mercurius ' powers . Just when it seems Vintage will capture them , Diana flies and rescues Mercurius and loyalist spirit hunters led by Akari battle Vintage at Point Rock which Akari tells Keima his work is done and he may leave . As the Goddesses and spirit hunters rescue Keima 's former conquests , fight Vintage and destroy Point Rock , Keima and Chihiro heads to his home to get her guitar . Chihiro ask Keima if there was something special in her that he tried to conquer her which he lies there was n't which she also lies she 's ok before they say goodbye . On the night of the concert , the 2B Pencils and Kanon sing Chihiro 's song as Keima watches . As the credits roll , Keima 's past conquest enjoy the festival while the Goddesses spread their wings which only Chihiro sees . Keima heads to the roof tops and cries , apologizing to Chihiro for hurting her while Chihiro struggles to hold her tears to finish her song after remembering her love for Keima . In the epilogue , Mari returns from her trip to South America , all of Vintage were captured and their plans to resurrect the Weiss have been foiled , Haqua is reinstated as spirit hunter while Nora is promoted to Head Section Chief thanks to Keima 's deal for her to take credit in finding the Goddesses . As for Keima , everything became normal again but his feelings changed while playing his games because of what happened to Chihiro . Ovas ( edit ) No . Title Original release date 0 `` Flag. 0 '' September 17 , 2010 A preview OVA that was released together with Volume 10 of the manga . Hosted by Hiro Shimono and Kanae Itō who voice Keima and Elsie respectively , the hosts introduce and talk about the series , the anime and their characters . Included in the end is a short animated prologue which introduces Elsie and her induction as a spirit hunter . `` 4 Girls and an Idol '' `` Yonin to Aidoru '' ( 4 人とアイドル ) September 16 , 2011 Chihiro forms a rock band with her friends Elsie , Ayumi and Miyako . But their music is horrible and needs more practice ; Elsie suggests forming a light music club after viewing an anime about it . They seek a club room , however , Mr. Kodama , the head of the arts clubs , gives them a challenge : If they can get 100 % on their next English tests , they will get a club room , otherwise they will have extra class work . Chihiro at first wants to give up on the club idea but when Kanon comes back to school to take her tests and tells the band that she will be performing for the school fall dance festival , she changes her mind and wants the band to be on stage together with Kanon . In order to help them , Elsie drags Keima to help teach her , Chihiro , Ayumi and later Kanon for their english test . Keima refuses since most of the girls were his past conquest but reluctantly agrees after Elsie assures him that they do n't remember that . However , Chihiro , Ayumi and Kanon acts awkward and embarrass every time he teaches them but he manages to give them helpful tips for their tests . By the time their results are out , Miyako , Chihiro and Ayumi manage to get 100 % except Elsie but a joyful Kodama allows the club to be formed because Keima got 99 % as the latter was bothered by the girls behavior . Kanon also got 100 % as well but was more happy to have made new friends . Now with their own club room , Chihiro 's band , The 2 - B Pencils starts practicing . `` Reunion '' `` Saikai '' ( 再会 ) October 16 , 2012 Part 1 of the Tenri Arc . Summer Vacation begins , but Keima 's plan of nonstop gaming is interrupted by his mother to meet her friend Mrs Ayukawa and her shy daughter Tenri , his childhood friend from ten years who Keima does n't remember . Elsie 's detects a spirit inside Tenri , but Keima is n't interested and just wants to play games . But both of them see Tenri at the mall with a different , colder personality , which Keima reluctantly accepts to capture her heart . Meanwhile , Tenri is lectured by Diana , her other personality who , despite her dislike for him , Diana suggests Tenri should try to rekindle her relationship with Keima but the latter is too shy . Tenri is confronted by Nora , a Spirit hunter and her human partner Ryō Asama . Nora , who is known to force spirits out from humans by violent means , reads Tenri mind and thinks Keima is the cause of her possession and plans to kill him . But after Nora captures Keima and Elsie explains that he is her partner , Nora decides torture his mind instead . Keima has a dream of being with Yokkyun which Nora `` kills '' her which angers Keima that he breaks free from Nora 's restrains and scares her away . As Nora plans to kill Keima despite knowing Elsie will die as well , Keima , Elsie and Tenri hides at the school theater . Concluding Diana is not like other spirits , Keima tasks Elsie to find another spirit to fool Nora . Alone with Tenri , Diana corrects Keima that she is not a spirit . When Tenri shows Keima a secret tunnel under the theater , he starts to remember his past with Tenri . `` Chance Meeting '' `` Kaikō '' ( 邂逅 ) December 18 , 2012 Part 2 of the Tenri Arc . As they journey through the tunnel , Keima remembers an incident ten years ago during a field trip at the beach . While he and Tenri were on a sailing ship , an earthquake struck which stranded the ship off the coast . Hoping to find a way back to the mainland , they went into a tunnel under the ship where Tenri falls for Keima due to his bravery and giving her his lunch . However , another earthquake struck which knocked out Keima . Tenri and Diana reveal after that happened , creatures called Weiss ( which Keima later realizes are the evil spirits ) appeared surrounding him and Tenri until Diana helped them escape to the theater after the former agreed to let Diana take over her body . Realizing there 's a connection between Diana and the spirits , she reveals she was the one who sealed the spirits in Hell . Unfortunately , Nora and Ryō find them . Knowing Nora will keep chasing them until she captures a spirit , Keima has a plan . They fool Nora into believing a weak spirit that Diana captured is Tenri 's spirit by having Elsie release it after Tenri stands up to Nora 's accusations that she hates Keima and confesses she loves him . Keima kisses her in front of Nora to make it look real . With Nora no longer after them , Keima wants to know more about the Weiss but Diana tells him she will give him the answers the next time they meet . The next day , Keima and Elsie are surprised to discover the Ayukawas are their new neighbors . As the credits roll with scenes of the current and new characters of the series , Elsie announces the third season of the anime and a new OVA . `` Magical Star Kanon 100 % '' `` Majikaru Sutā Kanon 100 % '' ( マジカル ☆ スターかのん 100 % ) June 18 , 2013 Elsie heads for an audition where the winner gets to play as Kanon 's little sister on her kid TV show Weather Girl Magical Girl Kanon . As she is refused entry for being too old , Elsie detects a spirit and heads into the TV Station to find Kanon , who has been turned into a child . As Elsie decides to capture the spirit herself , Kanon is mistaken by her manager Okada for one of the young girls here for the audition and is brought into the studio . Using the alias , Maron Nakagawa , she befriends a shy girl named Kozue , who 's a fan of hers . When Kanon sees another person who looks like her coming to the studio , Elsie realizes it is the spirit in disguise who is using the audition to find a host . Kanon manages to prove she is the real one by singing one of her songs which the impostor reacts negatively and reveals its true form while knocking out the adults and kidnapping the girls . Realizing her songs , which are filled with positive energy affects the spirit , Kanon is determined to save her fans which turns her into a real Magical girl . As she flies to the roof and confronts the spirit , she sings her songs which turns her body back to normal and weakens the spirit which Elsie is able to capture it . Relieved , Kanon passes out and later wakes up to find herself back in the studio . Believing at first everything was just a dream , Kozue reveals she remembers everything which Kanon tells her to keep it a secret and selects her as her little sister . Elsie heads home with the spirit only to chase another one who has turned her into a child as well . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Title of the episode : literally translated , romanized using Hepburn romanization , and in kanji form ^ Jump up to : Date the episode originally aired on TV Tokyo References ( edit ) General `` List of The World God Only Knows episodes '' . Kaminomi.jp ( in Japanese ) . `` List of The World God Only Knows II episodes '' . Kaminomi.jp ( in Japanese ) . Specific Jump up ^ `` The World God Only Knows Staff Cast '' ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kami Nomi zo Shiru Sekai 's 2nd Season Listed for April 2011 '' . Anime News Network . October 5 , 2010 . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll to Stream More World God Only Knows , Silver Spoon , Makai Ouji '' . Anime News Network . July 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The World God Only Knows manga , chapters 54 -- 55 ^ Jump up to : `` 神のみぞ知るセカイ II '' ( in Japanese ) . Web Newtype . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 神のみぞ知るセカイ II '' ( in Japanese ) . Web Newtype . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 神のみぞ知るセカイ II '' ( in Japanese ) . Web Newtype . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2011 . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) The World God Only Knows official website ( in Japanese ) The World God Only Knows anime at TV Tokyo ( in Japanese ) The World God Only Knows ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_World_God_Only_Knows_episodes&oldid=838549157 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes 2010 Japanese television seasons 2011 Japanese television seasons 2013 Japanese television seasons The World God Only Knows Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 18 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the world god only knows season 2 episode 7 english sub	[]	[]
425804717257393558	The Paradise (TV series)	The Paradise ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Paradise ( TV series ) The Paradise Genre Drama Created by Bill Gallagher Based on Au Bonheur des Dames by Emile Zola Written by Bill Gallagher Gaby Chiappe Katie Baxendale Ben Harris Directed by David Drury Marc Jobst Susan Tully Bill Gallagher Kenneth Glenaan Starring Ruby Bentall Finn Burridge Elaine Cassidy Sonya Cassidy Ben Daniels Emun Elliott David Hayman Sarah Lancashire Patrick Malahide Matthew McNulty Lisa Millett Katie Moore Joanna Vanderham Edie Whitehead Peter Wight Stephen Wight Composer ( s ) Maurizio Malagnini Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 16 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Susan Hogg Bill Gallagher Rebecca Eaton ( for Masterpiece ) Producer ( s ) Simon Lewis Cinematography Alan Almond Simon Richards Peter Greenhalgh Running time 59 minutes Production company ( s ) BBC Productions Masterpiece Release Original network BBC One Original release 25 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) -- 8 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 08 ) External links Website For the American Western family television series , see Paradise ( TV series ) . The Paradise is a British television costume drama series co-produced by BBC Studios and Masterpiece . The Paradise premiered in the United Kingdom on BBC One on 25 September 2012 and premiered in the United States on PBS on 6 October 2013 . The series is an adaptation of Émile Zola 's novel Au Bonheur des Dames that relocates the story to North East England . ( Zola 's novel itself is a retelling of the story of Aristide Boucicaut , the Bellême - born founder of Le Bon Marché . ) A second series was commissioned by BBC One in late October 2012 and was broadcast on 20 October 2013 on BBC One . On 12 February 2014 , the BBC confirmed that The Paradise would not return for a third series . They cited that the programme had lower figures than other relatively new dramas such as Death in Paradise , Sherlock and Silk . Furthermore , its ITV rival Mr Selfridge was performing better . The BBC also commented that the show was enjoyable : `` However , in order to make room for new dramas to come through , The Paradise wo n't be returning . '' Contents 1 Plot 1.1 Series 1 1.2 Series 2 2 Production 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Recurring and guest cast 4 Episodes 4.1 Series 1 ( 2012 ) 4.2 Series 2 ( 2013 ) 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Track listing 6 Releases 6.1 DVD 6.2 Blu - ray 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Series 1 ( edit ) Series 1 begins in 1875 , and portrays the lives and loves of the people who work , shop and trade , in and around the first English department store . The owner of The Paradise department store is widower John Moray . Moray was once a draper 's boy in Emersons , the small shop that grew under his managership into The Paradise , which has come to dominate the high street to the detriment of small shopkeepers nearby . Into this world comes Denise Lovett , from the small town of Peebles in Scotland , whose uncle Edmund is one of the shopkeepers struggling to survive . Denise takes a job at The Paradise and is soon seen by Moray as a rising star , to the annoyance of Miss Audrey , the head of ladies ' fashion , and of Clara , a fellow shopgirl . Moray is financially dependent on Lord Glendenning , whose daughter Katherine is determined to marry Moray and sees Denise as a direct threat to her ambitions . Series 2 ( edit ) Lord Glendenning has died and Katherine Glendenning has inherited The Paradise . She now has a husband , Tom Weston , and a young stepdaughter , Flora . Katherine asks Moray , who has been exiled to Paris , to return to revive the fortunes of The Paradise , and save it from being sold . Weston is determined to control his wife and The Paradise , overruling Moray to his own advantage . Moray 's position at the Bon Marche is a reference to Octave Mouret 's derision and constant competition with the same . Production ( edit ) The series was filmed at Lambton Castle , which was converted into an 1870s bustling upmarket department store . Alongside , a Victorian street with shops and a tavern were constructed . Biddick Hall , also on the Lambton estate , was used as Lord Glendenning 's house . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Character Portrayed by Based on Seasons Denise Lovett Joanna Vanderham Denise Baudu Main Edmund Lovett Peter Wight Baudu Main John Moray Emun Elliott Octave Mouret Main Dudley Matthew McNulty Bourdoncle Main Jonas Franks David Hayman Jouve Main Miss Audrey Sarah Lancashire Madame Aurélie Lhomme Main Recurring Clara Sonya Cassidy Clara Prunaire Main Sam Stephen Wight Hutin and Deloche Main Arthur Finn Burridge / Main The Hon . Katherine Glendenning Elaine Cassidy Madame Desforges Main Lord Glendenning Patrick Malahide Baron Hartmann Main Pauline Ruby Bentall Pauline Cugnot Main Susy Bell Katie Moore / Main Myrtle Lisa Millett / Main Tom Weston Ben Daniels / Main Flora Weston Edie Whitehead / Main Recurring and guest cast ( edit ) Guest stars who played a major part in an episode were credited in the opening credits , amongst the main cast , for that specific episode . The following actors ' names were included in the opening credits in at least one episode : Olivia Hallinan as Jocelin Brookmire , a wealthy but unhappy friend of Katherine 's Mark Bonnar as Peter Adler , a wealthy philanthropist and suitor to Katherine Arthur Darvill as Bradley Burroughs , a barber who is Moray 's business partner for a short time David Bamber as Charles Chisholm , a milliner with a shop across the street from The Paradise Adrian Scarborough as Joseph Fenton , one of the Fenton brothers , wealthy businessmen intent on buying The Paradise Kevin Guthrie as Nathaniel , one of the boys working in the loading bays at The Paradise , who is secretly employed by Mr Fenton Branka Katic as Clémence Romanis , a free - thinking Parisian supplier and friend of Moray 's Julia Ford as Ruby Bell , Susy 's estranged mother John Duttine as Campbell Balentine , the wealthy owner of a successful beer brewery Liz White as Lucille Balentine , a former nurse who has recently married Campbell Nathan Stewart - Jarrett as Christian Cartwright , a renowned photographer Episodes ( edit ) Series 1 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) # Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( million ) `` Episode 1 '' Marc Jobst Bill Gallagher 25 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) 6.61 Denise Lovett arrives in a northern English town to seek employment with her uncle in his draper 's shop . His shop is failing under pressure from The Paradise , the first high - class department store in the town , and can not afford to take her on . Undeterred , she seeks a position as a salesgirl at The Paradise and comes under the watchful eye of the head of ladies fashion , Miss Audrey , and her strict standards . She soon catches the eye of the widowed owner Moray , much to the chagrin of salesgirl Clara , who has slept with him , and Katherine Glendenning , daughter of Lord Glendenning , who expects to marry him . `` Episode 2 '' David Drury Bill Gallagher 2 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 02 ) 5.79 Katherine Glendenning brings her friend Mrs. Brookmire ( Olivia Hallinan ) to the store to cheer her up . Dazzled by the array of goods and the attention given to her by Sam at the draper 's counter , Mrs. Brookmire buys so many items that Moray opens the first store account for her to settle the bill at a later date . After taking ill in the store , Mrs Brookmire is helped by Sam . She invites him to the Glendennings ' home , where she breaks down to reveal she has left her husband . She kisses Sam just as Lord Glendenning and Katherine walk in . Sam is accused of ungentlemanly behaviour and Moray is asked to dismiss him . With the reputation of The Paradise is at stake , Moray is intent on discovering the truth . `` Episode 3 '' David Drury Gaby Chiappe 9 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 09 ) 5.70 Denise 's discovery of a baby in ladieswear causes ripples throughout the store . Clara resents Denise 's popularity , while Miss Audrey fears Denise 's ambitions . Meanwhile , Arthur questions his own foundling status . Moray uses the baby to increase sales , while Katherine pursues Peter Adler ( Mark Bonnar ) , who runs a home for foundlings , in an attempt to make Moray jealous . Denise comes up with an idea for a children 's department and uses Katherine as a go - between to tell Moray about her idea , which fails . Clara 's secret is threatened when the foundlings take a field trip to the Paradise . `` Episode 4 '' Sue Tully Bill Gallagher 16 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 16 ) 5.14 Miss Audrey develops a mysterious illness , causing her to lose her voice . Her absence creates a vacancy for a temporary Head of Ladieswear , and Moray appoints Denise as head because a potential client is expected to make a large order . A jealous Clara tries to sabotage the order while Katherine enjoys the effect Peter Adler is having on her life , but her behaviour worries her father . Clara tries to seduce Moray once again . Katherine , unable to forget Moray , ends her friendship with Adler . Moray assures Miss Audrey that she is appreciated at The Paradise . 5 `` Episode 5 '' Marc Jobst Bill Gallagher 23 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 23 ) 5.82 Bradley Burroughs ' ( Arthur Darvill ) barber shop is in the way of The Paradise 's expansion , and Moray is forced to make Burroughs a junior partner to continue expanding . However , Burroughs causes consternation throughout the store so Jonas takes matters into his own hands . Denise 's idea for a `` Gentlemen 's Afternoon '' is stolen by Miss Audrey and becomes a disaster when misunderstood by the gentlemen 's wives . Miss Glendenning deliberately provokes Moray by shopping with his rival shopkeepers , giving Denise 's uncle false hopes for the survival of his failing business . 6 `` Episode 6 '' Sue Tully Bill Gallagher 30 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 30 ) 5.30 Exotic lovebirds arrive as a new attraction to be sold at the Paradise . Pauline is promoted to sell the birds but accidentally releases one . Lord Glendenning offers Moray a bigger loan to buy the leases of every shop in the street . Moray commits to an engagement with Katherine . Despite the warnings of an experienced Miss Audrey , Denise is unable to keep her true feelings from Moray any longer . On the announcement of the engagement , Denise leaves The Paradise to live with her uncle . Arthur fears what Jonas has done to Burroughs . 7 `` Episode 7 '' Marc Jobst Katie Baxendale 6 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 06 ) 5.69 Katherine 's wedding plans and her future plans for Moray and The Paradise threaten Jonas , whose presence upsets her , as does the picture of Moray 's wife . Denise 's plan for a co-operative of the small traders in the neighboring street has some initial success , causing reduced sales at The Paradise , but ultimately fails when the traders fall out prompted by hatmaker Charles Chisholm ( David Bamber ) . Lord Glendenning suggests that Moray and Katherine take an extended honeymoon in Europe following the wedding . 8 `` Episode 8 '' David Drury Bill Gallagher 13 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 13 ) 5.77 As the wedding approaches , Denise returns to The Paradise . Moray confesses his love for her , much to her delight . However , Lord Glendenning now owns the freeholds of The Paradise and all the surrounding shops , and insists that Moray 's marriage to Katherine must take place . Katherine warns Denise that it if she and Moray get together , Moray could lose The Paradise . Burroughs ' body turns up in the river , and since Jonas is the main suspect , Dudley attempts to fire him . Before the wedding , Moray has a change of heart and searches The Paradise for Denise . The series ends with the lovers kissing . Series 2 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) # Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( million ) 9 `` Episode 1 '' David Drury Bill Gallagher 20 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 20 ) 6.04 It 's one year later . Lord Glendenning has died and The Paradise now is up for sale . Denise is still at the department store while the disgraced Moray is working in Paris . Katherine has a new husband , Tom Weston ( Ben Daniels ) and a ten year old step daughter , Flora . Katherine recalls Moray to save The Paradise though her husband and the staff , especially Denise , doubt her motives . 10 `` Episode 2 '' David Drury Bill Gallagher 27 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 27 ) 5.44 Miss Audrey 's impending wedding to Edmund Lovett raises the rivalries of Denise and Clara as to who will replace her . Moray 's friend from Paris , the flirtatious Clemence ( Branka Katić ) , arrives in town as a fireworks suppliers . Clemence causes controversy among the girls when she declares women should be able to work and be married , causing Miss Audrey to doubt her wedding plans to Edmund . Tom Weston becomes fixated on Clemence , much to Katherine 's jealousy . Denise is also jealous of Clemence until she learns that Clemence is not interested in men . The banished Jonas arrives in a cart half - dead . 11 `` Episode 3 '' David Drury Gaby Chiappe 3 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 03 ) 5.50 Filling the now vacant Head of Ladieswear position proves to be complicated : Tom Weston favors Clara but Katherine worries he intends to make Clara his mistress so she supports Denise . Denise is delighted to be in consideration but Moray tries to discourage her from applying , afraid of Denise becoming a pawn in Katherine and Tom 's games . Tom intends to send Flora away to boarding school so Dudley takes Flora under his wing to educate her at The Paradise . The annual Paradise outing to the music hall is canceled by Weston , but Jonas encourages Denise to organize an alternate event . 12 `` Episode 4 '' Kenny Glenaan Bill Gallagher 10 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 10 ) 5.50 Tom Weston 's plans to expand The Paradise puts Moray 's hope of buying the store back beyond his financial reach . Moray reluctantly allies himself with Mr. Fenton ( Adrian Scarborough ) , who suggests that Moray flirt with Katherine to make Tom jealous enough to sell the shop . A mysterious vagabond breaks into Edmund 's shop and is revealed to be figure from Susy 's past . Distraught , Susy loses her temper at Flora and is dismissed . However , Denise tries to think of a way to get Susy 's job back . 13 `` Episode 5 '' David Drury Bill Gallagher 17 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 17 ) 5.03 Weston is upset when Moray opens a department selling timepieces , taking the limelight from his new food hall . Moray schemes with Jonas and Fenton to further upset Weston by using Katherine 's father 's pocket watch as a centerpiece attraction , giving the impression that Katherine is still in love with Moray . Denise 's democratic method of running the Ladieswear department attract Weston 's attention and he offers her the chance to show the other departments her ways , which upsets Moray . Meanwhile , Sam becomes obsessed with the watch and accidentally hypnotizes Susy into falling in love with him . 14 `` Episode 6 '' Bill Gallagher Bill Gallagher 24 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 24 ) 5.52 Katherine is terrified by her husband 's cruel mind games and she confides in Moray about Tom 's increasingly spiteful behavior , unaware Tom is spying on her . Wealthy newlyweds Lucille ( Liz White ) and elderly Campbell Ballentine ( John Duttine ) become Paradise customers and Lucille asks the Ladieswear department to teach her how to be a lady . Denise sees Ballentine as a potential backer for Moray and takes the initiative to convince him to invest in The Paradise . Moray 's scheming with Fenton and Jonas cause emotions to run high and his flirtation with Katherine to go too far . 15 `` Episode 7 '' David Drury Ben Harris 1 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) 5.08 Weston hires photographer Christian Cartwright ( Nathan Stewart - Jarrett ) to take portraits of the family and The Paradise staff . Cartwright becomes interested in making Clara his muse while Katherine tries to repair her fragile marriage to Tom . Moray and Denise 's relationship is still strained even when he reveals he was only flirting with Katherine to wrest control of The Paradise . Denise creates ' Paradise Postcards ' with Cartwright for their customers , much to the annoyance of Moray . Weston reveals Moray 's plotting to Katherine and suggests she has a holiday abroad alone . The Paradise is chosen to bring a serialised ghost story to life , which brings Moray and Denise back together . Weston makes a proposal to Clara . 16 `` Episode 8 '' David Drury Gaby Chiappe 8 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 08 ) 5.07 A smartly dressed French debt collector dies in the store shortly after the arrival of Clemence ( Branka Katić ) , who is supplying Hazard dice and Parisian rouge , a product associated with prostitutes . Denise is challenged to sell the product to ladies , who find rouge too scandalous . Weston confronts Clemence and reveals that he knows the debt collector was looking for her . He makes Clemence an indecent proposal as Katherine discovers she is pregnant and tries to fix her marriage with Tom . Denise , Jonas , and Moray attempt to stop Tom and regain control of The Paradise . Denise and Moray make up but he is reluctant to marry her since she will be forced to quit The Paradise . Denise decides to start her own business from her uncle 's shop so the two can be free to be together . The series ends with the two kissing . Soundtrack ( edit ) A soundtrack , featuring music by composer Maurizio Malagnini from the series , was released by Silva Screen Records on 26 August 2013 . The music was performed by the BBC Concert Orchestra and recorded at Air Studios , Lyndhurst Hall , London , UK . The score won a Music + Sound Award 2013 . Track listing ( edit ) The Paradise - Original Television Soundtrack No . Title Length 1 . `` The Paradise Lovebirds '' 2 . `` The Portrait '' 3 . `` Children Arrive At The Paradise '' 4 . `` Impossible Love '' 5 . `` I Will Ruin You '' 6 . `` Reception Waltzer '' 7 . `` Opening The Doors '' 8 . `` We Will Never Know '' 9 . `` Denise Is Entering The Paradise '' 10 . `` Shopgirls '' 11 . `` Trailer And End Credits '' 12 . `` I Have Married The Wrong Man '' 13 . `` Sam Is Innocent '' 14 . `` Miss Paradise Pink '' 15 . `` Pauline 's Theme '' 16 . `` Miss Audrey And Ladieswear '' 17 . `` Perfume From Morocco '' 18 . `` Sam Could Lose Everything '' 19 . `` Audrey And The Baby '' 20 . `` Denise And Moray '' 21 . `` Lord Glendenning Owns Everything '' 22 . `` Miss Audrey Is Unwell '' 23 . `` The Dark Lake And Jonas '' 24 . `` Katherine And Moray '' 25 . `` The Wedding Veil '' 26 . `` You Are Mine '' 27 . `` The Hope For Love '' 28 . `` Denise And Moray Are Falling In Love '' 29 . `` The Final Kiss '' Releases ( edit ) Dvd ( edit ) Series 1 was released by BBC Worldwide in a region 2 three - disc set on 3 December 2012 . Series 2 was released by 2Entertain in a region 2 three - disc set on 9 December 2013 . Series 1 and 2 were released by 2Entertain as a six - disc box set on 9 December 2013 . Blu - ray ( edit ) Series 1 was released by BBC Home Entertainment in a Zone A two - disc set on 12 November 2013 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Topic Galleries '' . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` PBS Fall Season Offers an Array of New Series , Specials and Returning Favorites : PBS '' . PBS PressRoom . PBS . 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 19 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stellar cast announced for Bill Gallagher 's glittering new BBC One drama series The Paradise '' . BBC Media Centre . BBC . 17 May 2012 . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC One commissions second series of The Paradise '' . BBC Media Centre . 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Paradise '' . BBC Media Centre . 2013 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Paradise cancelled by BBC One after two series '' . Digital Spy. 13 February 2014 . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC show The Paradise axed as ITV 's Mr. Selfridge triumphs in TV store wars '' . Daily Mail . 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Simon Lewis , Producer ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) . `` Media Centre - The Paradise '' . BBC . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ King , Hannah ( 25 September 2012 ) . `` The Paradise : Bringing the set to life '' . BBC TV Blog . BBC . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC The Paradise '' . Biddick Hall . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Viewing Summary ( see relevant week ) '' . BARB . Jump up ^ `` The Paradise - Original Television Soundtrack ( CD ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved 19 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Music + Sound Awards International '' . Masawards.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ DVD release date https://www.amazon.co.uk/Paradise-DVD-Joanna-Vanderham/dp/B009GJDDHS/ref=sr_1_1?s=dvd&ie=UTF8&qid=1352989782&sr=1-1 Jump up ^ `` Paradise : Season One ( Blu - ray ) : Various : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 22 . External links ( edit ) The Paradise at BBC Programmes The Paradise on IMDb The Paradise PBS program page Émile Zola Les Rougon - Macquart La Fortune des Rougon La Curée Le Ventre de Paris La Conquête de Plassans La Faute de l'Abbé Mouret Son Excellence Eugène Rougon L'Assommoir Une page d'amour Nana Pot - Bouille Au Bonheur des Dames La joie de vivre Germinal L'Œuvre La Terre Le Rêve La Bête humaine L'Argent La Débâcle Le Docteur Pascal Other novels Les Mystères de Marseille Thérèse Raquin Madeleine Férat L'Inondation Non-fiction J'Accuse ... ! Adaptations Germinal ( 1913 ) The Earth ( 1921 ) Nana ( 1926 ) L'Argent ( 1928 ) Thérèse Raquin ( 1928 ) The Struggle ( 1931 ) Nana ( 1934 ) La Bête Humaine ( 1938 ) Shop Girls of Paris ( 1943 ) Nana ( 1944 ) Thérèse Raquin ( 1953 ) Human Desire ( 1954 ) Nana ( 1955 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) La Bestia humana ( 1957 ) Lovers of Paris ( 1957 ) Germinal ( 1963 ) The Game Is Over ( 1966 ) The Demise of Father Mouret ( 1970 ) Nana , the True Key of Pleasure ( 1982 ) Nana ( 1985 ) Germinal ( 1993 ) Thou Shalt Not ( 2001 musical ) Thérèse Raquin ( 2001 opera ) Thirst ( 2009 ) The Paradise ( 2012 TV series ) In Secret ( 2013 ) Related François Zola ( father ) Naturalism Portrait of Emile Zola ( 1868 painting ) A Studio at Les Batignolles ( 1870 painting ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 film ) Cézanne et Moi ( 2016 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Paradise_(TV_series)&oldid=861716727 '' Categories : 2012 British television programme debuts 2013 British television programme endings 2010s British drama television series British television miniseries BBC television dramas English - language television programs Television programs based on novels Television shows set in England Television series set in the 1870s Television series set in shops Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2016 Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use British English from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Português Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2018 , at 13 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	will there be a season 3 of the ladies paradise	[]	[]
112314813747835750	List of Hindu temples in India	List of Hindu temples in India - wikipedia List of Hindu temples in India Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Hinduism Hindu History Concepts ( show ) Worldview Hindu cosmology Puranic chronology Hindu mythology God / Highest Reality Brahman Ishvara God in Hinduism God and gender Life Ashrama ( stage ) Brahmacharya Grihastha Vanaprastha Sannyasa Purusharthas Dharma Artha Kama Moksha Liberation Atman Maya Karma Samsara Ethics Niti shastra Yamas Niyama Ahimsa Asteya Aparigraha Brahmacharya Satya Damah Dayā Akrodha Ārjava Santosha Tapas Svādhyāya Shaucha Mitahara Dāna Liberation Bhakti yoga Jnana yoga Karma yoga Schools ( show ) Six Astika schools Samkhya Yoga Nyaya Vaisheshika Mimamsa Vedanta Advaita Dvaita Vishishtadvaita Other schools Pasupata Saiva Pratyabhijña Raseśvara Īśvara Pāṇini Darśana Charvaka Deities ( show ) Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Shiva Other major Devas / Devis Vedic Indra Agni Prajapati Rudra Devi Saraswati Ushas Varuna Vayu Post-Vedic Durga Ganesha Hanuman Kali Kartikeya Krishna Lakshmi Parvati Radha Rama Shakti Sita Texts ( show ) Scriptures Vedas Rigveda Yajurveda Samaveda Atharvaveda Divisions Samhita Brahmana Aranyaka Upanishad Upanishads Rigveda : Aitareya Kaushitaki Yajurveda : Brihadaranyaka Isha Taittiriya Katha Shvetashvatara Maitri Samaveda : Chandogya Kena Atharvaveda : Mundaka Mandukya Prashna Other scriptures Bhagavad Gita Agama ( Hinduism ) Other texts Vedangas Shiksha Chandas Vyakarana Nirukta Kalpa Jyotisha Puranas Vishnu Purana Bhagavata Purana Nāradeya Purana Vāmana Purana Matsya Purana Garuda Purana Brahma Purana Brahmānda Purana Brahma Vaivarta Purana Bhavishya Purana Padma Purana Agni Purana Shiva Purana Linga Purana Kūrma Purana Skanda Purana Varaha Purana Mārkandeya Purana Itihasas Ramayana Mahabharata Upavedas Ayurveda Dhanurveda Gandharvaveda Sthapatyaveda Shastras and Sutras Dharma Shastra Artha Śastra Kamasutra Brahma Sutras Samkhya Sutras Mimamsa Sutras Nyāya Sūtras Vaiśeṣika Sūtra Yoga Sutras Pramana Sutras Charaka Samhita Sushruta Samhita Natya Shastra Panchatantra Divya Prabandha Tirumurai Ramcharitmanas Yoga Vasistha Swara yoga Shiva Samhita Gheranda Samhita Panchadasi Stotra Sutras Text classification Śruti Smriti Timeline of Hindu texts Practices ( show ) Worship Puja Temple Murti Bhakti Japa Bhajana Yajna Homa Vrata Prāyaścitta Tirtha Tirthadana Matha Nritta - Nritya Meditation and Charity Tapa Dhyana Dāna Yoga Sadhu Yogi Asana Hatha yoga Jnana yoga Bhakti yoga Karma yoga Raja yoga Kundalini Yoga Arts Bharatanatyam Kathak Kathakali Kuchipudi Manipuri Mohiniyattam Odissi Sattriya Bhagavata Mela Yakshagana Dandiya Raas Carnatic music Rites of passage Garbhadhana Pumsavana Simantonayana Jatakarma Namakarana Nishkramana Annaprashana Chudakarana Karnavedha Vidyarambha Upanayana Keshanta Ritushuddhi Samavartana Vivaha Antyeshti Ashrama Dharma Ashrama : Brahmacharya Grihastha Vanaprastha Sannyasa Festivals Diwali Holi Shivaratri Navaratri Durga Puja Ramlila Vijayadashami - Dussehra Raksha Bandhan Ganesh Chaturthi Vasant Panchami Rama Navami Janmashtami Onam Makar Sankranti Kumbha Mela Pongal Ugadi Vaisakhi Bihu Puthandu Vishu Ratha Yatra Gurus , saints , philosophers ( show ) Ancient Agastya Angiras Aruni Ashtavakra Atri Bharadwaja Gotama Jamadagni Jaimini Kanada Kapila Kashyapa Pāṇini Patanjali Raikva Satyakama Jabala Valmiki Vashistha Vishvamitra Vyasa Yajnavalkya Medieval Nayanars Alvars Adi Shankara Basava Akka Mahadevi Allama Prabhu Siddheshwar Jñāneśvar Chaitanya Gangesha Upadhyaya Gaudapada Gorakshanath Jayanta Bhatta Kabir Kumarila Bhatta Matsyendranath Mahavatar Babaji Madhusudana Madhva Haridasa Thakur Namdeva Nimbarka Prabhakara Raghunatha Siromani Ramanuja Sankardev Purandara Dasa Kanaka Dasa Ramprasad Sen Jagannatha Dasa Vyasaraya Sripadaraya Raghavendra Swami Gopala Dasa Śyāma Śastri Vedanta Desika Tyagaraja Tukaram Tulsidas Vachaspati Mishra Vallabha Vidyaranya Modern Aurobindo Bhaktivinoda Thakur Chinmayananda Dayananda Saraswati Mahesh Yogi Jaggi Vasudev Krishnananda Saraswati Narayana Guru Prabhupada Ramakrishna Ramana Maharshi Radhakrishnan Sarasvati Sivananda U.G. Krishnamurti Sai Baba Vivekananda Nigamananda Yogananda Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade Tibbetibaba Trailanga Society ( show ) Varna Brahmin Kshatriya Vaishya Shudra Dalit Jati Denominations Persecution Nationalism Hindutva Other topics ( show ) Hinduism by country Balinese Hinduism Criticism Calendar Iconography Mythology Pilgrimage sites Hinduism and Jainism / and Buddhism / and Sikhism / and Judaism / and Christianity / and Islam Glossary of Hinduism terms Hinduism portal This is a list of major Hindu temples in India , by state . Contents ( hide ) 1 Andhra Pradesh 2 Arunachal Pradesh 3 Assam 4 Bihar 5 Chandigarh 6 Chhattisgarh 7 Delhi 8 Goa 9 Gujarat 10 Haryana 11 Himachal Pradesh 12 Jammu and Kashmir 13 Jharkhand 14 Karnataka 15 Kerala 16 Madhya Pradesh 17 Maharashtra 18 Manipur 19 Odisha 20 Punjab 21 Rajasthan 22 Sikkim 23 Tamil Nadu 24 Telangana 25 Tripura 26 Uttarakhand 27 Uttar Pradesh 28 West Bengal 29 See also 30 References 31 External links Andhra Pradesh ( edit ) Venkateswara Temple , Tirumala Simhachalam Temple Kanaka Durga Temple There are around 4,000 temples in Andhra Pradesh state Venkateswara Temple , Tirumala Vinayaka Temple , Kanipakam Pallikondeswara Temple , Surutapalli Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha temple , Simhachalam Srisailam Temple Kanaka Durga Temple , Vijayawada Suryanarayana Temple , Arasavalli Kurmanathaswamy temple , Srikurmam Lakshmi Narasimha Temple , Mangalagiri Mantralayam Sri Mukhalingam , Srikakulam Veerabhadra Temple , Lepakshi Ranganatha Temple , Nellore Yaganti temple KonetiRayala Swamy Temple Srikalahasti Temple Venkateswara Temple , Dwaraka Tirumala Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple , Antarvedi Mavullamma Temple , Bhimavaram Sri Sunama Jakini Matha Temple , Gooty , Anantapuramu Sri Suryanarayana Swamy Temple , Gollalamamidada Annavaram Satyanarayana Temple Chintala Venkataramana Temple Arunachal Pradesh ( edit ) Malinithan Parshuram Kund Rangnuwk hum Assam ( edit ) Kamakhya Temple in Guwahati See also : List of temples in Guwahati Bagheswari Temple , Bongaigaon Bhairabi Temple , near Tezpur Dah Parvatiya Dhekiakhowa Bornamghar Doul Govinda Temple Hatimura Temple , Silghat Hayagriva Madhava Temple , Hajo Ketakeshwar Dewal , Tezpur Madhab Than Mahabhairav Temple , Tezpur Mahamaya Dham , Dhubri district Negheriting Shiva Doul , Dergaon Rangnath Dol Sivasagar Sivadol Tamresari Temple Bihar ( edit ) Mundeshwari Temple Vishnupad Mandir Parasmaninath Temple Bhairav Mandir ( Begusarai ) Aami Mandir Baba Garib Sthan Mandir Baithakji Hajipur Bari Sangat Bihar Budhi Mai Burhanath temple Maa Tara Chandi Temple Chandika Sthan , Munger ISKCON Temple Patna Kapileshwar Temple Khudneshwar Asthan Morwa Lal Keshwar Shiv Temple , Bagmusha , Hajipur Mahavir Hanuman Temple , Patna Mangla Gauri Temple Mundeshwari Temple Pataleshwar Mandir , Hajipur Patan Devi Parasmaninath Temple Ramchaura Mandir , Hajipur Shitla Mata Temple , Patna Shri Adinath Akhara Sita Kund Ugna Mahadev , Bhawanipur Viraat Ramayan Mandir Vishnudham Mandir Vishnupad Temple , Gaya Chandigarh ( edit ) Chandi Mandir Chhattisgarh ( edit ) Bhoramdeo Temple Ashtabhuji Temple Bambleshwari Temple , Dongargarh Barfani dham Bhoramdeo Temple , Kawardha Danteshwari Temple , Dantewada Dudhadhari temple Ganga Maiya Maa Bagheshwari Devi Temple , Kudargarh , Surajpur Maa Pitambara ( Bagalamukhi ) Temple - Amleshwar Mahamaya Temple , Ambikapur , Surguja Mahamaya Temple , Ratanpur , Bilaspur Sarvamangla , Korba Delhi ( edit ) Akshardham Laxminarayan Birla Temple Akshardham Chhatarpur Temple Chittaranjan Park Kali Mandir Hanuman Temple , Connaught Place ISKCON Temple Delhi Jagannath Temple , Delhi Jhandewalan Temple Kalka Mandir , Delhi Laxminarayan Temple ( Birla Mandir ) New Delhi Kali Bari Nili Chhatri Shani Dham Temple Uttara Guruvayurappan Temple Uttara Swami Malai Temple Yogmaya Temple Goa ( edit ) Main article : List of temples in Goa Shanta Durga Temple Mandodari Temple , Betki Mahadev Temple , Tambdi Surla Gujarat ( edit ) Dwarkadhish Jagat Mandir Kalupur Swaminarayan Mandir Somnath temple Sun Temple , Modhera Akshardham , Gandhinagar Ambaji temple Atmajyoti Ashram Bahuchara Mata Becharaji Bhalka Bhavnath Temple , Mau Camp Hanuman Temple Chotila Dudheshwar Mahadev Dwarkadhish Temple EME Temple Girnar Gorthiya Mahadev Temple Hanuman temple , Salangpur ISKCON Temple Kathwada Jagannath Temple , Ahmedabad Kalika Mata Temple , Pavagadh Kalupur Swaminarayan Mandir Kayavarohan temple Lakkadiya Hanuman Temple Nageshvara Jyotirlinga Navlakha Temple , Ghumli Pimpleshwar Mahadev ( Saldi ) Rudra Mahalaya Temple Rukmini Devi Temple Sadhimataji 's temple Santram Mandir Shamlaji Shiva Temple , Kera Shri Keshavraiji Temple , Bet Dwarka Shri Nathjidada Ni Jagya Shri Shaktambika Mataji Shri Swaminarayan Mandir , Bhuj ( New temple ) Shri Swaminarayan Mandir , Gadhada Someshwar Mahadev Temple Somnath Sun Temple , Modhera Umiya Temple , Unjha Haryana ( edit ) Patiala temple inside Mansa Devi Mandir complex Mata Mansa Devi Mandir Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple Brahma Sarovar , Kurukshetra Jyotisar , Kurukshetra Sannihit Sarovar , Kurukshetra Agroha Dham Bhuteshwar Temple Pindara Temple Kartikeya Temple , Pehowa Rudraksh Dham , kbhb Himachal Pradesh ( edit ) Hidimba Devi Temple Manimahesh Kailash Peak , Chamba , Himachal Pradesh Baijnath Temple , Baijnath Chintpurni Devi Temple , Una , Himachal Pradesh Hidimba Devi Temple , Manali Chamunda Devi Temple , Kangra Aadi Himani Chamunda Temple , Kangra Jawalamukhi Devi Temple , Kangra Naina Devi Temple , Bilaspur District Mahakaal Mahakaali Temple , Una , Himachal Pradesh Mahadev Kotla Kalan , Una , Himachal Pradesh Dhunsar Mahadev Temple , Una , Himachal Pradesh Shiv bari Temple , Gagret , Una , Himachal Pradesh Peer Nigah , Una , Himachal Pradesh Dera Baba Rudru , Nari , Una , Himachal Pradesh Trilokpur Baba Balak Nath Jammu and Kashmir ( edit ) Ice Lingam at Amarnath Cave Amarnath Cave Temple Hari Parbat Kheer Bhawani Khrew Raghunath Temple Shankaracharya temple Vaishno Devi Jharkhand ( edit ) Jagannath hill Temple Baidyanath Temple , Deoghar Chhinnamasta Temple , Rajrappa Maa Dewri Temple Jagannath Temple Sri Sri Kalika Maharani Temple Karneshwar Dham Harihar Dham Gayatri Gyan Temple Maluti temples Bindudham Karnataka ( edit ) 121 feet tall statue of Shiva at Murudeshwara Durga temple , Aihole ISKCON Temple , Bangalore Shri Agnidurga Gopalakrishna Temple , Karamogaru , Gurupur , D.K Aihole Amrutesvara Temple , Amruthapura , at Amrutapura near Chikmagalur Anegudde Annapoorneshwari Temple , Horanadu Badami Cave Temples Badami Chamundeswari Temple , Mysore Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple , Melukote Chennakesava Temple , Belur Devarayana Durga Dharmaraya Swamy Temple , Bangalore Gavi Gangadhareshwara Temple Ghati Subramanya temple , Doddaballapur Gokarna Halebidu Hampi Hoysaleswara temple ISKCON Bangalore , Bangalore Kodlamane Shree Vishnumurthy Temple , Uttara Kannada Keshava temple Lakshmi Narasimha Temple at Bhadravathi , Bhadravathi Kukke Subramanya Mahantheshwara mata karegudda Marikamba Temple , Sirsi Mookambika temple , Kollur Murudeshwara Nagadevatha Nandi Temple Nellitheertha Padutirupathi Dharmasthala Temple , Dharmasthala Shree Vishnumurthy Temple Sharadamba Temple , Sringeri Udupi Sri Krishna Matha , Udupi Virupaksha Temple Kerala ( edit ) Main article : List of Hindu temples in Kerala Ananthapura Lake Temple Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple Vadakkumnathan Temple Ambalappuzha Sri Krishna Temple Ananthapura Lake Temple Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple Attukal Temple Chakkulathukavu Temple Chottanikkara Temple Ettumanoor Mahadevar Temple Guruvayur Temple Kadampuzha Devi Temple Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple Kottiyoor Temple Koodalmanikyam Temple Lokanarkavu Temple Mannarasala Snake Temple Muthappan Temple Oachira Temple Padmanabhaswamy Temple Pazhavangadi Ganapathy Temple Rajarajeshwara Temple Sabarimala Temple Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple Thirunakkara Mahadevar Temple Thiruvanchikulam Temple Thriprayar Temple Tirunavaya Temple Vadakkunnathan Temple Vaikom Mahadevar Temple Madhya Pradesh ( edit ) Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga Kandariya Mahadeva Temple , Khajuraho Hanuman tekri , guna Sas - Bahu Temple , Gwalior Ram Raja Temple , Orchha Near Jhansi Sharda Devi Temple Maihar satna Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga Ujjain Chintaman Ganesh , Ujjain Bade Ganeshji ka Mandir Harsiddhi Temple , Ujjain Kaal Bhairava temple , Ujjain Mangalnath temple , Ujjain Gopal Mandir , Ujjain Omkareshwar Temple Khandwa , Omkareshwar Kandariya Mahadeva Ganesh Mandir , Sehore Chauragarh Jatashankar , Pachmarhi Khajrana Ganesh Temple , Indore Beejasan Mata Mandir , Indore Gajanan Maharaj Temple , Indore Taxakeshwar , Mandsaur Pashupatinath Temple , Mandsaur Shyam Kaka Temple , Rajgarh district Devi Vaishini Temple , Dewas Pitambara Peeth , Datia Tulsi Peeth , Chitrakoot Kankali Devi temple , Tigawa Shri Kala Bhairava Nath Swami Temple , Adegaon Kandariya Mahadeva Temple , Khajuraho Chausath Yogini Temple , Khajuraho Matangeshwar Temple , Khajuraho Devi Jagadambi Temple , Khajuraho Dada Darbar , Khandwa Sas - Bahu Temple , Gwalior Kakanmath Temple , MorMoren vindyvashni temple , Ashoknagar , TUMEN Maharashtra ( edit ) Siddhivinayak Temple Trimbakeshwar temple Trimurti sculpture , Elephanta Caves Kailasa temple , Ellora Caves Shiv Mandir , Maharashtra Akkalkot Swami Samarth Ballaleshwar Pali Shri Swaminarayan Mandir , Mumbai Bhimashankar Temple Bhuleshwar Temple Shri BrahmaChaitanya Gondavalekar Maharaj , Gondavale Chakreshwar Mahadev Mandir , Nalasopara Chaturshringi Temple , Pune Chaturbhuj Temple , Orchha Dashabhuja Temple , Pune Ekvira Mata Mandir , Lonavla Elephanta Caves , Near Elephanta Island , Mumbai Ellora Caves near Aurangabad Ganapati Temple , Redi Grishneshwar temple , Ellora Kailash Temple at Ellora Kala Ram Temple , Nasik Khidkaleshwar Mandir , Dombivli Kopineshwar Mandir , Thane Kukdeshwar Temple Mandher Devi Temple in Mandhradevi Morgaon Ganesha Temple Mahalakshmi Temple , Kolhapur Mahur Renuka Mata Temple Mumba Devi Mandir Vithoba Temple , Pandharpur Rameshwar Mandir Shirdi Saptashrungi Sarasbaug Ganpati Satpuda Manudevi Temple , Adgaon Shree Swaminarayan Temple Mumbai padmalaya Siddheshwar & Ratneshwar Temple Siddhivinayak Mahaganapati Temple Siddhivinayak Temple , Siddhatek Siddhivinayak temple , Mumbai Varadvinayak Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple , Trimbakeshwar Tulja Bhavani Temple , Tuljapur Jivdani Mata Mandir , Virar Chandika Aai Mandir , Dabhol Satmai Mata Mandir , Dapoli Aai Karanjeshwari Mandir Chiplun , Gowalkot Manipur ( edit ) Shree Govindajee Temple , Imphal Ningthoukhong Gopinath Mandir Shri Radha Raman Temple of Kanchipur , Kanchipur Odisha ( edit ) See also : List of temples in Bhubaneswar Konark Sun Temple Muktesvara deula Panoramic View , Orissa Jagannath Temple , Puri Panoramic View , Orissa Lingaraja Temple Panoramic View , Orissa Baitala deula Panoramic View , Orissa Rajarani Temple Panoramic View , Orissa Puspagiri Mahavihara , Orissa Ananta Vasudeva Temple , Orissa Nrusinghanath Temple , Orissa Taratarini Temple , Orissa Brahmeswara Temple Ananta Vasudeva Temple Astasambhu Siva Temples Ajaikapada Bhairava Temple Ananta Shayana Annakoteshvara Temple Baladevjew Temple Bhringesvara Siva Temple Bhagabati Temple , Banapur Bharati Matha Budha Deula Byamokesvara temple Biraja Temple , Jajpur Brahmeswara Temple Brahma Temple , Bindusagar Bhattarika Temple Chakreshvari Siva Temple Chakresvara Tank Cuttack Chandi Temple Charchika Temple Chateshwar Temple Dishisvara Siva Temple Dhabaleswar Durga Temple , Motia Dharakote Gupteswar Cave Harishankar Temple Harihara Deula , Boudh Jagannath Temple , Puri , Puri Jagannath Temple , Koraput , Sabara Srikhetra in Koraput Jagannath Temple , Baripada , Mayurbhanj Jagannath Temple , Nayagarh , Nayagarh Jaleswar Siva Temple Precinct Kapilash Temple Kapilesvara Siva Temple Kalabhairavi Temple Kalikadevi Temple Kakatpur Mangala Temple Khiching Kedareswar Temple Khirachora Gopinatha Temple , Remuna , Balasore Konark Sun Temple , Konark Kichakeshwari Temple Lankeswari Temple , Sonepur Lingaraj Temple Lokanatha Temple Maa Taratarini Temple , Adi Shakti Pith , Ganjam Maa Tarini Temple , Ghatgaon , Kendujhar Madneswar Siva Temple Mahabhoi Sasana Tank Mahakala - Mahakali Temple Mangalesvara Siva Temple Manibhadresvara Siva Temple -- I Manibhadresvara Temple -- II Manikeshwari Temple , Bhawanipatna , Kalahandi Markandeshwar Temple Mausimaa Temple Mukteshvara Temple , Bhubaneswar Manikeshwari Temple Maa Ugra Tara Mahavinayak Temple Mahendragiri , Orissa Markandeshwar Temple Nrusinghanath Temple Narayana Gosain Temple Nilamadhav Temple Narayani Temple Nagesvara Temple , Bhubaneswar Nilkantheswar Shiva temple Pabaneswara temple Paschimesvara Siva Temple Patalesvara Siva temple -- I Patalesvara Siva Temple -- II Patalesvara Siva Temple -- III Patali Srikhetra , Subarnapur Papanasini Siva Temple Parvati Temple Panchalingeshwar Parsurameswar Temple Rajarani Temple Ram Mandir , Janpath Ramachandi Temple Rameshwar Deula Samaleswari Temple Sanisvara Siva Temple Sarala Temple Sivatirtha Matha , Old Town Subarnesvara Siva Temple Suka Temple Sukutesvara Temple Sundaresvara Siva Temple Svapnesvara Siva Temple Swarnadhisvara Siva Temple Simhanath Temple Sakshigopal Temple Saptamatruka Temple Subarnameru Temple Sureswari temple Talesvara Siva Temple Talesavara Siva Temple -- II Tirthesvara Siva temple The Leaning Temple of Huma Upper Bagh Devi Temple Uttaresvara Siva Temple Vishnu Temple , Bhubaneswar Visvanatha Shiva Temple , Bhubaneswar Vaital Deula Varahi Deula , Chaurasi Vaishnodevi Temple , Rourkela Yajna Nrisimha Temple Yameshwar Temple Yamesvara Tank ( Nala Kunda ) Punjab ( edit ) Durgiana Temple Shri Kali Devi Temple Patiala Patiala Baba Kanaiya Gir , Harsa Kalota , Mukerian Durgiana Temple , Amritsar Julfa Mata Temple , Nangal Maiser Khana Mukteshwar Mahadev Temple Suraj Kund Sunam , Sunam Golden Temple , Amritsar also a Sikh temple Rajasthan ( edit ) Birla Mandir Night View of Palace of Bilara Birla Mandir Baba Mohan Ram Temple , Kali Kholi , Rajasthan Karni Mata Temple , Deshnoke Sanwaliaji temple Kalika Mata Temple , Chittor Fort Salasar Balaji temple , Salasar = Kaila Devi temple , Kaila devi , Karauli Krishna temple , Karauli Mehandipur Balaji Temple , Todabhim Narsinghji Temple , Hindaun City Nakkash Ki Devi - Gomti Dham , Hindaun City Kyarda Hanumanji Temple , Hindaun City Shri Charbhuja temple , Rajsamand District Shrinathji temple , Nathdwara Jeen Mata Temple Eklingji Mahadev Temple Ambika Mata Temple Neemach Mata Temple Jagdish temple Bohra Ganesh temple Khatushyamji Sikkim ( edit ) Hanuman Tok , Gangtok Kirateshwar Mahadev Temple , Legship Thakurbari Temple , Gangtok Tamil Nadu ( edit ) Main article : List of temples in Tamil Nadu Shore Temple Meenakshi Amman Temple Kapaleeshwarar Temple Gangaikonda Cholapuram Karpaka Vinayakar Temple Ucchi Pillayar Temple Manakula Vinayagar Temple Meenakshi Amman Temple Palani Murugan Temple Pulikundram Sri Lakshmi Narayana Temple , Pulikkundram , Mahabalipuram , Thirukalukundram Swamimalai Murugan Temple Thiruchendur Murugan Temple Tirupparankunram Murugan Temple Thiruthani Murugan Temple Pazhamudhircholai Temple Sikkal Singaravelan Temple Thindal Murugan Temple Pachaimalai Subramanya Swamy Temple Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple Nellaiappar Temple , Tirunelveli Sankaranaraya swamy temple Brihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur Vaitheeshwaran Temple near Mayuram Jalakandeswarar Temple , Vellore Kapaleeshwarar Temple Ramanathaswamy Temple Jambukeswarar Temple , Thiruvanaikaval Annamalaiyar Temple Thillai Nataraja Temple Vedapureeswarar Temple Thyagaraja Temple Ekambaranathar Temple Virdhgiriswarar Temple Nageeswarar Temple , Kumbakonam Sangameswarar Temple Natadreeswarar Temple Brahmapureeswarar Temple Sangameswarar Temple Oppliyappan Temple Srivilliputhur Andal Temple Sri Rama Bhaktha Anjaneyar temple Bhaktha Anjaneyar Anjaneya Temple , Nanganallur Gomathi Amman Mondaicaud Bhagavathi Temple PunnaiNallur Mariamman temple Shore Temple Sri Danvantri Arogya Peedam , Walajapet , Vellore Tirunallar Dharbaranyeswarar Temple Telangana ( edit ) Ramappa Temple Bhadrachalam Temple 1000 pillar temple in Warangal Gnana Saraswati Temple Ashtalakshmi Temple Chilkur Balaji Temple Hyderabad Kalibari Karmanghat Hanuman Temple Ujjaini Mahakali Temple Sitaram Bagh temple Kondagattu Temple Bhadrachalam Temple Wargal Saraswati Temple Kuchadri sri venkateshwara swamy temple in Kuchanpally Yadadri Narasimha Swamy temple Dichpally Ramalayam Keesaragutta Temple Ananthagiri Temple Bhadrakali Temple Komuravelli Mallikharjuna Temple Padmakshi Temple Ramappa Temple Sammakka Sarakka Devathalu Thousand Pillar Temple ( ( jogulamba temple , alampur , gadwal , dist . vemulavada Sri raja rajeshwara swamy శ్రీ లింబద్రి లక్ష్మీనరసింహ స్వామి , నిజామాబాద్ , భీంగల్ ( Sri limbadhri laxminarayana swami , nizamabad , bheemgal ) Tripura ( edit ) Agartala Jagannath Mandir Chaturdasha Temple Lakshmi Narayan Temple , Agartala Tripura Sundari temple Unakoti Uttarakhand ( edit ) Chota Char Dham Kedarnath Badrinath Gangotri Yamunotri This box : view talk edit Kedarnath Temple Jageshwar Golu Devata , Chitai Jageshwar Badrinath temple , Badrinath Gopinath Mandir , Chamoli Gopeshwar Hemkund Sahib , near Govindghat Jyotirmath ( Joshimath ) Kalpeshwar Karnaprayag Nandaprayag Rudranath Tungnath Baleshwar Temple , Champawat Mahasu Devta Temple Rishikesh Chandi Devi Temple , Haridwar Daksheswara Mahadev Temple , Kankhal Har ki Pauri , Haridwar Mansa Devi Temple , Haridwar Maya Devi Temple , Haridwar Garjiya Devi Temple , near Ramnagar Neelkanth Mahadev Temple , near Rishikesh Guptakashi Kedarnath Temple , Kedarnath Madhyamaheshwar Triyuginarayan Temple Ukhimath Surkanda Devi , near Mussoorie Moteshwar Mahadev , Kashipur Gangotri Gundiyat gaon Yamnotri Uttar Pradesh ( edit ) See also : Hindu temples in Varanasi Prem Mandir Vrindavan Kashi Vishwanath Temple Ramjanmabhoomi , Ayodhya Hanumangarhi , Ayodhya Gorakhnath Math , Gorakhpur JK Temple , Kanpur Bhitargaon Temple Waneshwar Mahadev Temple Ved Mata Gaytri Mandir Prem Mandir Vrindavan Banke Bihari Temple , Vrindavan Radha Ramana temple , Vrindavan Dwarkadheesh temple , Mathura Krishnajanmabhoomi , Mathura Vindhyachal , Mirzapur Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple , Varanasi Kashi Vishwanath Temple , Varanasi Bhuteshwar Temple , Varanasi Jagannath Temple , Varanasi Kamakhya Temple , Varanasi Belon Temple , Belon Hanuman Ji Temple , Allahabad Shree Sanatana Dharma Mandir , Babri Hanuman Mandir , Budhana Gate , Meerut West Bengal ( edit ) Belur Math Kalighat Kali Temple Dakshineswar Kali Temple Lakshmi Narayan temple Hangseshwari temple , Bansberia Ananta Basudeba temple , Bansberia Belur Math , Belur Madanmohan - jiu Temple , Samta Kalyaneshwari temple , Bardhaman district Tarapith Temple , Birbhum 108 Mahadev Burdwan See also ( edit ) Lists of Hindu temples by country References ( edit ) Vastu - Silpa Kosha , Encyclopedia of Hindu Temple architecture and Vastu S.K. Ramachandara Rao , Delhi , Devine Books , ( Lala Murari Lal Chharia Oriental series ) ISBN 978 - 93 - 81218 - 51 - 8 ( Set ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hindu temples in India . Collection of Hindu Temples in India Various Online Darshan Booking of Hindu Temples in India Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Hindu_temples_in_India&oldid=837061340 '' Categories : Lists of Hindu temples in India Lists of religious buildings and structures in India Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Shqip Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 13 : 56 . About Wikipedia	which state has most number of temples in india	[]	[]
7341963815282377296	Do the Right Thing	Do the Right Thing - wikipedia Do the Right Thing Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the song , see Do the Right Thing ( song ) . Do the Right Thing Theatrical release poster Directed by Spike Lee Produced by Spike Lee Written by Spike Lee Starring Danny Aiello Ossie Davis Ruby Dee Richard Edson Giancarlo Esposito Spike Lee Bill Nunn John Turturro John Savage Music by Bill Lee Cinematography Ernest Dickerson Edited by Barry Alexander Brown Production company 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 19 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 19 ) ( Cannes ) July 21 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 120 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 million Box office $37.3 million Do the Right Thing is a 1989 American comedy - drama film produced , written , and directed by Spike Lee , who also played the part of Mookie in the film . Other members of the cast include Danny Aiello , Ossie Davis , Ruby Dee , Richard Edson , Giancarlo Esposito , Bill Nunn , John Turturro , and Samuel L. Jackson . It is also notably the feature film debut of both Martin Lawrence and Rosie Perez . The movie tells the story of a Brooklyn neighborhood 's simmering racial tension , which comes to a head and culminates in tragedy on a hot summer day . The film was a critical and commercial success and received numerous accolades and awards , including an Academy Award nomination for Lee for Best Original Screenplay and one for Best Supporting Actor for Aiello 's portrayal of Sal the pizzeria owner . It is often listed among the greatest films of all time . In 1999 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically , and aesthetically significant '' by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Controversies 5 Critical reception 6 Awards and nominations 7 Soundtrack 7.1 Score 7.2 Soundtrack 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Mookie ( Spike Lee ) is a 25 - year - old delivery man living in Bedford - Stuyvesant , Brooklyn with his sister , Jade ( Joie Lee ) . He and his girlfriend , Tina ( Rosie Perez ) , have a son . He works at the local pizzeria , but lacks ambition . Sal ( Danny Aiello ) , the pizzeria 's Italian - American owner , has been in the neighborhood for 25 years . His older son Pino ( John Turturro ) intensely dislikes blacks , and does not get along with Mookie . Because of this , Pino is at odds with both his father , who refuses to leave the increasingly African - American neighborhood , and his younger brother Vito ( Richard Edson ) , who is friendly with Mookie . The neighborhood is full of distinct personalities , including Da Mayor ( Ossie Davis ) , a friendly local drunk ; Mother Sister ( Ruby Dee ) , who watches the neighborhood from her brownstone ; Radio Raheem ( Bill Nunn ) , who blasts Public Enemy on his boombox wherever he goes ; and Smiley ( Roger Guenveur Smith ) , a mentally disabled man , who meanders around the neighborhood trying to sell hand - colored pictures of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King , Jr . While at Sal 's , Mookie 's trouble - making b - boyish friend , Buggin ' Out ( Giancarlo Esposito ) , questions Sal about his `` Wall of Fame '' , a wall decorated with photos of famous Italian - Americans . Buggin ' Out demands that Sal put up pictures of black celebrities since Sal 's pizzeria is in a black neighborhood . Sal replies that it is his business , and that he can have whomever he wants on `` The Wall of Fame '' . Buggin ' Out attempts to start a protest over the Wall of Fame . Only Radio Raheem and Smiley support him . During the day , the heat and tensions begin to rise . The local teenagers open a fire hydrant and douse the street , before police officers intervene . Mookie and Pino begin arguing over race , which leads to a series of scenes in which the characters spew racial insults into the camera . Pino and Sal talk about the neighborhood , with Pino expressing his hatred , and Sal insisting that he is not leaving . Sal almost fires Mookie , but Jade intervenes , before Mookie confronts her for being too close to Sal . That night , Buggin ' Out , Radio Raheem , and Smiley march into Sal 's and demand that Sal change the Wall of Fame . Raheem 's boombox is blaring and Sal demands that they turn the radio off , but they refuse . Buggin ' Out calls Sal and sons guineas while saying that they 're closing down the pizzeria for good until they change the Wall of Fame . Sal , in a fit of frustration , tells him he will `` tear his nigger ass '' , then destroys the boombox with a baseball bat . Raheem attacks Sal , leading to a huge violent fight that spills out into the street , attracting a crowd . While Radio Raheem is choking Sal , the police arrive . They break up the fight and apprehend Radio Raheem and Buggin ' Out . Despite the pleas of his fellow officers and the onlookers , one officer refuses to release his chokehold on Raheem , killing him . Realizing that Raheem has been killed in front of onlookers , the officers place his body in the back of a squad car , and drive off , leaving Sal , Pino , and Vito unprotected . The onlookers , enraged about Radio Raheem 's death , blame Sal and his sons . Mookie grabs a trash can and throws it through the window of Sal 's pizzeria , sparking the crowd to rush into the restaurant and destroy it , with Smiley finally setting it on fire . Da Mayor pulls Sal , Pino , and Vito out of the mob 's way . Firemen and riot patrols arrive to put out the fire and disperse the crowd . After police issue a warning , the firefighters turn their hoses on the rioters , leading to more fighting and arrests . Mookie and Jade sit on the curb , watching in disbelief . Smiley wanders back into the smoldering building and hangs one of his pictures on what is left of Sal 's Wall of Fame . The next day , after having an argument with Tina , Mookie returns to Sal , who feels that Mookie betrayed him . Mookie demands his weekly pay , leading to an argument . They cautiously reconcile , and Sal finally pays him . Mister Señor Love Daddy ( Samuel L. Jackson ) , a local DJ , dedicates a song to Raheem . The film ends with two quotations expressing different views about violence , one from Martin Luther King and one from Malcolm X , before fading to a photograph of them shaking hands . Prior to the credits , Lee dedicates the film to the families of six victims of police brutality : Eleanor Bumpurs , Michael Griffith , Arthur Miller , Jr. , Edmund Perry , Yvonne Smallwood , and Michael Stewart . Cast ( edit ) Spike Lee as Mookie Danny Aiello as Sal Ossie Davis as Da Mayor Ruby Dee as Mother Sister Giancarlo Esposito as Buggin ' Out Bill Nunn as Radio Raheem John Turturro as Pino Richard Edson as Vito Roger Guenveur Smith as Smiley Rosie Perez as Tina Joie Lee as Jade Steve White as Ahmad Martin Lawrence as Cee Leonard L. Thomas as Punchy Christa Rivers as Ella Robin Harris as Sweet Dick Willie Paul Benjamin as ML Frankie Faison as Coconut Sid Samuel L. Jackson as Mister Señor Love Daddy ( credited as Sam Jackson ) Steve Park as Sonny Rick Aiello as Officer Gary Long Miguel Sandoval as Officer Mark Ponte Luis Antonio Ramos as Stevie John Savage as Clifton Frank Vincent as Charlie Richard Parnell Habersham as Eddie Ginny Yang as Kim Nicholas Turturro ( extra ) ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) Spike Lee wrote the screenplay in two weeks . The original script of Do the Right Thing ends with a stronger reconciliation between Mookie and Sal . Sal 's comments to Mookie mirror Da Mayor 's earlier comments in the film and hint at some common ground and perhaps Sal 's understanding of why Mookie was motivated to destroy his restaurant . It is unclear why Lee changed the ending . The film was shot entirely on Stuyvesant Avenue between Quincy Street and Lexington Avenue in the Bedford - Stuyvesant neighborhood of Brooklyn . The street 's color scheme was heavily altered by the production designer , who used a great deal of red and orange paint in order to help convey the sense of a heatwave . Spike Lee campaigned for Robert De Niro as Sal the pizzeria owner , but De Niro had to decline due to prior commitments . The character of Smiley was not in the original script ; he was created by Roger Guenveur Smith , who was pestering Spike Lee for a role in the film . Four of the cast members were stand - up comedians : Martin Lawrence , Steve Park , Steve White , and Robin Harris . Controversies ( edit ) The film was released to protests from many reviewers , and it was openly stated in several newspapers that the film could incite black audiences to riot. Lee criticized white reviewers for implying that black audiences were incapable of restraining themselves while watching a fictional motion picture . In a 2014 interview Lee stated `` That still bugs the shit out of me , '' calling the remarks `` outrageous , egregious and , I think , racist , '' and further elaborating , `` I do n't remember people saying people were going to come out of theatres killing people after they watched Arnold Schwarzenegger films . '' One of many questions at the end of the film is whether Mookie `` does the right thing '' when he throws the garbage can through the window , thus inciting the riot that destroys Sal 's pizzeria . Critics have seen Mookie 's action both as an action that saves Sal 's life , by redirecting the crowd 's anger away from Sal to his property , and as an `` irresponsible encouragement to enact violence '' . The question is directly raised by the contradictory quotations that end the film , one advocating nonviolence , the other advocating violent self - defense in response to oppression . Spike Lee has remarked that he has only ever been asked by white viewers whether Mookie did the right thing ; black viewers do not ask the question . Lee believes the key point is that Mookie was angry at the death of Radio Raheem , and that viewers who question the riot 's justification are implicitly failing to see the difference between property and the life of a black man . In June 2006 , Entertainment Weekly magazine placed Do the Right Thing at No. 22 on its list of The 25 Most Controversial Movies Ever . Critical reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2016 ) Do the Right Thing was met with acclaim from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 93 % , based on 68 reviews , with an average rating of 8.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Smart , vibrant and urgent without being didactic , Do the Right Thing is one of Spike Lee 's most fully realized efforts -- and one of the most important films of the 1980s . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 91 out of 100 , based on 15 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' , and placing it as the 68th highest film of all - time on the site . Both Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert ranked the film as the best of 1989 and later ranked it as one of the top 10 films of the decade ( # 6 for Siskel and # 4 for Ebert ) . Ebert later added the film to his list of The Great Movies . According to online film resource They Shoot Pictures , Do n't They ? , Do the Right Thing is the most acclaimed film of 1989 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipients and nominees Result Academy Awards March 28 , 1990 Best Supporting Actor Danny Aiello Nominated Best Original Screenplay Spike Lee Belgian Syndicate of Cinema Critics 1990 Grand Prix Boston Society of Film Critics 1990 Best Supporting Actor Danny Aiello Won Cannes Film Festival May 23 , 1989 Palme d'Or Spike Lee Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association 1990 Best Picture Won Best Director Spike Lee Best Supporting Actor Danny Aiello Golden Globe Awards January 20 , 1990 Best Motion Picture -- Drama Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Danny Aiello Best Director -- Motion Picture Spike Lee Best Screenplay -- Motion Picture Los Angeles Film Critics Association December 16 , 1989 Best Film Won Best Supporting Actor Danny Aiello Best Director Spike Lee Best Screenplay 2nd place Best Music Bill Lee Won MTV Movie Awards June 6 , 2006 Silver Bucket of Excellence NAACP Image Awards December 11 , 1989 Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture Ruby Dee Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Ossie Davis National Society of Film Critics Awards January 8 , 1990 Best Director Spike Lee 3rd place New York Film Critics Circle January 14 , 1990 Best Film 5th place Best Screenplay Spike Lee 4th place Best Cinematography Ernest Dickerson Won The 20 / 20 Awards Best Picture Nominated Best Director Spike Lee Won Best Supporting Actor Danny Aiello Nominated John Turturro Best Original Screenplay Spike Lee Best Film Editing Barry Alexander Brown Won Best Original Song `` Fight the Power '' Music and Lyrics by Chuck D , Hank Shocklee , Eric Sadler , and Keith Shocklee American Film Institute lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Fight the Power '' -- No. 40 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- No. 96 Soundtrack ( edit ) The film 's score ( composed and partially performed by jazz musician Bill Lee , father of Spike Lee ) and soundtrack were both released in July 1989 on Columbia Records and Motown Records , respectively . The soundtrack was successful , reaching the number eleven spot on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums chart , and peaking at sixty - eight on the Billboard 200 . On the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles & Tracks chart , the Perri track `` Feel So Good '' reached the fifty - first spot , while Public Enemy 's `` Fight the Power '' reached number twenty , and Guy 's `` My Fantasy '' went all the way to the top spot . `` My Fantasy '' also reached number six on the Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales chart , and sixty - two on Billboard 's Hot 100 . `` Fight the Power '' also charted high on the Hot Dance Music chart , peaking at number three , and topped the Hot Rap Singles chart . Score ( edit ) Do the Right Thing : Original Motion Picture Score Film score by Bill Lee Released 1989 Recorded December 12 , 1988 -- December 16 , 1988 Genre Film score Length 35 : 36 Label Columbia Producer Spike Lee ( exec . ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Mookie Goes Home '' 1 : 21 2 . `` We Love Roll Call Y - All '' 1 : 40 3 . `` Father to Son '' 4 : 24 4 . `` Da Mayor Drinks His Beer '' 1 : 03 5 . `` Delivery for Love Daddy '' 1 : 08 6 . `` Riot '' 1 : 08 7 . `` Magic , Eddie , Prince Ai n't Niggers '' 1 : 58 8 . `` Mookie ( Septet ) '' 6 : 45 9 . `` How Long ? '' 3 : 43 10 . `` Mookie ( Orchestra ) '' 6 : 32 11 . `` Da Mayor Loves Mother Sister '' 1 : 23 12 . `` Da Mayor Buys Roses '' 1 : 14 13 . `` Tawana '' 1 : 31 14 . `` Malcolm and Martin '' 1 : 46 15 . `` Wake Up Finale '' 7 : 26 Soundtrack ( edit ) Do the Right Thing : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various artists Released 1989 Genre Soundtrack Length 53 : 14 Label Motown Records Producer Gregory `` Sugar Bear '' Elliott ( exec . ) , Ted Hopkins ( exec . ) , Mark Kibble ( exec . ) , Spike Lee ( exec . ) , Johnny Mercer ( exec . ) Singles from Do the Right Thing : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Fight the Power '' Released : June 1989 No . Title Music Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Fight the Power '' Public Enemy Hank Shocklee , Carl Ryder , Eric Sadler 5 : 23 2 . `` My Fantasy '' Teddy Riley , Guy Teddy Riley , Gene Griffin 4 : 57 3 . `` Party Hearty '' E.U. Kent Wood , JuJu House 4 : 43 4 . `` Ca n't Stand It '' Steel Pulse David R. Hinds , Sidney Mills 5 : 06 5 . `` Why Do n't We Try ? '' Keith John Vince Morris Raymond jones larry decarmine 3 : 35 6 . `` Feel So Good '' Perri Paul Laurence , Jones 5 : 39 7 . `` Do n't Shoot Me '' Take 6 Mervyn E. Warren 4 : 08 8 . `` Hard to Say '' Lori Perry , Gerald Alston Laurence 3 : 21 9 . `` Prove to Me '' Perri Jones , Sami McKinney 5 : 24 10 . `` Never Explain Love '' Al Jarreau Jones 5 : 58 11 . `` Tu y Yo / We Love ( Jingle ) '' Rubén Blades Blades 5 : 12 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Do the Right Thing ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Do the Right Thing ( 1989 ) - Financial Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Do the Right Thing ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Anne . `` Lists : 50 Best Movies of All Time , Again '' . Variety . Internet Archive . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Essential Films by the National Society of Film Critics '' . National Society of Film Critics . Published by AMC FilmSite.org . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made '' . The New York Times . April 29 , 2003 . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gavin Edwards ( 20 June 2014 ) . `` Fight the Power : Spike Lee on ' Do the Right Thing ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Do the Right Thing ' Script ( Archived ) '' . Script - O-Rama. 28 April 2007 . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Do The RIght Thing DVD Audio Commentary Jump up ^ Klein , Joe . `` Spiked ? '' New York June 26 , 1989 : 14 -- 15 . ^ Jump up to : ' Spike Lee 's Last Word ' , special feature on the Criterion Collection DVD ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Edwards , Gavin . `` Fight the Power : Spike Lee on ' Do the Right Thing ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mark A. Reid ( 1997 ) . Spike Lee 's Do the right thing . Cambridge University Press . pp. 43 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 55954 - 6 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Do The Right Thing DVD , Director 's commentary Jump up ^ `` The 25 Most Controversial Movies Ever , '' Entertainment Weekly ( Retrieved 9 Apr 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Rotten Tomatoes ' Do the Right Thing ' profile '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Do the Right Thing ' Metacritic profile '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Siskel & Ebert 1989 - Best of 1989 ( 2of2 ) '' . YouTube . 17 December 2010 . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert . `` The Great Movies '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 1,000 Greatest Films ( Full List ) '' . They Shoot Pictures , Do n't They ? . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Do the Right Thing '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Do the Right Thing ( Soundtrack ) : Billboard Albums '' . Allmusic . Retrieved May 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Do the Right Thing ( Soundtrack ) : Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic . Retrieved May 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fear of a Black Planet : Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic . Retrieved May 13 , 2009 . Bibliography ( edit ) Aftab , Kaleem . Spike Lee : That 's My Story and I 'm Sticking to It . England : Faber and Faber Limited , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 06153 - 1 . Spike Lee 's Last Word . Documentary on the Criterion Collection DVD of Do the Right Thing. 2000 . Spike Lee et al. Commentary on the Criterion Collection DVD of Do the Right Thing. 2000 . Further reading ( edit ) Spike Lee ; Lisa Jones ( 1989 ) . Do the right thing : a Spike Lee joint . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 68265 - 1 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Mark A. Reid ( 1997 ) . Spike Lee 's Do the right thing . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 55954 - 6 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Film in the United States portal African American portal 1980s portal New York City portal External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Do the Right Thing Do the Right Thing at AllMovie Do the Right Thing at Box Office Mojo Do the Right Thing at the Criterion Collection Do the Right Thing on IMDb Do the Right Thing at Metacritic Do the Right Thing at Rotten Tomatoes Do the Right Thing at the TCM Movie Database ( hide ) Spike Lee Filmography Awards and nominations Feature films directed She 's Gotta Have It ( 1986 ) School Daze ( 1988 ) Do the Right Thing ( 1989 ) Mo ' Better Blues ( 1990 ) Jungle Fever ( 1991 ) Malcolm X ( 1992 ) Crooklyn ( 1994 ) Clockers ( 1995 ) Girl 6 ( 1996 ) Get on the Bus ( 1996 ) He Got Game ( 1998 ) Summer of Sam ( 1999 ) Bamboozled ( 2000 ) 25th Hour ( 2002 ) She Hate Me ( 2004 ) Inside Man ( 2006 ) Miracle at St. Anna ( 2008 ) Red Hook Summer ( 2012 ) Oldboy ( 2013 ) Da Sweet Blood of Jesus ( 2014 ) Chi - Raq ( 2015 ) Black Klansman ( 2018 ) Documentaries directed 4 Little Girls ( 1997 ) Freak ( 1998 ) The Original Kings of Comedy ( 2000 ) A Huey P. Newton Story ( 2001 ) The Concert for New York City ( 2001 , `` Come Rain or Come Shine '' ) Jim Brown : All - American ( 2002 ) When the Levees Broke ( 2006 ) Kobe Doin ' Work ( 2009 ) Passing Strange ( 2009 ) If God Is Willing and da Creek Do n't Rise ( 2010 ) Bad 25 ( 2012 ) Michael Jackson 's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall ( 2016 ) Other films directed Joe 's Bed - Stuy Barbershop : We Cut Heads ( 1983 ) Lumière and Company ( 1995 ) Ten Minutes Older : The Trumpet ( 2002 , segment `` We Wuz Robbed '' ) All the Invisible Children ( 2005 , segment `` Jesus Children of America '' ) Television Sucker Free City ( 2004 ) She 's Gotta Have It ( 2017 ) Related articles 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks Bill Lee Joie Lee David Lee Cinqué Lee Malcolm D. Lee VIAF : 316753496 GND : 4697397 - 7 SUDOC : 124395376 BNF : cb12199475n ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_the_Right_Thing&oldid=817370467 '' Categories : 1989 films English - language films 1980s comedy - drama films 40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks films American comedy - drama films American independent films Hip hop films Hood films Films about race and ethnicity Films set in Brooklyn Films directed by Spike Lee Films shot in New York City United States National Film Registry films Universal Pictures films Italian - language films Spanish - language films 1989 soundtracks Columbia Records soundtracks Motown soundtracks Film scores Screenplays by Spike Lee American films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2012 Articles to be expanded from September 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 23 : 19 . 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5812670965308740001	List of Presidents of the United States who died in office	List of Presidents of the United States who died in office - wikipedia List of Presidents of the United States who died in office Jump to : navigation , search An 1865 Currier and Ives colored lithograph that inaccurately depicts the assassination of Abraham Lincoln During the history of the United States , eight presidents have died in office . Of those eight , four were assassinated and four died of natural causes . In all eight cases , the Vice President of the United States took over the office of presidency as part of the United States presidential line of succession . William Henry Harrison holds the record for shortest term served , holding the office of presidency for 31 days before dying . Harrison was the first president to die while in office when he caught pneumonia and died on April 4 , 1841 . On July 9 , 1850 , Zachary Taylor died from acute gastroenteritis . Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated . He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14 , 1865 . Sixteen years later , on September 19 , 1881 , President James A. Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau . Nearly twenty years after that , President William McKinley died from complications after being shot twice by Leon Czolgosz . President Warren G. Harding suffered a heart attack , and died on August 2 , 1923 . On April 12 , 1945 , Franklin D. Roosevelt collapsed and died as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage . The most recent president to die in office was John F. Kennedy , who was assassinated with two rifle shots on November 22 , 1963 , in Dallas , Texas . Contents ( hide ) 1 1841 : William Henry Harrison 2 1850 : Zachary Taylor 3 1865 : Abraham Lincoln 4 1881 : James A. Garfield 5 1901 : William McKinley 6 1923 : Warren G. Harding 7 1945 : Franklin D. Roosevelt 8 1963 : John F. Kennedy 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links 1841 : William Henry Harrison ( edit ) Harrison 's tomb and memorial in North Bend , Ohio On March 26 , 1841 , William Henry Harrison became ill with a cold . According to the prevailing medical misconception of that time , it was believed that his illness was directly caused by the bad weather at his inauguration ; however , Harrison 's illness did not arise until more than three weeks after the event . The cold worsened , rapidly turning to pneumonia and pleurisy . He sought to rest in the White House , but could not find a quiet room because of the steady crowd of office seekers . His extremely busy social schedule made any rest time scarce . Harrison 's doctors tried cures , applying opium , castor oil , leeches , and Virginia snakeroot . But the treatments only made Harrison worse , and he became delirious . He died nine days after becoming ill , at 12 : 30 am on April 4 , 1841 , of right lower lobe pneumonia , jaundice , and overwhelming septicemia . He was the first United States president to die in office . His last words were to his doctor , but assumed to be directed at Vice President John Tyler , `` Sir , I wish you to understand the true principles of the government . I wish them carried out . I ask nothing more . '' Harrison served the shortest term of any American president : March 4 -- April 4 , 1841 , 30 days , 12 hours , and 30 minutes . Harrison 's funeral took place in the Wesley Chapel in Cincinnati , Ohio , on April 7 , 1841 . His original interment was in the public vault of the Congressional Cemetery in Washington , D.C. He was later buried in North Bend , Ohio . The William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial was erected in his honor . 1850 : Zachary Taylor ( edit ) Taylor 's mausoleum at the Zachary Taylor National Cemetery in Louisville , Kentucky The cause of Zachary Taylor 's death was fully established in 2001 . On July 4 , 1850 , Taylor was known to have consumed copious amounts of ice water , cold milk , green apples , and cherries after attending holiday celebrations and the laying of the cornerstone of the Washington Monument . That same evening , he became severely ill with an unknown digestive ailment . Doctors used popular treatments of the time . Taylor died in the White House at 10 : 35 p.m. on July 9 , five days after becoming ill . Contemporary reports listed the cause of death as `` bilious diarrhea , or a bilious cholera '' . He was succeeded by Vice President Millard Fillmore . Almost immediately after his death , rumors began to circulate that Taylor was poisoned by pro-slavery Southerners , and similar theories persisted into the twentieth century . The remains were exhumed and transported to the Office of the Kentucky Chief Medical Examiner on June 17 , 1991 . Neutron activation analysis conducted at Oak Ridge National Laboratory revealed no evidence of poisoning , as arsenic levels were too low . The analysis concluded Taylor had contracted `` cholera morbus , or acute gastroenteritis '' , as Washington had open sewers , and his food or drink may have been contaminated . Taylor was interred in the Public Vault of the Congressional Cemetery in Washington , D.C. from July 13 , 1850 to October 25 , 1850 . ( It was built in 1835 to hold remains of notables until either the grave site could be prepared or transportation arranged to another city . ) His body was transported to the Taylor Family plot where his parents are buried , on the old Taylor homestead plantation known as ' Springfield ' in Louisville , Kentucky . 1865 : Abraham Lincoln ( edit ) Shown in the presidential booth of Ford 's Theatre , from left to right , are assassin John Wilkes Booth , Abraham Lincoln , Mary Todd Lincoln , Clara Harris , and Henry Rathbone Main article : Assassination of Abraham Lincoln The assassination of Abraham Lincoln took place on Good Friday , on April 14 , 1865 , as the American Civil War was drawing to a close . The assassination occurred five days after the commanding General of the Army of Northern Virginia , Robert E. Lee , surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant and the Army of the Potomac . Lincoln was the first American president to be assassinated , though an unsuccessful attempt had been made on Andrew Jackson 30 years before in 1835 . The assassination of Lincoln was planned and carried out by the well - known stage actor John Wilkes Booth , a Confederate sympathizer , vehement in his denunciation of Lincoln , and a strong opponent of the abolition of slavery in the United States . Booth and a group of co-conspirators originally plotted to kidnap Lincoln , but later planned to kill him , Vice President Andrew Johnson , and Secretary of State William H. Seward in a bid to help the Confederacy 's cause . ( Vice President Johnson 's assailant did not carry out his part of the plan , and Johnson succeeded Lincoln as President . ) Lincoln was shot once in the back of his head while watching the play Our American Cousin with his wife Mary Todd Lincoln at Ford 's Theatre in Washington , D.C. at around 10 : 15 pm on the night of April 14 , 1865 . An army surgeon who happened to be at Ford 's , Doctor Charles Leale , assessed Lincoln 's wound as mortal . The unconscious President was then carried across the street from the theater to the Petersen House , where he remained in a coma for nine hours before dying the following morning at 7 : 22 a.m. on April 15 . 1881 : James a Garfield ( edit ) President Garfield with James G. Blaine after being shot by Charles J. Guiteau Main article : Assassination of James A. Garfield The assassination of James A. Garfield took place in Washington , D.C. on July 2 , 1881 . Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau at 9 : 30 am , less than four months into Garfield 's term as the 20th President of the United States . Garfield died eleven weeks later on September 19 , 1881 . His Vice President , Chester A. Arthur , succeeded Garfield as President . Garfield also lived the longest after the shooting , compared to other assassinated Presidents . Garfield was scheduled to leave Washington on July 2 , 1881 for his summer vacation . On that day , Guiteau lay in wait for the President at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad station , on the southwest corner of present - day Sixth Street and Constitution Avenue NW , Washington , D.C. President Garfield came to the Sixth Street Station on his way to his alma mater , Williams College , where he was scheduled to deliver a speech . Garfield was accompanied by two of his sons , James and Harry , and Secretary of State Blaine . Secretary of War Robert Todd Lincoln waited at the station to see the President off . Garfield had no bodyguard or security detail ; with the exception of Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War , early U.S. presidents never used any guards . As President Garfield entered the waiting room of the station Guiteau stepped forward and pulled the trigger from behind at point - blank range . `` My God , what is that ? '' Garfield cried out , flinging up his arms . Guiteau fired again and Garfield collapsed . One bullet grazed Garfield 's shoulder ; the other hit him in the back , passing the first lumbar vertebra but missing the spinal cord before coming to rest behind his pancreas . Garfield , conscious but in shock , was carried to an upstairs floor of the train station . One bullet remained lodged in his body , but doctors could not find it . Young Jim Garfield and James Blaine both broke down and wept . Robert Todd Lincoln , deeply upset and thinking back to the death of his father , said `` How many hours of sorrow I have passed in this town . '' Garfield was carried back to the White House . Although doctors told him that he would not survive the night , the President remained conscious and alert . The next morning his vital signs were good and doctors began to hope for recovery . A long vigil began , with Garfield 's doctors issuing regular bulletins that the American public followed closely throughout the summer of 1881 . His condition fluctuated . Fevers came and went . Garfield struggled to keep down solid food and spent most of the summer eating little , and that only liquids . Garfield had been a regular visitor to the shore town of Long Branch , NJ , one of the nation 's premier summer vacation spots until World War I. In early September , it was decided to bring him to Elberon , a quiet beach town just to the south of Long Branch , in hopes that the beach air would help him recover . When they heard that the president was being brought to their town , local citizens built more than half a mile of tracks in less than 24 hours , enabling Garfield to be brought directly to the door of the oceanfront Franklyn cottage , rather than being moved by carriage from the local Elberon train station . However , Garfield died 12 days later . A granite marker on Garfield Rd identifies the former site of the cottage , which was demolished in 1950 . Chester Arthur was at his home in New York City on the night of September 19 , when word came that Garfield had died . After first getting the news , Arthur said `` I hope -- my God , I do hope it is a mistake . '' But confirmation by telegram came soon after . Arthur took the presidential oath of office , administered by a New York Supreme Court judge , then left for Long Branch to pay his respects before going on to Washington . Garfield 's body was taken to Washington , where it lay in state for two days in the Capitol Rotunda before being taken to Cleveland , where the funeral was held on September 26 . When the tracks that had been hastily built to the Franklyn cottage were later torn up , actor Oliver Byron bought the wooden ties , and had local carpenter William Presley build them into a small tea house , in commemoration of the president . The red & white ( originally red , white & blue ) `` Garfield Tea House '' still survives , resting a couple of blocks away from the site of the cottage on the grounds of the Long Branch Historical Museum , a former Episcopal Church . The church is nicknamed `` The Church of the Presidents '' , as it had been attended by , in addition to Garfield , Presidents Chester A. Arthur , Ulysses S. Grant , Benjamin Harrison , Rutherford Hayes , William McKinley , and Woodrow Wilson , during their own visits to Long Branch . 1901 : William McKinley ( edit ) Leon Czolgosz shoots President McKinley with a concealed revolver . Clipping of a wash drawing by T. Dart Walker . Main article : Assassination of William McKinley William McKinley was assassinated on September 6 , 1901 , inside the Temple of Music on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo , New York . McKinley was shaking hands with the public when he was shot by Leon Czolgosz , an anarchist . The President died eight days later on September 14 from gangrene caused by the bullet wounds . McKinley had been elected for a second term in 1900 . He enjoyed meeting the public , and was reluctant to accept the security available to his office . The Secretary to the President , George B. Cortelyou , feared an assassination attempt would take place during a visit to the Temple of Music , and twice took it off the schedule . McKinley restored it each time . Czolgosz had lost his job during the economic Panic of 1893 and turned to anarchism , a political philosophy whose adherents had killed foreign leaders . Regarding McKinley as a symbol of oppression , Czolgosz felt it was his duty as an anarchist to kill him . Unable to get near McKinley during the earlier part of the presidential visit , Czolgosz shot McKinley twice as the President reached to shake his hand in the reception line at the temple . One bullet grazed McKinley ; the other entered his abdomen and was never found . McKinley initially appeared to be recovering , but took a turn for the worse on September 13 as his wounds became gangrenous , and died early the next morning ; Vice President Theodore Roosevelt succeeded him . Roosevelt was hiking near the top of Mt . Marcy , in New York State 's Adirondack region , when a runner located him to convey the bad news . After McKinley 's murder , for which Czolgosz was put to death in the electric chair , the United States Congress passed legislation to officially charge the Secret Service with the responsibility for protecting the president . 1923 : Warren G. Harding ( edit ) Funeral procession for President Harding passes by the front of the White House Warren G. Harding died from a sudden heart attack in his hotel suite while visiting San Francisco at around 7 : 35 p.m. on August 2 , 1923 . His death quickly led to theories that he had been poisoned or committed suicide . Rumors of poisoning were fueled , in part , by a book called The Strange Death of President Harding , in which the author ( convicted criminal , former Ohio Gang member , and detective Gaston Means , hired by Mrs. Harding to investigate Warren Harding and his mistress ) suggested that Mrs. Harding had poisoned her husband after learning of his infidelity . Mrs. Harding 's refusal to allow an autopsy on President Harding only added to the speculation . According to the physicians attending Harding , however , the symptoms in the days prior to his death all pointed to congestive heart failure . Harding 's biographer , Samuel H. Adams , concluded that `` Warren G. Harding died a natural death which , in any case , could not have been long postponed '' . Immediately after President Harding 's death , Mrs. Harding returned to Washington , D.C. , and briefly stayed in the White House with the new President Calvin Coolidge and First Lady . For a month , former First Lady Harding gathered and destroyed by fire President Harding 's correspondence and documents , both official and unofficial . Upon her return to Marion , Mrs. Harding hired a number of secretaries to collect and burn President Harding 's personal papers . According to Mrs. Harding , she took these actions to protect her husband 's legacy . The remaining papers were held and kept from public view by the Harding Memorial Association in Marion . 1945 : Franklin D. Roosevelt ( edit ) On March 29 , 1945 , Franklin D. Roosevelt went to the Little White House at Warm Springs , Georgia , to rest before his anticipated appearance at the founding conference of the United Nations . On the afternoon of April 12 , Roosevelt said , `` I have a terrific pain in the back of my head . '' He then slumped forward in his chair , unconscious , and was carried into his bedroom . The president 's attending cardiologist , Dr. Howard Bruenn , diagnosed a massive cerebral hemorrhage ( stroke ) . At 3 : 35 pm that day , Roosevelt died without regaining consciousness . As Allen Drury later said , `` so ended an era , and so began another . '' After Roosevelt 's death , an editorial by The New York Times declared , `` Men will thank God on their knees a hundred years from now that Franklin D. Roosevelt was in the White House '' . Roosevelt 's horse - drawn casket proceeds down Pennsylvania Avenue during his funeral procession . In his later years at the White House , when Roosevelt was increasingly overworked , his daughter Anna Roosevelt Boettiger had moved in to provide her father companionship and support . Anna had also arranged for her father to meet with his former mistress , the now widowed Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd . A close friend of both Roosevelt and Mercer who was present , Elizabeth Shoumatoff , rushed Mercer away to avoid negative publicity and implications of infidelity . When Eleanor heard about her husband 's death , she was also faced with the news that Anna had been arranging these meetings with Mercer and that Mercer had been with Franklin when he died . On the morning of April 13 , Roosevelt 's body was placed in a flag - draped coffin and loaded onto the presidential train . After a White House funeral on April 14 , Roosevelt was transported back to Hyde Park by train , guarded by four servicemen , one each from the Army , Navy , Marines , and Coast Guard . As was his wish , Roosevelt was buried in the Rose Garden of the Springwood estate , the Roosevelt family home in Hyde Park on April 15 . Eleanor died in November 1962 and was buried next to him . Roosevelt 's death was met with shock and grief across the U.S. and around the world . His declining health had not been known to the general public . Roosevelt had been president for more than 12 years , longer than any other person , and had led the country through some of its greatest crises to the impending defeat of Nazi Germany and within sight of the defeat of Japan as well . Less than a month after his death , on May 8 , the war in Europe ended . President Harry S. Truman , who turned 61 that day , dedicated Victory in Europe Day and its celebrations to Roosevelt 's memory , and kept the flags across the U.S. at half - staff for the remainder of the 30 - day mourning period . In doing so , Truman said that his only wish was `` that Franklin D. Roosevelt had lived to witness this day . '' 1963 : John F. Kennedy ( edit ) JFK , Jackie , and the Connallys in the presidential limousine minutes before the assassination Main article : Assassination of John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy was assassinated at 12 : 30 p.m. Central Standard Time ( 18 : 30 UTC ) on Friday , November 22 , 1963 , in Dealey Plaza , Dallas , Texas . Kennedy was fatally shot while traveling with his wife Jacqueline , Texas Governor John Connally , and the latter 's wife Nellie , in a Presidential motorcade . The ten - month investigation by the Warren Commission of 1963 -- 1964 concluded that President Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald and that Oswald had acted entirely alone . It also concluded that Jack Ruby acted alone when he killed Oswald in police custody . Nonetheless , polls conducted from 1966 to 2004 found that as many as 80 percent of Americans have suspected that there was a plot or cover - up . Most current John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories put forth a criminal conspiracy involving parties as varied as the CIA , the Mafia , anti-Castro Cuban exile groups , the military industrial complex , sitting Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson , Cuban President Fidel Castro , FBI director J. Edgar Hoover , the KGB , or some combination of those entities . In an article published prior to the 50th anniversary of Kennedy 's assassination , author Vincent Bugliosi estimates that a total of 42 groups , 82 assassins , and 214 people have been accused in conspiracy theories challenging the `` lone gunman '' theory . See also ( edit ) Curse of Tippecanoe List of United States presidential assassination attempts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brunner , Borgna . `` Presidential Trivia '' . Info Please . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession : Overview and Current Legislation '' . Internet Public Library . Retrieved December 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. ( September 27 , 2004 ) . `` Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession : Overview and Current Legislation '' ( PDF ) . Federation of American Scientists . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison 's Inauguration '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zachary Taylor '' . White House . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2008 . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ MacGowen , Douglas . `` Charles J. Guiteau '' . Crime Library . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Leech 594 - 600 Jump up ^ `` Harding a Farm Boy Who Rose by Work '' . New York Times . August 3 , 1923 . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin D. Roosevelt '' . White House . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection '' . National Archives . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cleaves 152 Jump up ^ `` Harrison 's Inauguration ( Reason ) : American Treasures of the Library of Congress '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved June 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cleaves 160 Jump up ^ `` President Harrison Dies -- April 4 , 1841 '' . Events in Presidential History . Miller Center , University of Virginia . 2008 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ed. : Robert A. Diamond ... Major contributors : Rhodes Cook ... ( 1976 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections . Congressional Quarterly Inc. p. 492 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87187 - 072 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` William Henry Harrison '' . White House Historical Association . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Tomb '' . Ohio Historical Society . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Parenti , Michael ( September 1999 ) . History as Mystery . City Light Books . p. 304 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87286 - 357 - 6 . Jump up ^ Eisenhower , John S.D. ( 2008 ) . Zachary Taylor The American Presidents . Macmillan . pp. 132 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0805082371 . Jump up ^ Bauer , pp. 314 -- 316 . Jump up ^ `` Death of the President of the United States '' . Boston Daily Evening Transcript . July 10 , 1850 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Willard and Marion ( 2010 ) . Killing the President . p. 188 . Jump up ^ Marriott , Michel ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Verdict In : 12th President Was Not Assassinated '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` President Zachary Taylor and the Laboratory : Presidential Visit from the Grave '' . Oak Ridge National Laboratory . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sampas , Jim ( July 4 , 1991 ) . `` Scandal and the Heat Did Zachary Taylor In '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christine Quigley ( 2005 ) . The Corpse : A History . McFarland & Company . p. 134 . ISBN 0786424494 . Jump up ^ `` Good Friday , 1865 : Lincoln 's Last Day '' . NPHR STAFF. 2008 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Shot at Ford 's Theater '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilentz , Sean . Andrew Jackson ( 2005 ) , p. 8 , 35 . Jump up ^ `` The murderer of Mr. Lincoln '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . April 21 , 1865 . Jump up ^ Hamner , Christopher . `` Booth 's Reason for Assassination Archived December 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Teachinghistory.org . Accessed 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Phillip B. Kunhardt Jr. ; Phillip Kunhardt III ; Peter Kunhardt ( 1992 ) . Lincoln : An Illustrated Biography . New York : Gramercy Books . p. 346 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 20715 - X . Jump up ^ James Swanson ( 2006 ) . Manhunt : The 12 - Day Chase for Lincoln 's Killer. Harper Collins . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 051849 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Papers : Lincoln Assassination : Introduction '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Safford '' . rogerjnorton.com . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2011 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard A.R. Fraser , MD ( February -- March 1995 ) . `` How Did Lincoln Die ? '' . American Heritage . 46 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Lynne Vincent Cheney ( October 1975 ) . `` Mrs. Frank Leslie 's Illustrated Newspaper '' . American Heritage Magazine . 26 ( 6 ) . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved January 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The attack on the President 's life '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved January 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Peskin 581 Jump up ^ George Stinson Conwell . The life , speeches , and public services of James A. Garfield , twentieth President of the United States : including an account of his assassination , lingering pain , death and burial . Portland , Maine . p. 349 . OCLC 2087548 . Jump up ^ Vowell 160 Jump up ^ Peskin 593 Jump up ^ Peskin 596 Jump up ^ Millard 189 , 312 Jump up ^ Peskin 596 -- 597 ^ Jump up to : Peskin 597 Jump up ^ Peskin 598 Jump up ^ Peskin 599 Jump up ^ Peskin 600 Jump up ^ Vowell 124 Jump up ^ Peskin 601 Jump up ^ Peskin 608 Jump up ^ Peskin 608 -- 609 Jump up ^ Rauchway , Eric ( 2004 ) . Murdering McKinley : The Making of Theodore Roosevelt 's America . New York : Hill and Wang . pp. 3 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 1638 - 9 . Jump up ^ Leech 561 - 62 Jump up ^ Leech 584 Jump up ^ Miller 56 - 60 Jump up ^ Miller 301 -- 302 Jump up ^ Morgan , H. Wayne ( 2003 ) . William McKinley and His America ( revised ed . ) . Kent , Ohio : The Kent State University Press . p. 402 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87338 - 765 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bumgarner , Jeffrey ( 2006 ) . Federal Agents : The Growth of Federal Law Enforcement in America . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98953 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey M. Jones ; Joni L. Jones . `` Presidential Stroke : United States Presidents and Cerebrovascular Disease ( Warren G. Harding ) '' . CNS Spectrums . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Adams ( 1939 , 1964 ) , Incredible Era , pp. 377 -- 384 Jump up ^ Russell ( April 1963 ) , The Four Mysteries Of Warren Harding Jump up ^ Jones , Jeffrey M. ; Joni L. Jones . `` Presidential Stroke : United States Presidents and Cerebrovascular Disease ( Franklin D. Roosevelt ) '' . CNS Spectrums . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Person of the Century Runner - Up : Franklin Delano Roosevelt '' . Time . March 1 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ William D. Pederson ( 2011 ) . A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 1444395173 . Jump up ^ Margaret Prentice Hecker ( 2010 ) . Leslie Alexander , ed . `` Roosevelt , Eleanor '' . Encyclopedia of African American History . ABC - CLIO. 1 : 999 . ISBN 1851097694 . Jump up ^ Video : Allies Overrun Germany ( 1945 ) . Universal Newsreel. 1945 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCullough 345 , 381 Jump up ^ Warren Commission Testimony of Nellie Connally , vol. 4 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Warren Commission Testimony of John B. Connally , vol. 4 , pp. 131 -- 132 . Jump up ^ Gary Langer ( November 16 , 2003 ) . `` John F. Kennedy 's Assassination Leaves a Legacy of Suspicion '' ( PDF ) . ABC News . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jarrett Murphy , 40 Years Later : Who Killed JFK ? , CBS News , November 21 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Summers , Anthony ( 2013 ) . `` Six Options for History '' . Not in Your Lifetime . New York : Open Road . p. 238 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4804 - 3548 - 3 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One JFK conspiracy theory that could be true - CNN.com '' . CNN . November 18 , 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bauer , K. Jack ( 1985 ) . Zachary Taylor : Soldier , Planter , Statesman of the Old Southwest . Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 1237 - 2 . Cleaves , Freeman ( 1939 ) . Old Tippecanoe : William Henry Harrison and His Time . New York , NY : C. Scribner 's Sons . Leech , Margaret ( 1959 ) . In the Days of McKinley . New York : Harper and Brothers . pp. 594 -- 600 . OCLC 456809 . McCullough , David ( 1992 ) . Truman . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 86920 - 5 . Millard , Candice ( 2011 ) . Destiny of the Republic . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 53500 - 7 . Miller , Scott ( 2011 ) . The President and the Assassin . New York : Random House . pp. 56 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6752 - 7 . Peskin , Allan ( 1978 ) . Garfield . Kent State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 210 - 2 . Vowell , Sarah ( 2005 ) . Assassination Vacation . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 6003 - 1 . External links ( edit ) The Mortal Presidency ( Shapell Manuscript Foundation ) ( hide ) Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Freemasons Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Previous occupation Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Burial places Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Height Unsuccessful major party candidates Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession U.S. Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_who_died_in_office&oldid=832216955 '' Categories : Presidents of the United States who died while in office Death in the United States - related lists Lists relating to the United States presidency Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from May 2012 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 15 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who are the 8 presidents who died in office	[ "William Henry Harrison holds the record for shortest term served, holding the office of presidency for 31 days before dying. Harrison was the first president to die while in office when he caught pneumonia and died on April 4, 1841.[4] On July 9, 1850, Zachary Taylor died from acute gastroenteritis.[5] Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated. He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.[6] Sixteen years later, on September 19, 1881, President James A. Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau.[7] Nearly twenty years after that, President William McKinley died from complications after being shot twice by Leon Czolgosz.[8] President Warren G. Harding suffered a heart attack, and died on August 2, 1923.[9] On April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt collapsed and died as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage.[10] The most recent president to die in office was John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated with two rifle shots on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.[11]", "William Henry Harrison holds the record for shortest term served, holding the office of presidency for 31 days before dying. Harrison was the first president to die while in office when he caught pneumonia and died on April 4, 1841.[4] On July 9, 1850, Zachary Taylor died from acute gastroenteritis.[5] Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated. He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.[6] Sixteen years later, on September 19, 1881, President James A. Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau.[7] Nearly twenty years after that, President William McKinley died from complications after being shot twice by Leon Czolgosz.[8] President Warren G. Harding suffered a heart attack, and died on August 2, 1923.[9] On April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt collapsed and died as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage.[10] The most recent president to die in office was John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated with two rifle shots on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.[11]", "William Henry Harrison holds the record for shortest term served, holding the office of presidency for 31 days before dying. Harrison was the first president to die while in office when he caught pneumonia and died on April 4, 1841.[4] On July 9, 1850, Zachary Taylor died from acute gastroenteritis.[5] Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated. He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.[6] Sixteen years later, on September 19, 1881, President James A. Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau.[7] Nearly twenty years after that, President William McKinley died from complications after being shot twice by Leon Czolgosz.[8] President Warren G. Harding suffered a heart attack, and died on August 2, 1923.[9] On April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt collapsed and died as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage.[10] The most recent president to die in office was John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated with two rifle shots on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.[11]", "William Henry Harrison holds the record for shortest term served, holding the office of presidency for 31 days before dying. Harrison was the first president to die while in office when he caught pneumonia and died on April 4, 1841.[4] On July 9, 1850, Zachary Taylor died from acute gastroenteritis.[5] Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated. He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.[6] Sixteen years later, on September 19, 1881, President James A. Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau.[7] Nearly twenty years after that, President William McKinley died from complications after being shot twice by Leon Czolgosz.[8] President Warren G. Harding suffered a heart attack, and died on August 2, 1923.[9] On April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt collapsed and died as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage.[10] The most recent president to die in office was John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated with two rifle shots on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.[11]", "William Henry Harrison holds the record for shortest term served, holding the office of presidency for 31 days before dying. Harrison was the first president to die while in office when he caught pneumonia and died on April 4, 1841.[4] On July 9, 1850, Zachary Taylor died from acute gastroenteritis.[5] Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated. He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.[6] Sixteen years later, on September 19, 1881, President James A. Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau.[7] Nearly twenty years after that, President William McKinley died from complications after being shot twice by Leon Czolgosz.[8] President Warren G. Harding suffered a heart attack, and died on August 2, 1923.[9] On April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt collapsed and died as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage.[10] The most recent president to die in office was John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated with two rifle shots on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.[11]", "William Henry Harrison holds the record for shortest term served, holding the office of presidency for 31 days before dying. Harrison was the first president to die while in office when he caught pneumonia and died on April 4, 1841.[4] On July 9, 1850, Zachary Taylor died from acute gastroenteritis.[5] Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated. He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.[6] Sixteen years later, on September 19, 1881, President James A. Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau.[7] Nearly twenty years after that, President William McKinley died from complications after being shot twice by Leon Czolgosz.[8] President Warren G. Harding suffered a heart attack, and died on August 2, 1923.[9] On April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt collapsed and died as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage.[10] The most recent president to die in office was John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated with two rifle shots on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.[11]", "William Henry Harrison holds the record for shortest term served, holding the office of presidency for 31 days before dying. Harrison was the first president to die while in office when he caught pneumonia and died on April 4, 1841.[4] On July 9, 1850, Zachary Taylor died from acute gastroenteritis.[5] Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated. He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.[6] Sixteen years later, on September 19, 1881, President James A. Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau.[7] Nearly twenty years after that, President William McKinley died from complications after being shot twice by Leon Czolgosz.[8] President Warren G. Harding suffered a heart attack, and died on August 2, 1923.[9] On April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt collapsed and died as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage.[10] The most recent president to die in office was John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated with two rifle shots on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.[11]", "William Henry Harrison holds the record for shortest term served, holding the office of presidency for 31 days before dying. Harrison was the first president to die while in office when he caught pneumonia and died on April 4, 1841.[4] On July 9, 1850, Zachary Taylor died from acute gastroenteritis.[5] Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated. He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.[6] Sixteen years later, on September 19, 1881, President James A. Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau.[7] Nearly twenty years after that, President William McKinley died from complications after being shot twice by Leon Czolgosz.[8] President Warren G. Harding suffered a heart attack, and died on August 2, 1923.[9] On April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt collapsed and died as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage.[10] The most recent president to die in office was John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated with two rifle shots on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.[11]" ]	[ "William Henry Harrison", "Zachary Taylor", "Abraham Lincoln", "James A. Garfield", "William McKinley", "Warren G. Harding", "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "John F. Kennedy" ]
3452690808864705807	Scottsboro Boys	Scottsboro Boys - wikipedia Scottsboro Boys Jump to : navigation , search For the musical , see The Scottsboro Boys ( musical ) . The Scottsboro Boys , with attorney Samuel Leibowitz , under guard by the state militia , 1932 The Scottsboro Boys were nine African American teenagers , ages 13 to 20 , accused in Alabama of raping two White American women on a train in 1931 . The landmark set of legal cases from this incident dealt with racism and the right to a fair trial . The cases included a lynch mob before the suspects had been indicted , all - white juries , rushed trials , and disruptive mobs . It is commonly cited as an example of a miscarriage of justice in the United States legal system . On March 25 , 1931 , two dozen people were ' hoboing ' on a freight train traveling between Chattanooga and Memphis , Tennessee , the hoboes being an equal mix of African - Americans and Caucasians . A group of white teenage boys saw 18 - year - old Haywood Patterson on the train and attempted to push him off the train , claiming that it was `` a white man 's train '' . A group of whites gathered rocks and attempted to force all of the black men from the train . Patterson and the other black passengers were able to ward off the group . The humiliated white teenagers jumped or were forced off the train and reported to the city 's sheriff that they had been attacked by a group of black teenagers . The sheriff deputized a posse comitatus , stopped and searched the train at Paint Rock , Alabama and arrested the black Americans . Two young white women also got off the train and accused the black teenagers of rape . The case was first heard in Scottsboro , Alabama , in three rushed trials , in which the defendants received poor legal representation . All but 12 - year - old Roy Wright were convicted of rape and sentenced to death , the common sentence in Alabama at the time for black men convicted of raping white women , even though there was medical evidence to suggest that they had not committed the crime . With help from the Communist Party USA ( CPUSA ) and the NAACP , the case was appealed . The Alabama Supreme Court affirmed seven of the eight convictions , and granted 13 - year - old Eugene Williams a new trial because he was a minor . Chief Justice John C. Anderson dissented , ruling that the defendants had been denied an impartial jury , fair trial , fair sentencing , and effective counsel . While waiting for their trials , eight of the nine defendants were held in Kilby Prison . The cases were twice appealed to the United States Supreme Court , which led to landmark decisions on the conduct of trials . In Powell v. Alabama ( 1932 ) , it ordered new trials . The case was first returned to the lower court and the judge allowed a change of venue , moving the retrials to Decatur , Alabama . Judge Horton was appointed . During the retrials , one of the alleged victims admitted to fabricating the rape story and asserted that none of the Scottsboro Boys touched either of the white women . The jury found the defendants guilty , but the judge set aside the verdict and granted a new trial . The judge was replaced and the case tried under a judge who ruled frequently against the defense . For the third time a jury -- now with one African - American member -- returned a guilty verdict . The case was sent to the US Supreme Court on appeal . It ruled that African - Americans had to be included on juries , and ordered retrials . Charges were finally dropped for four of the nine defendants . Sentences for the rest ranged from 75 years to death . All but two served prison sentences ; all were released or escaped by 1946 . One was shot while being escorted to prison by a Sheriff 's Deputy and permanently disabled . Two escaped , were later charged with other crimes , convicted , and sent back to prison . Clarence Norris , the oldest defendant and the only one sentenced to death in the final trial , `` jumped parole '' in 1946 and went into hiding . He was found in 1976 and pardoned by Governor George Wallace , by which time the case had been thoroughly analyzed and shown to be an injustice . Norris later wrote a book about his experiences . The last surviving defendant died in 1989 . `` The Scottsboro Boys '' , as they became known , were defended by many in the North and attacked by many in the South . The case is now widely considered a miscarriage of justice , highlighted by use of all - white juries . Black Americans in Alabama had been disenfranchised since the late 19th century and were likewise not allowed on juries . The case has been explored in many works of literature , music , theatre , film and television . On November 21 , 2013 , Alabama 's parole board voted to grant posthumous pardons to the three Scottsboro Boys who had not been pardoned or had their convictions overturned . Contents ( hide ) 1 Arrests and accusations 2 Lynch mob 3 The trials 3.1 Defense attorneys 3.2 Norris and Weems trial 3.3 Patterson trial 3.4 Powell , Roberson , Williams , Montgomery and Wright trial 3.5 Roy Wright trial 3.6 Death sentences 3.7 Help from Communist Party and NAACP 3.8 Appeal to Alabama Supreme Court 3.9 Williams ' ruling 3.10 Weems and Norris ruling 3.10. 1 Dissent 3.11 Appeal to United States Supreme Court 4 Decatur trials 4.1 Patterson trial 4.1. 1 Defense 4.2 Closing arguments 4.3 Verdict 4.3. 1 Irwin Craig 4.4 Horton grants Patterson a new trial 4.5 New trials under Callahan 4.6 Norris ' retrial 4.7 United States Supreme Court reverses Decatur convictions 4.8 Final round of trials 4.9 Final decisions 4.10 Aftermath 4.11 2013 pardon 4.12 Fates of the defendants 4.13 In popular culture 5 Notes and references 5.1 Notes 5.2 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Arrests and accusations ( edit ) Victoria Price ( left ) and Ruby Bates ( right ) in 1931 Historical marker in Paint Rock recalling the arrests On March 25 , 1931 , the Southern Railway line between Chattanooga and Memphis , Tennessee , had nine black youths who were hoboing on a freight train with several white males and two white women . A fight broke out between the white and black groups near the Lookout Mountain tunnel , and the whites were kicked off the train . The whites went to a sheriff in the nearby town Paint Rock , Alabama , and claimed that they were assaulted by the blacks on the train . The sheriff gathered a posse and gave orders to search for and `` capture every Negro on the train . '' The posse arrested all black passengers on the train for assault . The unfortunate black teenagers were : Haywood Patterson ( age 18 ) who claimed that he had ridden freight trains for so long that he could light a cigarette on the top of a moving train ; Clarence Norris ( age 19 ) , who had left behind ten brothers and sisters in rural Georgia ; Charlie Weems ( age 19 ) ; brothers Andy Wright ( age 19 ) and Roy Wright ( age 12 ) , who were leaving home for the first time . The nearly blind Olin Montgomery ( age 17 ) , who was hoping to get a job in order to pay for a pair of glasses that he so desperately needed ; Ozie Powell ( age 16 ) ; Willie Roberson ( age 16 ) , who suffered from such severe syphilis that he could barely walk ; and Eugene Williams ( age 13 ) ; Of these nine boys , only four knew each other prior to their arrest . Two white women who were also aboard the train , Victoria Price and Ruby Bates , told a member of the posse that they had been raped by a group of black teenagers . The posse brought the women to the jail where the accused were being held , and they identified them as their attackers . A doctor was summoned to examine Price and Bates for signs of rape , but none was found . A widely published photo showed the two women shortly after the arrests in 1931 . There was no evidence ( beyond the women 's testimony ) pointing to the guilt of the accused , yet that was irrelevant due to the prevalent racism in the South at the time , according to which black men were constantly being policed by white men for signs of sexual interest in white women , which could be punishable by lynching . Price and Bates may have told the police that they were raped to divert police attention from themselves . They were both suspected of being prostitutes and not only risked being arrested for it , but they could also have been prosecuted for violating the Mann Act by crossing a state line `` for immoral purposes . '' Lynch mob ( edit ) In the Jim Crow South , lynching of black males accused of raping or murdering whites was common ; word quickly spread of the arrest and rape story . Soon a lynch mob gathered at the jail in Scottsboro , demanding the youths be surrendered to them . The crowd at Scottsboro on April 6 , 1931 Sheriff Wann stood in front of the jail and addressed the mob , saying he would kill the first person to come through the door . He removed his belt and handed his gun to one of his deputies . He walked through the mob and the crowd parted to let him through ; Wann was not touched by anyone . He walked across the street to the courthouse where he telephoned Governor Benjamin M. Miller , who mobilized the Alabama Army National Guard to protect the jail . He took the defendants to the county seat of Gadsden , Alabama , for indictment and to await trial . Although rape was potentially a capital offense in Alabama , the defendants at this point were not allowed to consult an attorney . The trials ( edit ) The prisoners were brought to court by 118 Alabama guardsmen , armed with machine guns . It was market day in Scottsboro , and farmers were in town to sell produce and buy supplies . A crowd of thousands soon formed . Courthouse access required a permit due to the salacious nature of the testimony expected . As the Supreme Court later described this situation , `` the proceedings ... took place in an atmosphere of tense , hostile , and excited public sentiment . '' For each trial , all - white juries were selected . There were few African Americans in the jury pool , as most had been disenfranchised since the turn of the century by a new state constitution and white discriminatory practice , and were thus disqualified from jury service . Defense attorneys ( edit ) The pace of the trials was very fast before the standing - room - only , all - white audience . The judge and prosecutor wanted to speed the nine trials to avoid violence , so the first trial took a day and a half , and the rest took place one right after the other , in just one day . The judge had ordered the Alabama bar to assist the defendants , but the only attorney who volunteered was Milo Moody , a 69 - year - old attorney who had not defended a case in decades . The judge persuaded Stephen Roddy , a Chattanooga , Tennessee , real estate lawyer , to assist him . Roddy admitted he had not had time to prepare and was not familiar with Alabama law , but agreed to aid Moody . Against accepted practice , Roddy presented both the testimony of his clients and the case of the girls . Because of the mob atmosphere , Roddy petitioned the court for a change of venue , entering into evidence newspaper and law enforcement accounts describing the crowd as `` impelled by curiosity '' . Judge Hawkins found that the crowd was curious and not hostile . Norris and Weems trial ( edit ) Clarence Norris and Charlie Weems were tried first . During prosecution testimony , Victoria Price stated that she and Ruby Bates witnessed the fight , that one of the black men had a gun , and that they all raped her at knife point . During cross-examination by Roddy , Price livened her testimony with wisecracks that brought roars of laughter . Clarence Norris Charlie Weems Dr. Bridges testified that his examination of Victoria Price found no vaginal tearing ( which would have indicated rape ) , and that she had had semen in her for several hours . Ruby Bates failed to mention that either she or Price was raped until she was cross-examined . The prosecution ended with testimony from three men who claimed the black youths fought the white youths , put them off the train , and `` took charge '' of the white girls . The prosecution rested without calling any of the white youths as witness . During the defense testimony , defendant Charles Weems testified that he was not part of the fight , that Patterson had the pistol , and that he had not seen the white girls on the train until the train pulled into Paint Rock . Defendant Clarence Norris stunned the courtroom by implicating the other defendants . He denied participating in the fight or being in the gondola car where the fight took place . But he said that he saw the alleged rapes by the other blacks from his spot atop the next boxcar . The defense put on no further witnesses . During closing , the prosecution said , `` If you do n't give these men death sentences , the electric chair might as well be abolished . '' The defense made no closing argument , nor did it address the sentencing of the death penalty for their clients . The Court started the next case while the jury was still deliberating the first . The first jury deliberated less than two hours before returning a guilty verdict and imposed the death sentence on both Weems and Norris . Patterson trial ( edit ) Haywood Patterson The trial for Haywood Patterson occurred while the Norris and Weems cases were still under consideration by the jury . When the jury returned its verdict from the first trial , the jury from the second trial was taken out of the courtroom . When the verdicts of guilty were announced , the courtroom erupted in cheers , as did the crowd outside . A band , there to play for a show of Ford Motor Company cars outside , began playing Hail , Hail the Gang 's All Here and There 'll be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight . The celebration was so loud that it was most likely heard by the second jury waiting inside . After the outburst , the defense of Patterson moved for a mistrial , but Judge Hawkins denied the motion and testimony continued . The second trial continued . During the second trial 's prosecution testimony , Victoria Price mostly stuck with her story , stating flatly that Patterson raped her . She accused Patterson of shooting one of the white youths . Price volunteered , `` I have not had intercourse with any other white man but my husband . I want you to know that . '' Dr. Bridges repeated his testimony from the first trial . Other witnesses testified that `` the negroes '' had gotten out of the same gondola car as Price and Bates ; a farmer claimed to have seen white women ( on the train ) with the black youths . Patterson defended his actions , testifying again that he had seen Price and Bates in the gondola car , but had nothing to do with them . On cross-examination he testified that he had seen `` all but three of those negroes ravish that girl '' , but then changed his story . He said that he had not seen `` any white women '' until the train `` got to Paint Rock . '' The younger Wright brother testified that Patterson was not involved with the girls , but that nine black teenagers had sex with the girls . On cross examination , Roy Wright testified that Patterson `` was not involved with the girls , but that , `` The long , tall , black fellow had the pistol . He is not here . '' He claimed also to have been on top of the boxcar , and that Clarence Norris had a knife . Co-defendants Andy Wright , Eugene Williams , and Ozie Powell all testified that they did not see any women on the train . Olen Montgomery testified that he sat alone on the train and did not know of any of the referenced events . The jury quickly convicted Patterson and recommended death by electric chair . Powell , Roberson , Williams , Montgomery and Wright trial ( edit ) This trial began within minutes of the previous case . Ozie Powell Willie Roberson Eugene Williams Olen Montgomery Andy Wright Price repeated her testimony , adding that the black teenagers split into two groups of six to rape her and Ruby Bates . Price accused Eugene Williams of holding the knife to her throat , and said that all of the other teenagers had knives . Under cross examination she gave more detail , adding that someone held a knife to the white teenager , Gilley , during the rapes . This trial was interrupted and the jury sent out when the Patterson jury reported ; they found him guilty . There was no uproar at the announcement . Ruby Bates took the stand , identifying all five defendants as among the 12 entering the gondola car , putting off the whites , and `` ravishing '' her and Price . Dr. Bridges was the next prosecution witness , repeating his earlier testimony . On cross examination , Bridges testified detecting no movement in the spermatozoa found in either woman , suggesting intercourse had taken place some time before . He also testified that defendant Willie Roberson was `` diseased with syphilis and gonorrhea , a bad case of it . '' He admitted under questioning that Price told him that she had had sex with her husband and that Bates had earlier had intercourse as well , before the alleged rape events . The defense called the only witnesses they had had time to find -- the defendants . No new evidence was revealed . The next prosecution witnesses testified that Roberson had run over train cars leaping from one to another , and that he was in much better shape than he claimed . Sim Gilley testified that he saw `` every one of those five in the gondola , '' but did not confirm that he had seen the women raped . The defense again waived closing argument , and surprisingly the prosecution then proceeded to make more argument . The defense objected vigorously , but the Court allowed it . Judge Hawkins then instructed the jury , stating that any defendant aiding in the crime was as guilty as any of the defendants who had committed it . The jury began deliberating at four in the afternoon . Roy Wright trial ( edit ) The prosecution agreed that 13 - year - old Roy Wright was too young for the death penalty ; it did not seek it . The prosecution presented only testimony from Price and Bates . His case went to the jury at nine that evening . His jury and that from the trial of five men were deliberating at the same time . Roy Wright At nine on Thursday morning , April 9 , 1931 , the five defendants in Wednesday 's trial were all found guilty . Roy Wright 's jury could not agree on sentencing , and was declared a hung jury that afternoon . All the jurors agreed on his guilt , but seven insisted on the death sentence while five held out for life imprisonment ( in cases like this , that was often an indication that the jurors believed the suspect was innocent but they were unwilling to go against community norms of conviction ) . Judge Hawkins declared a mistrial . Death sentences ( edit ) The eight convicted defendants were assembled on April 9 , 1931 , and sentenced to death by electric chair . The Associated Press reported that the defendants were `` calm '' and `` stoic '' as Judge Hawkins handed down the death sentences one after another . Judge Hawkins set the executions for July 10 , 1931 , the earliest date Alabama law allowed . While appeals were filed , the Alabama Supreme Court issued indefinite stays of executions 72 hours before the defendants were scheduled to die . The men 's cells were next to the execution chamber , and they heard the July 10 , 1931 execution of William Hokes , a black man from St. Clair County convicted of murder . They later recalled that he `` died hard . '' Help from Communist Party and NAACP ( edit ) After a demonstration in Harlem , the Communist Party USA took an interest in the Scottsboro case . Chattanooga Party member James Allen edited the Communist Southern Worker , and publicized `` the plight of the boys '' . The Party used its legal arm , the International Labor Defense ( ILD ) , to take up their cases , and persuaded the defendants ' parents to let the party champion their cause . The ILD retained attorneys George W. Chamlee , who filed the first motions , and Joseph Brodsky . The NAACP also offered to handle the case , offering the services of famed criminal defense attorney Clarence Darrow . However , the Scottsboro defendants decided to let the ILD handle their appeal . Chamlee moved for new trials for all defendants . Private investigations took place , revealing that Price and Bates had been prostitutes in Tennessee , who regularly serviced both black and white clientele . Chamlee offered judge Hawkins affidavits to that effect , but the judge forbade him to read them out loud . The defense argued that this evidence proved that the two women had likely lied at trial . Chamlee pointed to the uproar in Scottsboro that occurred when the verdicts were reported as further evidence that the change of venue should have been granted . Appeal to Alabama Supreme Court ( edit ) Following Judge Hawkins ' denial of the motions for new trial , attorney George W. Chamlee filed an appeal and was granted a stay of execution . Chamlee was joined by Communist Party attorney Joseph Brodsky and ILD attorney Irving Schwab . The defense team argued that their clients had not had adequate representation , had insufficient time for counsel to prepare their cases , had their juries intimidated by the crowd , and finally , that it was unconstitutional for blacks to have been excluded from the jury . In the question of procedural errors , the state Supreme Court found none . Williams ' ruling ( edit ) On March 24 , 1932 , the Alabama Supreme Court ruled against seven of the eight remaining Scottsboro Boys , confirming the convictions and death sentences of all but the 13 - year - old Eugene Williams . It upheld seven of eight rulings from the lower court . The Alabama Supreme Court granted 13 - year - old Eugene Williams a new trial because he was a juvenile , which saved him from the immediate threat of the electric chair . Weems and Norris ruling ( edit ) The Court upheld the lower court 's change of venue decision , upheld the testimony of Ruby Bates , and reviewed the testimony of the various witnesses . As to the `` newly discovered evidence '' , the Court ruled : `` There is no contention on the part of the defendants , that they had sexual intercourse with the alleged victim ... with her consent ... so the defendants would not be granted a new trial . '' As to representation , the Court found `` that the defendants were represented by counsel who thoroughly cross examined the state 's witnesses , and presented such evidence as was available . '' Again , the Court affirmed these convictions as well . The Alabama Supreme Court affirmed seven of the eight convictions and rescheduled the executions . Dissent ( edit ) Chief Justice John C. Anderson dissented , agreeing with the defense in many of its motions . Anderson stated that the defendants had not been accorded a fair trial and strongly dissented to the decision to affirm their sentences . He wrote , `` While the constitution guarantees to the accused a speedy trial , it is of greater importance that it should be by a fair and impartial jury , ex vi termini ( '' by definition `` ) , a jury free from bias or prejudice , and , above all , from coercion and intimidation . '' He pointed out that the National Guard had shuttled the defendants back and forth each day from jail , and that this fact alone was enough to have a coercive effect on the jury . Anderson criticized how the defendants were represented . He noted that Roddy `` declined to appear as appointed counsel and did so only as amicus curiae . '' He continued , `` These defendants were confined in jail in another county ... and local counsel had little opportunity to ... prepare their defense . '' Moreover , they `` would have been represented by able counsel had a better opportunity been given . '' Justice Anderson also pointed out the failure of the defense to make closing arguments as an example of underzealous defense representation . About the courtroom outburst , Justice Anderson noted that `` there was great applause ... and this was bound to have influence . '' Anderson noted that , as the punishment for rape ranged between ten years and death , some of the teenagers should have been found `` less culpable than others '' , and therefore should have received lighter sentences . Anderson concluded , `` No matter how revolting the accusation , how clear the proof , or how degraded or even brutal , the offender , the Constitution , the law , the very genius of Anglo - American liberty demand a fair and impartial trial . '' Appeal to United States Supreme Court ( edit ) Main article : Powell v. Alabama The case went to the United States Supreme Court on October 10 , 1932 , amidst tight security . The ILD retained Walter Pollak to handle the appeal . Alabama Attorney General Thomas Knight , Jr. represented the State . Pollak argued that the defendants had been denied due process first due to the mob atmosphere , and second , because of the strange attorney appointment and their poor performance at trial . Last , he argued that African Americans were systematically excluded from jury duty contrary to the Fourteenth Amendment . Knight countered that there had been no mob atmosphere at the trial , and pointed to the finding by the Alabama Supreme Court that the trial had been fair and representation `` able . '' He told the Court that he had `` no apologies '' to make . In a landmark decision , the United States Supreme Court reversed the convictions on the ground that the due process clause of the United States Constitution guarantees the effective assistance of counsel at a criminal trial . In an opinion written by Associate Justice George Sutherland , the Court found the defendants had been denied effective counsel . Chief Justice Anderson 's previous dissent was quoted repeatedly in this decision . The Court did not fault Moody and Roddy for lack of an effective defense , noting that both had told Judge Hawkins that they had not had time to prepare their cases . They said the problem was with the way Judge Hawkins `` immediately hurried to trial . '' This conclusion did not find the Scottsboro defendants innocent , but ruled that the procedures violated their rights to due process under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments . The Supreme Court sent the case back to Judge Hawkins for a retrial . Decatur trials ( edit ) When the case , by now a cause celebre , came back to Judge Hawkins , he granted the request for a change of venue . The defense had urged for a move to the city of Birmingham , Alabama , but the case was transferred to the small , rural community of Decatur . This was near homes of the alleged victims and in Ku Klux Klan territory . The American Communist Party maintained control over defense of the case , retaining the New York criminal defense attorney Samuel Leibowitz . He had never lost a murder trial and was a registered Democrat , with no connection to the Communist Party . They kept Joseph Brodsky as the second chair for the trial . The case was assigned to District Judge James Edwin Horton and tried in Morgan County . His appointment to the case drew local praise . The judge carried a loaded pistol in his car throughout the time he presided over these cases . The two years that had passed since the first trials had not dampened community hostility for the Scottsboro Boys . But others believed they were victims of Jim Crow justice , and the case was covered by numerous national newspapers . At the trial , some 100 reporters were seated at the press tables . Hundreds more gathered on the courthouse lawn . National Guard members in plain clothes mingled in the crowd , looking for any sign of trouble . The Sheriff 's department brought the defendants to Court in a patrol wagon guarded by two carloads of deputies armed with automatic shotguns . In the courtroom , the Scottsboro Boys sat in a row wearing blue prison denims and guarded by National Guardsmen , except for Roy Wright , who had not been convicted . Wright wore street clothes . The Birmingham News described him as `` dressed up like a Georgia gigolo . '' Leibowitz asserted his trust in the `` God fearing people of Decatur and Morgan County '' ; he made a pretrial motion to quash the indictment on the ground that blacks had been systematically excluded from the grand jury . Although the motion was denied , this got the issue in the record for future appeals . To this motion , Attorney General Thomas Knight responded , `` The State will concede nothing . Put on your case . '' Leibowitz called the editor of the Scottsboro weekly newspaper , who testified that he 'd never heard of a black juror in Decatur because `` they all steal . '' He called local jury commissioners to explain the absence of African - Americans from Jackson County juries . When Leibowitz accused them of excluding black men from juries , they did not seem to understand his accusation . It was as if the exclusion was so ordinary as to be unconscious . ( Note : Since most blacks could not vote after having been disenfranchised by the Alabama constitution , the local jury commissioners probably never thought about them as potential jurors , who were limited to voters . ) Leibowitz called local black professionals as witnesses to show they were qualified for jury service . Leibowitz called John Sanford , an African - American of Scottsboro , who was educated , well - spoken , and respected . The defense attorney showed that `` Mr. Sanford '' was evidently qualified in all manner except by virtue of his race to be a candidate for participation in a jury . During the following cross examination , Knight addressed the witness by his first name , `` John . '' The first two times that he did so , Leibowitz asked the court to have him alter his behavior . He did not , and this insult eventually caused Leibowitz to leap to his feet saying , `` Now listen , Mr. Attorney - General , I 've warned you twice about your treatment of my witness . For the last time now , stand back , take your finger out of his eye , and call him mister '' , causing gasps from the public seated in the gallery . The judge abruptly interrupted Leibowitz . While the pretrial motion to quash the indictment was denied , Leibowitz had positioned the case for appeal . The issue of composition of the jury was addressed in a second landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court , which ruled that race could not be used to exclude anyone from candidacy for participation on a jury anywhere in the United States . This astonished ( and infuriated ) many residents of Alabama and many other Southern states . Patterson trial ( edit ) See also : Patterson v. Alabama Judge Horton called the first case against Haywood Patterson and began jury selection . Leibowitz objected that African - American jurors had been excluded from the jury pool . He called the jury commissioner to the stand , asking if there were any blacks on the juror rolls , and when told yes , suggested his answer was not honest . The locals resented his questioning of the official and `` chewed their tobacco meditatively . '' The National Guard posted five men with fixed bayonets in front of Leibowitz 's residence that night . The jury was selected by the end of the day on Friday and sequestered in the Lyons Hotel . Attorney General Thomas Knight , Jr A large crowd gathered outside the court house for the start of the Patterson trial on Monday , April 2 . Without the `` vivid detail '' she had used in the Scottsboro trials , Victoria Price told her account in 16 minutes . The defense had what she had said before under oath on paper , and could confront her with any inconsistencies . The only drama came when Knight pulled a torn pair of step - ins from his brief case and tossed them into the lap of a juror to support the claim of rape . Leibowitz used a 32 - foot model train set up on a table in front of the witness stand to illustrate where each of the parties was during the alleged events , and other points of his defense . When asked if the model in front of her was like the train where she claimed she was raped , Price cracked , `` It was bigger . Lots bigger . That is a toy . '' Leibowitz later conceded that Price was `` one of the toughest witnesses he ever cross examined . '' Her answers were evasive and derisive . She often replied , `` I ca n't remember '' or `` I wo n't say . '' Once when Leibowitz confronted her with a contradiction in her testimony , she exclaimed , sticking a finger in the direction of defendant Patterson , `` One thing I will never forget is that one sitting right there raped me . '' The attorney tried to question her about a conviction for fornication and adultery in Huntsville , but the court sustained a prosecution objection . Price insisted that she had spent the evening before the alleged rape at the home of a Mrs. Callie Brochie in Chattanooga . Leibowitz asked her whether she had spent the evening in a `` hobo jungle '' in Huntsville , Alabama , with a Lester Carter and Jack Tiller , but she denied it . Leibowitz said that Callie Brochie was a fictional character in a Saturday Evening Post short story and suggested that Price 's stay with her had been equally fictional . Victoria Price responded on cross-examination at the trial : `` You 're a pretty good actor yourself , Mr. Leibowitz '' As the historian James Goodman wrote : Price was not the first hardened witness ( Leibowitz ) had faced , and certainly not the most depraved . Nor was she the first witness who tried to stare him down and , failing that , who seemed as if she were about to leap out of her seat and strike him . She was not the first witness to be evasive , sarcastic and crude . She was , however , the first witness to use her bad memory , truculence , and total lack of refinement , and at times , even ignorance , to great advantage . Many of the whites in the court room likely resented Leibowitz as a Jew from New York hired by the Communists , and for his treatment of a southern white woman , even a low - class one , as a hostile witness . Some wondered if there was any way he could leave Decatur alive . The National Guard Captain Joe Burelson promised Judge Horton that he would protect Leibowitz and the defendants `` as long as we have a piece of ammunition or a man alive . '' Once Captain Burelson learned that a group was on their way to `` take care of Leibowitz '' , he raised the drawbridge across the Tennessee River , keeping them out of Decatur . Judge Horton learned that the prisoners were in danger from locals . Once he sent out the jury and warned the courtroom , `` I want it to be known that these prisoners are under the protection of this court . This court intends to protect these prisoners and any other persons engaged in this trial . '' Threats of violence came from the North as well . One letter from Chicago read , `` When those Boys are dead , within six months your state will lose 500 lives . '' Dr. R.R. Bridges testifying in Decatur Leibowitz systematically dismantled each prosecution witness ' story under cross-examination . He got Dr. Bridges to admit on cross-examination that `` the best you can say about the whole case is that both of these women showed they had sexual intercourse . '' Paint Rock ticket agent W.H. Hill testified to seeing the women and the black youths in the same car , but on cross-examination admitted to not seeing the women at all until they got off the train . Posse member Tom Rousseau claimed to have seen the women and youths get off the same car but under cross-examination admitted finding the defendants scattered in various cars at the front of the train . Lee Adams testified that he had seen the fight , but later saying that he was a quarter mile from the tracks . Ory Dobbins repeated that he 'd seen the women try to jump off the train , but Leibowitz showed photos of the positions of the parties that proved Dobbins could not have seen everything he claimed . Dobbins insisted he had seen the girls wearing women 's clothing , but other witnesses had testified they were in overalls . The prosecution withdrew the testimony of Dr. Marvin Lynch , the other examining doctor , as `` repetitive . '' Many years later , Judge Horton said that Dr. Lynch confided that the women had not been raped and had laughed when he examined them . He said that if he testified for the defense , his practice in Jackson County would be over . Thinking Patterson would be acquitted , Judge Horton did not force Dr. Lynch to testify , but the judge had become convinced the defendants were innocent . Defense ( edit ) Leibowitz began his defense by calling Chattanooga resident Dallas Ramsey , who testified that his home was next to the hobo jungle mentioned earlier . He said that he had seen both Price and Bates get on a train there with a white man on the morning of the alleged rape . Train fireman Percy Ricks testified that he saw the two women slipping along the side of the train right after it stopped in Paint Rock , as if they were trying to escape the posse . Leibowitz put on the testimony of Chattanooga gynecologist , Dr. Edward A. Reisman , who testified that after a woman had been raped by six men , it was impossible that she would have only a trace of semen , as was found in this case . Leibowitz next called Lester Carter , a white man who testified that he had had intercourse with Bates . Jack Tiller , another white , said he had had sex with Price , two days before the alleged rapes . He testified that he had been on the train on the morning of the arrests . He had heard Price ask Orville Gilley , a white youth , to confirm that she had been raped . However , Gilley had told her to `` go to hell . '' Morgan County Solicitor Wade Wright cross-examined Carter . Wright tried to get Carter to admit that the Communist Party had bought his testimony , which Carter denied . But he said that the defense attorney Joseph Brodsky had paid his rent and bought him a new suit for the trial . Five of the original nine Scottsboro defendants testified that they had not seen Price or Bates until after the train stopped in Paint Rock . Willie Roberson testified that he was suffering from syphilis , with sores that prevented him from walking , and that he was in a car at the back of the train . Olen Montgomery testified that he had been alone on a tank car the entire trip , and had not known about the fight or alleged rapes . Ozie Powell said that while he was not a participant , he had seen the fight with the white teenagers from his vantage point between a box car and a gondola car , where he had been hanging on . He said he saw the white teenagers jump off the train . Roberson , Montgomery , and Powell all denied they had known each other or the other defendants before that day . Andy Wright , Eugene Williams , and Haywood Patterson testified that they had previously known each other , but had not seen the women until the train stopped in Paint Rock . Knight questioned them extensively about instances in which their testimony supposedly differed from their testimony at their trial in Scottsboro . They did not contradict themselves in any meaningful way . Haywood Patterson testified on his own behalf that he had not seen the women before stopping in Paint Rock ; he withstood a cross examination from Knight who `` shouted , shook his finger at , and ran back and forth in front of the defendant . '' At one point , Knight demanded , `` You were tried at Scottsboro ? '' Patterson snapped , `` I was framed at Scottsboro . '' Knight thundered , `` Who told you to say that ? '' Patterson replied , `` I told myself to say it . '' Just after the defense rested `` with reservations '' , someone handed Leibowitz a note . The attorneys approached the bench for a hushed conversation , which was followed by a short recess . Leibowitz called one final witness . Thus far in the trial , Ruby Bates had been notably absent . She had disappeared from her home in Huntsville weeks before the new trial , and every sheriff in Alabama had been ordered to search for her , to no avail . Now , two guardsmen with bayonets opened the courtroom doors , and Bates entered , `` in stylish clothes , eyes downcast . '' Her dramatic and unexpected entrance drew stares from the residents of the courtroom . Victoria Price , brought out for Bates to identify , glared at her . Attorney General Knight warned Price to `` keep your temper . '' Bates proceeded to testify , and explained that no rape had occurred . She said none of the defendants had touched her or even spoken to her . When asked if she had been raped on March 25 , 1931 , Bates said , `` No sir . '' When asked why she had initially said she had been raped , Bates replied , `` I told it just like Victoria did because she said we might have to stay in jail if we did not frame up a story after crossing a state line with men . '' Bates explained that Price had said `` she did n't care if all the Negroes in Alabama were put in jail . '' This recantation seemed to be a severe blow to the prosecution . Bates admitted having intercourse with Lester Carter in the Huntsville railway yards two days before making accusations . Finally , she testified she had been in New York City and had decided to return to Alabama to tell the truth , at the urging of Rev. Harry Emerson Fosdick of that city . Rev. Harry Emerson Fosdick Ruby Bates testifying . With his eye tuned to the southern jury , Knight cross-examined her . He noted her stylish dress and demanded where she had gotten her fine clothes . When she responded that the Communist Party had paid for her clothes , any credibility she had with the jury was destroyed . Judge Horton warned spectators to stop laughing at her testimony or he would eject them . Closing arguments ( edit ) By the time Leibowitz closed , the prosecution had employed anti-semitic remarks to discredit him . Wade Wright added to this , referring to Ruby 's boyfriend Lester Carter as `` Mr. Caterinsky '' and called him `` the prettiest Jew '' he ever saw . He said , `` Do n't you know these defense witnesses are bought and paid for ? May the Lord have mercy on the soul of Ruby Bates . Now the question in this case is this -- Is justice in the case going to be bought and sold in Alabama with Jew money from New York ? '' Leibowitz objected and moved for a new trial . Judge Horton refused to grant a new trial , telling the jury to `` put ( the remarks ) out of your minds . '' One author describes Wright 's closing argument as `` the now - famous Jew - baiting summary to the jury . '' He goes on to say that , `` Until Wright spoke , many of the newspapermen felt that there was an outside chance for acquittal , at least a hung jury . But ... From then on the defense was helpless . '' In his closing , Leibowitz called Wright 's argument an appeal to regional bigotry , claiming talk about Communists was just to `` befuddle '' the jury . He described himself as a patriot , a `` Roosevelt Democrat '' , who had served the `` Stars and Stripes '' in World War I , `` when there was no talk of Jew or Gentile , white or black . '' As to Wright 's reference to `` Jew money '' , Leibowitz said that he was defending the Scottsboro Boys for nothing and was personally paying the expenses of his wife , who had accompanied him . `` I 'm interested '' , Leibowitz argued , `` solely in seeing that that poor , moronic colored boy over there and his co-defendants in the other cases get a square shake of the dice , because I believe , before God , they are the victims of a dastardly frame up . '' He called Price 's testimony `` a foul , contemptible , outrageous lie . '' He ended with the Lord 's Prayer and a challenge to either acquit or render the death sentence -- nothing in between . Attorney General Knight delivered his rebuttal , roaring that if the jury found Haywood not guilty , they ought to `` put a garland of roses around his neck , give him a supper , and send him to New York City . '' Considering the evidence , he continued , `` there can be but one verdict -- death in the electric chair for raping Victoria Price . '' Verdict ( edit ) The jury began deliberating Saturday afternoon and announced it had a verdict at ten the next morning , while many residents of Decatur were in church . The jury foreman , Eugene Bailey , handed the handwritten verdict to Judge Horton . The jury found the defendant guilty of rape , and sentenced Patterson to death in the electric chair . Bailey had held out for eleven hours for life in prison , but in the end agreed to the death sentence . According to one account , juror Irwin Craig held out against imposition of the death penalty , because he thought that Patterson was innocent . Irwin Craig ( edit ) Irwin `` Red '' Craig ( died 1970 ) ( nicknamed from the color of his hair ) was the sole juror to refuse to impose the death penalty in the retrial of Haywood Patterson , one of the Scottsboro Boys , in what was then the small town of Decatur , Alabama . His son , Sonny , later recalled him as saying : `` Those young men were innocent ; everybody knew that but they were going to be punished for what they did n't do . '' The Ku Klux Klan staked a burning cross in his family yard . He was called in to see the judge presiding over that retrial , James Horton , who exhorted him to change his vote to guilty . `` If you do n't , they will kill you , Red '' , said the judge . Craig protested : `` I ca n't change my vote , judge . '' Horton replied : `` Do n't worry about that , I 'll take care of it . '' Horton grants Patterson a New trial ( edit ) The defense moved for a retrial and , believing the defendants innocent , Judge James Edwin Horton agreed to set aside the guilty verdict for Patterson . Horton ruled the rest of defendants could not get a fair trial at that time and indefinitely postponed the rest of the trials , knowing it would cost him his job when he ran for re-election . Judge Horton heard arguments on the motion for new trial in the Limestone County Court House in Athens , Alabama , where he read his decision to the astonished defense and a furious Knight : These women are shown ... to have falsely accused two Negroes ... This tendency on the part of the women shows that they are predisposed to make false accusations ... The Court will not pursue the evidence any further . Horton ordered a new trial -- which would turn out to be the third for Patterson . When Judge Horton announced his decision , Knight stated that he would retry Patterson . He said that he had found Orville `` Carolina Slim '' Gilley , the white teenager in the gondola car , and that Gilley would corroborate Price 's story in full . At Knight 's request , the court replaced Judge Horton with Judge William Washington Callahan , described as a racist . He later instructed the jury in the next round of trials that no white woman would voluntarily have sex with a black man . New trials under Callahan ( edit ) During the Decatur retrial , held from November 1933 to July 1937 , Judge Callahan wanted to take the case off `` the front pages of America 's newspapers . '' He banned photographers from the courthouse grounds and typewriters from his court room . `` There ai n't going to be no more picture snappin ' round here '' , he ordered . He also imposed a strict three - day time limit on each trial , running them into the evening . He removed protection from the defense , convincing Governor Benjamin Meek Miller to keep the National Guard away . The defense moved for another change of venue , submitting affidavits in which hundreds of residents stated their intense dislike for the defendants , to show there was `` overwhelming prejudice '' against them . The prosecution countered with testimony that some of the quotes in the affidavits were untrue , and that six of the people quoted were dead . The defense countered that they had received numerous death threats , and the judge replied that he and the prosecution had received more from the Communists . The motion was denied . Leibowitz led Commissioner Moody and Jackson County Circuit Clerk C.A. Wann through every page of the Jackson County jury roll to show that it contained no names of African - Americans . When , after several hours of reading names , Commissioner Moody finally claimed several names to be of African - Americans , Leibowitz got handwriting samples from all present . One man admitted that the handwriting appeared to be his . Leibowitz called in a handwriting expert , who testified that names identified as African - American had been added later to the list , and signed by former Jury Commissioner Morgan . Judge Callahan did not rule that excluding people by race was constitutional , only that the defense had not proven that African - Americans had been deliberately excluded . By letting Leibowitz go on record on this issue , Judge Callahan provided grounds for the case to be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court for a second time . It was the basis for the court 's finding in Norris v. Alabama ( 1935 ) , that an exclusion of African - American grand jurors had occurred , violating the due process clause of the Constitution . Haywood Patterson 's Decatur retrial began on November 27 , 1933 . Thirty - six potential jurors admitted having a `` fixed opinion '' in the case , which caused Leibowitz to move for a change of venue . Callahan denied the motion . Callahan excluded defense evidence that Horton had admitted , at one point exclaiming to Leibowitz , `` Judge Horton ca n't help you ( now ) . '' He routinely sustained prosecution objections but overruled defense objections . Price testified again that a dozen armed negro men entered the gondola car . She said Patterson had fired a shot and ordered all whites but Gilley off the train . She said the negros had ripped her clothes off and repeatedly raped her at knife point , and pointed out Patterson as one of the rapists . She said they raped her and Bates , afterward saying they would take them north or throw them in the river . She testified that she had fallen while getting out of the gondola car , passed out and came to seated in a store at Paint Rock . Leibowitz questioned her until Judge Callahan stopped court for the day at 6 : 30 . When he resumed the next morning , he pointed out many contradictions among her various versions of the rape . Judge Callahan repeatedly interrupted Leibowitz 's cross-examination of Price , calling defense questions `` arguing with the witness '' , `` immaterial , `` useless '' , `` a waste of time '' and even `` illegal . '' The many contradictions notwithstanding , Price steadfastly stuck to her testimony that Patterson had raped her . Orville Gilley 's testimony at Patterson 's Decatur retrial was a mild sensation . He denied being a `` bought witness '' , repeating his testimony about armed blacks ordering the white teenagers off the train . He confirmed Price 's rape account , adding that he stopped the rape by convincing the `` negro '' with the gun to make the rapists stop `` before they killed that woman . '' Leibowitz cross-examined him at length about contradictions between his account and Price 's testimony , but he remained `` unruffled . '' Gilley testified to meeting Lester Carter and the women the evening before the alleged rapes , and getting them coffee and sandwiches . Callahan interrupted before Leibowitz could find out if Gilley went `` somewhere with ( the women ) '' that night . The prosecution called several white farmers who testified that they had seen the fight on the train and saw the girls `` a-fixin ' to get out '' , but they saw the defendants drag them back . Lester Carter took the stand for the defense . He had testified in the first Decatur trial that Price and Bates had had sex with him and Gilley in the hobo jungle in Chattanooga prior to the alleged rapes , which could account for the semen found in the women . But Judge Callahan would not let him repeat that testimony at the trial , stating that any such testimony was `` immaterial . '' Ruby Bates was apparently too sick to travel . She had had surgery in New York , and at one point Leibowitz requested that her deposition be taken as a dying declaration . While she was not dying , committed to his three - day time limit for the trial , Judge Callahan denied the request to arrange to take her deposition . Although the defense needed her testimony , by the time a deposition arrived , the case had gone to the jury and they did not hear it at all . Haywood Patterson took the stand , admitting he had `` cussed '' at the white teenagers , but only because they cussed at him first . He denied seeing the white women before Paint Rock . On cross-examination Knight confronted him with previous testimony from his Scottsboro trial that he had not touched the women , but that he had seen the other five defendants rape them . Leibowitz objected , stating that the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled previous testimony illegal . Judge Callahan allowed it , although he would not allow testimony by Patterson stating that he had not seen the women before Paint Rock . Patterson explained contradictions in his testimony : `` We was scared and I do n't know what I said . They told us if we did n't confess they 'd kill us -- give us to the mob outside . '' Patterson claimed the threats had been made by guards and militiamen while the defendants were in the Jackson County jail . He said threats were made even in the presence of the judge . Patterson pointed at H.G. Bailey , prosecutor in his Scottsboro trial , stating , `` And Mr. Bailey over there -- he said send all the niggers to the electric chair . There 's too many niggers in the world anyway . '' Closing arguments were made November 29 through November 30 , without stopping for Thanksgiving . Callahan limited each side to two hours of argument . Knight declared in his closing that the prosecution was not avenging what the defendants had done to Price . `` What has been done to her can not be undone . What you can do now is to make sure that it does n't happen to some other woman . '' Leibowitz objected that the argument was `` an appeal to passion and prejudice '' and moved for a mistrial . Knight agreed that it was an appeal to passion , and Callahan overruled the motion . Knight continued , `` We all have a passion , all men in this court room to protect the womanhood in Alabama . '' For his summation , solicitor Wade Wright reviewed the testimony and warned the jury , `` that this crime could have happened to any woman , even though she was riding in a parlor car , instead of box car . '' Solicitor H.G. Bailey reminded the jury that the law presumed Patterson innocent , even if what Gilley and Price had described was `` as sordid as ever a human tongue has uttered . '' Finally he defended the women , `` Instead of painting their faces ... they were brave enough to go to Chattanooga and look for honest work . '' Bailey attacked the defense case . They say this is a frame - up ! They have been yelling frame - up ever since this case started ! Who framed them ? Did Ory Dobbins frame them ? Did brother Hill frame them ? We did a lot of awful things over there is Scottsboro , did n't we ? My , my , my . And now they come over here and try to convince you that that sort of thing happened in your neighboring county . Judge Callahan charged the jury that Price and Bates could have been raped without force , just by withholding their consent . He instructed them , `` Where the woman charged to have been raped is white , there is a strong presumption under the law that she will not and did not yield voluntarily to intercourse with the defendant , a Negro . '' He instructed the jury that if Patterson was so much as present for the `` purpose of aiding , encouraging , assisting or abetting '' the rapes `` in any way '' , he was as guilty as the person who committed the rapes . He told them that they did not need to find corroboration of Price 's testimony . If they believed her , that was enough to convict . Judge Callahan said he was giving them two forms -- one for conviction and one for acquittal , but he supplied the jury with only a form to convict . He supplied them with an acquittal form only after the prosecution , fearing reversible error , urged him do so . As Time described it , `` Twenty - six hours later came a resounding thump on the brown wooden jury room door . The bailiff let the jurors out ( from the Patterson trial ) . The foreman unfisted a moist crumpled note , handed it to the clerk . A thin smile faded from Patterson 's lips as the clerk read his third death sentence . '' In May 1934 , despite having run unopposed in the previous election for the position , James Horton was soundly defeated when he ran for re-election as a circuit judge . The vote against him was especially heavy in Morgan County . In the same election , Thomas Knight was elected Lieutenant Governor of Alabama . Norris ' retrial ( edit ) Judge Callahan started jury selection for the trial of defendant Norris on November 30 , 1933 , Thanksgiving afternoon . At this trial , Victoria Price testified that two of her alleged assailants had pistols , that they threw off the white teenagers , that she tried to jump off but was grabbed , thrown onto the gravel in the gondola , one of them held her legs , and one held a knife on her , and one raped both her and Ruby Bates . She claimed Norris raped her , along with five others . Callahan would not allow Leibowitz to ask Price about any `` crime of moral turpitude . '' Nor would he allow Leibowitz to ask why she went to Chattanooga , where she had spent the night there , or about Carter or Gilley . Neither would he allow questions as to whether she 'd had sexual intercourse with Carter or Gilley . During more cross-examination , Price looked at Knight so often Leibowitz accused her of looking for signals . Judge Callahan cautioned Leibowitz he would not permit `` such tactics '' in his courtroom . Dr. Bridges was a state witness , and Leibowitz cross-examined him at length , trying to get him to agree that a rape would have produced more injuries than he found . Callahan sustained a prosecution objection , ruling `` the question is not based on the evidence . '' Ruby Bates had given a deposition from her hospital bed in New York , which arrived in time to be read to the jury in the Norris trial . Judge Callahan sustained prosecution objections to large portions of it , most significantly the part where she said that she and Price both had sex voluntarily in Chattanooga the night before the alleged rapes . Leibowitz read the rest of Bates ' deposition , including her version of what happened on the train . She said that there were white teenagers riding in the gondola car with them , that some black teenagers came into the car , that a fight broke out , that most of the white teenagers got off the train , and that the blacks `` disappeared '' until the posse stopped the train at Paint Rock . She testified that she , Price and Gilley were arrested , and that Price made the rape accusation , instructing her to go along with the story to stay out of jail . She reiterated that neither she nor Price had been raped . Leibowitz chose to keep Norris off the stand . Closing arguments were on December 4 , 1933 . In his closing argument , Leibowitz called the prosecution 's case `` a contemptible frame - up by two bums . '' He attempted to overcome local prejudice , saying `` if you have a reasonable doubt , hold out . Stand your ground , show you are a man , a red - blooded he - man . '' The prosecution 's closing argument was shorter and less `` barbed '' than it had been in the Patterson case . It was addressed more to the evidence and less to the regional prejudice of the jury . Leibowitz made many objections to Judge Callahan 's charge to the jury . The New York Times described Leibowitz as `` pressing the judge almost as though he were a hostile witness . '' New York City Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia had dispatched two burly New York City police officers to protect Leibowitz . During the long jury deliberations , Judge Callahan also assigned two Morgan County deputies to guard him . The jury began deliberation on December 5 . After 14 hours of deliberation , the jury filed into the court room ; they returned a guilty verdict and sentenced Norris to death . Norris took the news stoically . Leibowitz 's prompt appeal stayed the execution date , so Patterson and Norris were both returned to death row in Kilby Prison . The other defendants waited in the Jefferson County jail in Birmingham for the outcome of the appeals . Leibowitz was escorted to the train station under heavy guard , and he boarded a train back to New York . United States Supreme Court reverses Decatur convictions ( edit ) See also : Patterson v. Alabama Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes The case went to the United States Supreme Court for a second time as Norris v. Alabama . The court reversed the convictions for a second time on the basis that blacks had been excluded from the jury pool because of their race . Attorneys Samuel Leibowitz , Walter H. Pollak and Osmond Frankel argued the case from February 15 to 18 , 1935 . Leibowitz showed the justices that the names of African Americans had been added to the jury rolls . The Justices examined the items closely with a magnifying glass . Thomas Knight maintained that the jury process was color blind . Alabama Governor Bibb Graves Because the case of Haywood Patterson had been dismissed due to the technical failure to appeal it on time , it presented different issues . Attorneys Osmond Frankel and Walter Pollak argued those . On April 1 , 1935 , the United States Supreme Court sent the cases back a second time for retrials in Alabama . Writing for the Court , Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes observed the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution clearly forbade the states from excluding citizens from juries due solely to their race . He noted that the Court had inspected the jury rolls , chastising Judge Callahan and the Alabama Supreme Court for accepting assertions that black citizens had not been excluded . According to the U.S. Supreme Court , `` something more '' was needed . The Court concluded , `` the motion to quash ... should have been granted . '' The Court ruled that it would be a great injustice to execute Patterson when Norris would receive a new trial , reasoning that Alabama should have opportunity to reexamine Patterson 's case as well . Alabama Governor Bibb Graves instructed every solicitor and judge in the state , `` Whether we like the decisions or not ... We must put Negroes in jury boxes . Alabama is going to observe the supreme law of America . '' Final round of trials ( edit ) After the case was remanded , on May 1 , 1935 , Victoria Price swore new rape complaints against the defendants as the sole complaining witness . An African American , Creed Conyer , was selected as the first black person since Reconstruction to sit on an Alabama grand jury . Indictment could be made with a two - thirds vote , and the grand jury voted to indict the defendants . Thomas Knight , Jr. by now ( May 1935 ) Lieutenant Governor , was appointed special prosecutor to the cases . Leibowitz recognized that he was viewed by Southerners as an outsider , and allowed the local attorney Charles Watts to be the lead attorney ; he assisted from the sidelines . Judge Callahan arraigned all the defendants except the two juveniles in Decatur ; they all pleaded not guilty . Watts moved to have the case sent to the Federal Court as a civil rights case , which Callahan promptly denied . He set the retrials for January 20 , 1936 . Final decisions ( edit ) Ozie Powell in hospital By January 23 , 1936 Haywood Patterson was convicted of rape and sentenced to 75 years -- the first time in Alabama that a black man had not been sentenced to death in the rape of a white woman . Patterson escaped from prison in 1948 ; he published The Scottsboro Boy in 1950 . That year he was caught by the FBI in Michigan . The governor of the state refused to extradite Patterson to Alabama . He was later arrested for stabbing a man in a bar fight and convicted of manslaughter . Patterson died of cancer in prison in 1952 , after serving one year of his second sentence . On January 24 , 1936 , Ozie Powell was involved in injuring a deputy . During May 1937 , Thomas Knight died . On July 15 , 1937 , Clarence Norris was convicted of rape and sexual assault and sentenced to death . Governor Bibb Graves of Alabama in 1938 commuted his death sentence to life in prison . He was paroled in 1946 and moved north , where he married and had children . In 1970 he began seeking a pardon , with the help of the NAACP and Alabama 's attorney . In 1976 Governor George Wallace pardoned Norris , declaring him `` not guilty . '' Norris ' autobiography , The Last of the Scottsboro Boys , was published in 1979 . Norris died on January 23 , 1989 , of Alzheimer 's disease . On July 22 , 1937 , Andrew Wright was convicted of rape and sentenced to 99 years . He was paroled , but returned to prison after violating parole . Finally released in 1950 , he was paroled in New York State . On July 24 , 1937 , Charlie Weems was convicted of rape and sentenced to 105 years in prison . He was paroled in 1943 . On July 24 , 1937 , Ozie Powell was brought into court and the new prosecutor , Thomas Lawson , announced that the state was dropping rape charges against Powell and that he was pleading guilty to assaulting a deputy . He was sentenced to 20 years . The state dropped the rape charges as part of this plea bargain . Powell was released from prison in 1946 . On July 24 , 1937 , the state of Alabama dropped all charges against Willie Roberson , Olen Montgomery , Eugene Williams , and Roy Wright . The four had spent over six years in prison on death row , as `` adults '' despite their ages . Thomas Lawson announced that all charges were being dropped against the remaining four defendants : He said that after `` careful consideration '' every prosecutor was `` convinced '' that Roberson and Montgomery were `` not guilty . '' Wright and Williams , regardless of their guilty or innocence , were 12 and 13 at the time and , in view of the jail time they had already served , justice required that they also be released . After Alabama freed Roy Wright , the Scottsboro Defense Committee took him on a national lecture tour . He joined the United States Army . Later he married and joined the Merchant Marine . After Wright came back from a lengthy time at sea in 1959 , he thought his wife had been unfaithful . He shot and killed her before turning the gun on himself and committing suicide . On July 26 , 1937 , Haywood Patterson was sent to Atmore State Prison Farm . The remaining `` Scottsboro Boys '' in custody , that of Norris , A Wright and Weems were at this time in Kilby Prison . Aftermath ( edit ) Governor Graves had planned to pardon the prisoners in 1938 , but was angered by their hostility and refusal to admit their guilt . He refused the pardons but did commute Norris ' death sentence to life in prison . Ruby Bates toured for a short while as an ILD speaker . She said she was `` sorry for all the trouble that I caused them '' , and claimed she did it because she was `` frightened by the ruling class of Scottsboro . '' Later , she worked in a New York state spinning factory until 1938 ; that year she returned to Huntsville . Victoria Price worked in a Huntsville cotton mill until 1938 , then moved to Flintville , Tennessee . Scottsboro : A Tragedy of the American South ( 1969 ) by Dan T. Carter was widely thought to be authoritative , but it wrongly asserted that Price and Bates were dead . An NBC TV movie , Judge Horton and the Scottsboro Boys ( 1976 ) , asserted that the defense had proven that Price and Bates were prostitutes ; both sued NBC over their portrayals . Bates died in 1976 in Washington state , where she lived with her carpenter husband , and her case was not heard . Price 's case was initially dismissed but she appealed . When the US Supreme Court agreed to hear the case in 1977 , Price disregarded the advice of her lawyer and accepted a settlement from NBC . She used the money to buy a house . Price died in 1983 , in Lincoln County , Tennessee . Most residents of Scottsboro have acknowledged the injustice that started in their community . In January 2004 , the town dedicated a historical marker in commemoration of the case at the Jackson County Court House . According to a news story , `` An 87 - year - old black man who attended the ceremony recalled that the mob scene following the Boys ' arrest was frightening and that death threats were leveled against the jailed suspects . Speaking of the decision to install the marker , he said , ' I think it will bring the races closer together , to understand each other better . ' '' Sheila Washington founded the Scottsboro Boys Museum and Cultural Center in 2010 in Scottsboro . It is located in the former Joyce Chapel United Methodist Church , and is devoted to exploring the case and commemorating the search for justice for its victims . 2013 pardon ( edit ) In early May 2013 , the Alabama legislature cleared the path for posthumous pardons . On November 21 , 2013 , the Alabama Board of Pardons and Paroles granted posthumous pardons to Weems , Wright and Patterson , the only Scottsboro Boys who had neither had their convictions overturned nor received a pardon . Governor Robert J. Bentley said to the press that day : While we could not take back what happened to the Scottsboro Boys 80 years ago , we found a way to make it right moving forward . The pardons granted to the Scottsboro Boys today are long overdue . The legislation that led to today 's pardons was the result of a bipartisan , cooperative effort . I appreciate the Pardons and Parole Board for continuing our progress today and officially granting these pardons . Today , the Scottsboro Boys have finally received justice . Fates of the defendants ( edit ) In 1936 , Haywood Patterson was convicted of rape and sentenced to 75 years in prison . He escaped in 1949 and in 1950 was found in Michigan , but the governor refused to extradite him . In 1951 he was convicted of an assault and sentenced to prison , where he died of cancer in 1952 . In 1936 , Ozie Powell was involved in an altercation with a guard and shot in the face , suffering permanent brain damage . In 1937 He pleaded guilty to assault , and the rape charges were dropped . He was paroled in 1946 . 1937 , Charlie Weems was convicted and sentenced to 105 years . He was paroled in 1943 after having been held in prison for a total of 12 years in some of Alabama 's worst institutions . 1937 , Andy Wright was convicted and sentenced to 99 years . He was paroled and returned to prison after violating parole . He was paroled in New York State in 1950 . 1937 , Clarence Norris was convicted of rape and was the only defendant sentenced to death . Governor Bibb Graves of Alabama in 1938 commuted his death sentence to life . Given parole in 1946 , he `` jumped '' and went into hiding . In 1976 he was found in Brooklyn , New York . Governor George Wallace pardoned him that year , declaring him `` not guilty '' . Norris published an autobiography , The Last of the Scottsboro Boys ( 1979 ) . He died of Alzheimer 's disease on January 23 , 1989 . In 1937 , the state dropped all charges for Willie Roberson , Olen Montgomery , Eugene Williams , and Roy Wright , who had already been in prison for six years . Roy Wright had a career in the US Army and Merchant Marine . In 1959 , believing his wife had been unfaithful during his tour , he shot and killed her , and shot himself , committing suicide . 2013 , the state of Alabama issues posthumous pardons for Patterson , Weems , and Andy Wright . In popular culture ( edit ) Literature African - American poet and playwright Langston Hughes wrote about the trials in his work Scottsboro Limited . The novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is about growing up in the Deep South in the 1930s . An important plot element concerns the father , attorney Atticus Finch , defending a black man against a false accusation of rape . The trial in this novel is often characterized as based on the Scottsboro case . But Harper Lee said in 2005 that she had in mind something less sensational , although the Scottsboro case served `` the same purpose '' to display Southern prejudices . Ellen Feldman 's Scottsboro : A Novel ( 2009 ) was shortlisted for the Orange Prize ; it is a fictionalized account of the trial , told from the point of view of Ruby Bates and a fictional journalist , Alice Whittier . Richard Wright 's 1940 novel Native Son ( New York : Harper , 1940 ) was influenced by the Scottsboro Boys case . There is a parallel between the court scene in Native Son in which Max calls the `` hate and impatience '' of `` the mob congregated upon the streets beyond the window '' ( Wright 386 ) and the `` mob who surrounded the Scottsboro jail with rope and kerosene '' after the Scottsboro boys ' initial conviction . ( Maxwell 132 ) Music The American folk singer and songwriter Lead Belly commemorated the events in his song `` The Scottsboro Boys '' . In the song , he warns `` colored '' people to watch out if they go to Alabama , saying that `` the man gon na get ya '' , and that the `` Scottsboro boys ( will ) tell ya what it 's all about . '' Metal / Rap band Rage Against The Machine provides imagery of the Scottsboro Boys in their music video `` No Shelter '' , along with imagery of the executions of Sacco and Vanzetti , two men who were also denied a fair trial in court and were executed by authorities . Film and television In 1976 , NBC aired a TV movie called Judge Horton and the Scottsboro Boys , based on the case . In 1998 , Court TV produced a television documentary on the Scottsboro trials for its Greatest Trials of All Time series . Daniel Anker and Barak Goodman produced the story of the Scottsboro Boys in the 2001 documentary Scottsboro : An American Tragedy , which received an Oscar nomination . Timothy Hutton starred in a 2006 film adaptation titled Heavens Fall . Theater Jean - Paul Sartre 's 1946 play The Respectful Prostitute ( La Putain respectueuse ) , in which a black man is wrongfully blamed for an incident on a train involving a white prostitute , is believed to have been based on the Scottsboro case . The Scottsboro Boys is a staged musical portrayal of the Scottsboro case . The show premiered Off Broadway in February 2010 and moved to Broadway 's Lyceum Theatre in October 2010 . The show received good reviews , but closed on December 12 , 2010 . The musical opened in London 's Young Vic Theatre in 2013 before moving to the Garrick Theatre in October 2014 . Direct from Death Row The Scottsboro Boys , a black ensemble vaudevillesque `` play with music and masks '' Mark Stein production , directed by Michael Menendian , and presented at Chicago 's Raven Theatre during the 2015 and 2016 seasons . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Scottsboro : An American Tragedy Transcript '' . PBS . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Douglas O. ( 1999 ) . `` The Trials of ' The Scottsboro Boys ' '' . Famous Trials . University of Missouri -- Kansas City . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powers , Rachael ; Poynton , Holly ( eds . ) . To Kill A Mockingbird , The Text Guide . Coordination Group Publications Ltd . ISBN 978 1 84762 023 1 . Even though there was medical evidence that indicated the women had n't been raped , the all - white jury sentenced all the men except the youngest to death . ^ Jump up to : Powell v. Alabama , 1932 , 287 U.S. 45 . ^ Jump up to : Norris v. Alabama ( 1935 ) , 294 U.S. 587 , 595 -- 596 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Robert J. ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Governor Bentley 's Statement on the Pardoning of the Scottsboro Boys '' . Office of Alabama Governor . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Douglas O. ( 1999 ) . `` Biographies of the Scottsboro Boys '' . University of Missouri -- Kansas City School of Law . Retrieved March 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Powell v. Alabama , 287 U.S. 45 , 49 ( 1932 ) . Jump up ^ Aretha ( 2008 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Douglas O. Linder , `` Without Fear or Favor : Judge James Edwin Horton and the Trial of the ' Scottsville Boys ' '' , Vol. 68 UMKC Law Review 549 , 550 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Linder , p. 550 . Jump up ^ Aretha ( 2008 ) , pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scottsboro : An American Tragedy '' ) , PBS.org , American Experience . Jump up ^ James Goodman , Stories of Scottsboro , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Aretha ( 2008 ) , p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Powell v. Alabama , p. 51 . Jump up ^ James Goodman , Stories of Scottsboro , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Doug Linder . `` American Civil Liberties Union report of change of venue testimony '' . Law.umkc.edu . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Patterson v. State , 1932 , 141 So . 195 , 196 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Ransdall , Hollace ( May 27 , 1931 ) . `` Report on the Scottsboro , Alabama Case '' . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Weems et al. v. State , 1932 , 141 So . 215 , 217 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , pp. 24 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Patterson v. State , 1932 , 141 So . 195 , 198 . Jump up ^ Bellamy , Jay ( Spring 2014 ) . `` The Scottsboro Boys : Injustice in Alabama '' ( PDF ) . Prologue . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Goodman , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Patterson v. State , 1932 , 141 So . 195 , 198 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Aretha ( 2008 ) , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Aretha ( 2008 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Aretha ( 2008 ) , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Aretha ( 2008 ) , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Powell v. State , 1932 , 141 So . 201 , 209 . ^ Jump up to : Aretha ( 2008 ) , p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2008 . Retrieved April 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chris , Norwood ( January 8 , 2011 ) . `` Capital punishment remains fairly common in Alabama '' . The Daily Home . Talladega , Alabama : Radiate Media . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Goodman , p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` A wing of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the United States , devoted to the defense of people it perceived as victims of a class war . The ILD saw African Americans in the deep South as an oppressed nation that needed liberation . '' Greatest Trials , Court TV . Jump up ^ Aretha ( 2008 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Goodman , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Powell v. State , Id. , at p. 213 . ^ Jump up to : Weems et al. v. State , 1932 , 141 So . 215 . Jump up ^ 141 So . 215 , 1932 , 195 , 201 . ^ Jump up to : Weems et al. v. State , Id. , at 214 . ^ Jump up to : Weems et al. v. State , Id. , at 215 . Jump up ^ `` Bio of Walter Pollak '' . Fac.org . November 8 , 1974 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2009 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 49 ^ Jump up to : Douglas O. Linder , Without Fear or Favor : Judge James Edwin Horton and the Trial of the `` Scottsville Boys ''. , at p. 554 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Without Fear or Favor , p. 555 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas O. Linder , Without Fear or Favor : Judge James Edwin Horton and the Trial of the `` Scottsville Boys , '' p. 556 . Jump up ^ James Goodman , p. 121 . Jump up ^ James Goodman , pp. 120 -- 121 . ^ Jump up to : Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , p. 557 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , p. 560 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , pp. 560 -- 561 . Jump up ^ Goodman , pp. 126 -- 127 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Linder , p. 565 . Jump up ^ Goodman , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Goodman , p. 129 . Jump up ^ James Goodman , Stories of Scottsboro , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Linder , p. 564 . Jump up ^ James Goodman , Stories of Scottsboro , pp. 128 -- 129 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 69 . Jump up ^ James Goodman , Stories of Scottsboro , p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Without Fear or Favor , at p. 566 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Without Fear or Favor , p. 567 . ^ Jump up to : James Goodman , Stories of Scottsboro , pp. 132 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Linder , Without Fear or Favor , p. 568 . ^ Jump up to : `` The South Speaks '' . Newdeal.feri.org . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Stories of Scottsboro , pp. 132 -- 133 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Stories of Scottsboro , pp. 133 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Linder , Without Fear or Favor , p. 569 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Without Fear or Favor , p. 571 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scottsboro Boys pardon nears as Alabama comes to terms with its past '' . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Linder , Without Fear or Favor , p. 573 . Jump up ^ Linder , Without Fear or Favor , pp. 576 -- 577 . Jump up ^ Doug Linder . `` Retrial by Judge Callahan '' . Law.umkc.edu . 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Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roy Wright '' , Scottsboro Boys , PBS.org . Jump up ^ Montell , William Lynwood ( 2005 ) . Tales from Tennessee Lawyers . The University Press of Kentucky . pp. 92 -- 94 . ISBN 0813123690 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Geis , Gilbert ; Bienen , Leigh B ( 1998 ) . Crimes of the Century : From Leopold and Loeb to O.J. Simpson . Boston : Northeastern University Press . pp. 72 -- 73 . ISBN 1555533604 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Acker ( 2007 ) , pp. 208 -- 209 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 208 . ^ Jump up to : Rawls , Phillip ( May 4 , 2013 ) . `` More work ahead in Ala for Scottsboro Boys pardons '' . The Huffington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' , Scottsboro Boys Museum and Cultural Center website . Jump up ^ `` Alabama posthumously pardons three Scottsboro Boys '' . BBC News . November 21 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Parker , Dennis ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Scottsboro Boys Exonerated , But Troubling Legacy Remains for Black Men '' . ACLU . Jump up ^ Bentley , Robert J. ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Governor Bentley 's Statement on the Pardoning of the Scottsboro Boys '' . Office of Alabama Governor . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shields , Charles J. Mockingbird : A Portrait of Harper Lee p. 118 . Jump up ^ Maxwell , William J ( 1999 ) . New Negro , Old Left : African - American Writing and Communism Between the Wars . New York : Columbia University Press . Jump up ^ `` Leadbelly -- Let It Shine on Me : The Scottsboro Boys -- Free Song Clips , ARTISTdirect Network '' . Artistdirect.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ RATMVEVO ( February 26 , 2010 ) , Rage Against The Machine -- No Shelter , retrieved September 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ Crime Stories : `` The Scottsboro Boys '' ( 1998 ) at IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Heavens Fall ( 2006 ) '' at IMDb . Jump up ^ Julien Murphy , `` Sartre on American Racism '' , in Julie K. Ward , Tommy L. Lott ( eds ) , Philosophers on Race : Critical Essays , Blackwell , 2002 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Komisar , Lucy ( March 30 , 2010 ) , `` ' The Scottsboro Boys ' Is a Chilling Musical '' , FilmFestivalTraveler.com , retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( October 12 , 2010 ) . `` Blackface and Bigotry , Finely Tuned '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Ernio ( February 12 , 2010 ) , `` Stroman Brings New Musical The Scottsboro Boys to Off - Broadway '' Archived June 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reid , Kerry . `` ' Direct from Death Row The Scottsboro Boys ' '' . chicagotribune.com . Chicago Yribune . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Acker , James R. ( 2007 ) , Scottsboro and Its Legacy : The Cases That Challenged American Legal and Social Justice , Praeger , New York , ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99083 - 1 Alschuler , Albert W. ( February 1995 ) . `` Racial Quotas and the Jury '' . Duke Law Journal . 44 ( 4 ) : 704 -- 743 . doi : 10.2307 / 1372922 . JSTOR 1372922 . Aretha , David ( 2008 ) , The Trial of the Scottsboro Boys ( The Civil Rights Movement ) , Greensboro , North Carolina : Morgan Reynolds Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59935 - 058 - 5 Bienen , Leigh ; Geis , Gilbert ( 1998 ) . Crimes of the Century : From Leopold and Loeb to O.J. Simpson ( PDF ) . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55553 - 360 - 1 . Carter , Dan T. ( 1979 ) , Scottsboro : A Tragedy of the American South , Louisiana State University Press , Baton Rouge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 0498 - 9 Goodman , James ( 1994 ) , Stories of Scottsboro , Vintage Books , New York , ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 76159 - 4 Haskins , James ( 1994 ) , The Scottsboro Boys , Henry Holt , New York , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 2206 - 3 Linder , Douglas O. , `` Without Fear or Favor : Judge James Edwin Horton and the Trial of the ' Scottsville Boys ' '' , UMKC Law Review , 68 , p. 549 . James A. Miller , Susan D. Pennybacker , and Eve Rosenhaft , `` Mother Ada Wright and the International Campaign to Free the Scottsboro Boys , 1931 -- 1934 '' , American Historical Review , vol. 106 , no . 2 ( April 2001 ) , pp. 387 -- 430 ... In JSTOR Patterson , Haywood ; Conrad , Earl ( 1950 ) . Scottsboro boy . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59740 - 102 - 9 . Miller , James A. Remembering Scottsboro : The Legacy of an Infamous Trial ( Princeton , 2009 ) , Norris v. Alabama , 294 U.S. 587 ( 1935 ) . Norris v. State , 156 So . 556 ( 1934 ) . Norris v. State , 182 So . 69 ( 1938 ) . Patterson v. Alabama , 294 U.S. 600 ( 1935 ) . Patterson v. State , 141 So . 195 ( 1932 ) . Patterson v. State , 175 So . 371 ( 1937 ) . Powell v. Alabama , 287 U.S. 45 ( 1932 ) . Powell v. State , 141 So . 201 ( 1932 ) . Weems et al. v. State , 141 So . 215 ( 1932 ) . Weems v. State , 182 So . 3 ( 1938 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Markovitz , Jonathan ( 2011 ) . `` ' Exploding the Myth of the Black Rapist ' : Collective Memory and the Scottsboro Nine '' in Racial Spectacles : Explorations in Media , Race , and Justice . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 88383 - 2 Sorensen , Lita ( 2004 ) . The Scottsboro Boys Trial : A Primary Source Account . New York : Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 3975 - 6 Spears , Ellen . `` ' Rights Still Being Righted ' : Scottsboro Eighty Years Later '' , Southern Spaces , June 16 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Scottsboro by Michael J. Clarman , University of Virginia Law School Scottsboro Trials article in the Encyclopedia of Alabama Scottsboro Trial Collection , Cornell Law Library . A Scottsboro Chronology , University of Illinois To See Justice Done : Letters from the Scottsboro Boys Trials A digital exhibit by the Scottsboro Boys Museum and Cultural Center and the University of Alabama Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottsboro_Boys&oldid=840292096 '' Categories : 1931 in Alabama 1932 in Alabama 20th century American trials African - American history of Alabama American prisoners sentenced to death History of African - American civil rights Overturned convictions in the United States Prisoners sentenced to death by Alabama Recipients of American gubernatorial pardons Jackson County , Alabama False allegations of sex crimes Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles prone to spam from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Simple English Suomi தமிழ் Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 23 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the last scottsboro boy to be freed from prison	[ "\nIn 1936, Haywood Patterson was convicted of rape and sentenced to 75 years in prison. He escaped in 1949 and in 1950 was found in Michigan, but the governor refused to extradite him. In 1951 he was convicted of an assault and sentenced to prison, where he died of cancer in 1952.\nIn 1936, Ozie Powell was involved in an altercation with a guard and shot in the face, suffering permanent brain damage. In 1937 He pleaded guilty to assault, and the rape charges were dropped. He was paroled in 1946.\n1937, Charlie Weems was convicted and sentenced to 105 years. He was paroled in 1943 after having been held in prison for a total of 12 years in some of Alabama's worst institutions.\n1937, Andy Wright was convicted and sentenced to 99 years. He was paroled and returned to prison after violating parole. He was paroled in New York State in 1950.\n1937, Clarence Norris was convicted of rape and was the only defendant sentenced to death. Governor Bibb Graves of Alabama in 1938 commuted his death sentence to life. Given parole in 1946, he \"jumped\" and went into hiding. In 1976 he was found in Brooklyn, New York. Governor George Wallace pardoned him that year, declaring him \"not guilty\". Norris published an autobiography, The Last of the Scottsboro Boys (1979). He died of Alzheimer's disease on January 23, 1989.\nIn 1937, the state dropped all charges for Willie Roberson, Olen Montgomery, Eugene Williams, and Roy Wright, who had already been in prison for six years.\nRoy Wright had a career in the US Army and Merchant Marine. In 1959, believing his wife had been unfaithful during his tour, he shot and killed her, and shot himself, committing suicide.[128]\n2013, the state of Alabama issues posthumous pardons for Patterson, Weems, and Andy Wright.\n" ]	[ "Andy Wright" ]
1114064130301922449	See You Again	See You Again - wikipedia See You Again 2015 song by Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth For other uses , see See You Again ( disambiguation ) . `` See You Again '' Single by Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth from the album Furious 7 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack and Nine Track Mind ( International edition ) Released March 10 , 2015 Format CD digital download Recorded 2014 Genre Hip hop pop - rap Length 3 : 49 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Andrew Cedar Justin Franks Charlie Puth Cameron Thomaz Producer ( s ) DJ Frank E Charlie Puth Andrew Cedar Wiz Khalifa singles chronology `` You and Your Friends '' ( 2014 ) `` See You Again '' ( 2015 ) `` For Everybody '' ( 2015 ) `` You and Your Friends '' ( 2014 ) `` See You Again '' ( 2015 ) `` For Everybody '' ( 2015 ) Charlie Puth singles chronology `` Marvin Gaye '' ( 2015 ) Marvin Gaye 2015 `` See You Again '' ( 2015 ) See You Again2015 `` One Call Away '' ( 2015 ) One Call Away 2015 Music video `` See You Again '' on YouTube `` See You Again '' is a song recorded by American rapper Wiz Khalifa , featuring American singer Charlie Puth . The track was commissioned for the soundtrack of the 2015 action film Furious 7 as a tribute to the late actor Paul Walker , who died in a single - vehicle accident on November 30 , 2013 in Valencia , California . Later on , the song was included as a bonus track on the international release of Puth 's debut album , Nine Track Mind . The artists co-wrote the song with its co-producers , DJ Frank E and Andrew Cedar , with additional production from Puth and mixing provided by Manny Marroquin . `` See You Again '' was released on March 10 , 2015 , as the soundtrack 's lead single in the United States . `` See You Again '' became both Khalifa 's and Puth 's biggest single to date . It spent 12 non-consecutive weeks atop the US Billboard Hot 100 , tying Eminem 's `` Lose Yourself '' for the longest - running rap number - one single in the country , and topped the UK Singles Chart for two consecutive weeks . It also reached number one in several other countries including Australia , Austria , Canada , Germany , Ireland , New Zealand and Switzerland . The song held the record for the most - streamed track in a single day on Spotify in the United States , until it was surpassed by `` Drag Me Down '' . It set the record for most streams in a single week worldwide , and in the United Kingdom also in a single week . The music video was the most viewed video on YouTube from July 10 to August 4 , 2017 . `` See You Again '' received three nominations at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards : Song of the Year , Best Pop Duo / Group Performance and Best Song Written for Visual Media . It was also shortlisted for the Song of the Year for the BBC Music Awards and was nominated for Best Original Song at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards . `` See You Again '' was the best selling - song of 2015 worldwide , with combined sales and track - equivalent streams of 20.9 million units according to IFPI . Contents 1 Writing and development 2 Composition 3 Commercial performance 3.1 North America 3.2 Europe and Oceania 4 Music video 4.1 Background 4.2 Synopsis 4.3 Reception 5 Live performances 6 Awards and nominations 7 Track listing 8 Credits and personnel 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Writing and development ( edit ) `` See You Again '' was written by DJ Frank E , Charlie Puth , Wiz Khalifa , and Andrew Cedar . It was produced by DJ Frank E , Charlie Puth , and Andrew Cedar . Frank E and Puth were approached by their publishing company , Artist Publishing Group , to develop a melody that could pay tribute to the late Paul Walker for the film Furious 7 ( 2015 ) . His publishing company 's president Ben Maddahi then set up a first - time studio session for Puth with DJ Frank E at a studio in Los Angeles . Puth became emotionally attached while writing the track , recalling Vail Cerullo , a friend of Puth 's time at Berklee College of Music , who perished in a motorcycle accident in 2012 . He was at first reluctant that the film 's soundtrack label , Atlantic Records , would choose his vocal for the song . In an interview with the Los Angeles Times , Puth recalled , `` It just seemed to occur from out of nowhere . And basically 10 minutes later Justin and I wrote it , we sent it off , and I thought we 'd never hear about it again . '' Puth and DJ Frank E 's output from the session was well received by Furious 7 filmmakers , Universal Pictures , and Atlantic . As a result , the track was further commissioned to include rapped verses by Khalifa based on the subject of family , combined with Puth 's vocals and a piano melody . The song then went through an extensive note - giving and production process . Puth opined that his vocal was chosen by Atlantic because of his emotional attachment to the subject matter . Puth revealed on The Talk that Universal originally wanted to get a more established singer to sing his part . He also revealed in one of his interviews that the song 's hook was originally written for Sam Smith . The song was chosen to be played at the end of the film . Following O'Conner's retirement send - off to be with his wife and family , the characters Brian O'Conner and Dominic Toretto drove on a mountain road and parted ways upon reaching a fork . Composition ( edit ) `` See You Again '' is a hip hop and pop - rap ballad . It was written in the key of B ♭ major with a time signature of and has a tempo of 80 beats per minute ( Andante / Andantino ) . Commercial Performance ( edit ) North America ( edit ) In the United States , `` See You Again '' debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 and Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs charts dated March 19 , 2015 , at number 100 and number 29 respectively , with first - week sales of 25,000 copies . On the chart issued for April 18 , 2015 , the song climbed from number 84 to number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 , selling 168,000 copies as the chart 's `` Digital Gainer '' that week . Its climb into the top ten was the chart 's biggest since Katy Perry 's `` Roar '' ( 2013 ) . In its fifth week , `` See You Again '' sold 464,000 copies and rose from number ten to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song marked Khalifa 's second number one on the chart , following `` Black and Yellow '' ( 2011 ) , and Puth 's first . It topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for twelve non-consecutive weeks . After its twelfth week it was finally knocked off the top spot by OMI 's hit , `` Cheerleader '' . It is one of 33 songs to reach number one for at least 10 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song also topped the Mainstream Top 40 and Rhythmic charts for four weeks and three weeks respectively . The song also topped Hot Rap Songs and Hot R&B Hip Hip songs for 14 weeks each . As of July 7 , 2016 , `` See You Again '' has sold a total of 4,122,938 copies in the United States . The song fell out of the top ten on the chart dated August 29 , 2015 , spending a total of 19 weeks in the top ten . The song holds the record for the most - streamed track in a single day on Spotify in the United States . It set the record for most streams in a single week worldwide during April 6 to April 12 ( streamed 21.9 million times ) , and in the United Kingdom in a single week ( streamed 3.72 million times from April 20 to April 26 , 2015 ) , which was broken by Justin Bieber 's `` What Do You Mean ? '' ( streamed 3.87 million times from September 17 to September 23 , 2015 ) . Europe and oceania ( edit ) `` See You Again '' debuted at number 20 on the UK Singles Chart issued for April 12 , 2015 on streaming alone . It registered 1.8 million streams in the United Kingdom that week . Following its digital release , the song climbed to number one on the chart dated April 19 , 2015 . It sold 193,000 units that week , becoming the fastest - selling single in the United Kingdom of 2015 . The song also broke the streaming record in the United Kingdom that week with a total of 3.68 million streams that week . It marked Khalifa 's second number one on the chart -- following his feature on Maroon 5 's `` Payphone '' ( 2012 ) -- and Puth 's first . `` See You Again '' sold 142,000 units during its first week at number one , and broke its own streaming record with 3.72 million streams that week . Omi 's `` Cheerleader '' replaced `` See You Again '' at number one the following week , selling approximately 1,000 units more than `` See You Again '' at number two . In New Zealand , `` See You Again '' debuted at number 34 on the New Zealand Singles Chart dated March 30 , 2015 . It topped the chart in its third week , becoming Khalifa and Puth 's first number one single in the country . In Australia , `` See You Again '' rose from number 59 to number one on the Australian Singles Chart issued for April 11 , 2015 , marking Khalifa and Puth 's first number one hit on the chart . The song 's climb to number one was the largest in Australian Singles Chart history . Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` See You Again '' was directed by Marc Klasfeld . It was uploaded to YouTube on April 6 , 2015 . Background ( edit ) The video , recorded by American rapper Wiz Khalifa and American singer Charlie Puth , was the most viewed video on YouTube from July 10 to August 4 , 2017 and the most liked video on the site from August 28 , 2016 to July 25 , 2017 . As of October 30 , 2018 , it has received over 3.8 billion views and 21.9 million likes , making it the site 's third most viewed and second most liked video . It is one of 141 videos to exceed one billion views , 27 videos to exceed two billion views , and seven videos to exceed three billion views . It was the second video ever to record two billion and three billion views . Synopsis ( edit ) The video begins with a shot of a cliff top at sunset , followed by Khalifa walking down a highway road . Puth is then shown singing the chorus whilst sitting at , and playing , a piano located between two cars . Khalifa 's rap verses and Puth singing the second chorus and bridge are interspersed with footage from Furious 7 . After the bridge , we see the final scene from the film : Dominic Toretto ( Vin Diesel ) and Brian O'Conner ( Cody Walker , filling in for his brother , Paul ) , driving together , pull over in their cars and smile at each other one last time before driving away on separate roads into the sunset . After the camera pans up into the sky , the screen turns white , the words `` For Paul '' appear on screen and the video ends . Reception ( edit ) The video was the most viewed video on YouTube from July 10 , 2017 , when it surpassed `` Gangnam Style '' by Psy , to August 4 of that year , when it was surpassed by `` Despacito '' by Luis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee . It reached 2 billion views on September 3 , 2016 , doing so in 515 days . It reached 3 billion views on August 6 , 2017 and is the third fastest video to accomplish the feat , doing so in 853 days . As of October 30 , 2018 , the video has received over 3.8 billion views on YouTube making it the third most viewed video on the website . It has received over 21.9 million likes and over 725,000 dislikes as of October 30 , 2018 . The video is the second to reach 10 million likes ; the other nine videos to exceed 10 million likes are the music videos for `` Gangnam Style '' , `` Hello '' , `` Despacito '' , `` Shape of You '' , `` Uptown Funk '' , `` Faded '' , `` Sorry '' , `` Mi Gente '' and `` Baby '' ; it is also the second video to reach 20 million likes on May 16 , 2018 . The video was nominated for Best Hip - Hop Video and Best Collaboration at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards , but lost both . On August 27 , 2016 , the music video surpassed `` Gangnam Style '' as YouTube 's most liked video of all time , after `` Gangnam Style '' held the record for almost 4 years . Also , on February 19 , 2017 , the music video succeeded `` Gangnam Style '' as the most rated YouTube video of all time with over 13.8 million total ratings . It has since been surpassed by `` Despacito '' as the most viewed , liked and rated video on YouTube . Live performances ( edit ) Khalifa and Puth performed `` See You Again '' live on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon in March 2015 and on an episode of Saturday Night Live in May 2015 . Diesel also performed the song live as a tribute to Walker during the 2015 MTV Movie Awards . Khalifa and Puth reprised the song in a performance on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in April 2015 . Khalifa has performed the song , without Puth , as part of the Boys of Zummer Tour , in which Khalifa co-headlined with Fall Out Boy . Puth performed the song at the Capital Jingle Bell Ball in 2015 . Khalifa also performed the song on season 8 of The Voice , with season 7 finalist Chris Jamison performing Puth 's vocals . Wiz Khalifa also performed the song at the Mnet Asian Music Awards 2016 . The intentions were for the song to be performed as a collaboration between Wiz Khalifa and Taeyeon , member of girl group Girls ' Generation but the stage was later cancelled for reasons unknown . Khalifa & Puth also performed the song at the 2016 Kids ' Choice Awards . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Result 2015 American Music Awards Song of the Year Nominated Collaboration of the Year Hollywood Music in Media Awards Song -- Feature Film Won MTV Video Music Awards Best Hip - Hop Video Nominated Best Collaboration Teen Choice Awards Choice R&B / Hip - Hop Song Won Choice Collaboration Nominated Choice Song from a Movie or TV Show Won Hollywood Film Awards Hollywood Song Award BBC Music Awards Song of the Year Nominated 2016 Grammy Awards Song of the Year Best Pop Duo / Group Performance Best Song Written for Visual Media Critics Choice Awards Best Song Won Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song Nominated Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Collaboration Won Black Reel Awards Best Original or Adapted Song Won iHeartRadio Music Awards Best Lyrics Nominated Best Collaboration Best Song from a Movie ASCAP Pop Music Awards Most Performed Songs Won Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` See You Again ( Extended ) '' ( featuring Charlie Puth ) 5 : 48 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Andrew Cedar -- songwriter , producer DJ Frank E ( Justin Franks ) -- songwriter , producer Charlie Puth -- songwriter , vocals , producer Brian Tyler -- string arranger , conductor Wiz Khalifa ( Cameron Thomaz ) -- songwriter , vocals Annie & Chloe -- edited version , vocals , producers Credits adapted from Soundtrack.Net and AllMusic Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Billboard Hot 100 ) 38 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 5 Colombia ( National - Report Top Anglo ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 7 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Mexico Top 20 Inglés ( Monitor Latino ) Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Romania ( Airplay 100 ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 5 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) South Africa ( EMA ) South Korea ( Gaon Music Chart ) 32 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Australia Urban ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 20 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Israel ( Media Forest ) 11 Italy ( FIMI ) 8 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 19 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 36 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 16 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs Chart ( 2016 ) Position Australia Urban ( ARIA ) 22 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 11 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 83 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 59 US Billboard Hot 100 99 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 7 × Platinum 490,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 5 × Platinum 400,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 120,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Gold 600,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 5 × Platinum 250,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 3 × Platinum 45,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 5 × Platinum 50,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 733,000 United States ( RIAA ) 9 × Platinum 9,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . United States March 16 , 2015 Digital download Atlantic Worldwide April 3 , 2015 United States April 7 , 2015 Contemporary hit radio United Kingdom April 12 , 2015 Digital download See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles List of Airplay 100 number ones of the 2010s List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2015 List of number - one digital songs of 2015 ( U.S. ) List of number - one On - Demand Songs of 2015 List of number - one R&B / hip - hop songs of 2015 ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of 2015 List of Billboard Rhythmic number - one songs of the 2010s List of Hot 100 Airplay number - one singles of the 2010s List of number - one singles of 2015 ( Australia ) List of number - one digital tracks of 2015 ( Australia ) List of number - one streaming tracks of 2015 ( Australia ) List of number - one urban singles of 2015 ( Australia ) List of number - one hits of 2015 ( Austria ) List of Ultratop 50 Flanders number - one singles of 2015 List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2015 List of number - one digital songs of 2015 ( Canada ) List of number - one hits of 2015 ( Denmark ) List of number - one singles of 2015 ( Finland ) List of number - one hits of 2015 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 2015 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 2015 ( Italy ) List of Mexico Airplay number - one singles from the 2010s List of Mexico Ingles Airplay singles of the 2010s List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of Romandie Charts number - one singles of 2015 Lists of Scottish number - one singles of 2015 List of number - one singles of 2015 ( South Africa ) List of number - one singles of the 2010s ( Sweden ) List of number - one hits of 2015 ( Switzerland ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s List of UK R&B Singles Chart number ones of 2015 List of most - liked YouTube videos List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most - streamed songs on Spotify List of most streamed songs in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa 's ' See You Again ' Leads Hot 100 for 10th Week '' . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Blasts to New Spotify Record for One - Day Streams '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ; Yahr , Emily ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Golden Globes nominations 2016 : Complete list '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Global Music Report '' ( PDF ) . IFPI. April 12 , 2016 . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Qobuz . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Highfill , Samantha ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Charlie Puth talks writing ' See You Again ' for Paul Walker 's goodbye '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hill School - > Vail Cerullo ' 09 Remembered in Number 1 Billboard Hit & Fast and Furious Theme Song '' . www.thehill.org . Jump up ^ `` Local Man Inspires Hit `` Furious 7 '' Song `` . nbcphiladelphia.com . May 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Zeitchik , Steven ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 7 ' : ' See You Again ' songwriter inspired by a different loss '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth : See You Again was meant for Sam Smith '' . January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Finally , the No. 1 Pop Song in the Country Is the Best Pop Song in the Country '' . Spin . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa 's ' See You Again ' Has Become an AC Hit ... Without Wiz Khalifa '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa `` See You Again '' Sheet Music in Bb Major `` . musicnottes.com . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Started From the Bottom : Wiz Khalifa 's ' See You Again ' & Other No. 1s That Debuted at No. 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendizabal , Amaya ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Is First TV Series Soundtrack to Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Uptown Funk ' ties for second - longest No. 1 in Billboard history '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa 's ' See You Again ' Knocks ' Uptown Funk ' Off No. 1 on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Bad Blood ' Blasts to No. 1 on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa 's ' See You Again ' Replaces Taylor Swift at No. 1 on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa 's ' See You Again ' Leads Hot 100 for 10th Week '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Chart Highlights : Taylor Swift Ties Record as ' Bad Blood ' Hits Pop Songs Top '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Chart Highlights : Shawn Mendes Sews Up First Pop Songs Airplay Hit With ' Stitches ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mansell , Henry ( August 22 , 2015 ) . `` Hip Hop Single Sales : The Weeknd , Fetty Wap & Silentó '' . HipHopDX . Cheri Media Group . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mokoena , Tshepo ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa breaks record for most Spotify streams in 24 hours '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff , THR ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa 's ' Furious 7 ' Single Gets 4.2 Million Spotify Plays in One Day , Most Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Moss , Liv ( April 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa claims second week at Number 1 , breaks streaming record '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` Jess Glynne holds off Nick Jonas to claim third week at Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa claims fastest - selling single of 2015 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( May 3 , 2015 ) . `` OMI 's Cheerleader makes last minute grab for number one '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart -- 30 March 2015 '' . Official New Zealand Music Chart . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart -- 13 April 2015 '' . Official New Zealand Music Chart . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( April 11 , 2015 ) . `` ARIA Singles : Wiz Khalifa See You Again Is No 1 '' . Noise11.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andres Tardo ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa Opens Up About Writing Emotional Paul Walker Tribute ' See You Again ' '' . MTV . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dresdale , Andrea . `` ' See You Again ' Breaks Record for Most - Viewed YouTube Video of All Time '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McIntyre , Hugh . `` ' Despacito ' Has Just Become the Most Popular Video of All Time on YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ MyTop100Videos ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` # SeeYouAgain is now the most liked video on YouTube , after # GagnamStyle held the title for 1,444 days '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MyTop100Videos ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Despacito is now the most liked YouTube video of all time '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa -- See You Again '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : MyTop100Videos ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Top 500 Most Viewed Videos of All Time '' . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ MyTop100Videos ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` Most Liked YouTube Videos '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube 's Billion View Club '' . dbase. tube . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth 's ' See You Again ' Video Hits 2 Billion YouTube Views '' . EW.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa -- See You Again '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dresdale , Andrea . `` ' See You Again ' Breaks Record for Most - Viewed YouTube Video of All Time '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on 12 July 2017 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa -- See You Again ft . Charlie Puth ( Official Video ) Furious 7 Soundtrack '' . YouTube . April 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber - Baby ft . Ludacris '' . YouTube . February 19 , 2010 . Retrieved October 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 MTV Video Music Awards Nominees Revealed : Taylor Swift , Kendrick Lamar , Ed Sheeran & More '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Christ , Shawn ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa Performs ' Furious 7 ' Song ' See You Again ' on ' The Tonight Show , ' Fumbles Taylor Swift Catchphrase Question '' . Music Times . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bell , Amanda ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` Vin Diesel Sings ' See You Again ' For Paul Walker And We Have So Many Emotions '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleischer , Adam ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa 's ' See You Again ' Performance On ' Ellen ' Is As Touching As The Video '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa Comments On The Absence Of His Collaboration Stage With Taeyeon At The 2016 MAMA '' . December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Honorees '' . Hollywood Film Awards . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Absent Adele dominates BBC Music Awards '' . BBC . December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 ASCAP Pop Music Awards '' . ASCAP. April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 '' . Soundtrack.Net . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` See You Again -- Wiz Khalifa '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Billboard Brasil -- weekly '' . Billboard Brasil . July 6 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anglo '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . 27 April 2015 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201525 into search . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201517 into search . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Euro Digital Songs '' . Billboard . May 16 , 2015 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa : See You Again ( Feat . Charlie Puth ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Digital Songs -- May 16 , 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 16 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa -- Chart history '' Billboard Luxembourg Digital Songs for Wiz Khalifa . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 México Inglés . Semana del 11 al 17 de Mayo , 2015 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Ingles Airplay '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Wiz Khalifa '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' . VG - lista . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa -- Chart history '' Billboard Portugal Digital Songs for Wiz Khalifa . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay 100 -- Cristi Nitzu Kiss FM -- 5 July 2015 '' . Kiss FM . Archived from the original on 27 January 2018 . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Note : User may scroll down the ' Podcasturi ' menu to play or download the respective podcast . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201526 into search . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201518 into search . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2015 - 05 - 26 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South Korean Singles Chart : Week 18 , 2015 '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Digital Chart . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Urban Singles 2015 '' . ARIA . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 2015 '' ( in German ) . Austrian Charts Portal . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2015 '' . Ultratop . Ultratop & Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2015 '' . Ultratop . Utratop & Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tracklisten Top 2015 '' . Hitlisten.nu . IFPI . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Airplay Year End 2015 '' . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CLASSIFICHE `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' 2015 FIMI - GfK : LA MUSICA ITALIANA IN VETTA NEGLI ALBUM E NEI SINGOLI DIGITALI '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Hot 100 Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2015 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP 100 Canciones Anual 2015 '' . promusicae.es . December 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2015 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2015 '' . Hitparade . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2015 revealed '' . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . billboard.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot R&B / Hip Hop Songs : Year - End 2015 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 50 Urban Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` As 100 Mais Tocadas nas Rádios Jovens em 2016 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Hot 100 : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2018 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Wiz Khalifa -- See You Again '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Wiz Khalifa in the field Interpret . Enter See You Again in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2015 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Wiz Khalifa -- See You Again '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Nielsen Mid-Year Music Canada Report '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen . p. 4 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certifications '' ( in Danish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth ; ' See You Again ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Wiz Khalifa -- See you Again '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese single certifications -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Select 2015 年 11 月 on the drop - down menu Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa -- See You Again '' . Novedades y Listas Oficiales de Ventas de Música en España . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan '' . Sverigetopplistan. 16 April 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth ; ' See You Again ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Type See You Again in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Psy 's Gangnam Style is no longer the most watched video on YouTube '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ Middleton , Ryan . `` ' Furious 7 ' Soundtrack : Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth Share ' See You Again ' '' . Music Times . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` See You Again '' on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Wiz Khalifa singles Discography Rolling Papers `` Black and Yellow '' `` Roll Up '' `` On My Level '' `` The Race '' `` No Sleep '' Mac & Devin Go to High School `` Young , Wild & Free '' O.N.I.F.C. `` Work Hard , Play Hard '' `` Remember You '' Blacc Hollywood `` We Dem Boyz '' `` You and Your Friends '' Khalifa `` Bake Sale '' TGOD Mafia : Rude Awakening `` All Night '' Rolling Papers 2 `` Something New '' `` Hopeless Romantic '' Other singles `` Say Yeah '' `` We Own It ( Fast & Furious ) '' `` Shell Shocked '' `` See You Again '' `` Burn Slow '' `` King of Everything '' `` Pull Up '' `` Sucker for Pain '' `` Gang Up '' Featured singles `` Till I 'm Gone '' `` Oh My '' `` 5 O'Clock '' `` I 'm On '' `` Payphone '' `` Till I Die '' `` Celebration '' `` Do n't Make Em Like You '' `` Hate Bein ' Sober '' `` Molly '' `` Beat It '' `` 23 '' `` Think About It '' `` Feelin ' Myself '' `` Or Nah '' `` Party Girls '' `` Bigroom Blitz '' `` Kush Ups '' `` Fuck Apologies '' `` Ai n't Nothing '' Promotional singles `` Double Vision '' ( Remix ) `` Bright Lights Bigger City '' ( Remix ) `` Sleazy Remix 2.0 : Get Sleazier '' `` KK '' `` Stayin Out All Night '' `` Promises '' `` So High '' `` Go Hard or Go Home '' `` No Social Media '' `` Influence '' Other songs `` Taylor Gang '' `` Smokin ' On '' `` Let It Go '' Charlie Puth Discography Studio albums Nine Track Mind Voicenotes Extended plays Some Type of Love Singles `` Marvin Gaye '' `` One Call Away '' `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' `` Attention '' `` How Long '' `` Done for Me '' `` Change '' `` The Way I Am '' Featured singles `` See You Again '' `` Sober '' Other songs `` Nothing but Trouble '' `` Dangerously '' `` If You Leave Me Now '' Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Song 1998 -- 2000 `` When You Believe '' Music & Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` Music of My Heart '' Music & Lyrics : Diane Warren ( 1999 ) `` My Funny Friend and Me '' Music & Lyrics : David Hartley , Sting ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` May It Be '' Music & Lyrics : Enya , Nicky Ryan , Roma Ryan ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music & Lyrics : Jeff Bass , Eminem , Luis Resto , ( 2002 ) `` A Mighty Wind '' Music & Lyrics : Christopher Guest , Eugene Levy , Michael McKean ( 2003 ) `` Old Habits Die Hard '' Music & Lyrics : Mick Jagger , David Stewart ( 2004 ) `` Hustle & Flow '' Music & Lyrics : Terrence Howard ( 2005 ) `` Listen '' Music & Lyrics : Scott Cutler , Henry Krieger , Anne Preven ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music & Lyrics : Glen Hansard , Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` The Wrestler '' Music & Lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music & Lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` If I Rise '' Music & Lyrics : Rollo Armstrong , Dido , A.R. Rahman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- 2020 `` Life 's a Happy Song '' Music & Lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music & Lyrics : Adele , Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music & Lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez , Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music & Lyrics : Common , John Legend ( 2014 ) `` See You Again '' Music & Lyrics : Andrew Cedar , DJ Frank E , Wiz Khalifa , Charlie Puth ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz ; Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music & Lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez , Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) The Fast and the Furious Characters Dominic Toretto Brian O'Conner Han Lue Gisele Yashar Films The Fast and the Furious album 2nd album 2 Fast 2 Furious album The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Fast & Furious album score Fast Five album score Fast & Furious 6 album Furious 7 album score The Fate of the Furious album score Spin - off films Hobbs & Shaw Television series Fast & Furious : Spy Racers Short films The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Los Bandoleros Video games The Fast and the Furious Fast & Furious : Showdown Attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged Related `` Act a Fool '' `` Tokyo Drift '' `` Conteo '' `` See You Again '' `` Hey Ma '' `` Gang Up '' Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=See_You_Again&oldid=866439560 '' Categories : 2010s ballads 2015 singles 2015 songs Wiz Khalifa songs Charlie Puth songs Pop - 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1894970184775275998	1992 Los Angeles riots	1992 Los Angeles riots - wikipedia 1992 Los Angeles riots Jump to : navigation , search 1992 Los Angeles riots 2,000 California Army National Guardsmen patrolled the city to restore order . Date April 29 -- May 4 , 1992 Location Los Angeles County , California , U.S. Caused by Reaction to acquittal of four policemen on trial in beating of Rodney King ; death of Latasha Harlins Methods Widespread rioting , looting , assault , arson , protests , property damage , firefights , murder Parties to the civil conflict Rioters and looters primarily from the African American and Latino / Hispanic communities United States government 7th Infantry Division 1st Marine Division Federal Bureau of Investigation United States Marshal Service Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , and Firearms United States Border Patrol Federal Bureau of Prisons Drug Enforcement Administration Government of California California Army National Guard California Highway Patrol County law enforcement ( show ) City of Los Angeles Los Angeles Police Department County of Los Angeles Los Angeles County Sheriff 's Department City of Long Beach Long Beach Police Department City of Compton Compton Police Department City of Pasadena Pasadena Police Department City of Inglewood Inglewood Police Department Civilians mainly from Korean American and some other communities , acting as vigilantes in combating rioters and looters Casualties Death ( s ) 63 Injuries 2,383 Arrested 12,111 The 1992 Los Angeles riots , also known as the Rodney King riots , the South Central riots , the 1992 Los Angeles civil disturbance , the 1992 Los Angeles civil unrest , the 1992 Los Angeles Uprising , and the Battle of Los Angeles , were a series of riots , lootings , arsons , and civil disturbances that occurred in Los Angeles County , California in April and May 1992 . The unrest began in South Central Los Angeles on April 29 , after a trial jury acquitted four officers of the Los Angeles Police Department for usage of excessive force in the arrest and beating of Rodney King , which had been videotaped and widely viewed in TV broadcasts . The rioting spread throughout the Los Angeles metropolitan area , as thousands of people rioted over a six - day period following the announcement of the verdict . Widespread looting , assault , arson , and murder occurred during the riots , and estimates of property damage were over $1 billion . With local police overwhelmed in controlling the situation , Governor Pete Wilson sent in the California Army National Guard , and President George H.W. Bush deployed the 7th Infantry Division and the 1st Marine Division . After that , order and peace were restored throughout L.A. County , but 63 people were killed , 2,383 people were injured , and more than 12,000 were arrested . LAPD chief of police Daryl Gates , who had already announced his resignation by the time of the riots , was attributed with much of the institutional blame -- specifically , the longstanding discriminatory and abusive treatment by police of the African - American community . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Charges and trial 2 Riots 2.1 First day ( Wednesday , April 29 , 1992 ) 2.1. 1 Before the verdicts 2.1. 2 Verdicts announced 2.1. 3 Mayor Bradley speaks 2.1. 4 71st and Normandie 2.1. 5 Unrest moves to Florence and Normandie 2.1. 6 Attack on Reginald Denny 2.1. 7 Fidel Lopez attack 2.1. 8 Parker Center 2.1. 9 Lake View Terrace 2.2 Second day ( Thursday , April 30 ) 2.3 Third day ( Friday , May 1 ) 2.4 Fourth day ( Saturday , May 2 ) 2.5 Fifth day ( Sunday , May 3 ) 2.6 Sixth day ( Monday , May 4 ) and aftermath 3 Korean Americans during the riots 3.1 Preparations 3.2 Post-riots 4 Hispanics in the riots 5 Media coverage 5.1 Korean - American newspapers 5.2 American newspapers 5.3 Racism 5.4 Multiethnic struggle 6 Aftermath 6.1 Post-riot commentary 6.1. 1 Scholars and writers 6.1. 2 Politicians 6.2 Rodney King 6.3 Deaths and arrests 6.4 Rebuilding Los Angeles 6.5 Residential life 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Further reading 9 External links 9.1 General 9.2 Photography 9.3 Video and audio Background ( edit ) See also : Rodney King and Death of Latasha Harlins South Central Los Angeles , where much of the rioting took place On the evening of March 3 , 1991 , Rodney King and two passengers were driving west on the Foothill Freeway ( I - 210 ) through the Lake View Terrace neighborhood of Los Angeles . The California Highway Patrol ( CHP ) attempted to initiate a traffic stop . A high - speed pursuit ensued with speeds estimated at up to 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) , along freeways and then through residential neighborhoods . When King stopped , CHP Officer Timothy Singer and CHP Officer Melanie Singer ( his wife ) , arrested him and two occupants of the car . After the two passengers were placed in the patrol car , five white Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) officers -- Stacey Koon , Laurence Powell , Timothy Wind , Theodore Briseno , and Rolando Solano -- surrounded King , who came out of the car last . They tasered him , struck him severely tens of times with side - handled batons , and tackled him to the ground before handcuffing him . Sgt . Koon later testified at trial that King resisted arrest , and that he believed King was under the influence of PCP at the time of the arrest , which caused him to be very aggressive and violent toward the officers . Video footage of the arrest showed that King attempted to get up each time he was struck , and that the police made no attempt to cuff him until he lay still . A subsequent test of King for the presence of PCP in his body at the time of the arrest was negative . Unknown to the police and King , the incident was captured on a camcorder by local civilian George Holliday from his nearby apartment . The tape was roughly 12 minutes long . While the tape was presented during trial , some clips of the incident were not released to the public . In a later interview , King , who was on parole for a robbery conviction and had past convictions for assault , battery and robbery , said that he had not surrendered earlier because he was driving while intoxicated under the influence of alcohol , which he knew violated the terms of his parole . The footage of King being beaten by police became an instant focus of media attention and a rallying point for activists in Los Angeles and around the United States . Coverage was extensive during the first two weeks after the incident : the Los Angeles Times published forty - three articles about it , The New York Times published seventeen articles , and the Chicago Tribune published eleven articles . Eight stories appeared on ABC News , including a sixty - minute special on Primetime Live . Upon watching the tape of the beating , LAPD chief of police Daryl Gates said : I stared at the screen in disbelief . I played the one - minute - 50 - second tape again . Then again and again , until I had viewed it 25 times . And still I could not believe what I was looking at . To see my officers engage in what appeared to be excessive use of force , possibly criminally excessive , to see them beat a man with their batons 56 times , to see a sergeant on the scene who did nothing to seize control , was something I never dreamed I would witness . Before the release of the Rodney King tape , minority community leaders in Los Angeles had repeatedly complained about harassment and excessive use of force by LAPD officers . An independent commission ( the Christopher Commission ) formed after the release of the tape concluded that a `` significant number '' of LAPD officers `` repetitively use excessive force against the public and persistently ignore the written guidelines of the department regarding force , '' and that bias related to race , gender , and sexual orientation were regularly contributing factors in use of excessive force . The commission 's report called for the replacement of both Chief Daryl Gates and the civilian Police Commission . Charges and trial ( edit ) The Los Angeles County District Attorney subsequently charged four police officers , including one sergeant , with assault and use of excessive force . Due to the extensive media coverage of the arrest , the trial received a change of venue from Los Angeles County to Simi Valley in neighboring Ventura County . The jury was composed of nine whites , one bi-racial male , one Latino , and one Asian American . The prosecutor , Terry White , was black . On April 29 , 1992 , the seventh day of jury deliberations , the jury acquitted all four officers of assault and acquitted three of the four of using excessive force . The jury could not agree on a verdict for the fourth officer charged with using excessive force . The verdicts were based in part on the first three seconds of a blurry , 13 - second segment of the videotape that , according to journalist Lou Cannon , had not been aired by television news stations in their broadcasts . The first two seconds of videotape , contrary to the claims made by the accused officers , show King attempting to flee past Laurence Powell . During the next one minute and 19 seconds , King is beaten continuously by the officers . The officers testified that they tried to physically restrain King prior to the starting point of the videotape , but King was able to physically throw them off . Afterward , the prosecution suggested that the jurors may have acquitted the officers because of becoming desensitized to the violence of the beating , as the defense played the videotape repeatedly in slow motion , breaking it down until its emotional impact was lost . Outside the Simi Valley courthouse where the acquittals were delivered , county sheriff 's deputies protected Stacey Koon from angry protesters on the way to his car . Movie director John Singleton , who was in the crowd at the courthouse , predicted , `` By having this verdict , what these people done , they lit the fuse to a bomb . '' Riots ( edit ) The riots began the day the verdicts were announced , and peaked in intensity over the next two days . A dusk - to - dawn curfew and deployment by the California Army National Guard and federal troops from the 7th infantry Division and 1st Marine Division eventually controlled the situation . A total of 63 people died during the riots , including nine who were killed by law enforcement personnel and 1 who was killed by Guardsmen . As many as 2,383 people were reported injured . Estimates of the material losses vary between about $800 million and $1 billion . Approximately 3,600 fires were set , destroying 1,100 buildings , with fire calls coming once every minute at some points . Widespread looting also occurred . Rioters targeted stores owned by Koreans and other ethnic Asians , reflecting tensions between them and the African - American communities . Many of the disturbances were concentrated in South Central Los Angeles , where the population was majority African - American and Hispanic . Fewer than half of all the riot arrests and a third of those killed during the violence were Hispanic . First day ( wednesday , April 29 , 1992 ) ( edit ) Before the verdicts ( edit ) In the week before the Rodney King verdicts were reached , Los Angeles police chief Daryl Gates set aside $1 million for possible police overtime . Even so , on the last day of the trial , two - thirds of the LAPD 's patrol captains were out of town in Ventura , California , on the first day of a three - day training seminar . At 1 : 00 pm on April 29 , Judge Stanley Weisberg announced that the jury had reached its verdict , which would be read in two hours ' time . This was done to allow reporters , but also police and other emergency responders , time to prepare for the outcome , as unrest was feared if the officers were acquitted . The LAPD had activated its Emergency Operations Center , which the Webster Commission described as `` the doors were opened , the lights turned on and the coffee pot plugged in '' , but taken no other preparatory action . Specifically , the people intended to staff that Center were not gathered until 4 : 45 pm . In addition , no action was taken to retain extra personnel at the LAPD 's shift change at 3 : 00 pm , as the risk of trouble was deemed low . Verdicts announced ( edit ) The acquittals of the four accused Los Angeles Police Department officers came at 3 : 15 pm local time . By 3 : 45 , a crowd of more than 300 people had appeared at the Los Angeles County Courthouse protesting the verdicts . Meanwhile , at approximately 4 : 15 -- 4 : 20 pm , a group of people approached the Pay-Less Liquor and Deli on Florence Avenue just west of Normandie in South Central . A gang member in an interview said that the group `` just decided they were n't going to pay for what they were getting . '' The store owner 's son was hit with a bottle of beer , and two other youths smashed the glass front door of the store . Two officers from the 77th Street Division of the LAPD responded to this incident and , finding that the instigators had already left , completed a report . Mayor Bradley Speaks ( edit ) At 4 : 58 pm , Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley held a news conference to discuss the verdicts . He both expressed anger about the verdicts and appealed for calm . Today , the jury told the world that what we all saw with our own eyes was not a crime . My friends , I am here to tell the jury ... what we saw was a crime . No , we will not tolerate the savage beating of our citizens by a few renegade cops . ... We must not endanger the reforms we have achieved by resorting to mindless acts . We must not push back progress by striking back blindly . -- Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley , post-verdict press conference Assistant Los Angeles police chief Bob Vernon later said he believed Bradley 's remarks invited a riot , and were perhaps taken as a signal by some citizens . Vernon said that the number of police incidents rose in the hour after the mayor 's press conference . 71st and Normandie ( edit ) At Florence and Halldale , two officers issued a plea for assistance in apprehending a young suspect who had thrown an object at their car and whom they were pursuing on foot . Approximately two dozen officers , commanded by 77th Street Division LAPD officer Lieutenant Michael Moulin , arrived and arrested the youth , 16 - year old Seandel Daniels , forcing him into the back of a car . The rough handling of the young man , a minor who was well known in the community , further agitated an uneasy and growing crowd , who began taunting and berating the police . Among the crowd were Bart Bartholemew , a freelance photographer for The New York Times , and Timothy Goldman , who began to record events with a camcorder . The police formed a perimeter around the arresting officers as the crowd grew more hostile , leading to further altercations and arrests ( including that of Damian Williams ' older brother , Mark Jackson ) . Fearing police would resort to deadly force to repel the growing crowd , Lieutenant Moulin ordered officers out of the area altogether . Moulin later said that officers on the scene were outnumbered and unprepared to handle the situation because their riot equipment was stored at the police academy . Hey , forget the flashlight , it 's not worth it . It ai n't worth it . It 's not worth it . Forget the flashlight . Not worth it . Let 's go . -- Lieutenant Michael Moulin , bullhorn broadcast as recorded by the Goldman footage at 71st and Normandie Moulin made the call for reporting officers to retreat from the 71st and Normandie area entirely at approximately 5 : 50 pm . They were sent to an RTD bus depot at 54th and Arlington and told to await further instructions . The command post formed at this location was set up at approximately 6 : 00 pm , but had no cell phones or computers other than those in squad cars . It had insufficient numbers of telephone lines and handheld police radios to assess and respond to the situation . Finally , the site had no televisions , which meant that as live broadcasts of unrest began , command post officers could not see any of the coverage . Unrest moves to Florence and Normandie ( edit ) Emboldened by the retreat of officers at 71st and Normandie , many proceeded one block south to the intersection of Florence and Normandie . Just after 6 pm , a group of young men broke the padlock and windows to Tom 's Liquor , allowing a group of more than 100 people to raid the store and loot it . Concurrently , the growing crowd in the street began attacking motorists of Caucasian and Asian appearance by throwing debris at their cars or pulling them from their vehicles when they stopped . As Goldman continued to film the scene on his camcorder , the Los Angeles News Service team of Marika Gerrard and Robert Tur arrived in a news helicopter , broadcasting from the air . The LANS feed appeared live on numerous Los Angeles television venues . At approximately 6 : 15 pm , as reports of vandalism , looting , and physical attacks continued to come in , Moulin elected to `` take the information '' , but not to respond with personnel to restore order or rescue people in the area . Moulin was relieved by a captain , ordered only to assess the Florence and Normandie area , and , again , not to attempt to deploy officers there . Meanwhile , Tur continued to cover the events in progress live at the intersection . From overhead , Tur described the police presence at the scene around 6 : 30 pm as `` none '' . At 6 : 43 pm , truck driver Larry Tarvin , driving down Florence , stopped at a red light at Normandie in a large white delivery truck . He was pulled from the truck by a group of men including Henry Watson , who proceeded to kick and beat him , before striking him unconscious with a fire extinguisher taken from his own vehicle . He lay unconscious for more than a minute as his truck was looted , before getting up and staggering back to his vehicle . With the help of an unknown African - American named Rodney , Tarvin drove his truck out of further harm 's way . Just before he did so , another truck , driven by Reginald Denny , entered the intersection . Attack on Reginald Denny ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Reginald Denny Looking northeast from the southwestern corner of Florence and Normandie , in March 2010 At 6 : 46 pm , Denny , a white truck driver who stopped at a traffic light at the intersection of Florence and Normandie , was dragged from his semi-trailer truck and severely beaten by a mob of local black residents . The LANS news helicopter piloted by reporter Tur broadcast live footage of the attack . Damian Williams threw a brick at Denny that struck him in the skull , fracturing it in 91 places . Tur 's live reports resulted in Denny being rescued by Bobby Green Jr. , a local black resident of South Central Los Angeles . After seeing the assault , Green rushed to the scene . He found Denny had climbed back into the cab of his truck and was trying to drive away , but was drifting in and out of consciousness . Green moved Denny out of the driver 's seat and drove him to Daniel Freeman Hospital in Inglewood . Upon arriving at the hospital , Denny went into a seizure . Fidel Lopez attack ( edit ) Around 7 : 40 pm , almost an hour after Denny was rescued , another beating was filmed on videotape in that location . Fidel Lopez , a self - employed construction worker and Guatemalan immigrant , was pulled from his GMC pickup truck and robbed of nearly $2,000 . Rioters including Damian Williams smashed his forehead open with a car stereo and one tried to slice his ear off . After Lopez lost consciousness , the crowd spray - painted his chest , torso , and genitals black . He was eventually rescued by Rev. Bennie Newton , who told the rioters : `` Kill him , and you have to kill me too . '' Lopez survived the attack , but it took him years to fully recover and re-establish his business . Newton and Lopez became close friends . Sunset on the first evening of the riots was at 7 : 36 pm . The first call reporting a fire came in soon after , at approximately 7 : 45 pm . Police did not return in force to the Florence and Normandie area until 8 : 30 pm , by which time the intersection was in ruins and most rioters had left . Numerous factors were later blamed for the severity of rioting in the 77th Street Division on the evening of April 29 . These included : No effort made to close the busy intersection of Florence and Normandie to traffic . Failure to secure gun stores in the Division ( one in particular lost 1,150 guns to looting on April 29 ) . The failure to issue a citywide Tactical Alert until 6 : 43 pm , which delayed the arrival of other divisions to assist the 77th . The lack of any response -- and in particular , a riot response -- to the intersection , which emboldened rioters . Since attacks , looting , and arson were broadcast live , viewers could see that none of these actions were being stopped by police . Parker Center ( edit ) As noted , after the verdicts were announced , a crowd of protesters formed at the Los Angeles police headquarters at Parker Center in Downtown Los Angeles . The crowd grew as the afternoon passed , and became violent . The police formed a skirmish line to protect the building , sometimes moving as protesters advanced . In the midst of this , before 6 : 30 pm , police chief Daryl Gates left Parker Center , on his way to the neighborhood of Brentwood . There , as the situation in Los Angeles deteriorated , Gates attended a political fundraiser against Los Angeles City Charter Amendment F , intended to `` give City Hall more power over the police chief and provide more civilian review of officer misconduct '' . The amendment would limit the power and term length of his office . The Parker Center crowd grew riotous at approximately 9 : 00 pm , eventually making their way through the Civic Center , attacking law enforcement , turning over vehicles , setting objects ablaze , and blocking traffic on U.S. Route 101 . Nearby firefighters were shot at while trying to put out a blaze set by looters . The mayor had requested the California Army National Guard from Governor Pete Wilson ; the first of these units , the 670th Military Police Company , had traveled almost 300 miles ( 480 kilometers ) from its main armory and arrived in the afternoon to assist local police . They were first deployed to a police command center , where they began handing out bulletproof vests to the firefighters after encountering the unit whose member had been shot . Later , after receiving ammunition from the L.A. Police Academy and a local gun store , the MPs deployed to hold the Martin Luther King Shopping Mall in Watts . Lake View Terrace ( edit ) In the Lake View Terrace district of Los Angeles , 200 - 400 protesters gathered about 9 : 15 pm at the site where Rodney King was beaten in 1991 , near the Hansen Dam Recreation Area . The group marched south on Osborne Street to the LAPD Foothill Division headquarters . There they began rock throwing , shooting into the air , and setting fires . The Foothill division police used riot - breaking techniques to disperse the crowd and arrest those responsible for rock throwing and the fires . Second day ( Thursday , April 30 ) ( edit ) Mayor Bradley signed an order for a dusk - to - dawn curfew at 12 : 15 am for the core area affected by the riots . At 10 : 15 am , he expanded the area under curfew . By mid-morning , violence appeared widespread and unchecked as extensive looting and arson were witnessed across Los Angeles County . Rioting moved from South Central Los Angeles , going north through the neighborhoods of Central Los Angeles before reaching Hollywood . The looting and fires engulfed Hollywood Boulevard , before rioting erupted in the neighboring cities of Inglewood , Hawthorne , Compton and Long Beach . Korean Americans noted that law enforcement abandoned Koreatown , contrasting that with official defense lines for such wealthy white neighborhoods as Beverly Hills and West Hollywood . Subsequently , they organized their own armed security teams composed of store owners , who defended their businesses from assault . Open gun battles were televised , including an incident in which Korean shopkeepers armed with M1 carbines , Ruger Mini-14s , pump - action shotguns , and handguns exchanged gunfire with a group of armed looters , and forced their retreat . After Los Angeles Dodgers manager Tommy Lasorda criticized rioters for burning down their own neighborhoods , he received death threats and was taken to the LAPD academy for protection . The 670th MP Company had been redeployed to reinforce police patrols and to guard the Korean Cultural Center and Embassy after events in Koreatown . The LAPD and the Los Angeles County Sheriff 's Department ( LASD ) organized response began to come together by mid-day . The Los Angeles Fire Department ( LAFD ) and Los Angeles County Fire Department ( LACFD ) began to respond backed by police escort ; California Highway Patrol reinforcements were airlifted to the city . U.S. President George H.W. Bush spoke out against the rioting , stating that `` anarchy '' would not be tolerated . The California Army National Guard , which had been advised not to expect civil disturbance and had , as a result , loaned its riot equipment out to other law enforcement agencies , responded quickly by calling up about 2,000 soldiers , but could not get them to the city until nearly 24 hours had passed . They lacked equipment and had to pick it up from the JFTB ( Joint Forces Training Base ) , Los Alamitos , California , which at the time was predominately a mothballed former airbase . Air traffic control procedures at Los Angeles International Airport were modified , with all departures and arrivals routed to and from the west , over the Pacific Ocean , avoiding overflights of neighborhoods affected by the rioting . Popular comedian and actor Bill Cosby spoke on the local television station KNBC and asked people to stop the rioting and watch the final episode of his The Cosby Show . The U.S. Justice Department announced it would resume federal investigation of the Rodney King beating as a violation of federal civil rights law . Third day ( Friday , May 1 ) ( edit ) Rodney King gave an impromptu news conference in front of his lawyer 's office , tearfully saying , `` People , I just want to say , you know , can we all get along ? '' That morning , at 1 : 00 am , Governor Wilson had requested federal assistance . Upon request , Bush invoked the Insurrection Act with Executive Order 12804 , federalizing the California Army National Guard and authorizing federal troops to help restore law and order . With Bush 's authority , the Pentagon activated Operation Garden Plot , placing the California Army National Guard and federal troops under the newly formed Joint Task Force Los Angeles ( JTF - LA ) . The deployment of federal troops was not ready until Saturday , by which time the rioting and looting were under control . Meanwhile , the 40th Infantry Division ( doubled to 4,000 troops ) of the California Army National Guard continued to move into the city in Humvees ; eventually 10,000 Army National Guard troops were activated . In addition , the White House sent some 1,700 riot control - trained federal law enforcement officers from different agencies across California to L.A. to protect federal facilities and assist local police . Later that evening , Bush addressed the country , denouncing `` random terror and lawlessness '' . He summarized his discussions with Mayor Bradley and Governor Wilson , and outlined the federal assistance he was making available to local authorities . Citing the `` urgent need to restore order '' , he warned that the `` brutality of a mob '' would not be tolerated , and he would `` use whatever force is necessary '' . He referred to the Rodney King case , describing talking to his own grandchildren and noting the actions of `` good and decent policemen '' as well as civil rights leaders . He said he had directed the Justice Department to investigate the King case , and that `` grand jury action is underway today '' , and justice would prevail . By this point , many entertainment and sports events were postponed or canceled . The Los Angeles Lakers hosted the Portland Trail Blazers in an NBA playoff basketball game on the night the rioting started , but the following game was postponed until Sunday and moved to Las Vegas . The Los Angeles Clippers moved a playoff game against the Utah Jazz to nearby Anaheim . In baseball , the Los Angeles Dodgers postponed games for four straight days from Thursday to Sunday , including a whole 3 - game series against the Montreal Expos ; all were made up as part of doubleheaders in July . In San Francisco , a city curfew due to unrest forced the postponement of a May 1 , San Francisco Giants home game against the Philadelphia Phillies . The horse racing venues Hollywood Park Racetrack and Los Alamitos Race Course were also shut down . L.A. Fiesta Broadway , a major event in the Latino community , was canceled . In music , Van Halen canceled two concert shows in Inglewood on Saturday and Sunday . Metallica and Guns N ' Roses moved their concert to the Rose Bowl as the Coliseum and its surrounding neighborhood were still damaged . Michael Bolton canceled his scheduled performance at the Hollywood Bowl Sunday . The World Wrestling Federation canceled events on Friday and Saturday in the cities of Long Beach and Fresno . Fourth day ( Saturday , May 2 ) ( edit ) Marines disembark in Compton from their Humvees and trucks on May 2 , 1992 On the fourth day , 2,000 soldiers of the 7th Infantry Division from Fort Ord and 1,500 Marines of the 1st Marine Division from Camp Pendleton arrived to reinforce the National Guardsmen already in the city . The Marine Corps contingent included the 1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion , commanded by John F. Kelly . It was the first significant military occupation of Los Angeles by federal troops since the 1894 Pullman Strike , and also the first time such forces were sent to an American city to quell a civil disorder since the 1968 King assassination riots . These federal military forces took 24 hours to deploy to Huntington Park , about the same time it took for the National Guardsmen . This brought total troop strength to 13,500 . Federal troops and National Guardsmen directly supported local police in restoring order ; they contributed significantly to containing and stopping the violence . With most of the violence under control , 30,000 people attended an 11 : 00 am peace rally in Koreatown to support local merchants and racial healing . Fifth day ( Sunday , May 3 ) ( edit ) Mayor Bradley assured the public that the crisis was , more or less , under control as areas became quiet . Later that night , Army National Guardsmen shot and killed a motorist who tried to run them over at a barrier . In another incident , the LAPD and Marines intervened in a domestic dispute in Compton , in which the suspect held his wife and children hostage . As the officers approached , the suspect fired two shotgun rounds through the door , injuring some of the officers . One of the officers yelled to the Marines , `` Cover me , '' as per law enforcement training to be prepared to fire upon if necessary . However , per their military training , the Marines mistook the wording as providing cover while utilizing firepower , resulting in a total of 200 rounds being sprayed into the house . Remarkably , neither the suspect nor the woman and children inside the house were harmed . Sixth day ( monday , May 4 ) and aftermath ( edit ) Although Mayor Bradley lifted the curfew , signaling the official end of the riots , sporadic violence and crime continued for a few days afterward . Schools , banks , and businesses reopened . Federal troops did not stand down until May 9 . The Army National Guard remained until May 14 . Some National Guardsmen remained as late as May 27 . Korean Americans during the riots ( edit ) See also : History of the Korean Americans in Los Angeles Many Korean Americans in Los Angeles refer to the event as Sa - I - Gu , meaning `` four - two - nine '' in Korean , in reference to April 29 , 1992 , which was the day the riots started . The week of riots following the acquittal of the LAPD officers in the beating of Rodney King has been considered a major turning point for the development of a distinct Korean American identity and community . Over 2,300 mom - and - pop shops run by Korean business owners were damaged through ransacking and looting during the riots , sustaining close to $400 million in damages . Media coverage has framed the looting and destruction from framed by media coverage as a result of growing social and economic tensions between the Korean American and African American communities , with some attributing the tensions to the Middleman minority theory where friction arises when a minority group has a role as a `` middleman '' such as a retailer or business owner between a more dominant majority and another minority group . Korean Americans responded in various ways , including forming activist organizations such as the Association of Korean - American Victims and increasing efforts to build collaborative links with other ethnic groups through groups like the Korean American Coalition . During the riots , many Korean immigrants from the area rushed to Koreatown , after Korean - language radio stations called for volunteers to guard against rioters . Many were armed , with a variety of improvised weapons , shotguns , and semi-automatic rifles . According to Edward Park the 1992 violence stimulated a new wave of political activism among Korean - Americans , but it also split them into two camps . The liberals sought to unite with other minorities in Los Angeles to fight against racial oppression and scapegoating . The conservatives emphasized law and order and generally favored the economic and social policies of the Republican Party . The conservatives tended to emphasize the political differences between Koreans and other minorities , specifically African Americans . On March 16 , 1991 , a year prior to the Los Angeles riots , storekeeper Soon Ja Du physically confronted black ninth - grader Latasha Harlins , grabbing her sweater and backpack when she suspected she had been trying to steal a bottle of orange juice from Empire Liquor , the store Du 's family owned in Compton . After Latasha hit Du , she shot her in the back of the head , killing her . ( Security tape showed the girl , already dead , was clutching $2 in her hand when investigators arrived . ) Du was convicted of voluntary manslaughter and forced to pay a fine of $500 , but not sentenced to any prison time . Relations between the African - American and Korean communities significantly worsened after this , and the former became increasingly mistrustful of the criminal justice system . Racial tensions had been simmering for years between these groups . Many African Americans were angry toward a growing Korean migrant community in South Central Los Angeles earning a living in their communities , and felt disrespected and humiliated by many Korean merchants . Cultural differences and a language barrier further fueled tensions . The probation Du received for killing Latasha Harlins , combined with the acquittal of the four LAPD officers in Rodney King 's trial , resulted in the ensuing Los Angeles riots , with much anger directed at Koreans . Television coverage of two Korean merchants firing pistols repeatedly at roving looters was widely seen and controversial . The New York Times said `` that the image seemed to speak of race war , and of vigilantes taking the law into their own hands . '' The merchants were reacting to the shooting of Mr. Park 's wife and her sister by looters who had converged on the shopping center where the shops were located . Due to their low social status and the language barrier with immigrants , Korean Americans received very little if any aid or protection from police authorities . David Joo , a manager of the gun store , said , `` I want to make it clear that we did n't open fire first . At that time , four police cars were there . Somebody started to shoot at us . The LAPD ran away in half a second . I never saw such a fast escape . I was pretty disappointed . '' Carl Rhyu , also a participant in the Koreans ' armed response , said , `` If it was your own business and your own property , would you be willing to trust it to someone else ? We are glad the National Guard is here . They 're good backup . But when our shops were burning we called the police every five minutes ; no response . '' At a shopping center several miles north of Koreatown , Jay Rhee , who said he and others fired five hundred shots into the ground and air , said , `` We have lost our faith in the police . Where were you when we needed you ? '' Koreatown was isolated from South Central Los Angeles , yet despite this , it was the most severely damaged in the riots . Preparations ( edit ) One of the largest armed camps in Los Angeles 's Koreatown was at the California Market . On the first night after the officers ' verdicts were returned , Richard Rhee , the market owner , set up in the parking lot with about 20 armed employees . One year after the riots , fewer than one in four damaged or destroyed businesses had reopened , according to the survey conducted by the Korean - American Inter-Agency Council . According to a Los Angeles Times survey conducted eleven months after the riots , almost 40 % of Korean Americans said they were thinking of leaving Los Angeles . Before a verdict was issued in the new 1993 Rodney King federal civil rights trial against the four officers , Korean shop owners prepared for the worst . Gun sales went up , many to persons of Korean descent , some merchants at flea markets removed merchandise from shelves , and they fortified storefronts with extra Plexiglas and bars . Throughout the region , merchants readied to defend themselves . College student Elizabeth Hwang spoke of the attacks on her parents ' convenience store in 1992 . She said at the time of the 1993 trial , they had been armed with a Glock 17 pistol , a Beretta , and a shotgun , and they planned to barricade themselves in their store to fight off looters . Some Koreans formed armed militia groups following the 1992 riots . Speaking just prior to the 1993 verdict , Yong Kim , leader of the Korea Young Adult Team of Los Angeles , which purchased five AK - 47s , said `` We made a mistake last year . This time we wo n't . I do n't know why Koreans are always a special target for African - Americans , but if they are going to attack our community , then we are going to pay them back . '' Post-riots ( edit ) Korean Americans not only faced physical damage to their stores and community surroundings , but they also suffered emotional , psychological , and economic despair . About 2,300 Korean - owned stores in Southern California were looted or burned , making up 45 percent of all damages caused by the riot . According to the Asian and Pacific American Counseling and Prevention Center , 730 Koreans were treated for post-traumatic stress disorder , which included symptoms such as insomnia , sense of helplessness , and muscle pain . In reaction , many Korean Americans worked to create political and social empowerment . The L.A. riots resulted in the development of new ethnic agendas and organization . A week after the riots , in the largest Asian - American protest ever held in a city , about 30,000 mostly Korean and Korean - American marchers walked the streets of L.A. Koreatown , calling for peace and denouncing police violence . This cultural movement was devoted to the protection of Koreans ' political rights , ethnic heritage , and political representation . New leaders arose within the community , and second - generation children spoke on behalf of the community . Korean Americans began to have different occupation goals , from storeowners to political leaders . Korean Americans worked to gain governmental aid to rebuild their damaged neighborhoods . Countless community and advocacy groups have been established to further fuel Korean political representation and understanding . After suffering from isolation , they worked to gain new understanding and connections . The representative voice that was created remains present in South Central Los Angeles , as such events as the riots contributed to the shaping of identities , perceptions and political and social representation . Edward Taehan Chang , a professor of ethnic studies and founding director of the Young Oak Kim Center for Korean American Studies at the University of California , Riverside , has identified the LA riots as a turning point for the development of a Korean American identity separate from that of Korean immigrants and that was more engaged with other minority groups . `` What was an immigrant Korean identity began to shift . The Korean - American identity was born ... They learned a valuable lesson that we have to become much more engaged and politically involved , and that political empowerment is very much part of the Korean - American future . '' Hispanics in the riots ( edit ) According to a report prepared in 1993 by the Latinos Futures Research Group for the Latino Coalition for a New Los Angeles , one third of those who were killed and one half of those who were arrested in the riots were Latino ; moreover , between 20 % and 40 % of the businesses that were looted were owned by Latino owners . Hispanics were considered a minority despite their increasing numbers , and thus lacked political support and were poorly represented . Their lack of knowledge , both socially and politically , within the area additionally silenced their acknowledgment of participation . Many of the individuals of the area were new immigrants ; they often did not speak English and were seen as unimportant and `` different '' from blacks . Gloria Alvarez claims the riots did not create social distance between Hispanics and black people , but rather united them . Although the riots were perceived in different aspects , Alvarez argues it brought a greater sense of understanding between Hispanics and blacks . Even though Hispanics now heavily populate the area that was once predominantly black , such transition has improved over time . The building of a stronger and more understanding community could help to prevent social chaos arising between the two groups . Hate crimes and widespread violence between the two groups continue to be a problem in the L.A. area , however . Media coverage ( edit ) Almost as soon as the disturbances broke out in South Central , local television news cameras were on the scene to record the events as they happened . Television coverage of the riots was near continuous , starting with the beating of motorists at the intersection of Florence and Normandie broadcast live by television news pilot / reporter Bob Tur and his camera operator Marika Gerrard . By virtue of their extensive coverage , mainstream television stations provided a vivid , comprehensive and valuable record of the violence occurring on the streets of Los Angeles . In part because of extensive media coverage of the Los Angeles riots , smaller but similar riots and other anti-police actions took place in other cities throughout the United States . The Emergency Broadcast System was also utilized during the rioting . Coverage came from the American media , which gave an extensive portrayal of the riots , Korean - American media , and Korea itself . One of the most prominent sources for news about the coverage came from the Korea Times , a Korean - American newspaper run entirely independently from American newspapers , such as The New York Times . Korean - American newspapers ( edit ) Articles presented from the Korean - American side stated that `` Korean American merchants were apparently targeted by looters during the LA . Riots , according to the FBI official who directed federal law enforcement efforts during the disturbance . '' The Korean American newspaper focused on the 1992 riots with Korean Americans being the center of the violence . Initial articles from late April and early May were about the stories depicting victims lives and the damage done to the LA Korean Community . Interviews with Koreatown merchants , such as Chung Lee , drew sympathy from its readers . Chung Lee , the model example of good merchant watched , helplessly , as his store was burned down . `` I worked hard for that store . Now I have nothing , '' said Lee . American newspapers ( edit ) While several articles included the minorities involved when citing damages or naming victims , few actually incorporated them as a significant part of the struggle . American news coverage was mainly directed at the oppression of African American citizens especially at white hands . One story framed the race riots as `` time when the wrath of blacks was focused on whites . '' They acknowledged that racism and stereotyped views contributed to the riots , the articles from American newspapers made the LA riots about black and whites struggling to coexist , rather than include all minorities involved . Racism ( edit ) While some news articles compared the LA riots to the Watts riots of the 1960s , many of them focused on the tension between black and white residents of America , drawing the history as far back as slavery and deep set racial divides . Multiethnic struggle ( edit ) The Korean - Americans and their stores throughout LA 's Korea town were hit the hardest by the riots , with an estimated $400 million done in damages . Despite claims that Koreatown had not been intentionally targeted during the riots , by Sunday , over 1,600 Korean - American owned stores had been completely destroyed . Hispanic owned stores and African - American owned stores were also destroyed during the riots . Because many ethnic groups were affected , the 1992 LA riots later were called `` America 's First Multiethnic ' Riots . ' '' A major criticism of the mainstream media coverage was the pitting of Koreans and against blacks one another and the framing of the LA riots has having been caused by a black - Korean conflict . As filmmaker Dai Sil Kim - Gibson , who created the 1993 documentary `` Sa - I - Gu '' , described , `` Black - Korean conflict was one symptom , but it was certainly not the cause of that riot . The cause of that riot was black - white conflict that existed in this country from the establishment of this country . '' Aftermath ( edit ) Burned buildings in Los Angeles The rioting ended after numerous forces of the California Army National Guard , the 7th Infantry Division and the 1st Marine Division were brought in to reinforce the local police . In total , 55 people were killed during the riots and more than 2,000 people were injured . After the riots subsided , an inquiry was commissioned by the city Police Commission , led by William H. Webster ( special advisor ) , and Hubert Williams ( deputy special advisor , president of the Police Foundation ) . The findings of the inquiry , The City in Crisis : A Report by the Special Advisor to the Board of Police Commissioners on the Civil Disorder in Los Angeles , also colloquially known as the Webster Report or Webster Commission , was released on October 21 , 1992 . LAPD chief of police Daryl Gates , who had seen his successor Willie L. Williams named by the Police Commission days before the riots , was forced to resign on June 28 , 1992 . Some areas of the city saw temporary truces between the rival gangs the Crips and the Bloods , which fueled speculation among LAPD officers that the truce was going to be used to unite them against the department . Post-riot Commentary ( edit ) Scholars and writers ( edit ) In addition to the catalyst of the verdicts in the excessive force trial , various other factors have been cited as causes of the unrest . In the years preceding the riots , several other highly controversial incidents involving alleged police brutality or other perceived injustices against minorities had been criticized by activists and investigated by media . Thirteen days after the beating of King was widely broadcast , African Americans were outraged when Latasha Harlins , a 15 - year - old black girl , was killed by a Korean - American shopkeeper in the course of an ostensible shoplifting incident . Soon Ja Du was sentenced to 5 years probation and 400 hours of community service but no jail time . Rioters targeted Korean - American shops in their areas , as there had been considerable tension between the two communities . Such sources as Newsweek and Time suggested that blacks thought Korean - American merchants were `` taking money out of their community '' , that they were racist as they refused to hire blacks , and often treated them without respect . There were cultural and language differences , as some shopowners were immigrants . There were other factors for social tensions : high rates of poverty and unemployment among the residents of South Central Los Angeles , which had been deeply affected by the nationwide recession . Articles in the Los Angeles Times and The New York Times linked the economic deterioration of South Central to the declining living conditions of the residents , and reported that local resentments about these conditions helped to fuel the riots . Other scholars compare these riots to those in Detroit in the 1920s , when whites rioted against blacks . But instead of African - Americans as victims , the race riots `` represent backlash violence in response to recent Latino and Asian immigration into African - American neighborhoods . '' Social commentator Mike Davis pointed to the growing economic disparity in Los Angeles , caused by corporate restructuring and government deregulation , with inner city residents bearing the brunt of such changes . Such conditions engendered a widespread feeling of frustration and powerlessness in the urban populace . They reacted to the King verdicts with a violent expression of collective public protest . To Davis and other writers , the tensions between African - Americans and Korean - Americans had as much to do with the economic competition between the two groups caused by wider market forces as with either cultural misunderstandings , or blacks angered about the killing of Latasha Harlins . A Special Committee of the California Legislature also studied the riots , producing a report entitled To Rebuild is Not Enough . The Committee concluded that the inner city conditions of poverty , racial segregation , lack of educational and employment opportunities , police abuse and unequal consumer services created the underlying causes of the riots . It also noted that the decline of industrial jobs in the American economy and the growing ethnic diversity of Los Angeles had contributed to urban problems . Another official report , The City in Crisis , was initiated by the Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners ; it made many of the same observations are as the Assembly Special Committee about the growth of popular urban dissatisfaction . In their study Farrell and Johnson found similar factors , which included the diversification of the L.A. population , tension between the successful Korean businesses and other minorities , use of excessive force on minorities by LAPD , and the effect of laissez - faire business on urban employment opportunities . Rioters were believed to have been motivated by racial tensions but these are considered one of numerous factors . Urban sociologist Joel Kotkin said , `` This was n't a race riot , it was a class riot . '' Many ethnic groups participated in rioting , not only African Americans . Newsweek reported that `` Hispanics and even some whites ; men , women and children mingled with African - Americans . '' `` When residents who lived near Florence and Normandie were asked why they believed riots had occurred in their neighborhoods , they responded of the perceived racist attitudes they had felt throughout their lifetime and empathized with the bitterness the rioters felt . Residents who had respectable jobs , homes , and material items still felt like second class citizens . A poll by Newsweek asked whether black people charged with crimes were treated more harshly or more leniently than other ethnicities ; 75 % of blacks responded `` more harshly '' , versus 46 % of whites . In his public statements during the riots , Jesse Jackson , civil rights leader , sympathized with the anger of African - Americans about the verdicts in the King trial , and noted root causes of the disturbances . He repeatedly emphasized the continuing patterns of racism , police brutality , and economic despair suffered by inner city residents . Several prominent writers expressed a similar `` culture of poverty '' argument . Writers in Newsweek , for example , drew a distinction between the actions of the rioters in 1992 with those of the urban upheavals in the 1960s , arguing that `` ( w ) here the looting at Watts had been desperate , angry , mean , the mood this time was closer to a manic fiesta , a TV game show with every looter a winner . '' Meanwhile , in an article published in Commentary entitled `` How the Rioters Won '' , conservative columnist Midge Decter referred to African - American city youths and asked `` ( h ) ow is it possible to go on declaring that what will save the young men of South Central L.A. , and the young girls they impregnate , and the illegitimate babies they sire , is jobs ? How is it possible to look at these boys of the underclass ... and imagine that they either want or could hold on to jobs ? '' Politicians ( edit ) Democratic presidential candidate Bill Clinton said that the violence resulted from the breakdown of economic opportunities and social institutions in the inner city . He also berated both major political parties for failing to address urban issues , especially the Republican Administration for its presiding over `` more than a decade of urban decay '' generated by their spending cuts . He maintained that the King verdicts could not be avenged by the `` savage behavior '' of `` lawless vandals '' . He also stated that people `` are looting because ... ( t ) hey do not share our values , and their children are growing up in a culture alien from ours , without family , without neighborhood , without church , without support . '' While Los Angeles was mostly unaffected by the urban decay the other metropolitan areas of the nation faced since the 1960s , racial tensions had been present since the late 1970s , becoming increasingly violent as the 1980s progressed . Democrat Maxine Waters , the African - American Congressional representative of South Central Los Angeles , said that the events in L.A. constituted a `` rebellion '' or `` insurrection '' , caused by the underlying reality of poverty and despair existing in the inner city . This state of affairs , she asserted , were brought about by a government that had all but abandoned the poor and failed to help compensate for the loss of local jobs , and by the institutional discrimination encountered by racial minorities , especially at the hands of the police and financial institutions . Conversely , President Bush argued that the unrest was `` purely criminal '' . Though he acknowledged that the King verdicts were plainly unjust , he said that `` we simply can not condone violence as a way of changing the system ... Mob brutality , the total loss of respect for human life was sickeningly sad ... What we saw last night and the night before in Los Angeles is not about civil rights . It 's not about the great cause of equality that all Americans must uphold . It 's not a message of protest . It 's been the brutality of a mob , pure and simple . '' Vice President Dan Quayle blamed the violence on a `` Poverty of Values '' -- `` I believe the lawless social anarchy which we saw is directly related to the breakdown of family structure , personal responsibility and social order in too many areas of our society '' Similarly , the White House Press Secretary , Marlin Fitzwater , alleged that `` many of the root problems that have resulted in inner city difficulties were started in the ' 60s and ' 70s and ... they have failed ... ( N ) ow we are paying the price . '' Writers for former Congressman Ron Paul framed the riots in similar terms in the June 1992 edition of the Ron Paul Political Newsletter , billed as a special issue focusing on `` racial terrorism . '' `` Order was only restored in LA '' , the newsletter read , `` when it came time for the blacks to pick up their welfare checks three days after rioting began ... What if the checks had never arrived ? No doubt the blacks would have fully privatized the welfare state through continued looting . But they were paid off and the violence subsided . '' Rodney King ( edit ) In the aftermath of the riots , public pressure mounted for a retrial of the officers . Federal charges of civil rights violations were brought against them . As the first anniversary of the acquittal neared , the city tensely awaited the decision of the federal jury . The decision was read in a court session on Saturday , April 17 , 1993 at 7 : 00 am . Officer Laurence Powell and Sergeant Stacey Koon were found guilty , while officers Theodore Briseno and Timothy Wind were acquitted . Mindful of criticism of sensationalist reporting after the first trial and during the riots , media outlets opted for more sober coverage . Police were fully mobilized with officers on 12 hour shifts , convoy patrols , scout helicopters , street barricades , tactical command centers , and support from the Army National Guard , the active duty Army and the Marines . All four of these officers have since quit or have been fired from the LAPD . Briseno left the LAPD after being acquitted on federal charges . Wind , who was also acquitted , was fired after the appointment of Willie L. Williams as Chief of Police . Chief Williams ' tenure was short lived . The Los Angeles Police Commission declined to renew his contract , citing Williams ' failure to fulfill his mandate to create meaningful change in the department . Susan Clemmer , an officer who gave crucial testimony for the defense at first trial of officers , committed suicide in July 2009 in the lobby of a Los Angeles Sheriff 's Station . She had ridden in the ambulance with King and testified that he was laughing and spat blood on her uniform . She had remained in law enforcement and was a Sheriff 's Detective at the time of her death . Rodney King was awarded $3.8 million in damages from the City of Los Angeles . He invested most of this money in founding a hip - hop record label , `` Straight Alta - Pazz Records '' . The venture was unable to garner success and soon folded . King was later arrested at least eleven times on a variety of charges , including domestic abuse and hit and run . King and his family moved from Los Angeles to Rialto , California , a suburb in San Bernardino County , in an attempt to escape the fame and notoriety and to begin a new life . King and his family later returned to Los Angeles , where they ran a family owned construction company . Until his death on June 17 , 2012 , King rarely discussed the night of his beating by police or its aftermath , preferring to remain out of the spotlight . King died of an accidental drowning ; authorities said that he had alcohol and drugs in his body . Renee Campbell , his most recent attorney , described King as `` ... simply a very nice man caught in a very unfortunate situation . '' Deaths and arrests ( edit ) On May 3 , 1992 , in view of the very large number of persons arrested during the riots , the California Supreme Court extended the deadline to charge defendants from 48 hours to 96 hours . That day , 6,345 people were arrested and 44 dead bodies were still being identified by the coroner using fingerprints , driver 's license , or dental records . By the end of the riot 63 people had died , including 35 from gunfire ( including eight shot by law enforcement officers and two by National Guardsmen ) , six due to arson , two from attackers armed with sticks or boards , two from stabbings , six in car accidents ( including two hit - and - runs ) , and one from strangling . Nearly one third of the rioters arrested were released because police officers were unable to identify individuals in the sheer volume of the crowd . In one case , officers arrested around 40 people stealing from one store ; while they were identifying them , a group of another 12 looters were brought in . With the groups mingled , charges could not be brought against individuals for stealing from specific stores , and the police had to release them all . In the weeks after the rioting , more than 11,000 people were arrested . Many of the looters in black communities were turned in by their neighbors , who were angry about the destruction of businesses who employed locals and providing basic needs such as groceries . Many of the looters , fearful of prosecution by law enforcement and condemnation from their neighbors , ended up placing looted items curbside in other areas to get rid of them . Rebuilding Los Angeles ( edit ) After three days of arson and looting , 3,767 buildings were burned and property damage was estimated at more than $1 billion . Donations were given to help with food and medicine . The office of State Senator Diane E. Watson provided shovels and brooms to volunteers from all over the community who helped clean . 13,000 police and military personnel patrolled the area , protecting intact gas stations and food stores ; they reopened along with other businesses areas such as the Universal Studios tour , dance halls , and bars . Many organizations stepped forward to rebuild Los Angeles ; South Central 's Operation Hope and Koreatown 's Saigu and KCCD ( Korean Churches for Community Development ) , all raised millions to repair destruction and improve economic development . President George H.W. Bush signed a declaration of disaster ; it activated Federal relief efforts for the victims of looting and arson , which included grants and low - cost loans to cover their property losses . The Rebuild LA program promised $6 billion in private investment to create 74,000 jobs . The majority of the local stores were never rebuilt. Store owners had difficulty getting loans ; myths about the area arose discouraging investment in the area and preventing growth of employment . Few of the rebuilding plans were implemented , and business investors and some community members rejected South L.A. Residential life ( edit ) Many Los Angeles residents bought weapons for self - defense against further violence . The 10 - day waiting period in California law stymied those who wanted to purchase firearms while the riot was going on . In a survey of local residents in 2010 , 77 % felt that the economic situation in Los Angeles had significantly worsened since 1992 . From 1992 -- 2007 , the black population dropped by 123,000 , while the Latino population grew more than 450,000 . According to the Los Angeles police statistics , violent crime fell by 76 % between 1992 and 2010 , which has been a period of declining crime across the country . It was accompanied by lessening tensions between racial groups . 60 % of residents reported racial tension has improved in the past 20 years , and gang activity has decreased . See also ( edit ) African American portal Los Angeles portal 1990s portal 1992 Los Angeles riots in popular culture The Riot Within : My Journey from Rebellion to Redemption 2015 Baltimore protests List of riots List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States Simultaneous 1992 riots : West Las Vegas riots Previous Los Angeles riots : Watts riots ( 1965 ) Zoot Suit Riots ( 1943 ) Ethnic groups : History of the African - Americans in Los Angeles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles riots : Remember the 63 people who died '' . April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harris , Paul ( 1999 ) . Black Rage Confronts the Law . NYU Press . p. 186 . ISBN 9780814735923 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rayner , Richard ( 1998 ) . The Granta Book of Reportage . Granta Books . p. 424 . ISBN 9781862071933 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rodney King Case and the Los Angeles Uprising -- UCLA Film & Television Archive '' . www.cinema.ucla.edu . ^ Jump up to : `` The Final Report : The L.A. Riots '' , National Geographic Channel , aired on October 4 , 2006 10 pm EDT , approximately 38 minutes into the hour ( including commercial breaks ) . Jump up ^ `` Sergeant Says King Appeared to Be on Drugs '' . The New York Times . March 20 , 1992 . Retrieved March 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sergeant Says King Appeared to Be on Drugs '' . The New York Times . March 20 , 1992 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Faragher , John . `` Rodney King tape on national news '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Prosecution Rests Case in Rodney King Beating Trial -- The Tech '' . tech.mit.edu . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Juan ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` George Holliday , the man with the camera who shot Rodney King while police subdued him , got burned , too . He got a quick thanks from King , but history - making video brought him peanuts and even the camera was finally yanked away '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Doug Linder . `` The Arrest Record of Rodney King '' . Law.umkc.edu . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2010 . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Official Negligence : How Rodney King and the Riots Changed Los Angeles and the LAPD pages 41 -- 42 Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Times : Archives '' . Pqasb.pqarchiver.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times : Search for ' rodney king ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archives : Chicago Tribune '' . Pqasb.pqarchiver.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Uprising : Hip Hop & The LA Riots '' . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Is Everywhere : A Partial Culling of Unrest Across America '' , ( Condensed from the Encyclopedia of American Race Riots , ed . Walter Rucker and James Nathaniel Upton ) , New York magazine , May 18 -- 31 , 2015 , p. 33 Jump up ^ `` Violence and Racism Are Routine In Los Angeles Police , Study Says '' . www.nytimes.com . July 10 , 1991 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Reinhold , Robert ( May 3 , 1992 ) . `` Riots in Los Angeles : The Overview ; cleanup begins in los angeles ; troops enforce surreal calm '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mydans , Seth ( March 6 , 1992 ) . `` Police Beating Trial Opens With Replay of Videotape '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Abcarian , Robin ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` An aggravating anniversary for Simi Valley , where a not - guilty verdict sparked the ' 92 L.A. riots '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rodney King Juror Talks About His Black Father and Family For the First Time '' . laist. April 28 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` After the riots ; A Juror Describes the Ordeal of Deliberations '' . The New York Times . May 6 , 1992 . Retrieved March 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jurist -- The Rodney King Beating Trials '' . Jurist.law.pitt.edu . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Law.umkc.edu Archived April 17 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Online NewsHour Forum : Authors ' Corner with Lou Cannon -- April 7 , 1998 '' . Pbs.org . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2010 . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ SERRANO , RICHARD A. ( April 30 , 1992 ) . `` All 4 Acquitted in King Beating : Verdict Stirs Outrage ; Bradley Calls It Senseless : Trial : Ventura County jury rejects charges of excessive force in episode captured on videotape . A mistrial is declared on one count against Officer Powell '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ doug linder . `` videotape '' . Law.umkc.edu . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2010 . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The American edition of the National Geographic Channel aired the program `` The Final Report : The L.A. Riots '' on October 4 , 2006 10 pm EDT , approximately 27 minutes into the hour ( including commercial breaks ) . Jump up ^ Cannon , L. ( 2002 ) . Official Negligence : How Rodney King and the Riots Changed Los Angeles and the LAPD . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 3725 - 9 Jump up ^ CNN Documentary Race + Rage : The Beating of Rodney King , aired originally on March 5 , 2011 ; approximately 14 minutes into the hour ( not including commercial breaks ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Los Angeles Riots Fast Facts '' . CNN . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deaths during the L.A. riots '' . Los Angeles Times . April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Meg ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` New book by UCLA historian traces role of gender in 1992 Los Angeles riots '' . UCLA Newsroom . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Madison Gray ( April 25 , 2007 ) . `` The L.A. Riots : 15 Years After Rodney King '' . Time . Jump up ^ Daniel B. Wood ( April 29 , 2002 ) . `` L.A. 's darkest days '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pastor , M. ( 1995 ) . `` Economic Inequality , Latino Poverty , and the Civil Unrest in Los Angeles '' . Economic Development Quarterly . 9 ( 3 ) : 238 . doi : 10.1177 / 089124249500900305 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Kwong , `` The First Multicultural Riots '' , in Don Hazen ( ed . ) , Inside the L.A. Riots : What Really Happened -- and Why It Will Happen Again , Institute for Alternative Journalism , 1992 , p. 89 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flawed Emergency Response to the 1992 Los Angeles Riots '' ( PDF ) . Kennedy School of Government Case Program . pp. 16 -- 17 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` LAPD Police Flee Angry Mob -- begin of the La riots '' . YouTube . December 19 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` MEDIA INTERACTION WITH THE PUBLIC IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS : FOUR CASE STUDIES '' ( PDF ) . loc.gov . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Part 1 : Anatomy of a Riot ( Index 10 : 41 ) '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cannon , Lou ( October 1 , 1999 ) . Official Negligence : How Rodney King and the Riots Changed Los Angeles and the LAPD ( Reprint ed . ) . Basic Books . p. 284 . ISBN 9780813337258 . ^ Jump up to : `` LAPPL -- Los Angeles Police Protective League : Controversy over Rodney King beating and L.A. riots reignites '' . lapd.com . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mydans , Seth ( July 31 , 1992 ) . `` In Los Angeles Riots , a Witness With Videotapes '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LOS ANGELES RIOTS ( PART I of V ) , retrieved June 8 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : ROHRLICH , TED ; BERGER , LESLIE ( May 24 , 1992 ) . `` Lack of Materiel Slowed Police Response to Riots : LAPD : Chronic shortage of radios , phones and cars forced command center to scramble , records show '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Untold Story of the LA Riot '' . US News & World Report . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ coldmotors ( December 19 , 2011 ) , LAPD Police Flee Angry Mob -- begin of the La riots , retrieved May 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` The Untold Story of the LA Riot '' , US News & World Report , May 23 , 1993 Jump up ^ Mydans , Seth ( May 22 , 1992 ) . `` AFTER THE RIOTS ; Reliving Riot Flash Point , Los Angeles Lieutenant Fights Chief '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ LA News Archive ( October 29 , 2013 ) , LA Riots , Raw footage of Reginald Denny beatings -- April 29 , 1992 , retrieved May 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ McMILLAN , PENELOPE ( February 23 , 1993 ) . `` ' Other Trucker ' Sues L.A. Over Beating at Outbreak of Riots : Violence : Larry Tarvin was assaulted at Florence and Normandie before Reginald Denny arrived . City claims immunity under state law . '' Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LA Riots , Raw footage of Reginald Denny beatings -- April 29 , 1992 ( index 12 : 25 ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Riots Reginald Denny beating '' . YouTube . April 29 , 2010 . Retrieved May 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Where they are now '' . latimes.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man Pleads Guilty to Trying To Rob Trucker During Riot '' . The New York Times . March 17 , 1993 . Retrieved March 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Victim of mob assault meets man who saved his life '' . tribunedigital - baltimoresun . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Von Hoffman ( 2003 ) . House by House , Block by Block : The Rebirth of America 's Urban Neighborhoods . Oxford University Press . p. 227 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514437 - 6 . Retrieved March 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The forgotten victim from Florence and Normandie '' . Los Angeles Times , May 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weather History for Los Angeles , CA Weather Underground '' . www.wunderground.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charting the Hours of Chaos '' . Los Angeles Fire Department Historical Archive . Los Angeles Times ( orig . archive pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/421691608.html ) . April 29 , 2002 . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gray , D.E. ( March 9 , 2010 ) . The Warrior in Me . Xlibris Corporation . p. 213 . ISBN 9781450057981 . ^ Jump up to : Timothy Goldman ( June 23 , 2012 ) , ANATOMY OF THE LA RIOTS ( PART II ) , retrieved May 13 , 2016 Jump up ^ SAHAGUN , LOUIS ; SCHWADA , JOHN ( June 3 , 1992 ) . `` Measure to Reform LAPD Wins Decisively '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reinhold , Robert ( May 5 , 1992 ) . `` RIOTS IN LOS ANGELES : The Overview ; As Rioting Mounted , Gates Remained at Political Event '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pike , John . `` Operation Garden Plot / JTF - LAJoint Task Force Los Angeles '' . www.globalsecurity.org . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' , LA Times Jump up ^ `` Strangers in Town '' . MTV . Apr 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Kivisto ; Georganne Rundblad , eds. ( 2000 ) . Multiculturalism in the United States : Current Issues , Contemporary Voices . Pine Forge Press ( SAGE ) . Jump up ^ `` The 1992 Los Angeles Riots : Lessons in Command and Control from the Los Angeles Riots '' . www.militarymuseum.org . Jump up ^ `` Bill Cosby '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Bay Weekly : This Weeks Feature Stories '' . November 23 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` KNBC Interrupts LA Riot Coverage for Cosby Show Finale '' . Jump up ^ Keyes , Ralph . `` The Quote Verifier : Who Said What , Where , and When '' . RalphKeyes.com . ISBN 0 - 312 - 34004 - 4 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mydans , Seth ( December 9 , 1993 ) . `` Jury Could Hear Rodney King Today '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2008 . Retrieved January 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Operation Garden Plot , JTF - LA Joint Task Force Los Angeles : '' . GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bush , George H.W. ( May 1 , 1992 ) . `` Address to the Nation on the Civil Disturbances in Los Angeles , California '' . George Bush Presidential Library . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2006 . Retrieved May 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball ; 4 Doubleheaders For The Dodgers '' . The New York Times . May 19 , 1992 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cawthon , Graham . `` 1992 WWF results '' . The History of WWE . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2008 . Retrieved January 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Past Deployment of Military Troops Los Angeles County Jump up ^ Del Vecchio , Rick ; Suzanne Espinosa & Carle Nolte ( May 4 , 1992 ) . `` Bradley Ready to Lift Curfew He Says L.A. is ' under control ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Karen Ball ( May 4 , 1992 ) . `` Motorist Shooting shakes L.A. calm '' . McCook Daily Gazette . Associated Press . p. 1 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Flawed Emergency Response to the 1992 Los Angeles Riots ( C ) '' ( PDF ) . Kennedy School of Government Case Program . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Howitt , Arnold M. ; Leonard , Herman B. ( February 11 , 2009 ) . Managing Crises : Responses to Large - Scale Emergencies . CQ Press . p. 191 . ISBN 9781483351322 . Jump up ^ `` 25 years after LA riots , Koreatown finds strength in ' Saigu ' legacy '' . NBC News . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Untitled Document '' . March 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Ashley ( May 2 , 1992 ) . `` King Case Aftermath : A City In Crisis : Looters , Merchants Put Koreatown Under The Gun : Violence : Lacking Confidence In The Police , Employees And Others Armed Themselves To Protect Mini-Mall '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Pacific American Studies '' . Loyola Marymount University . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Edward J.W. Park , Ph. D . '' Loyola Marymount University . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Edward J.W. Park , `` Competing visions : Political formation of Korean Americans in Los Angeles , 1992 -- 1997 '' , Amerasia Journal , 1998 , Vol. 24 Issue 1 , pp. 41 -- 57 Jump up ^ Nancy Abelmann and John Lie , Blue Dreams : Korean Americans and the Los Angeles Riots ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ `` www.southcentralhistory.com/la-riots.php '' . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Koreatown Rose From The Ashes Of L.A. Riots '' . NPR. April 27 , 2012 . Retrieved May 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` When LA Erupted In Anger : A Look Back At The Rodney King Riots '' . National Public Radio . April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mydans , Seth ( May 3 , 1992 ) . `` Riot In Los Angeles : Pocket of Tension ; A Target of Rioters , Koreatown Is Bitter , Armed and Determined '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kim , Rose M. ( 2012 ) . `` 3 . `` Violence and Trauma as Constitutive Elements in Korean American Racial Identity Formation : The 1992 L.A. Riots / Insurrection / Saigu . '' `` . Ethnic & Racial Studies . 35 ( 11 ) : 1999 -- 2018 . doi : 10.1080 / 01419870.2011. 602090 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pittman , Robert ( July 28 , 1991 ) . `` Cover Story -- The Man Behind the Monster '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mydans , Seth ( April 10 , 1993 ) . `` Korean Shop Owners Fearful Of Outcome of Beating Trial '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ K. Connie Kang ( March 19 , 1993 ) . `` 40 % of Koreans in Poll Ponder Leaving : Riots : Survey of business owners finds deep concern . Blacks also voice fears but fewer want to relocate '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hayes - Bautista , David E. ; Schink , Werner O. ; Hayes - Bautista , Maria ( November 1 , 1993 ) . `` Latinos and the 1992 Los Angeles riots : a behavioral sciences perspective '' . Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences . 15 ( 4 ) : 427 -- 448 . Jump up ^ Newman , Maria ( May 11 , 1992 ) . `` ' After the Riots : Riots Put Focus on Hispanic Growth and Problems in South Central Area '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Alvarez , Gloria. `` 20 Year Ago : For Many Latinos , the L.A. Riots Were Not About Outrage '' . Eastern Group Publications . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Quinones , Sam ; Winton , Richard ; Mozingo , Joe ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Attack on family in Compton latest incident in wave of anti-black violence '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , R : Race , Media , and the Crisis of Civil Society : From the Watts Riots to Rodney King , pages 81 -- 120 . Cambridge University Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ Erna Smith , Transmitting Race : the Los Angeles Riot in Television News , Research Paper , President of the Fellows of Harvard College , 1994 . Jump up ^ Staten , Clark ( April 29 , 1992 ) . `` Three days of @ # ! * % in Los Angeles '' . Emergencynet News Service ( ENN ) . Archived from the original on July 20 , 1997 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 : The LA riots '' . libcom.org . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' This is a test ' but is anyone listening ? '' . The Hour . August 13 , 1992 . p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : http://search.proquest.com/docview/367711460 Jump up ^ http://search.proquest.com/docview/226263559 Jump up ^ http://search.proquest.com/docview/140745442 Jump up ^ Chang , Edward T. `` America 's First Multiethnic ' Riots ' '' , The State of Asian America : Activism and Resistance in the 1990s , edited by Juan Karin Aguilar - San . Boston , MA : South End , 1994 . 101 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen . `` ' Look what happens when we do n't talk to each other ' : Korean American filmmakers ' L.A. riots stories '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The L.A. 53 '' . By Jim Crogan . LA Weekly . April 24 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Riot anniversary tour surveys progress and economic challenges in Los Angeles '' . By Stan Wilson . CNN . April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Panel Said to Fault Los Angeles Riot Response '' . The New York Times . October 18 , 1992 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NCJRS Abstract -- National Criminal Justice Reference Service '' . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CONNELL , RICH ; BRAUN , STEPHEN ( April 16 , 1992 ) . `` Philadelphia Chief to Head LAPD : Police : Willie L. Williams will be first black to head department and first outsider since 1949 . ' He 's the best , ' Police Commission President Stanley Sheinbaum says '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Keith ( April 16 , 2010 ) . `` Daryl F. Gates , L.A.P.D. Chief in Rodney King Era , Dies at 83 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Terry , Don ( May 12 , 1992 ) . `` AFTER THE RIOTS ; Hope and Fear in Los Angeles As Deadly Gangs Call Truce '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PressReader.com -- Connecting People Through News '' . www.pressreader.com . ^ Jump up to : Tom Mathews et al. , `` The Siege of L.A. '' , Newsweek , May 1992 . Jump up ^ David Ellis , `` L.A. Lawless '' , Time , May 1992 . Jump up ^ `` The Los Angeles Riot and the Economics of Urban Unrest '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 15 , 2006 . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schoch , Deborah ; Lin II , Rong - Gong ( April 29 , 2007 ) . `` 15 years after L.A. riots , tension still high '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jacqueline Jones , `` Forgotten Americans '' , The New York Times , May 5 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Don Terry , `` Decades of Rage Created Crucible of Violence '' , Time , May 3 , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` Tale of Two Cities : Rich and Poor , Separate and Unequal '' , Los Angeles Times , May 6 , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` Globilization of Los Angeles : The First Multiethnic Riots '' , Los Angeles Times , May 1992 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times , Understanding the Riots : Los Angeles Before and After the Rodney King Case , Los Angeles : Los Angeles Times , 1992 . Jump up ^ Bergesen , Albert , and Max Herman . `` Immigration , Race , and Riot : The 1992 Los Angeles Uprising , '' in American Sociological Review 63.1 ( 1998 ) : 39 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Mike Davis , `` In L.A. , Burning All Illusions '' , The Nation , June 1 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Mike Davis , `` The L.A. Inferno '' , Socialist Review , January -- March 1992 . Jump up ^ Assembly Special Committee To Rebuild is Not Enough : Final Report and Recommendations of the Assembly Special Committee on the Los Angeles Crisis , Sacramento : Assembly Publications Office , 1992 . Jump up ^ Webster Commission , The City in Crisis ' A Report by the Special Advisor to the Board of Police Commissioners on the Civil Disorder in Los Angeles , Los Angeles : Institute for Government and Public Affairs , UCLA , 1992 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Jr . Walter C. and James H. Johnson , James . 2001 . `` Structural Violence as an Inducement to African American and Hispanic Participation in the Los Angeles Civil Disturbance of 1992 . '' Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 4 ( 4 ) : 337 . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 Jump up ^ Hunt , Darnell. 2012 . `` American Toxicity : Twenty Years After the 1992 Los Angeles ' Riots . ' '' , Amerasia Journal . 38 : 1 : ix -- xviii . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Dunn , Ashley and Shawn Hubler. 1992 . `` Unlikely Flash Point for Riots '' , Los Angeles Times , July 5 . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 Jump up ^ Jesse Jackson , `` A ' Terrible Rainbow of Protest ' '' , Los Angeles Times , May 4 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Miles Colvin , `` Man with a Mission '' , Los Angeles Times , May 6 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Midge Decter , `` How the Rioters Won '' , Commentary , Vol. 94 , July 1992 . ^ Jump up to : Ronald Brownstein , `` Clinton : Parties Fail to Attack Race Divisions '' , Los Angeles Times , Sunday Final Edition , May 3 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Douglas P. Shuit , `` Waters Focuses Her Rage at System '' , The New York Times , Sunday , May 10 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Maxine Waters , `` Testimony Before the Senate Banking Committee '' , in Don Hazen ( ed . ) , Inside the L.A. Riots : What really happened -- and why it will happen again , Institute for Alternative Journalism , 1992 , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpts from Bush 's speech on the Los Angeles Riots : ' Need to Restore Order ' , The New York Times , May 2 , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` The Vice President Speaks '' . Commonwealthclub.org . May 19 , 1992 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2003 . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Wines , `` White House Links Riots to Welfare '' , The New York Times , May 5 , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Paul 's racist link '' . Los Angeles Times . December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Extreme Claims in Ron Paul 's Controversial Newsletters '' . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Howard ( April 19 , 1993 ) . `` Los Angeles TV Shows Restraint '' . Chicago Sun - Times . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Mydans , Seth ( April 19 , 1993 ) . `` Verdict in Los Angeles ; Fear Subsides With Verdict , But Residents Remain Wary '' . The New York Times . p. 11 . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tisdall , Simon ; Christopher Reed ( April 19 , 1993 ) . `` All Quiet on the Western Front After King Verdicts '' . The Guardian . UK . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Ayres Jr. , B. Drummond ( March 11 , 1997 ) . `` Los Angeles Police Chief Will Be Let Go '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Official : L.A. Detective from King Trial Kills Self '' . Associated Press . July 7 , 2009 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Deitz , Robert ( March 13 , 1996 ) . `` Willful Injustice : A Post-O.J. Look at Rodney King , American Justice , and Trial by Race '' . Regnery Pub . -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ LeDuff , Charlie ( September 19 , 2004 ) . `` 12 Years After the Riots , Rodney King Gets Along '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ SpotTelevision . `` Uprising : Hip Hop & The LA Riots -- SXSW 2012 Film '' . SpotTelevision.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Crogan , Jim . `` The L.A. 53 '' . LA Weekly . Jump up ^ Seth Mydans ( June 3 , 1992 ) . `` Police Ca n't Identify Them , So Looting Suspects Go Free '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Oh , Hansook . `` Destruction in 1992 L.A. Upheaval : How law enforcement let the largest urban riot / rebellion rage on '' . Daily Sundial . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Reinhold Jump up ^ `` Three black journalists talk about the L.A. riots , 24 years later '' . www.medium.com . Los Angeles Times . April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tomaszewski , Joseph A. `` Ethnic media discuss mainstream media 's coverage of LA riots '' . Daily Sundial . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Alonso , Alex A. ( 1998 ) . Rebuilding Los Angeles : A Lesson of Community Reconstruction ( PDF ) . Los Angeles : University of Southern California . ^ Jump up to : Ramirez , Tanya . `` The LA Riots 20 years later '' . Daily Sundial . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Tom . `` The Myth of the Super-Predator '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Patrick Range and Ted Soqui . `` Then & Now : Images from the same spot as the L.A. riots , 20 years later '' . LA weekly . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Larson , Tom and Miles Finney . `` Rebuilding South Central Los Angeles : Myths , Realities , and Opportunities . School of Business and Economics '' ( PDF ) . California State University , Los Angeles . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 1 , 2010 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald Jump up ^ Jennings , Angel ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Street corner torched in L.A. riots may get new life , at long last '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Ron Soble ( August 17 , 1992 ) . `` Going Great Guns : Security : The L.A. riots trigger a firearms - buying spree in the county . First - time owners drive the boom in sales '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ HeraldNet. `` 20 Years After L.A. riots , some tensions ease '' . The Herald Business Journal . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ramirez Further Reading ( edit ) Afary , Kamran , Performance and Activism : Grassroots Discourse After the Los Angeles Rebellion of 1992 , Lexington Books , 2009 . Assembly Special Committee To Rebuild is Not Enough : Final Report and Recommendations of the Assembly Special Committee on the Los Angeles Crisis , Sacramento : Assembly Publications Office , 1992 . Baldassare , Mark ( ed . ) , The Los Angeles Riots : Lessons for the Urban Future , Boulder and Oxford : Westview Press , 1994 . Cannon , Lou , Official Negligence : How Rodney King and the Riots Changed Los Angeles and the LAPD , Basic Books , 1999 . Gibbs , Jewelle Taylor , Race and Justice : Rodney King and O.J. Simpson in a House Divided , San Francisco : Jossey - Bass , 1996 . Gooding - Williams , Robert ( ed . ) , Reading Rodney King , Reading Urban Uprising , New York and London : Routledge , 1993 . Hazen , Don ( ed . ) , Inside the L.A. Riots : What Really Happened -- and Why It Will Happen Again , Institute for Alternative Journalism , 1992 . Jacobs , Ronald F. , Race , Media , and the Crisis of Civil Society : From the Watts Riots to Rodney King , Cambridge University Press , 2000 . Los Angeles Times , Understanding the Riots : Los Angeles Before and After the Rodney King Case , Los Angeles : Los Angeles Times , 1992 . Song Hyoung , Min , Strange Future : Pessimism and the 1992 Los Angeles Riots , Durham : Duke University Press , 2005 . Wall , Brenda , The Rodney King Rebellion : A Psychopolitical Analysis of Racial Despair and Hope , Chicago : African American Images , 1992 . Webster Commission , The City in Crisis ' A Report by the Special Advisor to the Board of Police Commissioners on the Civil Disorder in Los Angeles , Los Angeles : Institute for Government and Public Affairs , UCLA , 1992 . External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) General ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1992 Los Angeles riots . Of the 63 people killed during ' 92 riots , 23 deaths remain unsolved -- artist Jeff Beall is mapping where they fell -- 25 Years After , an Artist 's Response -- LA Times , April 28 , 2017 . The L.A. Riots : 15 Years after Rodney King from Time.com . Flawed Emergency Response during the L.A. riots -- article by Taubman Center for State and Local Government . The L.A. 53 -- full listing of 53 known deaths during the riots , from the L.A. Weekly . L.A. 's darkest days -- Christian Science Monitor retrospective and interviews with victims and participants . `` Charting the Hours of Chaos '' . Los Angeles Times . April 29 , 2002 . 1992 : The LA riots -- an anarchist perspective characterizing the riots as political uprising . Of Illicit Appearance : The L.A. Riots / Rebellion as a Portent of Things to Come , Lewis Gordon , Truthout , May 12 , 2012 20 Years After the L.A. Riots , Revisiting the Rationality of Revolt , Nigel Gibson , Truthout , May 12 , 2012 The Untold Story of the LA Riot , David Whitman , U.S. News & World Report , May 23 , 1993 , with special emphasis on the riot 's first day Photography ( edit ) Urban Voyeur -- black and white photographs taken during the riots . Video and audio ( edit ) CBS News Special Report : Beyond the Rage ( aired May 1 , 1992 ) Los Angeles -- A City Under Fire Part 1 ( news clips montage ) Los Angeles -- A City Under Fire part 3 ( raw news clips ) ABC News story including amateur video of beating incident with commentary on YouTube `` The Radio Show '' with Tom Snyder April 30 and May 1 , 1992 . 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-7190247339306811433	History of agriculture	History of agriculture - wikipedia History of agriculture Jump to : navigation , search `` Agricultural history '' redirects here . For the journal , see Agricultural History ( journal ) . `` Agrarian history '' redirects here . For the social philosophy , see agrarianism . For the topic of agricultural society , see agrarian society . Ploughing with a yoke of horned cattle in Ancient Egypt . Painting from the burial chamber of Sennedjem , c. 1200 BC The history of agriculture records the domestication of plants and animals and the development and dissemination of techniques for raising them productively . Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe , and included a diverse range of taxa . At least eleven separate regions of the Old and New World were involved as independent centers of origin . Wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 20,000 BC . From around 9,500 BC , the eight Neolithic founder crops -- emmer wheat , einkorn wheat , hulled barley , peas , lentils , bitter vetch , chick peas , and flax -- were cultivated in the Levant . Rice was domesticated in China between 11,500 and 6,200 BC , followed by mung , soy and azuki beans . Pigs were domesticated in Mesopotamia around 11,000 BC , followed by sheep between 11,000 and 9,000 BC . Cattle were domesticated from the wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan around 8,500 BC . Sugarcane and some root vegetables were domesticated in New Guinea around 7,000 BC . Sorghum was domesticated in the Sahel region of Africa by 5,000 BC . In the Andes of South America , the potato was domesticated between 8,000 and 5,000 BC , along with beans , coca , llamas , alpacas , and guinea pigs . Bananas were cultivated and hybridized in the same period in Papua New Guinea . In Mesoamerica , wild teosinte was domesticated to maize by 4,000 BC . Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 3,600 BC . Camels were domesticated late , perhaps around 3,000 BC . In the Middle Ages , both in the Islamic world and in Europe , agriculture was transformed with improved techniques and the diffusion of crop plants , including the introduction of sugar , rice , cotton and fruit trees such as the orange to Europe by way of Al - Andalus . After 1492 , the Columbian exchange brought New World crops such as maize , potatoes , sweet potatoes , and manioc to Europe , and Old World crops such as wheat , barley , rice , and turnips , and livestock including horses , cattle , sheep , and goats to the Americas . Irrigation , crop rotation , and fertilizers were introduced soon after the Neolithic Revolution and developed much further in the past 200 years , starting with the British Agricultural Revolution . Since 1900 , agriculture in the developed nations , and to a lesser extent in the developing world , has seen large rises in productivity as human labour has been replaced by mechanization , and assisted by synthetic fertilizers , pesticides , and selective breeding . The Haber - Bosch process allowed the synthesis of ammonium nitrate fertilizer on an industrial scale , greatly increasing crop yields . Modern agriculture has raised social , political , and environmental issues including water pollution , biofuels , genetically modified organisms , tariffs and farm subsidies . In response , organic farming developed in the twentieth century as an alternative to the use of synthetic pesticides . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Origin hypotheses 1.2 Early development 2 Civilizations 2.1 Sumer 2.2 Ancient Egypt 2.3 Indus valley 2.4 Ancient China 2.5 Ancient Greece and Hellenistic world 2.6 Roman Empire 2.7 Mesoamerica 2.8 South America 2.9 North America 2.10 Australia 3 Middle Ages and Early Modern 3.1 Arab world 3.2 Europe 3.3 Columbian exchange 4 Modern agriculture 4.1 British agricultural revolution 4.2 20th century 4.3 Green Revolution 4.4 Organic agriculture 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Surveys 7.2 Premodern 7.3 Modern 7.4 Europe 7.5 North America 8 External links Origins ( edit ) Main article : Neolithic Revolution Origin hypotheses ( edit ) A traditional hunter - gatherer society in Wyoming , 1870 Scholars have developed a number of hypotheses to explain the historical origins of agriculture . Studies of the transition from hunter - gatherer to agricultural societies indicate an antecedent period of intensification and increasing sedentism ; examples are the Natufian culture in southwest Asia , and the Early Chinese Neolithic in China . Current models indicate that wild stands that had been harvested previously started to be planted , but were not immediately domesticated . Localised climate change is the favoured explanation for the origins of agriculture in the Levant . When major climate change took place after the last ice age ( c. 11,000 BC ) , much of the earth became subject to long dry seasons . These conditions favoured annual plants which die off in the long dry season , leaving a dormant seed or tuber . An abundance of readily storable wild grains and pulses enabled hunter - gatherers in some areas to form the first settled villages at this time . Early development ( edit ) Further information : List of food origins Sumerian harvester 's sickle , 3,000 BC , made from baked clay Early people began altering communities of flora and fauna for their own benefit through means such as fire - stick farming and forest gardening very early . Exact dates are hard to determine , as people collected and ate seeds before domesticating them , and plant characteristics may have changed during this period without human selection . An example is the semi-tough rachis and larger seeds of cereals from just after the Younger Dryas ( about 9,500 BC ) in the early Holocene in the Levant region of the Fertile Crescent . Monophyletic characteristics were attained without any human intervention , implying that apparent domestication of the cereal rachis could have occurred quite naturally . An Indian farmer with a rock - weighted scratch plough pulled by two oxen . Similar ploughs were used throughout antiquity . Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe , and included a diverse range of taxa . At least 11 separate regions of the Old and New World were involved as independent centers of origin . Some of the earliest known domestications were of animals . Pigs were domesticated in Mesopotamia around 11,000 BC . Sheep were domesticated in Mesopotamia between 11,000 and 9,000 BC . Cattle were domesticated from the wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan around 8,500 BC . Camels were domesticated late , perhaps around 3,000 BC . Centres of origin identified by Nikolai Vavilov in the 1930s . Papua New Guinea ( not shaded ) was identified more recently . It was not until after 9,500 BC that the eight so - called founder crops of agriculture appear : first emmer and einkorn wheat , then hulled barley , peas , lentils , bitter vetch , chick peas and flax . These eight crops occur more or less simultaneously on Pre-Pottery Neolithic B ( PPNB ) sites in the Levant , although wheat was the first to be grown and harvested on a significant scale . At around the same time ( 9400 BC ) , parthenocarpic fig trees were domesticated . By 7,000 BC , sowing and harvesting reached the fertile soil of Mesopotamia , where Sumerians systematized it and scaled it up . By 8,000 BC , farming was entrenched on the banks of the River Nile . About this time , agriculture was developed independently in the Far East , probably in China , with rice rather than wheat as the primary crop . Maize was domesticated from the wild grass teosinte in West Mexico by 6,700 BC . The potato ( 8,000 BC ) , tomato , pepper ( 4,000 BC ) , squash ( 8,000 BC ) and several varieties of bean ( 8,000 BC onwards ) were domesticated in the New World . Agriculture was independently developed on the island of New Guinea . In Greece from c. 11,000 BC lentils , vetch , pistachios , and almonds were cultivated , while wild oats and wild barley appear in quantity from c. 7,000 BC alongside einkorn wheat , barley , sheep , goats and pigs , while emmer was used on Cyprus between 9,100 and 8,600 BC . Banana cultivation of Musa acuminata , including hybridization , dates back to 5,000 BC , and possibly to 8,000 BC , in Papua New Guinea . Bees were kept for honey in the Middle East around 7,000 BC . Archaeological evidence from various sites on the Iberian peninsula suggest the domestication of plants and animals between 6,000 and 4,500 BC . Céide Fields in Ireland , consisting of extensive tracts of land enclosed by stone walls , date to 3,500 BC and are the oldest known field systems in the world . The horse was domesticated in the Pontic steppe around 4,000 BC . In Siberia , Cannabis was in use in China in Neolithic times and may have been domesticated there ; it was in use both as a fibre for ropemaking and as a medicine in Ancient Egypt by about 2,350 BC . Clay and wood model of a bull cart carrying farm produce in large pots , Mohenjo - daro . The site was abandoned in the 19th century BC . In China , rice and millet were domesticated by 8,000 BC , followed by mung , soy and azuki beans . In the Sahel region of Africa , local rice and sorghum were domesticated by 5,000 BC . Kola nut and coffee were domesticated in Africa . In New Guinea , ancient Papuan peoples began practicing agriculture around 7,000 BC , domesticating sugarcane and taro . In the Indus Valley from the eighth millennium BC onwards at Mehrgarh , 2 - row and 6 - row barley were cultivated , along with einkorn , emmer , and durum wheats , and dates . In the earliest levels of Merhgarh , wild game such as gazelle , swamp deer , blackbuck , chital , wild ass , wild goat , wild sheep , boar , and nilgai were all hunted for food . These are successively replaced by domesticated sheep , goats , and humped zebu cattle by the fifth millennium BC , indicating the gradual transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture . Maize and squash were domesticated in Mesoamerica ; potato in South America , and sunflower in the Eastern Woodlands of North America . Civilizations ( edit ) Sumer ( edit ) Domesticated animals on a Sumerian cylinder seal . 2500 BC See also : Neolithic Revolution Sumerian farmers grew the cereals barley and wheat , starting to live in villages from about 8,000 BC . Given the low rainfall of the region , agriculture relied on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers . Irrigation canals leading from the rivers permitted the growth of cereals in large enough quantities to support cities . The first ploughs appear in pictographs from Uruk around 3,000 BC ; seed - ploughs that funneled seed into the ploughed furrow appear on seals around 2300 BC . Vegetable crops included chickpeas , lentils , peas , beans , onions , garlic , lettuce , leeks and mustard . They grew fruits including dates , grapes , apples , melons , and figs . Alongside their farming , Sumerians also caught fish and hunted fowl and gazelle . The meat of sheep , goats , cows and poultry was eaten , mainly by the elite . Fish was preserved by drying , salting and smoking . Ancient Egypt ( edit ) Agricultural scenes of threshing , a grain store , harvesting with sickles , digging , tree - cutting and ploughing from Ancient Egypt . Tomb of Nakht , 15th century BC Main article : Ancient Egyptian agriculture The civilization of Ancient Egypt was indebted to the Nile River and its dependable seasonal flooding . The river 's predictability and the fertile soil allowed the Egyptians to build an empire on the basis of great agricultural wealth . Egyptians were among the first peoples to practice agriculture on a large scale , starting in the pre-dynastic period from the end of the Paleolithic into the Neolithic , between around 10,000 and 4,000 BC . This was made possible with the development of basin irrigation . Their staple food crops were grains such as wheat and barley , alongside industrial crops such as flax and papyrus . Indus Valley ( edit ) Main article : Agriculture in India Cotton was cultivated by the 5th - 4th millennium BC . Wheat , barley , and jujube were domesticated in the Indian subcontinent by 9,000 BC , soon followed by sheep and goats . Barley and wheat cultivation -- along with the domestication of cattle , primarily sheep and goats -- followed in Mehrgarh culture by 8,000 -- 6,000 BC . This period also saw the first domestication of the elephant . Pastoral farming in India included threshing , planting crops in rows -- either of two or of six -- and storing grain in granaries . By the 5th millennium BC , agricultural communities became widespread in Kashmir . Irrigation was developed in the Indus Valley Civilization by around 4,500 BC . The size and prosperity of the Indus civilization grew as a result of this innovation , leading to more thoroughly planned settlements which used drainage and sewers . Archeological evidence of an animal - drawn plough dates back to 2,500 BC in the Indus Valley Civilization . Ancient China ( edit ) Further information : Agriculture in China and Agriculture ( Chinese mythology ) Ancient rice terraces in Yuanyang County , Yunnan Records from the Warring States , Qin Dynasty , and Han Dynasty provide a picture of early Chinese agriculture from the 5th century BC to 2nd century AD which included a nationwide granary system and widespread use of sericulture . An important early Chinese book on agriculture is the Chimin Yaoshu of AD 535 , written by Jia Sixia . Jia 's writing style was straightforward and lucid relative to the elaborate and allusive writing typical of the time . Jia 's book was also very long , with over one hundred thousand written Chinese characters , and it quoted many other Chinese books that were written previously , but no longer survive . The contents of Jia 's 6th century book include sections on land preparation , seeding , cultivation , orchard management , forestry , and animal husbandry . The book also includes peripherally related content covering trade and culinary uses for crops . The work and the style in which it was written proved influential on later Chinese agronomists , such as Wang Zhen and his groundbreaking Nong Shu of 1313 . For agricultural purposes , the Chinese had innovated the hydraulic - powered trip hammer by the 1st century BC . Although it found other purposes , its main function to pound , decorticate , and polish grain that otherwise would have been done manually . The Chinese also began using the square - pallet chain pump by the 1st century AD , powered by a waterwheel or oxen pulling an on a system of mechanical wheels . Although the chain pump found use in public works of providing water for urban and palatial pipe systems , it was used largely to lift water from a lower to higher elevation in filling irrigation canals and channels for farmland . By the end of the Han dynasty in the late 2nd century , heavy ploughs had been developed with iron ploughshares and mouldboards . These would slowly spread west , revolutionizing farming in Northern Europe by the 10th century . ( Glick , however , argues for a development of the Chinese plough as late as the 9th century , implying its spread east from similar designs known in Italy by the 7th century . ) Asian rice was domesticated 8,200 -- 13,500 years ago in China , with a single genetic origin from the wild rice Oryza rufipogon , in the Pearl River valley region of China . Rice cultivation then spread to South and Southeast Asia . Ancient Greece and Hellenistic World ( edit ) Further information : Agriculture in ancient Greece and Agriculture in Greece An ear of barley , symbol of wealth in the city of Metapontum in Magna Graecia ( i.e. the Greek colonies of southern Italy ) , stamped stater , c. 530 -- 510 BCE The major cereal crops of the ancient Mediterranean region were wheat , emmer , and barley , while common vegetables included peas , beans , fava , and olives , dairy products came mostly from sheep and goats , and meat , which was consumed on rare occasion for most people , usually consisted of pork , beef , and lamb . Agriculture in ancient Greece was hindered by the topography of mainland Greece that only allowed for roughly 10 % of the land to be cultivated properly , necessitating the specialized exportation of oil and wine and importation of grains from Thrace ( centered in what is now Bulgaria ) and the Greek colonies of southern Russia . During the Hellenistic period , the Ptolemaic Empire controlled Egypt , Cyprus , Phoenicia , and Cyrenaica , major grain - producing regions that mainland Greeks depended on for subsistence , while the Ptolemaic grain market also played a critical role in the rise of the Roman Republic . In the Seleucid Empire , Mesopotamia was a crucial area for the production of wheat , while nomadic animal husbandry was also practiced in other parts . Roman Empire ( edit ) Further information : Roman agriculture Roman harvesting machine , a vallus , from a wall in Belgium In the Greco - Roman world of Classical antiquity , Roman agriculture was built on techniques originally pioneered by the Sumerians , transmitted to them by subsequent cultures , with a specific emphasis on the cultivation of crops for trade and export . The Romans laid the groundwork for the manorial economic system , involving serfdom , which flourished in the Middle Ages . The farm sizes in Rome can be divided into three categories . Small farms were from 18 - 88 iugera ( one iugerum is equal to about 0.65 acre ) . Medium - sized farms were from 80 - 500 iugera ( singular iugerum ) . Large estates ( called latifundia ) were over 500 iugera . The Romans had four systems of farm management : direct work by owner and his family ; slaves doing work under supervision of slave managers ; tenant farming or sharecropping in which the owner and a tenant divide up a farm 's produce ; and situations in which a farm was leased to a tenant . Mesoamerica ( edit ) Main article : Agriculture in Mesoamerica In Mesoamerica , wild teosinte was transformed through human selection into the ancestor of modern maize , more than 6,000 years ago . It gradually spread across North America and was the major crop of Native Americans at the time of European exploration . Other Mesoamerican crops include hundreds of varieties of locally domesticated squash and beans , while cocoa , also domesticated in the region , was a major crop . The turkey , one of the most important meat birds , was probably domesticated in Mexico or the U.S. Southwest . In Mesoamerica , the Aztecs were active farmers and had an agriculturally focused economy . The land around Lake Texcoco was fertile , but not large enough to produce the amount of food needed for the population of their expanding empire . The Aztecs developed irrigation systems , formed terraced hillsides , fertilized their soil , and developed chinampas or artificial islands , also known as `` floating gardens '' . The Mayas between 400 BC to 900 AD used extensive canal and raised field systems to farm swampland on the Yucatán Peninsula . South America ( edit ) See also : Incan agriculture Inca farmers using a human - powered foot plough In the Andes region of South America , with civilizations including the Inca , the major crop was the potato , domesticated approximately 7,000 -- 10,000 years ago . Coca , still a major crop to this day , was domesticated in the Andes , as were the peanut , tomato , tobacco , and pineapple . Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 3,600 BC . Animals were also domesticated , including llamas , alpacas , and guinea pigs . North America ( edit ) Further information : History of agriculture in the United States The indigenous people of the Eastern U.S.A. domesticated numerous crops . Sunflowers , tobacco , varieties of squash and Chenopodium , as well as crops no longer grown , including marsh elder and little barley , were domesticated . Wild foods including wild rice and maple sugar were harvested . The most common varieties of strawberry were domesticated from Eastern North America . Two major crops , pecans and Concord grapes , were utilized extensively in prehistoric times but do not appear to have been domesticated until the 19th century . The indigenous people in what is now California and the Pacific Northwest practiced various forms of forest gardening and fire - stick farming in the forests , grasslands , mixed woodlands , and wetlands , ensuring that desired food and medicine plants continued to be available . The natives controlled fire on a regional scale to create a low - intensity fire ecology which prevented larger , catastrophic fires and sustained a low - density agriculture in loose rotation ; a sort of `` wild '' permaculture . A system of companion planting called the Three Sisters was developed in North America . Three crops that complemented each other were planted together : winter squash , maize ( corn ) , and climbing beans ( typically tepary beans or common beans ) . The maize provides a structure for the beans to climb , eliminating the need for poles . The beans provide the nitrogen to the soil that the other plants use , and the squash spreads along the ground , blocking the sunlight , helping prevent the establishment of weeds . The squash leaves also act as a `` living mulch '' . Australia ( edit ) Native millet , Panicum decompositum , was planted and harvested by Indigenous Australians in eastern central Australia . Main article : Fire - stick farming From the time of British colonization of Australia in 1788 , Indigenous Australians were characterised as nomadic hunter - gatherers who did not engage in agriculture , despite evidence to the contrary . In 1969 , the archaeologist Rhys Jones proposed that Indigenous Australians engaged in systematic burning as a way of enhancing natural productivity , what has been termed fire - stick farming . In the 1970s and 1980s archaeological research in south west Victoria established that the Gunditjmara and other groups had developed sophisticated eel farming and fish trapping systems over a period of nearly 5,000 years . The archaeologist Harry Lourandos suggested in the 1980s that there was evidence of ' intensification ' in progress across Australia , a process that appeared to have continued through the preceding 5,000 years . These concepts led the historian Bill Gammage to argue that in effect the whole continent was a managed landscape . In two regions of Australia , the central west coast and eastern central Australia , forms of early agriculture may have been practiced . People living in permanent settlements of over 200 residents sowed or planted on a large scale and stored the harvested food . The Nhanda and Amangu of the central west coast grew yams ( Dioscorea hastifolia ) , while various groups in eastern central Australia ( the Corners Region ) planted and harvested bush onions ( yaua - Cyperus bulbosus ) , native millet ( cooly , tindil -- Panicum decompositum ) and a sporocarp , ngardu ( Marsillea drumondii ) . Middle Ages and early Modern ( edit ) From 100 BC to 1600 AD , world population continued to grow along with land use , as evidenced by the rapid increase in methane emissions from cattle and the cultivation of rice . Arab World ( edit ) Noria wheels to lift water for irrigation and household use were among the technologies introduced to Europe via Al - Andalus in the medieval Islamic world . Main article : Arab Agricultural Revolution From the 8th century , the medieval Islamic world underwent a transformation in agricultural practice , described by the historian Andrew Watson as the Arab Agricultural Revolution . This transformation was driven by a number of factors including the diffusion of many crops and plants along Muslim trade routes , the spread of more advanced farming techniques , and an agricultural - economic system which promoted increased yields and efficiency . The shift in agricultural practice changed the economy , population distribution , vegetation cover , agricultural production , population levels , urban growth , the distribution of the labour force , cooking , diet , and clothing across the Islamic world . Muslim traders covered much of the Old World , and trade enabled the diffusion of many crops , plants and farming techniques across the region , as well as the adaptation of crops , plants and techniques from beyond the Islamic world . This diffusion introduced major crops to Europe by way of Al - Andalus , along with the techniques for their cultivation and cuisine . Sugar cane , rice , and cotton were among the major crops transferred , along with citrus and other fruit trees , nut trees , vegetables such as aubergine , spinach and chard , and the use of spices such as cumin , coriander , nutmeg and cinnamon . Intensive irrigation , crop rotation , and agricultural manuals were widely adopted . Irrigation , partly based on Roman technology , made use of noria water wheels , water mills , dams and reservoirs . Europe ( edit ) Main article : Agriculture in the Middle Ages The Middle Ages saw further improvements in agriculture . Monasteries spread throughout Europe and became important centers for the collection of knowledge related to agriculture and forestry . The manorial system allowed large landowners to control their land and its laborers , in the form of peasants or serfs . During the medieval period , the Arab world was critical in the exchange of crops and technology between the European , Asia and African continents . Besides transporting numerous crops , they introduced the concept of summer irrigation to Europe and developed the beginnings of the plantation system of sugarcane growing through the use of slaves for intensive cultivation . Agricultural calendar , c. 1470 , from a manuscript of Pietro de Crescenzi By AD 900 , developments in iron smelting allowed for increased production in Europe , leading to developments in the production of agricultural implements such as ploughs , hand tools and horse shoes . The carruca heavy plough improved on the earlier scratch plough , with the adoption of the Chinese mouldboard plough to turn over the heavy , wet soils of northern Europe . This led to the clearing of northern European forests and an increase in agricultural production , which in turn led to an increase in population . At the same time , some farmers in Europe moved from a two field crop rotation to a three field crop rotation in which one field of three was left fallow every year . This resulted in increased productivity and nutrition , as the change in rotations permitted nitrogen - fixing legumes such as peas , lentils and beans . Improved horse harnesses and the whippletree further improved cultivation . Watermills were introduced by the Romans , but were improved throughout the Middle Ages , along with windmills , and used to grind grains into flour , to cut wood and to process flax and wool . Crops included wheat , rye , barley and oats . Peas , beans , and vetches became common from the 13th century onward as a fodder crop for animals and also for their nitrogen - fixation fertilizing properties . Crop yields peaked in the 13th century , and stayed more or less steady until the 18th century . Though the limitations of medieval farming were once thought to have provided a ceiling for the population growth in the Middle Ages , recent studies have shown that the technology of medieval agriculture was always sufficient for the needs of the people under normal circumstances , and that it was only during exceptionally harsh times , such as the terrible weather of 1315 -- 17 , that the needs of the population could not be met . Columbian exchange ( edit ) The Harvesters . Pieter Bruegel -- 1565 Main article : Columbian exchange After 1492 , a global exchange of previously local crops and livestock breeds occurred . Maize , potatoes , sweet potatoes and manioc were the key crops that spread from the New World to the Old , while varieties of wheat , barley , rice and turnips traveled from the Old World to the New . There had been few livestock species in the New World , with horses , cattle , sheep and goats being completely unknown before their arrival with Old World settlers . Crops moving in both directions across the Atlantic Ocean caused population growth around the world and a lasting effect on many cultures . Maize and cassava were introduced from Brazil into Africa by Portuguese traders in the 16th century , becoming staple foods , replacing native African crops . After its introduction from South America to Spain in the late 1500s , the potato became a staple crop throughout Europe by the late 1700s . The potato allowed farmers to produce more food , and initially added variety to the European diet . The increased supply of food reduced disease , increased births and reduced mortality , causing a population boom throughout the British Empire , the US and Europe . The introduction of the potato also brought about the first intensive use of fertilizer , in the form of guano imported to Europe from Peru , and the first artificial pesticide , in the form of an arsenic compound used to fight Colorado potato beetles . Before the adoption of the potato as a major crop , the dependence on grain had caused repetitive regional and national famines when the crops failed , including 17 major famines in England between 1523 and 1623 . The resulting dependence on the potato however caused the European Potato Failure , a disastrous crop failure from disease that resulted in widespread famine and the death of over one million people in Ireland alone . Modern agriculture ( edit ) British agricultural Revolution ( edit ) Main article : British Agricultural Revolution See also : List of agricultural machinery , Industrial agriculture , and Mechanized agriculture The agriculturalist Charles ' Turnip ' Townshend introduced four - field crop rotation and the cultivation of turnips Between the 16th century and the mid-19th century , Britain saw a large increase in agricultural productivity and net output . New agricultural practices like enclosure , mechanization , four - field crop rotation to maintain soil nutrients , and selective breeding enabled an unprecedented population growth to 5.7 million in 1750 , freeing up a significant percentage of the workforce , and thereby helped drive the Industrial Revolution . The productivity of wheat went up from about 19 bushels per acre in 1720 to around 30 bushels by 1840 , marking a major turning point in history . Jethro Tull 's seed drill , invented in 1701 Advice on more productive techniques for farming began to appear in England in the mid-17th century , from writers such as Samuel Hartlib , Walter Blith and others . The main problem in sustaining agriculture in one place for a long time was the depletion of nutrients , most importantly nitrogen levels , in the soil . To allow the soil to regenerate , productive land was often let fallow and in some places crop rotation was used . The Dutch four - field rotation system was popularised by the British agriculturist Charles Townshend in the 18th century . The system ( wheat , turnips , barley and clover ) , opened up a fodder crop and grazing crop allowing livestock to be bred year - round . The use of clover was especially important as the legume roots replenished soil nitrates . The mechanisation and rationalisation of agriculture was another important factor . Robert Bakewell and Thomas Coke introduced selective breeding , and initiated a process of inbreeding to maximise desirable traits from the mid 18th century , such as the New Leicester sheep . Machines were invented to improve the efficiency of various agricultural operation , such as Jethro Tull 's seed drill of 1701 that mechanised seeding at the correct depth and spacing and Andrew Meikle 's threshing machine of 1784 . Ploughs were steadily improved , from Joseph Foljambe 's Rotherham iron plough in 1730 to James Small 's improved `` Scots Plough '' metal in 1763 . In 1789 Ransomes , Sims & Jefferies was producing 86 plough models for different soils . Powered farm machinery began with Richard Trevithick 's stationary steam engine , used to drive a threshing machine , in 1812 . Mechanisation spread to other farm uses through the 19th century . The first petrol - driven tractor was built in America by John Froelich in 1892 . The scientific investigation of fertilization began at the Rothamsted Experimental Station in 1843 by John Bennet Lawes . He investigated the impact of inorganic and organic fertilizers on crop yield and founded one of the first artificial fertilizer manufacturing factories in 1842 . Fertilizer , in the shape of sodium nitrate deposits in Chile , was imported to Britain by John Thomas North as well as guano ( birds droppings ) . The first commercial process for fertilizer production was the obtaining of phosphate from the dissolution of coprolites in sulphuric acid . 20th century ( edit ) Early 20th century image of a tractor ploughing an alfalfa field Dan Albone constructed the first commercially successful gasoline - powered general purpose tractor in 1901 , and the 1923 International Harvester Farmall tractor marked a major point in the replacement of draft animals ( particularly horses ) with machines . Since that time , self - propelled mechanical harvesters ( combines ) , planters , transplanters and other equipment have been developed , further revolutionizing agriculture . These inventions allowed farming tasks to be done with a speed and on a scale previously impossible , leading modern farms to output much greater volumes of high - quality produce per land unit . Bt - toxins in genetically modified peanut leaves ( bottom ) protect from damage by corn borers ( top ) . The Haber - Bosch method for synthesizing ammonium nitrate represented a major breakthrough and allowed crop yields to overcome previous constraints . It was first patented by German chemist Fritz Haber . In 1910 Carl Bosch , while working for German chemical company BASF , successfully commercialized the process and secured further patents . In the years after World War II , the use of synthetic fertilizer increased rapidly , in sync with the increasing world population . In the past century agriculture has been characterized by increased productivity , the substitution of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides for labor , water pollution , and farm subsidies . Other applications of scientific research since 1950 in agriculture include gene manipulation , hydroponics , and the development of economically viable biofuels such as ethanol . In recent years there has been a backlash against the external environmental effects of conventional agriculture , resulting in the organic movement . Famines continued to sweep the globe through the 20th century . Through the effects of climactic events , government policy , war and crop failure , millions of people died in each of at least ten famines between the 1920s and the 1990s . The historical processes that have allowed agricultural crops to be cultivated and eaten well beyond their centers of origin continues in the present through globalization . On average , 68.7 % of a nation 's food supplies and 69.3 % of its agricultural production are of crops with foreign origins . Green Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Green Revolution Norman Borlaug , father of the Green Revolution of the 1970s , is credited with saving over a billion people worldwide from starvation . The Green Revolution was a series of research , development , and technology transfer initiatives , between the 1940s and the late 1970s . It increased agriculture production around the world , especially from the late 1960s . The initiatives , led by Norman Borlaug and credited with saving over a billion people from starvation , involved the development of high - yielding varieties of cereal grains , expansion of irrigation infrastructure , modernization of management techniques , distribution of hybridized seeds , synthetic fertilizers , and pesticides to farmers . Synthetic nitrogen , along with mined rock phosphate , pesticides and mechanization , have greatly increased crop yields in the early 20th century . Increased supply of grains has led to cheaper livestock as well . Further , global yield increases were experienced later in the 20th century when high - yield varieties of common staple grains such as rice , wheat , and corn were introduced as a part of the Green Revolution . The Green Revolution exported the technologies ( including pesticides and synthetic nitrogen ) of the developed world to the developing world . Thomas Malthus famously predicted that the Earth would not be able to support its growing population , but technologies such as the Green Revolution have allowed the world to produce a surplus of food . Although the Green Revolution significantly increased rice yields in Asia , yield increases have not occurred in the past 15 -- 20 years . The genetic `` yield potential '' has increased for wheat , but the yield potential for rice has not increased since 1966 , and the yield potential for maize has `` barely increased in 35 years '' . It takes only a decade or two for herbicide - resistant weeds to emerge , and insects become resistant to insecticides within about a decade , delayed somewhat by crop rotation . Organic agriculture ( edit ) An organic farmer , California , 1972 Main article : Organic farming For most of its history , agriculture has been organic , without synthetic fertilisers or pesticides , and without GMOs . 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Jump up ^ Khoury , C.K. ; Achicanoy , H.A. ; Bjorkman , A.D. ; Navarro - Racines , C. ; Guarino , L. ; Flores - Palacios , X. ; Engels , J.M.M. ; Wiersema , J.H. ; Dempewolf , H. ; Sotelo , S. ; Ramírez - Villegas , J. ; Castañeda - Álvarez , N.P. ; Fowler , C. ; Jarvis , A. ; Rieseberg , L.H. ; Struik , P.C. ( 2016 ) . `` Origins of food crops connect countries worldwide '' . Proc. R. Soc . B. 283 ( 1832 ) : 20160792 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2016.0792 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Hazell , Peter B.R. ( 2009 ) . The Asian Green Revolution . IFPRI Discussion Paper . International Food Policy Research Institute . GGKEY : HS2UT4LADZD . Jump up ^ Barrionuevo , Alexei ; Bradsher , Keith ( 8 December 2005 ) . `` Sometimes a Bumper Crop Is Too Much of a Good Thing '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Tilman , D. ; Cassman , K.G. ; Matson , P.A. ; Naylor , R. ; Polasky , S. ( August 2002 ) . `` Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 418 ( 6898 ) : 671 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2002Natur. 418 ... 671T . PMID 12167873 . doi : 10.1038 / nature01014 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Paull , John ( 2011 ) . `` Attending the First Organic Agriculture Course : Rudolf Steiner 's Agriculture Course at Koberwitz , 1924 '' ( PDF ) . European Journal of Social Sciences . 21 ( 1 ) : 64 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Paull , John ( 2014 ) . `` Lord Northbourne , the man who invented organic farming , a biography '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Organic Systems . 9 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 53 . Further reading ( edit ) Surveys ( edit ) Civitello , Linda . Cuisine and Culture : A History of Food and People ( Wiley , 2011 ) excerpt Federico , Giovanni . Feeding the World : An Economic History of Agriculture 1800 - 2000 ( Princeton UP , 2005 ) highly quantitative Grew , Raymond . Food in Global History ( 1999 ) Heiser , Charles B. Seed to Civilization : The Story of Food ( W.H. Freeman , 1990 ) Herr , Richard , ed . Themes in Rural History of the Western World ( Iowa State UP , 1993 ) Mazoyer , Marcel , and Laurence Roudart . A History of World Agriculture : From the Neolithic Age to the Current Crisis ( Monthly Review Press , 2006 ) Marxist perspective Prentice , E. Parmalee . Hunger and history : the influence of hunger on human history ( Harper , 1939 ) Tauger , Mark . Agriculture in World History ( Routledge , 2008 ) Premodern ( edit ) Bakels , C.C. The Western European Loess Belt : Agrarian History , 5300 BC - AD 1000 ( Springer , 2009 ) Barker , Graeme , and Candice Goucher , eds . The Cambridge World History : Volume 2 , A World with Agriculture , 12,000 BCE -- 500 CE . ( Cambridge UP , 2015 ) Bowman , Alan K. and Rogan , Eugene , eds . Agriculture in Egypt : From Pharaonic to Modern Times ( Oxford UP , 1999 ) Cohen , M.N. The Food Crisis in Prehistory : Overpopulation and the Origins of Agriculture ( Yale UP , 1977 ) Crummey , Donald and Stewart , C.C. , eds . Modes of Production in Africa : The Precolonial Era ( Sagem 1981 ) Jared Diamond . Guns , Germs , and Steel ( W.W. Norton , 1997 ) Duncan - Jones , Richard . Economy of the Roman Empire ( Cambridge UP , 1982 ) Habib , Irfan . Agrarian System of Mughal India ( Oxford UP , 3rd ed. 2013 ) Harris , D.R. , ed . The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia , ( Routledge , 1996 ) Isager , Signe and Jens Erik Skydsgaard . Ancient Greek Agriculture : An Introduction ( Routledge , 1995 ) Lee , Mabel Ping - hua . The economic history of china : with special reference to agriculture ( Columbia University , 1921 ) Murray , Jacqueline . The First European Agriculture ( Edinburgh UP , 1970 ) Oka , H-I . Origin of cultivated rice ( Elsevier , 2012 ) Price , T.D. and A. Gebauer , eds . Last Hunters -- First Farmers : New Perspectives on the Prehistoric Transition to Agriculture ( 1995 ) Srivastava , Vinod Chandra , ed . History of Agriculture in India ( 5 vols 2014 ) from 2000 BC to present . Stevens , C.E. `` Agriculture and Rural Life in the Later Roman Empire '' in Cambridge Economic History of Europe , Vol . I , The Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages ( 1971 ) Teall , John L ( 1959 ) . `` The grain supply of the Byzantine Empire , 330 - 1025 '' . Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 13 : 87 -- 139 . JSTOR 1291130 . Yasuda , Y. , ed ... The Origins of Pottery and Agriculture ( SAB , 2003 ) Modern ( edit ) Collingham , E.M. The Taste of War : World War Two and the Battle for Food ( Penguin , 2012 ) Kerridge , Erik . `` The Agricultural Revolution Reconsidered . '' Agricultural History ( 1969 ) 43 : 4 , 463 - 75 . in JSTOR , in Britain , 1750 -- 1850 Ludden , David , ed . New Cambridge History of India : An Agrarian History of South Asia ( Cambridge UP , 1999 ) . excerpt and online search from Amazon.com ; also online edition McNeill , William H ( 1999 ) . `` How the Potato Changed the World 's History '' . Social Research . 66 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 83 . JSTOR 40971302 . Mintz , Sidney . Sweetness and Power : The Place of Sugar in Modern History ( Penguin , 1986 ) Reader , John . Propitious Esculent : The Potato in World History ( Heinemann , 2008 ) a standard scholarly history Salaman , Redcliffe N. The History and Social Influence of the Potato , ( Cambridge , 2010 ) Europe ( edit ) Ambrosoli , Mauro . The Wild and the Sown : Botany and Agriculture in Western Europe , 1350 -- 1850 ( Cambridge UP , 1997 ) Brassley , Paul , Yves Segers , and Leen Van Molle , eds . War , Agriculture , and Food : Rural Europe from the 1930s to the 1950s ( Routledge , 2012 ) Brown , Jonathan . Agriculture in England : A Survey of Farming , 1870 -- 1947 ( Manchester UP , 1987 ) Clark , Gregory ( 2007 ) . `` The long march of history : Farm wages , population , and economic growth , England 1209 -- 1869 '' ( PDF ) . Economic History Review . 60 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 135 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.2006. 00358. x . Dovring , Folke , ed . Land and labor in Europe in the twentieth century : a comparative survey of recent agrarian history ( Springer , 1965 ) Gras , Norman . A history of agriculture in Europe and America ( Crofts , 1925 ) Harvey , Nigel . The Industrial Archaeology of Farming in England and Wales ( HarperCollins , 1980 ) Hoffman , Philip T. Growth in a Traditional Society : The French Countryside , 1450 -- 1815 ( Princeton UP , 1996 ) Hoyle , Richard W. , ed . The Farmer in England , 1650 -- 1980 ( Routledge , 2013 ) online review Kussmaul , Ann . A General View of the Rural Economy of England , 1538 -- 1840 ( Cambridge UP , 1990 ) Langdon , John . Horses , Oxen and Technological Innovation : The Use of Draught Animals in English Farming from 1066 to 1500 ( Cambridge UP , 1986 ) McNeill , William H ( 1948 ) . `` The Introduction of the Potato into Ireland '' . Journal of Modern History . 21 : 218 -- 21 . JSTOR 1876068 . doi : 10.1086 / 237272 . Moon , David . The Plough that Broke the Steppes : Agriculture and Environment on Russia 's Grasslands , 1700 -- 1914 ( Oxford UP , 2014 ) Slicher van Bath , B.H. The agrarian history of Western Europe , AD 500 -- 1850 ( Edward Arnold , reprint , 1963 ) Thirsk , Joan , et al . The Agrarian History of England and Wales ( Cambridge UP , 8 vols. , 1978 ) Williamson , Tom . Transformation of Rural England : Farming and the Landscape 1700 -- 1870 ( Liverpool UP , 2002 ) Zweiniger - Bargielowska , Ina , Rachel Duffett , and Alain Drouard , eds . Food and war in twentieth century Europe ( Ashgate , 2011 ) North America ( edit ) Cochrane , Willard W . The Development of American Agriculture : A Historical Analysis ( U of Minnesota P , 1993 ) Fite , Gilbert C. ( 1983 ) . `` American Farmers : The New Minority '' . Annals of Iowa . 46 ( 7 ) : 553 -- 555 . Gras , Norman . A history of agriculture in Europe and America , ( F.S. Crofts , 1925 ) Gray , L.C. History of agriculture in the southern United States to 1860 ( P. Smith , 1933 ) Volume I online ; Volume 2 Hart , John Fraser . The Changing Scale of American Agriculture . ( U of Virginia Press , 2004 ) Hurt , R. Douglas . American Agriculture : A Brief History ( Purdue UP , 2002 ) Mundlak , Yair ( 2005 ) . `` Economic Growth : Lessons from Two Centuries of American Agriculture '' . Journal of Economic Literature. 43 ( 4 ) : 989 -- 1024 . doi : 10.1257 / 002205105775362005 . O'Sullivan , Robin . American Organic : A Cultural History of Farming , Gardening , Shopping , and Eating ( UP of Kansas , 2015 ) Rasmussen , Wayne D. ed . Readings in the history of American agriculture ( U of Illinois Press , 1960 ) Robert , Joseph C. The story of tobacco in America ( U of North Carolina P , 1949 ) Russell , Howard . A Long Deep Furrow : Three Centuries of Farming In New England ( UP of New England , 1981 ) Russell , Peter A. How Agriculture Made Canada : Farming in the Nineteenth Century ( McGill - Queen 's UP , 2012 ) Schafer , Joseph . The social history of American agriculture ( Da Capo , 1970 ( 1936 ) ) Schlebecker John T. Whereby we thrive : A history of American farming , 1607 - 1972 ( Iowa State UP , 1972 ) Weeden , William Babcock . Economic and Social History of New England , 1620 - 1789 ( Houghton , Mifflin , 1891 ) Yeargin , Billy . North Carolina Tobacco : A History ( History Press , 2008 ) External links ( edit ) `` The Core Historical Literature of Agriculture '' from Cornell University Library ; includes 2100 fulltext books and runs of 36 scholarly journals ; coverage of agricultural economics , agricultural engineering , animal science , crops and their protection , food science , forestry , human nutrition , rural sociology , and soil science . 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1686541456452400233	Middle-distance running	Middle - distance running - wikipedia Middle - distance running `` Middle distance runner '' redirects here . For the song , see Middledistancerunner . Middle - distance running events are track races longer than sprints , up to 3000 metres . The standard middle distances are the 800 metres , 1500 metres and mile run , although the 3000 metres may also be classified as a middle - distance event . The 1500 m came about as a result of running three and 3 / 4 laps of a 400 m outdoor track or 7 and a half laps of a 200m indoor track , which were commonplace in continental Europe in the 20th century . Contents 1 Events 1.1 500 metres 1.2 600 yards 1.3 600 metres 1.4 800 metres 1.5 880 yards 1.6 1000 metres 1.7 1200 metres 1.8 1500 metres 1.9 1600 metres 1.10 Mile 1.11 2000 metres 1.12 3000 metres 1.13 3200 metres 1.14 Two miles 1.15 2,000 metre steeplechase 1.16 3,000 metre steeplechase 2 United States and Japan youth running 2.1 800 metres 2.2 1500 metres 2.3 1600 metres 2.4 3000 metres 2.5 3200 metres 2.6 2000 metre steeplechase 2.7 3000 metre steeplechase 2.8 5000 metres 3 See also 4 Notes and references 5 External links Events ( edit ) 500 metres ( edit ) Main article : 500 metres A very uncommon middle - distance event that is sometimes run by sprinters for muscle stamina training . 600 yards ( edit ) This was a popular distance , particularly indoors , when imperial distances were common . In 1882 , American Lon Myers set what was then a world record at 600 yards ( 548.64 metres ) , running it in 1 : 11.4 . The event was a common event for most American students because it was one of the standardized test events as part of the President 's Award on Physical Fitness . In the early 1970s , Martin McGrady was unsuccessful at longer or shorter races , but made his reputation , set world records and drew many fans to arenas to watch him race elite Olympians at this odd distance . 600 metres ( edit ) Main article : 600 metres This middle distance length is rather uncommon , and is mainly run by sprinters wishing to test their endurances at a longer distance . Like other middle distance races , it evolved from the 600 yard race . The 600 m is also used as an early season stepping stone by 800 m runners before they have reached full race fitness . Johnny Gray ( United States ) holds the record for men : 1 : 12.81 , Santa Monica , 24 May 1986 . Ana Fidelia Quirot ( Cuba ) holds the women 's record : 1 : 22.63 , Guadalajara , 25 July 1997 . 800 metres ( edit ) Main article : 800 metres The 800 m consists of two laps around a standard 400 m track , and has always been an Olympic event . It was included in the first women 's track programme in 1928 , but suspended until 1960 because of shock and the exhaustion it caused the competitors . Without the benefits of modern training , men of the era were , in contrast , expected to run themselves to complete exhaustion during competitions . David Rudisha ( Kenya ) is the current recordholder : 1 : 40.91 , London , 9 August 2012 . Jarmila Kratochvílová ( Czechoslovakia ) set the current women 's record : 1 : 53.28 , Munich , 26 July 1983 . 880 yards ( edit ) The 880 yard run , or half mile , was the forebear to the 800 m distance and has its roots in competitions in the United Kingdom in the 1830s . 1000 metres ( edit ) Main article : 1000 metres This distance is not commonly raced , though it is more common than the 500 m event is for sprinters . This is commonly raced as an indoor men 's heptathlon event , or as an indoor high school event . In 1881 , Lon Myers set what was then a world record at 1000 yards , running it in 2 : 13.0 . The men 's record is held by Noah Ngeny ( Kenya ) ( 2 : 11.96 , Rieti , 5 September 1999 ) , while Svetlana Masterkova ( Russia ) set the women 's record ( 2 : 28.98 , Brussels , 23 August 1996 ) . See also 1000 metres world record progression . 1200 metres ( edit ) Three laps . A distance seldom raced on its own , but commonly raced as part of the distance medley relay . There is no recorded world records or world bests . However , Hicham El Guerrouj ( Morocco ) is believed to be the fastest man at this distance : 2 : 44.75 , Rieti , 2002 . 1500 metres ( edit ) Main article : 1500 metres Also known as the metric mile , this is a premier middle - distance race , covering three and three - quarter laps around a standard Olympic - sized track . In recent years , races over this distance have become more of a prolonged sprint , with each lap averaging 55 seconds for the world record performance by Hicham El Guerrouj of Morocco : 3 : 26.00 on 14 July 1998 at Rome ( two 1 : 50 min 800 m performances back to back ) . Thus , speed is necessary , and it seems that the more aerobic conditioning , the better . Genzebe Dibaba from Ethiopia holds the women 's world record : 3 : 50.07 set in Monaco on 17 July 2015 . This is a difficult distance at which to compete mentally , in addition to being one of the more tactical middle - distance track events . The distance is often witness to some of the most tactical , physical races in the sport , as many championship races are won in the final few metres . 1600 metres ( edit ) At exactly four laps of a normal 400 m track , this distance is raced as a near replacement for the mile ( it is , in fact , 9.344 m , about 30.6 feet , shorter ; however , it is still colloquially referred to as `` the mile '' ) . The 1600 meters is the official distance for this range of races in US high schools . While this race is rarely run outside high school and collegiate invitational competition , it has been held at the international level . The 1500 m , however , is the most common distance run at the college and international levels . The final leg of a distance medley relay is 1600 metres . An accurate way to run an actual mile on a metric track is to run the additional 9.344 meters before starting the first marked 400 meter lap . Many tracks , especially high - level tracks , will have a waterfall starting line drawn 9.344 meters back for this purpose . Otherwise , on a metric track , there will be a relay zone 10 meters before the common start / finish line , frequently marked by a triangle pointed toward the finish . In many configurations , that triangle is about half a meter wide , making its point extremely close to the mile start line , which would be slightly less than two feet from the marked relay zone ( the widest part of the triangle , or line ) . Mile ( edit ) Main article : Mile run This length of middle - distance race , 1760 yards , ( 1609.344 metres ) , is very common in countries that do not use the metric system , and is still often referred to as the `` Blue Riband '' of the track . When the International Amateur Athletic Federation decided in 1976 to recognize only world records for metric distances , it made an exception for the mile and records are kept to this day . Historically , the mile took the place that the 1500 m has today . It is still raced on the world class level , but usually only at select occasions , like the famous Wanamaker Mile , held annually at the Millrose Games . Running a mile in less than four minutes is a famously difficult achievement , long thought impossible by the scientific community . The first man to break the four - minute barrier was Englishman Roger Bannister at Oxford in 1954 . The current record holders are Hicham El Guerrouj ( Morocco ) ( 3 : 43.13 , Rome , 7 July 1999 ) and Svetlana Masterkova ( Russia ) ( 4 : 12.56 , Zürich , 14 August 1996 ) . 2000 metres ( edit ) Another event that is rarely run , a miler 's speed will generally allow him / her to prevail at this distance over less balanced challengers . Hicham El Guerrouj ( Morocco ) ( 4 : 44.79 , Berlin , 7 September 1999 ) and Sonia O'Sullivan ( Ireland ) ( 5 : 25.36 , Edinburgh , 8 July 1994 ) are currently the fastest at this distance outdoors . On February 7 , 2017 , Genzebe Dibaba ( Ethiopia ) ran 5 : 23.75 indoors . Although the 2000m is n't an official world record event indoors , Dibaba 's performance can be classed as an outright world record as it is faster than Sonia O'Sullivan's outdoor mark . 3000 metres ( edit ) Main article : 3000 metres Truly on the borderline between middle and longer distances , the 3000 m ( 7.5 laps ) is a standard race in the United States , though it is not raced at the outdoor IAAF World Championships . This race requires decent speed , but a lack of natural quickness can be made up for with superior aerobic conditioning and race tactics . The records at this distance were set by Daniel Komen ( Kenya ) ( 7 : 20.67 , Rieti , 1 September 1996 ) and Junxia Wang ( China ) ( 8 : 06.11 , Beijing , 13 September 1993 ) . 3200 metres ( edit ) At exactly eight laps on a standard 400 m track , this event is typically run only in American high schools , along with the 1600 m . It is colloquially called the `` two - mile '' , as the distance is only 18.688 metres shorter . In college , the typical runner of this event would convert to the 5,000 metre run ( or potentially the 3,000 metre run during indoor season ) . Most eastern American high schools , colleges , and middle schools , this event is usually considered a long - distance event , depending on the region . It is the longest track distance run in most high school competitions . Two miles ( edit ) Main article : Two miles This length of long middle - distance or short long - distance race was 3520 yards ( 3218.688 metres ) . Historically , the two mile took the place that the 3000 m and the 3200 m have today . The first man to break the four - minute barrier for both miles was Daniel Komen ( Kenya ) at Hechtel , Belgium on 19 July 1997 , and his time of 7 : 58.61 remains a world record . Meseret Defar ( Ethiopia ) is the fastest woman : 8 : 58.58 , Brussels , Belgium , 14 September 2007 . 2,000 metre steeplechase ( edit ) Another race only run in high school or Masters meets . The typical specialist in this event would move up to the 3000 metre steeplechase in college . 3,000 metre steeplechase ( edit ) Main article : Steeplechase ( athletics ) The 3,000 metre steeplechase is a distance event requiring greater strength , stamina , and agility than the flat 3,000 metre event . This is because athletes are required to jump over five barriers per lap , after a flat first 200 m to allow for settling in . One barrier per lap is placed in front of a water pit , meaning that runners are also forced to deal with the chafing of wet shoes as they race . The world records are held by Saif Saeed Shaheen ( Qatar ) ( 7 : 53.63 , Brussels . 3 September 2004 ) and Gulnara Samitova ( Russia ) ( 8 : 58.81 , Beijing , 17 August 2008 ) . United states and Japan youth running ( edit ) In the United States , the 3000 m is more common at the high school and collegiate levels ( along with the US two mile ) . In Japan , the 800 , 1500 and 3000 metre events are competed in both genders for junior high school and high school , except that high school boys jump to 5000 metres . Both 3000 and 5000 metre distances are sometimes described as long distance but also frequently as middle distance , depending on the context . From the perspective of a longer race like a half marathon , marathon or relays such as the ekiden relay , the 5000 metre race might be viewed as middle distance . The tables below do not focus on record times but rather on the performance of many runners in a given year ( in this case , 2007 and 2008 ) . These are the top 100 ( or even 500 ) junior high school and high school runners in Japan and the USA . 800 metres ( edit ) 800 metres Age Group Country # of Athletes Time Range 2007 Time Range 2008 Boys Junior High School Japan Top 200 1 : 56.06 - 2 : 03.91 Boys Middle School USA Top 500 2 : 00.67 - 2 : 29.00 Boys High School Japan Top 100 1 : 51.66 - 1 : 56.34 1 : 50.85 - 1 : 57.87 Boys High School USA Top 100 1 : 48.63 - 1 : 53.82 1 : 48.6 - 1 : 53.77 Girls Junior High School Japan Top 100 2 : 09.87 - 2 : 19.02 Girls Middle School USA Top 500 2 : 18.03 - 2 : 48.00 Girls High School Japan Top 100 2 : 07.34 - 2 : 16.34 2 : 06.47 - 2 : 15.70 Girls High School USA Top 100 2 : 02.38 - 2 : 12.83 2 : 01.61 - 2 : 13.09 1500 metres ( edit ) A few states of the USA use this distance , among them Oregon , Florida , Massachusetts , and Rhode Island . 1500 metres Age Group Country # of Athletes Time Range 2007 Time Range 2008 Boys Junior High School Japan Top 150 3 : 59.40 - 4 : 13.77 Boys Middle School USA Top 200 4 : 21.07 - 5 : 17 Boys High School Japan Top 100 3 : 51.65 - 3 : 59.10 3 : 44.21 - 3 : 57.87 Boys High School USA Top 31 , Top 100 3 : 47.31 - 3 : 59.68 3 : 49.51 - 4 : 08.0 Girls Junior High School Japan Top 200 4 : 23.92 - 4 : 45.49 Girls Middle School USA Top 200 4 : 58.73 - 6 : 01.00 Girls High School Japan Top 200 4 : 20.44 - 4 : 37.68 4 : 17.13 - 4 : 36.64 Girls High School USA Top 28 , Top 200 4 : 16.98 - 4 : 39.92 4 : 14.50 - 4 : 55.0 1600 metres ( edit ) 1600 metres Age Group Country # of Athletes Time Range 2007 Time Range 2008 Boys Middle School USA Top 200 4 : 39.0 - 5 : 24.0 Boys High School USA Top 100 , Top 200 4 : 04.9 to 4 : 15.05 4 : 00.29 to 4 : 18.0 Girls Middle School USA Top 200 5 : 09.26 - 6 : 07.5 Girls High School USA Top 100 , Top 200 4 : 38.15 to 4 : 58.15 4 : 33.82 to 5 : 03.0 3000 metres ( edit ) A few states of the USA use this distance , among them Oregon , Massachusetts , Florida , and Rhode Island . 3000 metres Age Group Country # of Athletes Time Range 2007 Time Range 2008 Boys Junior High School Japan Top 250 8 : 27.57 - 9 : 09.8 Boys Middle School USA Top 100 9 : 36.35 - 12 : 05 Boys High School Japan Top 50 8 : 17.85 - 8 : 40.14 7 : 59.12 - 8 : 32.69 Boys High School USA Top 23 , Top 100 8 : 09.09 - 8 : 31.80 8 : 28.46 - 9 : 04.0 Girls Junior High School Japan Top 100 9 : 12.89 - 10 : 06.89 Girls Middle School USA Top 30 10 : 54.8 - 12 : 47.67 Girls High School Japan Top 400 9 : 04.63 - 9 : 59.02 8 : 58.77 - 9 : 56.75 Girls High School USA Top 50 , Top 100 9 : 26.9 - 10 : 06.6 9 : 15.11 - 10 : 25.0 3200 metres ( edit ) 3200 metres Age Group Country # of Athletes Time Range 2007 Time Range 2008 Boys Middle School USA Top 150 10 : 54.33 - 13 : 10 Boys High School USA Top 100 8 : 46.04 - 9 : 13.1 8 : 34.23 - 9 : 15.54 Girls Middle School USA Top 70 12 : 03.05 - 15 : 40 / 28 Girls High School USA Top 100 10 : 04.07 - 10 : 52.32 9 : 52.13 - 10 : 51.52 2000 metre steeplechase ( edit ) In the USA , the steeplechase is still relatively uncommon in high school . 2000 metre steeplechase Age Group Country # of Athletes Time Range 2007 Time Range 2008 Boys High School USA Top 5 , Top 100 5 : 52.63 - 6 : 03.33 5 : 54.58 - 7 : 48.40 Girls High School Japan Top 2 7 : 06.62 and 7 : 23.11 Girls High School USA Top 5 , Top 100 6 : 36.34 - 6 : 50.47 6 : 42.86 - 8 : 11.0 3000 metre steeplechase ( edit ) Rarely run in youth competition , though some high school competitions include the 3000m steeplechase , for example , it is an event competed in championships and larger meets in New York State . 3000 metre steeplechase Age Group Country # of Athletes Time Range 2007 Time Range 2008 Boys High School Japan Top 100 9 : 06.10 - 9 : 26.91 8 : 54.55 - 9 : 25.34 Boys High School USA Top 10 , Top 100 9 : 08.11 - 9 : 35.80 9 : 07.02 - 10 : 50.0 Girls High School Japan Top 2 10 : 50.14 and 10 : 52.84 Girls High School USA Top 1 , 10 : 52.82 10 : 42.22 5000 metres ( edit ) ( Not a middle distance event ) Japanese secondary school boys regularly run 5000 metres on the track rather than 3000 meters . USA high school boys rarely run this distance except during cross country . 5000 metres Age Group Country # of Athletes Time Range 2007 Time Range 2008 Boys High School Japan Top 500 14 : 00.8 - 14 : 57.57 13 : 33.24 - 14 : 56.94 Boys High School USA Top 5 13 : 55.96 - 14 : 41.96 Girls High School Japan Top 200 15 : 27.98 - 17 : 24.99 15 : 02.28 - 17 : 19.84 Girls High School USA Top 5 16 : 36.34 - 16 : 50.47 16 : 18.91 - 17 : 20.07 See also ( edit ) Long - distance running The Flying Finns Beer mile Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Middle - distance running . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved on 5 April 2010 . Jump up ^ For track cycling , 500m outdoor tracks and 250m indoor tracks are still commonplace . Jump up ^ 1500 m -- Introduction . IAAF . Retrieved on 5 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Joe D. Willis and Richard G. Wettan ( November 2 , 1975 ) . `` L.E. Myers , `` World 's Greatest Runner '' '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Sport History . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.fitness.gov/pdfs/50-year-anniversary-booklet.pdf ^ Jump up to : http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/recbycat/location=O/recordtype=WR/event=0/age=N/area=0/sex=W/records.html IAAF Records , accessed January 6 , 2010 Jump up ^ 800 m -- Introduction . IAAF . Retrieved on 5 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Progression Of The Fastest 1200m Time En Route to 1500 or Mile '' . trackandfieldnews.com . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.trackinfo.org/marks.html TrackInfo Marking guide Jump up ^ Jon Mulkeen ( 7 February 2017 ) . `` Dibaba breaks world 2000m record in Sabadell '' . IAAF . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.khsaa.org/track/ Kentucky High School Athletic Association , Accessed May 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ Yashita Makoto , Long Distance : Preparation Season Training , Track and Field Magazine ( Japan ) , Vol 56 No 3 , February 2006 , page 220 . ^ Jump up to : 2008 High School Middle Distance Detailed List , All Japan High School Ekiden Spectator 's Guide , January Supplement , Track and Field Magazine ( Japan ) , Vol 59 No 1 , January 2009 , pages 87 - 90 . ^ Jump up to : 2008 Japan and Junior High School Middle Distance Top 100 , Track and Field Magazine ( Japan ) , Vol 59 No 1 , January 2009 , pages 152 - 153 . Jump up ^ New Athletes in Middle Distance and Race Walking Top 10 lists , Track and Field Magazine ( Japan ) , Vol 59 No 1 , January 2009 , pages 154 . ^ Jump up to : Athletic.Net middle school ^ Jump up to : www /. Milesplit.us/rankings , National Outdoor TF Rankings , accessed 25 January 2009 ^ Jump up to : 2007 High School Detailed List by Year - in - School , Track and Field Magazine ( Japan ) , Vol 58 No 6 , April 2008 , pages 182 - 196 . ^ Jump up to : www.Dyestat.com , accessed 25 January 2009 ^ Jump up to : Athletic.Net high school ^ Jump up to : Track and Field News , accessed 25 January 2009 ( in Japanese ) Track and Field Magazine ( Rikujou kyougi magazine ) ; contact Baseball Magazine Company , Chiyoda - ku Tokyo 102 - 0073 ; sportsclick.jp/track . Milesplit . US , as of 2008 , represents results primarily from the eastern states of USA . Athletic.net , as of 2008 , represents results from all states of USA , but especially the western states . The centralized collection of high school and especially middle school data in the USA is relatively new , and there is more 2008 data than 2007 data . For both high school and middle school , many good performances may not have been reported to the various agencies . Middle school often implies the students are one year younger than junior high . Japanese junior high corresponds with USA 7th , 8th and 9th grades . 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4373570337956942785	Himalayan cat	Himalayan cat - wikipedia Himalayan cat Jump to : navigation , search Himalayan A chocolate - point peke - faced Himalayan Other names Himalayan Persian Colourpoint Persian Longhaired Colourpoint ( obsolete ) Siamese -- Persian ( obsolete ) Common nicknames Himmy Origin United States , United Kingdom Breed standards CFA standard TICA standard AACE standard ACFA / CAA standard CCA - AFC standard Notes Recognized only as a variant of Persian by some organizations , not as a separate breed . Domestic cat ( Felis catus ) The Himalayan ( a.k.a. Himalayan Persian , or Colourpoint Persian as it is commonly referred to in Europe ) , is a breed or sub-breed of long - haired cat identical in type to the Persian , with the exception of its blue eyes and its point colouration , which were derived from crossing the Persian with the Siamese . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Appearance 2.1 Body 2.2 Head 2.3 Coat 3 Health 4 Temperament 5 In popular culture 6 Gallery 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) There is little or no information from the literature or early pictorial representations to indicate how ancient the four main groups of cats are ; these being the two varieties of tabby , the single coloured black or white , and the sex - linked orange ( marmalade or tortoiseshell cats ) . In addition , there are other breeds of cat that are more closely controlled by man , such as the Manx , the Persian , Siamese , and Abyssinian , to name but a few . The Cat Fanciers ' Association considers the Himalayan Persian simply a color variation of the Persian rather than a separate breed , although they do compete in their own color division . It was for the color that the breed was named `` Himalayan '' : a reference to the coloration of Himalayan animals , in particular the Himalayan rabbit . It has been suggested that the Persian long - haired cats are descended from Pallas 's cat , Felis manul , a wild cat that inhabits central Asia and which is unmarked with spots or stripes and has very long soft fur . There is , however , no osteological or other evidence for this and it is more likely that the long - haired domestic cats are the result of artificial selection for this characteristic by man . Tests are still being done to discover the descendants of cats such as Himalayans . An example of this research and experimentation is in that of the following : A rare color variant of the American mink ( Neovison vison ) , discovered on a ranch in Nova Scotia and referred to as the ' ' marbled ' ' variety , carries a distinctive pigment distribution pattern resembling that found in some other species , e.g. , the Siamese cat and the Himalayan mouse . Work to formally establish a breed with combined Persian and Siamese traits , explicitly for the cat fancy , began in the United States in the 1930s at Harvard University , under the term Siamese -- Persian , and the results were published in the Journal of Heredity in 1936 , but were not adopted as a recognized breed by any major fancier groups at the time . Brian Sterling - Webb independently developed the cross-breed over a period of ten years in the UK , and in 1955 it was recognized there as the Longhaired Colourpoint by the Governing Council of the Cat Fancy ( GCCF ) . Separate US - based breeding efforts had begun around 1950 , and a breeder known to sources simply as Mrs. Goforth received breed recognition from the Cat Fanciers Association ( CFA ) near the end of 1957 for the Himalayan . Early breeders were mostly interested in adding Siamese colouration to long - haired cats , and therefore reinforced the stock by outbreeding to Persians only to retain the Persian trait dominance . However , by the 1960s , some were re-introducing Siamese stock and producing less `` Persian - style '' cats , In the 1980s , a concerted effort to re-establish the breed along more formally Persian lines ultimately caused the breed to be merged into Persian as a variant in some registries ( e.g. in 1984 by CFA ) , and a decline in the `` old '' or Siamese - like specimens . Appearance ( edit ) A 3 - year - old seal - point doll - faced Himalayan named Percy Body ( edit ) Like Persians more generally , the Himalayan tends to have a round ( cobby ) body with short legs , which makes it harder for them to jump as high as other cats do . Since the 1960s , however , some have more of a Siamese - like body , and thus do not have this limitation , but may not be acceptable as show cats , depending on the specific breed standards of the organisation in question . Head ( edit ) As with other Persians , there are two types of Himalayans , the traditional or doll - face , and the peke - faced or ultra-typed which has the more extreme squashed - looking facial features . The seal - point Himalayan in the photo to the left is doll - faced while the chocolate - point in the title image is peke - faced . Show Himalayans display a nose break as do peke - faced Persians , and have very large , round eyes with the nose leather directly between the eyes . Breeder or pet Himalayans generally have longer noses than the show cats , and may display a longer muzzle and smaller eyes than the show cats do . All three types of cat are Himalayans , however . Coat ( edit ) Blue point : A cat whose blue coat color is confined to the points : the feet , ears , tail , and face mask . Lilac Point : A diluted , brighter version of blue point . Body color is whiter and brighter than on a blue point cat . Seal Point : Seal brown color on the points . Chocolate Point : Chocolate brown color on the points ( face mask , ears , tail , and legs ) , as opposed to the darker seal brown . Body color is whiter and brighter than on a seal - point cat . One distinction between the chocolate point and seal point is the color of their paw pads . The chocolate point will have pink paw pads , whereas the seal point will have dark brown paw pads . Red or Flame Point : If both parent cats are definitely dilutes ( blue , cream or bluecream ) , the offspring can not be a flame point . Cream Point : Flame and cream colors can be very close . There are hot creams and light reds . Body color is whiter and brighter than on a seal point cat . The bulk of the fur on the body of a Himalayan is white or cream , but the points come in many different colors : Seal ( or Black ) , Blue , Lilac , Chocolate , Red ( Flame ) , and Cream . The points can also be Tabby , Lynx , or Tortoiseshell - patterned . The Chocolate and Lilac point Himalayans are the most difficult to produce , because both parents must carry the gene for Chocolate / Lilac to produce a Chocolate or Lilac kitten , as the trait is autosomal recessive . Health ( edit ) Due to their Persian ancestry , some Himalayans may have the gene that causes Polycystic kidney disease , ( PKD ) ; however , a genetic test can reveal which cats carry the PKD gene , so that they may be spayed or neutered . Like many long - haired cats , Himalayans need to be brushed daily to keep their coats looking their best and healthiest . In addition , they may need their face wiped daily , depending on the cat . Bathing a Himalayan is also recommended by some breeders , to help reduce the amount of oil on the cat 's fur and skin . Temperament ( edit ) A Himalayan lounging . These cats are sweet - tempered , intelligent , and generally very social and good companions . Because of their heritage from the Siamese cats , they tend to be more active than Persians . Himmies , as fanciers call them , are good indoor companion animals . By and large , Himalayan cats are gentle , calm , and sweet - tempered , and they possess a playful side as well . Like the Siamese , Himalayans love to play fetch , and a scrap of crumpled paper or a kitty toy will entertain them for hours . Himalayans are devoted and dependent upon their humans for companionship and protection . They crave affection and love to be pet and groomed . In popular culture ( edit ) In the 1984 Heathcliff cartoon TV series , the character Hector ( voiced by Danny Mann ) is a brown Himalayan with a purple tie , a grey head band , a 1980s hair style , and a New jersey accent . In the spoof film Date Movie ( 2006 ) , Mr. Jinxers is a parody of his Meet the Parents counterpart . In the movies Homeward Bound : The Incredible Journey ( 1993 ) and Homeward Bound II : Lost in San Francisco ( 1996 ) , one of the main characters is a Himalayan cat named Sassy ( voiced by Sally Field ) . The main character of the anime / manga Prince of Tennis , Ryoma Echizen , owns a playful , mischievous and surprisingly smart Himalayan cat named Karupin ( or Kalpin in the English translation ) , to whom he 's very attached . In the popular Korean drama Couple or Trouble the main character , Anna Jo , owns a million - dollar Himalayan cat named Princess who is featured in every episode , from being pampered by Anna Jo to appearing in another characters ' nightmares . Martha Stewart owns three Himalayans , named after composers : Beethoven , Mozart and Bartók . The cats have been featured in her commercials for Kmart , on her television show , Martha Stewart Living , and in her magazine , such as the cover of the February 1999 issue . Webkinz , an online game where characters can play with the plush pets they have purchased , has a Himalayan as one of their stuffed animals . In Flipping Out , Jeff Lewis 's two Himalayan cats , Monkey and Stewie , are often featured . In the TV series iCarly , in the episode `` iMove Out '' , the cat Harmoo , a Himalayan cat , plays a part . A Himalayan named Goma and his blog was featured in the Animal Planet show Cats 101 in 2009 . A Himalayan named Luna The Fashion Kitty became a social media phenomenon in 2011 with a popular Facebook page , a website , and many media references . A Himalayan - Persian named Colonel Meow became an Internet celebrity in 2012 , and entered Guinness World Records 2014 as the cat with the longest fur . Mr. Jinx ( also known as Jinxy , or simply just Jinx ) from the Meet the Parents trilogy is a 2 - year - old seal - point peke - faced Himalayan . Gallery ( edit ) Red ( Flame ) Point . Blue Point Chocolate Point Red Point Tortie Point Lilac Point Himalayan Cat , an offspring of Persian and Siamese 2 year old Himalayan Cat Himalayan cat ( note the points inherited from siamese and relatively long hair inherited from Persian parent ) Himalayan Cat Male Himalayan Cat Himalayan Male Cat Seal Point Himalayan Cat Eight - week - old Blue Point Himalayan kitten Example of Blue Point feline markings on juvenile male Example of Seal Point feline markings on juvenile male References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Clutton - Brock , Juliet ( 1981 ) . A natural history of domesticated mammals ( 1st University of Texas Press ed . ) . Austin : University of Texas Press . p. 109 . ISBN 0292715323 . Jump up ^ `` Himalayan Cat '' . Pet Finder . This tertiary source reuses information from other sources but does not name them . Jump up ^ Benkel , Bernhard F. ; Kirsti Rouyinen - Watt ; Hossain Farid ; Razyan Anistoroaei ( April 2009 ) . `` Molecular characterization of the Himalayan mink '' . Mammalian Genome. 20 ( 4 ) : 256 -- 259 . PMID 19308642 . doi : 10.1007 / s00335 - 009 - 9177 - 6 . Jump up ^ Keeler , Clyde E. ; Cobb , Virginia ( 1936 ) . `` Siamese -- Persian Cats '' . Journal of Heredity . American Genetic Association . 27 ( 9 ) : 339 -- 340 . ISSN 0022 - 1503 . First page is available online at http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/27/9/339/ ^ Jump up to : Berg , Linda ( 1999 ) . `` The Himalayan Persian '' . CFA.org . Alliance , Ohio , US : Cat Fanciers Association ( CFA ) . Archived from the original on 4 March 2013 . Retrieved 4 March 2004 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cat glossary '' . Iams.com . Retrieved on 23 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Helgren , J. Anne ( 1997 ) . `` 6 : The Recognized Breeds '' . Encyclopedia of Cat Breeds . Barron 's Educational Series . p. 134 . ISBN 0 - 7641 - 5067 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Himalayan . Himalayan Cat Breed Himalayan - Persian CFA Breed Article Himalayan cat at DMOZ ( hide ) Domestic cats Felinology Anatomy Genetics Dwarf cat Kitten Odd - eyed cat Squitten Coat genetics Bicolor cat Black cat Calico cat Tabby cat Tortoiseshell cat Health Aging Declawing Diet Neutering Spaying Vaccination Behavior Body language Catfight Catnip Communication ( Meow ) Kneading Intelligence Play and toys Purr Righting reflex Senses Human -- cat interaction Ailurophobia Animal - assisted therapy Cat cafés Cat massage Cat meat Cat - scratch disease Cat show Cats in ancient Egypt Cultural depictions Farm cat Feral cat Cats and Islam Puppy cat Ship 's cat Zoonosis Registries American Cat Fanciers Association Associazione Nazionale Felina Italiana Canadian Cat Association Cat Aficionado Association Cat Fanciers ' Association Emirates Feline Federation Fédération Internationale Féline Governing Council of the Cat Fancy Southern Africa Cat Council The International Cat Association Breeds ( full list ) ( experimental breeds ) Fully domestic Abyssinian American Curl American Shorthair Balinese Brazilian Shorthair British Shorthair Birman Bombay Burmese California Spangled Chartreux Chinese Li Hua Colorpoint Shorthair Cornish Rex Cymric Devon Rex Donskoy Egyptian Mau European Shorthair Exotic Shorthair German Rex Himalayan Japanese Bobtail Javanese Khao Manee Korat Kurilian Bobtail Maine Coon Manx Munchkin Norwegian Forest Ocicat Oriental Shorthair Persian Peterbald Pixie - bob Raas Ragdoll Ragamuffin Russian Blue Scottish Fold Selkirk Rex Siamese Siberian Singapura Snowshoe Somali Sphynx Thai Traditional Persian Tonkinese Toyger Turkish Angora Turkish Van Hybrid Bengal Chausie Highlander Savannah Serengeti Landraces Aegean Cyprus Domestic long - haired Domestic short - haired Kellas Sokoke Van Diseases and disorders Acne Asthma Calicivirus Congenital sensorineural deafness Flea Heartworm Hepatic lipidosis Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Immunodeficiency virus Infectious peritonitis Leukemia virus Lower urinary tract disease Panleukopenia Polydactyly Rabies Ringworm Roundworm Skin disorders Tick Toxoplasmosis Viral rhinotracheitis Book Portal Cats portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Himalayan_cat&oldid=798272018 '' Categories : Cat breeds Cat breeds originating in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with DMOZ links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Български Català Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 23 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what type of cat is jinx in meet the parents	[ "Mr. Jinx (also known as Jinxy, or simply just Jinx) from the Meet the Parents trilogy is a 2-year-old seal-point peke-faced Himalayan." ]	[ "seal-point peke-faced Himalayan" ]
7498262899619589518	Atomic packing factor	Atomic packing factor - wikipedia Atomic packing factor In crystallography , atomic packing factor ( APF ) , packing efficiency or packing fraction is the fraction of volume in a crystal structure that is occupied by constituent particles . It is a dimensionless quantity and always less than unity . In atomic systems , by convention , the APF is determined by assuming that atoms are rigid spheres . The radius of the spheres is taken to be the maximum value such that the atoms do not overlap . For one - component crystals ( those that contain only one type of particle ) , the packing fraction is represented mathematically by A P F = N p a r t i c l e V p a r t i c l e V u n i t c e l l ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( APF ) = ( \ frac ( N_ ( \ mathrm ( particle ) ) V_ ( \ mathrm ( particle ) ) ) ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( unit ~ cell ) ) ) ) ) where N is the number of particles in the unit cell , V is the volume of each particle , and V is the volume occupied by the unit cell . It can be proven mathematically that for one - component structures , the most dense arrangement of atoms has an APF of about 0.74 ( see Kepler conjecture ) , obtained by the close - packed structures . For multiple - component structures ( such as with interstitial alloys ) , the APF can exceed 0.74 . The atomic packing factor of a unit cell is relevant to the study of Materials Science , where it explains many properties of materials . For example , metals with a high atomic packing factor will have a higher `` workability '' ( malleability or ductility ) , similar to how a road is smoother when the stones are closer together , allowing metal atoms to slide past one another more easily . Contents 1 Single component crystal structures 1.1 Simple Cubic 1.2 Body - centered cubic 1.3 Hexagonal close - packed 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading Single component crystal structures ( edit ) Common sphere packings taken on by atomic systems are listed below with their corresponding packing fraction . Hexagonal close - packed ( HCP ) : 0.74 Face - centered cubic ( FCC ) : 0.74 ( also called cubic close - packed , CCP ) Body - centered cubic ( BCC ) : 0.68 Simple cubic : 0.52 Diamond cubic : 0.34 The majority of metals take on either the HCP , FCC , or BCC structure . Simple Cubic unit cell Simple Cubic ( edit ) A P F = N a t o m s V a t o m V u n i t c e l l = 1 ⋅ 4 3 π r 3 ( 2 r ) 3 = π 6 ≈ 0.5236 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ mathrm ( APF ) & = ( \ frac ( N_ ( \ mathrm ( atoms ) ) V_ ( \ mathrm ( atom ) ) ) ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( unit ~ cell ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 \ cdot ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ) \ pi r ^ ( 3 ) ) ( \ left ( 2r \ right ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \ \ ( 10pt ) & = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 6 ) ) \ approx 0.5236 \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Body - centered cubic ( edit ) BCC structure The primitive unit cell for the body - centered cubic crystal structure contains several fractions taken from nine atoms ( if the particles in the crystal are atoms ) : one on each corner of the cube and one atom in the center . Because the volume of each of the eight corner atoms is shared between eight adjacent cells , each BCC cell contains the equivalent volume of two atoms ( one central and one on the corner ) . Each corner atom touches the center atom . A line that is drawn from one corner of the cube through the center and to the other corner passes through 4r , where r is the radius of an atom . By geometry , the length of the diagonal is a √ 3 . Therefore , the length of each side of the BCC structure can be related to the radius of the atom by a = 4 r 3 . ( \ displaystyle a = ( \ frac ( 4r ) ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) \ , . ) Knowing this and the formula for the volume of a sphere , it becomes possible to calculate the APF as follows : A P F = N a t o m s V a t o m V u n i t c e l l = 2 ⋅ 4 3 π r 3 ( 4 r 3 ) 3 = π 3 8 ≈ 0.680 174 76 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ mathrm ( APF ) & = ( \ frac ( N_ ( \ mathrm ( atoms ) ) V_ ( \ mathrm ( atom ) ) ) ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( unit ~ cell ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 2 \ cdot ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ) \ pi r ^ ( 3 ) ) ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( 4r ) ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \ \ ( 10pt ) & = ( \ frac ( \ pi ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) ( 8 ) ) \ approx 0.680 \ , 174 \ , 76 \ ,. \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Hexagonal close - packed ( edit ) HCP structure For the hexagonal close - packed structure the derivation is similar . Here the unit cell ( equivalent to 3 primitive unit cells ) is a hexagonal prism containing six atoms ( if the particles in the crystal are atoms ) . Indeed , three are the atoms in the middle layer ( inside the prism ) ; in addition , for the top and bottom layers ( on the bases of the prism ) , the central atom is shared with the adjacent cell , and each of the six atoms at the vertices is shared with other five adjacent cells . So the total number of atoms in the cell is 3 + ( 1 / 2 ) × 2 + ( 1 / 6 ) × 6 × 2 = 6 . Each atom touches other twelve atoms . Now let a ( \ displaystyle a \ ) be the side length of the base of the prism and c ( \ displaystyle c \ ) be its height . The latter is twice the distance between adjacent layers , i.e. , twice the height of the regular tetrahedron whose vertices are occupied by ( say ) the central atom of the lower layer , two adjacent non-central atoms of the same layer , and one atom of the middle layer `` resting '' on the previous three . Obviously , the edge of this tetrahedron is a ( \ displaystyle a \ ) . If a = 2 r ( \ displaystyle a = 2r \ ) , then its height can be easily calculated to be 8 3 r ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( \ tfrac ( 8 ) ( 3 ) ) ) r \ ) , and , therefore , c = 4 2 3 r ( \ displaystyle c = 4 ( \ sqrt ( \ tfrac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) ) r \ ) . So the volume of the hcp unit cell turns out to be ( 3 / 2 ) √ 3 a 2 c ( \ displaystyle a ^ ( 2 ) c \ ) , that is 24 √ 2 r 3 ( \ displaystyle r ^ ( 3 ) \ ) . It is then possible to calculate the APF as follows : A P F = N a t o m s V a t o m V u n i t c e l l = 6 ⋅ 4 3 π r 3 3 3 2 a 2 c = 6 ⋅ 4 3 π r 3 3 3 2 ( 2 r ) 2 2 3 ⋅ 4 r = 6 ⋅ 4 3 π r 3 3 3 2 2 3 ⋅ 16 r 3 = π 18 = π 3 2 ≈ 0.740 480 48 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ mathrm ( APF ) & = ( \ frac ( N_ ( \ mathrm ( atoms ) ) V_ ( \ mathrm ( atom ) ) ) ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( unit ~ cell ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 6 \ cdot ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ) \ pi r ^ ( 3 ) ) ( ( \ frac ( 3 ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) ( 2 ) ) a ^ ( 2 ) c ) ) \ \ ( 10pt ) & = ( \ frac ( 6 \ cdot ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ) \ pi r ^ ( 3 ) ) ( ( \ frac ( 3 ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) ( 2 ) ) ( 2r ) ^ ( 2 ) ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) ) \ cdot 4r ) ) = ( \ frac ( 6 \ cdot ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ) \ pi r ^ ( 3 ) ) ( ( \ frac ( 3 ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) ) \ cdot 16r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \ \ ( 10pt ) & = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( \ sqrt ( 18 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 3 ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ) \ approx 0.740 \ , 480 \ , 48 \ ,. \ end ( aligned ) ) ) See also ( edit ) Crystal Packing density Cubic crystal system Diamond cubic Percolation threshold References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ellis , Arthur B. ; et al. ( 1995 ) . Teaching General Chemistry : A Materials Science Companion ( 3rd ed . ) . Washington , DC : American Chemical Society . ISBN 084122725X . Jump up ^ Moore , Lesley E. ; Smart , Elaine A. ( 2005 ) . Solid State Chemistry : An Introduction ( 3rd ed . ) . Boca Raton , Florida : Taylor & Francis , CRC . p. 8 . ISBN 0748775161 . Further reading ( edit ) Schaffer ; Saxena ; Antolovich ; Sanders ; Warner ( 1999 ) . The Science and Design of Engineering Materials ( 2nd ed . ) . New York , NY : WCB / McGraw - Hill . pp. 81 -- 88 . ISBN 978 - 0256247664 . Callister , W. ( 2002 ) . Materials Science and Engineering ( 6th ed . ) . San Francisco , CA : John Wiley and Sons . pp. 105 -- 114 . ISBN 978 - 0471135760 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atomic_packing_factor&oldid=865147319 '' Categories : Crystallography Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Plattdüütsch Português தமிழ் 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 02 : 01 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what is the packing fraction of bcc unit cell	[]	[]
5766858917445580677	Holy of Holies	Holy of Holies - wikipedia Holy of Holies hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them . Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources , with multiple points of view . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A model of the Tabernacle showing the holy place , and behind it the Holy of Holies The Holy of Holies ( Tiberian Hebrew : קֹדֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִׁים ‬ Qṓḏeš HaQŏḏāšîm ) is a term in the Hebrew Bible which refers to the inner sanctuary of the Tabernacle where God dwelt . The Ark is said to have contained the Ten Commandments , which were given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai . It is thought to be located under the Dome of the Rock . The area was defined by four pillars which held up the veil of the covering under which the Ark of the Covenant was held off the floor by two staves . Three hundred years later , it was the Temple in Jerusalem , where the Ark of the Covenant was kept during the First Temple . Contents 1 Hebrew terminology and translation 2 Ancient Israel 2.1 Tabernacle 2.2 Solomon 's Temple 2.3 Second Temple 2.4 Day of Atonement 2.5 Instructions for the Tabernacle 3 In ancient Judaism 4 In Rabbinical Judaism 4.1 Synagogue architecture 4.2 Modern location 5 Christianity 5.1 New Testament 5.2 Christian traditions 5.2. 1 Eastern Orthodox Church 5.2. 2 Ethiopian Orthodox Church 5.2. 3 Malabar Nasrani tradition 5.2. 4 Roman Catholic Church 5.2. 5 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints 6 See also 7 References Hebrew terminology and translation ( edit ) The construction `` Holy of Holies '' is a literal translation of a Hebrew idiom which is intended to express a superlative . Examples of similar constructions are `` servant of servants '' ( Gen 9 : 25 ) , `` Sabbath of sabbaths '' ( Ex 31 : 15 ) , `` God of gods '' ( Deut 10 : 17 ) , `` Vanity of vanities '' ( Eccl 1 : 2 ) , `` Song of songs '' ( Song of Songs 1 : 1 ) , `` king of kings '' ( Ezra 7 : 12 ) , etc . In the Authorized King James Version , `` Holy of Holies '' is always translated as `` Most Holy Place '' . This is in keeping with the intention of the Hebrew idiom to express the utmost degree of holiness . The King James Version of the Bible has been in existence for over four hundred years . For most of that time , it was a primary reference in much of the English speaking world for information about Judaism . Thus , the name `` Most Holy Place '' was used to refer to the `` Holy of Holies '' in many English documents . Depiction of a Jewish High Priest wearing Hoshen and Ephod included as an illustration in a Christian Bible ; the Holy of Holies is in the background ( 1890 , Holman Bible ) A related term is the debir ( דְּבִיר ‬ ) transliterated in the Septuagint as dabir ( δαβιρ ) , which either means the back ( i.e. western ) part of the Sanctuary , or derives from the verb stem D-V-R , `` to speak '' , justifying the translation in the Latin Vulgate as oraculum , from which the traditional English translation `` oracle '' ( KJV , 1611 ) derives . Ancient Israel ( edit ) layout of the tabernacle with the holy and holy of holies Tabernacle ( edit ) The Holy of Holies was covered by a veil , and no one was allowed to enter except the High Priest , and even he could only enter once a year on Yom Kippur ( the day of atonement ) , to offer the blood of sacrifice and incense before the mercy seat . The Bible reports that in the wilderness , on the day that the tabernacle was first raised up , the cloud of the Lord covered the tabernacle ( Exodus 40 : 33 - 40 : 34 ) . There are other times that this was recorded , and instructions were given that the Lord would appear in the cloud upon the mercy seat ( kapporet ) , and at that time the priests should not enter into the tabernacle ( Leviticus 16 : 2 ) . According to the Hebrew Bible , the Holy of Holies contained the Ark of the Covenant with representation of Cherubim . Upon completion of the dedication of the Tabernacle , the Voice of God spoke to Moses `` from between the Cherubim '' ( Numbers 7 : 89 ) . The area could be entered only by the High Priest on Yom Kippur after sanctifying himself . Solomon 's Temple ( edit ) The Holy of Holies , the most sacred site in Judaism , is the inner sanctuary within the Tabernacle and Temple in Jerusalem when Solomon 's Temple and the Second Temple were standing . The Holy of Holies was located in the westernmost end of the Temple building , being a perfect cube : 20 cubits by 20 cubits by 20 cubits . The inside was in total darkness and contained the Ark of the Covenant , gilded inside and out , in which was placed the Tablets of the Covenant . According to Hebrews 9 : 4 in the New Testament , Aaron 's rod and a pot of manna were also in the ark . The Ark was covered with a lid made of pure gold , known as the `` mercy seat '' ( Exodus 37 : 6 ) which was covered by the beaten gold cherubim wings . Creating the space for the Divine Presence . Second Temple ( edit ) When the Temple was rebuilt after the Babylonian captivity , the Ark was no longer present in the Holy of Holies ; instead , a portion of the floor was raised slightly to indicate the place where it had stood . Josephus records that Pompey profaned the Temple by insisting on entering the Holy of Holies in 63 BCE . Day of atonement ( edit ) Main article : Yom Kippur The Holy of Holies was entered once a year by the High Priest on the Day of Atonement , to sprinkle the blood of sacrificial animals ( a bull offered as atonement for the Priest and his household , and a goat offered as atonement for the people ) and offer incense upon the Ark of the Covenant and the mercy seat which sat on top of the ark in the First Temple ( the Second Temple had no ark and the blood was sprinkled where the Ark would have been and the incense was left on the Foundation Stone ) . The animal was sacrificed on the Brazen Altar and the blood was carried into the most holy place . The golden censers were also found in the Most Holy Place . Instructions for the tabernacle ( edit ) According to the Hebrew Bible , in order that God may dwell among the Israelites , God gave Moses instructions for erecting a sanctuary . The directions provide for : A wooden ark , gilded inside and outside , for the Tablets of the Covenant , with a pure gold cover as the `` mercy seat '' for the Divine Presence ; A gilt table for the `` Table of Showbread '' , on which loaves of bread were arranged ; A golden menorah , lampstand of 7 oil lamps for a light never to be extinguished ; The dwelling , including the curtains for the roof , the walls made of boards resting on silver feet and held together by wooden bolts , the purple curtain veiling the Holy of Holies , the table and candlestick , and the outer curtain ; A sacrificial altar made of bronzed boards for its korban / sacrifice ; The outer court formed by pillars resting on bronze pedestals and connected by hooks and crossbars of silver , with embroidered curtains ; Recipe and preparation of the oil for the Lampstand . In Ancient Judaism ( edit ) The Magdala stone is thought to be a representation of the Holy of Holies carved before the destruction of the Temple in the year 70 . In rabbinical Judaism ( edit ) Women praying in the tunnel at the closest physical point not under Islamic Waqf jurisdiction to the Holy of Holies Traditional Judaism regards the location where the inner sanctuary was originally located , on the Temple Mount in Mount Moriah , as retaining some or all of its original sanctity for use in a future Third Temple . The exact location of the Kodesh Hakodashim is a subject of dispute . Traditional Judaism regards the Holy of Holies as the place where the presence of God dwells . The Talmud gives detailed descriptions of Temple architecture and layout . According to the Babylonian Talmud Tractate Yoma , the Kodesh Hakodashim is located in the center North - South but significantly to the West from an East -- West perspective , with all the major courtyards and functional areas lying to its east . The Talmud supplies additional details , and describes the ritual performed by the High Priest . During the ritual , the High Priest would pronounce the Tetragrammaton , the only point according to traditional Judaism that it was pronounced out loud . According to Jewish tradition , the people prostrated themselves fully on the ground when it was said . According to the Talmud , the High Priest 's face upon exit from the Holy of Holies was radiant . While under normal circumstances , access to the Holy of Holies was restricted to the High Priest and only on Yom Kippur , the Talmud suggests that repair crews were allowed inside as needed but were lowered from the upper portion of the room via enclosures so that they only saw the area they were to work on . Synagogue architecture ( edit ) Judaism regards the Torah ark , a place in a synagogue where the Torah scrolls are kept , as a miniature Holy of Holies . Modern location ( edit ) The Foundation Stone under the Dome of the Rock , a possible historical location for the Kodesh Hakodashim . At present it is conjectured that it is located under the Dome of the Rock which stands on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem , though the exact location of the Most Holy Place is not known with absolute certainty . Most Orthodox Jews today completely avoid climbing up to Temple Mount , to prevent them from accidentally stepping on the Most Holy Place or any sanctified areas . A few Orthodox Jewish authorities , following the opinion of the medieval scholar Maimonides , permit Jews to visit parts of the Temple Mount known not to be anywhere near any of the sanctified areas . Orthodox Jewish visitors to the Temple Mount , who come especially from those groups associated with the Temple Institute and its efforts to rebuild a Temple , seek to conform to the minimal requirements for coming near the Temple , such as immersing in a mikvah ( `` collection of water '' ) , not coming during or following menstruation or immediately following a seminal emission , not showing their back towards its presumed location , and other strictures . To avoid religious conflict , Jewish visitors caught praying or bringing ritual objects are usually expelled from the area by police . Christianity ( edit ) New Testament ( edit ) The Greek New Testament retains the pre-Christian Septuagint phrase `` Holy of the Holies '' hágion ( sg n ) tōn hagíōn ( ἅγιον τῶν ἁγίων ) without the definite article as `` Holies of Holies '' hágia ( pl n ) hagíōn ( ἅγια ἁγίων ) in Hebrews 9 : 3 . In the Vulgate , these are rendered as sanctum sanctorum and sancta sanctorum , respectively . Christian traditions ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : Seventh - Day Adventists . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2014 ) Certain branches of Christianity , including the Eastern Orthodox Church , and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church continue to have a tradition of a Holy of Holies which they regard as a most sacred site . The ciborium , a permanent canopy over the altar in some churches , once surrounded by curtains at points in the liturgy , symbolizes the Holy of Holies . Some Christian churches , particularly the Catholic Church , consider the Church tabernacle , or its location ( often at the rear of the sanctuary ) , as their symbolic equivalent of the Holy of Holies , due to the storage of consecrated host in that vessel . Eastern Orthodox Church ( edit ) Main article : iconostasis The Greek phrase refers to the Tabernacle or Temple . The name in Greek for the sanctuary of a church is Ἱερόν Βῆμα ( Hieron Vema , see Bema # Christianity ) , in Russian it is called Святой Алтарь ( Svyatoy Altar - literally : `` Holy Altar '' ) , and in Romanian it is called Sfântul Altar . Ethiopian Orthodox Church ( edit ) A cognate term in Ge'ez is found in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church : Qidduse Qiddusan , referring to the innermost sanctuary of an Orthodox Christian church , where the tabot is kept and only clergy may enter . This is also called the `` Bete Mekdes . Every Ethiopian Orthodox Church has one , and it is covered with a Curtain . There are Three ways to enter ( most of the time ) and those three doors are also a way to reveal the Holy Trinity . In the middle there is always an Altar where the Church 's Tabot is kept . There can be as many altars as the number of Tabots . '' Malabar Nasrani tradition ( edit ) A church of the Syro - Malabar Catholic Church in Kerala , South India still following the Jewish Christian tradition of keeping the Holy of Holies veiled by a red curtain in the tradition of the Ancient Temple of Jerusalem , much like their Orthodox counterparts viz . the Jacobite Syrian Church and the Indian Orthodox Church . The Saint Thomas Christians ( also known as Nasrani or Syrian Christians ) from Kerala , South India still follow much Jewish Christian tradition . In Nasrani tradition the Holy of Holies is kept veiled for much of the time . The red veil covers the inner altar or the main altar . It is unveiled only during the central part of the main Nasrani ritual . The main ritual of the Saint Thomas Christians is the Qurbana ( derived from the Syriac word `` Qurobo '' meaning `` sacrifice '' ) . Roman Catholic Church ( edit ) The Latin Vulgate Bible translates Qṓḏeš HaqQŏḏāšîm as Sanctum sanctorum ( Ex 26 : 34 ) . Reproducing in Latin the Hebrew construction , the expression is used as a superlative of the neuter adjective sanctum , to mean `` a thing most holy '' . It is used by Roman Catholics to refer to holy objects beyond the Holy of Holies , and is specifically often used as an alternative name for a tabernacle , due to the object being a storage chamber for consecrated host and thus where the presence of God is most represented . The Vulgate also refers to the Holy of Holies with the plural form Sancta sanctorum ( 2 Chr 5 : 7 ) , arguably a synecdoche referring to the holy objects hosted there . This form is also used more broadly in Catholic tradition with reference to sanctuaries other than the Temple in Jerusalem . A notable example is for the Chiesa di San Lorenzo in Palatio ad Sancta Sanctorum , a chapel in the complex of St John Lateran in Rome . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( edit ) Main article : Holy of Holies ( LDS Church ) The Salt Lake Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) contains a Holy of Holies wherein the church 's president -- acting as the Presiding High Priest -- enters to fulfill the relationship between the High Priest of Israel and God in accordance with the LDS interpretation of the Book of Exodus ( Exodus 25 : 22 ) and Mormon religious texts . See also ( edit ) Foundation Stone , the rock at the centre of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem Honden , the most sacred building at a Shinto shrine Most Holy Place , in various religions Sanctum sanctorum , a Latin translation of the biblical term Holy of Holies Solomon 's Temple , in ancient Jerusalem Warren 's Gate , an ancient entrance into the Temple platform in Jerusalem Holy of Holies , a small room located in the Salt Lake Temple References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Strong 's Concordance , Gesenius devir Jump up ^ The Solomonic Debir according to the Hebrew Text of I Kings 6 J. Ouellette - Journal of Biblical Literature , 1970 - JSTOR `` The immediate implication of this reading is that the holy of holies was built `` from within the debir , '' that is ... The LXX simply transliterates dabir , while the Vulgate has `` oraculum '' , thus suggesting a derivation from dbr `` to speak . '' Jump up ^ The Damaged `` blueprints '' of the Temple of Solomon . L. Waterman - Journal of Near Eastern Studies , 1943 - JSTOR `` The term `` holy of holies '' has long been accepted as a later descriptive term applied to the debir . The Hebrew word debir , rendered `` oracle '' in the versions , is a mistranslation based on a false etymology . The term itself signifies only the back or part behind , for example . '' Jump up ^ Kershner , Isabel ( 8 December 2015 ) . `` A Carved Stone Block Upends Assumptions About Ancient Judaism '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Talmud Mas . Pesachim 26a Jump up ^ Talmud Mas . Eiruvin 105a Jump up ^ Shragai , Nadav ( 1 September 2003 ) . `` Three Jews Expelled from Temple Mount for Praying '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ezekiel '' . google.com . Jump up ^ `` NEW ADVENT BIBLE : Hebrews 9 '' . newadvent.org . Jump up ^ Stuart C. Munro - Hay , Ethiopia , the unknown land : a cultural and historical guide , ( London : I.B. Tauris , 2002 ) . p. 50 ^ Jump up to : Ross , Israel J. ( 1979 ) . `` Ritual and Music in South India : Syrian Christian Liturgical Music in Kerala '' . Asian Music . 11 ( 1 ) : 80 -- 98 . hide Temple in Jerusalem Structures Tabernacle First Temple / Solomon 's Temple Second Temple / Ezra 's Temple / Herod 's Temple Third Temple / Ezekiel 's Temple Elements Altar Ark of the Covenant Shekhinah Holy of Holies Seven - branched candelabrum Foundation Stone Mercy seat Solomon 's Porch Temple treasury Boaz and Jachin Western Wall Warren 's Gate Western Stone Wilson 's Arch The Sanctuary Molten Sea Urn for ashes of the Red Heifer Priesthood Priestly sash Ephod Holy anointing oil Priestly breastplate Priestly tunic High Priest Sacrifice Priestly robe Priestly undergarments Priestly turban Priestly divisions Shemen Afarsimon Priestly crown Urim and Thummim Priestly covenant History Bar Kokhba revolt Siege of Jerusalem Tisha B'Av Judaea Capta coinage Temple Mount Gates Excavations Mount Zion City of David See also Replicas of the Jewish Temple Navel of the World Temple Denial Ark of the Covenant topics People Moses Kohanim High Priest of Israel Israelites Levites Bezalel Tribe of Judah Oholiab Kehath Tribe of Levi Jeremiah Joshua Samuel Solomon Menelik I Contents Tablets of Stone Ten Commandments Manna Aaron 's rod Cherub Locations Mount Sinai Biblical Mount Sinai Jericho Jordan River Holy of Holies Tabernacle Ai Shiloh Gibeah Gilgal Eben - Ezer Philistia Beth Shemesh Kiriath - Jearim Temple Mount Dome of the Rock Well of Souls Cathedral of Chartres Tana Qirqos Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion Related The Sign and the Seal ( 1992 book ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holy_of_Holies&oldid=857107676 '' Categories : Tabernacle and Temples in Jerusalem Yom Kippur Eastern Christian liturgy Jewish sacrificial law Hebrew Bible words and phrases Superlatives in religion Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from October 2015 All articles lacking sources Articles needing more viewpoints from October 2015 Articles needing additional references from October 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles to be expanded from October 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 16 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the veil of the temple in the old testament	[]	[]
-3474047952778346432	Pacing (surveying)	Pacing ( surveying ) - wikipedia Pacing ( surveying ) This article contains instructions , advice , or how - to content . The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts , not to train . Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how - to content or by moving it to Wikiversity , Wikibooks or Wikivoyage . ( September 2009 ) This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pacing is a reasonably easy and quick method of measuring distance in the field . It is used to measure a distance and is often used with a sighting or a hand compass . Most commonly , pacing is split up into segments , such as chains , which are set measures of distance . By determining one 's own pace , distance can easily be estimated . Contents 1 Calibrating 2 Applications 3 Other uses 4 See also 5 References Calibrating ( edit ) To estimate one 's own pace , a measure of known distance , such as sixty - six feet ( one chain ) or one hundred and thirty - two feet ( two chains ) , should be marked in a straight line on level ground . One pace is defined as two footsteps . The distance is paced several times and the number of paces that it takes to walk the distance each time is recorded . If the distance paced is longer than one chain , the number of paces is divided by the number of chains paced . To determine the average distance of one pace , the total distance walked is divided by the number of paces that it takes to pace that distance . This pacing chart has paces per chain and feet per pace . Pacing can also be applied to the more commonly used metric system by simply walking 100 m and marking down the number of paces required . Doing that several times and using the average will give a good idea of how many paces are made every 100 m . In the field , paces are counted until the target number for 100 m , which is then repeated . It is commonly done with pacing beads , with every 100 m being counted with a bead . As noted above , terrain alters pacing and requires practice to master . Applications ( edit ) Common uses of pacing consist of measuring tree height or measuring the distance between plots . Pacing saves time but is not as accurate as using a tape measure and can be affected by terrain such as steep slopes , rocky areas , streams , and thick brush . A common practice in pacing when an obstacle is encountered is to offset or pace around the obstacle . However , sometimes pacing around an obstacle is not always an option . Good pacing can only be accomplished by practice . Knowing the distance of one 's pace will help to ensure accuracy and precision of pacing distances . Other uses ( edit ) Pacing can also be used with a map . In the field , pacing can be used to accomplish the correct distances referred by a map . Traversing a property line or boundary where distance and length are important produces opportunities for pacing to be applied to record accurate data . See also ( edit ) Distance measurement Pace ( unit ) Walking distance measure References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 28 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Extension Forestry - NC State Extension '' ( PDF ) . www.ces.ncsu.edu . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacing_(surveying)&oldid=854556995 '' Categories : Forest modelling Length , distance , or range measuring devices Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Articles needing cleanup from September 2009 All pages needing cleanup Articles containing how - to sections Articles lacking in - text citations from April 2009 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 06 : 13 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	give (2) examples of when pacing would be an acceptable measurement method	[]	[]
-507498492304144020	Like I'm Gonna Lose You	Like I 'm Gonna Lose You - wikipedia Like I 'm Gonna Lose You `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' Single by Meghan Trainor featuring John Legend from the album Title Released June 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 23 ) Recorded 2014 The Green Room ( East Nashville , Tennessee ) Germano Studios ( New York City , New York ) Genre Soul Length 3 : 45 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Meghan Trainor Justin Weaver Caitlyn Smith Producer ( s ) Chris Gelbuda Meghan Trainor Meghan Trainor singles chronology `` Dear Future Husband '' ( 2015 ) `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ( 2015 ) `` Boys Like You '' ( 2015 ) `` Dear Future Husband '' ( 2015 ) `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ( 2015 ) `` Boys Like You '' ( 2015 ) John Legend singles chronology `` One Man Can Change the World '' ( 2015 ) One Man Can Change the World 2015 `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ( 2015 ) Like I 'm Gonna Lose You2015 `` Summer Nights '' ( 2016 ) Summer Nights 2016 Music video `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' on YouTube `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Meghan Trainor for her first studio album Title ( 2015 ) . The song features American singer John Legend . It was written by Trainor , Justin Weaver , and Caitlyn Smith , and produced by Chris Gelbuda and Trainor . Released by Epic Records on June 23 , 2015 , as Trainor 's fourth and final single from the album , it is a soul song . Lyrically , it is an optimistic and inspiring love song with a theme of fatalism and conveys the message to not take time with loved ones for granted . The song topped the Australian singles chart for four consecutive weeks and reached number one in New Zealand for three weeks . The song peaked at number eight on both the Billboard Hot 100 , and the Canadian Hot 100 , becoming Trainor 's third top 10 single in both countries . The song 's music video was directed by Constellation Jones and released on July 9 , 2015 . It depicts Trainor and Legend singing in the candlelight as it rains outside . Trainor promoted `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' in a number of appearances , including live performances at the 2015 American Music Awards and on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . It was also performed at Trainor 's That Bass Tour and MTrain Tour ( 2015 ) . Contents 1 Writing and development 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Live performances 7 Credits and personnel 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 Release history 10 References 11 External links Writing and development ( edit ) ( ' Like I 'm Gonna Lose You ' has ) very emotional lyrics that take you to a real place . I wrote it in Nashville about ... you know when you have those nightmares that your brother or sister or boyfriend just dies ? And you wake up sweating and crying and then you have to go check on them to make sure they 're still alive and they are and you 're like , ' Oh my God -- thank God ' . It 's like I 'm going to love you like I 'm going to lose you because I know what it feels like from that dream and I 'm not going to let it happen . -- Trainor on the song 's conception in an interview with Digital Spy `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' was written by Meghan Trainor , Justin Weaver , and Caitlyn Smith . It was composed as a demo `` years ago '' , but Trainor was at first hesitant to show the song to her record label during the recording of her debut album , Title ( 2015 ) . At the request of Trainor 's uncle , Burton Toney , her management listened to the track . Trainor recalls one of her managers being brought to tears by the song , resulting in the decision to include it on the album . The song was produced by Trainor and Chris Gelbuda , who she had first met in 2011 at a music conference in Colorado . They later co-wrote Sabrina Carpenter 's `` Ca n't Blame a Girl for Trying '' . During their recording of the track `` 3am '' for Title , Trainor told Gelbuda about `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' , a reggae song which she felt was a poor fit for the album . The pair brainstormed , with Gelbuda playing various melodies on a guitar , resulting in a change in sound and tempo . `` She dug it and it just worked . We built the track together , she sang the vocals , and I worked at it for weeks , '' Gelbuda recalls . They recorded `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' in 2014 at The Green Room , Gelbuda 's home studio , in East Nashville , Tennessee . Trainor and Gelbuda performed all of the track 's instrumentation , production , and programming . Initially intended to be a solo recording , L.A. Reid sent it to John Legend , who shares the same management as Trainor . Legend said , `` I love this : I want to be a part of it '' . Trainor announced her collaboration with Legend in an interview with MTV News at the iHeartRadio Music Festival in September 2014 . His vocal was recorded as a duet with Trainor 's by Jason Agel at Germano Studios in New York City , with the assistance of Kenta Yonesaka . `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' was mixed by Manny Marroquin at Larabee North Studios in Universal City , California and mastered by Dave Kutch at The Mastering Palace in New York City . Gelbuda describes it as `` classic and jazzy '' and `` a big departure from everything she 's done '' . Composition ( edit ) The song features guest vocals by American singer John Legend `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ( 2015 ) A 22 - second sample of `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' , featuring Trainor singing the track 's chorus , which is complemented by minimal harmonies and instrumental accompaniment . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' is a retro style soul ballad . It features Trainor 's soprano vocals in a duet with Legend , and includes additional background vocals by Trainor and Gelbuda . The track comprises minimal harmonies and instrumental accompaniment , showcasing Trainor and Legend 's vocals at its forefront . Critics noted the song as a more earnest , tender , and subdued sound compared Trainor 's other material . The track is set in the time signature of time , with a slow tempo of 72 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of C major and has a sequence of C -- F / C -- C -- Em -- Am -- F -- C / E -- Dm -- F / G as its chord progression . Characterized as a love song with a lyrical theme of fatalism , `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' channels anxiety about losing someone into determination to make the most of every moment . According to Gelbuda , the track is about not taking time with loved ones for granted . Critical reception ( edit ) Rolling Stone writer Chuck Arnold called the song `` finger - snapping balladry '' and likened it to duets by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell . Melanie J. Sims of the Associated Press felt that `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' was the most refreshing track on Title , writing `` Not only is it a nice change of pace sonically , but in a rare moment , the track gives Trainor 's vocals the main stage , without a catchy hook or quirky production yanking away the spotlight '' . Similarly , Elysa Gardener of USA Today wrote : `` Trainor is at her most appealing when she does n't try to be sly or subversive . Her yearning soprano is a perfect match for guest John Legend 's silky voice and presence on ' Like I 'm Gonna Lose You ' '' . Glenn Gamboa of Newsday called the song `` classic - sounding '' and said that it would `` stick with Trainor throughout her sure - to - be-lengthy career '' . Martin Townsend of the Daily Express named `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' , along with `` Walkashame '' , as the album 's best tracks . Virgin Media 's Ian Gittins opined that the song manifested Trainor 's vocal prowess . In a mixed review , The Daily Telegraph 's Helen Brown opined that the ballad was formulaic , but complimented Legend 's sincerity of tone . Daily News writer Jim Farber commented that the track `` played to the smarm of Legend '' , and further added , `` Trainor can turn earnest -- not always in a good way '' . Marc Hirsh of The Boston Globe wrote , `` When ( Trainor ) steps away from pastiche , she struggles ; John Legend comes through loud and clear on boilerplate ballad ' Like I 'm Gonna Lose You , ' while she could be anybody at all '' . Billboard writer Carl Wilson shared the views of Farber and Hirsh , and said that Legend 's vocal added `` deeper textures to an otherwise static ( song ) '' . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' debuted at number 63 on the Canadian Hot 100 and number 11 on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles charts issued for January 31 , 2015 . The song later re-entered US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles at a new peak of number 10 for the chart dated June 6 , 2015 . For the chart dated July 25 , 2015 , the track debuted on the Hot 100 at number 95 . On the week charting October 3 , 2015 , the song charted at number 45 and steadily rose to a peak position of number 18 on November 6 , and later reached a new peak of number 8 , on the issue dated 12 December , thus becoming Trainor 's third and Legend 's second top - 10 single . It also peaked at number one on the Adult Top 40 chart . In Australia , `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' debuted at number 80 on the Australian Singles Chart issued for June 8 , 2015 . It climbed 61 positions to number 19 the following week , marking Trainor fifth consecutive top - 20 hit in the country . The following week , it ascended to number five , finally hitting the number one position on the chart the following week . It stayed at number one for a total of four weeks . In New Zealand , the song debuted on the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 26 on the chart dated June 29 , 2015 . In its second week , the song dropped to number 32 , before rising to number 13 the following week . After four weeks on the chart , the song was certified gold and reached number one , marking Trainor 's third number - one hit and fifth top - 10 hit . It gave Legend his first number - one single in the country and his second top - 10 . Music video ( edit ) On June 18 , 2015 , Trainor confirmed that the shooting for the `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' music video had begun . She premiered the music video in Times Square on July 9 , 2015 . Trainor released the videos behind the scenes on July 21 , 2015 . In the video , directed by Constellation Jones , Trainor is singing amid candlelight in a darkened building as it rains outside . As the video continues , different aspects of love are shown in the rain : a mother and child , romantic couples , and friendships , braving their way through the same rainy night . The music video on YouTube has more than 470 million views as of August 2018 . Live performances ( edit ) Trainor performing `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' on The Today Show in May 2015 Trainor performed `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' during her That Bass Tour as a duet with either Matt Prince or George Sheppard of Sheppard at selected dates . At the tour 's date in Birmingham on April 11 , 2015 , Trainor was joined by Nathan Sykes for a duet of the song . In a review of Sykes and Trainor 's rendition , Noelle Devolle of Seventeen said , `` It goes without saying that these two are pretty much cementing themselves as the new King and Queen of doo - wop and soul , and they need to collaborate '' . Trainor and Legend 's first performance together of `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' was at the 2015 Billboard Music Awards on May 17 , 2015 . According to Hugh McIntyre of Forbes , the rendition was widely applauded . It was the third most - tagged performance of the night on Shazam . William Gruger of Billboard wrote , `` It 's notable that Shazam was so popular with the slow , ballad - oriented tracks , which suggested that they were some of the most engaging moments of the evening '' . The performance spurred a 45 % increase in Title 's unit sales in the United States , helping it rise seven positions to number five on the Billboard 200 that week . Trainor climbed from number seven to number four on the Billboard Artist 100 as a result . Joe Lynch of Billboard described the rendition as `` one of the night 's quiet victories : Not a show - stopper , but a performance that stuck with you '' . Trainor and Legend sang `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on May 21 , 2015 . She performed the track solo in a set for The Today Show on May 22 , 2015 , along with `` Dear Future Husband '' , `` All About That Bass '' and `` Lips Are Movin '' . An a cappella rendition of the song by Trainor and Legend premiered on May 27 , 2015 , by Entertainment Weekly , as part of Pop TV 's `` Massive Musical Mash - Up '' . Trainor also performed along with Legend on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on October 14 , 2015 . Trainor performed the song on the American Music Awards of 2015 on November 22 , 2015 , in a medley with Charlie Puth 's collaboration `` Marvin Gaye '' . Girl group Fifth Harmony , with whom Trainor previously collaborated on their debut album Reflection , covered the song at the 2016 Billboard Women in Music ceremony , at which Trainor was supposed to perform but was unable to due to her vocal cords being damaged . The performance was one of the group 's last with their original lineup , before member Camila Cabello left the group in December of the same year . Trainor praised the group 's performance via social media after the ceremony . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Management Recorded at The Green Room , East Nashville , Tennessee and Germano Studios New York City , New York Mixed at Larabee North Studios , Universal City , California Mastered at The Mastering Palace , New York City , New York Published by Year of the Dog Music ( ASCAP ) , a division of Big Yellow Dog LLC . / WB Music Corp. / Music of the Corn ( ASCAP ) / Cornman Music Publishing John Legend appears courtesy of Getting Out Our Dreams / Columbia Records , a division of Sony Music Entertainment Personnel Meghan Trainor -- lead vocals , writer , singer , record producer , all instruments , programming , additional background vocals Chris Gelbuda -- record producer , all instruments , programming , additional background vocals , recording John Legend -- singer , lead vocals Justin Weaver -- writer Caitlyn Smith -- writer Jason Agel -- recording Kenta Yonesaka -- recording assistant Manny Marroquin -- mixing Dave Kutch -- mastering Credits and personnel adapted from Title album liner notes . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 36 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 8 Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 50 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 24 Ireland ( IRMA ) 96 Italy ( FIMI ) 100 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 34 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 38 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 64 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 38 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 26 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 41 South Africa ( EMA ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 67 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 69 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 99 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 29 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 23 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 76 Chart ( 2016 ) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 47 US Billboard Hot 100 42 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 7 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 22 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 41 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 5 × Platinum 350,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Platinum 60,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) 2 × Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . United States June 23 , 2015 Contemporary hit radio Epic October 6 , 2015 Rhythmic contemporary and urban adult contemporary radio Italy October 30 , 2015 Contemporary hit radio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . July 20 , 2018 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Leads Hot 100 for Fifth Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Amy ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor interview : ' Sam Smith and I have discussed collaborating ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Meghan , Trainor ( 2015 ) . Title ( Liner notes ) . Meghan Trainor . Los Morales , Mexico : Epic Records . p. 4 - 5 . 88750469120 . ^ Jump up to : Garibaldi , Christina ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Meghan Trainor Is Full On ' Freaking Out ' Because She Has John Legend On Her Album '' . MTV News . 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Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor feat . John Legend `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Meghan Trainor featuring John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mexican recording certifications -- january 2017 -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . amprofon.com.mx . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Meghan Trainor feat . John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor feat . John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Meghan Trainor feat . John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Enter Like I 'm Gonna Lose You in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Meghan Trainor -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Available for airplay '' . FMQB . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor - Like I 'm Gonna Lose You ( feat . John Legend ) '' ( in Italian ) . Radio Airplay SRL . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Meghan Trainor Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Title Thank You Extended plays Title Singles `` All About That Bass '' `` Lips Are Movin '' `` Dear Future Husband '' `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' `` No '' `` Me Too '' `` Better '' `` I 'm a Lady '' `` No Excuses '' `` Let You Be Right '' Featured singles `` Marvin Gaye '' `` Boys Like You '' `` Hands '' Promotional singles `` Better When I 'm Dancin ' '' `` Watch Me Do '' Other songs `` Title '' `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Concert tours That Bass Tour MTrain Tour The Untouchable Tour Book Portal John Legend Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Get Lifted Once Again Evolver Wake Up ! Love in the Future Darkness and Light Live albums Live at SOB 's Solo Sessions Vol. 1 : Live at the Knitting Factory Singles `` Used to Love U '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Number One '' `` So High '' `` Save Room '' `` Heaven '' `` P.D.A. ( We Just Do n't Care ) '' `` Stereo '' `` Show Me '' `` Green Light '' `` If You 're Out There '' `` Everybody Knows '' `` Wake Up Everybody '' `` All of Me '' `` You & I ( Nobody in the World ) '' `` Glory '' `` Love Me Now '' Featured singles `` Finally '' `` Magnificent '' `` Move on Up '' `` When Christmas Comes '' `` Getting Nowhere '' `` Do n't Say Goodbye '' `` Lay Me Down '' `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' `` One Man Can Change the World '' `` Listen '' Other songs `` Blame Game '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' `` Run Run Run '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Like_I%27m_Gonna_Lose_You&oldid=853139496 '' Categories : 2015 singles 2015 songs 2010s ballads Meghan Trainor songs John Legend songs Pop ballads Songs written by Meghan Trainor Soul ballads Vocal duets Songs written by Justin Weaver Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in Poland Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from June 2015 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Português ไทย Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 17 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote like i'm going to lose you	[ "\"Like I'm Gonna Lose You\" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Meghan Trainor for her first studio album Title (2015). The song features American singer John Legend. It was written by Trainor, Justin Weaver, and Caitlyn Smith, and produced by Chris Gelbuda and Trainor. Released by Epic Records on June 23, 2015, as Trainor's fourth and final single from the album, it is a soul song. Lyrically, it is an optimistic and inspiring love song with a theme of fatalism and conveys the message to not take time with loved ones for granted.\n", "\"Like I'm Gonna Lose You\" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Meghan Trainor for her first studio album Title (2015). The song features American singer John Legend. It was written by Trainor, Justin Weaver, and Caitlyn Smith, and produced by Chris Gelbuda and Trainor. Released by Epic Records on June 23, 2015, as Trainor's fourth and final single from the album, it is a soul song. Lyrically, it is an optimistic and inspiring love song with a theme of fatalism and conveys the message to not take time with loved ones for granted.\n", "\"Like I'm Gonna Lose You\" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Meghan Trainor for her first studio album Title (2015). The song features American singer John Legend. It was written by Trainor, Justin Weaver, and Caitlyn Smith, and produced by Chris Gelbuda and Trainor. Released by Epic Records on June 23, 2015, as Trainor's fourth and final single from the album, it is a soul song. Lyrically, it is an optimistic and inspiring love song with a theme of fatalism and conveys the message to not take time with loved ones for granted.\n" ]	[ "Meghan Trainor", "Justin Weaver", "Caitlyn Smith" ]
8374905485813932507	The Good Doctor (TV series)	The Good Doctor ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Good Doctor ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the 2013 South Korean TV series on which this series is based , see Good Doctor ( TV series ) . The Good Doctor Genre Medical drama Based on Good Doctor by Park Jae - bum Developed by David Shore Starring Freddie Highmore Nicholas Gonzalez Antonia Thomas Chuku Modu Beau Garrett Hill Harper Richard Schiff Tamlyn Tomita Composer ( s ) Dan Romer Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Shore Seth Gordon Daniel Dae Kim Erin Gunn David Kim Sebastian Lee Mike Listo Thomas L. Moran Producer ( s ) Ron French Freddie Highmore Konshik Yu Min Soo Kee Shawn Williamson Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Camera setup Single - camera Running time 41 -- 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Shore Z Productions 3AD EnterMedia ABC Studios Sony Pictures Television Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Good Doctor External links Official website The Good Doctor is an American medical drama television series based on the 2013 award - winning South Korean series of the same name . Daniel Dae Kim , the actor , first noticed the series and bought the rights for his production company . He began adapting the series and eventually shopped it to CBS , his home network in 2015 . CBS decided against creating a pilot . Because Kim felt so strongly about the series , he bought back the rights from CBS . Eventually , Sony Pictures Television and Kim worked out a deal and brought on David Shore , creator of the Fox hit medical drama , House , to develop the series . The show is produced by Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios , in association with production companies Shore Z Productions , 3AD , and Entermedia . David Shore serves as showrunner and Daniel Dae Kim is an executive producer for the show . The series stars Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy , a young savant autistic surgical resident at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Antonia Thomas , Nicholas Gonzalez , Beau Garrett , Hill Harper , Richard Schiff , and Tamlyn Tomita also star in the show . The series received a put pilot commitment at ABC after a previous attempted series did not move forward at CBS Television Studios in 2015 ; The Good Doctor was ordered to series in May 2017 . On October 3 , 2017 , ABC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes . The series is primarily filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia . In March 2018 , ABC renewed the series for a second season . The series debuted on September 25 , 2017 . The Good Doctor has received mixed to positive reviews from critics , with particular praise given to Highmore 's performance , and strong television ratings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Shaun Murphy , a young surgeon with autism and savant syndrome from the mid-size city of Casper , Wyoming , where he had a troubled childhood . He relocates to San Jose , California , to work at the prestigious San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Freddie Highmore as Dr. Shaun Murphy , a surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome . His savant abilities include near - photographic recall and the ability to note minute details and changes . He is portrayed in flashbacks to his teen years by Graham Verchere . Nicholas Gonzalez as Dr. Neil Melendez : Attending Cardiothoracic surgeon in charge of surgical residents . He is also engaged to Jessica Preston until episode 12 . Antonia Thomas as Dr. Claire Browne , a surgical resident who forms a special connection with Shaun . Chuku Modu as Dr. Jared Kalu , a surgical resident from a wealthy family . Beau Garrett as Jessica Preston : The hospital in - house attorney and Vice President of Risk Management . She is the granddaughter of the hospital founder and a friend of Dr. Glassman . Hill Harper as Dr. Marcus Andrews , Chief of Surgery , attending plastic surgeon , and board member . Richard Schiff as Dr. Aaron Glassman , President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital and attending neurosurgeon , who has been a mentor and good friend of Shaun since he was 14 . Tamlyn Tomita as Allegra Aoki , Chairman of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital Board and Vice President of the foundation that controls the hospital 's funding . Recurring ( edit ) Dylan Kingwell as Steve Murphy : Shaun 's younger brother ( in flashbacks ) . He also portrays Evan Gallico , a boy in the present that resembles Shaun 's brother and is suffering from stage 4 osteosarcoma . Graham Verchere as a young Shaun Murphy in flashbacks . Paige Spara as Lea : Shaun 's love interest / former neighbor . Christina Chang as Dr. Audrey Lim Chris D'Elia as Kenny , Shaun 's new neighbor , who moves into Lea 's apartment . Fiona Gubelmann as Dr. Morgan Reznick , a new resident ( joins the cast for five episodes with the possibility of becoming a regular in season 2 ) . As a resident , Morgan will turn out to be a rival for Claire . ( debuted in `` She '' ) . Will Yun Lee as Dr. Alex Park , an ex-cop who decided to become a doctor ( debuted in `` Heartfelt '' ) . Notable guests ( edit ) Irene Keng as Dr. Elle McLean , a surgical resident ( only appears in the pilot , however had series regular status for said episode ) Jasika Nicole as Carly Eve Gordon as Nurse Fryday Eric Winter as Matt Coyle , a suave doctor who charms the hospital 's staff , until he makes explicit advances towards one of them . Marsha Thomason as Dr. Isabel Barnes , Marcus ' wife . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Burnt Food '' Seth Gordon David Shore September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 11.22 On the way to begin his surgical residency at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital , Dr. Shaun Murphy witnesses an airport sign fall and shatter glass onto a young boy . With his unique ability to visualize the internal body and using improvised methods and tools , Shaun is able to stabilize the boy . In a hospital board meeting , Dr. Aaron Glassman , president of the hospital , tries to convince the board to hire Shaun , despite his autism . Flashbacks give us a picture of Shaun 's childhood and his motivation for becoming a doctor . `` Mount Rushmore '' Mike Listo David Shore October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 10.93 Dr. Neil Melendez is doing rounds with Dr. Claire Browne and Dr. Jared Kalu . Melendez calls out Shaun for arriving late on his first full day . A middle aged woman is brought into the ER with abdominal pain . Shaun immediately diagnoses a malignant tumor . As punishment for lateness , Shaun is assigned ' scut work ' , where his attention to detail gets him in trouble . After rechecking a discharged young girl 's test results , Shaun races to her home , annoying her parents over the late hour , but eventually saving the girl 's life . `` Oliver '' John Dahl William Rotko October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 10.69 Shaun and Claire fly to San Francisco Municipal Hospital to get a liver for a transplant patient . After learning the helicopter ca n't take off due to bad weather , they resort to a police escort . Meanwhile , at the Hospital , Chuck , the recipient of the liver , is discovered to have alcohol in his system , a development that could void his transplant eligibility . Chuck later confesses he had one drink at his daughter 's graduation . In order to protect its reputation and ability to supply transplants to future patients , the hospital denies Chuck the liver . Shaun and Claire arrive back , having kept the liver viable , only to learn that it is to be taken to a patient at another hospital . `` Pipes '' Steven DePaul Thomas L. Moran October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 10.60 Barb Allen , 22 weeks pregnant , and her husband arrive at St. Bonaventure , hoping the doctors can save their baby . A large non-cancerous tumor is growing on the fetus and must be removed in order to save his life . Despite the serious risks both to her and the baby , Barb insists on surgery . Meanwhile , Shaun and Claire are assigned a patient , Olivia , who has a boil in her genital area . However , when doctors attempt to drain it , a fibroid tumor is found to be wrapped around a nerve . The surgery to remove it will cut off all feeling in Olivia 's genitals . Shaun comes up with a solution that allows her to keep feeling in her genital area . 5 `` Point Three Percent '' Larry Teng David Hoselton October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) 10.39 Shaun notices a young boy , Evan , who has an uncanny resemblance to his deceased brother Steve . Evan was brought to the hospital by his parents for a possible fracture to his arm . However , we discover that he is actually suffering from bone cancer , a fact his parents have kept hidden from him . Meanwhile , the other members of the team try to diagnose an older man , brought in by his estranged son , with a severe allergy condition causing him to convulse violently . Claire and Jared determine that the man is suffering from a cystic form of tapeworms located in his skull . A successful surgery is performed by Dr. Glassman . 6 `` Not Fake '' Michael Patrick Jann Simran Baidwan October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) 10.60 Shaun and the rest of the residents are working the graveyard shift when numerous casualties from a wedding bus crash come in . Among the victims are a woman with severe , visible burns , on whom Jared tries an experimental procedure , and a young man with a severely damaged leg . Tensions arise between the patients parents and fiancée over the best choice for treatment ; his parents want to amputate the leg , his fiancée is in favour of an experimental bone - replacement procedure . After treating a patient , Claire realises that a woman has been left behind at the crash site . 7 `` 22 Steps '' David Straiton Johanna Lee November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 10.14 Shaun encounters Liam , an autistic patient brought in to the hospital . Having to face prejudice from the young man 's parents , Dr. Melendez defends him for the first time and acknowledges his exceptional abilities . On Dr. Glassman 's directive , Claire continues with therapy sessions in order to curb her guilt over inadvertently causing the death of a patient . Jared deals with a 73 - year - old man with severe chest pains thus needing urgent medical attention and a pacemaker ; but the patient states his desire is to die . 8 `` Apple '' Nestor Carbonell David Renaud November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) 9.97 While shopping at a grocery mart for apples , a robbery takes place . With Shaun 's communication limitations , he puts the lives of two customers on a first date at risk , leading to a young woman getting shot . Shaun 's neighbor Lea hugs him after he admits that he made a mistake with someone getting hurt . During surgery , Dr. Lim questions Claire 's ability to not let her emotions get the better of her because of a racist patient . This leads to an argument between the two with Dr. Lim ordering Claire to leave the operating room . Claire puts her emotions in check to save the life of the racist patient much to the satisfaction and delight of Dr. Lim . 9 `` Intangibles '' Bronwen Hughes Karen Struck November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) 9.25 The team takes on the case of a young boy from the Congo who has severe congenital heart anomalies ; Murphy 's latest encounter with his neighbor Lea has him confused . He takes flirting lessons from Claire and notes and charts what he sees in regards to the `` flirting trifecta '' . Meanwhile , Claire along with a lab tech search for a misplaced tissue sample from a woman with possible throat cancer . 10 `` Sacrifice '' Michael Patrick Jann Lloyd Gilyard Jr . December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) 9.03 Shaun has reluctantly agreed to Dr. Glassman 's repeated suggestions to meet with a therapist , but ultimately changes his mind after a new patient , Bobby Otto , convinces Shaun to stop letting people tell him what to do . Claire runs into an uncomfortable situation with Dr. Matt Coyle , who makes unwanted sexual advances toward her during a patient consultation . Jared finds out and physically threatens him . As a result , Jared is fired . After a tense dinner with Jessica , her father and Dr. Melendez , Jessica states that she does n't want to have children . 11 `` Islands Part One '' Bill D'Elia Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko January 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 08 ) 8.30 Shaun and Lea embark on an impromptu road trip . Shaun drives , drinks Tequila , sings karaoke , all for the first time , and experiences his first kiss with Lea . Melendez and Andrews operate on conjoined twins , one of whom needs a kidney . Complications develop and the operation to separate them , planned for six months after the kidney surgery , must be done immediately . The operation goes well until it 's discovered the twins have not awakened from the surgery . Melendez decides it 's more important to be with Jessica and that he can be a `` father '' in other ways . 12 `` Islands Part Two '' Cherie Nowlan Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) 9.33 Shaun returns to the hospital after his trip and gives Dr. Glassman his two weeks ' notice , intending on moving to Hershey to be with Lea . The twins suffer complications from their surgery ; Katie is not getting enough blood flow to the brain , while Jenny 's heart is failing . Despite the doctors ' best efforts to save both twins , Jenny dies on the operating table . Jessica is forced to look into previous misconduct at the hospital in which white doctors were only warned instead of fired , after allegations of racism by Kalu 's lawyer ; as a result , Jared is reinstated . Jessica tells Melendez that she wants to break up because she feels like she is standing in his way of being a father . 13 `` Seven Reasons '' Mike Listo David Shore & David Hoselton January 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) 9.61 While treating a Muslim patient , Shaun senses she is lying and makes controversial claims about how she sustained her injuries . Melendez punctures the bronchus of the patient during surgery and is put under investigation after Shaun questions if his personal life is affecting his work . While Claire assists in a surgery on a stroke patient who had an aneurysm with Dr. Lim , she learns that Coyle got a new job and a raise . They inform the patient 's wife that he needs surgery or he will die , but she refuses to conset until Claire explains the reality of the situation . Shaun asks Glassman to be friends , but Glassman decides to give him his own space and not be friends , which upsets Shaun . 14 `` She '' Seth Gordon Simran Baidwan February 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) 9.63 The four residents including the new Dr. Morgan Reznick are paired off in competition ; Reznick and Browne with Melendez , Murphy and Kalu with Lim . Murphy and Kalu are faced with a gender dysphoric patient , Quinn , which leads to friction when Murphy claims people can only be their biological gender . Murphy and Kalu determine that Quinn has testicular cancer along with fragile bones caused by puberty blockers . Browne and Reznick tend to a male patient that has contracted a superbug resistant to all medication , as a result of taking leftover persciption medication for the wrong purpose . Drs . Andrews and Barnes see a fertility specialist as they are having trouble concieving . 15 `` Heartfelt '' Regina King Thomas L. Moran & Johanna Lee February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) 7.82 A female teen goes through a risky surgery to implant a sternum so she can live a normal life without being confined to her house . A young male teen initially rejects the idea of having a convicted killer 's liver transplanted in him , but without it he has a day to live . A former 15 year veteran cop turned doctor , Alex Park , is skeptical of the convict , Boris 's , motives . Allegra talks to Dr. Andrews about a young wealthy donor , Aidan Coulter , but Andrews says being involved with him might give people the wrong idea and that she used sex to solicit donations . At a fundraiser , Jared tells Claire he loved her and thought maybe she would one day love him , but came to the realization that is n't true leaving the status of their relationship unknown . 16 `` Pain '' Allison Liddi - Brown William L. Rotko & David Renaud March 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) 9.88 Shaun , Claire , and Alex assist Melendez with one of his first patients , a man named Hunter who was paralyzed in a motorcycle accident ten years prior . Jared , Morgan , and Andrews attend a patient who has an infection caused by plastic surgery . Claire 's estranged mother shows up at the hospital in an attempt to reconnect . Andrews sees an infertility specialist that tells him there is a surgery that could help him with his sperm count , but that there is a risk of impotence . Alex does a background check on Kenny which sheds light on his criminal past leading him to suggest Shaun is being used by him . 17 `` Smile '' Bill D'Elia David Hoselton & Karen Struck March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) 9.03 Shaun and Alex treat teenaged Gretchen 's Mobius Syndrome , enabling her to smile ; Andrews persuades an insurance executive to cover the surgery . Morgan and Claire 's patient , `` Lucy Callard , '' is actually an identity thief who let her insurance lapse to pay her son 's college tuition and failed to fill her post-operative antibiotic prescription due to fear of discovery . Morgan convinces the real Lucy Callard , a painkiller addict , to enter rehab ; Claire gains the trust of the imposter , Beatrice , who dies of an infection . Jared romantically pursues his burn - victim patient , Celez , after she completes her treatment ; he is also offered a job in Denver . Kenny takes advantage of Shaun . Shaun urges Glassman to date hospital barista Debbie ; they hit it off over their interest in classic cars , but Glassman suddenly experiences aphasia at the end of their dinner date . 18 `` More '' Mike Listo David Shore & Lloyd Gilyard , Jr . March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) 9.52 Glassman tells Shaun that he has an inoperable glioma and eighteen months to live . Glassman accepts his death , but agrees to additional imaging for Shaun 's sake ; this yields a worse prognosis of four months to live . Glassman takes Shaun to a park his late daughter loved so they can enjoy the time Glassman has left . Shaun determines how a minimally invasive biopsy could be performed ; Glassman is diagnosed with an operable form of cancer ; he will pursue treatment . Collegiate patient Caden suffers a complication after treatment for a fraternity hazing injury . Jared and Alex question Caden 's friend , but Jared is put off by Alex 's distrustful nature . Shaun determines that he erred in clamping Caden 's artery . He proposes a risky procedure to save Caden 's life and offers to take full responsibility for performing it , but Melendez decides they will perform it together . Caden survives and Melendez invites the team out for drinks , which Morgan finds perverse ; Melendez hopes a doctor supports her when she inevitably kills a patient . Shaun decides he must admit his mistake to Andrews , even though Glassman staked his position on Shaun 's success ; Glassman leaves the decision up to Shaun , and accompanies him to meet with Andrews . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In May 2014 , CBS Television Studios began development on an American remake of the hit South Korean medical drama Good Doctor with Daniel Dae Kim as producer . Kim explained the appeal of adapting the series as `` something that can fit into a recognizable world , with a breadth of characters that can be explored in the long run '' . The story of a pediatric surgeon with autism was to be set in Boston and projected to air in August 2015 . However , CBS did not pick up the project and it moved to Sony Pictures Television , with a put pilot commitment from ABC in October 2016 . The series is developed by David Shore , who is executive producing alongside Kim , Sebastian Lee , and David Kim . ABC officially ordered the series to pilot in January 2017 . On May 11 , 2017 , ABC ordered the show to series as a co-production with Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios , and it was officially picked up for a full season of 18 episodes on October 3 , 2017 . On March 7 , 2018 , ABC renewed the series for a second season . It will premiere in the fall of 2018 Casting ( edit ) On February 17 , 2017 , Antonia Thomas was cast as Dr. Claire Browne , a strong - willed and talented doctor who forms a special connection with Shaun . A week later , Freddie Highmore was cast in the lead role as Dr. Shaun Murphy , a young surgeon with autism ; and Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Dr. Neil Melendez , the boss of the surgical residents at the hospital . The next month , Chuku Modu was cast as resident Dr. Jared Kalu ( originally Dr. Jared Unger ) ; Hill Harper as head of surgery Dr. Marcus Andrews ( originally Dr. Horace Andrews ) ; Irene Keng as resident Dr. Elle McLean ; and Richard Schiff was cast as Dr. Aaron Glassman ( originally Dr. Ira Glassman ) , the hospital president and Shaun 's mentor . Schiff was shortly followed by Beau Garrett as hospital board member Jessica Preston and a friend of Dr. Glassman . In September 2017 , Tamlyn Tomita was promoted to the principal cast as Allegra Aoki . In April 2018 , it was revealed that Will Yun Lee , Fiona Gubelmann , Christina Chang , and Paige Spara had been promoted to series regulars for the second season , after recurring in the first as Alex , Morgan , Audrey , and Lea , respectively . In addition , it was announced that Chuku Modu would not return for the second season . The Surrey , British Columbia city hall serves as the fictional San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital in exterior shots . Filming ( edit ) Production on the pilot took place from March 21 to April 6 , 2017 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Filming for the rest of the season began on July 26 , 2017 , and concluded on March 1 , 2018 . Music ( edit ) Dan Romer serves as the primary composer for the series . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The Good Doctor began airing on September 25 , 2017 , on ABC in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . Sky Living acquired the broadcast rights for the United Kingdom and Ireland . Seven Network airs the series in Australia . Wowow , the largest Japanese private satellite and pay - per - view television network in Japan acquired the rights to broadcast the series beginning in April 2018 . In the Netherlands , the series began airing on January 29 , 2018 , on RTL 4 and on video - on - demand service Videoland . Marketing ( edit ) A full - length trailer was released for ABC 's May 2017 Upfront presentation , which / Film 's Ethan Anderton described the concept as feeling like `` House meets Rain Man , that just might be enough to make it interesting '' . However , he questioned `` how long can audiences be entranced by both the brilliance of ( Highmore 's ) character 's savant skills and the difficulties that come from his autism in the workplace . '' Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter felt the trailer was `` both kinda progressive and really dated '' . He added , `` Too much felt on - the - nose -- especially Hill Harper as the main character 's detractor and Richard Schiff as his noble defender '' , while also commentating that `` On - the - nose / premise is how you have to trailer a show like this , and maybe spaced out over 43 minutes it wo n't grate . '' Ben Travers and Steve Greene for IndieWire called it `` a serious trailer for a serious subject . The first glimpse of Highmore 's character hints that they 're toeing the line between presenting a thoughtful depiction of his condition and using his perceptive abilities as a kind of secret weapon . '' The trailer had been viewed over 25.4 million times after a week of its release , including over 22 million views on Facebook . The pilot was screened at ABC 's PaleyFest event on September 9 , 2017 . On March 22 , 2018 , members of the cast as well as executive producers Shore and Kim attended the 35th annual PaleyFest LA to promote the series , along with a screening of the season finale of the first season . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Burnt Food '' September 25 , 2017 2.2 / 9 11.22 2.2 7.86 4.4 19.21 `` Mount Rushmore '' October 2 , 2017 2.2 / 9 10.93 2.1 7.21 4.3 18.12 `` Oliver '' October 9 , 2017 2.0 / 7 10.69 2.2 7.53 4.2 18.22 `` Pipes '' October 16 , 2017 2.0 / 8 10.60 2.1 7.34 4.1 17.96 5 `` Point Three Percent '' October 23 , 2017 1.8 / 7 10.39 2.0 7.10 3.8 17.50 6 `` Not Fake '' October 30 , 2017 1.9 / 7 10.60 2.0 6.93 3.9 17.51 7 `` 22 Steps '' November 13 , 2017 1.9 / 7 10.14 1.9 6.92 3.8 17.14 8 `` Apple '' November 20 , 2017 1.8 / 7 9.97 1.8 6.98 3.6 16.99 9 `` Intangibles '' November 27 , 2017 1.7 / 7 9.25 1.8 6.66 3.5 15.91 10 `` Sacrifice '' December 4 , 2017 1.6 / 7 9.03 1.8 6.67 3.4 15.74 11 `` Islands Part One '' January 8 , 2018 1.6 / 6 8.30 1.8 7.10 3.4 15.40 12 `` Islands Part Two '' January 15 , 2018 1.7 / 6 9.33 1.8 6.66 3.5 16.00 13 `` Seven Reasons '' January 22 , 2018 1.7 / 7 9.61 1.9 6.91 3.6 16.53 14 `` She '' February 5 , 2018 1.7 / 7 9.63 1.8 7.07 3.5 16.71 15 `` Heartfelt '' February 26 , 2018 1.3 / 5 7.82 1.8 6.84 3.1 14.66 16 `` Pain '' March 12 , 2018 1.8 / 7 9.88 1.5 6.23 3.3 16.12 17 `` Smile '' March 19 , 2018 1.6 / 6 9.03 1.5 6.39 3.1 15.42 18 `` More '' March 26 , 2018 1.7 / 6 9.52 1.6 6.32 3.3 15.85 The series premiere earned a 2.2 / 9 rating in the 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic , with 11.22 million total viewers , making it the most watched Monday drama debut on ABC in 21 years , since Dangerous Minds in September 1996 , and the highest rated Monday drama in the 18 -- 49 demographic in 8.5 years , since Castle in March 2009 . Factoring live plus seven - day ratings , the pilot was watched by a total of 19.2 million viewers and set a record for DVR viewers with 7.9 million , surpassing the record of 7.67 million set by the pilot of Designated Survivor in 2016 . According to TV Guide 's November 13 - 26 issue , the October 9 episode attracted 18.2 million viewers , beating out both NCIS and The Big Bang Theory for the most viewed primetime show that week . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 58 % approval rating with an average rating of 5.49 / 10 based on 38 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` The Good Doctor 's heavy - handed bedside manner undermines a solid lead performance , but under all the emotionally manipulative gimmickry , there 's still plenty of room to improve . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 53 out of 100 based on 15 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Giving his first impression of the series ' pilot for TVLine , Matt Webb Mitovich stated , `` The Good Doctor boasts great DNA ... ( and ) has the potential to be a refreshingly thought - provoking hospital drama , based on the buttons pushed in the pilot alone . '' He enjoyed the `` warm dynamic '' of Schiff and Highmore , while describing Thomas ' character as `` our emotional ' in ' to Shaun 's distinct , distant world '' . He noted that `` it takes a while to build up momentum '' , but concluded that `` the very final scene packs quite a punch , as Dr. Murphy unwittingly puts a colleague on notice '' . The New York Times television critic , James Poniewozik , notes in his Critic 's Notebook column , that for the most part the drama is a `` hospital melodrama with whiz - bang medical science , a dash of intra-staff romance and shameless sentimentality . '' Discussing the main characters of Dr. Aaron Glassman ( Richard Schiff ) and Dr. Shaun Murphy ( Freddie Highmore ) , however , Poniewozik writes that `` Mr. Schiff is convincing in the role and Mr. Highmore is striking in his . '' Speaking of Freddie Highmore 's Golden Globe nomination on Monday , December 11 , 2017 , for his role in The Good Doctor , Laura Bradley , writing for Vanity Fair says : `` ... Freddie Highmore received the awards recognition that has long and unjustly eluded him ... '' Bradley feels that Highmore 's performance has been `` the central key '' to the show 's enormous success and while the show had lukewarm reviews , most critics have praised Highmore 's work . Accolades ( edit ) Year Association Nominee Result Ref . 2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Freddie Highmore Nominated Humanitas Prize 60 - Minute Category David Shore Won Banff Rockie Awards Scripted Melodrama Series The Good Doctor Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` How ABC Found a surprise Hit in `` The Good Doctor '' `` . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Good Doctor Medical Drama Starring Bates Motel 's Freddie Highmore Ordered to Series at ABC '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Freddie Highmore & ' HTGAWM 's Nicholas Gonzalez Cast '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Good Doctor ( @ GoodDoctorABC ) ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` # TheGoodDoctor cast at their first table read ! # TBT '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Antonia Thomas Cast In ABC Pilot ' Good Doctor ' ; Bojana Novakovic In CBS ' Instinct ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' ABC Pilot Casts Chuku Modu '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Beau Garrett Joins ' The Good Doctor ' ABC Pilot ; Sawyer Barth In Fox 's ' Amy 's Brother ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Hill Harper & Irene Keng Join ABC Drama Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Richard Schiff Cast In ABC Medical Drama Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 Lead Sheet '' ( Press release ) . ABC Press . July 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Tamlyn Tomita Upped To Series Regular On ABC Drama '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Fiona Gubelmann Joins ABC Medical Drama As New Resident '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor Adds a New Rival for Shaun '' . TV Guide . 2018 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Hannah ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Recruits Actor From ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' '' . PopCulture.com . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Schedule : Primetime Fall 2017 - 2018 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shore , David ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Mount Rushmore '' . The Good Doctor . Event occurs at 42 : 49 . ABC . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Eric Winter Set To Recur On ABC Drama Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marsha Thomason Scrubs In For ' The Good Doctor ' ; Bahram Khosraviani Joins ' The Brave ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' adjusts up , ' Good Doctor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Gifted ' adjust up , ' DWTS ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Good Doctor , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ABC , NBC adjust down with football pre-emptions : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' and ' Supergirl ' rerun adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Gifted ' finale , ' The Good Doctor ' and all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' 9JKL ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' iZombie ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' ' Good Girls , ' all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' The Good Doctor ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hyo - won , Lee ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Daniel Dae Kim Wants to Bring North Korean Defector Story to Screen ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Dae Kim to remake ' Good Doctor ' for CBS '' . The Korea Times . August 31 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Sun - min ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Good Doctor ' to be adapted '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Lands ' The Good Doctor ' Medical Drama From David Shore & Daniel Dae Kim '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Orders Drama Pilots ' The Good Doctor ' & ' Doomsday ' From David Shore , Daniel Dae Kim & Carol Mendesohn '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Drama Starring Freddie Highmore Picked Up To Series By ABC '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Gets Full - Season Order From ABC After 2 Airings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ; Hipes , Patrick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Renewed For Season 2 At ABC '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Will Yun Lee , Fiona Gubelmann , Christina Chang & Paige Spara Promoted To Series Regulars , Chuku Modu Not Returning For Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pizarro , Sal ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` How San Jose in ' The Good Doctor ' compares to the real thing '' . The Mercury News . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Filming in Vancouver : Liam Neeson , Jeremy Piven , Sandra Oh , Freddie Highmore , and more '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Pilot Locations 2017 : NY , Vancouver & Atlanta Tick Up ; LA , Toronto , Chicago Slip '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC Production List '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romer , Dan ( @ Dan_romer ) ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` I scored @ GoodDoctorABC and it 's premiering tonight at 10 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For TGIT , ' Black - ish ' , ' The Good Doctor ' & ' The Gospel Of Kevin ' , Which Gets New Title '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced # # # CTV is Home of Television 's Most - Anticipated Debuts of the Year '' ( Press release ) . Bell Media . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New US drama The Good Doctor coming exclusively to Sky Living in the UK and Ireland '' ( Press release ) . Sky plc . August 2017 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tadros , Patrick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is Giving Australia All Sorts of Feels Right Now '' . Yahoo7 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Mark ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Wowow acquires ' The Good Doctor ' for Japan '' . Variety . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wereldwijde hitserie ' The Good Doctor ' bij RTL 4 en Videoland '' . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Trailers for ABC 's New 2017 - 2018 Shows : ' Roseanne ' Returns , Zach Braff Forms ' Alex , Inc . ' & More '' . / Film . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's New Show Trailers : A Critic 's Ranking '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ; Greene , Steve ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor , ' ' The Gospel of Kevin , ' ' Alex , Inc . ' : ABC Fall TV Trailers , Ranked and Reviewed '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' Revival Trailer : 33 Million Views And Counting '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer , Jeff ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` PaleyFest Fall TV Previews 2017 Lineup Announced '' . TV Insider . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` PaleyFest LA Sets Talent From ' Handmaid 's Tale ' , ' Queen Sugar ' , ' Riverdale ' For TV Event '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2018 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon ' & ' Good Doctor ' Debut To Strong Ratings As New TV Season Starts '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' premiere got the largest DVR bounce on record '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rudolph , Ileane ( November 2017 ) . `` Off the Charts '' . TV Guide . Vol . November 13 - 26 . pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's The Good Doctor : Our Fall TV First Impression '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) . `` On ' The Good Doctor , ' the Anti-Antihero Is In '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` How The Good Doctor finally won Freddie Highmore a Golden Globe Nom '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` How The Good Doctor Finally Won Freddie Highmore a Golden Globe Nom '' . Variety . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes Winners : Complete List '' . Variety . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Humanitas Prize Winners Include ' Mudbound ' , ' The Post ' & ' Lady Bird ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 2018 Rockies Program Competition Official Nominees '' . Banff World Media Festival . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2018 . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Good Doctor on IMDb ( hide ) ABC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) 20 / 20 : In an Instant ( since 2015 ) The $100,000 Pyramid ( since 2016 ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 ) Alex , Inc. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is episode 18 of the good doctor coming out	[ "\n\nNo.\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n1\n\"Burnt Food\"\nSeth Gordon\nDavid Shore\nSeptember 25, 2017 (2017-09-25)\n11.22[19]\n\n\nOn the way to begin his surgical residency at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital, Dr. Shaun Murphy witnesses an airport sign fall and shatter glass onto a young boy. With his unique ability to visualize the internal body and using improvised methods and tools, Shaun is able to stabilize the boy. In a hospital board meeting, Dr. Aaron Glassman, president of the hospital, tries to convince the board to hire Shaun, despite his autism. Flashbacks give us a picture of Shaun's childhood and his motivation for becoming a doctor.\n\n\n2\n\"Mount Rushmore\"\nMike Listo\nDavid Shore\nOctober 2, 2017 (2017-10-02)\n10.93[20]\n\n\nDr. Neil Melendez is doing rounds with Dr. Claire Browne and Dr. Jared Kalu. Melendez calls out Shaun for arriving late on his first full day. A middle aged woman is brought into the ER with abdominal pain. Shaun immediately diagnoses a malignant tumor. As punishment for lateness, Shaun is assigned 'scut work', where his attention to detail gets him in trouble. After rechecking a discharged young girl's test results, Shaun races to her home, annoying her parents over the late hour, but eventually saving the girl's life.\n\n\n3\n\"Oliver\"\nJohn Dahl\nWilliam Rotko\nOctober 9, 2017 (2017-10-09)\n10.69[21]\n\n\nShaun and Claire fly to San Francisco Municipal Hospital to get a liver for a transplant patient. After learning the helicopter can't take off due to bad weather, they resort to a police escort. Meanwhile, at the Hospital, Chuck, the recipient of the liver, is discovered to have alcohol in his system, a development that could void his transplant eligibility. Chuck later confesses he had one drink at his daughter's graduation. In order to protect its reputation and ability to supply transplants to future patients, the hospital denies Chuck the liver. Shaun and Claire arrive back, having kept the liver viable, only to learn that it is to be taken to a patient at another hospital.\n\n\n4\n\"Pipes\"\nSteven DePaul\nThomas L. Moran\nOctober 16, 2017 (2017-10-16)\n10.60[22]\n\n\nBarb Allen, 22 weeks pregnant, and her husband arrive at St. Bonaventure, hoping the doctors can save their baby. A large non-cancerous tumor is growing on the fetus and must be removed in order to save his life. Despite the serious risks both to her and the baby, Barb insists on surgery. Meanwhile, Shaun and Claire are assigned a patient, Olivia, who has a boil in her genital area. However, when doctors attempt to drain it, a fibroid tumor is found to be wrapped around a nerve. The surgery to remove it will cut off all feeling in Olivia's genitals. Shaun comes up with a solution that allows her to keep feeling in her genital area.\n\n\n5\n\"Point Three Percent\"\nLarry Teng\nDavid Hoselton\nOctober 23, 2017 (2017-10-23)\n10.39[23]\n\n\nShaun notices a young boy, Evan, who has an uncanny resemblance to his deceased brother Steve. Evan was brought to the hospital by his parents for a possible fracture to his arm. However, we discover that he is actually suffering from bone cancer, a fact his parents have kept hidden from him. Meanwhile, the other members of the team try to diagnose an older man, brought in by his estranged son, with a severe allergy condition causing him to convulse violently. Claire and Jared determine that the man is suffering from a cystic form of tapeworms located in his skull. A successful surgery is performed by Dr. Glassman.\n\n\n6\n\"Not Fake\"\nMichael Patrick Jann\nSimran Baidwan\nOctober 30, 2017 (2017-10-30)\n10.60[24]\n\n\nShaun and the rest of the residents are working the graveyard shift when numerous casualties from a wedding bus crash come in. Among the victims are a woman with severe, visible burns, on whom Jared tries an experimental procedure, and a young man with a severely damaged leg. Tensions arise between the patients parents and fiancée over the best choice for treatment; his parents want to amputate the leg, his fiancée is in favour of an experimental bone-replacement procedure. After treating a patient, Claire realises that a woman has been left behind at the crash site.\n\n\n7\n\"22 Steps\"\nDavid Straiton\nJohanna Lee\nNovember 13, 2017 (2017-11-13)\n10.14[25]\n\n\nShaun encounters Liam, an autistic patient brought in to the hospital. Having to face prejudice from the young man's parents, Dr. Melendez defends him for the first time and acknowledges his exceptional abilities. On Dr. Glassman's directive, Claire continues with therapy sessions in order to curb her guilt over inadvertently causing the death of a patient. Jared deals with a 73-year-old man with severe chest pains thus needing urgent medical attention and a pacemaker; but the patient states his desire is to die.\n\n\n8\n\"Apple\"\nNestor Carbonell\nDavid Renaud\nNovember 20, 2017 (2017-11-20)\n9.97[26]\n\n\nWhile shopping at a grocery mart for apples, a robbery takes place. With Shaun's communication limitations, he puts the lives of two customers on a first date at risk, leading to a young woman getting shot. Shaun's neighbor Lea hugs him after he admits that he made a mistake with someone getting hurt. During surgery, Dr. Lim questions Claire's ability to not let her emotions get the better of her because of a racist patient. This leads to an argument between the two with Dr. Lim ordering Claire to leave the operating room. Claire puts her emotions in check to save the life of the racist patient much to the satisfaction and delight of Dr. Lim.\n\n\n9\n\"Intangibles\"\nBronwen Hughes\nKaren Struck\nNovember 27, 2017 (2017-11-27)\n9.25[27]\n\n\nThe team takes on the case of a young boy from the Congo who has severe congenital heart anomalies; Murphy's latest encounter with his neighbor Lea has him confused. He takes flirting lessons from Claire and notes and charts what he sees in regards to the \"flirting trifecta\". Meanwhile, Claire along with a lab tech search for a misplaced tissue sample from a woman with possible throat cancer.\n\n\n10\n\"Sacrifice\"\nMichael Patrick Jann\nLloyd Gilyard Jr.\nDecember 4, 2017 (2017-12-04)\n9.03[28]\n\n\nShaun has reluctantly agreed to Dr. Glassman's repeated suggestions to meet with a therapist, but ultimately changes his mind after a new patient, Bobby Otto, convinces Shaun to stop letting people tell him what to do. Claire runs into an uncomfortable situation with Dr. Matt Coyle, who makes unwanted sexual advances toward her during a patient consultation. Jared finds out and physically threatens him. As a result, Jared is fired. After a tense dinner with Jessica, her father and Dr. Melendez, Jessica states that she doesn't want to have children.\n\n\n11\n\"Islands Part One\"\nBill D'Elia\nThomas L. Moran & William Rotko\nJanuary 8, 2018 (2018-01-08)\n8.30[29]\n\n\nShaun and Lea embark on an impromptu road trip. Shaun drives, drinks Tequila, sings karaoke, all for the first time, and experiences his first kiss with Lea. Melendez and Andrews operate on conjoined twins, one of whom needs a kidney. Complications develop and the operation to separate them, planned for six months after the kidney surgery, must be done immediately. The operation goes well until it's discovered the twins have not awakened from the surgery. Melendez decides it's more important to be with Jessica and that he can be a \"father\" in other ways.\n\n\n12\n\"Islands Part Two\"\nCherie Nowlan\nThomas L. Moran & William Rotko\nJanuary 15, 2018 (2018-01-15)\n9.33[30]\n\n\nShaun returns to the hospital after his trip and gives Dr. Glassman his two weeks’ notice, intending on moving to Hershey to be with Lea. The twins suffer complications from their surgery; Katie is not getting enough blood flow to the brain, while Jenny’s heart is failing. Despite the doctors’ best efforts to save both twins, Jenny dies on the operating table. Jessica is forced to look into previous misconduct at the hospital in which white doctors were only warned instead of fired, after allegations of racism by Kalu’s lawyer; as a result, Jared is reinstated. Jessica tells Melendez that she wants to break up because she feels like she is standing in his way of being a father.\n\n\n13\n\"Seven Reasons\"\nMike Listo\nDavid Shore & David Hoselton\nJanuary 22, 2018 (2018-01-22)\n9.61[31]\n\n\nWhile treating a Muslim patient, Shaun senses she is lying and makes controversial claims about how she sustained her injuries. Melendez punctures the bronchus of the patient during surgery and is put under investigation after Shaun questions if his personal life is affecting his work. While Claire assists in a surgery on a stroke patient who had an aneurysm with Dr. Lim, she learns that Coyle got a new job and a raise. They inform the patient's wife that he needs surgery or he will die, but she refuses to conset until Claire explains the reality of the situation. Shaun asks Glassman to be friends, but Glassman decides to give him his own space and not be friends, which upsets Shaun.\n\n\n14\n\"She\"\nSeth Gordon\nSimran Baidwan\nFebruary 5, 2018 (2018-02-05)\n9.63[32]\n\n\nThe four residents including the new Dr. Morgan Reznick are paired off in competition; Reznick and Browne with Melendez, Murphy and Kalu with Lim. Murphy and Kalu are faced with a gender dysphoric patient, Quinn, which leads to friction when Murphy claims people can only be their biological gender. Murphy and Kalu determine that Quinn has testicular cancer along with fragile bones caused by puberty blockers. Browne and Reznick tend to a male patient that has contracted a superbug resistant to all medication, as a result of taking leftover persciption medication for the wrong purpose. Drs. Andrews and Barnes see a fertility specialist as they are having trouble concieving.\n\n\n15\n\"Heartfelt\"\nRegina King\nThomas L. Moran & Johanna Lee\nFebruary 26, 2018 (2018-02-26)\n7.82[33]\n\n\nA female teen goes through a risky surgery to implant a sternum so she can live a normal life without being confined to her house. A young male teen initially rejects the idea of having a convicted killer's liver transplanted in him, but without it he has a day to live. A former 15 year veteran cop turned doctor, Alex Park, is skeptical of the convict, Boris's, motives. Allegra talks to Dr. Andrews about a young wealthy donor, Aidan Coulter, but Andrews says being involved with him might give people the wrong idea and that she used sex to solicit donations. At a fundraiser, Jared tells Claire he loved her and thought maybe she would one day love him, but came to the realization that isn't true leaving the status of their relationship unknown.\n\n\n16\n\"Pain\"\nAllison Liddi-Brown\nWilliam L. Rotko & David Renaud\nMarch 12, 2018 (2018-03-12)\n9.88[34]\n\n\nShaun, Claire, and Alex assist Melendez with one of his first patients, a man named Hunter who was paralyzed in a motorcycle accident ten years prior. Jared, Morgan, and Andrews attend a patient who has an infection caused by plastic surgery. Claire's estranged mother shows up at the hospital in an attempt to reconnect. Andrews sees an infertility specialist that tells him there is a surgery that could help him with his sperm count, but that there is a risk of impotence. Alex does a background check on Kenny which sheds light on his criminal past leading him to suggest Shaun is being used by him.\n\n\n17\n\"Smile\"\nBill D'Elia\nDavid Hoselton & Karen Struck\nMarch 19, 2018 (2018-03-19)\n9.03[35]\n\n\nShaun and Alex treat teenaged Gretchen's Mobius Syndrome, enabling her to smile; Andrews persuades an insurance executive to cover the surgery. Morgan and Claire's patient, \"Lucy Callard,\" is actually an identity thief who let her insurance lapse to pay her son's college tuition and failed to fill her post-operative antibiotic prescription due to fear of discovery. Morgan convinces the real Lucy Callard, a painkiller addict, to enter rehab; Claire gains the trust of the imposter, Beatrice, who dies of an infection. Jared romantically pursues his burn-victim patient, Celez, after she completes her treatment; he is also offered a job in Denver. Kenny takes advantage of Shaun. Shaun urges Glassman to date hospital barista Debbie; they hit it off over their interest in classic cars, but Glassman suddenly experiences aphasia at the end of their dinner date.\n\n\n18\n\"More\"\nMike Listo\nDavid Shore & Lloyd Gilyard, Jr.\nMarch 26, 2018 (2018-03-26)\n9.52[36]\n\n\nGlassman tells Shaun that he has an inoperable glioma and eighteen months to live. Glassman accepts his death, but agrees to additional imaging for Shaun's sake; this yields a worse prognosis of four months to live. Glassman takes Shaun to a park his late daughter loved so they can enjoy the time Glassman has left. Shaun determines how a minimally invasive biopsy could be performed; Glassman is diagnosed with an operable form of cancer; he will pursue treatment. Collegiate patient Caden suffers a complication after treatment for a fraternity hazing injury. Jared and Alex question Caden's friend, but Jared is put off by Alex's distrustful nature. Shaun determines that he erred in clamping Caden's artery. He proposes a risky procedure to save Caden's life and offers to take full responsibility for performing it, but Melendez decides they will perform it together. Caden survives and Melendez invites the team out for drinks, which Morgan finds perverse; Melendez hopes a doctor supports her when she inevitably kills a patient. Shaun decides he must admit his mistake to Andrews, even though Glassman staked his position on Shaun's success; Glassman leaves the decision up to Shaun, and accompanies him to meet with Andrews.\n\n" ]	[ "March 26, 2018" ]
6964482156214191127	List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees	List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees - wikipedia List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Jump to : navigation , search The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , established in 1983 and located in Cleveland , Ohio , United States , is dedicated to recording the history of some of the best - known and most influential musicians , bands , producers , and others that have in some major way influenced the music industry , particularly in the area of rock and roll . Originally , there were four categories of induction : performers , non-performers , early influences , and lifetime achievement . In 2000 , `` sidemen '' was introduced as a category . The only category that has seen new inductees every single year is the performers category . Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are then sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers that receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2010 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . As of 2017 , new inductees will be honored at an annual ceremony held alternately in New York and at the Hall of Fame in Cleveland ; prior to that , the ceremonies rotated between Cleveland , New York , and Los Angeles . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has garnered criticism for allegedly allowing the nomination process to be controlled by a few individuals , nominating too many artists in too many genres that are not entirely rock , ignoring entire rock genres , and using technicalities to induct groups who may not have been among the top vote getters . The surviving members of the Sex Pistols , who were inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony , calling the museum a `` piss stain . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Inductees 1.1 Performers 1.2 Early influences 1.3 Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) 1.4 Award for Musical Excellence 1.5 Sidemen 1.6 Lifetime achievement 2 Multiple inductees 3 2018 nominees 4 References 5 External links Inductees ( edit ) Performers ( edit ) The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have `` influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . '' Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2011 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . In 2012 , six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee , due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . '' Year Image Name Inducted members 1986 Berry , Chuck Chuck Berry 1986 Brown , James James Brown 1986 Charles , Ray Ray Charles 1986 Cooke , Sam Sam Cooke 1986 Domino , Fats Fats Domino 1986 Everly Brothers ! The Everly Brothers Don Everly and Phil Everly . 1986 Holly , Buddy Buddy Holly 1986 Lewis , Jerry Lee Jerry Lee Lewis 1986 Little Richard 1986 Presley , Elvis Elvis Presley Coasters ! The Coasters Carl Gardner , Cornell Gunter , Billy Guy , and Will `` Dub '' Jones . Cochran , Eddie Eddie Cochran Diddley , Bo Bo Diddley Franklin , Aretha Aretha Franklin Gaye , Marvin Marvin Gaye Haley , Bill Bill Haley King , B.B. B.B. King McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter Nelson , Ricky Ricky Nelson Orbison , Roy Roy Orbison Perkins , Carl Carl Perkins Robinson , Smokey Smokey Robinson Turner , Big Joe Big Joe Turner Waters , Muddy Muddy Waters Wilson , Jackie Jackie Wilson 1988 Beach Boys ! The Beach Boys Al Jardine , Mike Love , Brian Wilson , Carl Wilson , and Dennis Wilson . 1988 Beatles ! The Beatles George Harrison , John Lennon , Paul McCartney , and Ringo Starr . 1988 Drifters ! The Drifters Ben E. King , Rudy Lewis , Clyde McPhatter , Johnny Moore , Bill Pinkney , Charlie Thomas , and Gerhart Thrasher . 1988 Dylan , Bob Bob Dylan 1988 Supremes ! The Supremes Florence Ballard , Diana Ross , and Mary Wilson . 1989 Dion ! Dion 1989 Redding , Otis Otis Redding 1989 Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger , Brian Jones , Keith Richards , Ian Stewart , Mick Taylor , Charlie Watts , Ronnie Wood , and Bill Wyman . 1989 Temptations ! The Temptations Melvin Franklin , Eddie Kendricks , David Ruffin , Otis Williams , Paul Williams , Dennis Edwards . 1989 Wonder , Stevie Stevie Wonder 1990 -- Ballard , Hank Hank Ballard 1990 Darin , Bobby Bobby Darin 1990 Four Seasons ! The Four Seasons Tom DeVito , Bob Gaudio , Nick Massi , and Frankie Valli . 1990 Four Tops ! Four Tops Renaldo `` Obie '' Benson , Abdul `` Duke '' Fakir , Lawrence Payton , and Levi Stubbs . 1990 Kinks ! The Kinks Mick Avory , Dave Davies , Ray Davies , and Pete Quaife . 1990 Platters ! The Platters David Lynch , Herb Reed , Paul Robi , Zola Taylor , and Tony Williams . 1990 Simon & Garfunkel Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel . 1990 Who ! The Who Roger Daltrey , John Entwistle , Keith Moon , and Pete Townshend . 1991 Baker , LaVern LaVern Baker 1991 Byrds ! The Byrds Gene Clark , Michael Clarke , David Crosby , Chris Hillman , and Roger McGuinn . 1991 Hooker , John Lee John Lee Hooker 1991 -- Impressions ! The Impressions Curtis Mayfield , Sam Gooden , Fred Cash , Arthur Brooks , Richard Brooks , and Jerry Butler . 1991 Pickett , Wilson Wilson Pickett 1991 Reed , Jimmy Jimmy Reed 1991 Turner , Ike & Tina Ike & Tina Turner Ike Turner and Tina Turner . 1992 Bland , Bobby ! Bobby `` Blue '' Bland 1992 Booker T. & the M.G. 's Booker T. Jones , Steve Cropper , Donald `` Duck '' Dunn , Al Jackson Jr. , and Lewie Steinberg . 1992 Cash , Johnny Johnny Cash 1992 Isley Brothers ! The Isley Brothers Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley Jr. , Ronald Isley , Rudolph Isley , and Chris Jasper . 1992 Hendrix Experience , The Jimi The Jimi Hendrix Experience Jimi Hendrix , Mitch Mitchell , and Noel Redding . 1992 Sam & Dave Sam Moore and Dave Prater . 1992 Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds Jeff Beck , Eric Clapton , Chris Dreja , Jim McCarty , Jimmy Page , Keith Relf , and Paul Samwell - Smith . 1993 Brown , Ruth Ruth Brown 1993 Cream Ginger Baker , Jack Bruce , and Eric Clapton . 1993 Creedence Clearwater Revival Doug Clifford , Stu Cook , John Fogerty , and Tom Fogerty . 1993 Doors ! The Doors John Densmore , Robby Krieger , Ray Manzarek , and Jim Morrison . 1993 Lymon & The Teenagers , Frankie Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers Herman Santiago , Jimmy Merchant , Sherman Garnes , Frankie Lymon , and Joe Negroni 1993 James , Etta Etta James 1993 Morrison , Van Van Morrison 1993 Sly and the Family Stone Gregg Errico , Larry Graham , Jerry Martini , Cynthia Robinson , Freddie Stone , Rosie Stone , and Sly Stone . 1994 Animals ! The Animals Eric Burdon , Chas Chandler , Alan Price , John Steel , and Hilton Valentine . 1994 Band ! The Band Rick Danko , Levon Helm , Garth Hudson , Richard Manuel , and Robbie Robertson . 1994 Eddy , Duane Duane Eddy 1994 Grateful Dead Tom Constanten , Jerry Garcia , Donna Jean Godchaux , Keith Godchaux , Mickey Hart , Robert Hunter , Bill Kreutzmann , Phil Lesh , Ron McKernan , Brent Mydland , Bob Weir , and Vince Welnick . 1994 John , Elton Elton John 1994 Lennon , John John Lennon 1994 Marley , Bob Bob Marley 1994 Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart 1995 Allman Brothers Band ! The Allman Brothers Band Duane Allman , Gregg Allman , Dickey Betts , Jai Johanny Johanson , Berry Oakley , and Butch Trucks . 1995 Green , Al Al Green 1995 Joplin , Janis Janis Joplin 1995 Led Zeppelin John Bonham , John Paul Jones , Jimmy Page , and Robert Plant 1995 Martha and the Vandellas Rosalind Ashford , Annette Beard , Betty Kelly , Lois Reeves , Martha Reeves , and Sandra Tilley . 1995 Young , Neil Neil Young 1995 Zappa , Frank Frank Zappa Bowie , David David Bowie Knight & the Pips , Gladys Gladys Knight & the Pips William Guest , Gladys Knight , Merald `` Bubba '' Knight , and Edward Patten . Jefferson Airplane Marty Balin , Jack Casady , Spencer Dryden , Paul Kantner , Jorma Kaukonen , and Grace Slick . Little Willie John Pink Floyd Syd Barrett , David Gilmour , Nick Mason , Roger Waters , and Rick Wright . Shirelles ! The Shirelles Shirley Alston Reeves , Addie Harris , Doris Kenner - Jackson , and Beverly Lee . Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground John Cale , Sterling Morrison , Lou Reed , and Maureen Tucker . 1997 Bee Gees Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , and Robin Gibb . 1997 Buffalo Springfield Richie Furay , Dewey Martin , Bruce Palmer , Stephen Stills , and Neil Young . 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash David Crosby , Graham Nash , and Stephen Stills . 1997 Jackson 5 , The The Jackson 5 Jackie Jackson , Jermaine Jackson , Marlon Jackson , Michael Jackson , and Tito Jackson . 1997 Mitchell , Joni Joni Mitchell 1997 Parliament - Funkadelic Jerome Brailey , George Clinton , Bootsy Collins , Raymond Davis , Tiki Fulwood , Glenn Goins , Michael Hampton , Fuzzy Haskins , Eddie Hazel , Walter Morrison , Cordell Mosson , William `` Billy Bass '' Nelson , Garry Shider , Calvin Simon , Grady Thomas , and Bernie Worrell . 1997 Rascals ! The ( Young ) Rascals Eddie Brigati , Felix Cavaliere , Gene Cornish , and Dino Danelli . 1998 Eagles Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Bernie Leadon , Randy Meisner , Timothy B. Schmit , and Joe Walsh . 1998 Fleetwood Mac Lindsey Buckingham , Mick Fleetwood , Peter Green , Danny Kirwan , Christine McVie , John McVie , Stevie Nicks , and Jeremy Spencer . 1998 Mamas & The Papas ! The Mamas & the Papas Denny Doherty , Cass Elliot , John Phillips , and Michelle Phillips . 1998 Price , Lloyd Lloyd Price 1998 Santana Jose Chepito Areas , David Brown , Michael Carabello , Gregg Rolie , Carlos Santana , and Michael Shrieve . 1998 Vincent , Gene Gene Vincent 1999 Joel , Billy Billy Joel 1999 Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield 1999 McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney 1999 Shannon , Del Del Shannon 1999 Springfield , Dusty Dusty Springfield 1999 Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen 1999 Staple Singers , The The Staple Singers Cleotha Staples , Mavis Staples , Pervis Staples , Pops Staples , and Yvonne Staples . 2000 Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton 2000 Earth , Wind & Fire Philip Bailey , Larry Dunn , Johnny Graham , Ralph Johnson , Al McKay , Fred White , Maurice White , Verdine White , and Andrew Woolfolk . 2000 Lovin ' Spoonful , The The Lovin ' Spoonful Steve Boone , Joe Butler , John Sebastian , and Zal Yanovsky . 2000 Moonglows , The The Moonglows Prentiss Barnes , Harvey Fuqua , Peter Graves , Billy Johnson , and Bobby Lester . 2000 Raitt , Bonnie Bonnie Raitt 2000 Taylor , James James Taylor 2001 Aerosmith Tom Hamilton , Joey Kramer , Joe Perry , Steven Tyler , and Brad Whitford . 2001 Burke , Solomon Solomon Burke 2001 Flamingos , The The Flamingos Jake Carey , Zeke Carey , Johnny Carter , Tommy Hunt , Terry `` Buzzy '' Johnson , Sollie McElroy , Nate Nelson , and Paul Wilson . 2001 Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson 2001 Queen John Deacon , Brian May , Freddie Mercury , and Roger Taylor . 2001 Simon , Paul Paul Simon 2001 Steely Dan Walter Becker and Donald Fagen . 2001 Valens , Ritchie Ritchie Valens 2002 Hayes , Isaac Isaac Hayes 2002 Lee , Brenda Brenda Lee 2002 Petty and the Heartbreakers , Tom Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers Tom Petty , Ron Blair , Mike Campbell , Howie Epstein , Stan Lynch , and Benmont Tench . 2002 Pitney , Gene Gene Pitney 2002 Ramones Dee Dee Ramone , Joey Ramone , Johnny Ramone , Marky Ramone , and Tommy Ramone . 2002 Talking Heads David Byrne , Chris Frantz , Jerry Harrison , and Tina Weymouth . 2003 AC / DC Brian Johnson , Phil Rudd , Bon Scott , Cliff Williams , Angus Young , and Malcolm Young . 2003 Clash , The The Clash Terry Chimes , Topper Headon , Mick Jones , Paul Simonon , and Joe Strummer . 2003 Costello & the Attractions , Elvis Elvis Costello & the Attractions Elvis Costello , Steve Nieve , Bruce Thomas , and Pete Thomas . 2003 Police , The The Police Stewart Copeland , Sting , and Andy Summers . 2003 Righteous Brothers , The The Righteous Brothers Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley . Browne , Jackson Jackson Browne Dells , The The Dells Verne Allison , Chuck Barksdale , Johnny Carter , Johnny Funches , Marvin Junior , and Michael McGill . Harrison , George George Harrison Prince Seger , Bob Bob Seger Traffic Jim Capaldi , Dave Mason , Steve Winwood , and Chris Wood . ZZ Top Frank Beard , Billy Gibbons , and Dusty Hill . 2005 Guy , Buddy Buddy Guy 2005 O'Jays , The The O'Jays Eddie Levert , Bobby Massey , William Powell , Sammy Strain , and Walter Williams . 2005 Pretenders Martin Chambers , Pete Farndon , James Honeyman - Scott , and Chrissie Hynde . 2005 Sledge , Percy Percy Sledge 2005 U2 Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , and Larry Mullen , Jr ... 2006 Black Sabbath Geezer Butler , Tony Iommi , Ozzy Osbourne , and Bill Ward . 2006 Blondie Clem Burke , Jimmy Destri , Nigel Harrison , Debbie Harry , Frank Infante , Chris Stein , and Gary Valentine . 2006 Davis , Miles Miles Davis 2006 Lynyrd Skynyrd Bob Burns , Allen Collins , Steve Gaines , Ed King , Billy Powell , Artimus Pyle , Gary Rossington , Ronnie Van Zant , and Leon Wilkeson . 2006 Sex Pistols Paul Cook , Steve Jones , Glen Matlock , John Lydon , and Sid Vicious . 2007 Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five Melvin `` Melle Mel '' Glover , Nathaniel `` The Kidd Creole '' Glover , Eddie `` Scorpio '' Morris , Joseph `` Grandmaster Flash '' Sadler , Robert Keith `` Keef Cowboy '' Wiggins , and Guy Todd `` Rahiem '' Williams . 2007 R.E.M. Bill Berry , Peter Buck , Mike Mills , and Michael Stipe . 2007 Ronettes , The The Ronettes Estelle Bennett , Ronnie Spector , and Nedra Talley . 2007 Smith , Patti Patti Smith 2007 Van Halen Michael Anthony , Sammy Hagar , David Lee Roth , Alex Van Halen , and Eddie Van Halen . 2008 Clark Five , The Dave The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark , Lenny Davidson , Rick Huxley , Denis Payton , and Mike Smith . 2008 Cohen , Leonard Leonard Cohen 2008 Madonna 2008 Mellencamp , John John Mellencamp 2008 Ventures , The The Ventures Bob Bogle , Nokie Edwards , Gerry McGee , Mel Taylor , and Don Wilson . 2009 Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck 2009 Little Anthony and the Imperials Clarence Collins , Anthony Gourdine , Tracy Lord , Glouster `` Nat '' Rogers , Sammy Strain , and Ernest Wright Jr . 2009 Metallica Cliff Burton , Kirk Hammett , James Hetfield , Jason Newsted , Robert Trujillo , and Lars Ulrich . 2009 Run -- D.M.C. Darryl `` D.M.C. '' McDaniels , Jason `` Jam - Master Jay '' Mizell , and Joseph `` DJ Run '' Simmons . 2009 Womack , Bobby Bobby Womack ABBA Benny Andersson , Agnetha Fältskog , Anni - Frid Lyngstad , and Björn Ulvaeus . Genesis Tony Banks , Phil Collins , Peter Gabriel , Steve Hackett , and Mike Rutherford . Cliff , Jimmy Jimmy Cliff Hollies , The The Hollies Bernie Calvert , Allan Clarke , Bobby Elliott , Eric Haydock , Tony Hicks , Graham Nash , and Terry Sylvester . Stooges , The The Stooges Dave Alexander , Ron Asheton , Scott Asheton , Iggy Pop , and James Williamson . 2011 Alice Cooper Alice Cooper , Michael Owen Bruce , Glen Buxton , Dennis Dunaway , and Neal Smith . 2011 Diamond , Neil Neil Diamond 2011 Dr. John 2011 Love , Darlene Darlene Love 2011 Waits , Tom Tom Waits 2012 Beastie Boys Michael `` Mike D '' Diamond , Adam `` Ad - Rock '' Horovitz , and Adam `` MCA '' Yauch . 2012 -- Blue Caps ! The Blue Caps Backing band for Gene Vincent . Inducted : Tommy Facenda , Cliff Gallup , Dickie Harrell , Bobby Jones , Johnny Meeks , Jack Neal , Paul Peek , and Willie Williams . 2012 Comets ! The Comets Backing band for Bill Haley . Inducted : Joey Ambrose , Franny Beecher , Danny Cedrone , Johnny Grande , Ralph Jones , Marshall Lytle , Rudy Pompilli , Al Rex , Dick Richards , and Billy Williamson . 2012 Crickets ! The Crickets Backing band for Buddy Holly . Inducted : Jerry Allison , Sonny Curtis , Joe B. Mauldin , and Niki Sullivan . 2012 Donovan 2012 Famous Flames ! The Famous Flames Backing vocal group for James Brown . Inducted : Bobby Bennett , Bobby Byrd , Lloyd Stallworth , and Johnny Terry . 2012 Guns N ' Roses Steven Adler , Duff McKagan , Dizzy Reed , Axl Rose , Slash , Matt Sorum , and Izzy Stradlin . 2012 -- Midnighters ! The Midnighters Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard . Inducted : Henry Booth , Billy Davis , Cal Green , Arthur Porter , Lawson Smith , Charles Sutton , Norman Thrasher , and Sonny Woods . 2012 Miracles ! The Miracles Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson . Inducted : Claudette Rogers , Bobby Rogers , Ronald White , Marv Tarplin , and Pete Moore . 2012 Nyro , Laura Laura Nyro 2012 Red Hot Chili Peppers Flea , John Frusciante , Jack Irons , Anthony Kiedis , Josh Klinghoffer , Cliff Martinez , Hillel Slovak , and Chad Smith . 2012 -- Small Faces / Faces Kenney Jones , Ronnie Lane , Ian McLagan , Steve Marriott , Rod Stewart , and Ronnie Wood . 2013 Heart Michael DeRosier , Roger Fisher , Steve Fossen , Howard Leese , Ann Wilson , and Nancy Wilson . 2013 King , Albert Albert King 2013 Newman , Randy Randy Newman 2013 Public Enemy Flavor Flav , Professor Griff , Terminator X , and Chuck D . 2013 Rush Geddy Lee , Alex Lifeson , and Neil Peart . 2013 Summer , Donna Donna Summer 2014 Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel 2014 Hall & Oates Daryl Hall and John Oates . 2014 Kiss Peter Criss , Ace Frehley , Gene Simmons , and Paul Stanley . 2014 Nirvana Kurt Cobain , Dave Grohl , and Krist Novoselic . 2014 Ronstadt , Linda Linda Ronstadt 2014 Stevens , Cat Cat Stevens 2015 Butterfield Blues Band , The Paul The Paul Butterfield Blues Band Paul Butterfield , Mike Bloomfield , Elvin Bishop , Mark Naftalin , Jerome Arnold , Billy Davenport , and Sam Lay . 2015 Jett & the Blackhearts , Joan Joan Jett & the Blackhearts Joan Jett , Gary Ryan , Lee Crystal , and Ricky Byrd . 2015 Reed , Lou Lou Reed 2015 Green Day Billie Joe Armstrong , Tré Cool , and Mike Dirnt . 2015 Vaughan , Stevie Ray Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble Stevie Ray Vaughan , Chris Layton , Tommy Shannon , and Reese Wynans . 2015 Withers , Bill Bill Withers 2016 Cheap Trick Bun E. Carlos , Rick Nielsen , Tom Petersson , and Robin Zander . 2016 Chicago Peter Cetera , Terry Kath , Robert Lamm , Lee Loughnane , James Pankow , Walter Parazaider , and Danny Seraphine . 2016 Deep Purple Ritchie Blackmore , David Coverdale , Rod Evans , Ian Gillan , Roger Glover , Glenn Hughes , Jon Lord , and Ian Paice 2016 N.W.A DJ Yella , Ice Cube , MC Ren , Eazy - E , and Dr. Dre 2016 Miller , Steve Steve Miller 2017 Electric Light Orchestra Bev Bevan , Jeff Lynne , Richard Tandy , and Roy Wood 2017 Baez , Joan Joan Baez 2017 Journey Jonathan Cain , Aynsley Dunbar , Steve Perry , Gregg Rolie , Neal Schon , Steve Smith , and Ross Valory 2017 Pearl Jam Jeff Ament , Matt Cameron , Stone Gossard , Dave Krusen , Mike McCready , and Eddie Vedder 2017 Tupac Shakur 2017 Yes Jon Anderson , Bill Bruford , Steve Howe , Tony Kaye , Trevor Rabin , Chris Squire , Rick Wakeman , and Alan White ^ Note 1 . These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee , and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees . Early influences ( edit ) Woody Guthrie , inducted in 1988 . Louis Armstrong , inducted in 1990 . Pete Seeger , inducted in 1996 . Charles Brown , inducted in 1999 . Artists inducted into the early influences category are those `` whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock 's leading artists . '' Unlike the performers category , these inductees are selected by a committee . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . Year Name 1986 Rodgers , Jimmie Jimmie Rodgers 1986 Yancey , Jimmy Jimmy Yancey 1986 Johnson , Robert Robert Johnson Jordan , Louis Louis Jordan Walker , T - Bone T - Bone Walker Williams , Hank Hank Williams 1988 Guthrie , Woody Woody Guthrie 1988 Lead Belly 1988 Les Paul 1989 Ink Spots ! The Ink Spots 1989 Smith , Bessie Bessie Smith 1989 Soul Stirrers ! The Soul Stirrers 1990 Christian , Charlie Charlie Christian 1990 Armstrong , Louis Louis Armstrong 1990 Rainey , Ma Ma Rainey 1991 Howlin ' Wolf 1992 James , Elmore Elmore James 1992 Longhair , Professor Professor Longhair 1993 Washington , Dinah Dinah Washington 1994 Dixon , Willie Willie Dixon 1995 Orioles , The The Orioles Seeger , Pete Pete Seeger 1997 Jackson , Mahalia Mahalia Jackson 1997 Monroe , Bill Bill Monroe 1998 Jelly Roll Morton 1999 Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys 1999 Brown , Charles Charles Brown 2000 Cole , Nat ! Nat King Cole 2000 Holiday , Billie Billie Holiday 2009 Jackson , Wanda Wanda Jackson 2012 King , Freddie Freddie King 2015 5 Royalses ! The `` 5 '' Royales ^ A. Inducted members : Bill Kenny , Charlie Fuqua , Deek Watson , and Orville `` Hoppy '' Jones . ^ B. Inducted members : Roy Crain Sr. , R.H. Harris , Jesse Farley , and E.A. Rundless . ^ C. Inducted members : Sonny Til , Tommy Gaither , George Nelson , Johnny Reed , and Alexander Sharp . ^ D. Inducted members : Bob Wills , Tommy Duncan , Leon McAuliffe , Johnny Gimble , Joe `` Jody '' Holley , Tiny Moore , Herb Remington , Eldon Shamblin , and Al Stricklin . ^ E. Nominated as a performer . ^ F. Inducted members : John L. Tanner , Eugene Tanner , James E. Moore , Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling , Jr Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegün Award ) ( edit ) Carole King , inducted in 1990 Dick Clark , inducted in 1993 Clive Davis , inducted in 2000 The non-performer category honors `` songwriters , producers , disc jockeys , record executives , journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll . '' Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well . The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . This category has been criticized for inducting those that have `` been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets '' and not revealing their full criteria . In 2008 , this category was renamed the `` Ahmet Ertegün Award '' . Year Name 1986 Freed , Alan Alan Freed 1986 Phillips , Sam Sam Phillips Chess , Leonard Leonard Chess Ertegun , Ahmet Ahmet Ertegun Leiber ! Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller Wexler , Jerry Jerry Wexler 1988 Gordy , Jr. , Berry Berry Gordy , Jr . 1989 Spector , Phil Phil Spector 1990 Gerry Goffin and Carole King 1990 Holland -- Dozier -- Holland 1991 Bartholomew , Dave Dave Bartholomew 1991 Bass , Ralph Ralph Bass 1992 Fender , Leo Leo Fender 1992 Graham , Bill Bill Graham 1992 Pomus , Doc Doc Pomus 1993 Clark , Dick Dick Clark 1993 Gabler , Milt Milt Gabler 1994 Otis , Johnny Johnny Otis 1995 Ackerman , Paul Paul Ackerman Donahue , Tom Tom Donahue 1997 Nathan , Syd Syd Nathan 1998 Toussaint , Allen Allen Toussaint 1999 Martin , George George Martin 2000 Davis , Clive Clive Davis 2001 Blackwell , Chris Chris Blackwell 2002 Stewart , Jim Jim Stewart 2003 Ostin , Mo Mo Ostin 2008 Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff Geffen , David David Geffen Blackwell , Otis Otis Blackwell Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich Shuman , Mort Mort Shuman Stone , Jesse Jesse Stone Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil 2011 Holzman , Jac Jac Holzman 2011 Rupe , Art Art Rupe 2012 Kirshner , Don Don Kirshner 2013 Adler , Lou Lou Adler 2013 Jones , Quincy Quincy Jones 2014 Epstein , Brian Brian Epstein 2014 Andrew Loog Oldham 2016 Berns , Bert Bert Berns Award for Musical Excellence ( edit ) Leon Russell , inducted in 2011 . This category , which replaced sidemen , `` honors those musicians , producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers . '' Year Name 2011 Russell , Leon Leon Russell 2012 Matassa , Cosimo Cosimo Matassa 2012 Dowd , Tom Tom Dowd 2012 Johns , Glyn Glyn Johns 2014 E Street Band 2015 Ringo Starr 2017 Nile Rodgers ^ G. Inducted members : Garry Tallent , Roy Bittan , Max Weinberg , Steven Van Zandt , Nils Lofgren , Patti Scialfa , Clarence Clemons , Danny Federici , Vini Lopez , David Sancious . Sidemen ( edit ) Established in 2000 , the sidemen category `` honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight , performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert . '' A separate committee , composed mainly of producers , chooses the inductees . In 2010 , the category was renamed to `` Award for Musical Excellence '' . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . '' James Burton , inducted in 2001 . Year Name Instrument 2000 Blaine , Hal Hal Blaine Drums 2000 Curtis , King King Curtis Saxophone 2000 Jamerson , James James Jamerson Bass guitar 2000 Moore , Scotty Scotty Moore Guitar 2000 Palmer , Earl Earl Palmer Drums 2001 Burton , James James Burton Guitar 2001 Johnson , Johnnie Johnnie Johnson Piano 2002 Atkins , Chet Chet Atkins Guitar 2003 Benjamin , Benny Benny Benjamin Drums 2003 Cramer , Floyd Floyd Cramer Piano 2003 Douglas , Steve Steve Douglas Saxophone 2008 Walter , Little Little Walter Harmonica 2009 Black , Bill Bill Black Bass guitar 2009 Fontana , D.J. D.J. Fontana Drums 2009 Oldham , Spooner Spooner Oldham Keyboard Lifetime achievement ( edit ) The following were inducted for `` Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category . '' Year Name 1986 Hammond , John John Hammond 1991 Ertegun , Nesuhi Nesuhi Ertegun Wenner , Jann Jann Wenner 2005 Barsalona , Frank Frank Barsalona 2005 Stein , Seymour Seymour Stein 2006 Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss Multiple inductees ( edit ) As of 2017 , 22 performers have been inducted twice or more ; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands . Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times : as a solo artist , with Cream and The Yardbirds . Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band , the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart . Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year . Crosby , Stills & Nash , inducted in 1997 , is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts : David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991 , Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997 , and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010 . The Beatles , inducted in 1988 , is the second band to have all of its members be inducted , as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction . Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories ( The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015 ) . He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions , at 27 years . Both of Stills ' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back - to - back years ( 1987 / 88 for McPhatter , 1992 / 93 for Clapton , as well as his solo induction in 2000 ) . The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted : Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987 , Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988 , George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004 , Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002 , and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017 . Name First Year Second Year Third Year Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 zzzzz ! Solo career 2009 -- -- Carter , Johnny Johnny Carter Flamingos ! The Flamingos 2001 Dells ! The Dells -- -- Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 Cream 1993 Solo career 2000 Crosby , David David Crosby Byrds ! The Byrds 1991 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel Genesis ! Genesis Solo career 2014 -- -- Harrison , George George Harrison Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career -- -- Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson Jackson Five ! The Jackson Five 1997 zzzzz ! Solo career 2001 -- -- Lennon , John John Lennon Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career 1994 -- -- Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield Impressions ! The Impressions 1991 zzzzz ! Solo career 1999 -- -- McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career 1999 -- -- McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter zzzzz ! Solo career Drifters ! The Drifters 1988 -- -- Nash , Graham Graham Nash Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 Hollies ! The Hollies -- -- Page , Jimmy Jimmy Page Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 Led Zeppelin 1995 -- -- Reed , Lou Lou Reed Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground zzzzz ! Solo career 2015 -- -- Rolie , Gregg Gregg Rolie Santana 1998 Journey 2017 -- -- Simon , Paul Paul Simon Simon and Garfunkel 1990 zzzzz ! Solo career 2001 -- -- Starr , Ringo Ringo Starr Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 Award For Musical Excellence , Solo career 2015 -- -- Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart zzzzz ! Solo career 1994 Faces 2012 -- -- Stills , Stephen Stephen Stills Buffalo Springfield 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Strain , Sammy ! Sammy Strain The O'Jays 2005 Little Anthony & The Imperials 2009 -- -- Wood , Ronnie Ronnie Wood Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones 1989 Faces 2012 -- -- Young , Neil Neil Young zzzzz ! Solo career 1995 Buffalo Springfield 1997 -- -- 2018 nominees ( edit ) Bon Jovi Kate Bush The Cars Depeche Mode Dire Straits Eurythmics The J. Geils Band Judas Priest LL Cool J MC5 The Meters The Moody Blues Radiohead Rage Against the Machine Rufus featuring Chaka Khan Nina Simone Sister Rosetta Tharpe Link Wray The Zombies References ( edit ) General `` Inductee list '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Induction Ceremony and Process '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Cleveland will host Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Ceremony every two years '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( April 4 , 2001 ) . `` Rock Hall of Fame Fallout : ' There Is Resentment Building Up '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Selvin , Joel ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` View : Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sinkevics , John ( March 11 , 2007 ) . `` Hall voters ' bias leaves prog - rock out -- again '' . The Grand Rapids Press . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall Voting Scandal : Rock Group Actually Won '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Were not coming . Were not your monkey and so what ? '' ( sic ) Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on February 24 , 2006 Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Crickets , Famous Flames , Comets , Miracles , Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Everly Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Coasters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beach Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Drifters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Supremes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Temptations '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Seasons '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Tops '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Kinks '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Platters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Who '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Byrds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Impressions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ike & Tina Turner '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Booker T . & The M.G. 's '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Isley Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Jimi Hendrix Experience '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Sam & Dave '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Yardbirds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Cream '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Creedence Clearwater Revival '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Doors '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Sly & The Family Stone '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Animals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Grateful Dead '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Allman Brothers Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Martha & The Vandellas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Gladys Knight & the Pips '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson Airplane '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Shirelles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Velvet Underground '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Bee Gees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Springfield '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby , Stills & Nash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Jackson Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament - Funkadelic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Rascals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Fleetwood Mac '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Mamas & The Papas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Santana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Staple Singers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Soeder , John ( September 22 , 1999 ) . `` Canton 's O'Jays , Aerosmith among Rock Hall finalists '' . The Plain Dealer . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Flamingos '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Queen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Steely Dan '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ramones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Talking Heads '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Clash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Costello & the Attractions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Police '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Righteous Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Dells '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ZZ Top '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The O'Jays '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Pretenders '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` U2 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Black Sabbath '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Blondie '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lynyrd Skynyrd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sex Pistols '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` R.E.M. '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Ronettes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Van Halen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Dave Clark Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Ventures '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Anthony and the Imperials '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Run - D.M.C. '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Genesis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Hollies '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Stooges '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Cooper Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Beastie Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Blue Caps '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Comets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Crickets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Famous Flames '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Midnighters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Miracles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Small Faces / Faces '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Heart '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Public Enemy '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rush '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daryl Hall and John Oates '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kiss '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Nirvana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` List of 2015 Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : THE ROCK AND ROLL HALL OF FAME ANNOUNCES 2016 INDUCTEES - Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Press Room Jump up ^ `` Electric Light Orchestra '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Journey '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Ink Spots '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Soul Stirrers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Orioles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Roger Friedman ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Golden Globes : Stars Fill in Blanks ; Rock Hall of Fame '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Inductees for 2008 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame official website . December 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Class of 2017 Inductions '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Diamond , Alice Cooper , Dr. John , Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hal Blaine '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` King Curtis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Jamerson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Scotty Moore '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Palmer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Burton '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Johnnie Johnson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Chet Atkins '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Benny Benjamin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd Cramer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Douglas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Walter '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Black '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Fontana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Spooner Oldham '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame makes Clapton first triple inductee '' . CNN . March 7 , 2000 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Announces Nominees for 2018 Induction '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . External links ( edit ) Official website Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees . ( hide ) Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Classes 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_inductees&oldid=804043489 '' Categories : Music - related lists Lists of musicians Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Galego مصرى 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 10 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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About Wikipedia	who were the first singing brothers that were inducted into the rock and roll hall of fame	[ "\n\nYear\nImage\nName\nInducted members\n\n\n1986\n\nBerry, ChuckChuck Berry\n\n\n\n1986\n\nBrown, JamesJames Brown\n\n\n\n1986\n\nCharles, RayRay Charles\n\n\n\n1986\n\nCooke, SamSam Cooke\n\n\n\n1986\n\nDomino, FatsFats Domino\n\n\n\n1986\n\nEverly Brothers !The Everly Brothers\nDon Everly and Phil Everly.[10]\n\n\n1986\n\nHolly, BuddyBuddy Holly\n\n\n\n1986\n\nLewis, Jerry LeeJerry Lee Lewis\n\n\n\n1986\n\nLittle Richard\n\n\n\n1986\n\nPresley, ElvisElvis Presley\n\n\n\n1987\n\nCoasters !The Coasters\nCarl Gardner, Cornell Gunter, Billy Guy, and Will \"Dub\" Jones.[11]\n\n\n1987\n\nCochran, EddieEddie Cochran\n\n\n\n1987\n\nDiddley, BoBo Diddley\n\n\n\n1987\n\nFranklin, ArethaAretha Franklin\n\n\n\n1987\n\nGaye, MarvinMarvin Gaye\n\n\n\n1987\n\nHaley, BillBill Haley\n\n\n\n1987\n\nKing, B.B.B.B. King\n\n\n\n1987\n\nMcPhatter, ClydeClyde McPhatter\n\n\n\n1987\n\nNelson, RickyRicky Nelson\n\n\n\n1987\n\nOrbison, RoyRoy Orbison\n\n\n\n1987\n\nPerkins, CarlCarl Perkins\n\n\n\n1987\n\nRobinson, SmokeySmokey Robinson\n\n\n\n1987\n\nTurner, Big JoeBig Joe Turner\n\n\n\n1987\n\nWaters, MuddyMuddy Waters\n\n\n\n1987\n\nWilson, JackieJackie Wilson\n\n\n\n1988\n\nBeach Boys !The Beach Boys\nAl Jardine, Mike Love, Brian Wilson, Carl Wilson, and Dennis Wilson.[12]\n\n\n1988\n\nBeatles !The Beatles\nGeorge Harrison, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and Ringo Starr.[13]\n\n\n1988\n\nDrifters !The Drifters\nBen E. King, Rudy Lewis, Clyde McPhatter, Johnny Moore, Bill Pinkney, Charlie Thomas, and Gerhart Thrasher.[14]\n\n\n1988\n\nDylan, BobBob Dylan\n\n\n\n1988\n\nSupremes !The Supremes\nFlorence Ballard, Diana Ross, and Mary Wilson.[15]\n\n\n1989\n\nDion !Dion\n\n\n\n1989\n\nRedding, OtisOtis Redding\n\n\n\n1989\n\nRolling Stones !The Rolling Stones\nMick Jagger, Brian Jones, Keith Richards, Ian Stewart, Mick Taylor, Charlie Watts, Ronnie Wood, and Bill Wyman.[16]\n\n\n1989\n\nTemptations !The Temptations\nMelvin Franklin, Eddie Kendricks, David Ruffin, Otis Williams, Paul Williams, Dennis Edwards.[17]\n\n\n1989\n\nWonder, StevieStevie Wonder\n\n\n\n1990\n—\nBallard, HankHank Ballard\n\n\n\n1990\n\nDarin, BobbyBobby Darin\n\n\n\n1990\n\nFour Seasons !The Four Seasons\nTom DeVito, Bob Gaudio, Nick Massi, and Frankie Valli.[18]\n\n\n1990\n\nFour Tops !Four Tops\nRenaldo \"Obie\" Benson, Abdul \"Duke\" Fakir, Lawrence Payton, and Levi Stubbs.[19]\n\n\n1990\n\nKinks !The Kinks\nMick Avory, Dave Davies, Ray Davies, and Pete Quaife.[20]\n\n\n1990\n\nPlatters !The Platters\nDavid Lynch, Herb Reed, Paul Robi, Zola Taylor, and Tony Williams.[21]\n\n\n1990\n\nSimon & Garfunkel\nPaul Simon and Art Garfunkel.[22]\n\n\n1990\n\nWho !The Who\nRoger Daltrey, John Entwistle, Keith Moon, and Pete Townshend.[23]\n\n\n1991\n\nBaker, LaVernLaVern Baker\n\n\n\n1991\n\nByrds !The Byrds\nGene Clark, Michael Clarke, David Crosby, Chris Hillman, and Roger McGuinn.[24]\n\n\n1991\n\nHooker, John LeeJohn Lee Hooker\n\n\n\n1991\n—\nImpressions !The Impressions\nCurtis Mayfield, Sam Gooden, Fred Cash, Arthur Brooks, Richard Brooks, and Jerry Butler.[25]\n\n\n1991\n\nPickett, WilsonWilson Pickett\n\n\n\n1991\n\nReed, JimmyJimmy Reed\n\n\n\n1991\n\nTurner, Ike & TinaIke & Tina Turner\nIke Turner and Tina Turner.[26]\n\n\n1992\n\nBland, Bobby !Bobby \"Blue\" Bland\n\n\n\n1992\n\nBooker T. & the M.G.'s\nBooker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Donald \"Duck\" Dunn, Al Jackson Jr., and Lewie Steinberg.[27]\n\n\n1992\n\nCash, JohnnyJohnny Cash\n\n\n\n1992\n\nIsley Brothers !The Isley Brothers\nErnie Isley, Marvin Isley, O'Kelly Isley Jr., Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley, and Chris Jasper.[28]\n\n\n1992\n\nHendrix Experience, The JimiThe Jimi Hendrix Experience\nJimi Hendrix, Mitch Mitchell, and Noel Redding.[29]\n\n\n1992\n\nSam & Dave\nSam Moore and Dave Prater.[30]\n\n\n1992\n\nYardbirds !The Yardbirds\nJeff Beck, Eric Clapton, Chris Dreja, Jim McCarty, Jimmy Page, Keith Relf, and Paul Samwell-Smith.[31]\n\n\n1993\n\nBrown, RuthRuth Brown\n\n\n\n1993\n\nCream\nGinger Baker, Jack Bruce, and Eric Clapton.[32]\n\n\n1993\n\nCreedence Clearwater Revival\nDoug Clifford, Stu Cook, John Fogerty, and Tom Fogerty.[33]\n\n\n1993\n\nDoors !The Doors\nJohn Densmore, Robby Krieger, Ray Manzarek, and Jim Morrison.[34]\n\n\n1993\n\nLymon & The Teenagers, FrankieFrankie Lymon & The Teenagers\nHerman Santiago, Jimmy Merchant, Sherman Garnes, Frankie Lymon, and Joe Negroni[35]\n\n\n1993\n\nJames, EttaEtta James\n\n\n\n1993\n\nMorrison, VanVan Morrison\n\n\n\n1993\n\nSly and the Family Stone\nGregg Errico, Larry Graham, Jerry Martini, Cynthia Robinson, Freddie Stone, Rosie Stone, and Sly Stone.[36]\n\n\n1994\n\nAnimals !The Animals\nEric Burdon, Chas Chandler, Alan Price, John Steel, and Hilton Valentine.[37]\n\n\n1994\n\nBand !The Band\nRick Danko, Levon Helm, Garth Hudson, Richard Manuel, and Robbie Robertson.[38]\n\n\n1994\n\nEddy, DuaneDuane Eddy\n\n\n\n1994\n\nGrateful Dead\nTom Constanten, Jerry Garcia, Donna Jean Godchaux, Keith Godchaux, Mickey Hart, Robert Hunter, Bill Kreutzmann, Phil Lesh, Ron McKernan, Brent Mydland, Bob Weir, and Vince Welnick.[39]\n\n\n1994\n\nJohn, EltonElton John\n\n\n\n1994\n\nLennon, JohnJohn Lennon\n\n\n\n1994\n\nMarley, BobBob Marley\n\n\n\n1994\n\nStewart, RodRod Stewart\n\n\n\n1995\n\nAllman Brothers Band !The Allman Brothers Band\nDuane Allman, Gregg Allman, Dickey Betts, Jai Johanny Johanson, Berry Oakley, and Butch Trucks.[40]\n\n\n1995\n\nGreen, AlAl Green\n\n\n\n1995\n\nJoplin, JanisJanis Joplin\n\n\n\n1995\n\nLed Zeppelin\nJohn Bonham, John Paul Jones, Jimmy Page, and Robert Plant[41]\n\n\n1995\n\nMartha and the Vandellas\nRosalind Ashford, Annette Beard, Betty Kelly, Lois Reeves, Martha Reeves, and Sandra Tilley.[42]\n\n\n1995\n\n\n\nYoung, NeilNeil Young\n\n\n\n1995\n\nZappa, FrankFrank Zappa\n\n\n\n1996\n\nBowie, DavidDavid Bowie\n\n\n\n1996\n\nKnight & the Pips, GladysGladys Knight & the Pips\nWilliam Guest, Gladys Knight, Merald \"Bubba\" Knight, and Edward Patten.[43]\n\n\n1996\n\nJefferson Airplane\nMarty Balin, Jack Casady, Spencer Dryden, Paul Kantner, Jorma Kaukonen, and Grace Slick.[44]\n\n\n1996\n\nLittle Willie John\n\n\n\n1996\n\nPink Floyd\nSyd Barrett, David Gilmour, Nick Mason, Roger Waters, and Rick Wright.[45]\n\n\n1996\n\nShirelles !The Shirelles\nShirley Alston Reeves, Addie Harris, Doris Kenner-Jackson, and Beverly Lee.[46]\n\n\n1996\n\nVelvet Underground !The Velvet Underground\nJohn Cale, Sterling Morrison, Lou Reed, and Maureen Tucker.[47]\n\n\n1997\n\nBee Gees\nBarry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, and Robin Gibb.[48]\n\n\n1997\n\nBuffalo Springfield\nRichie Furay, Dewey Martin, Bruce Palmer, Stephen Stills, and Neil Young.[49]\n\n\n1997\n\nCrosby, Stills & Nash\nDavid Crosby, Graham Nash, and Stephen Stills.[50]\n\n\n1997\n\nJackson 5, TheThe Jackson 5\nJackie Jackson, Jermaine Jackson, Marlon Jackson, Michael Jackson, and Tito Jackson.[51]\n\n\n1997\n\nMitchell, JoniJoni Mitchell\n\n\n\n1997\n\nParliament-Funkadelic\nJerome Brailey, George Clinton, Bootsy Collins, Raymond Davis, Tiki Fulwood, Glenn Goins, Michael Hampton, Fuzzy Haskins, Eddie Hazel, Walter Morrison, Cordell Mosson, William \"Billy Bass\" Nelson, Garry Shider, Calvin Simon, Grady Thomas, and Bernie Worrell.[52]\n\n\n1997\n\nRascals !The (Young) Rascals\nEddie Brigati, Felix Cavaliere, Gene Cornish, and Dino Danelli.[53]\n\n\n1998\n\nEagles\nDon Felder, Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Bernie Leadon, Randy Meisner, Timothy B. Schmit, and Joe Walsh.[54]\n\n\n1998\n\nFleetwood Mac\nLindsey Buckingham, Mick Fleetwood, Peter Green, Danny Kirwan, Christine McVie, John McVie, Stevie Nicks, and Jeremy Spencer.[55]\n\n\n1998\n\nMamas & The Papas !The Mamas & the Papas\nDenny Doherty, Cass Elliot, John Phillips, and Michelle Phillips.[56]\n\n\n1998\n\nPrice, LloydLloyd Price\n\n\n\n1998\n\nSantana\nJose Chepito Areas, David Brown, Michael Carabello, Gregg Rolie, Carlos Santana, and Michael Shrieve.[57]\n\n\n1998\n\nVincent, GeneGene Vincent\n\n\n\n1999\n\nJoel, BillyBilly Joel\n\n\n\n1999\n\nMayfield, CurtisCurtis Mayfield\n\n\n\n1999\n\nMcCartney, PaulPaul McCartney\n\n\n\n1999\n\nShannon, DelDel Shannon\n\n\n\n1999\n\nSpringfield, DustyDusty Springfield\n\n\n\n1999\n\nSpringsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen\n\n\n\n1999\n\nStaple Singers, TheThe Staple Singers\nCleotha Staples, Mavis Staples, Pervis Staples, Pops Staples, and Yvonne Staples.[58]\n\n\n2000\n\nClapton, EricEric Clapton\n\n\n\n2000\n\nEarth, Wind & Fire\nPhilip Bailey, Larry Dunn, Johnny Graham, Ralph Johnson, Al McKay, Fred White, Maurice White, Verdine White, and Andrew Woolfolk.[59]\n\n\n2000\n\nLovin' Spoonful, TheThe Lovin' Spoonful\nSteve Boone, Joe Butler, John Sebastian, and Zal Yanovsky.[59]\n\n\n2000\n\nMoonglows, TheThe Moonglows\nPrentiss Barnes, Harvey Fuqua, Peter Graves, Billy Johnson, and Bobby Lester.[59]\n\n\n2000\n\nRaitt, BonnieBonnie Raitt\n\n\n\n2000\n\nTaylor, JamesJames Taylor\n\n\n\n2001\n\nAerosmith\nTom Hamilton, Joey Kramer, Joe Perry, Steven Tyler, and Brad Whitford.[60]\n\n\n2001\n\nBurke, SolomonSolomon Burke\n\n\n\n2001\n\nFlamingos, TheThe Flamingos\nJake Carey, Zeke Carey, Johnny Carter, Tommy Hunt, Terry \"Buzzy\" Johnson, Sollie McElroy, Nate Nelson, and Paul Wilson.[61]\n\n\n2001\n\nJackson, MichaelMichael Jackson\n\n\n\n2001\n\nQueen\nJohn Deacon, Brian May, Freddie Mercury, and Roger Taylor.[62]\n\n\n2001\n\nSimon, PaulPaul Simon\n\n\n\n2001\n\nSteely Dan\nWalter Becker and Donald Fagen.[63]\n\n\n2001\n\nValens, RitchieRitchie Valens\n\n\n\n2002\n\nHayes, IsaacIsaac Hayes\n\n\n\n2002\n\nLee, BrendaBrenda Lee\n\n\n\n2002\n\nPetty and the Heartbreakers, TomTom Petty and the Heartbreakers\nTom Petty, Ron Blair, Mike Campbell, Howie Epstein, Stan Lynch, and Benmont Tench.[64]\n\n\n2002\n\nPitney, GeneGene Pitney\n\n\n\n2002\n\nRamones\nDee Dee Ramone, Joey Ramone, Johnny Ramone, Marky Ramone, and Tommy Ramone.[65]\n\n\n2002\n\nTalking Heads\nDavid Byrne, Chris Frantz, Jerry Harrison, and Tina Weymouth.[66]\n\n\n2003\n\nAC/DC\nBrian Johnson, Phil Rudd, Bon Scott, Cliff Williams, Angus Young, and Malcolm Young.[67]\n\n\n2003\n\nClash, TheThe Clash\nTerry Chimes, Topper Headon, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, and Joe Strummer.[68]\n\n\n2003\n\nCostello & the Attractions, ElvisElvis Costello & the Attractions\nElvis Costello, Steve Nieve, Bruce Thomas, and Pete Thomas.[69]\n\n\n2003\n\nPolice, TheThe Police\nStewart Copeland, Sting, and Andy Summers.[70]\n\n\n2003\n\nRighteous Brothers, TheThe Righteous Brothers\nBobby Hatfield and Bill Medley.[71]\n\n\n2004\n\nBrowne, JacksonJackson Browne\n\n\n\n2004\n\nDells, TheThe Dells\nVerne Allison, Chuck Barksdale, Johnny Carter, Johnny Funches, Marvin Junior, and Michael McGill.[72]\n\n\n2004\n\nHarrison, GeorgeGeorge Harrison\n\n\n\n2004\n\nPrince\n\n\n\n2004\n\nSeger, BobBob Seger\n\n\n\n2004\n\nTraffic\nJim Capaldi, Dave Mason, Steve Winwood, and Chris Wood.[73]\n\n\n2004\n\nZZ Top\nFrank Beard, Billy Gibbons, and Dusty Hill.[74]\n\n\n2005\n\nGuy, BuddyBuddy Guy\n\n\n\n2005\n\nO'Jays, TheThe O'Jays\nEddie Levert, Bobby Massey, William Powell, Sammy Strain, and Walter Williams.[75]\n\n\n2005\n\nPretenders\nMartin Chambers, Pete Farndon, James Honeyman-Scott, and Chrissie Hynde.[76]\n\n\n2005\n\nSledge, PercyPercy Sledge\n\n\n\n2005\n\nU2\nBono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, and Larry Mullen, Jr..[77]\n\n\n2006\n\nBlack Sabbath\nGeezer Butler, Tony Iommi, Ozzy Osbourne, and Bill Ward.[78]\n\n\n2006\n\nBlondie\nClem Burke, Jimmy Destri, Nigel Harrison, Debbie Harry, Frank Infante, Chris Stein, and Gary Valentine.[79]\n\n\n2006\n\nDavis, MilesMiles Davis\n\n\n\n2006\n\nLynyrd Skynyrd\nBob Burns, Allen Collins, Steve Gaines, Ed King, Billy Powell, Artimus Pyle, Gary Rossington, Ronnie Van Zant, and Leon Wilkeson.[80]\n\n\n2006\n\nSex Pistols\nPaul Cook, Steve Jones, Glen Matlock, John Lydon, and Sid Vicious.[81]\n\n\n2007\n\nGrandmaster Flash and The Furious Five\nMelvin \"Melle Mel\" Glover, Nathaniel \"The Kidd Creole\" Glover, Eddie \"Scorpio\" Morris, Joseph \"Grandmaster Flash\" Sadler, Robert Keith \"Keef Cowboy\" Wiggins, and Guy Todd \"Rahiem\" Williams.[82]\n\n\n2007\n\nR.E.M.\nBill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills, and Michael Stipe.[83]\n\n\n2007\n\nRonettes, TheThe Ronettes\nEstelle Bennett, Ronnie Spector, and Nedra Talley.[84]\n\n\n2007\n\nSmith, PattiPatti Smith\n\n\n\n2007\n\nVan Halen\nMichael Anthony, Sammy Hagar, David Lee Roth, Alex Van Halen, and Eddie Van Halen.[85]\n\n\n2008\n\nClark Five, The DaveThe Dave Clark Five\nDave Clark, Lenny Davidson, Rick Huxley, Denis Payton, and Mike Smith.[86]\n\n\n2008\n\nCohen, LeonardLeonard Cohen\n\n\n\n2008\n\nMadonna\n\n\n\n2008\n\nMellencamp, JohnJohn Mellencamp\n\n\n\n2008\n\nVentures, TheThe Ventures\nBob Bogle, Nokie Edwards, Gerry McGee, Mel Taylor, and Don Wilson.[87]\n\n\n2009\n\nBeck, JeffJeff Beck\n\n\n\n2009\n\nLittle Anthony and the Imperials\nClarence Collins, Anthony Gourdine, Tracy Lord, Glouster \"Nat\" Rogers, Sammy Strain, and Ernest Wright Jr.[88]\n\n\n2009\n\nMetallica\nCliff Burton, Kirk Hammett, James Hetfield, Jason Newsted, Robert Trujillo, and Lars Ulrich.[89]\n\n\n2009\n\nRun–D.M.C.\nDarryl \"D.M.C.\" McDaniels, Jason \"Jam-Master Jay\" Mizell, and Joseph \"DJ Run\" Simmons.[90]\n\n\n2009\n\nWomack, BobbyBobby Womack\n\n\n\n2010\n\nABBA\nBenny Andersson, Agnetha Fältskog, Anni-Frid Lyngstad, and Björn Ulvaeus.[91]\n\n\n2010\n\nGenesis\nTony Banks, Phil Collins, Peter Gabriel, Steve Hackett, and Mike Rutherford.[92]\n\n\n2010\n\nCliff, JimmyJimmy Cliff\n\n\n\n2010\n\nHollies, TheThe Hollies\nBernie Calvert, Allan Clarke, Bobby Elliott, Eric Haydock, Tony Hicks, Graham Nash, and Terry Sylvester.[93]\n\n\n2010\n\nStooges, TheThe Stooges\nDave Alexander, Ron Asheton, Scott Asheton, Iggy Pop, and James Williamson.[94]\n\n\n2011\n\nAlice Cooper\nAlice Cooper, Michael Owen Bruce, Glen Buxton, Dennis Dunaway, and Neal Smith.[95]\n\n\n2011\n\nDiamond, NeilNeil Diamond\n\n\n\n2011\n\nDr. John\n\n\n\n2011\n\nLove, DarleneDarlene Love\n\n\n\n2011\n\nWaits, TomTom Waits\n\n\n\n2012\n\nBeastie Boys\nMichael \"Mike D\" Diamond, Adam \"Ad-Rock\" Horovitz, and Adam \"MCA\" Yauch.[96]\n\n\n2012\n—\nBlue Caps !The Blue Caps[N1]\nBacking band for Gene Vincent. Inducted: Tommy Facenda, Cliff Gallup, Dickie Harrell, Bobby Jones, Johnny Meeks, Jack Neal, Paul Peek, and Willie Williams.[97]\n\n\n2012\n\nComets !The Comets[N1]\nBacking band for Bill Haley. Inducted: Joey Ambrose, Franny Beecher, Danny Cedrone, Johnny Grande, Ralph Jones, Marshall Lytle, Rudy Pompilli, Al Rex, Dick Richards, and Billy Williamson.[98]\n\n\n2012\n\nCrickets !The Crickets[N1]\nBacking band for Buddy Holly. Inducted: Jerry Allison, Sonny Curtis, Joe B. Mauldin, and Niki Sullivan.[99]\n\n\n2012\n\nDonovan\n\n\n\n2012\n\nFamous Flames !The Famous Flames[N1]\nBacking vocal group for James Brown. Inducted: Bobby Bennett, Bobby Byrd, Lloyd Stallworth, and Johnny Terry.[100]\n\n\n2012\n\nGuns N' Roses\nSteven Adler, Duff McKagan, Dizzy Reed, Axl Rose, Slash, Matt Sorum, and Izzy Stradlin.[101]\n\n\n2012\n—\nMidnighters !The Midnighters[N1]\nBacking vocal group for Hank Ballard. Inducted: Henry Booth, Billy Davis, Cal Green, Arthur Porter, Lawson Smith, Charles Sutton, Norman Thrasher, and Sonny Woods.[102]\n\n\n2012\n\nMiracles !The Miracles[N1]\nBacking vocal group for Smokey Robinson. Inducted: Claudette Rogers, Bobby Rogers, Ronald White, Marv Tarplin, and Pete Moore.[103]\n\n\n2012\n\nNyro, LauraLaura Nyro\n\n\n\n2012\n\nRed Hot Chili Peppers\nFlea, John Frusciante, Jack Irons, Anthony Kiedis, Josh Klinghoffer, Cliff Martinez, Hillel Slovak, and Chad Smith.[104]\n\n\n2012\n—\nSmall Faces/Faces\nKenney Jones, Ronnie Lane, Ian McLagan, Steve Marriott, Rod Stewart, and Ronnie Wood.[105]\n\n\n2013\n\nHeart\nMichael DeRosier, Roger Fisher, Steve Fossen, Howard Leese, Ann Wilson, and Nancy Wilson.[106]\n\n\n2013\n\nKing, AlbertAlbert King\n\n\n\n2013\n\nNewman, RandyRandy Newman\n\n\n\n2013\n\nPublic Enemy\nFlavor Flav, Professor Griff, Terminator X, and Chuck D.[107]\n\n\n2013\n\nRush\nGeddy Lee, Alex Lifeson, and Neil Peart.[108]\n\n\n2013\n\nSummer, DonnaDonna Summer\n\n\n\n2014\n\nGabriel, PeterPeter Gabriel\n\n\n\n2014\n\nHall & Oates\nDaryl Hall and John Oates.[109]\n\n\n2014\n\nKiss\nPeter Criss, Ace Frehley, Gene Simmons, and Paul Stanley.[110]\n\n\n2014\n\nNirvana\nKurt Cobain, Dave Grohl, and Krist Novoselic.[111]\n\n\n2014\n\nRonstadt, LindaLinda Ronstadt\n\n\n\n2014\n\nStevens, CatCat Stevens\n\n\n2015\n\nButterfield Blues Band, The PaulThe Paul Butterfield Blues Band\nPaul Butterfield, Mike Bloomfield, Elvin Bishop, Mark Naftalin, Jerome Arnold, Billy Davenport, and Sam Lay.[112]\n\n\n2015\n\nJett & the Blackhearts, JoanJoan Jett & the Blackhearts\nJoan Jett, Gary Ryan, Lee Crystal, and Ricky Byrd.[112]\n\n\n2015\n\nReed, LouLou Reed[113]\n\n\n\n2015\n\nGreen Day\nBillie Joe Armstrong, Tré Cool, and Mike Dirnt.[113]\n\n\n2015\n\nVaughan, Stevie RayStevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble\nStevie Ray Vaughan, Chris Layton, Tommy Shannon, and Reese Wynans.[112]\n\n\n2015\n\nWithers, BillBill Withers\n\n\n\n2016\n\nCheap Trick\nBun E. Carlos, Rick Nielsen, Tom Petersson, and Robin Zander.[114]\n\n\n2016\n\nChicago\nPeter Cetera, Terry Kath, Robert Lamm, Lee Loughnane, James Pankow, Walter Parazaider, and Danny Seraphine.[114]\n\n\n2016\n\nDeep Purple\nRitchie Blackmore, David Coverdale, Rod Evans, Ian Gillan, Roger Glover, Glenn Hughes, Jon Lord, and Ian Paice[114]\n\n\n2016\n\nN.W.A\nDJ Yella, Ice Cube, MC Ren, Eazy-E, and Dr. Dre[114]\n\n\n2016\n\nMiller, SteveSteve Miller\n\n\n\n2017\n\nElectric Light Orchestra\nBev Bevan, Jeff Lynne, Richard Tandy, and Roy Wood[115]\n\n\n2017\n\nBaez, JoanJoan Baez\n\n\n\n2017\n\nJourney\nJonathan Cain, Aynsley Dunbar, Steve Perry, Gregg Rolie, Neal Schon, Steve Smith, and Ross Valory[116]\n\n\n2017\n\nPearl Jam\nJeff Ament, Matt Cameron, Stone Gossard, Dave Krusen, Mike McCready, and Eddie Vedder[117]\n\n\n2017\n\nTupac Shakur\n\n\n\n2017\n\nYes\nJon Anderson, Bill Bruford, Steve Howe, Tony Kaye, Trevor Rabin, Chris Squire, Rick Wakeman, and Alan White[118]\n\n" ]	[ "The Everly Brothers" ]
3887942172608499220	Man of the Woods	Man of the Woods - wikipedia Man of the Woods Man of the Woods Studio album by Justin Timberlake Released February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) Recorded 2016 -- 2017 Studio Conway Recording Studios , Los Angeles EastWest Studios , Los Angeles Jungle City Studios , New York City Red Bull Studios , Sao Paulo Genre Pop R&B electronic future funk Length 65 : 54 Label RCA Producer Justin Timberlake ( also exec . ) Danja Larrance Dopson Jerome `` J - Roc '' Harmon Eric Hudson Elliott Ives Rob Knox The Neptunes Timbaland Justin Timberlake chronology The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 ( 2013 ) Man of the Woods ( 2018 ) Singles from Man of the Woods `` Filthy '' Released : January 5 , 2018 `` Supplies '' Released : January 18 , 2018 `` Say Something '' Released : January 25 , 2018 Man of the Woods is the fifth studio album by American actor and singer - songwriter Justin Timberlake . It was released on February 2 , 2018 . The production of the album was handled by Timberlake , The Neptunes , Timbaland , Danja , J - Roc , Eric Hudson , and Rob Knox . The record sees Timberlake experimenting with elements of R&B , funk , pop , soul , and Americana . The album is named after his son Silas , whose name means `` Man of the forest '' . The album 's first single `` Filthy '' was released on January 5 , 2018 , followed by `` Supplies '' and `` Say Something '' on January 19 and 26 , respectively . The album track `` Man of the Woods '' was also accompanied by a music video . The album debuted atop the US Billboard 200 , while `` Filthy '' and `` Say Something '' reached the top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Timberlake embarked on the Man of the Woods Tour in March 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Release and promotion 3 Recording 4 Music 5 Critical reception 6 Commercial performance 7 Track listing 7.1 Sample credits 7.2 Notes 8 Charts 9 Certifications 10 Release history 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) After completing the successful world tour for his previous records The 20 / 20 Experience and The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 , Timberlake took a one - year break and later returned to produce the soundtrack for the animated film Trolls in 2016 . In a radio interview in May 2016 Timberlake first confirmed working on a new album but without a date set for release yet , `` I think where I grew up in America has a lot of influence -- Growing up in Tennessee -- very central of the country -- Memphis is known as the birthplace of rock & roll , but also the home of the blues , but Nashville 's right down the street so there 's a lot of country music . '' Timberlake worked with producers Timbaland , Danja , The Neptunes , and Max Martin , and in following interviews he stated , `` It sounds more like where I 've come from than any other music I 've ever made ... It 's Southern American music . But I want to make it sound modern -- at least that 's the idea right now . '' In December 2017 , Timberlake 's website displayed the logo featuring the letters `` MOTW '' . Rolling Stone physical magazine reported that the album would feature a collaboration with singer - songwriter Chris Stapleton . Stapleton and Timberlake previously collaborated in a live performance at the 2015 CMA Awards , with some music publications speculating his next record may be influenced by Southern music . Release and promotion ( edit ) Timberlake headlined the Super Bowl LII halftime show at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota on February 4 , 2018 . He confirmed via his social media pages that Man of the Woods will be released on February 2 , with a video trailer introducing the album and the influence behind it , `` this album is really inspired by my son , my wife , my family , but more so than any album I 've ever written -- where I 'm from . '' The album 's lead single , `` Filthy '' was released on January 5 along with the album pre-order . The song was released with a music video , and three additional videos by different directors will be released weekly beginning January 18 , with `` Supplies '' being the first , followed by the Chris Stapleton - featuring `` Say Something '' and `` Man of the Woods '' . He also performed at the 2018 Brit Awards . With the announcement of `` Filthy '' , Variety confirmed guest appearances by Stapleton , The Neptunes and Alicia Keys on the album . The cover art was photographed by Ryan McGinley . An exclusive version of the album and its vinyl edition will be available at Target ; both were made available for presale the day `` Filthy '' was released . In February , Timberlake opened a pop - up shop in New York City with limited edition merchandise featuring a total of 16 different brand collaborations , each paired with a song , centered on the concept `` country meets streetwear . '' Since May 2018 , the Museum of Pop Culture 's Holodome exhibits a 360 ° , immersive reality space presentation by Timberlake performing `` Montana '' , set in Montana by a lake . Recording ( edit ) Chris Stapleton is featured on the album 's third single `` Say Something '' . Alicia Keys is featured on the album 's eighth song `` Morning Light '' Initial discussions for the album began several years before the production of the album , between Timberlake and Pharrell Williams . Production was placed on hold for two years , while Timberlake and wife Jessica Biel had their son , Silas . Production began between Timberlake , Williams and Chad Hugo , with the first song for the album being the title - track , which is the Latin translation of Timberlake 's son 's name . Timberlake had not worked with Williams and Hugo ( also known as production duo The Neptunes ) after a label dispute with rap group Clipse during Timberlake 's time with Jive Records . During an interview with Beats 1 's Zane Lowe , Timberlake said : `` It became challenging for him to work with any Jive artist at that point . If I 'm being totally honest about it I was extremely hurt being caught up in the middle of it , but at the same time I had a shitload of money stolen , you know , from me by somebody else when I was in the group . I had already gone through legal troubles , and I kind of felt like , you know what , I 'm at this point where I feel like I have so much ahead of me , I just do n't want to be in the middle of the record label and somebody that , you know , I consider a friend . And so I feel like I kind of just removed myself from the situation . '' As with FutureSex / LoveSounds , recording sessions for the album were loose and had multiple studios open for work . In one room , Danja and Timbaland worked , Chad Hugo and Pharrell Williams of The Neptunes , worked in another room and producer and member of The Y 's , Rob Knox and Eric Hudson worked in another . A direction was not discussed among the production team too much , as Timberlake already had an idea of the direction he wanted the album to take . In an interview with Complex , producer Danja spoke of the recording sessions for Man of the Woods , `` We did n't have any conversations about the current state of music and that 's what we always do . We go in the studio and just do what we feel . This time around , I just feel like he had more of a direction . Like , when we did FutureSex / LoveSounds , we did n't have any conversations of direction or what 's going on in the current state of music . We went in and had fun and made music . '' He also spoke about the vision that Timberlake had for the album : `` I remember walking into the studio , and I 'm like , ' So , what 's the vibe ? ' He just raised his hands up like , ' This is the vibe . ' And what he had on was a flannel , some Adidas , some jeans . He had his beard and a skully on . That was the vibe . '' Timberlake 's wife , Jessica Biel and his son Silas , have uncredited vocals on a number of songs on the album . Biel appears on the album 's lead - single `` Filthy '' and `` Hers ( Interlude ) '' . When sequencing the album , Timberlake felt that `` Filthy '' was `` a palette - cleanser , then we wanted to take you into the forest , take you outside , so I felt like I needed a voice of consciousness '' . Timberlake wrote Biel 's parts for her , which were subsequently recorded on the Voicenotes iPhone application . Timberlake wanted her to sound like `` the ghost , a presence , but we 're following ( her ) '' . The `` Hers ( Interlude ) '' was recorded after Timberlake mixed the album 's eleventh song `` Flannel '' . When announcing his Man of the Woods Tour , Timberlake revealed the inspiration for both the album and tour came from the outdoors as well as his family , `` The outdoors is the inspiration for a lot of these songs . That 's the main idea . The tour will be able to bring the outside in . How can we bring that to life ? I want people to see the inspiration for how it ended up sounding . I 've never seen that done before : Bring the outside in . '' Chris Stapleton ( who is featured on the album 's third single `` Say Something '' ) was initially only writing songs with Timberlake , before being asked to sing on the song , `` I really just went out to Los Angeles to write songs with him , it 's a very fluid process with him , there 's a lot going on . That was one of those things where there was n't necessarily a plan . He was like ' All right , you hop in there and take a verse , ' and I 'm like , ' You want me to do what ? ' ... It came out great . I had a blast with him , he 's a great creative force and one of those guys that if you get a chance to work with him , you should . '' . Stapleton also has writing credits on other songs on the album , including the Alicia Keys - featuring `` Morning Light '' and `` The Hard Stuff '' as well as guitar on the lead - single `` Filthy '' . Music ( edit ) The genre of the album incorporates traditional R&B as well as influences from country and funk described as `` ... Americana with 808s '' . In a second teaser trailer for the album , Timberlake said that the album has a number of influences . `` It 's meant to be heard outside even more than inside , I believe . You talk about those , like , Southern guitars and that sound that feels like heritage . That is me exercising my love for where I came from . '' Rolling Stone described most of the album 's first half is `` cosmopolitan future - funk , '' while Variety stated the music is funk - soul . Ahead of the album release , Timberlake hosted a listening session with music industry insiders and members of the press . Associated Press commented the album features pop , R&B and electronic tracks . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 55 / 100 Review scores Source Rating The A.V. Club B - The Daily Telegraph Entertainment Weekly Exclaim ! The Guardian The Independent NME The Observer Pitchfork 3.8 / 10 Rolling Stone Man of the Woods received mixed reviews from music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album has an average score of 55 based on 29 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . In Rolling Stone , Christopher R. Weingarten gave the album a positive review , saying `` parts of Man of the Woods are his most exploratory music in years . '' In Variety , Chris Willman expressed `` there are plenty of reasons to like Man of the Woods , not least that it 's got a good beat and you can dance to it , '' and concluded `` It 's the utterly weird boldness of Timberlake figuratively dragging Pharrell and Danja into the middle of a frosty field that makes the album memorable . This is undeniably the real him right now -- funkster , family man , firewalker . '' Jason Lipshutz of Billboard summarized his review saying , `` Man of the Woods is worth exploring , but it 's already worth wondering how Timberlake follows it '' . Q said `` throughout , Man of the Woods seesaws brilliantly between pop and country . '' Billboard included it among the best 50 albums of the first half of 2018 . Man of the Woods received a B from Entertainment Weekly , while The Guardian and NME gave it three out of five stars . In her review for The A.V. Club , Annie Zaleski said `` At its best , this approach leads to sonic whirlwinds . '' Brock Radke of Las Vegas Weekly deemed it Timberlake 's `` most experimental album '' that is `` far from a failure , and that 's because its bright spots will accomplish the singular goal of all of Timberlake 's music : making non-dancing people get up and dance without remorse or self - consciousness . '' He considered `` Higher , Higher '' the album 's best track , and `` Midnight Summer Jam '' a `` throwback soul party a la Earth , Wind & Fire . '' In Exclaim ! , Ian Gormely gave the album a 5 out of 10 score , saying that the album is `` immaculately produced and performed '' but also noting that `` sound and feel are no substitute for soul . '' Jamieson Cox of Pitchfork rated the album 3.8 / 10 and called it `` a huge misstep for the pop star '' as well as `` warm , indulgent , inert , and vacuous '' . Commercial performance ( edit ) Man of the Woods debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 293,000 album - equivalent units , of which 242,000 were pure album sales , making it the biggest first week of the year at the time , and gave Timberlake his fourth consecutive number - one album in the country . It is also his fourth album to top the Canadian Albums Chart , opening at the country 's summit with 18,000 consumption units . During its second chart week , Man of the Woods dropped one spot to number two on the Billboard 200 , selling 74,000 total units . In its third chart week , the album remained in the top ten of the Billboard 200 , charting at number six and selling 38,000 total units . It fell out of the top ten to number eleven , selling 28,000 total units in its fourth chart week . In March 2018 , Man of the Woods was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for sales of over 500,000 album - equivalent units in the US . Track listing ( edit ) Credits adapted from liner notes . No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Filthy '' Justin Timberlake Timothy Mosley Nate Hills James Fauntleroy Larrance Dopson Timbaland Timberlake Danja 4 : 53 2 . `` Midnight Summer Jam '' Timberlake Pharrell Williams Chad Hugo The Neptunes Timberlake 5 : 12 3 . `` Sauce '' Timberlake Hills Elliott Ives Mosley Danja Timberlake Ives 4 : 05 4 . `` Man of the Woods '' Timberlake Williams Hugo The Neptunes Timberlake 4 : 03 5 . `` Higher , Higher '' Timberlake Williams Hugo The Neptunes Timberlake 4 : 18 6 . `` Wave '' Timberlake Williams Hugo The Neptunes Timberlake 4 : 24 7 . `` Supplies '' Timberlake Williams Hugo The Neptunes Timberlake 3 : 45 8 . `` Morning Light '' ( featuring Alicia Keys ) Timberlake Chris Stapleton Robin Tadross Eric Hudson Ives Rob Knox Timberlake Hudson 4 : 02 9 . `` Say Something '' ( featuring Chris Stapleton ) Timberlake Stapleton Mosley Hills Dopson Timbaland Timberlake Danja Dopson 4 : 39 10 . `` Hers ( Interlude ) '' Timberlake Timberlake 1 : 01 11 . `` Flannel '' Timberlake Williams Hugo The Neptunes Timberlake 4 : 49 12 . `` Montana '' Timberlake Williams Hugo The Neptunes Timberlake 4 : 39 13 . `` Breeze Off the Pond '' Timberlake Williams Hugo The Neptunes Timberlake 4 : 11 14 . `` Livin ' Off the Land '' Timberlake Williams Hugo The Neptunes Timberlake 4 : 53 15 . `` The Hard Stuff '' Timberlake Stapleton Tadross Hudson Ives Knox Timberlake 3 : 15 16 . `` Young Man '' Timberlake Mosley Jerome Harmon Fauntleroy Timbaland Timberlake Jerome `` J - Roc '' Harmon 3 : 45 Total length : 65 : 54 Sample credits ( edit ) `` Sauce '' contains a sample from `` Juice vs Sauce '' by Gino Russ . Notes ( edit ) signifies a co-producer signifies an additional producer All vocals produced and arranged by Justin Timberlake . `` Filthy '' , `` Midnight Summer Jam '' , `` Hers ( Interlude ) '' , `` Flannel '' and `` Young Man '' contain additional vocals by Jessica Biel . `` Midnight Summer Jam '' , `` Wave '' and `` Supplies '' contain additional vocals by Pharrell Williams . `` Wave '' contains bass guitar from Raphael Saadiq . `` Young Man '' contains additional vocals by Silas Timberlake . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 6 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 11 French Albums ( SNEP ) 7 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) Hungarian Albums ( MAHASZ ) 12 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 8 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 8 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) 7 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 7 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 6 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Poland ( ZPAV ) Gold 10,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format ( s ) Label Ref . Various February 2 , 2018 CD digital download streaming RCA United States Vinyl References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fekadu , Mesfi ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Timberlake previews album in forest - like space , bugs and all '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weingarten , Christopher R. ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Justin Timberlake Heads for the Country ( Sort of ) on ' Man of the Woods ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Aswad , Jem ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Announces New Album ' Man of the Woods ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Announces New Album ' Man of the Woods , ' Reveals Release Date '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review for Man of the Woods by Justin Timberlake '' . The Independent . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Still sexy but now fatherly , Justin Timberlake returns '' . The Straits Times . February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Timberlake : ' I 'm Definitely Working on a New Album ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sonis , Rachel ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Says He 's Been in the Studio With Pharrell , Timbaland and Max Martin '' . Idolator . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Svetkey , Benjamin ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake on Fatherhood , His Uncertain Future and Being Best Friends With Jimmy Fallon '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Teases New Music With Mysterious `` MOTW '' Logo `` . Rap - Up . December 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake 's Teases Man of the Woods on New Website '' . Hip - Hop N More . December 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Maeve ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Timberlake may go country on his next album , says Timbaland '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bonaguro , Allison ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Ready for a Country Justin Timberlake ? '' . CMT . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake headlines Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show '' . NFL . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Announces New Album ' Man of the Woods , ' Reveals Release Date '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yoo , Noah ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Announces New Album Man of the Woods '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Justin Timberlake 's Dystopian New ' Supplies ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ @ jtimberlake ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Excited to be performing # Brits ! See you soon UK '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Aswad , Jem ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake to Drop Four Videos Before ' Man of the Woods ' Album Release '' . Variety . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sodomsky , Sam ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Reveals Man of the Woods Collaborators : The Neptunes , Timbaland , Chris Stapleton , More '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake to Drop ' Filthy ' Single on Jan. 5 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Woolf , Jake ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake , Man of the Woods , Opens a Pop - Up Shop in New York City '' . GQ . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maher , Natalie ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake to Open Pop - Up Merch Shop This Weekend in NYC '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Owen R. ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` Vulcan 's Holodome exhibit at MoPOP lets groups share an ' immersive reality ' experience '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Justin Timberlake 's Full Interview with Zane Lowe -- HipHop - N - More '' . 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Did n't Work With Justin Timberlake for Years Because of Clipse Label Problems , Justin Says -- Pitchfork '' . pitchfork.com . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Says Label Drama Stopped Him & The Neptunes From Collaborating '' . Jump up ^ Leight , Elias ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Producer Danja on Making the Wild , Futuristic ' Filthy ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tharpe , Frazier ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Producer Danja Explains Why Justin Timberlake 's `` Filthy '' Does n't Sound Like A Country Song `` . Complex.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beats 1 Radio ( 18 January 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake and Zane Lowe on Beats 1 ( Part 1 ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Unveils Western ' Man of the Woods ' Tracklist -- MTV UK '' . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Announces Man of the Woods Tour '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Announces Man of the Woods North American Tour Dates '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Stapleton Talks Working With Justin Timberlake on ' Say Something ' & His Sneaky Appearance on ' Filthy ' '' . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Justin Timberlake Tease New Album in Behind - the - Scenes Doc '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Charles ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Thinks You Should Listen To His New Album Outdoors '' . MTV . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Willman , Chris ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Album Review : Justin Timberlake 's ' Man of the Woods ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews for Man of the Woods by Justin Timberlake '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` On Man of the Woods , Justin Timberlake offers up uneven pop pastiches '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake goes back to his Nashville roots with mixed results -- Man of the Woods , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Review for Man of the Woods by Justin Timberlake '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review : Justin Timberlake ' Man of the Woods ' '' . Exclaim ! . February 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Review for Man of the Woods by Justin Timberlake '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Review for Man of the Woods by Justin Timberlake '' . NME . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Review for Man of the Woods by Justin Timberlake '' . The Observer . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake : Man of the Woods Album Review '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Review for Man of the Woods by Justin Timberlake '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews '' . Q. No. 383 . April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Best Albums of 2018 ( So Far ) : Critics ' Picks '' . Billboard . June 5 , 2018 . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Leah . `` Justin Timberlake gets ( halfway ) back to his roots on Man of the Woods : EW review '' . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake -- ' Man of the Woods ' Review '' . NME . Jump up ^ `` On Man Of The Woods , Justin Timberlake offers up uneven pop pastiches '' . AV Club . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Radke , Brock ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Do n't let Justin Timberlake 's odd new album keep you from dancing through his show '' . Las Vegas Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake : Man of the Woods Album Review '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake 's ' Man of the Woods ' Opens At No. 1 With 2018 's Biggest Week '' . Forbes . February 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Earns Fourth No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With ' Man of the Woods ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Takes The Top And The Sheepdogs Surge '' . FYI Music News . February 12 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther : The Album ' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther : The Album ' remains at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther : The Album ' falls to No. 2 on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` American album certifications -- Justin Timberlake -- Man of the Woods '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Justin Timberlake -- Man of the Woods '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Justin Timberlake -- Man of the Woods '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Timberlake -- Man of the Woods '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Timberlake -- Man of the Woods '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Note : On the chart page , select 201806 on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Justin Timberlake -- Man of the Woods '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Justin Timberlake -- Man of the Woods '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake : Man of the Woods '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Justin Timberlake -- Man of the Woods '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Justin Timberlake -- Man of the Woods '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez - lista -- 2018 . 6 . hét '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Irish-charts.com -- Discography Justin Timberlake '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Justin Timberlake -- Man of the Woods '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Justin Timberlake -- Man of the Woods '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Justin Timberlake -- Man of the Woods '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Justin Timberlake -- Man of the Woods '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Justin Timberlake -- Man of the Woods '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Justin Timberlake -- Man of the Woods '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Justin Timberlake -- Man of the Woods '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Polish album certifications -- Justin Timberlake -- Man of the Woods '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Justin Timberlake -- Introducing Man of the Woods on YouTube hide Justin Timberlake Awards Discography Songs Performances Videography Studio albums Justified FutureSex / LoveSounds The 20 / 20 Experience The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 Man of the Woods Compilation albums 12 '' Masters -- The Essential Mixes The 20 / 20 Experience -- The Complete Experience Video albums Justin Timberlake : Live from London FutureSex / LoveShow : Live from Madison Square Garden Justin Timberlake + The Tennessee Kids Concert tours The Justified World Tour Justified and Stripped Tour FutureSex / LoveShow Legends of the Summer The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour Man of the Woods Tour Related Tennman Records Jessica Biel NSYNC Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy Super Bowl LII halftime show Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_of_the_Woods&oldid=845552977 '' Categories : 2018 albums Albums produced by Danja ( record producer ) Albums produced by The Neptunes Albums produced by Timbaland Justin Timberlake albums RCA Records albums Hidden categories : CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano ქართული Português Русский Simple English ไทย Türkçe 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 14 : 42 ( UTC ) . 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1256961689769255717	Tears in Heaven	Tears in Heaven - wikipedia Tears in Heaven Jump to : navigation , search For the upcoming TV series , see Tears in Heaven ( TV series ) . `` Tears in Heaven '' Single by Eric Clapton from the album Rush : Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack B - side `` Tracks and Lines '' Released January 8 , 1992 ( 1992 - 01 - 08 ) Format Cassette single CD single 7 - inch single 12 - inch single Recorded 1991 Genre Soft rock Length 4 : 30 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Eric Clapton Will Jennings Producer ( s ) Russ Titelman Eric Clapton singles chronology `` Wonderful Tonight ( live ) '' ( 1991 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' ( 1992 ) `` Layla ( acoustic version ) '' ( 1992 ) Music video `` Tears in Heaven '' on YouTube `` Tears in Heaven '' is a song by Eric Clapton and Will Jennings , from the 1991 Rush film soundtrack . In an interview with Sue Lawley in 1992 , Clapton said of the song , `` There is a song that I 've written for a movie , but in actual fact it was in the back of my head but it did n't really have a reason for being until I was scoring this movie which I did a little while ago and then it sort of had a reason to be . And it is a little ambiguous because it could be taken to be about Conor but it also is meant to be part of the film . '' Conor , Clapton 's four - year - old son , fell from a window of a 53rd - floor New York apartment owned by his mother 's friend on March 20 , 1991 . Clapton arrived at the apartment shortly after the accident . The song was Clapton 's best - selling single in the United States and reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 . It won three Grammy Awards for Best Pop Vocal Performance , Male , Song of the Year , and Record of the Year . In 2004 , Rolling Stone ranked `` Tears in Heaven '' 362nd on the magazine 's list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and inspiration 2 Awards and nominations 3 Commercial success 3.1 United States and Canada 3.2 Europe and Oceania 3.3 Asia and South America 4 Chart positions 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Certifications 6 Other performances 7 References 8 External links Writing and Inspiration ( edit ) The years following 1990 were extremely turbulent for Clapton . In August 1990 , his manager , two of his roadies and his friend and fellow musician Stevie Ray Vaughan were killed in a helicopter accident . Seven months later , on March 20 , 1991 , Clapton 's 4 - year - old son Conor died after falling from the 53rd - floor window of his mother 's friend 's New York City apartment . He landed on the roof of an adjacent four - story building . After isolating himself for a period , Clapton began working again , writing music for a movie about drug addiction called Rush . Clapton dealt with the grief of his son 's death by co-writing `` Tears in Heaven '' with Will Jennings . Shortly after his single was released , he went on to the MTV Unplugged series and recorded a new version of the song . Unplugged topped charts and was nominated for nine Grammy Awards the year it was released . Clapton made numerous public service announcements to raise awareness for childproofing windows and staircases . In an interview with Daphne Barak , Clapton stated , `` I almost subconsciously used music for myself as a healing agent , and lo and behold , it worked ... I have got a great deal of happiness and a great deal of healing from music '' . In an interview , Will Jennings said : `` Eric and I were engaged to write a song for a movie called Rush . We wrote a song called ' Help Me Up ' for the end of the movie ... then Eric saw another place in the movie for a song and he said to me , ' I want to write a song about my boy . ' Eric had the first verse of the song written , which , to me , is all the song , but he wanted me to write the rest of the verse lines and the release ( ' Time can bring you down , time can bend your knees ... ' ) , even though I told him that it was so personal he should write everything himself . He told me that he had admired the work I did with Steve Winwood and finally there was nothing else but to do as he requested , despite the sensitivity of the subject . This is a song so personal and so sad that it is unique in my experience of writing songs . '' Clapton stopped playing it in 2004 , as well as the song `` My Father 's Eyes '' , stating : `` I did n't feel the loss any more , which is so much a part of performing those songs . I really have to connect with the feelings that were there when I wrote them . They 're kind of gone and I really do n't want them to come back , particularly . My life is different now . They probably just need a rest and maybe I 'll introduce them for a much more detached point of view . '' Clapton eventually resurrected both songs for his 50th anniversary world tour in 2013 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Ceremony Award Result Ref . Billboard Best - Selling Soundtrack Single Won Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Song from a Movie Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Best Cinematography Nominated Best Male Video Won Best Video from a Film Nominated Grammy Awards Best Instrumental Composition Nominated Best Pop Vocal Performance Male Won Best Song Written for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Nominated Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television Nominated Record of the Year Won Song of the Year Won Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll Won Rolling Stone The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time # 362 2015 About Top 10 Best Songs of 1992 # 5 Top 100 90s Pop Songs # 81 Commercial success ( edit ) United States and Canada ( edit ) `` Tears in Heaven '' is Clapton 's best - selling single in the United States today . With more than 2,800,000 copies sold -- both physical and digital -- it remains one of the best - selling pop singles of the 1990s and one of the best - selling singles , released by any non-American artist . The Reprise Records single reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 singles charts , where it charted for 26 weeks . It was kept from the number one spot by `` Save the Best for Last '' by Vanessa Williams . It is also Clapton 's highest charting single on the Hot 100 , after `` I Shot the Sheriff '' , which is Clapton 's only Hot 100 number one single to date . While charting on Americas most important single chart , Clapton received several sales awards by the Billboard magazine , including a `` Hot Shot Debut '' and a `` Power Pick / Sales '' certificate . After the physical single release was certified with a Gold disc by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on March 18 , 1992 , the single was still selling about 150,000 copies every week . On April 15 , 1992 , `` Tears in Heaven '' was a Platinum certification award for sales of more than 1,000,000 copies in the United States . It topped the Top Single Sales chart , compiled by the Billboard magazine in 1992 . The release also topped Billboard magazines Adult Contemporary chart , on which `` Tears in Heaven '' charted for a total of 30 weeks , and also became a number one single on the Top 100 Cashbox charts . By the end of 1992 , `` Tears in Heaven '' sold more than 2,300,000 copies in the United States alone . The pop single also received a lot of airplay , charting 20 weeks on the Top Radio Songs chart , peaking at number three , and reaching position nine on the Mainstream Rock Songs chart , where `` Tears in Heaven '' stayed for a total of 18 weeks . Also , it was later the fourth - favourite recurrent airplay single , as the Billboard magazine reported in summer of 1992 . The 1992 single release was the 6th best - selling single recording in the United States that year , reachin number six on the Billboard year - end Hot 100 chart as well as the 5th most successful Adult Contemporary release . It also ranked at number five on the Top Single Sales chart , compiled by the Billboard magazine and reached position 25 on the Top Radio Songs year - end chart in 1992 . In Canada , the Reprise Records single release topped all of the three pop single sales chart in the country and is therefore Clapton 's most successful single in Canada to date . The song reached the number one top position on both the Canadian Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks and Top 100 Singles chart , compiled by the RPM magazine . In addition to the already rare success , reaching number one on both of the charts , `` Tears in Heaven '' was also The Record magazines Top Retail selling single release . Shortly after the single was released in Canada and topped all of these three record charts , it was certified with a double Platinum sales certification for physical sales exceeding 200,000 copies . In 1992 , `` Tears in Heaven '' was the 17th best - selling single on RPM magazines Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart . Europe and oceania ( edit ) The pop single release was especially successful in Europe , reaching the Top 10 in 12 countries and the Top 20 in 15 of them . The single charted at number three on the European Hot 100 Singles chart in 1992 , and was Europes 21st best - selling single of 1992 . In Austria , the physical single peaked at number 25 on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 singles chart , and eventually charted at number ten in week four , reaching its highest charting position in the country . In total , the single of `` Tears in Heaven '' spent 12 weeks on the nations single sales chart . It was eventually certified with a Gold disc by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) in Austria and reached number 61 on the country 's year - end chart in 1992 . In Flanders ( Belgium ) , the hit single release reached three different single charts . In 1992 , the recording peaked at position 44 on Ultratops Top 50 single chart , and eventually reached its peak position , 16 , in week four and five , while on chart for a total of ten weeks . At that time , the single also peaked at number ten on the Belgian VRT Top 30 singles chart , where `` Tears in Heaven '' spent eight weeks on chart . In 2010 , when a remastered physical edition of the single was released in Belgium , it reached number 16 on the Back Catalogue chart . The song was Belgiums 159th best - selling single in 1992 , and certified with a Platinum disc for sales over 50,000 copies by the Belgian Entertainment Association . In Denmark , `` Tears in Heaven '' topped the single sales chart and was certified Platinum for sales exceeding 10,000 copies by IFPI Denmark , as it spent a total of 29 weeks on chart . In France , the single peaked at number two on the French singles chart , where it charted for 34 weeks . On chart week 28 , it was certified with a Platinum award by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( SNEP ) for sales of more than 500,000 copies in the country . In Germany , the single placed itself on its lowest charting position , number 42 . In total , the single charted for eleven weeks on the German singles chart , and sold more than 170,000 both digital and physical copies to date . `` Tears in Heaven '' topped the single charts in Ireland and was certified with a Platinum disc by the Irish Recorded Music Association ( IRMA ) , selling more than 50,000 copies in 1992 , as it reached both of the year - end charts in 1992 and 1993 with positions five and 47 . In Italy , the single reached Top five positions as both a physical as well as a digital download single . In 1992 , the single peaked at number four on the Italian single chart , compiled by Musica e dischi . Later , the single re-entered the nations single chart as a digital download and streaming single , reaching number five on the charts , now compiled by the Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana ( FIMI ) . In addition , the digital single was certified with a Platinum disc , for sales and streams exceeding 30,000 units . The single was a medium successful hit in the Netherlands . It reached position 17 on the Dutch Top 40 singles weekly chart , where it stayed for ten weeks , and reached number 131 on the charts year - end compilation in 1992 . In addition , it also reached the Single Top 100 charts , peaking at number 13 and staying for 21 weeks on chart , before placing itself on position 87 on the year - end Single 100 chart . In Norway , the single topped the VG - lista singles chart in 1992 , exactly like it did in Poland , reaching the top spot on the Lista Przebojów Programu Trzeciego ( LP3 ) , where it stayed for 16 weeks . In Spain , the single charted at number seven on the nations single charts , and was eventually certified with a Gold disc , commemorating the sale of more than 25,000 copies in the country by the Productores de Música de España ( PROMUSICAE ) . In Sweden , `` Tears in Heaven '' reached number four on the Sverigetopplistan singles chart , where it spent a total of 30 weeks on chart . In October 1992 , it was presented with a Platinum sales award by the Swedish Recording Industry Association ( GLF ) , when it exceeded 50,000 sold units in the country . It reached number 86 on the 1992 Swedish year - end chart . In Switzerland , the single was also a Top ten hit , peaking at number seven on the Schweizer Hitparade , where `` Tears in Heaven '' stayed for 15 weeks . Here too , the single was presented with a Gold certification by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry , for sales exceeding 25,000 copies in Switzerland . It was the 38th most - bought single in Switzerland in 1992 . `` Tears in Heaven '' was also a major success for Clapton in his home country , the United Kingdom . The single reached number five on the charts , compiled by the Official Charts Company and spent a total of 14 weeks on the British charts , selling 140,000 copies in the first five weeks . Shortly after , the single was certified with a Silver disc by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , for sales more than 200,000 copies in the country . With total sales of more than 300,000 copies by the end of 1992 , `` Tears in Heaven '' reached number 39 on Great Britains 1992 year - end chart . In Australia , `` Tears in Heaven '' was a hit record , reaching number three on the ARIA charts in 1993 , although the release did chart before at lower positions in Australia the previous year . In 1992 , the pop Reprise Records single placed itself at number 102 on Australias year - end chart . However , in 1993 , it could generate far more single sales , become Australia 's 28th best - selling single . In 1993 , the single release was also certified with a Platinum record sales certification by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for sales figures exceeding 70,000 physical units . In New Zealand , the single topped the country 's single chart for the first five weeks on chart , and spent a total of 18 weeks on the country 's single sales chart . On May 31 , 1992 -- just four weeks on chart in New Zealand -- `` Tears in Heaven '' was certified with a Gold disc by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) , commemorating the sale of more than 7,500 copies in the country . Asia and South America ( edit ) In Asia , `` Tears in Heaven '' was mostly successful in Japan , Taiwan and Macao . In the island country in East Asia , the single release peaked at number two on the Oricon Japanese Hot 100 Singles sales chart in February 1992 . In total , the Reprise Records single stayed thirty - seven weeks on the nation 's Hot 100 single sales chart , compiled by Oricon . Because `` Tears in Heaven '' was not released as a maxi single or part of a double A-side by Reprise or Warner Bros. Records in Japan , it was not eligible to chart on any other compilations . While charting in Japan in 1992 , the pop single release was certified with a triple Platinum disc by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) , for sales overstepping the 300,000 sales mark . By the end of 1992 , `` Tears in Heaven '' sold more than 389,000 units in Japan , however , not more than 400,000 copies , quelling the quelling four a quadruple Platinum certification award . For the year - end closing of Oricon , it was revealed , the 1992 single release was the fortieth best - selling release on the Hot 100 Singles chart . On the summary of 1992 's most - purchased international singles in Japan , `` Tears in Heaven '' reached number sixty - three . In Taiwan , the digital single of the song reached the G - Music charts in 2007 , where the release stayed a total of seventeen weeks and topped the nation 's singles chart three times . During that year , the Recording Industry of Taiwan ( RIT ) , awarded the single release with a Gold disc , for digital download sales exceeding more than 175,000 units in the country . On Taiwan 's year - end chart of 2007 , `` Tears in Heaven '' ranked at position seventy - seven . In the special administrative region of Macao , the single was certified with a Gold disc by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry of Macao for single sales of more than 15,000 physical copies . `` Tears in Heaven '' is Clapton 's commercially most successful single release in South America to date , as it reached the single sales charts of three different countries . In Argentina , the Reprise Records release topped the country 's single charts , compiled by the Cámara Argentina de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas ( CAPIF ) . Also , the pop tune topped the singles chart in Brazil , and reached the 1992 year - end charts , placing itself on number fourteen . In Brazil , the single release was certified with a Platinum disc for physical sales of more than 250,000 copies . It is Clapton 's highest - selling single in Brazil , as `` Change the World '' was certified with a Gold disc , and a rare certification for any physical single , as the worlds best - selling single `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' achieved similar sales figures . At last , `` Tears in Heaven '' peaked at number eight on Asociación Colombiana de Productores de Fonogramas ( ASINCOL ) 's physical format singles chart in Colombia . It also reached number thirty - eight on the country 's year - end chart of 1992 , compiled by ASINCOL , and is Clapton 's only charting single in the country . Chart positions ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 -- 2013 ) Peak position Argentina ( CAPIF ) Australia ( ARIA ) 37 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Belgium ( Back Catalogue Flanders ) 16 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 16 Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) 10 Brazil ( ABPD ) Canadian Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canadian Retail Singles ( The Record ) Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) Colombia ( ASINCOL ) 8 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( European Hot 100 ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 42 Iceland ( IFPI ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 5 Italy ( Musica e dischi ) Japan ( Oricon Hot 100 Singles ) Japan ( Oricon International Singles ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 13 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( LP3 ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 Taiwan ( G - Music ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Cashbox Top Singles US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 9 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 102 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 61 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 159 Brazil ( ABPD ) 14 Canadian Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 17 Colombia ( ASINCOL ) 38 Europe ( European Hot 100 ) 21 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Japan ( Oricon Hot 100 Singles ) 40 Japan ( Oricon International Singles ) 63 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 131 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 87 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 86 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 38 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 39 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Radio Songs ( Billboard ) 25 US Top Singles Sales ( Billboard ) 5 Chart ( 1993 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 28 Ireland ( IRMA ) 47 Chart ( 2007 ) Position Taiwan ( G - Music ) 77 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 50,000 Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) Platinum 250,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 200,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 10,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 500,000 Germany 170,000 Ireland ( IRMA ) Platinum 50,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) 3 × Platinum 389,000 Macao ( IFPI Macao ) Gold 15,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 25,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 50,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 300,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 2,300,000 Digital sales Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 30,000 Taiwan ( RIT ) Gold 175,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Other performances ( edit ) In 2005 , Ozzy Osbourne and Sharon Osbourne assembled an all - star cast to collaborate on `` Tears in Heaven '' . Sales from the recording benefited the Disasters Emergency Committee 's Tsunami Earthquake appeal and the tsunami victims in Southeast Asia . The line up included Gwen Stefani , Mary J. Blige , Pink , Slash , Duff `` Rose '' McKagan , Steven Tyler , Elton John , Phil Collins , Ringo Starr , Andrea Bocelli , Katie Melua , Josh Groban , Scott Weiland , Robbie Williams , and Rod Stewart . Ozzy Osbourne and Kelly Osbourne also sang on the song . Loona also recorded a version of the song . In 2017 , Beau Dermott recorded a cover of the song for her debut album , `` Brave . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Smith , Chris ( 2006 ) . The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History : From Arenas to the Underground , 1974 -- 1980 . Greenwood Press . p. 102 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32937 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Clapton : Sue Lawley 1992 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Lory del Santo '' . Eric-clapton.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 03 . 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Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Eric Clapton -- Tears in Heaven '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hits 1992 Schweiz -- Single - Chart '' ( Swiss Year - end Singles Chart 1992 ) ( in German ) . Chartsurfer.de . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British Single Sales Shoot Up This Week '' ( PDF ) . Billboard Magazine . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . April 18 , 1992 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffmann , Frank ( November 12 , 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound . Taylor & Francis . ^ Jump up to : `` Clapton , John And Bolan '' ( PDF ) . Billboard Magazine . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 104 ( 26 ) . June 27 , 1992 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hits 1992 UK -- Single - Chart '' ( United Kingdom Year - end Singles Chart 1992 ) ( in German ) . Chartsurfer.de . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Gavin ( 2009 ) . The Complete ARIA Chart Book 1988 -- 2008 > Top 100 Singles . Sydney , Australia : Australia 's Music News Authority . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- End of Year Charts -- Top 50 Singles 1993 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . aria.com.au . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian single certifications -- Eric Clapton -- Tears in Heaven '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Eric Clapton -- Tears in Heaven '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Zealand single certifications -- Eric Clapton -- Tears in Heaven '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hot 100 Chart 1992 - 02 - 04 '' . Oricon Style ( in Japanese ) . J - Wave Japan . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tatsaku , Ren ( 2011 ) . The Oricon Sales Report ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo : Oricon Style -- Recording Industry Association of Japan . ^ Jump up to : `` 黒部・白馬 '' ( Single Sales ) . Oricon Sales . JP&KIYO . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eric Clapton -- Tears In Heaven @ Top40-Charts.com -- New Songs & Videos from 49 Top 20 & Top 40 Music Charts from 30 Countries '' . G - Music Top 10 Single Chart . top40-charts.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : 在 2007 年的數字下載 . G - Music ( G - 音樂 G - yīnyuè ) ( in Chinese ) . 今年台灣音樂排行榜. 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Macao single certifications -- Eric Clapton -- Change the World '' ( in Chinese ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry of Macao . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gonçalves , Madalena ( May 25 , 1992 ) . `` Novas paradas de singles 25 de Maio de 1992 '' ( New Single Charts May 25 , 1992 ) . Folha de S. Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . Luis Frias . Translated quote : This week 's sales topper is `` Tears in Heaven '' by Eric Clapton . With Platinum sales in only one week , the single went up to the top slot , where it will probably stay for the next couple of weeks . It could be an international best - seller this year . ( ... ) Top Pop Single Award . ( Reprise , Warner ) . Jump up ^ Gomes , Adelar ( October 21 , 1997 ) . `` Eric Clapton é o primeiro colocado e ouro ainda com eles '' ( Eric Claton takes the number one and a Gold record just as well ) . O Globo ( in Portuguese ) . Roberto Irineu Marinho . ^ Jump up to : `` Clapton Hits the Colombian Charts '' ( PDF ) . Billboard Magazine . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 104 ( 52 ) . December 26 , 1992 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vinsæidaiisti ísiands '' . Dagblaðið Vísir. 1992 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1992 '' . Recorded Music NZ . The Official New Zealand Music Chart . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Eric Clapton -- Tears in Heaven '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Eric Clapton -- Tears in Heaven '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Tears in Heaven in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS Entertainment Music stars record tsunami single -- Music stars including Sir Elton John and Phil Collins are recording a single in London on Thursday to raise money for the tsunami relief fund '' . BBC News . 2005 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tears In Heaven ( 2005 ) Save the Children MP3 Downloads 7digital United Kingdom '' . 7digital.com. 2005 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Eric Clapton Discography Singles discography Videography Studio albums Eric Clapton 461 Ocean Boulevard There 's One in Every Crowd No Reason to Cry Slowhand Backless Another Ticket Money and Cigarettes Behind the Sun August Journeyman From the Cradle Pilgrim Reptile Me and Mr. Johnson / Sessions for Robert J Back Home Clapton Old Sock I Still Do Live albums Eric Clapton 's Rainbow Concert E.C. Was Here Just One Night Time Pieces Vol. II Live in the Seventies 24 Nights Unplugged Crossroads 2 : Live in the Seventies One More Car , One More Rider Live in San Diego Compilations The History of Eric Clapton Eric Clapton at His Best Clapton Steppin ' Out Timepieces : The Best of Eric Clapton Backtrackin ' The Cream of Eric Clapton Crossroads Story The Cream of Clapton Blues Clapton Chronicles : The Best of Eric Clapton Complete Clapton Forever Man Singles `` After Midnight '' / `` Easy Now '' `` Blues Power '' / `` Bottle of Red Wine '' `` Let It Rain '' `` I Shot the Sheriff '' / `` Give Me Strength '' `` Willie and the Hand Jive '' `` Swing Low , Sweet Chariot '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' `` Hello Old Friend '' `` Carnival '' `` Lay Down Sally '' / `` Cocaine '' `` Wonderful Tonight '' `` Tulsa Time '' `` Promises '' / `` Watch Out for Lucy '' `` Early in the Morning ( Live ) '' `` I Ca n't Stand It '' `` I 've Got a Rock ' n ' Roll Heart '' `` Crosscut Saw '' `` Forever Man '' `` It 's in the Way That You Use It '' `` Behind the Mask '' `` Tearing Us Apart '' `` Pretending '' / `` Before You Accuse Me '' `` Hound Dog '' `` Bad Love '' `` Tears in Heaven '' / `` White Room ( Live ) '' `` Layla ( Acoustic ) '' `` Down & Out '' `` Motherless Child '' / `` Driftin ' '' `` Change the World '' `` Born in Time '' `` Circus '' `` My Father 's Eyes '' `` Pilgrim '' `` Blue Eyes Blue '' `` ( I ) Get Lost '' `` Come Rain or Come Shine '' / `` Ten Long Years '' `` 3 O'Clock Blues '' `` Key to the Highway '' `` Worried Life Blues '' `` I Ai n't Gonna Stand for It '' `` Every Little Thing '' / `` No Sympathy '' Soundtracks Edge of Darkness Homeboy Rush Concert films Live 1986 The Cream of Eric Clapton Live in Hyde Park In Concert : A Benefit for the Crossroads Centre at Antigua Sessions for Robert J Crossroads Guitar Festival 2004 Live at Montreux 1986 Crossroads Guitar Festival 2007 Crossroads Guitar Festival 2010 Crossroads Guitar Festival 2013 Planes , Trains and Eric Slowhand at 70 -- Live at the Royal Albert Hall Collaborations Riding with the King The Road to Escondido Live from Madison Square Garden Play the Blues : Live from Jazz at Lincoln Center Crossroads Guitar Festival 2013 The Breeze : An Appreciation of JJ Cale Tours Journeyman World Tour 1992 Eric Clapton World Tour Related Blackie Brownie The Fool Signature Stratocaster Crossroads Centre Crossroads Guitar Festival Pattie Boyd ( wife ) Ferrari SP12 EC Va Bene Wonderful Today Grammy Award for Song of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Volare '' -- Domenico Modugno ( songwriter ) ( 1959 ) `` The Battle of New Orleans '' -- Jimmy Driftwood ( songwriter ) ( 1960 ) `` Theme from Exodus '' -- Ernest Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1962 ) `` What Kind of Fool Am I ? '' -- Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley ( songwriters ) ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1964 ) `` Hello , Dolly ! '' -- Jerry Herman ( songwriter ) ( 1965 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' -- Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel ( songwriters ) ( 1966 ) `` Michelle '' -- John Lennon & Paul McCartney ( songwriters ) ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up , and Away '' -- Jimmy Webb ( songwriter ) ( 1968 ) `` Little Green Apples '' -- Bobby Russell ( songwriter ) ( 1969 ) `` Games People Play '' -- Joe South ( songwriter ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Paul Simon ( songwriter ) ( 1971 ) `` You 've Got a Friend '' -- Carole King ( songwriter ) ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Ewan MacColl ( songwriter ) ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' -- Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox ( songwriters ) ( 1974 ) `` The Way We Were '' -- Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch ( songwriters ) ( 1975 ) `` Send In the Clowns '' -- Stephen Sondheim ( songwriter ) ( 1976 ) `` I Write the Songs '' -- Bruce Johnston ( songwriter ) ( 1977 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' -- Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams ( songwriters ) / `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Joe Brooks ( songwriter ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Billy Joel ( songwriter ) ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' -- Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald ( songwriters ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' -- Christopher Cross ( songwriter ) ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon ( songwriters ) ( 1982 ) `` Always on My Mind '' -- Johnny Christopher , Mark James & Wayne Carson ( songwriters ) ( 1983 ) `` Every Breath You Take '' -- Sting ( songwriter ) ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' -- Graham Lyle & Terry Britten ( songwriters ) ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' -- Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie ( songwriters ) ( 1986 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager ( songwriters ) ( 1987 ) `` Somewhere Out There '' -- James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil ( songwriters ) ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' -- Bobby McFerrin ( songwriter ) ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' -- Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar ( songwriters ) ( 1990 ) `` From a Distance '' -- Julie Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' -- Irving Gordon ( songwriter ) ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' -- Eric Clapton & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1993 ) `` A Whole New World '' -- Alan Menken & Tim Rice ( songwriters ) ( 1994 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' -- Bruce Springsteen ( songwriter ) ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' -- Seal ( songwriter ) ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' -- Gordon Kennedy , Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims ( songwriters ) ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' -- Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal ( songwriters ) ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- James Horner & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' -- Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas ( songwriters ) ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2001 ) `` Fallin ' '' -- Alicia Keys ( songwriter ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' -- Jesse Harris ( songwriter ) ( 2003 ) `` Dance with My Father '' -- Richard Marx & Luther Vandross ( songwriters ) ( 2004 ) `` Daughters '' -- John Mayer ( songwriter ) ( 2005 ) `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' -- Emily Burns Erwin , Martha Maguire , Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson ( songwriters ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' -- Amy Winehouse ( songwriter ) ( 2008 ) `` Viva la Vida '' -- Guy Berryman , Jonathan Buckland , William Champion & Christopher Martin ( songwriters ) ( 2009 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' -- Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart ( songwriters ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' -- Dave Haywood , Josh Kear , Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott ( songwriters ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth ( songwriters ) ( 2012 ) `` We Are Young '' -- Jack Antonoff , Jeff Bhasker , Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess ( songwriters ) ( 2013 ) `` Royals '' -- Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor ( songwriters ) ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) -- James Napier , William Phillips & Sam Smith ( songwriters ) ( 2015 ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' -- Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge ( songwriters ) ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' -- Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin ( songwriters ) ( 2017 ) `` That 's What I Like '' -- Christopher Brody Brown , James Fauntleroy , Philip Lawrence , Bruno Mars , Ray Charles McCullough II , Jeremy Reeves , Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip ( songwriters ) ( 2018 ) Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu ( Volare ) '' by Domenico Modugno ( 1959 ) `` Mack the Knife '' by Bobby Darin ( 1960 ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' by Percy Faith ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' by Henry Mancini ( 1962 ) `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' by Tony Bennett ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' by Henry Mancini ( 1964 ) `` The Girl from Ipanema '' by Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz ( 1965 ) `` A Taste of Honey '' by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass ( 1966 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' by Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up and Away '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1968 ) `` Mrs. Robinson '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1969 ) `` Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1971 ) `` It 's Too Late '' by Carole King ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' by Roberta Flack ( 1974 ) `` I Honestly Love You '' by Olivia Newton - John ( 1975 ) `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' by Captain & Tennille ( Daryl Dragon , Toni Tennille ) ( 1976 ) `` This Masquerade '' by George Benson ( 1977 ) `` Hotel California '' by Eagles ( Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Randy Meisner , Joe Walsh ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' by Billy Joel ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' by The Doobie Brothers ( Jeffrey Baxter , John Hartman , Keith Knudsen , Michael McDonald , Tiran Porter , Patrick Simmons ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' by Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' by Kim Carnes ( 1982 ) `` Rosanna '' by Toto ( Bobby Kimball , Steve Lukather , David Paich , Jeff Porcaro , David Hungate , Steve Porcaro ) ( 1983 ) `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' by Tina Turner ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa ( 1986 ) `` Higher Love '' by Steve Winwood ( 1987 ) `` Graceland '' by Paul Simon ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' by Bobby McFerrin ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' by Bette Midler ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' by Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' by Seal ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' by Eric Clapton ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' by Shawn Colvin ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' by Celine Dion ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' by Santana ( Rodney Holmes , Tony Lindsay , Karl Perazzo , Raul Rekow , Benny Rietveld , Carlos Santana , Chester Thompson ) featuring Rob Thomas ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2001 ) `` Walk On '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' by Norah Jones ( 2003 ) `` Clocks '' by Coldplay ( Guy Berryman , Jon Buckland , Will Champion , Phil Harvey , Chris Martin ) ( 2004 ) `` Here We Go Again '' by Ray Charles and Norah Jones ( 2005 ) `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' by Green Day ( Billie Joe Armstrong , Mike Dirnt , Frank Edwin Wright III ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' by Dixie Chicks ( Martie Maguire , Natalie Maines , Emily Robison ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' by Amy Winehouse ( 2008 ) `` Please Read the Letter '' by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant ( 2009 ) `` Use Somebody '' by Kings of Leon ( Caleb Followill , Jared Followill , Matthew Followill , Nathan Followill ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' by Lady Antebellum ( Hillary Scott , Charles Kelley , Dave Haywood ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' by Adele ( 2012 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2013 ) `` Get Lucky '' by Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) by Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` Uptown Funk '' by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' by Adele ( 2017 ) `` 24K Magic '' by Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tears_in_Heaven&oldid=843654652 '' Categories : 1992 singles Eric Clapton songs Grammy Award for Record of the Year Grammy Award for Song of the Year Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles MTV Video Music Award for Best Male Video Songs about children Songs written for films Songs in memory of deceased persons Songs inspired by deaths British soft rock songs Songs with lyrics by Will Jennings RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Russ Titelman 1992 songs Warner Bros. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is eric clapton's tears in heaven about	[]	[]
2811192127104951647	The Dirk Diggler Story	The Dirk Diggler Story - wikipedia The Dirk Diggler Story Jump to : navigation , search The Dirk Diggler Story Directed by Paul Thomas Anderson Produced by Shane Conrad Written by Paul Thomas Anderson Starring Michael Stein Robert Ridgely Eddie Delcore Rusty Schwimmer Narrated by Ernie Anderson Cinematography Paul Thomas Anderson Edited by Paul Thomas Anderson Release date 1988 ( 1988 ) Running time 32 minutes Country United States Language English The Dirk Diggler Story is a 1988 mockumentary short film written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson . It follows the rise and fall of Dirk Diggler , a well - endowed male porn star . The character was modeled on American porn actor John Holmes . The film was later expanded into Anderson 's successful 1997 breakout film Boogie Nights . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Boogie Nights 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Dirk Diggler ( Michael Stein ) was born as Steven Samuel Adams on April 15 , 1961 outside of Saint Paul , Minnesota . His parents are a construction worker and a boutique shop owner who attend church every Sunday and believe in God . Looking for a career as a male model , Diggler drops out of school at age 16 and leaves home . Jack Horner ( Robert Ridgely ) discovers Diggler at a falafel stand . Diggler meets his friend , Reed Rothchild ( Eddie Delcore ) , through Horner in 1979 , while working on a film . Horner slowly introduces Diggler to the business until Diggler becomes noticeable within the industry . Diggler becomes a prominent model and begins appearing in pornographic films . Diggler has critical and box office hits which lead him to stardom . The hits and publicity lead to fame and money , which lead Diggler to the world of drugs . With the amount of money Diggler is making , he is able to support both his and Rothchild 's addictions . The drugs eventually cause a breakup between Diggler and Horner since Diggler is having issues with his performance on set . After the breakup , Diggler tries to make a film himself , but it is never completed . He then attempts a music career , which is successful , but leads him deeper into drugs because of the amount of money he is making . He then stars in a TV show which is a failure , both critically and commercially . Having failed and with no work , Diggler returns to the porn industry , taking roles in low - budget homosexual films to help support his habit . On July 17 , 1981 , during a film shoot , Diggler dies of a drug overdose . The film ends with a quotation from Diggler : `` All I ever wanted was a cool ' 78 ' Vette and a house in the country . '' Cast ( edit ) Michael Stein - Steven Samuel Adams ( Dirk Diggler ) Robert Ridgely - Jack Horner Eddie Delcore - Reed Rothchild Rusty Schwimmer - Candy Kane Ernie Anderson - Narrator Production ( edit ) The film was Anderson 's first real production having experimented with what he called `` standard fare '' . Anderson conceived the film when he was 17 years old and a senior at Montclair College Preparatory School . Anderson called his friend Michael Stein , telling him to come over for a production meeting , and told Stein his idea : `` John Holmes '' . Stein loved the idea and was cast to play the role of Dirk Diggler ; he selected his own wardrobe . Stein showed Anderson some video of his friend Eddie Dalcour , who was a professional body builder , which Anderson loved and cast him in the role of Reed Rothchild . Anderson 's father , Ernie Anderson , narrated the film and Robert Ridgely , a friend of Anderson 's father , played the role of Jack Horner . The film was shot in 1987 using a video camera and steadicam provided by Anderson 's father ( Ernie `` Ghoulardi '' Anderson ) . Some scenes were shot at a motel . Anderson raised money for the film by cleaning cages in a pet store . Being influenced by This is Spinal Tap at the time , he decided to do a mockumentary and used the John Holmes documentary , Exhausted , as a model for the film , even taking some dialogue almost word - for - word . Anderson worked from a shot list and wanted the actors to be serious since the characters took their work seriously . Anderson edited the film using two VCRs . According to Anderson , the film drew admiring laughs when it was shown at a University of Southern California film festival . Boogie Nights ( edit ) The Dirk Diggler Story was expanded into Anderson 's 1997 breakout film Boogie Nights with a number of scenes appearing almost verbatim in both films . Two actors had roles in both films ; in Boogie Nights , Robert Ridgely played The Colonel , a pornography financier , and Michael Stein had a cameo appearance as a stereo store customer . The main differences between The Dirk Diggler Story and Boogie Nights are the mockumentary versus narratives styles in the former and latter films , respectively ; Diggler 's stint in gay porn in the first film versus his prostitution in the second ; and Diggler 's dying from an overdose in the first film versus his happy return to his former roles and lifestyle in the second . See also ( edit ) Boogie Nights References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rochlin , Margy ( October 12 , 1997 ) . `` FILM ; The Innocent Approach to an Adult Opus '' . NYTimes.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Minor Works of Paul Thomas Anderson '' . Slate . Graham Holdings Company . September 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McKenna , Kristine ( October 12 , 1997 ) . `` Knows It When He Sees It '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript : Paul Thomas Anderson 12 / 16 / 99 '' . Time.com . Time Inc . December 16 , 1999 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Richardson , John H. ( September 22 , 2008 ) . `` The Secret History of Paul Thomas Anderson '' . Esquire.com . Hearst Communications , Inc . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( October 19 , 1997 ) . `` Director 's talent makes ' Boogie ' fever infectious '' . rogerebert.com . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Emma ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` The Short that became Boogie Nights '' . Virgin Media Shorts . Virgin Media . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Waxman , Sharon R. ( 2005 ) . Rebels on the backlot : six maverick directors and how they conquered the Hollywood studio system . HarperCollins . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 054017 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Hirshberg , Lynn ( December 19 , 1999 ) . `` His Way '' . NYTimes.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Mottram , James ( 2006 ) . The Sundance Kids : how the mavericks took back Hollywood . NY : Faber & Faber , Inc. p. 129 . ISBN 9780865479678 . External links ( edit ) The Dirk Diggler Story on IMDb ( hide ) Films directed by Paul Thomas Anderson Feature films Hard Eight ( 1996 ) Boogie Nights ( 1997 ) Magnolia ( 1999 ) Punch - Drunk Love ( 2002 ) There Will Be Blood ( 2007 ) The Master ( 2012 ) Inherent Vice ( 2014 ) Phantom Thread ( 2017 ) Short films The Dirk Diggler Story ( 1988 ) Cigarettes & Coffee ( 1993 ) Documentaries Junun ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dirk_Diggler_Story&oldid=795999715 '' Categories : 1988 films English - language films Films directed by Paul Thomas Anderson Mockumentary films American films American short films Films set in the 1980s Films about pornography Directorial debut films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2017 , at 20 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the character dirk diggler based on	[ "The Dirk Diggler Story is a 1988 mockumentary short film written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson. It follows the rise and fall of Dirk Diggler, a well-endowed male porn star. The character was modeled on American porn actor John Holmes. The film was later expanded into Anderson's successful 1997 breakout film Boogie Nights." ]	[ "American porn actor John Holmes" ]
7483286956642232337	List of the largest trading partners of United Kingdom	List of the largest trading partners of United Kingdom - wikipedia List of the largest trading partners of United Kingdom This is a list of the largest trading partners of United Kingdom based on data from HM Revenue and Customs for 2015 Goods not Services . Trade in GBP £ Rank Country Import From Export To Total Trade Trade Balance Total for non-EU 192,058,774,831 171,239,147,976 363,297,922,807 - 20,819,626,855 European Union ( Total ) 220,149,955,910 133,831,907,353 353,981,863,263 - 86,318,048,557 Germany 60,859,846,783 30,381,714,408 91,241,561,191 - 30,478,132,375 United States 35,290,616,559 45,277,510,216 80,568,126,775 9,986,893,657 China 36,103,028,931 18,070,777,472 54,173,806,403 - 18,032,251,459 6 Netherlands 30,994,783,704 17,311,007,029 48,305,790,733 - 13,683,776,675 7 France 24,049,670,652 17,861,876,792 41,911,547,444 - 6,187,793,860 8 Belgium 20,509,385,713 11,601,790,901 32,111,176,614 - 8,907,594,812 9 Switzerland 8,895,246,362 22,244,372,633 31,139,618,995 13,349,126,271 10 Ireland 12,527,303,310 16,717,746,909 29,245,050,219 4,190,443,599 11 Italy 15,818,303,739 8,419,076,852 24,237,380,591 - 7,399,226,887 12 Spain 13,999,966,754 8,861,438,583 22,861,405,337 - 5,138,528,171 13 Norway 13,025,511,366 3,169,044,294 16,194,555,660 - 9,856,467,072 14 Canada 9,523,115,503 3,842,028,586 13,365,144,089 - 5,681,086,917 15 Hong Kong 6,572,988,299 6,626,273,352 13,199,261,651 53,285,053 16 Poland 8,107,723,556 3,618,242,906 11,725,966,462 - 4,489,480,650 17 Japan 7,028,016,311 4,309,963,258 11,337,979,569 - 2,718,053,053 18 Sweden 6,838,780,456 4,413,972,647 11,252,753,103 - 2,424,807,809 19 Turkey 7,443,204,995 3,531,532,950 10,974,737,945 - 3,911,672,045 20 India 6,062,539,045 3,910,924,527 9,973,463,572 - 2,151,614,518 21 South Korea 4,363,987,606 4,718,855,788 9,082,843,394 354,868,182 22 UAE 1,992,532,038 6,835,900,328 8,828,432,366 4,843,368,290 23 Saudi Arabia 1,903,623,664 5,429,434,695 7,333,058,359 3,525,811,031 24 Russia 4,335,127,597 2,547,349,830 6,882,477,427 - 1,787,777,767 25 Czech Republic 4,849,402,353 1,964,790,707 6,814,193,060 - 2,884,611,646 26 South Africa 3,933,192,371 2,200,667,473 6,133,859,844 - 1,732,524,898 27 Australia 2,099,557,279 3,783,022,285 5,882,579,564 1,683,465,006 28 Singapore 1,921,230,572 3,927,296,593 5,848,527,165 2,006,066,021 29 Denmark 3,457,519,109 2,316,918,656 5,774,437,765 - 1,140,600,453 30 Austria 3,035,143,737 1,604,024,494 4,639,168,231 - 1,431,119,243 31 Qatar 2,566,908,658 2,038,017,912 4,604,926,570 - 528,890,746 32 Brazil 2,459,878,282 2,143,190,322 4,603,068,604 - 316,687,960 33 Taiwan 3,179,046,845 1,159,838,968 4,338,885,813 - 2,019,207,877 34 Thailand 2,577,775,757 1,235,315,478 3,813,091,235 - 1,342,460,279 35 Hungary 2,521,891,993 1,278,188,603 3,800,080,596 - 1,243,703,390 36 Portugal 2,341,190,330 1,252,166,750 3,593,357,080 - 1,089,023,580 37 Vietnam 3,140,620,383 376,478,645 3,517,099,028 - 2,764,141,738 38 Finland 2,042,084,905 1,346,219,345 3,388,304,250 - 695,865,560 39 Malaysia 1,852,914,500 1,345,708,559 3,198,623,059 - 507,205,941 40 Romania 1,543,163,437 989,547,600 2,532,711,037 - 553,615,837 41 Nigeria 1,458,304,168 1,060,300,501 2,518,604,669 - 398,003,667 42 Slovakia 2,011,933,968 442,655,865 2,454,589,833 - 1,569,278,103 43 Mexico 1,089,288,865 1,277,263,173 2,366,552,038 187,974,308 44 Algeria 1,790,796,056 333,257,118 2,124,053,174 - 1,457,538,938 45 Bangladesh 1,971,558,163 133,852,535 2,105,410,698 - 1,837,705,628 46 Israel 1,055,042,108 1,038,734,218 2,093,776,326 - 16,307,890 47 Egypt 667,718,423 1,010,858,736 1,678,577,159 343,140,313 48 Greece 715,267,411 881,050,648 1,596,318,059 165,783,237 49 Pakistan 1,068,764,734 515,623,451 1,584,388,185 - 553,141,283 See also ( edit ) List of the largest trading partners of the European Union List of the largest trading partners of Germany List of the largest trading partners of the United States List of the largest trading partners of China List of the largest trading partners of Russia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) www.uktradeinfo.com HMRC ( Valid for 3 months ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_United_Kingdom&oldid=826732936 '' Categories : Foreign trade of the United Kingdom Lists of superlatives Lists of trading partners Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 18 : 39 . About Wikipedia	who are the uk's biggest trading partners	[]	[]
-7498808518194805831	Pulmonary circulation	Pulmonary circulation - wikipedia Pulmonary circulation Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pulmonary circulation Human pulmonary circulation . Oxygen - rich blood is shown in red ; oxygen - depleted blood in blue Pulmonary circulation in the heart Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The pulmonary circulation is the portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart , to the lungs , and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart . The term pulmonary circulation is readily paired and contrasted with the systemic circulation . The vessels of the pulmonary circulation are the pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary veins . A separate system known as the bronchial circulation supplies oxygenated blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route 1.1 Arteries 1.2 Lungs 1.3 Veins 1.4 Arteries 2 History 3 Embryonic 4 See also 5 External links 6 References Route ( edit ) 3D rendering of a high resolution computed tomography of the thorax . The anterior thoracic wall , the airways and the pulmonary vessels anterior to the root of the lung have been digitally removed in order to visualize the different levels of the pulmonary circulation . Image showing main pulmonary artery coursing ventrally to the aortic root and trachea , and the right pulmonary artery passes dorsally to the ascending aorta , while the left pulmonary artery passes ventrally to the descending aorta . Deoxygenated blood leaves the heart , goes to the lungs , and then re-enters the heart ; Deoxygenated blood leaves through the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery . From the right atrium , the blood is pumped through the tricuspid valve ( or right atrioventricular valve ) , into the right ventricle . Blood is then pumped from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve and into the main pulmonary artery . Arteries ( edit ) Main article : Pulmonary artery From the right ventricle , blood is pumped through the semilunar pulmonary valve into the left and right main pulmonary arteries ( one for each lung ) , which branch into smaller pulmonary arteries that spread throughout the lungs . Lungs ( edit ) The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs , where carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is picked up during respiration . Arteries are further divided into very fine capillaries which are extremely thin - walled . The pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart . Veins ( edit ) Main article : Pulmonary vein The oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins , which return it to the left heart , completing the pulmonary cycle . This blood then enters the left atrium , which pumps it through the mitral valve into the left ventricle . From the left ventricle the blood passes through the aortic valve to the aorta . The blood is then distributed to the body through the systemic circulation before returning again to the pulmonary circulation . Arteries ( edit ) Main article : Pulmonary artery From the right ventricle , blood is pumped through the semilunar pulmonary valve into the left and right main pulmonary arteries ( one for each lung ) , which branch into smaller pulmonary arteries that spread throughout the lungs . History ( edit ) Pulmonary circulation was first described by the Arab physician Ibn al - Nafis in his Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna 's Canon ( 1242 ) . Ibn al - Nafis described pulmonary circulation as : `` the blood from the right chamber of the heart must arrive at the left chamber but there is no direct pathway between them . The thick septum of the heart is not perforated and does not have visible pores as some people thought or invisible pores as Galen thought . The blood from the right chamber must flow through the vena arteriosa ( pulmonary artery ) to the lungs , spread through its substances , be mingled there with air , pass through the arteria venosa ( pulmonary vein ) to reach the left chamber of the heart and there form the vital spirit ... '' It was later described by Michael Servetus in the `` Manuscript of Paris '' ( near 1546 , never published ) and later published in his Christianismi Restitutio ( 1553 ) . Since it was a theology work condemned by most of the Christian factions of his time , the discovery remained mostly unknown until the dissections of William Harvey in 1616 . In 1559 , Realdo Colombo explained the Pulmonary function . Prior to Colombo 's work , anatomists such as Galen and Vesalius examined blood vessels separately from the organs of the body . Colombo instead considered these vessels together with the organs they support , and from this was able to conceptualize the flow of blood to and from each organ , supporting his discovery of pulmonary transition of the blood . Colombo also viewed the lungs separately from the heart , and assigned it as having a special role in respiration . Embryonic ( edit ) The pulmonary circulation loop is virtually bypassed in fetal circulation . The fetal lungs are collapsed , and blood passes from the right atrium directly into the left atrium through the foramen ovale : an open conduit between the paired atria , or through the ductus arteriosus : a shunt between the pulmonary artery and the aorta . When the lungs expand at birth , the pulmonary pressure drops and blood is drawn from the right atrium into the right ventricle and through the pulmonary circuit . Over the course of several months , the foramen ovale closes , leaving a shallow depression known as the fossa ovalis . See also ( edit ) Underwater diving portal Pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary embolus Pulmonary shunt Cardiac shunt Vascular resistance External links ( edit ) Official Journal of the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute Michael Servetus Research Study on the Manuscript of Paris with the description of the Pulmonary Circulation , and more works by Servetus . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pulmonary circulation . Jump up ^ Hine , Robert ( 2008 ) . A dictionary of biology ( 6th ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 540 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 920462 - 5 . Jump up ^ The Pursuit of Learning in the Islamic World , 610 - 2003 By Hunt Janin , Pg99 Jump up ^ Saints and saviours of Islam , By Hamid Naseem Rafiabadi , Pg295 Jump up ^ 2011 `` The love for truth . Life and work of Michael Servetus '' , ( El amor a la verdad . Vida y obra de Miguel Servet . ) , printed by Navarro y Navarro , Zaragoza , collaboration with the Government of Navarra , Department of Institutional Relations and Education of the Government of Navarra , 607 pp , 64 of them illustrations , p 215 - 228 & 62nd illustration ( XLVII ) Jump up ^ Cunningham , Andrew ( 1997 ) . The Anatomical Renaissance : The Resurrection of the Anatomical Projects of the Ancients . Scholar Press . p. 143 . ISBN 1 - 85928 - 338 - 1 . ( hide ) Respiratory physiology Respiration breath inhalation exhalation respiratory rate respirometer pulmonary surfactant compliance elastic recoil hysteresivity airway resistance bronchial hyperresponsiveness constriction dilatation mechanical ventilation Control pons pneumotaxic center apneustic center medulla dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group chemoreceptors central peripheral pulmonary stretch receptors Hering -- Breuer reflex Lung volumes VC FRC Vt dead space CC PEF calculations respiratory minute volume FEV1 / FVC ratio Lung function tests spirometry body plethysmography peak flow meter nitrogen washout Circulation pulmonary circulation hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction pulmonary shunt Interactions ventilation ( V ) Perfusion ( Q ) Ventilation / perfusion ratio V / Q scan zones of the lung gas exchange pulmonary gas pressures alveolar gas equation alveolar -- arterial gradient hemoglobin oxygen -- haemoglobin dissociation curve ( Oxygen saturation 2 , 3 - BPG Bohr effect Haldane effect ) carbonic anhydrase ( chloride shift ) oxyhemoglobin respiratory quotient arterial blood gas diffusion capacity ( DLCO ) Insufficiency high altitude oxygen toxicity hypoxia Diving medicine , physiology , physics and environment Diving medicine Injuries and disorders Pressure Oxygen Freediving blackout Hyperoxia Hypoxia ( medical ) Oxygen toxicity Inert gases Atrial septal defect Avascular necrosis Decompression sickness Dysbaric osteonecrosis High - pressure nervous syndrome Hydrogen narcosis Isobaric counterdiffusion Nitrogen narcosis Taravana Uncontrolled decompression Carbon dioxide Hypercapnia Hypocapnia Aerosinusitis Air embolism Alternobaric vertigo Barodontalgia Barostriction Barotrauma Compression arthralgia Decompression illness Dental barotrauma Dysbarism Ear clearing Frenzel maneuver Valsalva maneuver Immersion Asphyxia Drowning Hypothermia Immersion diuresis Instinctive drowning response Laryngospasm Salt water aspiration syndrome Swimming - induced pulmonary edema List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders Cramps Diving disorders Motion sickness Surfer 's ear Treatments Diving chamber Diving medicine Hyperbaric medicine Hyperbaric treatment schedules In - water recompression Oxygen therapy Fitness to dive Diving physiology Artificial gills ( human ) Blood -- air barrier Blood shift Breathing Circulatory system CO2 retention Cold shock response Dead space ( physiology ) Decompression ( diving ) Decompression theory Diving reflex Gas exchange History of decompression research and development Lipid Maximum operating depth Metabolism Normocapnia Oxygen window in diving decompression Perfusion Physiological response to water immersion Physiology of decompression Pulmonary circulation Respiratory exchange ratio Respiratory quotient Respiratory system Systemic circulation Tissue ( biology ) Diving physics Ambient pressure Amontons ' law Anti-fog Archimedes ' principle Atmospheric pressure Boyle 's law Breathing performance of regulators Buoyancy Charles 's law Combined gas law Dalton 's law Diffusion Force Gay - Lussac 's law Henry 's law Hydrophobe Hydrostatic pressure Ideal gas law Molecular diffusion Neutral buoyancy Oxygen fraction Partial pressure Permeation Pressure Psychrometric constant Snell 's law Solubility Solution Supersaturation Surface tension Surfactant Torricellian chamber Underwater vision Weight Diving environment Algal bloom Breaking wave Ocean current Current ( stream ) Ekman transport Halocline List of diving hazards and precautions Longshore drift Rip current Stratification Surf Surge ( wave action ) Thermocline Tides Turbidity Undertow ( water waves ) Upwelling Researchers in diving medicine and physiology Arthur J. Bachrach Albert R. Behnke Paul Bert George F. Bond Robert Boyle Albert A. Bühlmann John R Clarke William Paul Fife John Scott Haldane Robert William Hamilton Jr . Leonard Erskine Hill Brian Andrew Hills Felix Hoppe - Seyler Christian J. Lambertsen Simon Mitchell Charles Momsen John Rawlins R.N. Charles Wesley Shilling Edward D. Thalmann Jules Triger Diving medical research organisations Aerospace Medical Association Divers Alert Network ( DAN ) Diving Diseases Research Centre ( DDRC ) Diving Medical Advisory Council ( DMAC ) European Diving Technology Committee ( EDTC ) European Underwater and Baromedical Society ( EUBS ) National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine Rubicon Foundation South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society ( SPUMS ) Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association ( SAUHMA ) Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society ( UHMS ) United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit ( NEDU ) Categories : Diving medicine Underwater diving physiology Underwater diving physics Physical oceanography Glossary Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulmonary_circulation&oldid=815596430 '' Categories : Angiology Respiratory physiology Underwater diving physiology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本語 Plattdüütsch Polski Português Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 20 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does blood leaving the left ventricle go	[ "The oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins, which return it to the left heart, completing the pulmonary cycle. This blood then enters the left atrium, which pumps it through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. From the left ventricle the blood passes through the aortic valve to the aorta. The blood is then distributed to the body through the systemic circulation before returning again to the pulmonary circulation." ]	[ "passes through the aortic valve to the aorta" ]
-1619716997536411649	United Nations Charter	United Nations Charter - wikipedia United Nations Charter Charter of the United Nations UN Charter Drafted 14 August 1941 Signed 26 June 1945 Location San Francisco , California , United States Effective 24 October 1945 Condition Ratification by China , France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , United States and by a majority of the other signatory states . Parties 193 Depositary United States Languages Arabic , Chinese , English , French , Russian , and Spanish Charter of the United Nations at Wikisource The Charter of the United Nations ( also known as the UN Charter ) of 1945 is the foundational treaty of the United Nations , an intergovernmental organization . The UN Charter articulated a commitment to uphold human rights of citizens and outlined a broad set of principles relating to achieving ' higher standards of living ' , addressing ' economic , social , health , and related problems , ' and ' universal respect for , and observance of , human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race , sex , language , or religion . ' As a charter , it is a constituent treaty , and all members are bound by its articles . Furthermore , Article 103 of the Charter states that obligations to the United Nations prevail over all other treaty obligations . The Charter was opened for signature on 26 June 1945 and was signed at the San Francisco War Memorial and Performing Arts Center in San Francisco , United States , on 26 June 1945 , by 50 of the 51 original member countries ( Poland , the other original member , which was not represented at the conference , signed it two months later ) . It entered into force on 24 October 1945 , after being ratified by the original five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council -- the Republic of China ( after 1949 , located in Taiwan and was later replaced by the People 's Republic of China ) , the Provisional Government of the French Republic ( later replaced by the Fourth Republic and then the Fifth Republic ) , the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( later replaced by the Russian Federation ) , the United Kingdom , and the United States -- and a majority of the other signatories . In the meantime , the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki took place on 6 and 9 August , respectively ; the introduction of this new weapon of warfare completely changed the security environment in which the UN Charter was promulgated . Most countries in the world have now ratified the Charter . 24 October was later declared as United Nations Day by the United Nations General Assembly . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Charter Provisions 2.1 Preamble 2.2 Chapter I : Purposes And Principles 2.2. 1 Article 1 2.2. 2 Article 2 2.3 Chapter II : Membership 2.4 Chapter III : Organs 2.5 Chapter IV : The General Assembly 2.6 Chapter V : The Security Council 2.7 Chapter VI : Pacific Settlement of Disputes 2.8 Chapter VII : Action with respect to Threats to the Peace , Breaches of the Peace , and Acts of Aggression 2.9 Chapter VIII : Regional Arrangements 2.10 Chapter IX : International Economic and Social Co-operation 2.11 Chapter X : The Economic and Social Council 2.12 Chapter XI : Declaration regarding Non-Self - Governing Territories 2.13 Chapter XII : International Trusteeship System 2.14 Chapter XIII : The Trusteeship Council 2.15 Chapter XIV : The International Court of Justice 2.16 Chapter XV : The Secretariat 2.16. 1 Functions of the Secretariat 2.17 Chapter XVI : Miscellaneous Provisions 2.18 Chapter XVII : Transitional Security Arrangements 2.19 Chapter XVIII : Amendments 2.20 Chapter XIX : Ratification and Signature 3 See also 4 Notes and references 5 External links Summary ( edit ) Insignia appeared in the frontispiece of the charter , prototype of the current logo of the United Nations The Charter consists of a preamble and a series of articles grouped into chapters . The preamble consists of two principal parts . The first part contains a general call for the maintenance of peace and international security and respect for human rights . The second part of the preamble is a declaration in a contractual style that the governments of the peoples of the United Nations have agreed to the Charter and it is the first international document regarding human rights . Chapter I sets forth the purposes of the United Nations , including the important provisions of the maintenance of international peace and security . Chapter II defines the criteria for membership in the United Nations . Chapters III -- XV , the bulk of the document , describe the organs and institutions of the UN and their respective powers . Chapters XVI and Chapter XVII describe arrangements for integrating the UN with established international law . Chapters XVIII and Chapter XIX provide for amendment and ratification of the Charter . The following chapters deal with the enforcement powers of UN bodies : Chapter VI describes the Security Council 's power to investigate and mediate disputes ; Chapter VII describes the Security Council 's power to authorize economic , diplomatic , and military sanctions , as well as the use of military force , to resolve disputes ; Chapter VIII makes it possible for regional arrangements to maintain peace and security within their own region ; Chapters IX and Chapter X describe the UN 's powers for economic and social cooperation , and the Economic and Social Council that oversees these powers ; Chapters XII and Chapter XIII describe the Trusteeship Council , which oversaw decolonization ; Chapters XIV and Chapter XV establish the powers of , respectively , the International Court of Justice and the United Nations Secretariat . Chapters XVI through Chapter XIX deal respectively with XVI : miscellaneous provisions , XVII : transitional security arrangements related to World War II , XVIII : the charter amendment process , and XIX : ratification of the charter Charter provisions ( edit ) Preamble ( edit ) World War II poster from the United States on the UNITED NATIONS -- PREAMBLE TO THE CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS Main article : Preamble to the United Nations Charter The Preamble to the treaty reads as follows : WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war , which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind , and to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights , in the dignity and worth of the human person , in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small , and to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained , and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom , AND FOR THESE ENDS to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbours , and to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security , and to ensure , by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods , that armed force shall not be used , save in the common interest , and to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples , HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS TO ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS . Accordingly , our respective Governments , through representatives assembled in the city of San Francisco , who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form , have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international organization to be known as the United Nations . `` WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS '' Although the Preamble is an integral part of the Charter , it does not set out any of the rights or obligations of member states ; its purpose is to serve as an interpretative guide for the provisions of the Charter through the highlighting of some of the core motives of the founders of the organization . Chapter I : Purposes and Principles ( edit ) Main article : Chapter I of the United Nations Charter Article 1 ( edit ) The Purposes of the United Nations are To maintain international peace and security , to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace , and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace , and to bring about by peaceful means , and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law , adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace ; To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self - determination of peoples , and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace ; To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic , social , cultural , or humanitarian character , and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race , sex , language , or religion ; and To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends . Article 2 ( edit ) The Organization and its Members , in pursuit of the Purposes stated in Article 1 , shall act in accordance with the following Principles : The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members . All Members , in order to ensure , to all of them the rights and benefits resulting from membership , shall fulfill in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the present Charter . All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security , and justice , are not endangered . All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state , or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations . All Members shall give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the present Charter , and shall refrain from giving assistance to any state against which the United Nations is taking preventive or enforcement action . The Organization shall ensure that states which are not Members of the United Nations act in accordance with these Principles so far as may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security . Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter ; but this principle shall not prejudice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter . Chapter II : Membership ( edit ) Main article : Chapter II of the United Nations Charter Chapter II of the United Nations Charter deals with membership of the United Nations organization Chapter III : organs ( edit ) Main article : Chapter III of the United Nations Charter There are established as principal organs of the United Nations : a General Assembly , a Security Council , an Economic and Social Council , a Trusteeship Council , an International Court of Justice and a Secretariat . Such subsidiary organs as may be found necessary may be established in accordance with the present Charter . Chapter IV : The General Assembly ( edit ) Main article : Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter Chapter v : the Security Council ( edit ) Main article : Chapter V of the United Nations Charter COMPOSITION Article 23 1 . The Security Council shall consist of fifteen Members of the United Nations . The Republic of China , France , the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , and the United States of America shall be permanent members of the Security Council . The General Assembly shall elect ten other Members of the United Nations to be non-permanent members of the Security Council , due regard being specially paid , in the first instance to the contribution of Members of the United Nations to the maintenance of international peace and security and to the other purposes of the Organization , and also to equitable geographical distribution . 2 . The non-permanent members of the Security Council shall be elected for a term of two years . In the first election of the non-permanent members after the increase of the membership of the Security Council from eleven to fifteen , two of the four additional members shall be chosen for a term of one year . A retiring member shall not be eligible for immediate re-election . 3 . Each member of the Security Council shall have one representative . FUNCTIONS and POWERS Article 24 1 . In order to ensure prompt and effective action by the United Nations , its Members confer on the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security , and agree that in carrying out its duties under this responsibility the Security Council acts on their behalf . 2 . In discharging these duties the Security Council shall act in accordance with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations . The specific powers granted to the Security Council for the discharge of these duties are laid down in Chapters VI , VII , VIII , and XII . 3 . The Security Council shall submit annual and , when necessary , special reports to the General Assembly for its consideration . Article 25 The Members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council in accordance with the present Charter . Article 26 In order to promote the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security with the least diversion for armaments of the world 's human and economic resources , the Security Council shall be responsible for formulating , with the assistance of the Military Staff Committee referred to in Article 47 , plans to be submitted to the Members of the United Nations for the establishment of a system for the regulation of armaments . VOTING Article 27 1 . Each member of the Security Council shall have one vote . 2 . Decisions of the Security Council on procedural matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members . 3 . Decisions of the Security Council on all other matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members including the concurring votes of the permanent members ; provided that , in decisions under Chapter VI , and under paragraph 3 of Article 52 , a party to a dispute shall abstain from voting . PROCEDURE Article 28 1 . The Security Council shall be so organized as to be able to function continuously . Each member of the Security Council shall for this purpose be represented at all times at the seat of the Organization . 2 . The Security Council shall hold periodic meetings at which each of its members may , if it so desires , be represented by a member of the government or by some other specially designated representative . 3 . The Security Council may hold meetings at such places other than the seat of the Organization as in its judgment will best facilitate its work . Article 29 The Security Council may establish such subsidiary organs as it deems necessary for the performance of its functions . Article 30 The Security Council shall adopt its own rules of procedure , including the method of selecting its President . 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Functions of the secretariat ( edit ) preparation of report and other documents containing information , analysis , historical background research finding , policy suggestions and so forth , to facilitate deliberations and decision making by other organs . to facilitate legislative organs and their subsidiary bodies . provision of meeting services for the General Assembly and other organs provision of editorial , translation and document reproduction services for the issuance of UN documents in different language . conduct of studies and provision of information to various member states in meeting challenge in various fields preparation of statistical publication , information bulletin and analytical work which the General Assembly has decided organization of conferences experts group meetings and seminar on topics of concern to the international community provision of technical assistance to develop countries . understanding of service mission to countries , areas or location as authorized by the General Assembly or the security Chapter XVI : Miscellaneous Provisions ( edit ) Main article : Chapter XVI of the United Nations Charter Chapter XVII : Transitional Security Arrangements ( edit ) Main article : Chapter XVII of the United Nations Charter Chapter XVIII : Amendments ( edit ) Main article : Chapter XVIII of the United Nations Charter Chapter XIX : ratification and signature ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Charter of the United Nations # Chapter XIX - Ratification and Signature Chapter XIX of the United Nations Charter deals with ratification and signature of the UN Charter . It provided that the Charter would enter into force once ratified by the Permanent Five members of the United Nations Security Council and a majority of the other signatory states . See also ( edit ) 1940s portal United Nations portal Command responsibility History of United Nations peacekeeping Nuremberg Principles Universal Declaration of Human Rights United Nations Conference on International Organization United Nations System Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Introductory Note '' . Un.org . Archived from the original on 9 May 2005 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Christopher N.J. Roberts ( June 2017 ) . `` William H. Fitzpatrick 's Editorials on Human Rights ( 1949 ) '' . Quellen zur Geschichte der Menschenrechte ( Sources on the History of Human Rights ) . Human Rights Working Group in the 20th Century . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter XVI : Miscellaneous Provisions '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 2 Resolution 168 . United Nations Day A / RES / 168 ( II ) 31 October 1947 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Charter of the United Nations and Statue of the International Court of Justice '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Preamble '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Report of the Rapporteur of Commission I / 1 UNICO VI , pp 446 -- 7 , Doc . 944 I / 1 / 34 ( 1 ) . External links ( edit ) Full Text In the UN Website Scanned copy of the signed charter Original ratifications . Ratifications / admissions under Article IV . Alger Hiss recounts transporting the UN Charter after its signing . 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-749248121751574305	2003 Cricket World Cup Final	2003 Cricket World Cup final - wikipedia 2003 Cricket World Cup final Jump to : navigation , search 2003 ICC Cricket World Cup Final Event 2003 ICC Cricket World Cup Australia India 359 / 2 234 50 overs 39.2 overs Date 23 March 2003 Venue Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg , South Africa Player of the Match Ricky Ponting Umpires Steve Bucknor and David Shepherd Attendance 31,779 ← 1999 2007 → The 2003 Cricket World Cup Final was a One Day International ( ODI ) match played between Australia and India on 23 March 2003 at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg , South Africa . It marked the culmination of the 2003 Cricket World Cup , the eighth edition of the tournament . It was the first time that these two teams had met at this stage of a World Cup . For defending champions Australia it was their fifth World Cup final , while for India it was the second after their 1983 victory . Australia won the match by 125 runs to claim the title for the third time . Both teams had progressed through three stages to reach the final . Australia was unbeaten thus far , while India had lost one game -- against Australia in the first stage . Australia -- led by Ricky Ponting -- entered the game as firm favourites . After winning the toss , India captain Sourav Ganguly decided to field first before a crowd of nearly 32,000 . The Australian opening pair , Adam Gilchrist and Matthew Hayden , added 105 runs in 14 overs . After their dismissals , Ponting ( 140 not out ) and Damien Martyn ( 88 not out ) were involved in a partnership of 234 runs , then an Australian record , and took the total to 359 runs at the end of the innings . Harbhajan Singh took both of the Australian wickets , conceding 49 runs . In response , India lost their key batsman , Sachin Tendulkar , at the start of the innings . Despite a brief interruption by rain after the 17th over , no time was lost from the game . Once play resumed , India lost wickets at regular intervals . Virender Sehwag top - scored for India with 82 runs , before the team were bowled out for 234 runs in the 40th over . For Australia , Glenn McGrath took three wickets for 52 runs , while Brett Lee and Andrew Symonds claimed two wickets each . Ponting was named man of the match for his 140 , and Tendulkar , the tournament 's leading run - scorer ( 673 runs ) , was awarded the man of the series . The final was Australia 's seventeenth successive ODI win , a record , and they were the first team to win three World Cups . Ganguly 's decision to bowl first in the match was criticised by journalists and former cricketers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Format 1.2 Squads 2 Route to the final 2.1 Group stage 2.2 Super Sixes 2.3 Semi-finals 3 Build up 4 Final 4.1 Summary 4.2 Scorecard 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Background ( edit ) Format ( edit ) See also : History of the Cricket World Cup The 2003 Cricket World Cup was the eighth World Cup , organised by the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) . The competition took place between 9 February and 23 March 2003 , lasting 43 days . Co-hosted by South Africa , Zimbabwe and Kenya , the tournament was the first World Cup to be played in Africa . There were 14 participating teams , the largest number in a World Cup until then . As well as the 10 Test - playing nations , four associate teams took part . Kenya , by virtue of its ODI status , automatically qualified for the tournament ; Canada , Namibia and Netherlands -- the top three teams of the 2001 ICC Trophy -- formed the rest . The structure of the tournament was similar to that of the 1999 World Cup . The 14 countries were separated into two groups of seven ; each team played the others in its group once . The most successful three from each group qualified for the Super Sixes stage , a format which was introduced in the 1999 tournament . Each qualifier carried forward their points from the first stage and played one game against each of the three teams from the other group . The top four teams from the Super Sixes qualified for the semi-finals , and the winners of those matches contested the final . A total of 54 matches were played in the tournament . The matches were played according to the standard rules of a One Day International ( ODI ) . Each side batted for a maximum of 50 overs , and fielding restrictions applied for the bowling side . For the first 15 overs only two fielders were allowed outside the infield , and for the rest of the innings four fielders ( including a bowler and the wicket - keeper ) had to be deployed in the infield . No player was allowed to bowl more than 10 overs in an innings . Squads ( edit ) Main article : 2003 Cricket World Cup squads The Australian Cricket Board announced their squad for the World Cup on 31 December 2002 , but several changes were made to the team before the tournament was completed . In January 2003 , Shane Watson was ruled out following a stress fracture and was replaced by Ian Harvey . A day before the tournament started , Australia 's key spinner Shane Warne was found guilty of using a prohibited diuretic drug during an ODI series held in Australia before the World Cup . He was sent home after he tested positive , and banned from playing for one year . Later , Australia 's fast bowler Jason Gillespie was ruled out from the tournament following a tendon injury . Warne and Gillespie were replaced by Nathan Hauritz ( on 24 February 2003 ) and Nathan Bracken ( on 5 March 2003 ) , respectively . An ongoing dispute between the Board for Control of Cricket in India ( BCCI ) and the Indian players over product endorsements ensured a delay in the announcement of a provisional squad for the World Cup . The BCCI announced the final selection of 15 members on 31 December 2002 . Sachin Tendulkar made into the final squad despite three ongoing injuries , including a major one on the ankle . Having won 15 out of their 18 ODIs leading up the start of the tournament , the defending champions Australia were deemed one of the favourites to reach the semi-finals . They had previously won the 1987 and 1999 tournaments . In contrast , some commentators considered it doubtful whether India would qualify for the Super Sixes stage . They had won the competition once , in 1983 , but had recently lost an ODI series against West Indies at home , and were defeated heavily in their tour of New Zealand . Route to the final ( edit ) Group stage ( edit ) Main article : 2003 Cricket World Cup group stage Australia and India were both in Pool A of the competition . Australia won all their matches in the group stage . Except for their win against England , when they recovered from 135 for 8 to reach the target of 205 runs , they won all their matches comfortably . India had a shaky start to the tournament . In their opening match against the Netherlands , they were bowled out for 204 runs . Although they won the game by 79 runs , the team was criticised for failing to bat out their 50 overs . After they were dismissed for 125 runs against Australia and lost the match by nine wickets , angry fans in India burned effigies of the players ; Mohammad Kaif 's house and Rahul Dravid 's car were vandalised . India won all the remaining games of the stage -- against Zimbabwe , Pakistan , Namibia and England . Australia , India and Zimbabwe finished the group as the top three teams and qualified for the Super Sixes from Pool A , while Pool B had Sri Lanka , Kenya and New Zealand progress for the next stage . Super Sixes ( edit ) In the first match of the Super Sixes against Sri Lanka , Australia made 319 runs for five wickets . The Australian captain Ricky Ponting and his deputy , Adam Gilchrist , scored 114 not out and 99 respectively . Sri Lanka in reply managed 223 runs in 47.4 overs . Aravinda de Silva top - scored with 92 while Brett Lee captured three wickets for Australia . In the next match against New Zealand , Shane Bond 's six wickets for 23 runs reduced Australia to 84 runs for seven wickets in 27 overs before Michael Bevan and Andrew Bichel took the total to 208 runs . Lee 's five wickets for 42 runs helped to bowl New Zealand out for 112 runs , their lowest total in World Cup . Australia won their final game by five wickets after bowling out Kenya for 174 runs . After losing the toss against Kenya in their first match , India were set a target of 226 runs . Despite an initial collapse , their captain Sourav Ganguly ( 107 not out ) and Yuvraj Singh ( 58 not out ) ensured India 's victory . In the next game against Sri Lanka , India made 292 runs ; Tendulkar ( 97 ) and Sehwag ( 66 ) top - scored for the team . Srinath took four wickets as Sri Lanka were bowled out for 109 , and India won the match by a margin of 183 runs . In their final match of the stage , India played New Zealand . Zaheer Khan returned career - best figures of four wickets for 42 runs , and New Zealand were dismissed for 146 runs . India lost three wickets for 21 runs , before Dravid , their vice-captain , and Kaif added 129 runs for the fourth wicket and ensured a seven - wicket win . The match marked the seventh consecutive victory for India in the tournament . Semi-finals ( edit ) The first semi-final was played between Australia and Sri Lanka on 18 March at St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth . Australia won the toss and opted to bat first . They managed 212 runs for the loss of 7 wickets at the end of 50 overs . Symonds top - scored for the team with 91 not out , while Chaminda Vaas picked up three wickets for Sri Lanka . With 213 runs needed for victory , Sri Lanka lost both the openers after which the play was interrupted by rain . The target was revised to 172 runs from 38.1 overs using the Duckworth -- Lewis method , a mathematical formulation used to calculate revised targets for teams batting second in case of matches being interrupted by bad weather or rain . Kumar Sangakkara and Vaas made 47 runs together for the eighth wicket , the highest partnership of the innings , but the team managed to score only 123 runs in the allotted overs . Australia progressed into the final as Sri Lanka fell 48 runs short of the target . The second semi-final was played between India and Kenya on 20 March 2003 at Kingsmead , Durban . Kenya became the first non-Test team to play a World Cup semi-final . India won the toss and made 270 runs for four wickets . Ganguly and Tendulkar made 111 not out and 83 respectively . In reply , Kenya were bowled out for 179 in 46.2 overs . Their captain Steve Tikolo top - scored with 56 runs , while Zaheer Khan took three wickets for 14 runs . Ganguly was adjudged the Man of the match . Build up ( edit ) Many journalists considered Australia , undefeated throughout the tournament , to be favourites in the final . The Indian industrialist Vijay Mallya organised special flights , including a few chartered ones , to transport film actors , politicians and businessmen to Johannesburg ; most of these people supported India . Some South African airlines also extended their support to India . The air tickets from Mumbai to Johannesburg were completely sold out immediately after India entered the Super Sixes stage . Although most journalists and analysts favoured Australia , former Pakistan captain Imran Khan believed India were favourites . Former Australia cricketer Greg Chappell complimented Brett Lee : he said , except for Lee , no Australian bowler was a serious threat to the Indian batsmen , and also remarked that the `` duel '' between Lee and Tendulkar would be crucial . On the eve of the match , which would be his 100th ODI as India 's captain , Ganguly issued a statement saying that his team were honoured to play the World Cup final . He cited India 's victories at the 1983 World Cup and the 1985 World Championship of Cricket as his inspirations . Although acknowledging Australia as the best side in the world , he stated that they were not `` unbeatable '' . Australia 's main concern was Tendulkar , the tournament 's top - scorer , of whom the Indian fans had high expectations . Ponting hinted about the possibility that his bowlers , Lee and Glenn McGrath , had `` special '' plans to restrict him . He also said that in crucial matches his team `` tries to reach another level '' . Before the match , the two teams had faced each other eight times in World Cups ; Australia had won six of them . In the 2003 tournament , Australia won all their matches to that point ; India 's only defeat came in the group stage against Australia . For all the Indian players it was their first World Cup final , whereas six of the Australians had appeared in at least one previous final . India 's Sachin Tendulkar was the tournament 's top - scorer with 673 runs . India captain Sourav Ganguly was the second - highest run scorer in the tournament . Australia captain Ricky Ponting scored 415 runs in the tournament . Australia 's Brett Lee was the tournament 's second - highest wicket taker . Andrew Symonds played two important innings , each against Pakistan and Sri Lanka , to lead Australia to victory . Final ( edit ) Summary ( edit ) The final was played on 23 March 2003 at the Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg . This was the fifth match to be played at the ground in the tournament . The match , watched by a crowd of 31,779 , began at 10 : 00 SAST . Simon Wilde , writing for the Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack , said the venue was one of the `` most bountiful '' grounds for batsmen . However , on that day the pitch was moist and the outfield was damp as a result of the thunderstorms the previous evening . A short shower that morning forced the ground staff to blow dry air over the pitch . The sky was overcast with a chance of further rainfall . For the umpires -- David Shepherd and Steve Bucknor -- it was their third World Cup Final . Rudi Koertzen and Billy Bowden were appointed as the third and fourth umpires , respectively . Former Sri Lankan cricketer Ranjan Madugalle served as the match referee . The Wanderers Stadium ( pictured in 2007 ) India remained unchanged from the side that played the semi-final , while Australia excluded Ian Harvey and brought back Damien Martyn into the side . Ganguly won the toss and elected to field first . Zaheer Khan opened the bowling for India along with Javagal Srinath . The Australian openers scored aggressively from the beginning of the innings as Khan conceded 15 runs in the first over . Gilchrist in particular hit both Khan and Srinath for many runs and reached his 50 from 40 balls . When Ganguly turned to his spin bowlers as early as the tenth over , Gilchrist slowed his scoring rate . In the fourteenth over , when Harbhajan Singh was brought back to bowl , Gilchrist ( 57 off 48 balls ) tried to hit him over the mid-wicket , but was beaten by the ball 's extra bounce and caught in the deep by Virender Sehwag . The pair had added 105 runs for the first wicket . Harbhajan struck again in the twentieth over when he dismissed Hayden ( 37 runs off 54 balls ) , leaving the score at 125 runs . After Hayden 's departure , Ponting was joined by Martyn , who completed his half - century in 46 balls . Ponting scored at a slower rate , reaching his 50 off 74 balls with one four . After completing his half century , he accelerated ; he hit two sixes off Harbhajan and one off Ashish Nehra . The pair added 100 runs off 109 balls for the third wicket . Ponting reached his century quickly -- his second fifty came off 29 balls . At the end of the innings , Australia had scored 359 runs for two wickets ; Ponting had scored 140 not out ( off 121 balls ; four fours and eight sixes ) and Martyn hit 88 not out ( off 84 balls ; seven fours and one six ) respectively . As of the 2015 competition , Ponting 's innings remains the highest individual score by a captain in a World Cup final , and Australia 's total remains the highest by a team in a World Cup final . The 234 - run stand between Ponting and Marytn was a record partnership for Australia in ODIs at that point in time . The Indian bowlers conceded 37 extras . Srinath conceded 87 runs without taking a wicket -- the most expensive figures in his career -- in what was his last international game . India came out to bat with Tendulkar and Sehwag . McGrath opened the bowling for Australia . Tendulkar hit a boundary off the fourth ball of the over but was dismissed off the next delivery . Ganguly joined Sehwag and the pair scored at a run - a-ball before the former was dismissed by Lee in the tenth over . Kaif , the next man , was dismissed in the same over with the score 59 runs for 3 wickets . Dravid and Sehwag scored steadily from then on until the seventeenth over , when rain interrupted play with the score at 103 runs . After play resumed , Ponting brought in Australia 's spinners , Brad Hogg and Darren Lehmann . Sehwag was more aggressive against both , hitting Lehmann for three consecutive fours and Hogg for a four and six ; Dravid played a secondary role to Sehwag , pushing often for singles . They were dismissed in quick succession after making 82 ( off 81 balls ) and 47 ( off 57 balls ) respectively . Following that , India began to lose wickets at regular intervals . Except for Yuvraj Singh ( 24 ) and Dinesh Mongia ( 12 ) , the rest of the players were out for single - digit scores . India were bowled out for 234 runs in 39.2 overs when Zaheer Khan was dismissed by McGrath . Australia won the match by 125 runs , the largest margin of victory by runs in a World Cup final . It was their second successive World Cup trophy and their third overall . Ponting was declared the Man of the match for his 140 not out . Scorecard ( edit ) 1st innings Australia batting Player Status Runs Balls 4s 6s Strike rate Adam Gilchrist c Sehwag b Harbhajan Singh 57 48 8 118.75 Matthew Hayden c Dravid b Harbhajan Singh 37 54 5 0 68.51 Ricky Ponting * not out 140 121 8 115.70 Damien Martyn not out 88 84 7 104.76 Darren Lehmann Michael Bevan Andrew Symonds Brad Hogg Andy Bichel Brett Lee Glenn McGrath Extras ( b 2 , lb 12 , w 16 , nb 7 ) 37 Total ( 2 wickets ; 50 overs ) 359 Fall of wickets : 1 -- 105 ( Gilchrist , 13.6 ov ) , 2 -- 125 ( Hayden , 19.5 ov ) India bowling Bowler Overs Maidens Runs Wickets Econ Zaheer Khan 7 0 67 0 9.57 Javagal Srinath 10 0 87 0 8.70 Ashish Nehra 10 0 57 0 5.70 Harbhajan Singh 8 0 49 6.12 Virender Sehwag 0 14 0 4.66 Sachin Tendulkar 0 20 0 6.66 Dinesh Mongia 7 0 39 0 5.57 Yuvraj Singh 0 12 0 6.00 2nd innings India batting Player Status Runs Balls 4s 6s Strike rate Sachin Tendulkar c & b McGrath 5 0 80.00 Virender Sehwag run out ( Lehmann ) 82 81 10 101.23 Sourav Ganguly * c Lehmann b Lee 24 25 96.00 Mohammad Kaif c Gilchrist b McGrath 0 0 0 0.00 Rahul Dravid b Bichel 47 57 0 82.45 Yuvraj Singh c Lee b Hogg 24 34 0 70.58 Dinesh Mongia c Martyn b Symonds 12 11 0 109.09 Harbhajan Singh c McGrath b Symonds 7 8 0 0 87.50 Zaheer Khan c Lehmann b McGrath 8 0 0 50.00 Javagal Srinath b Lee 0 0 25.00 Ashish Nehra not out 8 0 200.00 Extras ( b 4 , lb 4 , w 9 , nb 4 ) 21 Total ( all out ; 39.2 overs ) 234 Fall of wickets : 1 -- 4 ( Tendulkar , 0.5 ov ) , 2 -- 58 ( Ganguly , 9.5 ov ) , 3 -- 59 ( Kaif , 10.3 ov ) , 4 -- 147 ( Sehwag , 23.5 ov ) , 5 -- 187 ( Dravid , 31.5 ov ) , 6 -- 208 ( Yuvraj Singh , 34.5 ov ) , 7 -- 209 ( Mongia , 35.2 ov ) , 8 -- 223 ( Harbhajan Singh , 37.1 ov ) , 9 -- 226 ( Srinath , 38.2 ov ) , 10 -- 234 ( Khan , 39.2 ov ) Australia bowling Bowler Overs Maidens Runs Wickets Econ Glenn McGrath 8.2 0 52 6.24 Brett Lee 7 31 4.42 Brad Hogg 10 0 61 6.10 Darren Lehmann 0 18 0 9.00 Andy Bichel 10 0 57 5.70 Andrew Symonds 0 7 3.50 Match officials On - field umpires : Steve Bucknor ( West Indies ) and David Shepherd ( England ) Third umpire : Rudi Koertzen ( South Africa ) Match referee : Ranjan Madugalle ( Sri Lanka ) Reserve umpire : Billy Bowden ( New Zealand ) Key * -- Captain -- Wicket - keeper c Fielder -- Indicates that the batsman was dismissed by a catch by the named fielder b Bowler -- Indicates which bowler gains credit for the dismissal Aftermath ( edit ) Australia became the first team to win three World Cups , and registered a record 17 consecutive ODI wins . They also became the first team to win all the matches in a World Cup tournament . Writing for the Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack , Simon Wilde remarked that Australia would have beaten a Rest of the World XI had they been asked . At the post-match press conference , Ponting said the Indian players showed no signs of winning the match at any point in time . On Australia 's win he said , `` It 's not that we think we are ahead of the others . It 's just the way we play . '' Nevertheless , he complimented both teams by saying that India and Australia were the two best teams in the tournament , and said that the Indian players deserved to be in the final . Ganguly praised the Australian batsmen and said that they played like `` real champions '' . Ganguly 's decision to bowl first was criticised by the media : The New York Times , for instance , said it `` backfired horribly '' . Former Pakistan captain Imran Khan , while denouncing Ganguly 's decision , also criticised his idea of going into the match with an unchanged side . He stated that India should have played their leg spinner Anil Kumble as the ball was `` gripping ( in ) the surface '' . The journalist and former England cricketer Mike Selvey believed that Ganguly may have been influenced by the possibility of the Duckworth -- Lewis method affecting the result . Indian journalist Boria Majumdar in his book , Cricketing Cultures in Conflict ( 2004 ) , remarked about the possibility of Australia losing the rain - interrupted final , if the result were to be decided by this method . Ganguly defended his decision saying that the overcast conditions and moisture in the pitch meant it was favourable to the bowlers , but they failed to use it properly . Ponting said that he would have opted to bat first had they won the toss . His teammate Symonds , in an interview later , recalled that India 's decision to bowl first gave them an impression that they were not `` confident enough to take the fight '' . Australia were rewarded with prize money totaling US $2,000,000 , while India received $800,000 . Tendulkar 's aggregate of 673 runs in the tournament fetched him the Man of the series accolade . Ponting 's innings of 140 not out was placed among the best innings of the tournament by Rediff , and among the top 10 performances in a World Cup final by the ICC . Tendulkar and Hayden were included among the `` Highest impact World XI '' , a World Cup team released by the Wisden India owned website Impact Index , in February 2015 . Srinath , who was then India 's leading wicket - taker in ODIs , retired a few months after the competition . The match also marked the end of India coach John Wright 's contract . On his request the Board of Control for Cricket in India retained his position in which he continued to serve until 2005 . See also ( edit ) Cricket portal India at the Cricket World Cup List of Cricket World Cup finals Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : This figure is according to ESPNcricinfo . The Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack puts the number at 31,827 . Jump up ^ The maximum overs per side was reduced from 60 to 50 overs during the 1987 World Cup . Jump up ^ India 's winning streak included eight consecutive victories . Jump up ^ This was Australia 's highest total in ODIs at the time . Jump up ^ Ponting 's eight sixes in the innings were the most at the time by a batsman in a World Cup match . Jump up ^ As of January 2017 , this is the sixth - highest partnership for any wicket for Australia in ODIs . Jump up ^ Tendulkar 's aggregate is a record for any player in a single World Cup as of the 2015 tournament . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ICC World Cup , Final : Australia v India at Johannesburg , Mar 23 , 2003 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 28 April 2015 . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stern , John . `` Final -- 2003 World Cup : Australia v India '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . reprinted by ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 5 June 2015 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2003 Cricket World Cup -- in numbers '' . International Cricket Council . Archived from the original on 26 May 2015 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pal 2015 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ `` The Format '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2015 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Hignell , Andrew ( 2013 ) . Rain Stops Play : Cricketing Climates . Routledge . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 33896 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hadlee 2004 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Hadlee , Richard ( 2004 ) . Cricket : The Essentials of the Game . India Research Press . p. 10 . 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Archived from the original on 27 March 2015 . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Austin , Charlie ( 18 March 2003 ) . `` March 18 , 2003 Australia wriggle free and march into World Cup final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 19 February 2015 . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A decade of Duckworth - Lewis '' . BBC . 1 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2016 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Semi-finals -- 2003 World Cup Australia v Sri Lanka '' . Wisden . reprinted by ESPNCricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 March 2015 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ICC releases India 's World Cup prize money '' . The Hindu . 17 May 2003 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2017 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` From Apartheid to world dominance '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 5 March 2015 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Wadhwaney 2003 , p. 247 . ^ Jump up to : Wadhwaney 2003 , p. 246 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph , Manu ( 31 March 2003 ) . `` In The Shadow Of The Superpower '' . Outlook . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / One - Day Internationals / Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 3 January 2017 . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Majumdar 2004 , chpt . Winning Australians . Jump up ^ `` The Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg / Records / One - Day Internationals / Matches '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 3 January 2017 . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Cup fixtures '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 30 July 2016 . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Panicker , Prem ( 23 March 2003 ) . `` Australia crush India to win World Cup '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 27 February 2015 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shep completes Cup hat - trick '' . BBC . 21 March 2003 . Archived from the original on 20 September 2016 . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Vasu , Anand ( 23 March 2003 ) . `` Australia rout India to win third World Cup '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 18 February 2015 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ponting leads another Australian juggernaut '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 8 February 2015 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . His belligerent innings left India hapless in the 2003 final Jump up ^ `` Ponting blazes Australia to World Cup glory '' . International Cricket Council . Archived from the original on 17 June 2015 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Australia / One - Day Internationals / Highest partnerships by runs '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 4 April 2015 . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup final : Overy - by - over '' . BBC . 23 March 2003 . 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Jump up ^ Richards , Huw ( 24 March 2003 ) . `` Cricket World Cup : A monstrous challenge for India '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Imran hits out at India '' . BBC . 27 March 2003 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2015 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Selvey , Mike ( 24 March 2003 ) . `` Ponting power leads Australia to glory '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Majumdar 2004 , chpt . Controversy : On and off the field . Jump up ^ Deb , Sandipan ; Joseph , Manu ( 23 March 2003 ) . `` Nevermind , Saurav '' . Outlook . Archived from the original on 3 January 2017 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : Andrew Symonds picks his top four teams in tournament '' . India Today . 19 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2015 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ICC announce World Cup prizemoney hike '' . ESPNcricinfo. 20 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 March 2015 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Records / World Cup / Most runs in a series '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 13 March 2015 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best and worst from the World Cup '' . Rediff.com. 24 March 2003 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 : Cricket World Cup Final performances '' . 25 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 21 September 2016 . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Varma , Jaideep ; Narain , Nikhil ( 5 February 2015 ) . `` World Cup 2015 -- Impact Index 's Dream World Cup XI '' . Impact Index . Archived from the original on 3 January 2017 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Javagal Srinath retires from international cricket '' . Daily Times ( Pakistan ) . 12 November 2003 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Manak ( 24 March 2003 ) . `` Wright looks for longer term '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 29 March 2015 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Mcconnell , Lynn ( 3 July 2003 ) . `` Wright gets extended contract and bonus '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 5 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Vasu , Anand ( 20 May 2005 ) . `` Greg Chappell is India 's new coach '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 27 March 2015 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Sources ( edit ) Hadlee , Richard ( 2004 ) . Cricket : The Essentials of the Game . India Research Press . ISBN 978 - 81 - 87943 - 45 - 7 . Majumdar , Boria ( 2004 ) . Cricketing Cultures in Conflict : World Cup 2003 . Psychology Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 8407 - 9 . Pal , Suvam ( 2015 ) . The HarperCollins Book of World Cup Trivia . HarperCollins Publishers India . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5177 - 164 - 7 . Tendulkar , Sachin ; Majumdar , Boria ( 2014 ) . Playing It My Way : My Autobiography . Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4736 - 0519 - 0 . Wadhwaney , K.R. ( 2003 ) . Scandals , Controversies & World Cup - 2003 . Diamond Pocket Books ( P ) Ltd . ISBN 978 - 81 - 288 - 0366 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cricket World Cup 2003 . 2003 Cricket World Cup at BBC Cricket World Cup 2003 at ESPNcricinfo ( hide ) Cricket World Cup Tournaments England 1975 England 1979 England 1983 India / Pakistan 1987 Australia / New Zealand 1992 Pakistan / India / Sri Lanka 1996 England 1999 South Africa / Zimbabwe 2003 West Indies 2007 India / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh 2011 Australia / New Zealand 2015 England 2019 India 2023 TBA 2027 Finals 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Squads 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Statistics 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Qualification 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Awards Format History Hosts Qualification Records Centuries Five - wicket hauls Teams Trophy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2003_Cricket_World_Cup_Final&oldid=804885290 '' Categories : 2003 Cricket World Cup Cricket World Cup Finals Sports competitions in Johannesburg March 2003 sports events Hidden categories : Featured articles Use dmy dates from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français हिन्दी Italiano मराठी Nederlands Português தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 18 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the toss in 2003 world cup final	[ "Both teams had progressed through three stages to reach the final. Australia was unbeaten thus far, while India had lost one game—against Australia in the first stage. Australia—led by Ricky Ponting—entered the game as firm favourites. After winning the toss, India captain Sourav Ganguly decided to field first before a crowd of nearly 32,000. The Australian opening pair, Adam Gilchrist and Matthew Hayden, added 105 runs in 14 overs. After their dismissals, Ponting (140 not out) and Damien Martyn (88 not out) were involved in a partnership of 234 runs, then an Australian record, and took the total to 359 runs at the end of the innings. Harbhajan Singh took both of the Australian wickets, conceding 49 runs." ]	[ "India captain Sourav Ganguly" ]
-1339120023191647116	You Don't Have to Be a Star (To Be in My Show)	You Do n't Have to Be a Star ( to Be in My Show ) - wikipedia You Do n't Have to Be a Star ( to Be in My Show ) Jump to : navigation , search `` You Do n't Have to Be a Star ( To Be in My Show ) '' Single by Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis , Jr . from the album I Hope We Get to Love in Time B - side `` Fool For You '' Released September 1976 Genre Pop , soul , disco Length 4 : 41 3 : 39 ( 7 '' version ) Label ABC Records Songwriter ( s ) James Dean , John Glover Producer ( s ) Don Davis Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis , Jr. singles chronology `` I Hope We Get to Love on Time '' ( 1976 ) `` You Do n't Have to Be a Star ( To Be in My Show ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Your Love '' ( 1977 ) `` I Hope We Get to Love on Time '' ( 1976 ) `` You Do n't Have to Be a Star ( To Be in My Show ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Your Love '' ( 1977 ) `` You Do n't Have to Be a Star ( To Be in My Show ) '' is a song by the husband / wife duo of Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis , Jr. , former members of the vocal group The 5th Dimension . Released from their album , I Hope We Get to Love in Time , it became a crossover success , spending six months on the charts and soaring to number one on both the Billboard Hot 100 and Hot Soul Singles charts during late 1976 and early 1977 . The song also reached # 6 on Billboard 's Easy Listening chart and # 7 on the UK Singles Chart . It would eventually be certified gold , selling over one million copies , and winning them a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Other versions 3 References 4 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 - 77 ) Peak position Australia KMR 21 Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard R&B / Soul U.S. Billboard Easy Listening 6 New Zealand UK Singles Chart 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Rank Australia 137 Canada 33 New Zealand 37 UK 98 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 27 Other versions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Geri Reischl and Barry Williams performed the song in a 1977 episode of The Brady Bunch Variety Hour . In 1978 , Ralph Carter and Janet Jackson performed the song in the Season 5 finale of the CBS sitcom Good Times . At the time , Carter and Jackson were 16 and 11 years old , respectively . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 338 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2008 . Retrieved March 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.5149a&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.5149a.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.5149a Jump up ^ http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.5179&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.5179.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.5179 Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- You Do n't Have to Be a Star '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 , Record Research Inc. , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 0898201550 Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Marilyn McCoo & Billy Davis , Jr . - You Do n't Have To Be A Star ( To Be In My Show ) '' . Charts.org.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1977 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1977 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1977 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1977 / Top 100 Songs of 1977 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song Preceded by `` Tonight 's the Night ( Gonna Be Alright ) '' by Rod Stewart Billboard Hot 100 number - one single January 8 , 1977 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` You Make Me Feel Like Dancing '' by Leo Sayer Preceded by `` Love Ballad '' by L.T.D. Billboard Hot Soul Singles number - one single November 20 , 1976 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Dazz '' by Brick Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Don%27t_Have_to_Be_a_Star_(To_Be_in_My_Show)&oldid=790186831 '' Categories : 1976 singles 1976 songs Vocal duets Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles ABC Records singles Songs written by James Dean ( songwriter ) Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 July 2017 , at 04 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-5608991563048309254	International Women's Day	International Women 's Day - wikipedia International Women 's Day Jump to : navigation , search International Women 's Day German poster for International Women 's Day , March 8 , 1914 This poster was banned in Germany . 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It is a focal point in the movement for women 's rights . After the Socialist Party of America organised a Women 's Day on February 28 , 1909 in New York , the 1910 International Socialist Woman 's Conference suggested a Women 's Day be held annually . After women gained suffrage in Soviet Russia in 1917 , March 8 became a national holiday there . The day was then predominantly celebrated by the socialist movement and communist countries until it was adopted in 1975 by the United Nations . Today , International Women 's Day is a public holiday in some countries and largely ignored elsewhere . In some places , it is a day of protest ; in others , it is a day that celebrates womanhood . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 IWD 2010 1.2 IWD 2011 1.3 IWD 2012 1.4 IWD 2013 1.5 IWD 2014 1.6 IWD 2015 1.7 IWD 2016 1.8 IWD 2017 1.9 IWD 2018 2 Around the world 3 Official UN themes 4 See also 4.1 Other holidays honoring women 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) Women 's demonstration for bread and peace - March the 8th , 1917 , Petrograd , Russia Clara Zetkin and Rosa Luxemburg in January 1910 The earliest Women 's Day observance , called `` National Woman 's Day , '' was held on February 28 , 1909 in New York , organized by the Socialist Party of America at the suggestion of Theresa Malkiel . Though there have been claims that the day was commemorating a protest by women garment workers in New York on March 8 , 1857 , researchers have described this as a myth . In August 1910 , an International Socialist Women 's Conference was organized to precede the general meeting of the Socialist Second International in Copenhagen , Denmark . Inspired in part by the American socialists , German Socialist Luise Zietz proposed the establishment of an annual Women 's Day and was seconded by fellow socialist and later communist leader Clara Zetkin , supported by Käte Duncker , although no date was specified at that conference . Delegates ( 100 women from 17 countries ) agreed with the idea as a strategy to promote equal rights including suffrage for women . The following year on March 19 , 1911 , IWD was marked for the first time , by over a million people in Austria , Denmark , Germany and Switzerland . In the Austro - Hungarian Empire alone , there were 300 demonstrations . In Vienna , women paraded on the Ringstrasse and carried banners honouring the martyrs of the Paris Commune . Women demanded that they be given the right to vote and to hold public office . They also protested against employment sex discrimination . The Americans continued to celebrate National Women 's Day on the last Sunday in February . Female members of the Australian Builders Labourers Federation march on International Women 's Day 1975 in Sydney In 1913 Russian women observed their first International Women 's Day on the last Saturday in February ( by the Julian calendar then used in Russia ) . In 1914 International Women 's Day was held on March 8 , possibly because that day was a Sunday , and now it is always held on March 8 in all countries . The 1914 observance of the Day in Germany was dedicated to women 's right to vote , which German women did not win until 1918 . In London there was a march from Bow to Trafalgar Square in support of women 's suffrage on March 8 , 1914 . Sylvia Pankhurst was arrested in front of Charing Cross station on her way to speak in Trafalgar Square . On March 8 , 1917 , on the Gregorian calendar , in the capital of the Russian Empire , Petrograd , women textile workers began a demonstration , covering the whole city . This marked the beginning of the Russian Revolution . Women in Saint Petersburg went on strike that day for `` Bread and Peace '' -- demanding the end of World War I , an end to Russian food shortages , and the end of czarism . Leon Trotsky wrote , `` 23 February ( 8th March ) was International Woman 's Day and meetings and actions were foreseen . But we did not imagine that this ' Women 's Day ' would inaugurate the revolution . Revolutionary actions were foreseen but without date . But in the morning , despite the orders to the contrary , textile workers left their work in several factories and sent delegates to ask for support of the strike ... which led to mass strike ... all went out into the streets . '' Seven days later , the Emperor of Russia , Nicholas II abdicated and the provisional Government granted women the right to vote . Following the October Revolution , the Bolshevik Alexandra Kollontai and Vladimir Lenin made it an official holiday in the Soviet Union , but it was a working day until 1965 . On May 8 , 1965 by the decree of the USSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet International Women 's Day was declared a non-working day in the USSR `` in commemoration of the outstanding merits of Soviet women in communistic construction , in the defense of their Fatherland during the Great Patriotic War , in their heroism and selflessness at the front and in the rear , and also marking the great contribution of women to strengthening friendship between peoples , and the struggle for peace . But still , women 's day must be celebrated as are other holidays . '' From its official adoption in Soviet Russia following the Revolution in 1917 , the holiday was predominantly celebrated in communist countries and by the communist movement worldwide . It was celebrated by the communists in China from 1922 . After the founding of the People 's Republic of China on October 1 , 1949 the State Council proclaimed on December 23 that March 8 would be made an official holiday with women in China given a half - day off . Communist leader Dolores Ibárruri led a women 's march in Madrid in 1936 on the eve of the Spanish Civil War . The United Nations began celebrating International Women 's Day in the International Women 's Year , 1975 . In 1977 , the United Nations General Assembly invited member states to proclaim March 8 as the UN Day for women 's rights and world peace . IWD 2010 ( edit ) A U.S. servicemember dressed in a traditional Afghan dress during a celebration of International Women 's Day in Bagram Air Base , Afghanistan On the occasion of 2010 International Women 's Day the International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) drew attention to the hardships displaced women endure . The displacement of populations is one of the gravest consequences of today 's armed conflicts . It affects women in a host of ways . IWD 2011 ( edit ) Though the celebration in the West was low - key , events took place in more than 100 countries on March 8 , 2011 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of International Women 's Day . In the United States , President Barack Obama proclaimed March 2011 to be `` Women 's History Month '' , calling Americans to mark IWD by reflecting on `` the extraordinary accomplishments of women '' in shaping the country 's history . Secretary of State Hillary Clinton launched the `` 100 Women Initiative : Empowering Women and Girls through International Exchanges '' , on the eve of IWD . In the run - up to 2011 International Women 's Day , the Red Cross called on States and other entities not to relent in their efforts to prevent rape and other forms of sexual violence that harm the lives and dignity of countless women in conflict zones around the world every year . Australia issued an IWD 100th anniversary commemorative 20 - cent coin . In Egypt , however , the day was a step back for women . In Egypt 's Tahrir Square , hundreds of men came out not in support , but to harass the women who came out to stand up for their rights as the police and military stood by watching the events unfold in front of them , doing nothing to stop the crowds of men . `` The women -- some in headscarves and flowing robes , others in jeans -- had marched to Cairo 's central Tahrir Square to celebrate International Women 's Day . But crowds of men soon outnumbered them and chased them out '' , wrote Hadeel Al - Shalchi for The Associated Press ( AP ) . IWD 2012 ( edit ) The UN theme for International Women 's Day 2012 was Empower Rural Women -- End Hunger and Poverty . In that year , Oxfam America invited people to celebrate inspiring women in their lives by sending a free International Women 's Day e-Card or honoring a woman whose efforts had made a difference in the fight against hunger and poverty with Oxfam 's International Women 's Day award . On the occasion of International Women 's Day 2012 , the ICRC called for more action to help the mothers and wives of people who have gone missing during armed conflict . The vast majority of people who go missing in connection with conflict are men . As well as the anguish of not knowing what has happened to the missing husband or son , many of these women face economic and practical difficulties . The ICRC underlined the duty of parties to a conflict to search for the missing and provide information to the families . IWD 2013 ( edit ) The UN theme for International Women 's Day 2013 was `` A promise is a promise : Time for action to end violence against women '' , while International Women 's Day 2013 declared the year 's theme as The Gender Agenda : Gaining Momentum . The 2013 International Women 's Day , the International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) draw attention to the plight of women in prison . IWD 2014 ( edit ) The UN theme for International Women 's Day 2014 was `` Equality for Women is Progress for All '' . American singer Beyoncé also posted an International Women 's Day video to her YouTube account . Throughout the video , her song `` * * * Flawless '' plays , which includes a portion of the `` We Should All Be Feminists '' speech given by author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie . Beyoncé is a feminist . IWD 2015 ( edit ) Women on the street celebrating International Women 's Day in Cameroon The UN theme for International Women 's Day 2015 was `` Empowering Women , Empowering Humanity : Picture it ! '' . Governments and activists around the world will commemorate the 20th anniversary year of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action , an historic roadmap that sets the agenda for realizing women 's rights . IWD 2016 ( edit ) The International Women 's Day theme for 2016 was `` Planet 50 - 50 by 2030 : Step It Up for Gender Equality '' . The President of India , Shri Pranab Mukherjee , in his message issued on the eve of International Women 's Day said : `` On the occasion of International Womens Day , I extend warm greetings and good wishes to the women of India and thank them for their contributions over the years in the building of our nation . '' The ministry of women and child development announced the setting up of four more one - stop crisis centers on March 8 , in addition to the eight already functioning across the country . Ahead of Women 's Day , the national carrier Air India operated what it claimed to be the world 's longest non-stop flight where the entire flight operations were handled by women , as part of International Women 's Day celebrations . The flight , from Delhi to San Francisco , covered a distance of around 14,500 kilometers in around 17 hours . IWD 2017 ( edit ) The theme for International Women 's Day 2017 was `` Women in the Changing World of Work : Planet 50 - 50 by 2030 '' . In a message in support of International Women 's Day , the UN Secretary - General António Guterres commented on how women 's rights were being `` reduced , restricted and reversed '' . With men still in leadership positions and a widening economic gender gap , he called for change `` by empowering women at all levels , enabling their voices to be heard and giving them control over their own lives and over the future of our world '' . IWD 2018 ( edit ) The theme for International Women 's Day 2018 was'Time is Now : Rural and urban activists transforming women 's lives ' . Around the world ( edit ) Official holiday Holiday for women Non-official holiday Soviet poster : `` 8th of March is the day of rebellion of the working women against kitchen slavery . Down with the oppression and narrow - mindedness of household work ! '' The day is an official holiday in Afghanistan , Angola , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Burkina Faso , Cambodia , China ( for women only ) , Cuba , Georgia , Guinea - Bissau , Eritrea , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Laos , Madagascar ( for women only ) , Moldova , Mongolia , Nepal , Russia , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uganda , Ukraine , Uzbekistan , Vietnam , and Zambia . In some countries , such as Cameroon , Croatia , Romania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria and Chile , the day is not a public holiday , but is widely observed nonetheless . On this day it is customary for men to give the women in their lives -- friends , mothers , wives , girlfriends , daughters , colleagues , etc. -- flowers and small gifts . In some countries ( such as Bulgaria and Romania ) it is also observed as an equivalent of Mother 's Day , where children also give small presents to their mothers and grandmothers . In Russia , the day has lost all political context through the time , becoming simply a day to honor women and feminine beauty . In the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic , huge Soviet - style celebrations were held annually . After the fall of Communism , the holiday , generally considered to be one of the major symbols of the old regime , fell into obscurity . International Women 's Day was re-established as an official `` important day '' by the Parliament of the Czech Republic in 2004 on the proposal of the Social Democrats and Communists . This has provoked some controversy as a large part of the public as well as the political right see the holiday as a relic of the nation 's Communist past . International Women 's Day sparked violence in Tehran , Iran on March 4 , 2007 , when police beat hundreds of men and women who were planning a rally . ( A previous rally for the occasion was held in Tehran in 2003 . ) Police arrested dozens of women and some were released after several days of solitary confinement and interrogation . Shadi Sadr , Mahbubeh Abbasgholizadeh and several more community activists were released on March 19 , 2007 , ending a fifteen - day hunger strike . Yellow mimosa is the symbol of IWD in Italy In Italy , to celebrate the day , men give yellow mimosas to women . Communist politician Teresa Mattei chose the mimosa in 1946 as the symbol of IWD in Italy because she felt that the French symbols of the day , violets and lily - of - the - valley , were too scarce and expensive to be used effectively in Italy . In the United States , actress and human rights activist Beata Pozniak worked with the Mayor of Los Angeles and the Governor of California to lobby members of the U.S. Congress to propose official recognition of the holiday . In February 1994 , H.J. Res. 316 was introduced by Rep. Maxine Waters , along with 79 cosponsors , in an attempt to officially recognize March 8 of that year as International Women 's Day . The bill was subsequently referred to , and remained in , the House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service . No vote of either house of Congress was achieved on this piece of legislation . Official UN themes ( edit ) Year UN Theme Celebrating the Past , Planning for the Future Women and the Peace Table 1998 Women and Human Rights 1999 World Free of Violence Against Women 2000 Women Uniting for Peace Women and Peace : Women Managing Conflicts 2002 Afghan Women Today : Realities and Opportunities 2003 Gender Equality and the Millennium Development Goals Women and HIV / AIDS 2005 Gender Equality Beyond 2005 ; Building a More Secure Future 2006 Women in Decision - making 2007 Ending Impunity for Violence Against Women and Girls 2008 Investing in Women and Girls 2009 Women and Men United to End Violence Against Women and Girls Equal Rights , Equal Opportunities : Progress for All 2011 Equal Access to Education , Training , and Science and Technology : Pathway to Decent Work for Women 2012 Empower Rural Women , End Poverty and Hunger 2013 A Promise is a Promise : Time for Action to End Violence Against Women 2014 Equality for Women is Progress for All 2015 Empowering Women , Empowering Humanity : Picture it ! 2016 Planet 50 - 50 by 2030 : Step It Up for Gender Equality 2017 Women in the Changing World of Work : Planet 50 - 50 by 2030 2018 Time is Now : Rural and urban activists transforming women 's lives See also ( edit ) Business and economics portal Holidays portal Human rights portal Feminism portal Socialism portal Soviet Union portal Communist Women 's International Day Without a Woman International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women International Day of the Girl Child International Men 's Day List of uprisings led by women Identity Politics UN Women Other holidays honoring women ( edit ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( February 15 ) Rosa Parks Day ( February 4 / December 1 ) National Girls and Women in Sports Day ( one day first week of February ) Harriet Tubman Day ( March 10 ) Kartini Day ( April 21 in Indonesia ) Helen Keller Day ( June 27 ) Women 's Equality Day ( August 26 ) Mother 's Day Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ English : `` Give Us Women 's Suffrage . Women 's Day , March 8 , 1914 . Until now , prejudice and reactionary attitudes have denied full civic rights to women , who as , mothers , and citizens wholly fulfill their duty , who must pay their taxes to the state as well as the municipality . Fighting for this natural human right must be the firm , unwavering intention of every woman , every female worker . In this , no pause for rest , no respite is allowed . Come all , you women and girls , to the 9th public women 's assembly on Sunday , March 8 , 1914 , at 3 pm . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Give Us Women 's Suffrage ( March 1914 ) '' . German History in Documents and Images . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frencia , Cintia ; Gaido , Daniel ( 8 March 2017 ) . `` The Socialist Origins of International Women 's Day '' . Jacobin . ^ Jump up to : `` UN WomenWatch : International Women 's Day -- '' . UN.org . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sindelar , Daisy . `` Women 's Day Largely Forgotten in West , Where It Got Its Start '' . Radio Free Europe . Radio Free Europe . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day History International Women 's Day The University of Chicago '' . iwd.uchicago.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` United Nations page on the background of the IWD '' . Un.org . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Sally M. ( December 1978 ) . `` From Sweatshop Worker to Labor Leader : Theresa Malkiel , A Case Study '' . American Jewish History . 68 ( 2 ) : 197 . JSTOR 23881894 . Jump up ^ Temma Kaplan , `` On the Socialist Origins of International Women 's Day '' , in : Feminist Studies , 11 , 1985 , S. 163 -- 171 . ( PDF Archived June 15 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ Liliane Kandel / Françoise Picq , `` Le Mythe des origines à propos de la journée internationale des femmes '' Archived September 27 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , in : La Revue d'en face , 12 , 1982 , S. 67 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Angela Howard Zophy , Handbook of American Women 's History , Garland , 1991 , 187 . Jump up ^ Rochelle Goldberg Ruthchild , `` From West to East : International Women 's Day , the First Decade '' , Aspasia : The International Yearbook of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern European Women 's and Gender History , vol. 6 ( 2012 ) : 1 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Temma Kaplan , `` On the Socialist Origins of International Women 's Day '' , Feminist Studies , 11 / 1 ( Spring , 1985 ) Jump up ^ `` History of International Women 's Day '' . United Nations . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About International Women 's Day '' . Internationalwomensday.com . March 8 , 1917 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 8th of March -- International woman 's day : in search of lost memory '' . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2011 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Suffrage '' . Inter-Parliamentary Union . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suffragist Disorders '' . The Times . March 9 , 1914 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` February Revolution '' . RIA Novosti . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anniversaries of important events '' . China Factfile . Chinese Government . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` Women and displacement : strength in adversity '' . International Committee of the Red Cross . March 2 , 2010 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pasha , Masroor Afzal . `` To commemorate 100th International Women 's Day '' . Daily Times . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McKellogg , JulieAnn . `` Clinton Launches 100th Anniversary of International Women 's Day '' . VOA News . voanews.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day : the fight against sexual violence must not falter '' . Icrc.org . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Al - Shalchi , Hadeel ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` Egyptian women 's rights protest marred by hecklers '' . The Washington Post . AP . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UN WomenWatch : International Women 's Day 2012 -- UN Observances Worldwide '' . Un.org . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day Celebration '' . Actfast.oxfamamerica.org . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Helping women take matters into their own hands International Committee of the Red Cross Jump up ^ `` UN WomenWatch : International Women 's Day 2014 '' . Un.org . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` INTERNATIONAL WOMEN 'S DAY 2013 Theme : The Gender Agenda -- Gaining Momentum '' . Aurora Ventures . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The forgotten plight of women behind bars '' . ICRC . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day UN Women -- Headquarters '' . UN Women . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ -- 19 : 00 . `` International Women 's Day conference '' . Unesco - Ihe . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eliana Dockterman . `` Beyoncé : Lessons in Modern Feminism '' . TIME.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day UN Women -- Headquarters '' . UN Women . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Beijing Platform for Action , inspiration then and now Beijing + 20 campaign '' . UN Women . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day 2016 '' . UN Women . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` President of Indias message on the eve of International Womens Day '' . business-standard.com . Delhi . March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Day gift : Govt to come with 4 one - stop crisis centres '' . The Times of India . March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ PTI ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Ahead of Women 's Day , Air India operates ' world 's longest all - women flight ' '' . The Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day 2017 '' . UN Women . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UN Secretary - General 's Message for International Women 's Day '' . UN. 6 March 2017 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day 2018 '' . unwomen.org . UN Women . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Saul , Heather ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` International Women 's Day around the world : from sex worker strikes to women - only public holidays '' . News The Essential Daily Briefing . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Armenian Holidays -- ARMENIA Information '' . Armeniainfo.am . July 5 , 1995 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Azerbaijan.msntour.az Archived September 12 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Public Holidays in Azerbaijan -- International Women 's Day '' . advantour.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) President 's decree on public holidays in Belarus -- 1998 Jump up ^ Coordination Team ( May 22 , 2011 ) . `` Taking International Women 's Day Seriously in Burkina Faso '' . capacity4dev.ec.europa.eu . Development and Cooperation -- EuropeAid . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Cambodia Public Holiday -- Cambodia e-Visa Blog '' . Cambodiaevisa.com . August 4 , 2007 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Public holidays in the People 's Republic of China '' . Sg2.mofcom.gov.cn . January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba '' . Cubaminrex.cu . March 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` დღესასწაულები '' . Embassy.mfa.gov.ge . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Holidays and weekends in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2014 year '' . E.gov.kz . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kyrgyz and American Holidays ( In Russian ) '' . U.S. Embassy Bishkek . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2012 . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lao Cultural Events / Public Holidays '' . laoyp.com . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2008 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madagascar 2009 Public Holidays '' . Qppstudio.net . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( in Romanian ) Article 111 ( 1c ) of the work codex of Moldova , PDF , page 53 `` Article 111 . Non-working holidays . ( 1 ) in Moldova , non-working holidays , maintaining the average salary , are : ( ... ) c ) March 8 -- International Women 's Day ; ( ... ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Mongolia Web News '' . Mongolia-web.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Women Demand Equal Rights In Kyiv March , RFE / RL ( March 08 , 2018 ) Jump up ^ `` National Holidays ( In Russian ) '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hanoi streets jammed on Int'l Day for Women Vietnam News & Information Portal '' . En.www.info.vn . March 9 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2011 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Zambia 2009 Public Holidays '' . Qppstudio.net . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` QPPstudio.net '' . QPPstudio.net . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( in Croatian ) Zakon o blagdanima , spomendanima i neradnim danima u Republici Hrvatskoj ^ Jump up to : `` Ziua Internațională a Femeii . De 8 martie Google posteaza un desen pentru acest eveniment '' . Agentia.org . November 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2011 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Žene su heroji ovog društva ( in Bosnian ) '' . Oslobodjenje . March 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgarian national radio '' . Bulgarian national radio . Jump up ^ `` Días Nacionales en Chile ( in Spanish ) '' . feriadoschilenos.cl . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Сергей Гуриев. ( in Russian ) In defense of 8 March / / Forbes , 03.03. 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Karen Kapusta ‐ Pofahl . `` Reinstating International Women 's Day in the Czech Republic : Feminism , Politics and the Specter of Communism '' . Washburn University . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Iranian Women Rally to Demand Equal Social , Political Rights '' Index - Journal ( March 9 , 2003 ) : 9 . via Newspapers.com Jump up ^ Harrison , Frances ( March 8 , 2007 ) . `` Middle East Iranian women struggle for equality '' . BBC News . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iran : Release Women 's Rights Advocates Human Rights Watch '' . Hrw.org . March 8 , 2007 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` la Repubblica / societa : 8 marzo , niente manifestazione tante feste diverse per le donne '' . Repubblica.it . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` politica '' Festa della donna , parla Ciampi `` La parità è ancora lontana '' `` . Repubblica.it . March 8 , 2006 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pirro , Dierdre ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` Teresa Mattei , Flower power '' . The Florentine . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Summary & Status 103rd Congress ( 1993 -- 1994 ) H.J. RES. 316 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WomenWatch : International Women 's Day '' . Un.org . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) `` The socialist roots of International Women 's Day '' . Al Jazeera America . March 7 , 2015 Rochelle Goldberg Ruthchild , `` From West to East : International Women 's Day , the First Decade '' , Aspasia : The International Yearbook of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern European Women 's and Gender History , vol. 6 ( 2012 ) : 1 - 24 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the first women’s day organized in 1909	[ "After the Socialist Party of America organised a Women's Day on February 28, 1909 in New York, the 1910 International Socialist Woman's Conference suggested a Women's Day be held annually. After women gained suffrage in Soviet Russia in 1917, March 8 became a national holiday there. The day was then predominantly celebrated by the socialist movement and communist countries until it was adopted in 1975 by the United Nations." ]	[ "New York" ]
6729242865509391554	Cheesesteak	Cheesesteak - wikipedia Cheesesteak Cheesesteak A cheesesteak sandwich Alternative names Philadelphia cheesesteak , Philly cheesesteak Course Main course Place of origin United States Region or state Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Created by Pat & Harry Olivieri Serving temperature Hot Main ingredients Sliced steak , cheese , bread Variations Multiple Food energy ( per serving ) 759 kcal ( 3178 kJ ) Cookbook : Cheesesteak Media : Cheesesteak Part of a series on Steak Main articles ( show ) Steak Beefsteak Fish steak Pork steak List of steak dishes Steakhouse Steak dishes ( show ) Asado Beef Manhattan Beef Wellington Boiled beef Bulgogi Carpetbag steak Carne asada Chateaubriand steak Cheesesteak Chicken fried steak Bistek Tagalog Bollito Misto Delmonico steak Fajita Finger steaks Hamburg steak London broil Mongolian beef Pepper steak Pot roast Prawn cocktail , steak and Black Forest gateau Roast beef Italian beef Salisbury steak Sha cha beef Shawarma Standing rib roast Steak and eggs Steak and kidney pie Steak and kidney pudding Steak and oyster pie Steak au poivre Steak burger Steak de Burgo Steak Diane Steak frites Steak sandwich Steak tartare Suadero Surf and turf Swiss steak Cuts ( show ) Cuts of beef Forequarter cuts Hindquarter cuts Preparation ( show ) Barbecue Braising Meat chop Curing ( food preservation ) Frying Aging Marination Pickling Poaching ( cooking ) Roasting Salt - cured meat Smoked Related topics ( show ) List of beef dishes Meat on the bone Restructured steak Steak knife Steak sauce A cheesesteak , also known as a Philadelphia cheesesteak , Philly cheesesteak , cheesesteak sandwich , cheese steak , or steak and cheese , is a sandwich made from thinly sliced pieces of beefsteak and melted cheese in a long hoagie roll . A popular regional fast food , it has its roots in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States . Contents 1 History 2 Description 2.1 Meat 2.2 Bread 2.3 Cheese 3 Variations 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The cheesesteak was developed in the early 20th century `` by combining frizzled beef , onions , and cheese in a small loaf of bread '' , according to a 1987 exhibition catalog published by the Library Company of Philadelphia and the Historical Society of Pennsylvania . Philadelphians Pat and Harry Olivieri are often credited with inventing the sandwich by serving chopped steak on an Italian roll in the early 1930s . The exact story behind its creation is debated , but in some accounts , Pat and Harry Olivieri originally owned a hot dog stand , and on one occasion , decided to make a new sandwich using chopped beef and grilled onions . While Pat was eating the sandwich , a cab driver stopped by and was interested in it , so he requested one for himself . After eating it , the cab driver suggested that Olivieri quit making hot dogs and instead focus on the new sandwich . They began selling this variation of steak sandwiches at their hot dog stand near South Philadelphia 's Italian Market . They became so popular that Pat opened up his own restaurant which still operates today as Pat 's King of Steaks . The sandwich was originally prepared without cheese ; Olivieri said provolone cheese was first added by Joe `` Cocky Joe '' Lorenza , a manager at the Ridge Avenue location . Cheesesteaks have become popular at restaurants and food carts throughout the city with many locations being independently owned , family - run businesses . Variations of cheesesteaks are now common in several fast food chains . Versions of the sandwich can also be found at high - end restaurants . Many establishments outside of Philadelphia refer to the sandwich as a `` Philly cheesesteak . '' Description ( edit ) Meat ( edit ) The meat traditionally used is thinly sliced rib - eye or top round , although other cuts of beef are also used . On a lightly oiled griddle at medium temperature , the steak slices are quickly browned and then scrambled into smaller pieces with a flat spatula . Slices of cheese are then placed over the meat , letting it melt , and then the roll is placed on top of the cheese . The mixture is then scooped up with a spatula and pressed into the roll , which is then cut in half . Common additions include sautéed onions , bell peppers , mushrooms , ketchup , hot sauce , salt , and pepper . Bread ( edit ) In Philadelphia , most cheesesteak places use Amoroso rolls ; these rolls are long , soft , and slightly salted . One source writes that `` a proper cheesesteak consists of provolone or Cheez Whiz slathered on an Amoroso roll and stuffed with thinly shaved grilled meat , '' while a reader 's letter to an Indianapolis magazine , lamenting the unavailability of good cheesesteaks , wrote that `` the mention of the Amoroso roll brought tears to my eyes . '' After commenting on the debates over types of cheese and `` chopped steak or sliced , '' Risk and Insurance magazine declared `` The only thing nearly everybody can agree on is that it all has to be piled onto a fresh , locally baked Amoroso roll . '' Cheese ( edit ) A cheesesteak from Pat 's with Cheez Whiz and onions American cheese , Cheez Whiz , and provolone are the most commonly used cheeses or cheese products put on to the Philly cheesesteak . White American cheese , along with provolone cheese , are the favorites due to their mild flavor and medium consistency . Some establishments melt the American cheese to achieve the creamy consistency , while others place slices over the meat , letting them melt slightly under the heat . Philadelphia Inquirer restaurant critic Craig LaBan says `` Provolone is for aficionados , extra-sharp for the most discriminating among them . '' Geno 's owner , Joey Vento , said , `` We always recommend the provolone . That 's the real cheese . '' Cheez Whiz , first marketed in 1952 , was not yet available for the original 1930 version , but has spread in popularity . A 1986 New York Times article called Cheez Whiz `` the sine qua non of cheesesteak connoisseurs . '' In a 1985 interview , Pat Olivieri 's nephew Frank Olivieri said that he uses `` the processed cheese spread familiar to millions of parents who prize speed and ease in fixing the children 's lunch for the same reason , because it is fast . '' Cheez Whiz is `` overwhelmingly the favorite '' at Pat 's , outselling runner - up American by a ratio of eight or ten to one , while Geno 's claims to go through eight to ten cases of Cheez Whiz a day . In 2003 , while running for President of the United States , John Kerry made what was considered a major faux pas when campaigning in Philadelphia and went to Pat 's King of Steaks and ordered a cheesesteak with Swiss . Variations ( edit ) A chicken cheesesteak is made with chicken instead of beef , sometimes referred to as a chicken Philly A pizza steak is a cheesesteak topped with marinara sauce and mozzarella cheese and may be toasted in a broiler A cheesesteak hoagie contains lettuce and tomato in addition to the ingredients found in the traditional steak sandwich , and may contain other elements often served in a hoagie . A vegan cheesesteak is a sandwich that replaces steak and cheese with vegan ingredients , such as seitan or mushrooms for the steak , and soy - based cheese . See also ( edit ) Food portal Philadelphia portal Hoagie Italian beef Barros Luco List of American sandwiches List of regional dishes of the United States List of sandwiches List of steak dishes Roast beef sandwich Steak sandwich References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pham , K. ; Shen , P. ; Phillips , T. ( 2014 ) . Food Truck Road Trip -- A Cookbook : More Than 100 Recipes Collected from the Best Street Food Vendors Coast to Coast . Page Street Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62414 - 087 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fodor 's Travel Publications , I. ; Jabado , S.C. ( 2010 ) . Fodor 's 2010 Philadelphia & the Pennsylvania Dutch Country . Fodor 's Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Dutch Country . Fodor 's Travel Pub . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 0877 - 3 . Jump up ^ Greater Philadelphia Tourism Marketing Corporation ( 21 November 2008 ) . `` Philadelphia -- African American Visitor 's Guide and its suburbs '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Hines , Mary Anne ; Marshall , Gordon ; Weaver , William Woys ( 1987 ) . The Larder Invaded . The Library Company of Philadelphia and the Historical Society of Pennsylvania . ISBN 0 - 914076 - 70 - 1 . Jump up ^ Stuhldreher , Katie . `` Rick 's Steaks takes Reading Terminal Market dispute to court '' . Philly.com . Philly Online , LLC . Archived from the original on 24 January 2008 . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew F. Smith , ed. ( 2007 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink . Oxford University Press . p. 451 . ISBN 0195307968 . Jump up ^ Stuhldreher , Katie ( 30 July 2007 ) . `` Rick 's Steaks takes Reading Terminal Market dispute to court '' . philly.com . Archived from the original on 24 January 2008 . Retrieved 30 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ivory , Karen ( 2011 ) . Philadelphia Icons : 50 Classic Views of the City of Brotherly Love . Globe Pequot . p. 18 . ISBN 0762767650 . Jump up ^ Epting , Chris ( 2009 ) . The Birthplace Book : A Guide to Birth Sites of Famous People , Places , & Things . Stackpole Books . ISBN 0811740188 . Jump up ^ Fiorillo , Victor ( 15 December 2008 ) . `` The Cheesesteak Cometh '' . Philadelphia Magazine . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Brookes , Karin ; et al. ( 2005 ) . Zoë Ross , ed . Insight Guides : Philadelphia and Surroundings ( Second ( Updated ) ed . ) . APA Publications . ISBN 1 - 58573 - 026 - 2 . Jump up ^ Price , Betsy ( 10 July 2009 ) . `` Tour de cheesesteak '' . The News Journal . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved 12 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hein , Kenneth ( 22 January 2009 ) . `` Domino 's , Subway Battle Heats Up '' . Brandweek . Retrieved 12 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Rachel ( 11 April 2004 ) . `` Cheesesteak raises eyebrows and drains wallets '' . The Daily Pennsylvanian . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Fischer , John . `` How To Make a Philly Cheese Steak '' . About.com . Retrieved 17 December 2008 . Jump up ^ How to Make a Philly Cheesesteak . about.com . Event occurs at 2 : 10 . Retrieved 7 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Hodgman , John ( May 2002 ) . `` Philly Mignon '' . Men 's Journal . Amoroso Baking Company . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Fekete , Jeffery ( 2009 ) . Making the Big Game . Mill City Press . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 935097 - 32 - 7 . Jump up ^ Powell , Warren ( December 2000 ) . `` Beef Eaters '' . Indianapolis Magazine . p. 17 . ISSN 0899 - 0328 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Michelle ( April 2005 ) . `` Hungry for a taste of Philly ? '' . Risk and Insurance . 16 ( 4 ) . p. 20 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Mucha , Peter . ( 23 May 2008 ) . `` Whiz on a cheesesteak : Hit or myth ? '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved 22 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Hevesi , Dennis ( 9 June 2007 ) . `` Edwin Traisman , 91 , Dies ; Helped Create Iconic Foods '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cheese Steak : An Original '' . The New York Times . 21 May 1986 . p . C6 . Retrieved 1 July 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Stevens , William K. ( 16 November 1985 ) . `` About Philadelphia : Where Cheesesteaks are King , One Family Has Assumed the Crown '' . The New York Times . p. 10 . Retrieved 1 July 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Kerry Eats a Cheesesteak Hoagie With Swiss '' . Philly.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Phillys Famous Cheesesteaks - Clearwater , FL '' . Phillys Famous Cheesesteaks . Jump up ^ `` Sonny 's Famous Steaks , Old City , Philadelphia '' . Sonny 's Famous Steaks . Jump up ^ `` Authentic Philly Cheesesteaks '' . Visit Philly . Jump up ^ `` Dinner on Deadline : Vegan version of the Philly Cheesesteak '' . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Best Vegan Cheesesteak in Philly contest '' . Jump up ^ `` Five Philadelphia restaurants serving great vegan cheesesteaks '' . Jump up ^ `` A guide to vegan cheesesteaks and scrambles in philadelphia '' . External links ( edit ) An Illustrated History of the Philadelphia Cheesesteak Beef and veal Production Argentine beef Beef cattle Cow - calf operation Feeder cattle Kobe beef Organic beef Products Cuts Blade steak Brisket Chateaubriand steak Chuck steak Fajita Filet mignon Flank steak Flap steak Hanger steak Plate Ranch steak Restructured steak Rib eye Rib steak Round Rump Short loin Short ribs Shoulder tender Sirloin Top sirloin Skirt steak Spare ribs Standing rib roast Strip Shank T - bone Tenderloin Tri-tip Trotters Tail Processed Jerky Aged Bresaola Cabeza Corned beef Frankfurter Rindswurst Ground Montreal smoked Pastrami Meat extract Offal Brain Heart Tongue Tendon Tripas Tripe Testicles Dishes Beefsteak List of steak dishes Blanquette de veau Beef Wellington Beef bourguignon Beef bun Beef Manhattan Beef noodle soup Beef on weck Beef Stroganoff Boiled beef Bulgogi Cachopo Calf 's liver and bacon Cheesesteak Chicken fried steak Cordon bleu Dendeng Feu French dip Ginger beef Galbi Gored gored Gyūdon Hamburg steak Hortobágyi palacsinta Iga penyet Italian beef Jellied veal Karađorđeva šnicla Kitfo London broil Mongolian beef Neobiani Ossobuco Pot roast Pozharsky cutlet P'tcha Ragout fin Rawon Rendang Roast beef Roast beef sandwich Salisbury steak Saltimbocca Sha cha beef Shooter 's sandwich Steak and kidney pudding Steak Diane Steak and eggs Steak and oyster pie Steak au poivre Tartare Tafelspitz Tongseng Veal Milanese Veal Orloff Veal Oscar Vitello tonnato Wallenbergare Related meats American bison Beefalo Water buffalo Żubroń Other Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Beef hormone controversy Beef ring Carcass grade Darkcutter Meat on the bone Ractopamine - Beef USA beef imports Japan Taiwan South Korea ( 2008 US beef protest in South Korea ) Cheesesteak Toppings Cheese Cheez Whiz American Provolone Fried onions Contributors Pat Olivieri Harry Olivieri Tony Luke Jr . Joey Vento Restaurants in Philadelphia Pat 's King of Steaks Geno 's Steaks Jim 's Steaks Tony Luke 's Steve 's Prince of Steaks John 's Roast Pork Dalessandro 's Steaks Joe 's Steaks Miscellaneous Steak sandwich Sandwiches List of sandwiches Afghani burger Bagel toast Bánh mì Bocadillo Breakfast Bacon , egg and cheese Bun kebab Cemita Chimichurris Chip butty Chocolate Chopped Cheese Chow mein Crisp Dagwood Doughwich Egg Fluffernutter Fool 's Gold Loaf Gatsby Guajolota Hamdog Ice cream Jam Mitraillette Mother - in - law Pambazo Peanut butter , banana and bacon Pistolette Pocket Sabich Sándwich de milanesa Sandwiches de miga Sincronizada Smørrebrød Spaghetti Spatlo Spiedie St. Paul Tea Toast Tramezzino Trancapecho Wrap Cheese Carrozza Cheese and tomato Cheese dream Cheese on toast Grilled cheese Limburger Melt Pebete Fish and seafood Bake and Shark Balık ekmek Fischbrötchen Fish finger Lobster roll Prawn roll Salmon burger Sol over Gudhjem Tuna fish Meat American sub Barbecue Bauru Bologna Chacarero Chicken Chivito Choripán Club Cuban Cudighi Doner kebab Donkey Burger Francesinha Francesinha poveira Fried - brain Gua bao Gyro Italian Jibarito Kati roll Kottenbutter Medianoche Pepito Po ' boy Redonkadonk Roujiamo Sailor Shawarma Shooter 's Slider Sloppy joe Strammer Max Submarine Tonkatsu Torta Torta ahogada Wrap roti Wurstbrot Beef Barros Luco Beef on weck Cheesesteak Corned beef Denver French dip Hamburger List of hamburgers Italian beef Montreal - style smoked meat Pastrami on rye Reuben Roast beef Sloppy joe Steak burger Steak Tavern Tongue Ham and pork Bacon Barros Jarpa BLT Croque - monsieur Flæskesteg Ham and cheese Ham and egg bun Ham salad Monte Cristo Porchetta Pork chop bun Pork tenderloin Toast Hawaii Sausage Braunschweiger Liverwurst Maxwell Street Polish Mortadella Polish Boy Porilainen Open Butterbrot Canapé Dyrlægens natmad Gerber Horseshoe Mollete Muisjes Obložené chlebíčky Pan bagnat Panini Smørrebrød Zapiekanka Vegetarian Baked bean Cucumber Dabeli Doubles Lettuce Peanut butter and jelly Tomato Vada pav Vegetable Related Sandwich bread Sandwich loaf Soup and sandwich Category : Sandwiches Food portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheesesteak&oldid=853603509 '' Categories : American sandwiches Cuisine of Philadelphia Cuisine of the Mid-Atlantic states Italian - American cuisine Italian - American culture in Philadelphia Fast food Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Polski Simple English 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 22 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what kinda cheese is on a philly cheesesteak	[ "American cheese, Cheez Whiz, and provolone are the most commonly used cheeses or cheese products put on to the Philly cheesesteak.[21]\n", "American cheese, Cheez Whiz, and provolone are the most commonly used cheeses or cheese products put on to the Philly cheesesteak.[21]\n", "American cheese, Cheez Whiz, and provolone are the most commonly used cheeses or cheese products put on to the Philly cheesesteak.[21]\n" ]	[ "American cheese", "Cheez Whiz", "provolone" ]
-3735312962943719930	Visa policy of the United Kingdom	Visa policy of the United Kingdom - wikipedia Visa policy of the United Kingdom Entry passport stamp for the United Kingdom issued to a national of Singapore at London Heathrow Airport . The visa policy of the United Kingdom is the policy by which Her Majesty 's Government determines who may and may not enter the country of the United Kingdom , and the Crown dependencies of Guernsey , Jersey , and the Isle of Man . Visitors must obtain a visa unless they are exempt . The UK is a member of the European Union , but it has an opt - out from the Schengen border - free area . It operates its own visa policy and also maintains the Common Travel Area with the Republic of Ireland , the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man . British Overseas Territories generally apply their own similar but legally distinct visa policies . Visa policy of the United Kingdom is similar to the visa policy of the Schengen Area . It grants visa - free entry to all Schengen Annex II nationalities , except for Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Colombia , Georgia , Macedonia , Moldova , Montenegro , Peru , Serbia , Ukraine , United Arab Emirates and Venezuela . The UK also grants visa - free entry to several additional countries -- Belize , Botswana , Maldives , Nauru , Namibia and Papua New Guinea . Contents 1 Visa exemptions 1.1 As of right 1.2 Non-visa nationals 2 Transit 3 Obtaining an entry visa 4 Visa types 4.1 Visitor visas 4.2 Work visas 4.3 Student visas 5 Review of visa exemptions 6 Entry and stay conditions for the EU / EEA / Swiss citizens 6.1 Non-EU / EEA / Swiss citizen family members 7 Reciprocity 8 Visitor statistics 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References Visa exemptions ( edit ) Visa policy of the United Kingdom United Kingdom Freedom of movement ( EU / EEA / CH citizens ) Visa - free entry for 6 months Electronic visa waiver countries Visa required for entry , and landside transit ( unless holding exemption documents ) ; visa - free airside transit Visa required for entry , and both landside and airside transit ( unless holding exemption documents ) The following individuals can enter the United Kingdom , the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man without a visa : As of right ( edit ) British Nationals who are European Union citizens : British citizens British Overseas Territories citizens deriving their statuses from Gibraltar British subjects with the right of abode in the United Kingdom Citizens of Commonwealth countries who have the right of abode in the United Kingdom under the Immigration Act 1971 All European Union citizens Citizens of EFTA member states Non-visa nationals ( edit ) British Nationals who are not European Union citizens and citizens of 56 countries and territories are visa - exempt for stays in the UK of up to 6 months ( or 3 months if they enter from the Republic of Ireland ) : British Nationals who are not European Union citizens : British Overseas Territories citizens not deriving their statuses from Gibraltar British Nationals ( Overseas ) British Overseas citizens British protected persons British subjects without the right of abode in the United Kingdom Andorra Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Australia Bahamas Barbados Belize Botswana Brazil Brunei Canada Chile Costa Rica Dominica East Timor El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Honduras Hong Kong Israel Japan Kiribati Macau Malaysia Maldives Marshall Islands Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Monaco Namibia Nauru New Zealand Nicaragua Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Seychelles Singapore Solomon Islands South Korea Taiwan Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu United States of America Uruguay Vanuatu Vatican City show Date of visa changes This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Visa free Unknown : Andorra , Germany , Latvia and Lithuania ( 1992 - 1993 ) , Vatican Antigua and Barbuda , Australian , Bahamian , Barbadian , Belizean , Botswana , Bruneian , Canadian , Cypriot , Dominica , East Timorese , Grenadian , Hong Kong , Irish , Kiribati , Malaysian , Maltese , Marshallese , Micronesian , Namibian , New Zealand , Nauruan , Palauan , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucian , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Samoan , Seychellois , Singaporean , Solomon Islands , Tongan , Trinidad and Tobago , Tuvaluan and Vanuatuan citizens have never needed a visa to gain access to the United Kingdom 1 January 1947 : France 15 February 1947 : Belgium and Luxembourg 1 March 1947 : Norway 22 March 1947 : Denmark 1 April 1947 : Sweden 15 April 1947 : Netherlands 24 June 1947 : Liechtenstein and Switzerland 1 July 1947 : Iceland 1 January 1948 : Italy 8 November 1948 : Monaco 12 November 1948 : United States 1 October 1949 : San Marino 1 October 1953 : France ( French Guiana , Guadeloupe , Martinique , Réunion residents ) 16 June 1953 : Greece 16 December 1954 : Finland 1 January 1955 : Portugal 1 January 1960 : Mexico 1 June 1960 : Spain 1961 : Uruguay 1 June 1961 : All other countries of Latin America : Brazil , Chile , Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua , Panama and Paraguay 2 December 1962 : Japan 15 March 1967 : Israel 3 May 1968 : Austria ( resumed ) 18 December 1969 : South Korea 8 June 1990 : Argentina ( resumed ) and East Germany ( from 30 October 1990 as Germany ) 1 October 1990 : Czech Republic ( signed as Czechoslovakia ) and Hungary 25 June 1991 : Slovenia July 1992 : Estonia 1 July 1992 : Poland 17 April 2002 : Macau 18 December 2002 : Maldives , Mauritius and Papua New Guiana ( resumed ) 18 December 2003 : Slovakia ( resumed ) 22 March 2006 : Croatia ( resumed ) 1 January 2007 : Bulgaria and Romania 3 March 2009 : Taiwan Electronic Visa 1 January 2014 : Oman , Qatar and United Arab Emirates 6 April 2016 : Kuwait Cancelled Visa free travels was cancelled because of the World War II with following countries : Belgium , Denmark , France , Greece , Iceland , Italy , Liechtenstein , Luxembourg , Monaco , Netherlands , Norway , San Marino , Sweden , Switzerland ( All have been resumed in 1940s - 1950s ) 1938 : Austria ( was resumed in 1968 ) 21 May 1938 : Germany ( was resumed ) 1972 : Cuba 1980 : Iran 1982 : Argentina ( was resumed in 1990 ) 1985 : Sri Lanka 1986 : Bangladesh , Ghana , India and Pakistan 1 February 1987 : Nigeria 1989 : Haiti 23 June 1989 : Turkey 1 April 1990 : Morocco 1990 : Algeria , and Tunisia 1991 : Uganda 1992 : Yugoslavia ( current as Bosnia and Herzegovina , Macedonia , Montenegro and Serbia ) 1 October 1994 : Ivory Coast and Sierra Leone 27 October 1995 : Gambia 5 January 1996 : Tanzania 8 March 1996 : Kenya 4 April 1996 : Bahrain , Dominican Republic , Fiji , Guyana , Kuwait , Maldives , Mauritius , Niger , Papua New Guinea , Peru , Qatar , Suriname , United Arab Emirates and Zambia ( Maldives , Mauritius and Papua New Guiana were resumed in 2002 ) 27 May 1997 : Colombia 1 August 1997 : Ecuador 8 October 1998 : Slovakia ( was resumed in 2003 ) 19 November 1999 : Croatia ( was resumed in 2006 ) 9 November 2002 : Zimbabwe 9 January 2003 : Jamaica 2 March 2006 : Malawi 18 May 2009 : Bolivia 3 March 2009 : South Africa 1 July 2009 : Lesotho and Swaziland 5 May 2014 : Venezuela show Rules for non-visa nationals they must not work during their stay in the UK ( although study is permitted as a ' student visitor ' ) , with limited exceptions for authorized `` permitted paid engagements '' of up to one month they must not register a marriage or register a civil partnership during their stay in the UK they can present evidence of sufficient money to fund their stay in the UK ( if requested by the border inspection officer ) they intend to leave the UK at the end of their visit and can meet the cost of the return / onward journey they have completed a landing card and submitted it at passport control ( unless in direct transit to a destination outside the Common Travel Area ) if under the age of 18 , they can demonstrate evidence of suitable care arrangements and parental ( or guardian 's ) consent for their stay in the UK Electronic visa waiver ( EVW ) Citizens of the following countries can obtain an electronic visa waiver ( EVW ) online : Kuwait Oman Qatar United Arab Emirates show EVW rules A holder of an EVW authorisation can visit and / or study in the UK for up to 6 months without a visa . An EVW is only valid for one entry , and a new EVW must be obtained each time an eligible person wishes to enter the UK to visit and / or study for up to 6 months without a visa . The EVW is valid for visits up to 90 days to Ireland once a holder has cleared immigration in the United Kingdom . School pupils resident in the European Economic Area and Switzerland show Rules for the school pupils resident in the European Economic Area and Switzerland School pupils who fulfil all of the following conditions can enter the UK without a visa : are not EU , EEA or Swiss citizens , and legally reside in a European Union member state , Iceland , Liechtenstein , Norway or Switzerland , and are travelling to the UK as a member of an organised school group ( the school must be a general education school , not a specialist institution ) , and the group is accompanied by a teacher from the school , and the pupils ' details and the purpose of the journey is listed on the common format form endorsed by the school Gibraltar show Additional exemptions for Gibraltar Visa nationals who fulfill one of the following criteria can enter Gibraltar without a visa : holders of a valid UK multiple entry visa issued for 6 months or more or a biometric residence permit ( BRP ) , regardless of category , or holders of indefinite leave to remain in the UK , or holders of a Certificate of Entitlement to the Right of Abode in the UK , or holders of an EU family residence permit / card , or holders of the equivalent of indefinite leave to remain in any Schengen member state , or citizens of China , India , Mongolia , Morocco and Russia holding a Schengen multiple entry visa with a minimum remaining validity of 7 days ( for a stay of up to 21 days in Gibraltar ) , or citizens of China , Russia and Ukraine visiting Gibraltar on a day trip as part of an organised tour arranged through a Gibraltar - based tour operator British Irish Visa Scheme ( BIVS ) Citizens of the following countries can travel to the UK without a visa if they hold a valid Irish visa endorsed with BIVS : China India show Rules for Irish visa holders To be eligible for visa - free travel , applicants for Irish visas must apply at a UK / Irish visa application centre in India or China , and first clear immigration in Ireland before arriving in the UK . Holders of BIVS visas issued by Ireland are only allowed to travel directly from Ireland to the UK and not from other countries , unless transiting in the UK on their ways to Ireland . The length of stay in the UK is no longer than the remaining period of validity of the person 's current permission to remain in Ireland . A UK transit visa is not required if the person is transiting through the UK to Ireland by air and arrives in Ireland no later than 23 : 59 on the day after his or her arrival in the UK . The scheme might be expanded for all visa requiring nationals in the future . Non-ordinary passport holders Holders of diplomatic or special passports of the following countries do not require a visa : Bahrain China Indonesia Kuwait Oman Qatar South Africa Turkey United Arab Emirates Vietnam Visa waiver also applies to holders of United Nations laissez - passer when they travel to the United Kingdom on official business . Transit ( edit ) There are two types of transit through the United Kingdom under the United Kingdom Transit Rules -- the airside transit and the landside transit . The Transit Without Visa facility for visa requiring nationals was abolished , effective 1 December 2014 , and replaced with United Kingdom Transit Rules . Notwithstanding the lists below , in general , even persons from ' Direct Airside transit visa exempt nationalities ' require a transit visa if transiting though the UK to other parts of the Common Travel Area including Ireland . Airside transit available only at London Heathrow Airport , Gatwick Airport and Manchester Airport . available only to those passengers arriving and departing by air to an international destination other than Ireland on the same day . available only to those passengers not leaving the airside zone of the airport and not passing through immigration control . concerns those passengers that would normally require a visitor visa to enter the United Kingdom but who either hold a Direct Airside Transit visa , a passport of a transit visa exempt country or who hold direct airside transit visa exemption documents . Landside transit available only to those passengers arriving and departing by air by 23 : 59 the next day who require passing through immigration control and leaving the airport building only for transit purposes . concerns those passengers that would normally require a visitor visa to enter the United Kingdom but who hold a Visitor in Transit visa or landside visa exemption documents . Direct Airside transit visa exempt nationalities Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Burkina Faso Cambodia Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Colombia Comoros Cuba Djibouti Dominican Republic Ecuador Equatorial Guinea Fiji Gabon Georgia Guyana Haiti Indonesia Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Madagascar Mauritania Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Oman Peru Philippines Qatar Russia Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Suriname Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Togo Tunisia Turkmenistan Ukraine United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Zambia Venezuela stateless persons holding UN Convention 1954 travel documents and refugees whose original nationality is exempt . Direct Airside transit visa required Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Bangladesh Belarus Burundi Cameroon China DR Congo Congo Northern Cyprus Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau India Iran Iraq Ivory Coast Jamaica Kenya Kosovo Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Macedonia Malawi Moldova Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Nigeria Pakistan Palestine Rwanda Senegal Serbia Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sri Lanka Sudan Swaziland Syria Tanzania Turkey Uganda Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zimbabwe Direct Airside Transit visa exemption documents The exemption applies where travellers : arrive and depart by air , and the onward flight must be confirmed , and must depart the same day , and have proper documentation for their destination ( including a visa for the destination country if necessary ) , and fulfil any one of the below conditions : have a valid visa for Australia , Canada , New Zealand or the US , whether or not traveling to or from those countries , or have a valid Australian or New Zealand residence visa ; or have a valid Canadian permanent resident card issued on or after 28 June 2002 ; or have a valid uniform format residence permit issued by an EEA state under Council Regulation ( EC ) number 1030 / 2002 ; or have a valid Irish biometric visa endorsed BC or BC BIVS ; or have a valid uniform format category D visa for entry to a state in the European Economic Area ( EEA ) ; or have a valid US I - 551 permanent resident card issued on or after 21 April 1998 ; or have an expired I - 551 permanent resident card issued on or after 21 April 1998 , accompanied by an I - 797 extension letter ; or have a standalone US Immigration Form 155A / 155B attached to an envelope ; or have a valid Schengen Approved destination Scheme ( ADS ) group tourism visa where the holder is travelling to the country that issued it or holds a valid airline ticket from the Schengen area , provided the holder can demonstrate they entered there no more than 30 days previously on the basis of a valid Schengen ADS visa ; E-visas or e-residence permits are not acceptable for airside transit unless the airline is able to verify it with the issuing country . Nationals of Syria who are holders of US B1 / B2 visas are not exempt . Visitor in Transit visa exemption documents The exemption applies where travellers : arrive and depart by air , and the onward flight must be confirmed , and must depart by 23 : 59 the following day , and have proper documentation for their destination ( including a visa for the destination country if necessary ) , and fulfil any one of the below conditions : have a valid entry visa for Australia , Canada , New Zealand or the US , and a valid airline ticket for travel via the UK , as part of a reasonable journey to or from one of those countries , or have a valid airline ticket for travel via the UK as part of a reasonable journey from Australia , Canada , New Zealand or the US , if they are transiting the UK no more than 6 months after the date when they last entered Australia , Canada , New Zealand or the US with a valid entry visa for that country ; or have a valid Australian or New Zealand residence visa ; or have a valid Canadian permanent resident card issued on or after 28 June 2002 ; or have a valid uniform format residence permit issued by an EEA state under Council Regulation ( EC ) number 1030 / 2002 ; or have a valid Irish biometric visa endorsed BC or BC BIVS ; or have a valid uniform format category D visa for entry to a state in the European Economic Area ( EEA ) ; or have a valid US I - 551 permanent resident card issued on or after 21 April 1998 ; or have an expired I - 551 permanent resident card issued on or after 21 April 1998 , accompanied by an I - 797 extension letter ; or have a standalone US Immigration Form 155A / 155B attached to an envelope ; E-visas such as those regularly issued by Australia or e-residence permits are not acceptable for landside transit . Obtaining an entry visa ( edit ) Mandatory tuberculosis testing for a long term UK visa Visitors entering the UK , the Channel Islands and / or the Isle of Man who do not qualify for one of the visa exemptions listed above have to apply for a visa in advance through the UK Visas and Immigration at a visa application centre . The UK visa in a Russian student 's passport All visitors must apply by registering an online account ( except citizens of North Korea who must apply in person at the British Embassy ) , fill in the application form , pay the fee and attend an appointment at a visa application centre . A visitor 's visa for a single stay or multiple stays of up to 6 months costs £ 83 . A multiple - entry visitor 's visa valid for 2 years costs £ 300 , 5 years £ 544 and 10 years £ 737 . Special provisions are made for Chinese citizens as they are eligible for a 2 - year , multiple - entry visitor 's visa at a cost of £ 83 . Family members of EU , EEA and Swiss citizens who are not covered by one of the visa exemptions above can apply for an EEA Family Permit free of charge ( instead of a visa ) . Visitors applying for most types of UK visas ( including a visitor 's visa and an EEA Family Permit ) are required to submit biometric identifiers ( all fingerprints and a digital facial image ) as part of the visa application process . However , diplomats , foreign government ministers and officials and members of Commonwealth Forces are exempt from the requirement to submit biometric identifiers . Applicants who have obtained a new passport and are merely requesting a transfer of their visa vignette from their old passport to their new passport are not required to re-submit biometric identifiers . In addition , applicants who are travelling directly to the Channel Islands or Gibraltar without passing through the UK or the Isle of Man are exempt from providing biometric information . Children must be accompanied by an adult when their biometric identifiers are taken . Biometric identifiers may be shared with foreign governments . Biometric identifiers are destroyed 10 years after the last date a person 's fingerprints and digital facial image were captured . Most visa applications are decided within 3 weeks . Applicants resident in the following countries and territories who wish to enter the UK for 6 months or more are required to be tested for tuberculosis as part of the visa application process : Afghanistan Algeria Angola Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Belarus Benin Bolivia Botswana Brunei Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad China Congo DR Congo Djibouti Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Georgia Ghana Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Hong Kong India Indonesia Iraq Ivory Coast Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kyrgyzstan Laos Lesotho Liberia Macau Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Marshall Islands Mauritania Micronesia Moldova Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal Niger Nigeria North Korea Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Russia Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Korea South Sudan Sri Lanka Swaziland Sudan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vietnam Zambia Zimbabwe After a person has successfully obtained a UK visa , if he / she subsequently obtains a new passport , but the UK visa in his / her old passport still has remaining validity , he / she is not required to have the UK visa vignette affixed in the old passport transferred to the new passport , but must be able to present both the new and old passports at passport control when entering the UK . If a person who has successfully obtained a UK visa subsequently loses the passport in which the visa vignette is affixed ( or if it is stolen ) , he / she has to pay the original visa fee in full again and may be required to show that his / her circumstances have not changed when applying for a replacement visa . However , a new ' confirmation of acceptance for studies ' ( CAS ) / ' certificate of sponsorship ' ( COS ) is not required when applying for a replacement Tier 4 / Tier 2 visa . Visa types ( edit ) These are correct as of April 2015 . Visitor visas ( edit ) Standard Visitor visa Marriage Visitor visa Permitted Paid Engagement visa Parent of a Tier 4 child visa Visa to pass through the UK in transit Direct Airside Transit visa Visitor in Transit visa Work visas ( edit ) Tier 1 visa Entrepreneur ( minimum £ 200,000 investment or £ 50,000 if qualified ) Exceptional Talent ( recognised leader in fields of science , humanities , engineering , medicine , digital technology or the arts ) General ( highly skilled workers , writers , composers or artists and self - employed lawyers ) Graduate Entrepreneur Investor ( minimum £ 2,000,000 investment ) Tier 2 visa ( sponsored workers ) General Intra-company Transfer ( foreign company workers in a UK branch ) Minister of Religion Sportsperson Tier 5 visa ( temporary work for sponsored workers ) Charity Worker ( unpaid voluntary work ) Creative and sporting Government Authorised Exchange International Agreement Religious Worker Youth Mobility Scheme Domestic Workers in a Private Household visa ( cleaners , chauffeurs , cooks , personal care providers and nannies ) Representative of an Overseas Business visa ( head of a UK branch or a foreign journalist on a long - term posting ) Turkish Businessperson visa Turkish Worker visa UK Ancestry visa ( Commonwealth citizens with UK born ancestors ) Croatian national registration certificates Student visas ( edit ) Short - term study visa Tier 4 visa General Child Review of visa exemptions ( edit ) By early 1917 , all aliens ( i.e. persons who were not British subjects ) were required to obtain visas from a British consul before embarking for the United Kingdom . Visa requirements would then be maintained for aliens under the peacetime regime of immigration control retained after 1918 . Visa policy of the UK from 1960 to the present United Kingdom Visa free access In March 2007 , the Home Office announced that it would carry out its first Visa Waiver Test to review the list of countries and territories outside the European Union , European Economic Area and Switzerland whose nationals are exempt from holding a visa for the UK . After carrying out the review , in July 2008 , Jacqui Smith , the Home Secretary , and David Miliband , the Foreign Secretary , announced to Parliament that the results of the test showed a ' strong case ' for introducing visa regimes for 11 countries ( Bolivia , Botswana , Brazil , Lesotho , Malaysia , Mauritius , Namibia , South Africa , Swaziland , Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela ) having taken into account the following factors ( including the extent to which they were being addressed by the countries ' authorities ) : Passport security and integrity The degree of co-operation over deportation or removal of the countries ' nationals from the UK Levels of illegal working in the UK and other immigration abuse ( such as fraudulent asylum claims ) Levels of crime and terrorism risk posed to the UK Following the July 2008 announcement , the UK Government entered into a 6 - month period of ' detailed dialogue ' with the governments of the 11 countries ' to examine how risks can be reduced in a way that obviates the need for a visa regime to be introduced ' . In order to maintain visa - free access to the UK , the 11 countries had to ' demonstrate a genuine commitment to put into effect credible and realistic plans , with clear timetables , to reduce the risks to the UK , and begin real implementation of these plans by the end of the dialogue period ' . On 9 January 2009 , the new visa rules announced required citizens of Bolivia , Lesotho , South Africa and Swaziland to obtain a visa , and only Venezuelan nationals travelling on biometric passports with an electronic chip issued since 2007 could continue to enter the UK without a visa . The existing visa - free status for citizens of Botswana , Brazil , Malaysia , Mauritius , Namibia and Trinidad and Tobago was maintained . Starting from 3 March 2009 , a transitional regime was put in place until 30 June 2009 for South African citizens - those who held a valid South African passport and had previously entered the UK lawfully using that passport could continue to enter the UK without a visa , whilst all other South African citizens were required to apply for a visa . On the same day , Taiwan citizens were able to enter the UK without a visa . On 18 May 2009 , Bolivian citizens were no longer able to enter the UK without a visa and Venezuelan citizens were required to present a biometric passport to enter the UK without a visa . On 1 July 2009 , all South African citizens were required to apply for a visa to enter the UK . On the same day , citizens of Lesotho and Swaziland were required to apply for a visa to enter the UK . On 30 March 2010 , Alan Johnson , the Home Secretary , and David Miliband , the Foreign Secretary , announced to Parliament that , having carried out a review of visa regimes in relation to Eastern Caribbean countries , 5 countries ( Antigua and Barbuda , Barbados , Grenada , St Kitts and Nevis and St Vincent and the Grenadines ) would have their visa - free status maintained . At the same time , the UK Government would enter a six - month period of ' detailed dialogue ' with the governments of 2 countries ( Dominica and St Lucia ) , who would have to ' demonstrate a genuine commitment to put into effect credible and realistic plans , with clear timetables , to reduce the risks to the UK , and begin implementing these plans by the end of the dialogue period ' to maintain their visa - free status . On 2 March 2011 , Theresa May , the Home Secretary , and William Hague , the Foreign Secretary , announced to Parliament that the governments of Dominica and St Lucia ' have made concrete improvements to the immigration , border control and identity systems which would not have happened without the test ' , and so the visa - free status for the 2 countries would be maintained . On 13 June 2011 , new Immigration Rules were laid before Parliament that came into force on 4 July 2011 introducing a new streamlined application procedure ( waiving the normal requirements to provide documentary evidence of maintenance and qualifications at the time of application ) for some non-visa nationals from ' low - risk countries ' who wish to study in the UK for more than 6 months and apply for Tier 4 entry clearance . The following 15 countries and territories were categorised as ' low - risk ' and included in ' Appendix H ' of the Immigration Rules : Argentina , Australia , Brunei , Canada , Chile , Croatia , Hong Kong , Japan , New Zealand , Singapore , South Korea , Taiwan , Trinidad and Tobago and the United States . Although the announcement did not relate to a Visa Waiver Test per se , it showed that the UK Border Agency considers some countries and territories in the list of visa - free nationalities to be lower risk than others . In particular , Trinidad and Tobago , which was considered to be a high - risk country from a visa regime perspective in 2008 when the Visa Waiver Test was carried out , was now viewed by the UK Border Agency as a low - risk country . On 5 September 2012 , two more countries ( Botswana and Malaysia ) were added to the list of ' low - risk ' nationalities for the purpose of Tier 4 entry clearance applications , i.e. ' Appendix H ' , ( taking effect on 1 October 2012 ) , whilst on 6 September 2013 , Barbados was also added to ' Appendix H ' ( taking effect on 1 October 2013 ) . Again , although the announcement did not relate to a Visa Waiver Test per se , it showed that Botswana , Malaysia and Barbados ( countries which were considered to be a high - risk countries from a visa regime perspective when the Visa Waiver Test was carried out in 2008 in the case of Botswana and Malaysia , and in 2010 in the case of Barbados ) were now viewed by the UK Border Agency as low - risk countries . In March 2013 , it was revealed that Theresa May , the Home Secretary , was considering removing Brazil from the list of visa - exempt nationalities due to concerns about illegal immigration , since Brazil was fifth in the top 10 of illegal immigrant nationalities in the UK according to Home Office figures for 2011 , and was the only country on the list for which short - term visitors do not need a visa . However , the UK Government later decided to retain the visa exemption for Brazilian citizens , a decision which was seen as attempting to develop closer trading links with Brazil . On 1 January 2014 , an electronic visa waiver ( EVW ) scheme was introduced , enabling citizens of Oman , Qatar and the United Arab Emirates who have obtained an EVW authorisation online to visit and / or study in the UK for up to 6 months without a visa . After ' assessing countries against a list of risk and compliance criteria ' , on 13 March 2014 the UK Government added Oman , Qatar and the UAE to ' Appendix H ' ( the list of ' low - risk ' nationalities for the purpose of Tier 4 student visa applications ) , with the change taking effect on 6 April 2014 . These two changes reflect the UK Government 's view that Oman , Qatar and the UAE should now be regarded as low - risk countries from a visa regime perspective , and it is possible that in future nationals of these three countries will be classified as non-visa nationals ( enabling them to visit and / or study in the UK without a visa for up to 6 months without having to obtain an EVW authorisation online every time they wish to enter the UK ) . According to Frank Baker , the British Ambassador to Kuwait , the EVW will be extended to Kuwaiti citizens in the near future . On 13 March 2014 , the UK Government announced that , with effect from 5 May 2014 , Venezuelan citizens ( including those with biometric passports ) would require a visa to enter the UK . At present , although citizens of Argentina , Brazil , Israel , holders of Hong Kong SAR passports and Macao SAR passports are able to visit and / or study in the UK without a visa for up to 6 months , and although citizens of Oman , Qatar and the United Arab Emirates with an EVW can visit and / or study in the UK without a visa for up to 6 months , if they decide to stay for more than 6 months and have been granted entry clearance permitting them to do so , they are required to register with the police at a cost of £ 34 within 7 days of arriving in the UK ( or within 7 days of obtaining their visa if they apply within the UK ) . Entry and stay conditions for the EU / EEA / Swiss citizens ( edit ) Main article : Directive 2004 / 38 / EC on the right to move and reside freely Directive 2004 / 38 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 recognises the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States defines the right of free movement for citizens of the European Economic Area ( EEA ) , which includes the European Union ( EU ) and the three European Free Trade Association ( EFTA ) members Iceland , Norway and Liechtenstein . Switzerland , which is a member of EFTA but not of the EEA , is not bound by the Directive but rather has a separate bilateral agreement on the free movement with the EU . Citizens of all European Economic Area ( EEA ) member states and Switzerland holding a valid passport or national identity card enjoy freedom of movement rights in each other 's territory and can enter and reside in the each other 's territory without a visa . Although , by law , EU , EEA and Swiss citizens are entitled to use their valid national identity cards as travel documents to enter the UK , in practice UK Border Force officials have been known to place extra scrutiny on and to spend longer processing identity cards issued by certain member states which are deemed to have limited security features and hence more susceptible to tampering / forgery . Unlike their counterparts in the Schengen Area ( who , by law , must only perform a ' rapid ' and ' straightforward ' visual check for signs of falsification and tampering and are not obliged to use technical devices ( such as document scanners , UV light and magnifiers ) when EU / EEA / Swiss citizens present their passports and / or national identity cards at external border checkpoints ) , as a matter of policy UKBF officials are required to examine physically all passports and national identity cards presented by EU / EEA / Swiss citizens for signs of forgery and tampering . In addition , unlike their counterparts in the Schengen Area ( who , when presented with a passport or national identity card by an EU / EEA / Swiss citizen , are not legally obliged to check it against a database of lost / stolen / invalidated travel documents ( and , if they do so , must only perform a ' rapid ' and ' straightward ' database check ) and may only check to see if the traveller is on a database containing persons of interest on a strictly ' non-systematic ' basis where such a threat is ' genuine ' , ' present ' and ' sufficiently serious ' ) , as a matter of policy UKBF officials are required to check every EU / EEA / Swiss citizen and their passport / national identity card against the Warnings Index ( WI ) database . For this reason , when presented with a non-machine readable identity card , it can take up to four times longer for a UKBF official to process the card as the official has to enter the biographical details of the holder manually into the computer to check against the WI database and , if a large number of possible matches is returned , a different configuration has to be entered to reduce the number of possible matches . For example , at Stansted Airport UKBF officials have been known to take longer to process Italian paper identity cards because they often need to be taken out of plastic wallets , because they are particularly susceptible to forgery / tampering and because , as non-machine readable documents , the holders ' biographical details have to be entered manually into the computer . If EU , EEA and Swiss nationals are unable to present a valid passport or national identity card at the border , they must nonetheless be afforded every reasonable opportunity to obtain the necessary documents or have them brought to them within a reasonable period of time or corroborate or prove by other means that they are covered by the right of free movement . Where , after being given every reasonable opportunity , they are still unable to demonstrate their identity and nationality , they should be either considered for Temporary Admission to allow further enquiries to be made or refused entry . However , entry can be refused to an EU / EEA / Swiss national on public policy , public security or public health grounds where the person presents a `` genuine , present and sufficiently serious threat affecting one of the fundamental interests of society '' . If the person has obtained permanent residence in the country where he / she seeks entry ( a status which is normally attained after 5 years of residence ) , the member state can only expel him / her on serious grounds of public policy or public security . Where the person has resided for 10 years or is a minor , the member state can only expel him / her on imperative grounds of public security ( and , in the case of minors , if expulsion is necessary in the best interests of the child , as provided for in the Convention on the Rights of the Child ) . Expulsion on public health grounds must relate to diseases with ' epidemic potential ' which have occurred less than 3 months from the person 's the date of arrival in the Member State where he / she seeks entry . Non-EU / EEA / Swiss citizen family members ( edit ) A family member of an EU / EEA / Swiss citizen who is in possession of a residence card indicating their status is exempt from the requirement to hold a visa when entering the Schengen area , European Economic Area or Switzerland if his residence card is issued from one of a Schengen members states and Ireland ( called Stamp 4 EU FAM ) , European Economic Area or Switzerland . However A family member of an EU / EEA / Swiss citizen who is in possession of a residence permit indicating their status is exempt from the requirement to hold a visa for entering to European Union outside Schengen member states ( Ireland , Bulgaria , Romania , Cyprus ) when they are accompanying their EU / EEA / Swiss family member or are seeking to join them . As of 6 April 2015 , the non-EU family members of an EU national who are in possession of a residence card , which is issued to them under article 10 of directive 2004 / 38 , are entitled to enter the UK without the need to apply for an EEA Family Permit , only by providing their residence card at the border . However , the UK border officers would grant entry to non-EU family members if they can prove their relation to the EU national family member who would be accompanying them , by providing documents such as marriage or birth certificate . In the case of the EU national family member being present in the UK , the non-EU family members should be able to prove that the EU national family member is residing in the UK and whether they have a right of residency in the UK as a qualified person . Therefore , the non-EU family member should be able to demonstrate that the EU national family member is residing in the UK less than three months ( the initial right of residence ) and if more than three month , then they are in the UK as worker , self - employed , self - sufficient or student or they acquired the status of permanent residency after having resided in the UK for five years . Reciprocity ( edit ) Main article : Visa requirements for British nationals Of the 58 countries and territories outside the European Union , European Economic Area and Switzerland whose citizens are granted 6 months ' visa - free access to the UK , the following offer full reciprocal treatment to British citizens : Andorra , Antigua and Barbuda , Bahamas , Barbados , Canada , Dominica , Grenada , Hong Kong , Macao , Mexico , Monaco , New Zealand , Panama , San Marino and Vatican City . Other countries and territories only offer partially reciprocal treatment to British citizens ( i.e. visa - free access that is less than 6 months ) . The following countries permit British citizens to stay without a visa for up to 90 days ( or 3 months ) only : Argentina , Australia , Brazil , Brunei , Chile , Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guyana , Honduras , Israel , Malaysia , Namibia , Nicaragua , Paraguay , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Singapore , Solomon Islands , South Korea , Trinidad and Tobago , United States and Uruguay . ( However , the United States requires British citizens to obtain an ESTA ( at a cost of US $14 ) in advance if entering the US by air or by sea , whilst Australia requires British citizens to obtain an eVisitor authorisation online in advance free of charge , although the UK does not require Australian and US citizens to obtain an authorisation in advance . ) The following countries and territories permit British citizens to stay without a visa for up to 90 days ( although an extension is possible for a stay beyond 90 days ) : Botswana , Japan and Taiwan . The following countries also only offer partially reciprocal treatment : Belize ( 1 month ) , Fiji ( 4 months , extendable for an extra 2 months ) , Colombia ( 90 days ) , Bolivia ( 90 days ) , Ecuador ( 90 days ) , Kiribati ( 30 days ) , Maldives ( 30 days ) , Marshall Islands ( 30 days ) , Mauritius ( 60 days for tourists , 90 days on business ) , Micronesia ( 30 days ) , Nauru ( 30 days ) , Palau ( 30 days ) , Peru ( 90 days ) , St Lucia ( 6 weeks ) , Samoa ( 60 days ) , Seychelles ( 1 month , extendable to 12 months ) , Tonga ( 31 days ) , Tuvalu ( 1 month ) , Vanuatu ( 30 days ) and Venezuela ( 90 days ) . Two countries whose citizens can enter the UK visa - free for up to 6 months require British citizens to obtain a visa : Papua New Guinea requires British citizens to obtain a visa on arrival that is valid for up to 60 days and costs PGK100 ( tourist ) or PGK500 ( business ) ; Timor - Leste requires British citizens to obtain a visa on arrival valid for up to 30 days at a cost of US $30 . Visitor statistics ( edit ) Most visitors arriving to United Kingdom were from the following countries of nationality : show Nationality Total 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 France 3,845,000 4,064,000 4,171,000 4,114,000 3,974,000 3,787,000 3,633,000 United States 3,840,000 3,455,000 3.266 , 000 2,976,000 2,778,000 2,840,000 2,846,000 Germany 3,253,000 3,341,000 3,249,000 3,220,000 3,048,000 2,967,000 2,947,000 Ireland 3,011,000 2,897,000 2,632,000 2,486,000 2,350,000 2,453,000 2,574,000 Spain 2,277,000 2,397,000 2,197,000 1,986,000 1,746,000 1,716,000 1,836,000 Netherlands 2,068,000 2,062,000 1,897,000 1,972,000 1,891,000 1,735,000 1,789,000 Poland 1,760,000 1,921,000 1,707,000 1,494,000 1,339,000 1,222,000 1,057,000 Italy 1,696,000 1,990,000 1,794,000 1,757,000 1,636,000 1,521,000 1,526,000 Belgium 1,135,000 1,048,000 1,175,000 1,122,000 1,174,000 1,113,000 984,000 Australia 1,070,000 982,000 1,043,000 1,057,000 1,058,000 993,000 1,093,000 Switzerland 946,000 940,000 872,000 864,000 807,000 832,000 768,000 Romania 915,000 891,000 693,000 471,000 377,000 267,000 259,000 Canada 818,000 828,000 708,000 649,000 731,000 704,000 740,000 Sweden 786,000 821,000 850,000 869,000 784,000 777,000 794,000 Denmark 702,000 730,000 756,000 662,000 696,000 636,000 614,000 Norway 684,000 700,000 771,000 874,000 838,000 771,000 739,000 India 555,000 415,000 422,000 390,000 373,000 339,000 355,000 Portugal 445,000 492,000 392,000 395,000 285,000 292,000 283,000 Hungary 404,000 397,000 328,000 323,000 276,000 262,000 210,000 China 403,000 307,000 325,000 233,000 237,000 215,000 181,000 United Arab Emirates 371,000 365,000 347,000 260,000 304,000 256,000 241,000 Czech Republic 362,000 414,000 465,000 352,000 356,000 325,000 286,000 Lithuania 314,000 242,000 271,000 198,000 202,000 171,000 178,000 Austria 294,000 302,000 277,000 263,000 275,000 268,000 271,000 Bulgaria 253,000 248,000 173,000 184,000 125,000 138,000 97,000 Israel 253,000 209,000 205,000 185,000 179,000 138,000 164,000 Finland 249,000 261,000 245,000 255,000 212,000 208,000 233,000 Japan 244,000 246,000 194,000 222,000 225,000 243,000 237,000 Brazil 236,000 187,000 324,000 293,000 258,000 260,000 276,000 South Africa 227,000 188,000 231,000 217,000 225,000 211,000 194,000 Hong Kong 226,000 218,000 204,000 159,000 163,000 135,000 149,000 Turkey 224,000 196,000 192,000 196,000 154,000 145,000 126,000 New Zealand 217,000 213,000 207,000 196,000 165,000 175,000 -- 187,000 Russia 216,000 147,000 164,000 249,000 214,000 227,000 211,000 Greece 206,000 227,000 225,000 238,000 181,000 159,000 225,000 Slovakia 174,000 156,000 175,000 132,000 146,000 120,000 117,000 Cyprus 156,000 135,000 136,000 119,000 123,000 111,000 124,000 Mexico 151,000 106,000 102,000 92,000 109,000 84,000 78,000 Nigeria 117,000 101,000 128,000 134,000 157,000 154,000 142,000 Malta 101,000 87,000 74,000 100,000 85,000 65,000 64,000 Thailand 92,000 77,000 79,000 76,000 74,000 75,000 65,000 Luxembourg 80,000 104,000 122,000 97,000 90,000 83,000 73,000 Pakistan 69,000 66,000 58,000 75,000 63,000 73,000 65,000 Egypt 43,000 42,000 47,000 59,000 54,000 50,000 41,000 Morocco 32,000 33,000 29,000 35,000 31,000 26,000 19,000 Sri Lanka 16,000 22,000 16,000 17,000 24,000 -- 20,000 20,000 Barbados -- 11,000 11,000 16,000 9,000 10,000 6,000 11,000 Jamaica 8,000 4,000 14,000 -- 10,000 10,000 -- 7,000 7,000 Tunisia 7,000 12,000 14,000 9,000 10,000 -- 9,000 -- 9,000 Total 38,070,000 37,609,000 36,115,000 34,377,000 32,692,000 31,084,000 30,798,000 See also ( edit ) European Union portal United Kingdom portal Wikivoyage has a travel guide for United Kingdom . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Isle of Man . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Channel Islands . Visa policy of the British Overseas Territories Visa policy of the Schengen Area Visa policy of Ireland Common Travel Area Visa requirements for the European Union citizens Visa requirements for British citizens Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : May enter on a national ID card Jump up ^ Persons holding a Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport . See also British National ( Overseas ) for persons residing in Hong Kong holding a form of British nationality . Jump up ^ Persons holding a Macau Special Administrative Region passport . Jump up ^ May enter on a national ID card Jump up ^ Only for holders with their personal ID numbers stipulated in their respective passports . Taiwan issues passports without ID numbers to some persons not having the right to reside in Taiwan , including nationals without household registration and certain persons from Hong Kong , Macau , and mainland China . The visa waiver granted by the United Kingdom to Taiwan passport holders has not altered its non-recognition of Taiwan as a sovereign country . Jump up ^ Holy See Service & Emergency passport holders only . Jump up ^ Non-biometric passports only References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Smith , Evan ( 20 July 2016 ) . `` Brexit and the history of policing the Irish border '' . History & Policy . History & Policy . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Entering the UK - GOV.UK '' . ^ Jump up to : UK Border Agency . `` Visa and Direct Airside Transit Visa ( DATV ) nationals '' . Archived from the original on 26 August 2010 . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Country information ( visa section ) '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Do I need a visa ? Hong Kong Archived 2011 - 07 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... UK Border Agency . Retrieved 17 August 2010 Jump up ^ Do I need a visa ? Macao Archived 2011 - 07 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... UK Border Agency . Retrieved 17 August 2010 Jump up ^ ROC ( Taiwan ) Immigration Reference Guide for Civil Carriers ( PDF ) , National Immigration Agency , 18 March 2011 , retrieved 21 December 2011 Jump up ^ `` 護照條例施行細則 '' , Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China , Taipei : Ministry of Justice , 29 June 2011 , retrieved 21 December 2011 . English translation available from the Bureau of Consular Affairs . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ Under unilateral decision of the UK Government Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ Was applied from 1 June 1961 under unilateral decision of the UK Government ; from 19 December 1968 under Visa exemption agreement `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ Was applied from 1 June 1961 under unilateral decision of the UK Government ; from 19 September 1962 under Visa exemption agreement `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ Was applied from 1 June 1961 under unilateral decision of the UK Government ; from 30 May 1962 under Visa exemption agreement `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ Was applied from 1 June 1961 under unilateral decision of the UK Government ; from 7 March 1969 under Visa exemption agreement `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ Was applied from 1 June 1961 under unilateral decision of the UK Government ; from 6 February 1966 under Visa exemption agreement `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ Was applied from 1 June 1961 under unilateral decision of the UK Government ; from 27 November 1966 under Visa exemption agreement `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ http://vm.ee/en/countries/united-kingdom?display=relations Jump up ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . Jump up ^ `` Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules : HC735 , April 2002 - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules : HC538 , 26 November 2002 - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules : HC95 , December 2003 - GOV.UK '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules : HC949 , 1 March 2006 - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules : HC130 , 11 December 2006 - GOV.UK '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules : HC227 , 9 February 2009 - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules : HC887 , 9 December 2013 - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules : HC877 , 11 March 2016 - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ Exchange of Notes between the United Kingdom and Austria constituting an Agreement relating to the Abolition of Passport Visas for the Nationals of the Two States Jump up ^ http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/treaties/treatyrecord.htm?tid=8098 Jump up ^ Was applied from 17 March 1951 . Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of Cuba for the Abolition of Visas Jump up ^ Was applied from 1 October 1973 . Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Imperial Iranian Government concerning the Abolition of Visas Jump up ^ Was applied from 1 June 1961 under unilateral decision of the UK Government from 19 March 1968 under Visa exemption agreement Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Argentine Republic concerning the Abolition of Visas ^ Jump up to : Was applied from 1 June 1961 under unilateral decision of the UK Government Jump up ^ Was applied from 9 November 1952 . Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Turkey constituting an Agreement for the Abolition of Visas ; Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Turkey constituting an Agreement for the Abolition of Visas on 1 March 1960 Jump up ^ `` Page can not be found '' . Jump up ^ Was applied from 1 November 1958 . Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Morocco for the Mutual Abolition of Visas on Passports Jump up ^ https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/Monthly%20Statement/1991/10/monstate.pdf Jump up ^ Was applied from 1 January 1947 . Jump up ^ Was applied from 6 August 1962 . Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Tunisian Republic regarding the Abolition of Visas Jump up ^ Was applied from 14 May 1969 . Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia concerning the Abolition of Visas Jump up ^ Was applied 28 April 1965 . Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Republic of the Ivory Coast concerning the Abolition of Visas Jump up ^ `` Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules : CM2663 , September 1994 - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules : HC797 , October 1995 - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules : CM3073 , January 1996 - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules : HC274 , March 1996 - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ Was applied from 1 June 1961 under unilateral decision of the UK Government ; from 20 July 1967 under Visa exemption agreement Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Dominican Republic regarding the Abolition of Visas Jump up ^ Was applied from 21 July 1976 . Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Republic of Niger concerning the Abolition of Visas Jump up ^ Was applied from 1 June 1961 under unilateral decision of the UK Governmen Jump up ^ `` Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules : HC329 , April 1996 - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ Was applied from 1961 . Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Colombia regarding the Reciprocal Abolition of Visas Jump up ^ `` Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules : CM3669 , May 1997 - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ Was applied from 1 June 1961 under unilateral decision of the UK Government ; from 13 October 1963 under Visa exemption agreement Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Ecuador regarding the Abolition of Visas Jump up ^ `` Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules : HC161 , July 1997 - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ Was applied from 1 October 1990 ( signed as Czechoslovakia ) Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic concerning the Abolition of Visas Jump up ^ `` Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules : CM4065 , October 1998 - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules : HC22 , November 1999 - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules : HC1301 , 7 November 2002 - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules : HC180 , January 2003 - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ Was applied from 17 April 1960 . Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Republic of Bolivia regarding the Reciprocal Abolition of Visas ^ Jump up to : `` Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules : HC413 , 24 April 2009 - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules : HC1138 , 13 March 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Short - term study visa - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/permitted-paid-engagement-visa Jump up ^ `` Standard Visitor visa - GOV.UK '' . ^ Jump up to : `` UK electronic visa waiver introduced for Oman , Qatar and UAE - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` 404 Not Found '' . Jump up ^ `` European nationals and schemes ( entry clearance guidance ) - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Visas and Immigration - Government of Gibraltar '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 03 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ http://www.chronicle.gi/headlines_details.php?id=28347 ^ Jump up to : `` The British - Irish Visa Scheme '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` British - Irish visa scheme - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ Leijen , Majorie van ( 26 October 2014 ) . `` Joint visit visa to UK and Ireland launched '' . Jump up ^ `` ECB08 : what are acceptable travel documents for entry clearance - GOV.UK '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Visa to pass through the UK in transit - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Visa to pass through the UK in transit - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Visa to pass through the UK in transit - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Are you intending to transit via the UK ? - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_client.cgi?ExpertMode=TINEWS/N1&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C Jump up ^ Passports that do not contain a Personal ID Number . Jump up ^ Biometric passports only Jump up ^ `` Apply for a UK visa - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Standard Visitor visa - GOV.UK '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Standard Visitor visa - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` The Home Office launches new two - year Chinese visa pilot - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Apply for an EEA family permit from outside the UK - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` The Immigration ( Provision of Physical Data ) Regulations 2006 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Entry clearance basics ( entry clearance guidance ) - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Common travel area ( entry clearance guidance ) - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Apply for a UK visa - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Tuberculosis tests for visa applicants - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Transfer your visa to a new passport - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Standard Visitor visa - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ The Standard Visitor visa has replaced the Family Visitor visa , General Visitor visa , Child Visitor visa , Business Visitor visa ( including visas for academics , doctors and dentists ) , Sports Visitor visa , Entertainer Visitor visa , Prospective Entrepreneur visa , Private Medical Treatment Visitor visa , and Approved Destination Status ( ADS ) visa . Jump up ^ `` Marriage Visitor visa - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Permitted Paid Engagement visa - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Parent of a Tier 4 child visa - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` NEUTRALS LANDING IN UNITED KINGDOM . ( Hansard , 19 March 1917 ) '' . ^ Jump up to : http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080806121433/http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/news/visawaivertest.pdf?view=Binary Jump up ^ Foundation , Internet Memory . `` ( ARCHIVED CONTENT ) UK Government Web Archive -- The National Archives '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Results of Britain 's first global visa review '' . Foreign and Commonwealth Office . 14 July 2008 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Important change for Venezuelan visitors to the UK '' . Foreign and Commonwealth Office . 2011 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ BBC News ( 9 February 2009 ) . `` Countries face new UK visa rules '' . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Foundation , Internet Memory . `` ( ARCHIVED CONTENT ) UK Government Web Archive -- The National Archives '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/policyandlaw/statementsofchanges/2009/hc227.pdf?view=Binary Jump up ^ http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090414164007/http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/news/introofvisaregimes?view=Binary Jump up ^ Westminster , Department of the Official Report ( Hansard ) , House of Commons , . `` House of Commons Hansard Ministerial Statements for 30 Mar 2010 ( pt 0004 ) '' . Jump up ^ Westminster , Department of the Official Report ( Hansard ) , House of Commons , . `` House of Commons Hansard Ministerial Statements for 02 Mar 2011 ( pt 0001 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Announcements - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Announcements - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/policyandlaw/statementsofchanges/2011/hc1148.pdf?view=Binary Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/268230/hc565.pdf Jump up ^ `` Statement of Changes in Immigration Rules - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/policyandlaw/statementsofchanges/2012/hc565.pdf?view=Binary Jump up ^ `` Announcements - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` UK puts Brazil visitor visa crackdown on hold '' . BBC News . 13 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/289857/HC_1138_EM_Web_Accessible.pdf Jump up ^ Foundation , Internet Memory . `` ( ARCHIVED CONTENT ) UK Government Web Archive -- The National Archives '' . Jump up ^ `` Changes to UK visa requirements for Venezuelan nationals - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/policyandlaw/modernised/cross-cut/police-registration/police-registration.pdf?view=Binary Jump up ^ `` Entry clearance basics ( entry clearance guidance ) - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Directive 2004 / 38 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States '' . 2004 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Summary of the Directive 2004 / 38 / EC `` Right of Union citizens and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States '' . 2006 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Decision of the EEA Joint Committee No 158 / 2007 of 7 December 2007 amending Annex V ( Free movement of workers ) and Annex VIII ( Right of establishment ) to the EEA Agreement '' ( PDF ) . 2007 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Article 7 ( 2 ) of the Schengen Borders Code ( OJ L 105 , 13 April 2006 , p. 1 ) . ^ Jump up to : Home Office WI Checking Policy and operational instructions issued in June 2007 ( see ( 2 ) , pg 21 ) Jump up ^ See ( 3 ) , pg 12 ^ Jump up to : See ( 4 ) , pg 3 Jump up ^ See ( 5 ) , table of statistics at 4.13 on pg 12 Jump up ^ `` The Immigration ( European Economic Area ) Regulations 2006 '' . Jump up ^ Judgement of the European Court of Justice of 17 February 2005 , Case C 215 / 03 , Salah Oulane vs. Minister voor Vreemdelingenzaken en Integratie Jump up ^ http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20131001174849/http://www.bia.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/policyandlaw/borderforce/primary-checkpoint/initial-examination/uk-eea-no-passport.pdf?view=Binary Jump up ^ Article 27 of Directive 2004 / 38 / EC ( Directive 2004 / 38 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States ) . Jump up ^ Article 28 of Directive 2004 / 38 / EC ( Directive 2004 / 38 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States ) . Jump up ^ Article 29 of Directive 2004 / 38 / EC ( Directive 2004 / 38 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States ) . Jump up ^ Articles 3 ( 1 ) and 5 ( 2 ) of Directive 2004 / 38 / EC ( Directive 2004 / 38 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States ) . Jump up ^ `` Entering the UK as the holder of an Article 10 residence card - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Residents Visits to the UK - Office for National Statistics '' . Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana eSwatini Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Greenland Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands , Greenland Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty . Part of the Kingdom of Denmark , not part of the Schengen Area . Visa policies and requirements in the European Union Schengen Area Common Travel Area Special territories Policy / Requirements Policy / Requirements Policy / Requirements Overseas Visa policy of the British Overseas Territories Visa policy of the French overseas departments and territories Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean Candidates Albania Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Turkey Visa requirements Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghanistani Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan British Overseas Territories . 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Immigration law Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=862735995 '' Categories : Visa policy by country Visa policy of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Incomplete lists from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Српски / srpski Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2018 , at 10 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how long can you stay in the united kingdom without a visa	[]	[]
3195168645966022822	Someday at Christmas	Someday at Christmas - wikipedia Someday at Christmas Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with the 2016 album by Jackie Evancho of the same name . Someday at Christmas Studio album by Stevie Wonder Released November 27 , 1967 Genre Soul , Christmas Length 34 : 57 Label Tamla Producer Henry Cosby Stevie Wonder chronology I Was Made to Love Her ( 1967 ) I Was Made to Love Her 1967 Someday at Christmas ( 1967 ) Eivets Rednow ( 1968 ) Eivets Rednow 1968 Someday at Christmas is a Christmas album by Stevie Wonder , released on November 27 , 1967 under Motown Records . It was his eighth studio album release . It would also be re-released in 1978 with different cover art and different catalog number ( Original 1967 catalog : T - 281 , 1978 reissue : T7 - 362 R1 ) . It would again be re-released as part of Universal Music 's Christmas Edition of their successful 20th Century Masters series in 2003 with additional tracks . The title song was previously released as a single in 1966 and reached # 24 on the Billboard Christmas singles chart that year . Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic link Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 1.1 2003 20th Century Masters bonus tracks 2 Personnel 3 Covers 4 References Track listing ( edit ) Side One `` Someday at Christmas '' ( Ron Miller , Bryan Wells ) -- 2 : 49 `` Silver Bells '' ( Jay Livingston , Ray Evans ) -- 2 : 22 `` Ave Maria '' ( Franz Schubert ) -- 3 : 56 `` The Little Drummer Boy '' ( Katherine K. Davis , Henry Onorati , Harry Simeone ) -- 3 : 05 `` One Little Christmas Tree '' ( Ron Miller , Bryan Wells ) -- 2 : 41 `` The Day That Love Began '' ( Ron Miller , Deborah Wells ) -- 3 : 33 Side Two `` The Christmas Song '' ( Mel Tormé , Robert Wells ) -- 3 : 06 `` Bedtime for Toys '' ( Ron Miller , Orlando Murden ) -- 3 : 28 `` Christmastime '' ( Sol Selegna ) -- 2 : 32 `` Twinkle Twinkle Little Me '' ( Ron Miller , William O'Malley ) -- 3 : 13 `` A Warm Little Home on a Hill '' ( Ron Miller , Bryan Wells ) -- 3 : 26 `` What Christmas Means to Me '' ( Anna Gaye , Allen Story , George Gordy ) -- 2 : 27 2003 20th Century Masters bonus tracks ( edit ) ( Both first appeared on the various artists CD collection , Christmas in the City ) . `` The Miracles of Christmas '' ( Ron Miller , Aurora Miller ) - 2 : 24 ( B - side from the single `` Someday at Christmas '' ) `` Everyone 's a Kid at Christmas '' ( Ron Miller , Aurora Miller ) - 2 : 46 ( Recorded for the album , but not issued at the time ) Personnel ( edit ) Stevie Wonder - vocals , harmonica , keyboards , drums Unknown studio musicians and singers - instrumentation , backing vocals Covers ( edit ) The title track was covered by The Jackson 5 for The Jackson 5 Christmas Album ( 1970 ) , The Temptations for The Temptations Christmas Card ( 1970 ) , Diana Ross for her A Very Special Season album ( 1994 ) , Mary J. Blige ( 2000 ) , Jack Johnson for the album This Warm December ( 2008 ) , Pearl Jam for their 2004 holiday single and Justin Bieber covered the song at the White House . The band Remy Zero also covered the song which is featured on their 2001 EP release A Searchers EP . Diana Ross performed the song live for the ( 2012 ) Christmas in Washington annual Christmas television special , performing for United States President Barack Obama . Leann Rimes performed the song during the 2014 CMA Country Christmas Special . In the Philippines in 2015 , it was covered by the teen loveteam , KathNiel ( Kathryn Bernardo and Daniel Padilla ) for OneMusicPh Exclusive on YouTube . In late 2015 , Wonder performed the song with Andra Day for an Apple TV commercial . In 2016 , Jackie Evancho covered the song on her Christmas album as the title track . Hanson covered the song on their 2017 album Finally It 's Christmas . References ( edit ) Reissued in 2001 as Merry Christmas by Spectrum Music as part of the Merry Christmas collection . Allmusic ( 1 ) ( hide ) Stevie Wonder Studio albums The Jazz Soul of Little Stevie Tribute to Uncle Ray With a Song in My Heart Stevie at the Beach Up - Tight Down to Earth I Was Made to Love Her Someday at Christmas Eivets Rednow For Once in My Life My Cherie Amour Signed , Sealed & Delivered Where I 'm Coming From Music of My Mind Talking Book Innervisions Fulfillingness ' First Finale Songs in the Key of Life Hotter than July In Square Circle Characters Conversation Peace A Time to Love Live albums Recorded Live : The 12 Year Old Genius Stevie Wonder Live Live at the Talk of the Town Natural Wonder Soundtracks Stevie Wonder 's Journey Through `` The Secret Life of Plants '' The Woman in Red Jungle Fever Compilations Looking Back Stevie Wonder 's Original Musiquarium I Song Review : A Greatest Hits Collection At the Close of a Century Ballad Collection The Definitive Collection 20th Century Masters The Complete Stevie Wonder Top ten singles `` Fingertips - Part 2 '' `` Uptight ( Everything 's Alright ) '' `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' `` A Place in the Sun '' `` I Was Made to Love Her '' `` I 'm Wondering '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' `` For Once in My Life '' `` My Cherie Amour '' `` Yester - Me , Yester - You , Yesterday '' `` Never Had a Dream Come True '' `` Signed , Sealed , Delivered I 'm Yours '' `` Heaven Help Us All '' `` If You Really Love Me '' `` Superstition '' `` You Are the Sunshine of My Life '' `` Higher Ground '' `` Living for the City '' `` He 's Misstra Know - It - All '' `` You Have n't Done Nothin ' '' `` Boogie On Reggae Woman '' `` I Wish '' `` Sir Duke '' `` Send One Your Love '' `` Master Blaster ( Jammin ' ) '' `` I Ai n't Gonna Stand for It '' `` Happy Birthday '' `` That Girl '' `` Do I Do '' `` Ebony and Ivory '' `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' `` Love Light in Flight '' `` Part - Time Lover '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` Go Home '' Other singles `` Hey Harmonica Man '' `` Hey Love '' `` I Do n't Know Why '' `` Never Dreamed You 'd Leave in Summer '' `` Superwoman ( Where Were You When I Needed You ) '' `` Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing '' `` As '' `` Another Star '' `` Lately '' `` Ribbon in the Sky '' `` Overjoyed '' `` Faith '' Other songs `` You and I ( We Can Conquer the World ) '' `` I Believe ( When I Fall in Love It Will Be Forever ) '' `` They Wo n't Go When I Go '' `` Knocks Me Off My Feet '' `` Pastime Paradise '' `` Is n't She Lovely '' `` Black Man '' Collaborations `` Ebony and Ivory '' `` We Are the World '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` California Roll '' Related articles Discography Lula Mae Hardaway Syreeta Wright KJLH Wonderin ' `` Wonder - ful '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Someday_at_Christmas&oldid=816919252 '' Categories : Stevie Wonder albums 1967 Christmas albums Christmas albums by American artists Tamla Records albums Albums produced by Henry Cosby Rhythm and blues Christmas albums Albums recorded at Hitsville U.S.A. Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2017 , at 17 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did justin bieber sing someday at christmas	[]	[]
-8247989247586761688	Patient Self-Determination Act	Patient Self - Determination Act - wikipedia Patient Self - Determination Act Jump to : navigation , search The Patient Self - Determination Act ( PSDA ) was passed by the United States Congress in 1990 as an amendment to the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 . Effective on December 1 , 1991 , this legislation required many hospitals , nursing homes , home health agencies , hospice providers , health maintenance organizations ( HMOs ) , and other health care institutions to provide information about advance health care directives to adult patients upon their admission to the healthcare facility . This law does not apply to individual physicians . Because the 1991 PSDA does not apply to individual physicians , private clinics and practices , most of which are incorporated for - profit organizations , the problem of cruel over treatment for profit of the elderly on Medicare / Medicaid was not controlled to the extent that Congress hoped would be possible when the states would implement the goals of the 1991 PSDA in state laws . ( Recently , in 2012 , the newspapers have revealed that The United States Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Justice have cooperated to prosecute over treatment of patients under the federal False Claims Act . ) The goals of the 1991 PSDA are covered in the PURPOSE section , below . Section 1233 of the proposed America 's Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009 ( H.R. 3200 ) would have authorized reimbursements for physician counseling regarding advance directives ( once every five years ) but it was not included in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 because of controversy over what were characterized as `` death panels . '' Unfortunately , because the law of the 1991 PSDA does not require or mandate the treating physicians -- after an educated `` terminal '' prognosis that is shared with the patient -- to seek informed consent from elderly and terminal Medicare / Medicaid patients for either Curative Care under Medicare or palliative care , transition to Hospice in the last six months of life ( also paid or out of the Medicare purse ) , the goals of the PSDA are not realized . Patient self rationing of expensive medical care at the end of life through the process of the advance directive under the provisions of the 1991 PSDA is discouraged because the patients have not had end - of - life conversations with the treating physicians . Contents ( hide ) 1 Requirements 2 Purpose 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Requirements ( edit ) The requirements of the PSDA are as follows : p Patients are given written notice upon admission to the health care facility of their decision - making rights , and policies regarding advance health care directives in their state and in the institution to which they have been admitted . Patient rights include : The right to facilitate their own health care decisions The right to accept or refuse medical treatment The right to make an advance health care directive Facilities must inquire as to whether the patient already has an advance health care directive , and make note of this in their medical records . Facilities must provide education to their staff and affiliates about advance health care directives . Health care providers are not allowed to discriminately admit or treat patients based on whether or not they have an advance health care directive . Purpose ( edit ) The purpose of the Patient Self - Determination Act was / is to inform patients of their rights regarding decisions toward their own medical care , and ensure that these rights are communicated by the health care provider . Specifically , the rights ensured are those of the patient to dictate their future care ( by means such as living will or power of attorney ) , should they become incapacitated . The goals of the `` purpose '' of the Patient Self - Determination Act are / were ( 1 ) to prevent cruel over treatment of elderly / disabled Medicare / Medicaid patients for the profit motive and ( 2 ) to save money for Medicare and the private insurers in the form of the reduction of end - of - life costs for Medicare and the private insurers when elderly Medicare / Medicaid patients would ELECT / CHOOSE to refuse expensive ICU / CCU life - extending or life - saving treatments in the hospital in order to shorten their suffering unto a certain death . It was envisioned by the framers of the 1991 PSDA that the elderly / disabled on Medicare / Medicaid would die less expensively and more comfortably ( out of pain ) on the palliative care / Hospice Medicare Entitlement in their own personal residence or in the setting of a residential nursing home when the treating physicians consulted with them about their terminal diagnoses . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Health Care Advance Directives - What is the Patient Self - Determination Act ? . American Bar Association . Jump up ^ What is the Patient Self - Determination Act ? . Legal HelpMate . Jump up ^ Advance Care Planning in Health Care Reform Legislation . National Hospice and Paliative Care Organization . Jump up ^ Robert Pear ( December 25 , 2010 ) . `` Obama Returns to End - of - Life Plan That Caused Stir '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Robert Pear ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` U.S. Alters Rule on Paying for End - of - Life Planning '' . The New York Times . Further reading ( edit ) Kring , Daria L. ( October -- December 2007 ) . `` The Patient Self - determination Act : has it reached the end of its life ? '' . JONA 'S Healthcare Law , Ethics and Regulation. 9 ( 4 ) : 125 -- 33 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. NHL. 0000300767.91800. 17 . PMID 18043329 . Leahman , Dee ( July -- August 2004 ) . `` Why the Patient Self - Determination Act has failed '' . North Carolina Medical Journal . 65 ( 4 ) : 249 -- 51 . PMID 15481498 . Pope , Thaddeus Mason ( Winter 1999 ) . `` The Maladaptation of Miranda to Advance Directives : A Critique of the Patient Self Determination Act '' . Health Matrix. 9 ( 1 ) : 139 -- 202 . PMID 10538190 . SSRN 174749 . Ulrich , Lawrence P. ( 1998 ) , `` The Requirements of the Patient Self - Determination '' , The Patient Self - Determination Act : Meeting the Challenges in Patient Care Walerius , Theresa ; Hill , Pamela D. ; Anderson , Mary Ann ( November -- December 2009 ) . `` Nurses ' knowledge of Advance Directives , Patient Self - determination Act , and Illinois Advance Directive Law '' . Clinical Nurse Specialist. 23 ( 6 ) : 316 -- 20 . doi : 10.1097 / NUR. 0b013e3181be3273 . PMID 19858904 . Yates , Jeffery L. ; Glick , Henry R. ( 1997 ) . `` The failed Patient Self - Determination Act and policy alternatives for the right to die '' . Journal of Aging & Social Policy . 9 ( 4 ) : 29 -- 50 . doi : 10.1300 / J031v09n04_03 . PMID 10186890 . External links ( edit ) `` The Patient Self - Determination Act ( PSDA ) '' . American Cancer Society : Treatment Topics & Resources . June 15 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2010 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patient_Self-Determination_Act&oldid=816327578 '' Categories : 1990 in law United States federal health legislation Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 17 : 28 . About Wikipedia	what is the purpose of the patient self determination act quizlet	[ "The Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) was passed by the United States Congress in 1990 as an amendment to the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990. Effective on December 1, 1991, this legislation required many hospitals, nursing homes, home health agencies, hospice providers, health maintenance organizations (HMOs), and other health care institutions to provide information about advance health care directives to adult patients upon their admission to the healthcare facility.[1][2] This law does not apply to individual physicians." ]	[ "required many hospitals, nursing homes, home health agencies, hospice providers, health maintenance organizations (HMOs), and other health care institutions to provide information about advance health care directives to adult patients upon their admission to the healthcare facility" ]
-4779084957983656203	It Was a Very Good Year	It was a Very Good Year - wikipedia It was a Very Good Year This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` It Was a Very Good Year '' is a song Ervin Drake composed in 1961 for and originally recorded by Bob Shane with the Kingston Trio . It was subsequently made famous by Frank Sinatra 's version in D minor , which won the Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance , Male in 1966 . Gordon Jenkins was awarded Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist ( s ) for the Sinatra version . This single peaked at # 28 on the U.S. pop chart and became Sinatra 's first # 1 single on the Easy Listening charts . That version can be found on Sinatra 's 1965 album September of My Years , and was featured in The Sopranos season two opener , `` Guy Walks into a Psychiatrist 's Office ... '' . A live , stripped - down performance is included on his Sinatra at the Sands album . Contents 1 Description 2 Inspiration 3 Recordings 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Description ( edit ) The song recounts the type of girls with whom the singer had relationships at various years in his life : when he was 17 , `` small - town girls on the village green '' ; at 21 , `` city girls who lived up the stair '' ; at 35 , `` blue - blooded girls of independent means '' . Each of these years he calls `` very good '' . In the song 's final verse , the singer reflects that he is older , and in the autumn of his years , and he thinks back on his entire life `` as vintage wine '' . All of these romances were sweet to him , like a wine from a very good ( i.e. , vintage ) year . Inspiration ( edit ) Ervin Drake 's inspiration to write the song was his then wife - to - be , Edith Vincent Bermaine . She was a showgirl , whom he had dated , and eventually married twenty years after the song was written . Recordings ( edit ) The Kingston Trio introduced the song on their album Goin ' Places ( 1961 ) . This is the recording that influenced Frank Sinatra to want to record his own version . Lonnie Donegan released it as a 45 rpm single on Pye Records , in 1963 . The Turtles recorded a version on their debut album , It Ai n't Me Babe ( 1965 ) . They also released it as a single in Canada ( Quality 1791 ) in January 1966 . Wes Montgomery included a version of the song in his album Goin ' Out Of My Head ( 1965 ) . Chad & Jeremy included the song into their Second album ( January , 1965 ) . It was the last track on their last UK LP so it seems to correlate with the song title somehow . They also released it as a single in The US ( World Artists 1052 ) & Canada ( Capitol 72239 ) as `` A Very Good Year '' Frank Sinatra on his September of My Years album ( 1965 ) and a stripped - down performance on his Sinatra at the Sands live album ( 1966 ) Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass included a melancholy instrumental version of the song on their album What Now My Love ( 1966 ) Gábor Szabó recorded a version in his album Spellbinder ( 1966 ) . Eddie Harris recorded a version in his album Mean Greens ( 1966 ) . William Shatner did a spoken - word cover of this song interspersed with lines from Hamlet on his album The Transformed Man ( 1968 ) . Lou Rawls covered this song in 1966 , produced by David Axelrod and included on his hit album Soulin ' as part of a `` Memory Lane '' medley . Rawls also performed it just before his death on 2006 's `` An Evening of Stars '' telethon , backed by the Rickey Minor Band . Harry James released a version in 1967 on his album Our Leader ! ( Dot DLP 3801 and DLP 25801 ) . Lennie Hibbert included this as the last song on the album `` Creation '' ( Studio One ) mislabeled as `` Nature Boy . '' The brilliant Jackie Mitoo organ instrumental is accompanied only by hand drums . Boris Karloff performed a moving rendition of the song on The Jonathan Winters Show in 1968 , at the age of 80 . Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In did a skit wherein Dan Rowan changes army uniforms from World War II , Korea , and then Vietnam as the song plays in the background . In 1971 , Michael Jackson sang a parody of this song in a skit with Diana Ross during the Diana ! TV Special . Baden Powell recorded an instrumental version of it , titled `` It Was A Wonderful Year '' , on his album Grandezza on Guitar ( 1971 ) Della Reese performed the song at the Playboy Club in Chicago and was later featured on her LP , One More Time ! . In the 78th episode of The Muppet Show , Statler and Waldorf performed the song from their box . British pop star Robbie Williams recorded a version for his album Swing When You 're Winning ( 2001 ) , in duet with Sinatra 's original vocals . The instrumental track was also sampled from Sinatra 's original recording . Frank Sinatra 's version of the song was featured in the Spike Lee film Jungle Fever ( 1991 ) . In a 1993 episode of The Simpsons ( `` Duffless '' ) , Homer sings a parody of this song entitled `` I Drank Some Very Good Beer '' , recounting the first beer he ever purchased ( with a fake ID ; his name was Brian McGee ) and he `` stayed up listening to Queen . '' The Flaming Lips covered this song on the compilation Chairman of the Board ( Interpretations of Songs Made Famous by Frank Sinatra ) ( 1993 ) . The Reverend Horton Heat covered the song in 2000 and released it as a single to promote the album Spend a Night in the Box ( 2000 ) . It has been adapted in French , as `` C'était une très bonne année '' , by Robert Charlebois on his album Doux sauvage ( 2001 ) . Paul Young included a cover version on his album The Essential Paul Young ( 2003 ) Ray Charles covered the song ( as a duet with Willie Nelson ) on his album Genius Loves Company ( 2004 ) . In 2005 , They Might Be Giants parodied this song on their first podcast . An instrumental version appears on the album Big City ( 2005 ) by Dave Stryker . Gordon Goodwin 's Big Phat Band recorded a version for the album The Phat Pack ( 2006 ) . Irish folk singer / songwriter Ronnie Drew included a coverversion of the song on his album There 's life in the old dog yet ( 2006 ) Brett Anderson sang it live as can be heard on the album Live at Queen Elizabeth Hall ( 2007 ) . At the end of the song Anderson jokingly says that he wrote it last night . Dee Snider of Twisted Sister recorded a version for the album SIN - atra ( 2011 ) , a heavy metal cover album of Frank Sinatra songs A recording was included on Alfie Boe 's album Alfie ( 2011 ) . Alain Resnais used the Sinatra recording over the closing credits of his film You Ai n't Seen Nothin ' Yet ( 2012 ) . The song plays no role in the film proper , but in You Ai n't Seen Nothin ' Yet ( French title : Vous n'avez encore rien vu ) has similar themes and tone of autumnal reminiscence as the Sinatra recording -- a dead stage director invites his actors to a wake and performance of a play they all had acted in for him . Shirley Bassey recorded it on her album Hello Like Before ( 2014 ) , produced by Stuart Barr . Mel Torme hosted a 1971 summer replacement television show named after the song , using it as open and close music . See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1966 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rubeck , Shaw , Blake et al. , The Kingston Trio On Record ( Naperville IL : KK Inc , 1986 ) , p. 46 ^ Jump up to : Friedwald , Will ( 2009 - 04 - 02 ) . `` When He Was 46 it Was a Very Good Year - WSJ '' . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 22 - Smack Dab in the Middle on Route 66 : A skinny dip in the easy listening mainstream . ( Part 1 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 6th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) Jump up ^ Bernstein , Adam ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Ervin Drake , songwriter of ' It Was a Very Good Year , ' dies at 95 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Peppiat , Wheaton et . el . Sinatra : A Man and his Music . Warner Bros. DVD , prod . Hemion , Raskin , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Chad Stuart & Jeremy Clyde '' . Chadandjeremy.net. 2006 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Frank Sinatra singles discography Columbia singles ( 1939 -- 1940 ) `` All or Nothing at All '' RCA Victor singles ( 1940 -- 1942 ) `` Imagination '' `` East of the Sun ( and West of the Moon ) '' `` The One I Love ( Belongs to Somebody Else ) '' `` Stardust '' `` Oh ! Look at Me Now '' `` Without a Song '' `` Let 's Get Away from It All '' `` Blue Skies '' `` Pale Moon ( An Indian Love Song ) '' `` Embraceable You '' `` How About You ? '' `` There Are Such Things '' Bluebird singles ( 1942 -- 1943 ) `` Night and Day '' `` The Night We Called It a Day '' `` The Song Is You '' Columbia singles ( 1943 -- 1953 ) `` Close to You '' `` You 'll Never Know '' `` Sunday , Monday , or Always '' `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' `` Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' `` A Lovely Way to Spend an Evening '' `` White Christmas '' `` Saturday Night ( Is the Loneliest Night of the Week ) '' `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' `` Ol ' Man River '' `` Stormy Weather '' `` When Your Lover Has Gone '' `` Dream '' `` If I Loved You '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Mighty Lak ' a Rose '' `` Nancy ( with the Laughing Face ) '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` Day by Day '' `` Full Moon and Empty Arms '' `` Soliloquy ( Part 1 & 2 ) '' `` Begin the Beguine '' `` Silent Night '' `` Adeste Fideles '' `` Jingle Bells '' `` September Song '' `` Sweet Lorraine '' `` Time after Time '' `` Mam'selle '' `` Almost Like Being in Love '' `` Tea for Two '' `` My Romance '' `` So Far '' `` A Fellow Needs a Girl '' `` But Beautiful '' `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' `` All of Me '' `` Nature Boy '' `` Everybody Loves Somebody '' `` My Melancholy Baby '' `` Autumn in New York '' `` Why Ca n't You Behave ? '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Let 's Take an Old Fashioned Walk '' `` I Only Have Eyes for You '' `` The Old Master Painter '' `` Goodnight , Irene '' `` Nevertheless ( I 'm in Love with You ) '' `` Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! '' `` We Kiss in a Shadow '' `` April in Paris '' `` I Could Write a Book '' `` The Birth of the Blues '' Capitol singles ( 1953 -- 1961 ) `` I 'm Walking Behind You '' `` I 've Got the World on a String '' `` My One and Only Love '' `` South of the Border ( Down Mexico Way ) '' `` I Love You '' `` Young at Heart '' `` Do n't Worry ' bout Me '' `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' `` The Gal That Got Away '' `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' `` Melody of Love '' `` Two Hearts , Two Kisses ( Make One Love ) '' `` Learnin ' the Blues '' `` Love and Marriage '' `` ( Love Is ) The Tender Trap '' `` You 're Sensational '' `` True Love '' `` Well , Did You Evah ! '' `` Mind If I Make Love to You ? '' `` Hey ! Jealous Lover '' `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? '' `` All the Way '' `` Chicago ( That Toddlin ' Town ) '' `` Witchcraft '' `` French Foreign Legion '' `` High Hopes '' `` Old MacDonald '' `` My Blue Heaven '' `` I 'll Remember April '' `` I Love Paris '' Reprise singles ( 1961 -- 1983 ) `` Granada '' `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' `` The One I Love ( Belongs to Somebody Else ) '' `` I 'm Getting Sentimental Over You '' `` Polka Dots and Moonbeams '' `` Without a Song '' `` Stardust '' `` Come Rain or Come Shine '' `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' `` Me and My Shadow '' `` Call Me Irresponsible '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` My Kind of Town '' `` Softly , as I Leave You '' `` I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day '' `` The Little Drummer Boy '' `` It Was a Very Good Year '' `` Strangers in the Night '' `` Summer Wind '' `` You Make Me Feel So Young '' `` That 's Life '' `` The September of My Years '' `` Somethin ' Stupid '' `` The World We Knew ( Over and Over ) '' `` My Way '' `` Goin ' Out of My Head '' `` Something '' `` Bein ' Green '' `` Send in the Clowns '' `` Bad , Bad Leroy Brown '' `` Theme from New York , New York '' `` Here 's to the Band '' `` To Love a Child '' Qwest singles ( 1983 -- 1984 ) `` Teach Me Tonight '' `` Mack the Knife '' `` It 's All Right with Me '' `` Until the Real Thing Comes Along '' Compositions `` This Love of Mine '' `` Sheila '' `` Peachtree Street '' `` Take My Love '' `` I 'm a Fool to Want You '' `` Mistletoe and Holly '' `` Mr. Success '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Was_a_Very_Good_Year&oldid=848416559 '' Categories : 1961 songs 1966 singles Frank Sinatra songs Songs about old age Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance , Male Songs written by Ervin Drake Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist ( s ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands Polski Русский Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 19 : 35 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who wrote the lyrics to it was a very good year	[ "\"It Was a Very Good Year\" is a song Ervin Drake composed in 1961 for and originally recorded by Bob Shane with the Kingston Trio.[1][2] It was subsequently made famous by Frank Sinatra's version in D minor,[3] which won the Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance, Male in 1966. Gordon Jenkins was awarded Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s) for the Sinatra version. This single peaked at #28 on the U.S. pop chart and became Sinatra's first #1 single on the Easy Listening charts.[4] That version can be found on Sinatra's 1965 album September of My Years, and was featured in The Sopranos season two opener, \"Guy Walks into a Psychiatrist's Office...\". A live, stripped-down performance is included on his Sinatra at the Sands album.\n" ]	[ "Ervin Drake" ]
-8576674925246695090	iTunes Store	ITunes Store - Wikipedia ITunes Store Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2017 ) iTunes Store The iTunes Store , as seen in iTunes 12.2 Opened April 28 , 2003 ; 15 years ago ( 2003 - 04 - 28 ) Platforms macOS , iOS , Windows , tvOS Format Unprotected AAC (. m4a ) @ 256 kbit / s ( music ) , protected AAC (. m4p ) @ 32 , 64 and 128 kbit / s ( audiobooks ) , unprotected MPEG - 4 Video (. m4v ) ( music videos ) , protected MPEG - 4 Video (. m4v ) ( other video ) Restrictions ( Protected ) Music : streaming to five computers every 24 hours , unlimited CDs ( seven with an unchanged playlist ) , unlimited iPods and iPhones . Catalogue 37,000,000 + songs worldwide , 1,000,000 + podcasts ( US ) , 40,000 + music videos ( US ) , 3,000 + TV shows ( US ) , 20,000 + audiobooks ( US ) , 45,000 + movies ( US ) , 1,000,000 + App Store apps Preview 30 -- 90 seconds ( music , TV , videos , audiobooks , movies ) available for free Streaming Yes ( for purchased movies and TV shows ) . Streaming for music via Apple Music . Protocol iTunes Music Store Protocol ( itms : / / ) Availability See Internationalization Website www.apple.com/itunes/ The iTunes Store is a software - based online digital media store operated by Apple Inc . It opened on April 28 , 2003 , and has been the largest music vendor in the United States since April 2008 , and the largest music vendor in the world since February 2010 . It offers over 35 - 40 million songs , 2.2 million apps , 25,000 TV shows , and 65,000 films as of January 2017 . iTunes Store 's revenues in the first quarter of 2011 totaled nearly US $1.4 billion ; by May 28 , 2014 , the store had sold 35 billion songs worldwide . While most downloaded files initially included usage restrictions enforced by FairPlay , Apple 's implementation of digital rights management ( DRM ) , iTunes later initiated a shift into selling DRM - free music in most countries , marketed as iTunes Plus . On January 6 , 2009 , Apple announced that DRM had been removed from 80 % of its music catalog in the US . Full iTunes Plus availability was achieved in the US on April 7 , 2009 , coinciding with the introduction of a three - tiered pricing model ; however , television episodes , many books , and films are still FairPlay - protected . As of June 2013 , iTunes Store possesses 575 million active user accounts , and serves over 315 million mobile devices , including Apple Watches , iPods , iPhones , Apple TV and iPads . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Features and restrictions 2.1 Pricing model 2.1. 1 History 2.1. 2 Current model 2.1. 2.1 Music 2.1. 2.2 TV shows 2.1. 2.3 Movies 2.1. 2.4 Apps 2.2 iTunes Store for iOS 2.3 Customer support 2.4 Charitable donations 2.5 Music 2.5. 1 `` Album Only '' songs 2.5. 2 Partial Albums 2.5. 3 `` Work Only '' songs 2.5. 4 `` LP '' format 2.5. 5 Store Sections 3 Censorship 4 Reception and commercial success 5 Sales milestones 5.1 Music 5.2 Video 5.3 Applications 5.4 Market share 6 Internationalization 6.1 Payment options 7 Digital rights management 8 Promotions 9 Other platforms 10 Technical details 11 Legal disputes 11.1 Apple records 11.2 The Consumer Council of Norway EULA challenge 11.2. 1 EU anti-trust case 12 Content disputes 12.1 Universal Music Group 12.2 NBC Universal TV series 13 See also 14 References History ( edit ) Before iTunes Store , most of the online music market consisted of downloads through websites like Napster and illegal downloads . Steve Jobs saw the opportunity to open a digital marketplace for music upon the rising popularity of easily downloadable tracks . In 2002 , Jobs made an agreement with the five major record labels to offer their content through iTunes . iTunes Store was introduced by Jobs at the company 's Worldwide Developers Conference in April 2003 . When it opened , it was the only legal digital catalog of music to offer songs from all five major record labels . At first , it was only available on Mac computers and the iPod , being expanded to Microsoft Windows in October 2003 . Features and restrictions ( edit ) Pricing model ( edit ) History ( edit ) Following the introduction of iTunes Store , individual songs were all sold for the same price , though Apple introduced multiple prices in 2007 . Music in the store is in the Advanced Audio Coding ( AAC ) format , which is the MPEG - 4 - specified successor to MP3 . Originally , songs were only available with DRM and were encoded at 128 kbit / s . At the January 2009 Macworld Expo , Apple announced that all iTunes music would be made available without DRM , and encoded at the higher - quality rate of 256 kbit / s . Previously , this model , known as `` iTunes Plus '' , had been available only for music from EMI and some independent labels . Users can sample songs by listening to previews , ninety seconds in length , or thirty seconds for short tracks . In addition , iTunes Store offers apps , which are applications used for various purposes ( games , productivity , news , etc . ) that are compatible with the iPod Touch , iPhone , and iPad , although some apps are specifically for the iPhone or iPad only . Some Apps cost money ( called `` Paid Apps '' ) and some are free ( called `` Free Apps '' ) . Developers can decide which prices they want to charge for apps , from a pre-set list of pricing tiers , from free to several hundred dollars . When someone downloads an App , 70 percent of the purchase goes to the developer ( s ) , and 30 percent goes to Apple . At the Macworld 2008 keynote , Steve Jobs , who was Apple 's CEO at the time , announced iTunes movie rentals . Movies are available for rent in iTunes Store on the same day they are released on DVD , though iTunes Store also offers for rental some movies that are still in theaters . Movie rentals are only viewable for 24 hours ( in the US ) or 48 hours ( in other countries ) after users begin viewing them . iTunes Store also offers one low - priced movie rental a week : in the United States , this rental costs 99 cents . Movie rentals are not yet available in all countries but it is available in the United States , Mexico , the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia and New Zealand . There is a weekly promotion in which one to three songs are available to download for free to logged - in users . Free downloads are available on Tuesdays , and remain free until the following Tuesday , when the store gets refreshed with new content . Some artists choose to have select songs available for no charge . This is not available at all iTunes Stores . Some iTunes television programs have begun the same technique to encourage brand loyalty ; although those stay longer . In fact , iTunes Store has a `` Free TV Episodes '' page where free episodes are organized by length , either as `` featurettes '' ( shorter than 15 minutes ) or full length episodes ( longer than 15 minutes ) . Free content can vary from a preview of a show to bonus content to pilot episodes and entire seasons of TV shows ( examples of free seasons include HBO 's The Weight of the Nation and ABC 's Pan-Am ) . Some networks , such as ABC and NBC , have their own pages of `` Free Season Premieres '' . While previously the US iTunes Store has offered as many as three free songs each week ( the single of the week , Discovery Download , and Canción de la Semana ) in recent years , the store has instead replaced the three aforementioned categories with a unified `` Single of the Week '' banner , with the week 's single being from a new up and coming artist . In 2015 , Apple discontinued the `` Single of the Week '' program . Current model ( edit ) Music ( edit ) A song usually costs 99 ¢ ; however , for songs with high popularity , the price is usually raised to $1.29 . By default , songs that are more than 10 minutes are considered `` Album Only '' ; distributors also have the power to make a song `` Album Only . '' For special offers , song prices can be dropped to 69 ¢ or free . By default , music albums cost $9.99 or the price of all the songs combined if it is less than $9.99 . However , the music album 's distributor can set a higher price for the album ( as long as it is some amount of dollars and 99 cents ) , which usually happens on popular music albums . For special offers , prices of music albums can be dropped to $5.99 , $6.99 , or $7.99 . On June 30 , 2015 Apple launched Apple Music as a subscription service , initially available in 110 countries . New subscribers are offered a three - month free trial with ongoing subscriptions priced from $9.99 / month in the US and £ 9.99 in the UK . TV shows ( edit ) By default , HD television episodes cost $2.99 , while standard definition television episodes cost $1.99 . However , distributors can make a television episode `` Season Only . '' A television season costs either an amount of dollars ( determined by number of episodes and definition ) and 99 cents with the number in the one 's place being a 4 , 7 , or 9 , or the price of all episodes combined . Movies ( edit ) Unpopular movies cost $7.99 to buy in standard definition and $13.99 or $14.99 to buy in HD . Popular movies or new releases cost $13.99 or $14.99 to buy in standard definition and $17.99 or $19.99 to buy in HD . Unpopular movies cost $2.99 to rent in standard definition and $3.99 to rent in HD . Popular movies cost $3.99 to rent in standard definition and $4.99 to rent in HD . For recent releases , this price is increased by $1 . Movies that are available in 4K and HDR ( either HDR10 or Dolby Vision with an HDR10 profile ) cost the same price as HD , and are automatically upgraded from HD to 4K and HDR at no additional cost . Movies can be played back in 4K and HDR on the Apple TV 4K hooked up to a compatible display , and can be played back in HDR on the iPhone 8 , iPhone 8 Plus , iPhone X , 10.5 '' iPad Pro , and the 2nd gen 12.9 '' iPad Pro running iOS 11 or later . Apps ( edit ) The price is determined by the developer . The price can either be free or cost an amount of dollars and 99 cents . ITunes Store for iOS ( edit ) iTunes Store allows users to purchase and download items directly to portable Apple devices , such as the iPhone , iPad , Apple TV and iPod Touch . Apple offers three apps , each of which provides access to certain types of content . The App Store app sells apps for iOS , and also provides updates to these apps . The iTunes Store app sells music and videos . The iBooks app sells ebooks . Other , free content available from iTunes Store can be accessed from two other iOS apps : The Podcasts apps lets users download , subscribe to and sync podcasts . The iTunes U app gives access to iTunes U educational material . Originally , mobile users had to be connected to a Wi - Fi network in order to enter the store , hence its original name : iTunes Wi - Fi Music Store . However , at Macworld 2009 , Apple issued a software update which automatically allowed 3G and EDGE users to access the store 's full functionality for files smaller than 10 megabytes ( MB ) . The iOS 3.0 update added the ability to download movies , TV shows , audiobooks , iTunes U , and ringtones on mobile devices , in addition to the previously available songs and podcasts . On February 18 , 2010 , Apple increased the 10 MB 3G download limit to 20 MB . In March 2012 , Apple increased the 3G download limit to 50 MB , and , in late 2013 , Apple increased the limit to 100 MB when they released the final version of iOS 7 for their new iPhones . Customer support ( edit ) In the United States , Apple provides technical support for iTunes Store via email , there is no phone number for issues with iTunes purchases . Most customer service inquiries are handled online , via the Report a Problem link in iTunes . Charitable donations ( edit ) In response to major natural disasters , Apple provides the facility for donations to be made through iTunes Store . Unlike other iTunes purchases , donations made to charitable organisations through this system are not subject to the 30 % handling fee Apple usually charges . iTunes donation pages were set up following the 2010 Haiti earthquake , the 2011 Japanese earthquake and ensuing tsunami , and 2012 's Hurricane Sandy . In all of these cases , donations were redirected to the Red Cross . Music ( edit ) The store began operations after Apple signed deals with five major record labels : EMI , Universal , Warner , Sony Music Entertainment , and BMG . Songs from more than 2,000 independent labels were added later , the first being from The Orchard on June 24 , 2003 . As of 2017 , iTunes Store offers more than 43 million songs , including exclusive tracks from numerous artists . Not all artists are available on iTunes , but many holdouts , such as Led Zeppelin and Radiohead , have allowed their music to be sold on iTunes Store in recent years . New songs are added to iTunes catalog on a daily basis , and iTunes Store is updated each Tuesday . Downloaded songs come with song information ( name , artist , album ) already filled out , though iTunes provides a free service by Gracenote to do this for songs not purchased from the store , although they must be imported with iTunes . Songs that have an entry in iTunes Store also come with album artwork ( Artwork is embedded in the metadata ) . Artwork can be obtained for songs not purchased from the store for free if the user has an iTunes Store account . Purchased songs do not come with lyrics , nor does iTunes provide a service for acquiring the missing lyrics . However , several third - party applications exist to locate and automatically add lyrics to the user 's music . `` Album only '' songs ( edit ) Some songs are available from the store by `` Album Only '' , meaning the song can only be acquired through the purchase of the entire album , whereas most songs can be downloaded separately from the album they belong to . Songs above 10 minutes in length are by default Album Only songs . However , this is not universally true ; for example , Living in the Heart of the Beast by Henry Cow is 16 minutes and 18 seconds , yet is available for individual purchase as of December 24 , 2013 . Soundtracks also often have many Album Only tracks . Sometimes , the 10 - minute restriction works in an artist 's favor . Examples of this include Prince 's Lovesexy and the deluxe version of Phoenix 's Bankrupt ! , which both have an album as a single track instead of being separate , ( in Prince 's case , the track was the album , while in Phoenix 's case , it was a collection of demos and outtakes ) forcing the buyer to buy the album itself . Movie soundtracks normally include songs owned by many different labels , making licensing more complex . For example , Forrest Gump : The Soundtrack includes songs from Peacock Records , Argo Records & Capitol Records , among many others . Greatest Hits by Red Hot Chili Peppers has only one song , `` Higher Ground '' , that is not available for download on a per song basis , whilst Circus ( Britney Spears ' 2008 album ) has two songs that are available for album download only , Rock Me In and Phonography . Partial albums ( edit ) Some albums area available from the store by `` Partial Album '' , meaning that albums can not be entirely purchased , but that one or more of the tracks that can be purchased on the physical CD version of them are n't included , e.g. possible due to licensing issues . `` Work only '' songs ( edit ) Some tracks are listed as `` Work Only '' , which means they can only be obtained by purchasing the entire piece of work ( within the album ) ; the tracks can not be bought as singles . Works are generally pieces of classical music : symphonies , string quartets , etc. , in multiple movements . `` LP '' format ( edit ) In September 2009 , Apple introduced the iTunes LP format ( known pre-launch by the code name `` Cocktail '' ) which features visual , interactive content alongside album tracks and lyrics . Store sections ( edit ) When entering the US music store , there are multiple sections one can visit . Music is divided into genres ( Alternative , Classical , Jazz , Soundtrack , etc . ) , and there are a number of links to other sections of the store under the Quick Links header . These include Recommended for You , Complete My Album , iTunes LP , as well as thematic sections , such as iTunes Festival sections . On November 1 , 2006 , Apple created a category for Latino and Hispanic content , `` iTunes Latino '' . Telemundo and Mun2 made some of their popular programs available for purchase , becoming the first Hispanic television content in the store . It offers music , music videos , audiobooks , podcasts and television shows in Spanish in a single concentrated area . The brief descriptions given to the content are in Spanish as well as several subcategories . Gibraltarian Flamenco Metal band Breed 77 , released an exclusive album called Un Encuentro to coincide with the launch of `` iTunes Latino '' . It features 11 songs , all from previous albums , but all sung in Spanish . Censorship ( edit ) Main articles : Censorship by Apple and Censorship of the iTunes Store There is a policy of censoring profanity in titles on iTunes . This has resulted in a Scunthorpe glitch , by which inoffensive titles are censored due to a coincidental string of letters . If the song has an explicit label , it will be marked `` explicit '' next to the song title . If a song is marked `` explicit '' it is unavailable for purchase if `` restrict explicit content '' is checked under the parental controls preference . Often there will be a `` clean '' mark next to the title of some songs , meaning the lyrics have been censored , and is available to purchase on all accounts . Generally if a song is marked `` clean '' there is an explicit version available as well . Reception and commercial success ( edit ) Sales of iTunes songs , 2003 -- 2010 . Since its launch , iTunes Store has crossed many milestones . In the first 18 hours , the store sold about 275,000 tracks , and more than 1 million tracks were sold in its first 5 days . When released for Windows in October 2003 , iTunes was downloaded more than 1 million times in the first 3 days , selling more than 1 million songs in that period . On December 15 , 2003 , Apple announced that it had sold 25 million songs . In January 2004 at the Macworld Conference & Expo in San Francisco , Steve Jobs announced ( Sellers , 2004 ) that an unnamed person had purchased US $29,500 worth of music . On March 15 , 2004 , Apple announced that iTunes Music Store customers had purchased and downloaded 50 million songs from iTunes Music Store . A song sold on iTunes gives the artist 9 cents in profit . They also reported that customers were purchasing 2.5 million songs a week which translates to a projected annual run rate of 130 million songs a year . The 50 millionth song was `` The Path of Thorns '' by Sarah McLachlan . On April 28 , 2004 , iTunes Music Store marked its first anniversary with 70 million songs sold , clear dominance in the paid online music market and a slight profit . The store also offers hundreds of movie trailers and music videos , in an attempt to boost soundtrack sales . In the conference , Steve Jobs reiterated that a subscription service is still not in the interest of customers and reported that only 5 million of the 100 million songs offered in the Pepsi giveaway campaign were redeemed , which he blamed on technical problems in Pepsi distribution . According to an Apple press release dated August 10 , 2004 , iTunes Music Store was the first store to have a catalog of more than one million songs . Also , iTunes Music Store at that point maintained a 70 percent market share of legal music downloads . The emerging monopoly of the store has been criticized by Mike Lang of Miramax for `` effectively strangling the industry '' . He says that because the music industry has allowed too few content providers , it is now suffering . Lang views the issue as being more of a threat than music piracy . Sales milestones ( edit ) Music ( edit ) 100 million songs sold : July 11 , 2004 ( Kevin Britten of Hays , Kansas , bought the 100 millionth song , and the twenty - year - old received a call from Steve Jobs congratulating him . ) 125 million songs sold : September 1 , 2004 150 million songs sold : October 14 , 2004 200 million songs sold : December 16 , 2004 ( Ryan Alekman of Belchertown , Massachusetts , bought the 200 millionth song , which was one of the tracks on U2 's digital box set The Complete U2 . ) 250 million songs sold : January 24 , 2005 300 million songs sold : March 2 , 2005 400 million songs sold : May 10 , 2005 On July 5 , 2005 , Apple announced a promotion counting down to half a billion songs sold . 500 million songs sold : July 18 , 2005 ( Amy Greer of Lafayette , Indiana , bought the 500 millionth song , `` Mississippi Girl '' by Faith Hill . ) 850 million songs sold : January 10 , 2006 1 billion songs sold : February 23 , 2006 ( Alex Ostrovsky of West Bloomfield , Michigan , bought the billionth song , `` Speed of Sound '' by Coldplay . He later got a call from Steve Jobs with the news that the sixteen - year - old was getting ten iPods , an iMac , a $10,000 music gift certificate , and a scholarship established in his name at the Juilliard School . ) 1.5 billion songs sold : September 12 , 2006 2 billion songs sold : January 10 , 2007 2.5 billion songs sold : April 9 , 2007 3 billion songs sold : July 31 , 2007 4 billion songs sold : January 15 , 2008 5 billion songs sold : June 19 , 2008 6 billion songs sold : January 6 , 2009 8 billion songs sold : July 21 , 2009 8.6 billion songs sold : September 9 , 2009 10 billion songs sold : February 24 , 2010 ( Louie Sulcer of Woodstock , Georgia , downloaded `` Guess Things Happen That Way '' by Johnny Cash . At 71 years old , he was the oldest milestone winner to that date . He received a call from Steve Jobs and a $10,000 iTunes gift card . ) 15 billion songs sold : June 6 , 2011 20 billion songs sold : September 12 , 2012 25 billion songs sold : February 6 , 2013 35 billion songs sold : May 28 , 2014 Video ( edit ) 1 million videos sold : October 31 , 2005 3 + million videos sold : December 6 , 2005 8 million videos sold : January 10 , 2006 15 million videos sold : February 23 , 2006 45 million videos sold : September 12 , 2006 50 million television episodes sold : January 10 , 2007 1.3 million feature - length films sold : January 10 , 2007 2 million feature - length films sold : July 31 , 2007 200 million television episodes sold : October 16 , 2008 1 + million HD episodes sold : October 16 , 2008 Applications ( edit ) 10 million apps downloaded : July 14 , 2008 100 million apps downloaded : September 9 , 2008 200 million apps downloaded : October 22 , 2008 300 million apps downloaded : December 5 , 2008 500 million apps downloaded : January 16 , 2009 800 million apps downloaded : March 17 , 2009 1 billion apps downloaded : April 23 , 2009 1.5 billion apps downloaded : July 14 , 2009 1.8 billion apps downloaded : September 9 , 2009 2 billion apps downloaded : September 28 , 2009 3 billion apps downloaded : January 5 , 2010 7 billion apps downloaded : October 20 , 2010 10 billion apps downloaded : January 22 , 2011 15 billion apps downloaded : July 7 , 2011 25 billion apps downloaded : March 5 , 2012 30 billion apps downloaded : June 11 , 2012 35 billion apps downloaded : October 23 , 2012 40 billion apps downloaded : January 7 , 2013 50 billion apps downloaded : May 16 , 2013 60 billion apps downloaded : October 22 , 2013 75 billion apps downloaded : June 2 , 2014 100 billion apps downloaded : June 8 , 2015 25 + billion apps downloaded : December , 2016 Market share ( edit ) On September 12 , 2006 , Steve Jobs announced in his `` It 's Showtime '' keynote that Apple had 88 % of the legal US music download market . On April 11 , 2007 , Apple announced that iTunes Store had sold more than two million movies , making it the world 's most popular online movie store . On February 26 , 2008 , iTunes Store surpassed Best Buy to become the second - largest music vendor in the US behind Wal - Mart , and became number one on April 3 , 2008 . On October 10 , 2012 , iTunes Store was reported to have a 64 % share of the online music market , and a 29 % share of all music sales worldwide . Internationalization ( edit ) Originally only Mac OS X users who had credit cards with a US billing address could buy songs with the service , but Steve Jobs announced plans to support both Windows and non-American users . The Windows version of iTunes and support for the Windows platform from iTunes Music Store were announced on October 16 , 2003 , with immediate availability . Beginning in 2004 , the service has become available in a number of countries other than the United States : Country Product type Affiliate program Price / song Music Music Videos Podcasts TV shows Movies Apps Books iTunes Match iTunes U iTunes Radio United States April 28 , 2003 Yes Yes October 12 , 2005 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Discontinued January 28 , 2016 Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD United Kingdom June 15 , 2004 Yes Yes Yes June 4 , 2008 Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 0.59 -- 0.99 GBP ( 0.91 -- 1.53 USD ) France June 15 , 2004 Yes Yes Yes April 30 , 2009 Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Germany June 15 , 2004 Yes Yes April 2 , 2008 April 16 , 2009 Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Austria October 26 , 2004 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes April 30 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Belgium October 26 , 2004 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Finland October 26 , 2004 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes December 9 , 2013 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Greece October 26 , 2004 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes April 30 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Italy October 26 , 2004 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes April 30 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Luxembourg October 26 , 2004 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Netherlands October 26 , 2004 Yes Yes No September 27 , 2011 Yes Yes January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Portugal October 26 , 2004 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes April 30 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Spain October 26 , 2004 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Canada December 3 , 2004 Yes Yes Yes June 4 , 2008 Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 CAD ( 0.67 -- 1.25 USD ) Ireland January 6 , 2005 Yes Yes No April 30 , 2009 Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Sweden May 10 , 2005 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes December 9 , 2013 Yes No Yes 9 -- 12 SEK ( 1.25 -- 1.67 USD ) Norway May 10 , 2005 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes December 9 , 2013 Yes No Yes 8 -- 10 NOK ( 1.32 -- 1.66 USD ) Switzerland May 10 , 2005 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 1.60 -- 2.20 CHF ( 1.53 -- 2.11 USD ) Denmark May 10 , 2005 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes December 9 , 2013 Yes No Yes 8 -- 10 DKK ( 1.52 -- 1.90 USD ) Japan August 4 , 2005 Yes Yes No Yes Yes March 6 , 2013 May 2 , 2014 Yes No Yes 150 -- 250 JPY ( 1.81 -- 3.02 USD ) Australia October 25 , 2005 October 25 , 2005 Yes June 24 , 2008 August 14 , 2008 Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes Discontinued January 28 , 2016 Yes 1.19 -- 2.19 AUD ( 1.28 -- 2.35 USD ) New Zealand December 6 , 2005 Yes Yes No August 14 , 2008 Yes October 22 , 2012 December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 1.79 -- 2.39 NZD ( 1.47 -- 1.96 USD ) Mexico August 4 , 2009 Yes Yes No November 9 , 2010 Yes October 22 , 2012 December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 9 -- 15 MXN ( 0.71 -- 1.19 USD ) Bulgaria September 29 , 2011 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes April 30 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Cyprus September 29 , 2011 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Czech Republic September 29 , 2011 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Estonia September 29 , 2011 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Hungary September 29 , 2011 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes July 19 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Latvia September 29 , 2011 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Lithuania September 29 , 2011 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Malta September 29 , 2011 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes December 15 , 2011 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Poland September 29 , 2011 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes July 19 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Romania September 29 , 2011 Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Slovenia September 29 , 2011 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes April 30 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Slovakia September 29 , 2011 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 EUR ( 0.92 -- 1.72 USD ) Argentina December 13 , 2011 Yes Yes No December 13 , 2011 Yes October 22 , 2012 January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Brazil December 13 , 2011 Yes Yes No December 13 , 2011 Yes October 22 , 2012 December 13 , 2011 Yes No Yes 1 , 90 - 2 , 90 BRL Bolivia December 13 , 2011 Yes Yes No December 13 , 2011 Yes October 22 , 2012 January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 1.29 USD Chile December 13 , 2011 Yes Yes No December 13 , 2011 Yes October 22 , 2012 January 16 , 2012 Yes No Yes 0.69 -- 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To buy files through the store , a user must install the proprietary digital media player iTunes to access the store . This software is available only for certain versions of the Macintosh or Windows operating systems . iTunes Store availability . Green : full functionality ( music , apps , videos , etc . ) Red : available , but with limitations ( only apps , iTunes U , etc . ) According to an Apple press release , the European iTunes Music Stores sold a combined total of 800,000 songs in one week , with 450,000 of those songs sold in the UK . The Italian , Portuguese , Dutch , Greek stores have been localized . On December 3 , 2004 the British Office of Fair Trading referred iTunes Music Store to the European Commission because it prevents consumers in one EU country from buying music from stores in other EU countries , in violation of EU free - trade legislation ; the immediate cause of the referral was because the € 0.99 price charged in the Eurozone equates to UK £ 0.68 in sterling , rather than the UK £ 0.79 actually charged there . iTunes Music Store in Japan had 1 million songs available at start . In the next four days the store had sold one million songs -- the pace faster than that of the US store . In addition to a long delay , Apple failed to have one set price for singles . Pundits speculated that this may have indicated the introduction of new price structure to the rest of the stores in future , in favor of record labels who would like to see higher prices for new songs . This extension to other countries was announced in January 2009 . The release of video - capable iPods also saw the store launch in Australia with music videos and short films by Pixar . iTunes Gift Cards ( as they are now known ) are now also available in many more stores such as JB Hi - Fi , David Jones , and the Woolworths chain of stores . Access was inadvertently given to some people in New Zealand , too . Failed negotiations with the Sony BMG label meant that none of that label 's artists were available at the time of launch ; they were later added on January 17 , 2006 . New Zealand users had briefly been able to buy from the Australian store when it first opened until that loophole was closed . On November 1 , 2006 , the store started offering a range of Latino content including television shows and music for its Hispanic American , Mexican and Puerto Rican clients . The Spanish used on the Mexican store has been modified to Mexican Spanish . As of the 2009 Macworld Conference & Expo , Apple had given no new information of the ( possible ; future ) inclusion and expansion of music videos , TV - shows and movies in other European countries . The stores of the UK , Germany and France currently remain the only European Stores with local and / or localized selections of TV - shows , movies and music videos . Payment options ( edit ) A user must also pay with an iTunes gift card or a credit card with a billing address in Australia , Austria , Belgium , Brunei , Bulgaria , Brazil , Cambodia , Canada , Colombia , the Czech Republic , Cyprus , Denmark , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Hong Kong , Hungary , India , Indonesia , the Republic of Ireland , Italy , Japan , Laos , Latvia , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Macau , Malaysia , Malta , Mexico , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Philippines , Poland , Portugal , Puerto Rico , Romania , Russia , Singapore , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain , Sri Lanka , Sweden , Switzerland , Taiwan , Thailand , Turkey , United Kingdom , the United States or Vietnam . Apple also offers other payment methods ( like Paypal ) , which differ from country to country . Residents in other countries can only buy a gift card from a merchant or download free podcasts and previews . Digital rights management ( edit ) A fifth - generation iPod with earphones . The only portable devices licensed to play protected music from iTunes Store are iPods , the iPhone , the iPod Touch , the iPad and selected Motorola mobile phones , such as the ROKR . Main article : FairPlay iTunes Store uses Apple 's FairPlay digital rights management ( DRM ) technology . FairPlay is built into the MP4 multimedia file format as an encrypted AAC audio layer , and is used by the company to protect copyrighted works sold through the store , allowing only authorized devices to play the content . The restrictions imposed by FairPlay , mainly limited device compatibility , have sparked criticism , with a lawsuit alleging antitrust violation that was eventually closed in Apple 's favor , and various successful efforts to remove the DRM protection from files , with Apple continually updating its software to counteract such projects . In February 2007 , an open letter by Steve Jobs , Apple 's then - CEO , discussed the use of DRM on music , raising points about the future of the protection and announcing the company 's support for ending the use of DRM . Although the open letter initially caused mixed industry reactions , Apple signed a deal with a major record label the following month to offer iTunes customers a purchase option for a higher - quality , DRM - free version of the label 's tracks . In January 2009 , Apple signed deals with all major record labels as well as a large number of independent labels to offer all iTunes music in the DRM - free option . This does not apply to songs downloaded while using Apple Music , Apple 's subscription - based music streaming service . Promotions ( edit ) On Super Bowl Sunday , February 1 , 2004 , Apple launched a promotion with Pepsi in which they gave away 100 million songs , through tokens on selected soft drink bottle caps . Unfortunately for Apple , Pepsi failed to properly distribute the bottles to major metropolitan areas until only weeks before the promotion ended , despite a one - month extension of the deadline by Apple . The promotion was repeated beginning January 31 , 2005 , with 200 million songs available , and an iPod Mini given away every hour . On July 1 , 2004 , Apple announced that , starting with the sale of the 95 millionth song , an iPod would be given away to the buyer of each 100 thousandth song , for a total of 50 iPods . The buyer of the 100 millionth song would receive a PowerBook , iPod , and US $10,000 gift certificate to iTunes Music Store . Ten days later , on July 11 , Apple announced that 100 million songs had been sold through iTunes Music Store . The 100 millionth song was titled `` Somersault ( Dangermouse Remix ) '' by Zero 7 , purchased by Kevin Britten of Hays , Kansas . He then received a phone call from Apple CEO Steve Jobs , who offered his congratulations , as well as a 40 GB 3rd Generation iPod laser - engraved with a message of thanks . Inspired by Pepsi 's marketing success with iTunes giveaways , Coca - Cola partnered with 7 - Eleven to give away a free iTunes song with every 32 US fl oz ( 950 ml ) . Slurpee frozen beverage until July 31 , 2005 . Songs could be redeemed until August 31 , 2005 by entering a code printed on the Slurpee cup into iTunes Music Store application . Coca - Cola did this in spite of having its own music store , myCoke Music.com , that competed with iTunes Music Store in Europe . myCokeMusic.com ceased business on July 31 , 2006 . On July 5 , 2005 , Apple announced that they were counting down to half a billion songs . The buyer of every 100 thousandth song up to 500 million would receive an iPod Mini and a 50 - song gift card . The grand prize for the person who downloads the 500 millionth song was 10 iPods of their choice , a 10,000 - song gift card , 10 50 - song gift cards or 4 tickets to the Coldplay world tour . Twelve days later , on July 17 , Apple announced that 500 million songs had been sold through iTunes Music Store . The 500 millionth song , purchased by Amy Greer of Lafayette , Indiana , was `` Mississippi Girl '' by Faith Hill . On July 28 , 2005 , Apple and The Gap announced a promotion to award iTunes music downloads to Gap customers who tried on a pair of Gap jeans . From August 8 to 31 , 2005 , each customer who tried on any pair of Gap jeans could receive a free download for a song of their choice from iTunes Music Store . On February 7 , 2006 , Apple announced that they were counting down to the billionth song download and began a promotion similar to the previous 100 million and 500 million countdown . Whoever downloaded the billionth song would receive a 20 '' iMac , ten 60 GB iPods , and a US $10,000 iTunes Music Card . The billionth song was purchased on February 23 , 2006 by Alex Ostrovsky of West Bloomfield , Michigan . The purchased song was `` Speed of Sound '' as part of Coldplay 's X&Y album . On July 25 , 2006 , Facebook and iTunes began offering a promotion where members of the Apple Students group would receive a free 25 song sampler each week until September 30 in various music genres . The idea behind the promotion was to get students more familiar and enthusiastic with each service as Autumn classes approached . However , in order to prevent abuse of the promotion , the weekly code that Facebook provided stopped working after it was redeemed one million times . In addition , the promotion caused discontent among international students , as the code was only valid in the US iTunes Music Store . On April 10 , 2009 , Apple announced that it will be counting down to the billionth app . Apps being the applications for iPod Touch and iPhone . Launching a counter that is constantly running on Good Friday , Apple starting counting down . Connor Mulcahey , age 13 of Weston , CT , downloaded the billionth app , `` Bump '' by Bump Technologies , and received a 17 '' Macbook Pro , a 32GB iPod Touch , a Time Capsule , and a $10,000 Gift Card for iTunes Store . On February 11 , 2010 , Apple announced that it would be counting down to 10 billion songs downloaded . A $10,000 gift card was offered as a prize . On February 24 , 2010 , the 10 billionth song , `` Guess Things Happen That Way '' by Johnny Cash , was purchased by Louie Sulcer of Woodstock , Georgia . Other platforms ( edit ) Currently , iTunes is supported on the macOS ( Leopard and above ) and Microsoft Windows operating systems . iTunes was known to run passably well in Linux on x86 - based computers using the Wine compatibility layer ; however , by December 2011 , this was no longer the case . Users without iTunes installed can see a content database ( but not hear or view the content itself ) using the iTunes Preview service , which runs inside their internet browser . This service also allows users to watch trailers for upcoming film releases . Should they choose to purchase any media , they will be redirected to iTunes . Technical details ( edit ) Store pages are delivered using standard HTML with a special header . This change was made when iTunes 9.0 was released . iTunes uses WebKit to render these pages on the screen . These pages are also accessible on the Web , at itunes.apple.com , allowing pages from iTunes Store to show up in search engine search results . Prior to iTunes 9.0 , iTunes Store was delivered using a custom XML format that describes the position of all of the elements , boxes , album art and all of their properties -- including whether a reference link can be dragged out of iTunes and into another document . The store 's back - end software uses WebObjects -- Apple 's own application server it acquired from NeXT . Content is uploaded to iTunes data store using an internal Apple program called iTunes Producer , which automatically encodes and adds metadata to uploaded files . Legal disputes ( edit ) Main article : Apple Inc. litigation Apple Records ( edit ) Main article : Apple Corps v. Apple Computer For three years , The Beatles ' record company Apple Records were in a legal dispute , Apple Corps v Apple Computer , with Apple Computer over the name `` Apple . '' On May 8 , 2006 , a ruling was declared in favor of Apple Computer , but Apple Records said it would appeal the ruling . Despite this , plans were announced by Neil Aspinall in April 2006 to remaster completely and release the entire Beatles catalog on an unspecified online music service , as well as release some previously unheard work by the band . No date was set at that time . It has also been reported that the Beatles ' music catalog might initially be appearing on iTunes only , as Apple is reported to be negotiating with Britain 's EMI group over an online distribution deal that might be exclusive for a limited time . During his January 9 , 2007 Macworld Keynote address , Apple CEO Steve Jobs used the band 's song `` Lovely Rita '' to introduce the music - playing capabilities of the company 's new iPhone . This was regarded by industry observers as further evidence that the Beatles catalog would be introduced to iTunes Music Store catalog in the near future . On February 5 , 2007 , Apple Corps and Apple Inc. announced they had reached a settlement in their legal dispute . In a related development , Apple announced on August 14 , 2007 that the entire solo catalog of John Lennon would be available on iTunes . The solo catalogs of the other three Beatles , Paul McCartney , Ringo Starr , and George Harrison , are also available on iTunes . On November 16 , 2010 , the entire Beatles catalog was officially made available on iTunes Store . The consumer Council of Norway EULA challenge ( edit ) On June 6 , 2006 , The Consumer Ombudsmen in Norway , Sweden and Denmark launched a common open letter to Apple regarding the EULA of iTunes through the Norwegian Consumer Ombudsman Bjørn Erik Thon . The iTunes case is based upon an official complaint filed by The Consumer Council of Norway on January 25 , 2006 . The main allegations were that : The EULA is unbalanced to disfavor the customer . Scandinavian law requires any written agreement to favor both parties . The weak party also enjoys protection from exploitation according to Norwegian consumer laws . iTunes Store 's use of Digital rights management limits the number of devices purchased songs can be played on . iTunes ' contract entitles the company to at any time change the terms of the contract without notice , including the selection of players or software that must be used for iTunes files , and also the number of times a customer can change or copy already purchased files . The EULA is both vague and hard to understand for the customers . The EULA states that the legal relationship between the company and customers is regulated by English contract law . It is unreasonable to expect Norwegian consumers to have comprehensive knowledge of English law . Products marketed to Norwegian consumers in Norway are subject to Norwegian law -- a right that can not be waived by a clause in a company 's standard customer contract . The EULA removes iTunes ' responsibility regarding damage to the consumer 's computer caused by software errors even though responsibility can not be waived in Scandinavian Law . Apple responded July 31 , 2006 . On January 22 , 2007 , German and French consumer groups joined forces with Norway and Finland . Their goal is to create a united European front against iTunes ( Germany and France have each had their own negotiation process with iTunes ) . According to the press statement Apple is in favor of this . The key points in the negotiations were : Interoperability : the consumer should have the right and ability to play his or her music on any device of his or her own choice . Change of conditions : iTunes must revoke their right to change the terms and conditions ( EULA ) at any time without the consent of the consumer . Liability : iTunes should change its clause limiting its liability to recover consumer damages if they are caused by content sold by iTunes . Applicable Law : Consumers entering into a contract with iTunes should be able to rely on the consumer protection rules according to the law of the country in which they live . EU antitrust case ( edit ) In 2004 , Which ? magazine complained to the European Commission about the higher prices in the UK for the same songs sold in other parts of the European Union : typically € 0.99 in the rest of the EU and £. 79 in the UK . In 2008 , the Commission withdrew its investigation after Apple agreed to end the price disparity . Content disputes ( edit ) Universal Music Group ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2010 ) On July 1 , 2007 , the New York Times reported that Universal ( currently the world 's largest music corporation ) would not renew its annual contract to sell music through iTunes . Instead , Universal said that it would market music to Apple at will , allowing it to remove its songs from the iTunes service on short notice if the two sides did not agree on pricing or other terms . On August 9 , 2007 , UMG announced a plan to sell some songs in MP3 format , without Digital rights management , through a variety of online services such as Amazon Music and the newly created gBox . While these tracks continue to be available through iTunes Store , Universal chose to license these songs in DRM - free formats only through other services . NBC Universal TV series ( edit ) On August 31 , 2007 , Apple announced that programs on NBC 's 2007 -- 08 television schedule would not be available on iTunes . NBC had informed Apple the previous day that it would not be renewing its contract . It was later clarified that this change only applied to series produced by NBC Universal - owned Universal Media Studios , including Universal - produced shows on other networks such as House . NBC programs produced by other studios , such as Chuck ( Warner Bros . ) and Journeyman ( 20th Century Fox ) , would remain available on iTunes . Apple has publicly asserted that NBC would only renew their contract if Apple agreed to a price increase of US $4.99 per episode , which they did not . NBC disputes that claim , claiming that Apple balked at NBC 's request to package shows together and make wholesale pricing more flexible . NBC claims that they never asked to double the wholesale price and insisted that their shows would be sold by iTunes Store through early December . Other networks who sell their shows via iTunes did not follow suit . On December 1 , 2007 , NBC shows were pulled from iTunes Store . On September 9 , 2008 , Apple and NBC Universal announced that NBC 's TV shows were once again available on the US iTunes Store . The UK iTunes Store has many shows from NBC available , although they are distributed by Universal Studios . The pricing for these seasons are higher than they were on the US store , an example being , Season 3 of The Office is priced at UK £ 43.47 ( roughly US $72 ) vs. $52.99 ( US Store HD ) . See also ( edit ) iTunes Apple Music iTunes Festival Apple Inc . Apple TV iBookstore Comparison of online music stores References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Apple Unveils New iTunes '' . Apple . September 12 , 2012 . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes Store Top Music Retailer in the USA '' . Apple Inc . April 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Apple 's iTunes serves up 10 - billionth song download '' . Apple . February 2010 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2011 . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Apple Keynote Jump up ^ Daniel Eran Dilger ( April 21 , 2011 ) . `` iTunes Store quietly generates record revenues of $1.4 billion '' . Apple Insider . AppleInsider . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple 's iTunes Store passes 35 billion songs sold milestone , iTunes Radio now has 40 million listeners -- MacDailyNews - Welcome Home '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple to end music restrictions '' . BBC News . January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes Store now infected with variable pricing , Amazon still $0.99 '' . Engadget. April 7 , 2009 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The algebra of iTunes '' . CNN . June 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2013 . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 5 announcement : 3 important things to watch '' . NineMSN.com.au . September 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Apple Inc . ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` Apple 's App Store Downloads Top 25 Billion '' . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Locke , Laura ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` Steve Jobs on the iTunes Music Store : The Unpublished Interview '' . Technologizer . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Brad ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` The iTunes influence , part one : How Apple changed the face of the music marketplace '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knopper , Steve ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` iTunes ' 10th Anniversary : How Steve Jobs Turned the Industry Upside Down '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ England , Lucy ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Apple has a playbook for killing free music , and it was written by Steve Jobs '' . Business Insider . Axel Springer SE . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chen , Brian X. ( April 28 , 2010 ) . `` April 28 , 2003 : Apple opens iTunes Store '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . 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Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . iOS and iOS - based products History Outline Hardware Apple TV 2nd 3rd iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air 1st 2017 2018 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro 1st 2nd iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 & 6 Plus 6S & 6S Plus SE 7 & 7 Plus 8 & 8 Plus X iPod Touch 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Software AirDrop AirPlay AirPrint CarPlay Cocoa Touch Control Center Core Animation HomeKit iTunes iOS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 All Notification Center SDK Siri Spotlight SpringBoard VoiceOver WebKit Bundled apps Calendar Clock Contacts FaceTime Files Find My Friends Find My iPhone Health Home iBooks Mail Maps Messages Music News Notes Photos Reminders Safari TV Videos Wallet Weather Watch Discontinued Newsstand Apple apps AirPort Utility Clips iLife GarageBand iMovie iWork Keynote Numbers Pages Logic Remote Remote Discontinued Beats Music Cards iPhoto Nike + iPod Services Apple Pay App Store Game Center iBookstore iCloud iMessage iTunes Connect iTunes Store Multitasking Push Notifications TestFlight Discontinued iAd iTunes Radio MobileMe Other 300 - page bill Apple mobile application processors FairPlay Free and open - source iOS applications Games History of iPhone iFund Jailbreaking Metal Swift WWDC iPod Models Classic Photo iPod + HP iPod U2 Mini Shuffle Nano Touch Accessories Earbuds iPod Hi - Fi Nike + iPod Software Comparison of iPod managers iOS Store iPod game iTunes Store version history Other Advertising Click wheel Dock Connector Italics indicate discontinued products . Apple Inc . History Outline Founders Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne Board of directors Current James A. Bell Tim Cook ( CEO ) Albert Gore Jr . Robert A. Iger Andrea Jung Arthur D. Levinson ( Chairman ) Ronald D. Sugar Susan L. Wagner Former Gil Amelio Fred D. Anderson Bill Campbell Mickey Drexler Al Eisenstat Larry Ellison Steve Jobs Delano Lewis Mike Markkula Arthur Rock Eric Schmidt John Sculley Edgar S. Woolard Jr . Jerry York Executives Current Tim Cook ( CEO ) Jony Ive ( CDO ) Jeff Williams ( COO ) Luca Maestri ( CFO ) Katherine Adams ( General Counsel ) Angela Ahrendts Eddy Cue Craig Federighi Lisa Jackson Dan Riccio Phil Schiller Johny Srouji Former Gil Amelio Fred D. Anderson John Browett Guerrino De Luca Paul Deneve Al Eisenstat Tony Fadell Scott Forstall Ellen Hancock Nancy R. Heinen Steve Jobs Ron Johnson Mike Markkula David Nagel Peter Oppenheimer Mark Papermaster Jon Rubinstein Michael Scott John Sculley Bertrand Serlet Bruce Sewell Michael Spindler Sina Tamaddon Avie Tevanian Ronald Wayne Steve Wozniak Products Hardware Mac iMac iMac Pro MacBook family Mac Mini Mac Pro iPod Classic Nano Shuffle Touch iPhone iPad Mini Air Pro Accessories Apple TV Apple Watch AirPods HomePod Software Classic Mac OS macOS History Server Software iOS Version history tvOS watchOS audioOS Core Foundation Developer Tools Final Cut Pro Logic Pro QuickTime CarPlay HomeKit Services Apple ID Apple Maps Apple Music Apple Pay Developer iAd TestFlight WWDC Game Center iCloud MobileMe iWork News Newsstand Stores App Store iOS macOS tvOS Apple Store iBookstore iTunes Store Support AppleCare Apple Specialist Certifications Genius Bar ProCare One to One Companies Subsidiaries Beats Electronics Beats Music Braeburn Capital FileMaker Inc . Acquisitions Anobit AuthenTec Inc . 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2500061240588694902	Calgary Flames	Calgary Flames - Wikipedia Calgary Flames Jump to : navigation , search Calgary Flames 2017 -- 18 Calgary Flames season Conference Western Division Pacific Founded 1972 History Atlanta Flames 1972 -- 1980 Calgary Flames 1980 -- present Home arena Scotiabank Saddledome City Calgary , Alberta Colours Red , yellow , black , white Media Sportsnet West CFAC ( Sportsnet 960 The Fan ) Owner ( s ) Calgary Sports and Entertainment ( N. Murray Edwards , chairman ) General manager Brad Treliving Head coach Glen Gulutzan Captain Mark Giordano Minor league affiliates Stockton Heat ( AHL ) Kansas City Mavericks ( ECHL ) Stanley Cups 1 ( 1988 -- 89 ) Conference championships 3 ( 1985 -- 86 , 1988 -- 89 , 2003 -- 04 ) Presidents ' Trophy 2 ( 1987 -- 88 , 1988 -- 89 ) Division championships 6 ( 1987 -- 88 , 1988 -- 89 , 1989 -- 90 , 1993 -- 94 , 1994 -- 95 , 2005 -- 06 ) Official website nhl.com/flames The Calgary Flames are a professional ice hockey team based in Calgary , Alberta . They are members of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The club is the third major - professional ice hockey team to represent the city of Calgary , following the Calgary Tigers ( 1921 -- 1927 ) and Calgary Cowboys ( 1975 -- 1977 ) . The Flames are one of two NHL franchises in Alberta ; the other is the Edmonton Oilers . The cities ' proximity has led to a rivalry known as the Battle of Alberta . The team was founded in 1972 in Atlanta as the Atlanta Flames until relocating to Calgary in 1980 . The Flames played their first three seasons in Calgary at the Stampede Corral before moving into their current home arena , the Scotiabank Saddledome ( originally known as the Olympic Saddledome ) , in 1983 . In 1985 -- 86 , the Flames became the first Calgary team since the 1923 -- 24 Tigers to compete for the Stanley Cup . In 1988 -- 89 , the Flames won their first and only championship . The Flames ' unexpected run to the 2004 Stanley Cup Finals gave rise to the Red Mile , and in 2011 the team hosted and won the second Heritage Classic outdoor game . The Flames have won two Presidents ' Trophies as the league 's top regular season team , and have claimed five division championships . Individually , Jarome Iginla is the franchise leader in games played , goals , and points , and is a two - time winner of the Maurice Richard Trophy as the league 's leading goal scorer . Miikka Kiprusoff has the most wins by a goaltender in a Calgary Flames uniform . Nine people associated with the Flames have been inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame . Off the ice , Calgary Sports and Entertainment , which owns the Flames , also own a Western Hockey League franchise ( the Calgary Hitmen ) , a National Lacrosse League franchise ( the Calgary Roughnecks ) and a CFL franchise ( the Calgary Stampeders ) . The team also lends their name to a bar and entertainment centre called Flames Central on Stephen Avenue in Downtown Calgary . Through the Flames Foundation , the team has donated more than CA $ 32 million to charity throughout southern Alberta since the franchise arrived . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Atlanta Flames 1.2 1980 -- 1985 1.3 1985 -- 1990 1.4 1991 -- 2003 1.5 2004 -- 2010 1.6 2011 -- 2014 1.7 2014 -- present 2 Community impact 2.1 Flames Foundation 2.2 Red Mile 2.3 `` C of Red '' 3 Team colours and mascot 3.1 Logo 3.2 Jerseys 3.3 Mascot 4 Season - by - season record 5 Players 5.1 Current roster 6 Honoured members 6.1 Retired numbers 7 Hockey Hall of Fame 7.1 Team captains 7.2 Franchise scoring leaders 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Footnotes 10 Further reading 11 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Atlanta Flames ( edit ) Main article : Atlanta Flames Tom Lysiak celebrates with teammates after a goal against the Colorado Rockies . From 1972 to 1980 the Flames were based in Atlanta . The Flames were the result of the NHL 's first pre-emptive strike against the upstart World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . In December 1971 , the NHL hastily granted a team to Long Island -- the New York Islanders -- to keep the WHA 's New York Raiders out of the brand new Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum . Needing another team to balance the schedule , the NHL awarded a team to an Atlanta - based group that owned the National Basketball Association 's Atlanta Hawks , headed by prominent local real estate developer Tom Cousins . Cousins named the team the `` Flames '' after the fire resulting from the March to the Sea in the American Civil War by General William Tecumseh Sherman , in which Atlanta was nearly destroyed . They played home games in the Omni Coliseum in downtown Atlanta . The Flames were relatively successful early on . Under head coaches Bernie `` Boom Boom '' Geoffrion , Fred Creighton and Al MacNeil , the Flames made the playoffs in six of eight seasons in Atlanta . In marked contrast , their expansion cousins , the Islanders , won only 31 games during their first two years in the league combined . This relative success did not carry over to the playoffs , however , as the Flames won only two post-season games during their time in Atlanta . Despite the on - ice success , the Atlanta ownership was never on sound financial footing . Longtime general manager Cliff Fletcher said years later that Cousins ' initial financial projections for an NHL team did not account for the WHA entering the picture . The Flames were also a poor draw , and never signed a major television contract . In 1980 , Cousins was in considerable financial difficulty and was forced to sell the Flames to stave off bankruptcy . With few serious offers from local groups , he was very receptive to an offer from Canadian entrepreneur ( and former Oilers owner ) Nelson Skalbania . He was fronting a group of Calgary businessmen that included oil magnates Harley Hotchkiss , Ralph T. Scurfield , Norman Green , Doc and Byron Seaman , and former Calgary Stampeders great Norman Kwong . A last - ditch effort to keep the team in Atlanta fell short , and Cousins sold the team to Skalbania for US $16 million , a record sale price for an NHL team at the time . On May 21 , 1980 , Skalbania announced that the team would move to Calgary . He chose to retain the Flames name , feeling it would be a good fit for an oil town like Calgary , while the flaming `` A '' logo was replaced by a flaming `` C '' . Skalbania sold his interest in 1981 , and the Flames have been locally owned since . 1980 -- 1985 ( edit ) Unlike the WHA 's Calgary Cowboys , who folded three years earlier , the Flames were immediately embraced by the city of Calgary . While the Cowboys could manage to sell only 2,000 season tickets in their final campaign of 1976 -- 77 , the Flames sold 10,000 full - and half - season ticket packages in the 7,000 seat Stampede Corral . Led by Kent Nilsson 's 49 - goal , 131 - point season , the Flames qualified for the playoffs in their first season in Calgary with a 39 -- 27 -- 14 record , good for third in the Patrick Division . The team found much greater playoff success in Calgary than it did in Atlanta , winning their first two playoff series over the Chicago Black Hawks and Philadelphia Flyers before bowing out to the Minnesota North Stars in the semi-finals . This early success was not soon repeated . After a losing record in 1981 -- 82 , Fletcher jettisoned several holdovers from the Atlanta days who could not adjust to the higher - pressure hockey environment and rebuilt the roster . Over the next three seasons , he put together a core of players that would remain together through the early 1990s . The Flames moved into the Olympic Saddledome ( now Scotiabank Saddledome ) in 1983 Fletcher 's efforts to match the Oilers led him to draw talent from areas previously neglected by the NHL . The Flames were among the earliest teams to sign large numbers of US college players , including Joel Otto , Gary Suter , and Colin Patterson . Fletcher also stepped up the search for European hockey talent , acquiring Hakan Loob and other key players . He was among the first to draft players from the Soviet Union , including HC CSKA Moscow star Sergei Makarov in 1983 , but Soviet players were not released to Western teams until 1989 . Still , the team was sufficiently improved to challenge the Oilers , who required the maximum seven games to defeat the Flames en route to their 1984 Stanley Cup Championship . In 1983 , the Flames moved into their new home , the Olympic Saddledome ( now known as the Scotiabank Saddledome ) . Located on the grounds of the Calgary Exhibition and Stampede , the Saddledome was built as a venue for the 1988 Winter Olympics . In three seasons in the Corral , the Flames lost only 32 home games . The Saddledome hosted the 37th NHL All - Star Game in 1985 , a 6 -- 4 victory by the Wales Conference . 1985 -- 1990 ( edit ) The players acquired by Fletcher matured into one of the strongest teams in the league during the mid-1980s and early 1990s . From 1984 -- 85 to 1990 -- 91 , the Flames tallied 90 points in every season but one . However , they were usually unable to transform that success into a deep playoff run , largely because they could not get the better of their provincial rivals , the powerhouse Oilers . Although the Oilers and Flames usually finished at or near the top of the Campbell Conference , the NHL 's playoff structure of the time made it very likely that the Flames would meet the Oilers in either the first or second round , rather than in Campbell Conference finals . That same structure made it very likely that the other two playoff qualifiers in the Smythe Division would have to get past the Flames or Oilers ( or both ) in order to make it to the conference finals . From 1983 until 1990 , either the Oilers or the Flames represented the Campbell Conference in the Stanley Cup Finals . By 1986 the Flames landed forwards Doug Risebrough , Lanny McDonald , and Dan Quinn , defenceman Al MacInnis , and goaltender Mike Vernon . Finishing second in the Smythe with a 40 -- 31 -- 9 record ( the only season from 1984 to 1991 in which they did not finish with 90 or more points ) , the Flames swept the Winnipeg Jets in the first round of the playoffs , setting up a showdown with the Oilers . Edmonton finished 30 points ahead of Calgary during the season , and was heavily favoured to win a third Cup in a row . However , the Flames upset the Oilers in seven games -- the only time that the Flames defeated the Oilers in a playoff series during the decade . The series - winning goal came when an errant clearing attempt by Steve Smith ricocheted off goaltender Grant Fuhr 's leg and into his own net . The goal remains one of the most legendary blunders in hockey history . From there , the Flames went on to the Campbell Conference Finals , where they defeated the St. Louis Blues in another seven - game series . This time , Calgary had to survive a scare of its own , shaking off the Monday Night Miracle at the St. Louis Arena . Trailing by a score of 5 -- 2 with 10 minutes to play in the third period of Game 6 , the Blues mounted a furious comeback to send the contest into overtime , where Doug Wickenheiser scored to force a deciding seventh game . Calgary would win Game 7 at home , 2 -- 1 , advancing into the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time . The Flames proved to be no match for the Montreal Canadiens , losing the championship series in five games . Montreal rookie goaltender Patrick Roy was nearly unbeatable in the last two games , allowing only four goals en route to winning the Conn Smythe Trophy . The Flames followed up their run to the Finals with their best regular season to that point . Calgary 's 46 -- 31 -- 3 record in 1986 -- 87 was good for third overall in the NHL , behind the Oilers and Philadelphia Flyers . However , the Flames were unable to duplicate their playoff success of a year prior , losing their first - round match - up with the Jets in six games . The season was also difficult off the ice , as 1986 first - round draft pick George Pelawa was killed in a car accident prior to the season 's start . The Flames recorded their first 100 - point season in 1987 -- 88 , earning the Presidents ' Trophy for having the league 's best record and ending the Oilers ' six - year reign atop the Smythe Division in the process . Joe Nieuwendyk became the second rookie in league history to score 50 + goals , earning the Calder Memorial Trophy as rookie of the year . Looking to bolster the line - up for a playoff run , the Flames dealt young sniper Brett Hull , along with Steve Bozek , to the Blues for Rob Ramage and Rick Wamsley on March 7 , 1988 . Their playoff frustrations continued , however , after defeating the Los Angeles Kings in five games , Calgary was swept out of the playoffs in four straight by the Oilers . In 1988 -- 89 , the Flames continued to improve . They captured their second consecutive presidents ' Trophy with a franchise record 117 points , finishing 26 points better than the second - place Kings in the Smythe Division . Fletcher continued to tinker with the roster , acquiring Doug Gilmour as part of a six player deal at the trade deadline . In the playoffs , the Flames were stretched to seven games in the first round by the Vancouver Canucks . They relied on several saves by goaltender Mike Vernon , including a famous glove save off a Stan Smyl breakaway in overtime . The save remains a defining moment in Flames history . The Flames then made short work of the Kings , defeating them in four straight , before eliminating the Chicago Blackhawks in five games to set up a rematch of the 1986 Stanley Cup Finals against Montreal . This time , the Flames won in six games , the last being a 4 -- 2 victory in Montreal on May 25 , 1989 . The clinching win was especially significant in that it marked the only time that an opposing team defeated the Canadiens to win the Stanley Cup on Montreal Forum ice . Al MacInnis captured the Conn Smythe as playoffs ' most valuable player , while long - time captain Lanny McDonald announced his retirement . The 1989 Stanley Cup win gave Flames co-owner Sonia Scurfield ( Ralph 's widow ) the distinction of being the first ( and as of 2013 , only ) Canadian woman to have her name engraved on the Cup . It also made Kwong one of the few to have his name on both the Stanley Cup and the Grey Cup . In 1989 , due in part to Cliff Fletcher 's diplomatic efforts , the Soviets gave permission for a select group of Soviet hockey players to sign with NHL teams . The first of these players was Sergei Pryakhin . Although Pryakhin never became an NHL regular , his arrival blazed a trail for the large number of Russian players who entered the NHL beginning in 1989 -- 90 . Sergei Makarov joined the Flames that season and , though already in his thirties , became the fifth Flame to win the Calder Memorial Trophy as the league 's Rookie of the Year . The selection would prove controversial , prompting the league to amend the rules to exclude any player over the age of 26 from future consideration . That season , the team fell two points shy of their third straight presidents ' Trophy with 99 points . Also that season , they won their third straight Smythe Division title . In the playoffs , they were dethroned in six games by the Los Angeles Kings . They would not win another playoff series until 2004 -- one of the longest such droughts in NHL history . 1991 -- 2003 ( edit ) In 1991 , Fletcher left the Flames to become the general manager of the Toronto Maple Leafs . He had been the team 's general manager since its inception in 1972 . He was succeeded in Calgary by Doug Risebrough , and the two quickly completed a ten player mega-trade that saw disgruntled forward Doug Gilmour dealt to Toronto with four other players for former 50 goal scorer Gary Leeman and four others . The trade transformed both clubs . The formerly inept Leafs turned into a contender almost immediately , while Leeman scored only eleven goals in a Flames uniform . Despite the blossoming of Theoren Fleury into an NHL star , the Flames missed the playoffs entirely in 1992 , only a year after finishing with their third 100 - point season in franchise history . It was the first time the Flames had missed the playoffs since 1975 , when they were still in Atlanta . It was also only the third time out of the playoffs in the franchise 's 20 - year history . Calgary rebounded to make the playoffs for the next four seasons , including two consecutive division titles . However , they were knocked out in the first round of the playoffs each time . The 1994 and 1995 Division titles led to Game 7 overtime home defeats in the opening round to the Canucks and San Jose Sharks respectively . In the 1995 -- 96 season , Nieuwendyk was traded to the Dallas Stars in a deal that acquired Jarome Iginla . Iginla would make his Flames debut in the 1996 postseason during which the Flames again lost in the first round , a four - game sweep by the Blackhawks . In 1997 , only two years after winning their second consecutive division title , the Flames missed the playoffs and would not return for seven years . The low point came in the 1997 -- 98 season , in which the Flames finished with only 67 points , the second - lowest point total in franchise history ( behind only the 1972 -- 73 Atlanta Flames ) . The performance of Jarome Iginla was one of the team 's few bright spots during its seven - year playoff drought . During this time , the Flames found it increasingly difficult to retain their best players as salaries escalated while the Canadian dollar lost value against the American dollar . Calgary has always been one of the smallest markets in the league ( it is currently third - smallest , behind only Edmonton and Winnipeg ) and the NHL 's small - market Canadian teams found it increasingly difficult to compete in the new environment . In 1999 , for example , the Flames traded Fleury to the Colorado Avalanche midway through the season . The trade came shortly after Fleury became the franchise 's all - time leading scorer . Fleury was due to become an unrestricted free agent at the end of the season , and the Flames did not want to risk losing him without getting anything in return . As the Flames sank in the standings , their attendance also sagged . For most of their first 16 years in Calgary , Flames tickets were among the toughest to get in the NHL . However , by 1999 , attendance had fallen off so severely that the owners issued an ultimatum : buy more season tickets or the team would join its departed counterparts in Winnipeg and Quebec City in leaving for the United States . The fans responded by buying enough season tickets to keep the Flames in Calgary for the 1999 -- 2000 season . The Flames issued another appeal for more season tickets in the summer of 2000 . The campaign , aimed at increasing season ticket sales from a franchise low of 8,700 to 14,000 , proved successful . The increased sales did not halt the Flames ' financial losses , however , as the team estimated it lost $14.5 million between 2001 and 2003 . One of the few bright spots in this stretch was Iginla , who captured the Rocket Richard and Art Ross Trophies in 2001 -- 02 as NHL goal - and point - scoring champion after scoring 52 goals and 96 points . Iginla again won the Rocket Richard Trophy , tied with Rick Nash and Ilya Kovalchuk , with 41 goals in 2003 -- 04 . Another bright spot for the team during this time was defenceman Robyn Regehr who became the youngest nominee ever for the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy , which recognizes perseverance , sportsmanship and dedication to hockey . Regehr had suffered two broken legs in a car accident the summer of 1999 , but recovered in time to play 57 games at the age of 19 . During the 2002 -- 03 season , the Flames hired Darryl Sutter as the team 's head coach , replacing Greg Gilbert , who was fired as the Flames languished in last place in the Western Conference . Sutter also became the team 's general manager following the season , and is credited with revitalizing the franchise . Among Sutter 's first moves was to acquire goaltender Miikka Kiprusoff , whom he had previously coached in San Jose , early in the 2003 -- 04 season . Kiprusoff responded by setting a modern NHL record for lowest goals against average at 1.69 . 2004 -- 2010 ( edit ) After seven consecutive seasons of not making the playoffs , the Flames finally returned to the post-season in 2004 . They became the first team in league history to defeat three division champions en route to becoming the first Canadian team to make it to the Stanley Cup Finals since the Canucks in 1994 . The Flames ' first victim was the Northwest Division champion Vancouver Canucks , whom they defeated in seven games . It was the Flames ' first playoff series win since they won the 1989 final . The Flames then upset the presidents ' Trophy winning Detroit Red Wings in six games . After eliminating the Pacific Division champion Sharks , also in six games , in the Western Conference Final , the Flames earned a trip to the 2004 Stanley Cup Finals to face the Tampa Bay Lightning . Martin Gelinas scored the winning goal in all three series . The Canadian Embassy in Washington , D.C. , flew the Flames flag beside the Maple Leaf , while Prime Minister Paul Martin dubbed the Flames `` Canada 's team '' . Miikka Kiprusoff won the Vezina Trophy as the NHL 's top goaltender in 2005 -- 06 . The final series went to seven games , with the Flames suffering a controversial non-goal in game six at home . Replays showed that Martin Gelinas may have scored what would have been the go - ahead goal late in the third period ; however , the referees never signalled a goal , and later replays were ruled inconclusive . The goal would have made Gelinas the only player in NHL history to score the winning goal in every playoff series en route to winning the Stanley Cup . The Lightning would go on to win the game in double overtime , before winning game seven at home to capture the Stanley Cup . Despite the loss , 30,000 fans packed into Olympic Plaza to celebrate the Flames run . The Flames would not raise their Western Conference championship banner for nearly 15 months , as the 2004 -- 05 season was wiped out by a labour dispute . During the lock - out , team owner and chairman of the board , Harley Hotchkiss , attempted to save the season by engaging in discussions with National Hockey League Players Association president Trevor Linden . While their discussions failed to save the season , Hotchkiss was credited with easing tensions that allowed for a successful negotiation of a new collective bargaining agreement . The Flames played their 25th season in Calgary in 2005 -- 06 , finishing with 103 points . It was their best total since the 1989 Cup winning season , and good enough to capture their first division title in 12 years . However , the Flames lost to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim in seven games during the first round of the playoffs . Miikka Kiprusoff captured both the William M. Jennings and Vezina Trophies as the NHL 's top goaltender , while Dion Phaneuf 's 20 goals was the third - highest total for a rookie defenceman in league history . The 2006 off - season began with a trade for Alex Tanguay , formerly of the Colorado Avalanche , and with Sutter relinquishing his head coaching position to assistant Jim Playfair so he could focus on his duties as general manager . Despite a marked improvement in team offence and a solid 96 - point season , it was only good enough for eighth place in a Western Conference where seven teams cracked the 100 - point barrier . In the playoffs , Calgary fell in six games to the top seeded Red Wings in the first round . During the series , the Flames were fined by the NHL for several stick - related penalties in the fifth game . Notably , backup goaltender Jamie McLennan was suspended five games for slashing Red Wings forward Johan Franzen . Franzen would score the series clinching goal in the Game 6 defeat in Double Overtime . Prior to the start of the 2007 -- 08 season , the Flames demoted Playfair to associate coach , bringing in Mike Keenan as the team 's third head coach in three years . During the season , Jarome Iginla became the Flames ' all - time leader in games played , passing Al MacInnis ' mark of 803 . Iginla also passed Theoren Fleury 's mark of 364 goals to become the Flames all - time goal scoring leader on March 10 , 2008 . Despite another solid season , with 94 points , they only garnered the seventh seed in the Western Conference . They fell in the Western Conference quarterfinals to the Pacific Division champion Sharks in seven games . Iginla continued to set franchise records in 2008 -- 09 , surpassing Fleury 's franchise mark of 830 points , and scoring his 400th goal on the same night against the Lightning . The team failed to advance past the first round of the playoffs , being knocked out by the Chicago Blackhawks in 6 games , resulting in the dismissal of head coach Mike Keenan after two seasons . Brent Sutter was named his successor on June 23 , 2009 , but the Flames failed to qualify for the playoffs in the 2009 -- 10 season . 2011 -- 2014 ( edit ) The Flames and Canadiens line up for a faceoff at the 2011 Heritage Classic . The Flames struggled to begin the 2010 -- 11 NHL season , falling to 14th place in the conference at the Christmas break . Consequently , the organization asked Darryl Sutter to step aside as general manager . The team named assistant Jay Feaster the interim general manager in his place , making it permanent following the season . The team pulled itself back into playoff contention following the change but once again failed to qualify for the post-season . Calgary hosted the 2011 Heritage Classic , the NHL 's second outdoor game of the year , at McMahon Stadium on February 22 , 2011 . The Flames defeated the Canadiens 4 -- 0 before 41,022 spectators . Miikka Kiprusoff became the first goaltender to record a shutout in an NHL outdoor game . Jarome Iginla reached two major milestones late in the season . He became the 10th player in NHL history to score at least 30 goals in ten consecutive seasons , and scored his 1,000 th career point , all with the Flames , with a goal against the St. Louis Blues on April 1 . Iginla also scored his 500th career goal on January 7 , 2012 , against the Minnesota Wild . He scored the goal against goaltender Niklas Backstrom en route to a 3 - 1 Flames victory . On March 27 , 2013 , longtime captain and player Jarome Iginla was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins for prospects Kenny Agostino and Ben Hanowski and a first - round pick in 2013 ( Morgan Klimchuk ) , leaving the team without a captain for the first time since the end of the 2002 -- 2003 season . Prior to the beginning of the 2013 -- 14 NHL season , Mark Giordano was named as the new captain of the Calgary Flames . 2014 -- present ( edit ) View from inside the Saddledome The Flames used their low finishes in the 2012 -- 13 and 2013 -- 14 seasons to draft prospects such as Sean Monahan , Emile Poirier , Morgan Klimchuk , and Sam Bennett -- prospects who are expected to greatly assist the Flames towards victory in future seasons . In the 2014 -- 15 season , the Flames , assisted by 2013 draft pick Monahan and other highly touted prospect Johnny Gaudreau , won one of their final home games against the Los Angeles Kings to clinch their first playoff spot since 2009 , which eliminated the Kings from the playoffs . They eliminated the Vancouver Canucks in six games in the first round of the playoffs ( which was their first playoff series win since 2004 ) but would be eliminated by the Anaheim Ducks in five games in the second round . In the 2015 -- 16 season , the Flames , along with other six Canadian teams , failed to qualify for the playoffs . As a result , in May 2016 , head coach Bob Hartley was relieved of his duties . He was replaced by former Vancouver Canucks assistant coach , Glen Gulutzan . The Flames rebounded to make the playoffs in the 2016 -- 17 season as the conference 's first wild card seed , but they were swept by the Ducks in the first round of the playoffs . Community impact ( edit ) Flames Central is a downtown restaurant and bar owned by the Flames . In 1994 , the Flames approached the Saddledome Foundation with a proposal to renovate the Olympic Saddledome , rename it the Canadian Airlines Saddledome and take over management of the facility . The board agreed to this proposal , and was bought out by the Flames for CA $ 20 million as the team signed a 20 - year agreement to manage the building . Looking to fill extra dates in the Saddledome , the Flames agreed to a lease deal with the expansion Calgary Hitmen of the junior Western Hockey League who began play in 1995 and were partly owned by Theoren Fleury . Two years later , in 1997 , the Flames bought the team for $1.5 million . During the 2004 -- 05 NHL lock - out , the Flames heavily marketed the Hitmen , and as a result , the team led all professional or junior hockey teams in North America in attendance , averaging over 10,000 fans per game . In April 2006 , the Flames announced that they would be opening a hybrid restaurant , bar and entertainment facility in downtown Calgary on Stephen Avenue . In announcing the venture , Flames ' President and CEO Ken King stated : `` While hockey remains our core competency , we are constantly seeking new opportunities in which to grow the Flames brand and allow our fans greater opportunities to enjoy hockey . We believe establishing a location outside of the Pengrowth Saddledome to share food , fun and hockey will bring our fans even closer to the team . '' One year later , in April 2007 , Flames Central opened to the public . In 2017 , the facility reverted to its original name of The Palace Theatre . Flames Foundation ( edit ) The Flames have maintained an active presence in the community since their arrival in Calgary . Through the team 's non-profit charity , the Flames Foundation , the team has donated over $32 million to causes throughout southern Alberta . Along with the Rotary Club , the Flames are helping to fund the first children 's hospice in Alberta , and one of only six in North America . The Flames are also close partners with the Alberta Children 's Hospital and the Gordon Townsend School housed within . Among the many activities the Flames participate in , the Wheelchair Hockey Challenge with the Townsend Tigers has remained a highly popular tradition for both the players and the children involved . In 2010 , the Tigers defeated the Flames to move to a perfect 27 -- 0 record since the challenge was first instituted in 1981 . Red Mile ( edit ) Main article : Red Mile During the Flames ' run to the Stanley Cup Finals of 2004 , the city of Calgary essentially became the host of a `` non-stop party '' . The 17th Avenue SW entertainment district , which runs west from the Scotiabank Saddledome , saw as many as 35,000 fans pack the streets during the first three rounds of the playoffs , and over 60,000 in the finals . The Red Mile party received coverage in many newspapers across North America , as the parties remained peaceful and incidents were minimal despite the large number of people in a small area . The C of Red In April 2006 , the Calgary Police Service announced that Red Mile gatherings would not be encouraged , and that measures would be taken to discourage them , including traffic diversions , a zero - tolerance policy on noise and rowdy behaviour , and the presence of plain - clothed officers among the crowd to ticket offenders . After meeting with the Chief of Police , Mayor Dave Bronconnier convinced the Calgary Police Service to relax their ban on the `` Red Mile '' and encouraged people to make their way to 17th Ave , however the police retained their zero - tolerance policy on public nudity and drunkenness . `` C of Red '' ( edit ) During the Flames ' run to the Stanley Cup Finals of 2004 , most of the Flames fans attending the hockey games at the Saddledome wore a red jersey with Calgary 's flaming C on it . Sales of the Flames red home jersey , introduced at the start of the 2003 -- 04 campaign , were so strong during the playoffs that manufacturer CCM stopped production on all other team jerseys in order to keep up with demand of Flames uniforms . The team set a league record for sales of a new uniform design . The tradition of the C of Red dates back to the 1986 Stanley Cup playoffs against the Oilers . Oiler fans were donning hats promoting `` Hat Trick Fever '' in their quest for three straight Stanley Cups . Flames fans countered by wearing red . In the 1987 playoffs against Winnipeg , the Jets responded to the C of Red by encouraging fans to wear white , creating the `` Winnipeg whiteout '' . During Flames games when `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' is sung , fans shout the words see and red to signify the `` C of Red '' theme . Team colours and mascot ( edit ) Logo ( edit ) Calgary 's alternate logo , known as the flaming horse , was used from 1998 to 2007 . The Flames primary logo is the `` Flaming C '' design , introduced when the team came to Calgary in 1980 , and was designed by a Calgarian graphic designer named Patricia Redditt . The design of the logo has remained constant since it was created , though the Flames use a different coloured logo for the home and away jerseys . From 1980 until 2000 , the home logo was red on a white background , while the road logo was white on a red background . In 2003 , the NHL switched to using coloured jerseys for the home team . The home logo became black , with the road logo red on a white background . The original `` Flaming A '' logo of the Atlanta Flames has been restored for use as a patch denoting the team 's alternate captains . The flaming horse logo was retired in 2007 with the introduction of the new Rbk Edge jerseys . Jerseys ( edit ) Original jerseys , used 1980 -- 1994 . Second design , used 1995 -- 2000 . The Calgary Flames ' original jerseys retained the basic design the team wore in Atlanta : white jerseys with red shoulders and red and yellow stripes , and solid red jerseys with yellow and white stripes . In 1994 , the Flames modified their jersey design , adding black to the team 's colour scheme . The new striping pattern included a diagonal set of stripes from the base of the jersey on the player 's right side coming up to just below the logo . The contrasting shoulder panels on both jerseys were extended down the sleeves , and contained the striping pattern on the forearms . For the 1996 -- 97 season , the Flames reintroduced the Atlanta logo as their alternate captain 's patch , and briefly experimented with using a smaller version of the `` flaming C '' as a captain 's patch . Although the C was soon reverted to match the jersey 's nameplate , the A logo patch remains in use to this day . In 1998 , to celebrate the `` Year of the Cowboy '' , the Flames introduced its inaugural third jersey design , featuring the `` flaming horse '' logo on a black background . Two years later , the jersey became the Flames ' road jersey , while the home jersey was updated to incorporate the same V - style striping on the arms and waist of the jersey . This jersey was once again relegated to third jersey status in 2003 when the NHL adopted the coloured jerseys for the home team . In 2007 , with the introduction of the Rbk Edge jersey , the Flames updated their look once again , replacing the horizontal striping with vertical striping down the sides . To honour the team 's heritage , the Flames added the flags of Alberta and Canada as shoulder patches . In celebration of their 30th season in Calgary , the Flames wore their original jersey design for five games in 2009 -- 10 , each against a Canadian opponent . The 2009 -- 10 version of the jersey was produced in the traditional style that preceded the Edge redesign ; for the following season , the throwback design was adapted to the Edge format as the Flames ' new regular third jersey . For the 2011 Heritage Classic , the Flames were matched against the Montreal Canadiens at McMahon Stadium . For this event game , the Flames wore uniforms inspired by the Calgary Tigers , the city 's first professional hockey team from the 1920s , which represented the Western Canada Hockey League in the 1924 Stanley Cup Finals against the Canadiens . The Flames adapted the Tigers ' black - and - gold jerseys to darker shades of their own colours -- maroon and burnt yellow , with a yellow stripe across the chest and alternating stripes on the sleeves . The flaming C logo and pants were cream - coloured , adding to the `` vintage '' look of the uniform . In 2013 , the Flames introduced a new third jersey to replace their throwback uniform . The newest design is Western - inspired , with a script Calgary in black across the front of the jersey , and black shoulders with points on the front mimicking cowboy wear . This uniform was used until the 2015 -- 16 season , after which the throwback third uniforms used from 2010 to 2013 were revived anew . Mascot ( edit ) Main article : Harvey the Hound Harvey the Hound is the Flames ' mascot . He was created in 1983 to serve both with the Flames and the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League . Harvey was the first mascot in the NHL . Harvey is famous for an incident in January 2003 where he had his tongue ripped out by Edmonton Oilers head coach Craig MacTavish as he was harassing their bench . The incident made headlines throughout North America and led to much humour , including having many other NHL team mascots arrive at the 2003 All - Star Game with their tongues hanging out . Season - by - season record ( edit ) This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Flames . For the full season - by - season history , see List of Calgary Flames seasons Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OTL = Overtime losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against Season GP OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2012 -- 13 48 19 25 42 128 160 4th , Northwest Did not qualify 2013 -- 14 82 35 40 7 77 209 241 6th , Pacific Did not qualify 2014 -- 15 82 45 30 7 97 241 216 3rd , Pacific Lost in Second Round , 1 -- 4 ( Ducks ) 2015 -- 16 82 35 40 7 77 231 260 5th , Pacific Did not qualify 2016 -- 17 82 45 33 94 226 221 4th , Pacific Lost in First Round , 0 -- 4 ( Ducks ) Players ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated February 26 , 2018 # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Sweden ! Backlund , Mikael Mikael Backlund 4.0 ! C 28 2007 Västerås , Sweden 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 United States ! Bartkowski , Matt Matt Bartkowski 2.0 ! D 29 2017 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 Canada ! Bennett , Sam Sam Bennett 4.0 ! C 21 2014 East Gwillimbury , Ontario 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Canada ! Brodie , T.J. T.J. Brodie 2.0 ! D 27 2008 Chatham , Ontario 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Canada ! Brouwer , Troy Troy Brouwer ( A ) 7.0 ! RW 32 2016 Vancouver , British Columbia 7001790000000000000 ♠ 79 Canada ! Ferland , Micheal Micheal Ferland 6.0 ! LW 25 Swan River , Manitoba 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 Czech Republic ! Frolik , Michael Michael Frolik 7.0 ! RW 30 2015 Kladno , Czechoslovakia 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 United States ! Gaudreau , Johnny Johnny Gaudreau 6.0 ! LW 24 2011 Salem , New Jersey 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 United States ! Gillies , Jon Jon Gillies 1.0 ! G 24 2012 Concord , New Hampshire 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Canada ! Giordano , Mark Mark Giordano ( C ) 2.0 ! D 34 Toronto , Ontario 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Canada ! Glass , Tanner Tanner Glass 6.0 ! LW 34 2017 Regina , Saskatchewan 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Canada ! Hamilton , Dougie Dougie Hamilton 2.0 ! D 24 2015 Toronto , Ontario 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Canada ! Hamonic , Travis Travis Hamonic 2.0 ! D 27 2017 St. Malo , Manitoba 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 United States ! Hathaway , Garnet Garnet Hathaway 7.0 ! RW 26 2014 Kennebunkport , Maine 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 Slovakia ! Hrivik , Marek Marek Hrivik 6.0 ! LW 26 2017 Čadca , Czechoslovakia 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 Canada ! Jankowski , Mark Mark Jankowski 4.0 ! C 23 2012 Hamilton , Ontario 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 Canada ! Kulak , Brett Brett Kulak 2.0 ! D 24 2012 Stony Plain , Alberta 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Canada ! Lazar , Curtis Curtis Lazar 4.3 ! C / RW 23 2017 Salmon Arm , British Columbia 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 Canada ! Mangiapane , Andrew Andrew Mangiapane 6.0 ! LW 21 2015 Bolton , Ontario 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Canada ! Monahan , Sean Sean Monahan ( A ) 4.0 ! C 23 2013 Brampton , Ontario 7001740000000000000 ♠ 74 Czech Republic ! Pribyl , Daniel Daniel Pribyl 7.0 ! RW 25 2016 Ostrava , Czechoslovakia 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Czech Republic ! Rittich , David David Rittich 1.0 ! G 25 2016 Jihlava , Czechoslovakia -- United States ! Shore , Nick Nick Shore 4.0 ! C 25 2018 Denver , Colorado 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Canada ! Smith , Mike Mike Smith 1.0 ! G 35 2017 Kingston , Ontario 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Canada ! Stajan , Matt Matt Stajan 4.0 ! C 34 Mississauga , Ontario 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Canada ! Stewart , Chris Chris Stewart 7.0 ! RW 30 2018 Toronto , Ontario 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 Canada ! Stone , Michael Michael Stone 2.0 ! D 27 2017 Winnipeg , Manitoba 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 United States ! Tkachuk , Matthew Matthew Tkachuk 6.0 ! LW 20 2016 Scottsdale , Arizona 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Canada ! Versteeg , Kris Kris Versteeg 7.0 ! RW 31 2016 Lethbridge , Alberta Honoured members ( edit ) See also : List of Calgary Flames award winners Retired numbers ( edit ) Lanny McDonald and Mike Vernon are the only two Flames to have their numbers retired by the team , while Al MacInnis and Joe Nieuwendyk have had their numbers honoured by the team ( they are still in circulation ) as part of the Flames ' `` Forever a Flame '' program . All four of these players won the Stanley Cup with the Flames in 1989 . Calgary Flames retired numbers No . Player Position Career No. retirement 9 Lanny McDonald Right Wing 1981 -- 1989 March 17 , 1990 30 Mike Vernon Goaltender 1982 -- 1994 , 2000 -- 2002 February 7 , 2007 The Calgary Flames have retired two numbers , and a third was retired league - wide . The Flames retired No. 9 in honour of Lanny McDonald who played right wing for the Flames from 1981 to 1989 , winning the Stanley Cup as the Flames ' co-captain in his final year . Mike Vernon 's No. 30 is also retired ; he was a goaltender with the Flames for fourteen years , from 1982 to 1994 and from 2000 to 2002 . The NHL retired Wayne Gretzky 's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . Although not officially retired , the Flames have not issued No. 14 since Theoren Fleury left the team in 1999 . In 2012 , the Flames organization introduced the `` Forever a Flame '' programme to honour those who played and represented the Calgary Flames without having to retire their numbers . It enables future Flames the opportunity to wear the numbers of some of the Flames ' most respected former players . On February 27 , 2012 , defenceman Al MacInnis was the first to earn this distinction , with a banner with his picture and his No. 2 raised to the Scotiabank Saddledome rafters . Joe Nieuwendyk was treated likewise on March 7 , 2014 , promoted as `` Forever 25 '' for both the number on Nieuwendyk 's jersey and the 25th anniversary of the 1989 title . Hockey Hall of Fame ( edit ) Several members of the Flames organization have been honoured by the Hockey Hall of Fame during the team 's history in Calgary . Nine former Flames have been elected to the Hall of Fame , four of whom earned their credentials primarily in Calgary . Lanny McDonald was the first Flame player inducted , gaining election in 1992 . McDonald recorded 215 goals in 492 games over seven - and - a-half seasons for the Flames , including a team record 66 goals in 1982 -- 83 . He was joined in 2000 by a fellow member of the 1989 Stanley Cup championship team , Joe Mullen . Mullen spent five seasons with the Flames , recording 388 points and capturing two Lady Byng Trophies . Grant Fuhr , elected in 2003 , became the third former Flames player to enter the Hall . Fuhr played only one season in Calgary ; however , he recorded his 400th career win in a Flames uniform , a victory over the Florida Panthers on October 22 , 1999 . In 2007 , Al MacInnis became the fourth former Flame inducted into the Hall , and the third to earn his Hall of Fame credentials primarily as a Flame . MacInnis was a member of the Flames from 1981 until 1994 . He is best remembered for his booming slapshot , as well as for winning the Conn Smythe Trophy in 1989 as playoff MVP . On November 9 , 2009 , Brett Hull became the fifth player in Calgary Flames history to be inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame . Hull was drafted 117th in the 1984 NHL Entry Draft by the Flames , and began his NHL career playing two seasons ( 1986 -- 1988 ) with Calgary . On June 28 , 2011 , it was announced that former Flames forwards Doug Gilmour and Joe Nieuwendyk would become the sixth and seventh members to enter the Hockey Hall of Fame in the players category . On June 29 , 2015 , the Hockey Hall of Fame announced defenceman Phil Housley would be enshrined in the Class of 2015 , making him the eighth player in Flames history to gain that honour . Housley played for the Flames on two separate occasions , ( 1994 -- 1996 and 1998 -- 2001 ) . Sergei Makarov was informed on June 27 , 2016 , that he would be entering the Hockey Hall of Fame as a part of the Class of 2016 . Makarov becomes the ninth Flames player to receive the honour . Makarov was drafted 231st in the 1983 NHL Entry Draft , and joined the Flames in 1989 , where he won the Calder Memorial Trophy as rookie of the year at the age of 31 . Makarov played for the Flames from 1989 to 1993 . Former head coach `` Badger '' Bob Johnson joined McDonald in the class of 1992 , gaining election as a builder . Johnson coached five seasons with the Flames from 1982 -- 87 , and his 193 wins remain a team record . Cliff Fletcher was the Flames general manager from the organization 's inception in 1972 until 1991 , a span of 19 years . During that time , the Flames qualified for the playoffs sixteen consecutive times between 1976 and 1991 . Fletcher was inducted in 2004 . In 2006 , Harley Hotchkiss became the third Flames builder to gain election . He an original member of the ownership group that purchased and brought the Flames to Calgary in 1980 . He was the team 's longtime governor , and hence the public face of the consortium . He has served many years as the chairman of the NHL board of directors , during which he played a significant role in the resolution of the 2004 -- 05 lock - out . Fellow original owner Doc Seaman was similarly inducted in 2010 . On June 29 , 2015 , former player Bill Hay was elected to the Hockey of Fame in the builders category . Hay served as president and CEO for the Flames in the 1990s . Flames radio broadcaster Peter Maher was named the recipient of the Foster Hewitt Memorial Award in 2006 for his years of service as the radio play - by - play announcer for the Calgary Flames . Maher has been the radio voice of the Flames since 1981 , the team 's second season in Calgary . He has called six All - Star Games and four Stanley Cup Finals . Longtime trainer Bearcat Murray was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2009 by the Professional Hockey Athletic Trainers Society and the Society of Professional Hockey Equipment Managers . Lanny McDonald presents Jarome Iginla with a gold stick . The pair of former captains are the only players to score their 500th career goal in a Flames uniform . Team captains ( edit ) Brad Marsh , 1980 -- 1981 Phil Russell , 1981 -- 1983 Doug Risebrough , 1983 -- 1987 Lanny McDonald , 1983 -- 1989 Jim Peplinski , 1984 -- 1989 Brad McCrimmon , 1989 -- 1990 Rotating captains , 1990 -- 1991 Joe Nieuwendyk , 1991 -- 1995 Theoren Fleury , 1995 -- 1997 Todd Simpson , 1997 -- 1999 Steve Smith , 1999 -- 2000 Dave Lowry , 2000 -- 2002 Bob Boughner , 2002 Craig Conroy , 2002 -- 2003 Jarome Iginla , 2003 -- 2013 Mark Giordano , 2013 -- present Risebrough and McDonald were co-captains in 1983 -- 1984 . Risebrough , McDonald and Peplinski were tri-captains 1984 -- 1987 . McDonald and Peplinski were co-captains 1987 -- 1989 . Conroy and Boughner were co-captains for the latter half of 2001 -- 2002 after Dave Lowry was stripped of the captaincy . Franchise scoring leaders ( edit ) Recording 830 regular season points on the Flames , Theoren Fleury is the all - time second highest point - scorer in the franchise . These are the top - ten point - scorers in franchise history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season . * -- current Flames player Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games Played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G Jarome Iginla RW 1219 525 570 1095 0.90 Theoren Fleury RW 791 364 466 830 1.05 Al MacInnis 803 213 609 822 1.02 Joe Nieuwendyk 577 314 302 616 1.07 Gary Suter 617 128 437 565 0.92 Kent Nilsson 425 229 333 562 1.32 Guy Chouinard 514 193 336 529 1.03 Gary Roberts LW 585 257 248 505 0.86 Eric Vail LW 539 206 246 452 0.84 Paul Reinhart 517 109 336 445 0.86 Goals Player Pos Jarome Iginla RW 525 Theoren Fleury RW 364 Joe Nieuwendyk 314 Gary Roberts LW 257 Kent Nilsson 229 Lanny McDonald RW 215 Al MacInnis 213 Eric Vail LW 206 Guy Chouinard 193 Hakan Loob RW 193 Assists Player Pos Al MacInnis 609 Jarome Iginla RW 570 Theoren Fleury RW 466 Gary Suter 437 Guy Chouinard 336 Paul Reinhart 336 Kent Nilsson 333 Joe Nieuwendyk 302 Tom Lysiak 276 Jim Peplinski RW 263 See also ( edit ) Ice hockey in Calgary List of ice hockey teams in Alberta References ( edit ) Boer , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Calgary Flames . Overtime Books . ISBN 1 - 897277 - 07 - 5 . Hanlon , Peter ; Kelso , Sean , eds. ( 2007 ) . 2007 -- 08 Calgary Flames Media Guide . Calgary Flames Hockey Club . Sandor , Steven ( 2005 ) . The Battle of Alberta : A Century of Hockey 's Greatest Rivalry . Heritage House . ISBN 1 - 894974 - 01 - 8 . Zeman , Gary ( 1985 ) . Alberta on Ice . GMS Ventures . ISBN 0 - 9692320 - 0 - 4 . `` Calgary Flames season statistics '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Flames Unveil New Look Rbk Edge Uniform '' . Calgary Flames . September 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flames To Wear Retro Uniform As Third Jersey '' . Calgary Flames . September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boer , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Calgary Flames . Overtime Books . p. 12 . ISBN 1 - 897277 - 07 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` History of the New York Islanders '' . 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The Name Game : Football , Baseball , Hockey & Basketball How Your Favorite Sports Teams Were Named . Toronto : Warwick Publishing . ISBN 1 - 895629 - 74 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Nelson Skalbania '' . Edmonton Oilers Heritage . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zeman , Gary ( 1986 ) . Alberta on Ice . Heritage House . p. 94 . ISBN 0 - 9692320 - 0 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Hanlon , Peter ; Kelso , Sean ( eds . ) . 2007 -- 08 Calgary Flames Media Guide . Calgary Flames Hockey Club . pp. g. 105 . Jump up ^ Hanlon , Peter ; Kelso , Sean ( eds . ) . 2006 -- 07 Calgary Flames Media Guide . Calgary Flames Hockey Club . pp. g. 131 . Jump up ^ Boer , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Calgary Flames . Overtime Books . p. 51 . ISBN 1 - 897277 - 07 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Calgary Flames Team Biography '' . Couchpotatohockey . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Dolezar , John A. ( September 27 , 2002 ) . `` Sweeping changes '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2003 . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hanlon , Peter ; Kelso , Sean ( eds . ) . 2007 -- 08 Calgary Flames Media Guide . Calgary Flames Hockey Club . pp. g. 232 . Jump up ^ `` NHL All - Star Games '' . detroithockey.net . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Calgary Flames seasons '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NHL Playoff Formats Archived December 17 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . at NHL.com . From 1981 to 1993 , the first - place team in each division played the fourth - place team in the first round , while the division runner - up played the third - place team . The two series winners then faced off in the division final for the right to go to the conference final Jump up ^ Johnson , George ( October 17 , 2005 ) . `` Bile back in Battle of Alberta '' . ESPN . 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Jump up ^ `` Flames reach Stanley Cup finals '' . CBC Sports . May 20 , 2004 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Recap : Calgary 3 , Vancouver 2 , OT '' . Yahoo ! Sports . April 20 , 2004 . Retrieved November 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hwang , Rosa ( May 28 , 2004 ) . `` Cheering for the home team '' . CBC Sports . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2006 . Retrieved November 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Martin dubs Calgary Flames ' Canada 's Team ' '' . CTV Sports . May 30 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2007 . Retrieved December 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Cristodero , Damian ( June 6 , 2004 ) . `` One last shot '' . St. Petersburg Times . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Brian ( June 21 , 2004 ) . `` The Flames nearly brought the Stanley Cup home , and grateful Calgary gave thanks '' . Maclean 's Magazine . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Archived from the original ( Reprint ) on October 15 , 2007 . Retrieved November 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Podel , Ira ( January 19 , 2005 ) . `` Linden , Hotchkiss to meet again '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dalla Costa , Morris ( September 21 , 2007 ) . `` Hotchkiss happy where NHL is now '' . Calgary Sun . Retrieved January 4 , 2008 . As the NHL lockout dragged on , many hockey players credit Hotchkiss with easing the tensions and getting negotiations on track . Jump up ^ Sportak , Randy ( June 23 , 2006 ) . `` Real Hart - breaker '' . Calgary Sun . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. ( April 25 , 2006 ) . `` Phaneufs game belies his age '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Avs send Tanguay to Flames for Leopold , picks '' . National Hockey League . May 4 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Sutter steps down as Flames coach '' . TSN . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved November 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Duhatschek , Eric ( April 22 , 2007 ) . `` Five - game suspension for McLennan '' . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2007 . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Flames name Keenan new head coach '' . TSN . June 14 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2007 . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Iginla Tops Flames ' Goal Record in Win '' . Fox News Channel . March 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2008 . Retrieved August 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning rain on Iginla 's record - setting night '' . The Sports Network . March 1 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved March 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnson , George ( April 7 , 2010 ) . `` Sutter 's blueprint has failed '' . Calgary Herald . Jump up ^ Hall , Vicki ( December 28 , 2010 ) . `` Darryl Sutter resigns as Flames GM , Brent stays '' . Calgary Herald . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Flames make Feaster permanent GM '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . May 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jarome Iginla has hat trick and an assist for Calgary , Flames still eliminated '' . ESPN . April 6 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brownlee , Robin ( February 20 , 2011 ) . `` Kiprusoff bests temps , pucks , for first outdoor shutout '' . National Hockey League . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iginla tops 30 goals in 10th straight year in win over Preds '' . The Sports Network . March 6 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jarome Iginla reaches 1,000 points as Flames rally past Blues '' . ESPN . April 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iggy pops goal No. 500 '' . Toronto Sun . January 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . The Calgary Flames captain and face of the franchise became just the 42nd player in NHL history to join the 500 - goal club with his third - period tally in Saturday night 's 3 - 1 victory over the Minnesota Wild . Jump up ^ `` Penguins Acquire Forward Jarome Iginla from Calgary ... '' Pittsburgh Penguins . March 28 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stubbs , Dave ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Woe Canada . No playoffs this year north of border '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vickers , Aaron ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Flames relieve Bob Hartley of coaching duties '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gilbertson , Wes ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Calgary Flames GM figures coaching hire Glen Gulutzan is ' perfect fit ' '' . Calgary Herald . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Saddledome Foundation -- An Historical Perspective '' ( DOC ) . City of Calgary . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Larry ( June 24 , 1994 ) . `` Method to this madness '' . Calgary Sun . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Miller , Mark ( June 14 , 1997 ) . `` Hitmen finally go up in Flames '' . Calgary Sun . p . S5 . Jump up ^ Francis , Eric ( March 19 , 2005 ) . `` Kisio on the hot seat '' . Calgary Sun . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Calgary Flames and Concorde Entertainment Group announce venture to introduce hybrid restaurant , bar and entertainment facility to open in August 2006 '' . Calgary Flames Hockey Club . April 20 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2007 . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . The Calgary Flames ... announced today a venture to open a hybrid restaurant , bar and entertainment facility ... Jump up ^ `` Flames Central and Wildfire Grill open to public '' . Calgary Flames Hockey Club . April 10 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rumbolt , Ryan ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` Flames Central changing name back to Palace Theatre '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanlon , Peter ; Kelso , Sean ( eds . ) . 2009 -- 10 Calgary Flames Media Guide . Calgary Flames Hockey Club . p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Alberta to get first children 's hospice '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . May 9 , 2007 . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sylvester , Krista ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` Flames fall to Townsend Tigers '' . Metro News . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2011 . Retrieved December 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Foster , Chris ( June 5 , 2004 ) . `` It 's one for all for Flames '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D5 . Jump up ^ James , Brant ( May 20 , 2004 ) . `` Flames reach Stanley Cup final '' . St. Petersburg Times . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rodriguez , Jose ( April 14 , 2006 ) . `` Red Mile reality check '' . Calgary Sun . Jump up ^ Seskus , Tony ; Sean Myers ( May 2 , 2006 ) . `` The party 's over for the Red Mile '' . Calgary Herald . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Scott ( May 21 , 2004 ) . `` Red - hot jersey breaks record '' . Calgary Sun . Jump up ^ Sigurdson , Hal ( April 18 , 1987 ) . `` Whiteout aside , defence tells tale '' . Winnipeg Free Press . p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flames unveil new look Rbk Edge uniform '' . Calgary Flames Hockey Club . September 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2007 . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Karol , Kristofer . `` NHL ' quacked ' up with hockey jersey switch '' . statenews.com . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2008 . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Krause , Darren ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Calgary Flames unveil retro third jersey for 2016 / 17 NHL season '' . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mascot Madness '' . CBC Sports . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2007 . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Panaccio , Tim ( January 23 , 2003 ) . `` Flames ' mascot is left speechless Harvey the Hound got too close to Oilers coach Craig MacTavish , and got his tongue ripped out '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2012 . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Francis , Eric ( September 21 , 2003 ) . `` The uncivil war '' . Calgary Sun . Jump up ^ `` Calgary Flames Roster '' . NHL.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Calgary Flames Hockey Transactions '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Calgary Flames history '' . CBS Sportsline . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect setting : Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Calgary Flames All Time Sweater Roster '' . National Hockey League . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Flames introduce ' Forever a Flame ' '' . Flames.com . February 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vickers , Aaron ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Forever a Flame , ' Nieuwendyk to receive honor '' . Flames.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hanlon , Peter ; Kelso , Sean ( eds . ) . 2006 -- 07 Calgary Flames Media Guide . Calgary Flames Hockey Club . pp. gs. 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Burnside , Scott ( November 9 , 2007 ) . `` 2007 Hockey Hall of Fame -- Al MacInnis bio '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hockey Hall of Fame Announces 2009 Inductees '' . Legends of Hockey . Hockey Hall of Fame . June 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2010 . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hockey Hall of Fame welcomes four '' . June 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gilbertson , Wes ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Hockey - Hall - of - Famer Phil Housley creative for Calgary Flames during lean years '' . Calgary Sun . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prusina , Sandra ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Former Flame Sergei Makarov named to 2016 Hockey Hall of Fame class '' . 660 News . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ciccarelli , Granato , Jimmy D lead Hall call '' . National Hockey League . June 22 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Whyno , Stephen ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Hockey Hall of Fame announces new inductees '' . CBC News . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson , George ( November 2 , 2008 ) . `` The One and Only Bearcat '' . Calgary Herald . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Boer , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Calgary Flames . Overtime Books . ISBN 1 - 897277 - 07 - 5 . Duhatschek , Eric ; Simmons , Steve ( 1986 ) . On Fire : The Dramatic Rise of the Calgary Flames . Polestar Book Publishers . ISBN 0 - 919591 - 15 - 9 . Mummery , Bob ( 1989 ) . Countdown to the Stanley Cup : An Illustrated History of the Calgary Flames . Polestar Book Publishers . ISBN 0 - 919591 - 48 - 5 . Sandor , Steven ( 2005 ) . The Battle of Alberta : A Century of Hockey 's Greatest Rivalry . Heritage House . ISBN 1 - 894974 - 01 - 8 . Stewart , Monte ( 2004 ) , Calgary Flames : Fire On Ice , Altitude Pub . Canada , ISBN 1 - 55153 - 794 - X Zeman , Gary ( 1985 ) . Alberta on Ice . GMS Ventures . ISBN 0 - 9692320 - 0 - 4 . Zurowski , Monica ( 2006 ) . The Fire Inside : Celebrating 25 Years of Calgary Flames Spirit and Hockey History . CanWest Books . ISBN 1 - 897229 - 01 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Calgary Flames . 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-8874460016259490982	Majority leader	Majority leader - Wikipedia Majority leader Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In U.S. politics , the majority floor leader is a partisan position in a legislative body . In the federal Congress , the role of the Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives and the Majority Leader of the United States Senate differ slightly . In the United States Senate , the majority leader is the chief spokesperson for the majority party , as the president of the Senate is also the Vice-President of the United States , and the President pro tempore , though technically a substitute for the president of the Senate , is in reality a largely ceremonial position ( albeit powerful nonetheless , being third in line of succession to the presidency ) . In the United States House of Representatives , the majority leader is elected by U.S. Congressmen in the political party holding the largest number of seats in the House . While the responsibilities vary depending upon the political climate , the Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives typically sets the floor agenda and oversees the committee chairmen . Given the two - party nature of the U.S. system , the majority leader is almost inevitably either a Republican or a Democrat . The majority leader is often assisted in his role by whips , whose job is to enforce party discipline on votes deemed to be crucial by the party leadership and to ensure that members do not vote in a way not approved of by the party . Some votes are deemed to be so crucial as to lead to punitive measures ( such as demotion from choice committee assignments ) if the party line is violated ; decisions such as these are often made by the majority leader in conjunction with other senior party leaders . In the various states , the majority leader of a state legislative chamber usually performs a similar role to the Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives . The state senate president pro tempores are typically not ceremonial , but instead are more akin to the Majority Leader of the United States Senate . See also ( edit ) Specific majority leaders Majority Floor Leader of the House of Representatives of the Philippines Majority Floor Leader of the Senate of the Philippines Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives Majority Leader of the United States Senate Minority leader Floor leader References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : USLegal.com ( accessed April 11 , 2013 ) This United States government -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Majority_leader&oldid=756730375 '' Categories : Leaders of the United States Congress United States government stubs Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from March 2016 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 December 2016 , at 12 : 57 . About Wikipedia	what power does the senate majority leader have	[ "In the federal Congress, the role of the Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives and the Majority Leader of the United States Senate differ slightly. In the United States Senate, the majority leader is the chief spokesperson for the majority party,[1] as the president of the Senate is also the Vice-President of the United States, and the President pro tempore, though technically a substitute for the president of the Senate, is in reality a largely ceremonial position (albeit powerful nonetheless, being third in line of succession to the presidency)." ]	[ "is the chief spokesperson for the majority party" ]
-4967975917900890842	Paradise City	Paradise City - wikipedia Paradise City Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For other uses , see Paradise City ( disambiguation ) . `` Paradise City '' Artwork for U.S. and Australian vinyl editions Single by Guns N ' Roses from the album Appetite for Destruction B - side `` Move to the City '' ( US ) `` Used To Love Her '' ( UK ) Released November 30 , 1988 ( US ) March 13 , 1989 ( UK ) Format 7 '' vinyl 10 '' vinyl 12 '' vinyl CS CD Recorded Genre Hard rock glam metal Length 6 : 46 Label Geffen Songwriter ( s ) Axl Rose Slash Izzy Stradlin Duff McKagan Steven Adler Producer ( s ) Mike Clink Guns N ' Roses singles chronology `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' ( 1988 ) `` Paradise City '' ( 1988 ) `` Patience '' ( 1989 ) `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' ( 1988 ) `` Paradise City '' ( 1988 ) `` Patience '' ( 1989 ) Appetite for Destruction track listing `` Mr. Brownstone '' ( 5 ) `` Paradise City '' ( 6 ) `` My Michelle '' ( 7 ) Music video Paradise City on YouTube `` Paradise City '' is a song by the American rock band Guns N ' Roses , featured on their debut album , Appetite for Destruction ( 1987 ) . It was released as a single in November 1988 . It is also the only song on the album to feature a synthesizer . It is most known for its iconic lyrics , `` Take me down to the Paradise City , where the grass is green and the girls are pretty . '' It is also frequently played at sports stadiums during games along with `` Welcome to the Jungle '' , also from Appetite for Destruction . The song peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 , the band 's third single to reach the Top 10 in the U.S , and number six on the UK Singles Chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song 2 Live 3 Music video 4 Cover versions 5 Live cover performances 6 Sampling 7 Appearances in other media 8 Formats and track listing 9 Personnel 10 Charts 11 Certifications 12 References 13 External links Song ( edit ) Guns N ' Roses ' lead guitarist , Slash , states that the song was written in the back of a rental van as they were on their way back from playing a gig in San Francisco with the band Rock N Riders . He says that the band was in the back of the van , drinking and playing acoustic guitars , when he came up with the intro . Duff McKagan and Izzy Stradlin started playing along . Slash started humming a melody when Axl Rose sang , `` Take me down to the Paradise City . '' Slash chimed in with `` Where the grass is green and the girls are pretty . '' Rose sang the first line again , where Slash shouted out `` Where the girls are fat and they 've got big titties . '' Rose finished with `` Take ... me ... home ! '' Slash preferred his second line but the rest of the band felt differently . He was outvoted and they used the first line . The band then expanded upon the rest of the lyrics in rounds . Finally Slash wrapped up by coming up with the heavy riff that drives the song . During a 1988 interview , Rose told `` Hit Parader '' magazine that `` the verses are more about being in the jungle ; the chorus is like being back in the Midwest or somewhere . '' This song was often used as the band 's show - closing song during the Appetite for Destruction Tour , Use Your Illusion Tour and Chinese Democracy Tour . It was also ranked # 21 on VH1 's 40 Greatest Metal Songs of All Time , # 3 in `` Total Guitar '' magazine 's list of the 100 greatest solos of all time , and has won various similar awards over the years . It ranked # 453 on Rolling Stones 's `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . '' Slash has stated that `` Paradise City '' is his favorite Guns N ' Roses song . In the last two minutes of the song , it changes to double - time and the chorus is repeated several times while Slash plays a guitar solo in the background . Guitarist Andy McCoy has said that the song is copied from several riffs written by his band , Hanoi Rocks . He has said that the chorus is just a slower version of the riff in `` Lost in the City '' . Axl Rose has often cited Hanoi Rocks as Guns N ' Roses ' biggest influence . Hanoi Rocks ' original rhythm guitarist Nasty Suicide can also be seen in the music video for `` Paradise City . '' The style of the main riff of `` Paradise City '' ( involving an ascending chromatic riff ) has also been used by many former Guns N ' Roses members in new projects . This can be seen in Izzy Stradlin 's `` Bomb '' and Velvet Revolver 's `` Do It for the Kids '' . According to Tracii Guns of L.A. Guns and former member of Guns N ' Roses , the riff was influenced by the Black Sabbath song `` Zero the Hero '' from the Born Again album . Live ( edit ) During live Guns N ' Roses shows , `` Paradise City '' is usually performed last , as an encore . This has been a tradition since at least 1988 , up to their latest tour . They also performed the song live at the Freddie Mercury tribute concert in 1992 ( this time it was the first song of their short set ) . Music video ( edit ) The music video was filmed in two locations ; Giants Stadium in New Jersey while Guns N ' Roses were on tour with Aerosmith , and the 1988 Monsters of Rock festival at Donington Park . McKagan is seen wearing an Aerosmith `` wings logo '' T - shirt in the video . According to Slash 's autobiography , the band played the song twice in the stadium , once in beginning of the show and again as the set closer . Nigel Dick directed the video , which cost $200,000 . The video was shot with six cameras in front of 77,000 people . Cover versions ( edit ) Hole covered the song live from 1994 -- 1998 Rock n ' roll era singer Pat Boone included the song on his 1997 heavy metal covers album In a Metal Mood : No More Mr. Nice Guy . Warrior Soul covered the song in a more psychedelic and metal style for the 1999 GNR - tribute album , Appetite For Reconstruction . Post-hardcore band Eighteen Visions made a cover of the song which appeared on the 2004 Guns N ' Roses tribute compilation Bring You To Your Knees : A Tribute to Guns N ' Roses . The key of the song is dropped a step lower , and played on guitars tuned to D . The low D open chord can be heard on the bridge following the solo . Also , the fast punk ending of the GNR version is replaced with a slow , almost sludge - like turn on the original riff . A chill out cover of the song by Scubba was included on the 2006 tribute compilation Bossa n ' Roses . In 2009 , Slash 's single `` Sahara '' has a version of `` Paradise City '' as a bonus track featuring Cypress Hill and Fergie . In 2011 , Reece Mastin , X Factor Australia winner , covered this song for his album Reece Mastin . Tom Cruise covered the song in the beginning of the 2012 musical film Rock of Ages . This cover also appears in the film 's end credits and soundtrack . Live cover performances ( edit ) In 1999 , Hole performed `` Paradise City '' live at the Big Day Out in Australia . A recording of the cover was released on a `` Limited Tour Edition '' of their Celebrity Skin album . Slash has covered this song with Cypress Hill , partially transforming the song into a rock / rap track . American Idol winner and country singer Carrie Underwood performed `` Paradise City '' , sometimes along with `` November Rain '' , as an encore on her Carnival Ride tour . Cover band Camp Freddy performed the song along with the original guitarists , Slash and Duff McKagan , and Chester Bennington of Linkin Park . Escape the Fate played a cover of this song during the 2007 Warped Tour . Slash plays a cover of this song , and other famous Guns N ' Roses songs , in his 2010 - tour with Myles Kennedy on vocals . Sampling ( edit ) N - Trance recorded a version of `` Paradise City '' ( using the song 's riff ) , on their 1999 album Happy Hour . Baltimore - based rapper e-dubble recorded a song of the same name as part of his Freestyle Friday series , and for his mix - tape Written Thursday , that sampled heavily from the original . Appearances in other media ( edit ) Rolling Stone ranked the song 453rd on their list `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Burnout Paradise uses the song for its intro music and during gameplay , along with its fictional setting being named after the song . Formats and track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Guns N ' Roses except where noted . US 7 '' vinyl ( ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Paradise City '' ( LP version ) 2 . `` Move to the City '' ( LP version ) Guns N ' Roses , Del James , Chris Weber UK 7 '' vinyl ( GEF 50 ) , 7 '' vinyl picture disc ( GEF 50P ) , 7 '' vinyl holster pack ( GEF 50X ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Paradise City '' ( LP version ) 2 . `` Used to Love Her '' ( LP version ) UK 12 '' vinyl ( GEF 50T ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Paradise City '' ( LP version ) 2 . `` Used to Love Her '' ( LP version ) 3 . `` Anything Goes '' ( LP Version ) Guns N ' Roses , Weber UK 3 '' CD ( GEF 50CD ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Paradise City '' ( LP version ) 2 . `` Used to Love Her '' ( LP version ) 3 . `` Anything Goes '' ( LP version ) Guns N ' Roses , Weber 4 . `` Sweet Child O ' Mine '' ( LP version ) Personnel ( edit ) W. Axl Rose -- lead vocals , synthesizer , whistle Slash -- lead guitar Izzy Stradlin -- rhythm guitar , backing vocals Duff `` Rose '' McKagan -- bass , backing vocals Steven Adler -- drums Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 48 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 10 Finland ( The Official Finnish Charts ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bozza , Anthony , & Slash ( 2007 ) . Slash . Harper Entertainment : New York . pp. 131 -- 132 Jump up ^ `` VH1 40 Greatest Metal Songs , '' 1 -- 4 May 2006 , VH1 Channel , reported by VH1.com ; last accessed September 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Martin Popoff , The Top 500 Heavy Metal Songs of All Time , Ecw Press , 2002 , p. 135 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2011 . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Happy Hour , AMG , accessed June 12 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Paradise City '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Guns N ' Roses -- Paradise City '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo . Sisältää hitin : levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Otava Publishing Company Ltd , 2003 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21053 - X Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Guns N ' Roses '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Guns N ' Roses -- Paradise City '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Guns N ' Roses -- Paradise City '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Paradise City '' . VG - lista . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Paradise City '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Paradise City '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Paradise City on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Guns N ' Roses Axl Rose Slash Duff McKagan Dizzy Reed Richard Fortus Frank Ferrer Melissa Reese Izzy Stradlin Tracii Guns Ole Beich Rob Gardner Steven Adler Matt Sorum Gilby Clarke Paul Tobias Robin Finck Josh Freese Tommy Stinson Chris Pitman Buckethead Bryan `` Brain '' Mantia Ron `` Bumblefoot '' Thal DJ Ashba Studio albums Appetite for Destruction G N ' R Lies Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II `` The Spaghetti Incident ? 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-7018196974960140299	Wounded Knee Massacre	Wounded Knee massacre - Wikipedia Wounded Knee massacre Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Wounded Knee incident . Wounded Knee Massacre Part of the Ghost Dance War and the Sioux Wars Mass grave for the dead Lakota after the massacre Date December 29 , 1890 Location Wounded Knee Creek , South Dakota Result ( See the Fight and ensuing massacre section ) Belligerents United States Miniconjou Lakota Hunkpapa Lakota Commanders and leaders James W. Forsyth Spotted Elk † Strength 490 effectives : 7th U.S. Cavalry : 438 troopers 22 artillerymen with four 1.65 -- inch guns 30 Oglala Indian scouts 120 men Casualties and losses 25 killed , 39 wounded ( 6 fatally ) 150 - 300 killed : 90 men killed 200 women and children killed 51 wounded ( 7 fatally ) Native American losses include civilian casualties Ghost Dance War Wounded Knee Massacre Drexel Mission Fight The Wounded Knee Massacre ( also called the Battle of Wounded Knee ) occurred on December 29 , 1890 , near Wounded Knee Creek ( Lakota : Čhaŋkpé Ópi Wakpála ) on the Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in the U.S. state of South Dakota . The previous day , a detachment of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment commanded by Major Samuel M. Whitside intercepted Spotted Elk 's band of Miniconjou Lakota and 38 Hunkpapa Lakota near Porcupine Butte and escorted them 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) westward to Wounded Knee Creek , where they made camp . The remainder of the 7th Cavalry Regiment , led by Colonel James W. Forsyth , arrived and surrounded the encampment . The regiment was supported by a battery of four Hotchkiss mountain guns . On the morning of December 29 , the U.S. Cavalry troops went into the camp to disarm the Lakota . One version of events claims that during the process of disarming the Lakota , a deaf tribesman named Black Coyote was reluctant to give up his rifle , claiming he had paid a lot for it . Simultaneously , an old man was performing a ritual called the Ghost Dance . Black Coyote 's rifle went off at that point , and the U.S. army began shooting at the Native Americans . The disarmed Lakota warriors did their best to fight back . By the time the massacre was over , more than 150 men , women , and children of the Lakota had been killed and 51 were wounded ( 4 men and 47 women and children , some of whom died later ) ; some estimates placed the number of dead at 300 . Twenty - five soldiers also died , and 39 were wounded ( 6 of the wounded later died ) . At least twenty soldiers were awarded the Medal of Honor . In 2001 , the National Congress of American Indians passed two resolutions condemning the military awards and called on the U.S. government to rescind them . The site of the battlefield / massacre has been designated a National Historic Landmark by the U.S. Department of the Interior . In 1990 , both houses of the U.S. Congress passed a resolution on the historical centennial formally expressing `` deep regret '' for the massacre . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prelude 2 Fight and ensuing massacre 3 Eyewitness accounts 4 Aftermath 4.1 Drexel Mission Fight 5 Medal of Honor controversy 6 Remembrance 6.1 Monuments to Indian dead 6.2 Seventh Cavalry Regiment 7 Popular culture 7.1 Massacre or battle 7.2 Bury my heart at Wounded Knee 7.3 In other music 7.4 In film 7.5 Other 8 Order of battle 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Prelude ( edit ) The Ghost Dance as depicted In the years leading up to the conflict , the U.S. government had continued to seize Lakota lands . The once - large bison herds , a staple of the Great Plains indigenous peoples , had been hunted to near - extinction by European settlers . Treaty promises to protect reservation lands from encroachment by settlers and gold miners were not implemented as agreed . As a result , there was unrest on the reservations . During this time , news spread among the reservations of a Paiute prophet named Wovoka , founder of the Ghost Dance religion . He had a vision that the Christian Messiah , Jesus Christ , had returned to Earth in the form of a Native American . According to Wovoka , the Messiah would raise all the Native American believers above the earth . During this time , the white invaders would disappear from Native lands , the ancestors would lead them to good hunting grounds , the buffalo herds and all the other animals would return in abundance , and the ghosts of their ancestors would return to Earth -- hence the word ghost in `` Ghost Dance '' . They would then return to earth to live in peace . All this would be brought about by performance of the slow and solemn Ghost Dance , performed as a shuffle in silence to a slow , single drumbeat . Lakota ambassadors to Wovoka , Kicking Bear and Short Bull taught the Lakota that while performing the Ghost Dance , they would wear special Ghost Dance shirts as seen by Black Elk in a vision . Kicking Bear said the shirts had the power to repel bullets . U.S. settlers were alarmed by the sight of the many Great Basin and Plains tribes performing the Ghost Dance , worried that it might be a prelude to armed attack . Among them was the U.S. Indian agent at the Standing Rock Agency where Chief Sitting Bull lived . U.S. officials decided to take some of the chiefs into custody in order to quell what they called the `` Messiah craze '' . The military first hoped to have Buffalo Bill -- a friend of Sitting Bull -- aid in the plan , to reduce the chance of violence . Standing Rock agent James McLaughlin overrode the military and sent the Indian police to arrest Sitting Bull . On December 15 , 1890 , 40 Native American policemen arrived at Sitting Bull 's house to arrest him . Crowds gathered in protest , and the first shot was fired when Sitting Bull tried to pull away from his captors , killing the officer who had been holding him . Additional shots were fired , resulting in the deaths of Sitting Bull , eight of his supporters , and six policemen . After Sitting Bull 's death , 200 members of his Hunkpapa band , fearful of reprisals , fled Standing Rock to join Chief Spotted Elk ( later known as `` Big Foot '' ) and his Miniconjou band at the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation . Spotted Elk and his band , along with 38 Hunkpapa , left the Cheyenne River Reservation on December 23 to journey to the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation to seek shelter with Red Cloud . Former Pine Ridge Indian agent Valentine T. McGillycuddy was asked his opinion of the `` hostilities '' surrounding the Ghost Dance movement , by General Leonard Wright Colby , commander of the Nebraska National Guard ( portion of letter dated January 15 , 1891 ) : `` As for the ' Ghost Dance ' too much attention has been paid to it . It was only the symptom or surface indication of a deep rooted , long existing difficulty ; as well treat the eruption of small pox as the disease and ignore the constitutional disease . '' `` As regards disarming the Sioux , however desirable it may appear , I consider it neither advisable , nor practicable . I fear it will result as the theoretical enforcement of prohibition in Kansas , Iowa and Dakota ; you will succeed in disarming and keeping disarmed the friendly Indians because you can , and you will not succeed with the mob element because you can not . '' `` If I were again to be an Indian agent , and had my choice , I would take charge of 10,000 armed Sioux in preference to a like number of disarmed ones ; and furthermore agree to handle that number , or the whole Sioux nation , without a white soldier . Respectfully , etc. , V.T. McGillycuddy . `` P.S. I neglected to state that up to date there has been neither a Sioux outbreak or war . No citizen in Nebraska or Dakota has been killed , molested or can show the scratch of a pin , and no property has been destroyed off the reservation . '' General Miles 's telegram Nelson A. Miles General Miles sent this telegram from Rapid City to General John Schofield in Washington , D.C. , on December 19 , 1890 : `` The difficult Indian problem can not be solved permanently at this end of the line . It requires the fulfillment of Congress of the treaty obligations that the Indians were entreated and coerced into signing . They signed away a valuable portion of their reservation , and it is now occupied by white people , for which they have received nothing . '' `` They understood that ample provision would be made for their support ; instead , their supplies have been reduced , and much of the time they have been living on half and two - thirds rations . Their crops , as well as the crops of the white people , for two years have been almost total failures . '' `` The dissatisfaction is wide spread , especially among the Sioux , while the Cheyennes have been on the verge of starvation , and were forced to commit depredations to sustain life . These facts are beyond question , and the evidence is positive and sustained by thousands of witnesses . '' Fight and ensuing massacre ( edit ) Native American Chief Spotted Elk lies dead after the massacre of Wounded Knee , 1890 After being called to the Pine Ridge Agency , Spotted Elk of the Miniconjou Lakota nation and 350 of his followers were making the slow trip to the agency on December 28 , 1890 , when they were met by a 7th Cavalry detachment under Major Samuel M. Whitside southwest of Porcupine Butte . John Shangreau , a scout and interpreter who was half Sioux , advised the troopers not to disarm the Indians immediately , as it would lead to violence . The troopers escorted the Native Americans about five miles westward ( 8 km ) to Wounded Knee Creek where they told them to make camp . Later that evening , Colonel James W. Forsyth and the rest of the 7th Cavalry arrived , bringing the number of troopers at Wounded Knee to 500 . In contrast , there were 350 Lakota : 230 men and 120 women and children . The troopers surrounded Spotted Elk 's encampment and set up four rapid - fire Hotchkiss - designed M1875 mountain guns . At daybreak on December 29 , 1890 , Forsyth ordered the surrender of weapons and the immediate removal of the Lakota from the `` zone of military operations '' to awaiting trains . A search of the camp confiscated 38 rifles , and more rifles were taken as the soldiers searched the Indians . None of the old men were found to be armed . A medicine man named Yellow Bird allegedly harangued the young men who were becoming agitated by the search , and the tension spread to the soldiers . Specific details of what triggered the massacre are debated . According to some accounts , Yellow Bird began to perform the Ghost Dance , telling the Lakota that their `` ghost shirts '' were bulletproof . As tensions mounted , Black Coyote refused to give up his rifle ; he was deaf and had not understood the order . Another Indian said : `` Black Coyote is deaf . '' ( Black Coyote did not speak English . ) When the soldier persisted , he said , `` Stop . He can not hear your orders . '' At that moment , two soldiers seized Black Coyote from behind , and ( allegedly ) in the struggle , his rifle discharged . At the same moment , Yellow Bird threw some dust into the air , and approximately five young Lakota men with concealed weapons threw aside their blankets and fired their rifles at Troop K of the 7th . After this initial exchange , the firing became indiscriminate . Soldiers pose with three of the four Hotchkiss - designed M1875 mountain guns used at Wounded Knee . The caption on the photograph reads : `` Famous Battery ' E ' of the 1st Artillery . These brave men and the Hotchkiss guns that Big Foot 's Indians thought were toys , Together with the fighting 7th what 's left of Gen. Custer 's boys , Sent 200 Indians to that Heaven which the ghost dancer enjoys . This checked the Indian noise , and Gen. Miles with staff Returned to Illinois . '' According to commanding General Nelson A. Miles , a `` scuffle occurred between one warrior who had ( a ) rifle in his hand and two soldiers . The rifle was discharged and a battle occurred , not only the warriors but the sick Chief Spotted Elk , and a large number of women and children who tried to escape by running and scattering over the prairie were hunted down and killed . '' At first all firing was at close range ; half the Indian men were killed or wounded before they had a chance to get off any shots . Some of the Indians grabbed rifles from the piles of confiscated weapons and opened fire on the soldiers . With no cover , and with many of the Indians unarmed , this lasted a few minutes at most . While the Indian warriors and soldiers were shooting at close range , other soldiers used the Hotchkiss guns against the tipi camp full of women and children . It is believed that many of the soldiers were victims of friendly fire from their own Hotchkiss guns . The Indian women and children fled the camp , seeking shelter in a nearby ravine from the crossfire . The officers had lost all control of their men . Some of the soldiers fanned out and finished off the wounded . Others leaped onto their horses and pursued the Natives ( men , women , and children ) , in some cases for miles across the prairies . In less than an hour , at least 150 Lakota had been killed and 50 wounded . Historian Dee Brown , in Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee , mentions an estimate of 300 of the original 350 having been killed or wounded and that the soldiers loaded 51 survivors ( 4 men and 47 women and children ) onto wagons and took them to the Pine Ridge Reservation . Army casualties numbered 25 dead and 39 wounded . Eyewitness accounts ( edit ) Brothers , ( left to right ) White Lance , Joseph Horn Cloud , and Dewey Beard , Wounded Knee survivors ; Miniconjou Lakota `` What 's left of Big Foot 's band '' : John Grabill , 1891 Thomas Tibbles ( 1840 -- 1928 ) , journalist : `` Suddenly , I heard a single shot from the direction of the troops . Then three or four . A few more . And immediately , a volley . At once came a general rattle of rifle firing then the Hotchkiss guns . '' Dewey Beard ( Iron Hail , 1862 -- 1955 ) , Minneconjou Lakota survivor : as told to Eli S. Ricker : `` ... then many Indians broke into the ravine ; some ran up the ravine and to favorable positions for defense . '' Black Elk ( 1863 -- 1950 ) ; medicine man , Oglala Lakota : `` I did not know then how much was ended . When I look back now from this high hill of my old age , I can still see the butchered women and children lying heaped and scattered all along the crooked gulch as plain as when I saw them with eyes young . And I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud , and was buried in the blizzard . A people 's dream died there . It was a beautiful dream ... the nation 's hoop is broken and scattered . There is no center any longer , and the sacred tree is dead . '' American Horse ( 1840 -- 1908 ) ; chief , Oglala Lakota : `` There was a woman with an infant in her arms who was killed as she almost touched the flag of truce ... A mother was shot down with her infant ; the child not knowing that its mother was dead was still nursing ... The women as they were fleeing with their babies were killed together , shot right through ... and after most all of them had been killed a cry was made that all those who were not killed or wounded should come forth and they would be safe . Little boys ... came out of their places of refuge , and as soon as they came in sight a number of soldiers surrounded them and butchered them there . '' Edward S. Godfrey ; captain ; commanded Co . D of the 7th Cavalry : `` I know the men did not aim deliberately and they were greatly excited . I do n't believe they saw their sights . They fired rapidly but it seemed to me only a few seconds till there was not a living thing before us ; warriors , squaws , children , ponies , and dogs ... went down before that unaimed fire . '' ( Godfrey was a lieutenant in Captain Benteen 's force during the Battle of the Little Bighorn . ) Hugh McGinnis ; First Battalion , Co . K , 7th Cavalry : `` General Nelson A. Miles who visited the scene of carnage , following a three - day blizzard , estimated that around 300 snow shrouded forms were strewn over the countryside . He also discovered to his horror that helpless children and women with babies in their arms had been chased as far as two miles from the original scene of encounter and cut down without mercy by the troopers ... Judging by the slaughter on the battlefield it was suggested that the soldiers simply went berserk . For who could explain such a merciless disregard for life ? ... As I see it the battle was more or less a matter of spontaneous combustion , sparked by mutual distrust ... '' Aftermath ( edit ) View of canyon at Wounded Knee , dead horses and Lakota bodies are visible Civilian burial party , loading victims on a cart for burial Following a three - day blizzard , the military hired civilians to bury the dead Lakota . The burial party found the deceased frozen ; they were gathered up and placed in a mass grave on a hill overlooking the encampment from which some of the fire from the Hotchkiss guns originated . It was reported that four infants were found alive , wrapped in their deceased mothers ' shawls . In all , 84 men , 44 women , and 18 children reportedly died on the field , while at least seven Lakota were mortally wounded . Miles denounced Forsyth and relieved him of command . An exhaustive Army Court of Inquiry convened by Miles criticized Forsyth for his tactical dispositions but otherwise exonerated him of responsibility . The Court of Inquiry , however , was not conducted as a formal court - martial . The secretary of war concurred with the decision and reinstated Forsyth to command of the 7th Cavalry . Testimony had indicated that for the most part , troops attempted to avoid non-combatant casualties . Miles continued to criticize Forsyth , whom he believed had deliberately disobeyed his commands in order to destroy the Indians . Miles promoted the conclusion that Wounded Knee was a deliberate massacre rather than a tragedy caused by poor decisions , in an effort to destroy the career of Forsyth . This was later whitewashed and Forsyth was promoted to major general . The American public 's reaction to the massacre at the time was generally favorable . Many non-Lakota living near the reservations interpreted the battle as the defeat of a murderous cult ; others confused Ghost Dancers with Native Americans in general . In an editorial response to the event , the young newspaper editor L. Frank Baum , later the author of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , wrote in the Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer on January 3 , 1891 : The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extermination of the Indians . Having wronged them for centuries , we had better , in order to protect our civilization , follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth . In this lies future safety for our settlers and the soldiers who are under incompetent commands . Otherwise , we may expect future years to be as full of trouble with the redskins as those have been in the past . Soon after the event , Dewey Beard , his brother Joseph Horn Cloud , and others formed the Wounded Knee Survivors Association , which came to include descendants . They sought compensation from the U.S. government for the many fatalities and injured . Today the association is independent and works to preserve and protect the historic site from exploitation , and to administer any memorial erected there . Papers of the association ( 1890 -- 1973 ) and related materials are held by the University of South Dakota and are available for research . It was not until the 1990s that a memorial to the Lakota was included in the National Historic Landmark . More than 80 years after the massacre , beginning on February 27 , 1973 , Wounded Knee was the site of the Wounded Knee incident , a 71 - day standoff between militants of the American Indian Movement -- who had chosen the site for its symbolic value -- and federal law enforcement officials . Drexel Mission fight ( edit ) The ' Bloody Pocket ' , location of the Drexel Mission Fight Historically , Wounded Knee is generally considered to be the end of the collective multi-century series of conflicts between colonial and U.S. forces and American Indians , known collectively as the Indian Wars . It was not however the last armed conflict between Native Americans and the United States . The Drexel Mission Fight was an armed confrontation between Lakota warriors and the United States Army that took place on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation on December 30 , 1890 , the day following Wounded Knee . The fight occurred on White Clay Creek approximately 15 miles north of Pine Ridge , where Lakota fleeing from the continued hostile situation surrounding the massacre at Wounded Knee had set up camp . Company K of the 7th Cavalry -- the unit involved at Wounded Knee -- was sent to force the Lakotas to return to the areas they were assigned on their respective reservations . Some of the `` hostiles '' were Brulé Lakota from the Rosebud Indian Reservation . The 7th Cavalry was pinned down in a valley by the combined Lakota forces and had to be rescued by the 9th Cavalry , an African American regiment nicknamed the `` Buffalo Soldiers '' . Among the Lakota warriors was a young Brulé from Rosebud named Plenty Horses , who had recently returned from five years at the Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania . A week after this fight , Plenty Horses shot and killed army lieutenant Edward W. Casey , commandant of the Cheyenne Scouts ( Troop L , 8th Cavalry ) . The testimony introduced at the trial of Plenty Horses and his subsequent acquittal also helped abrogate the legal culpability of the U.S. Army for the deaths at Wounded Knee . Medal of Honor controversy ( edit ) For this 1890 offensive , the army awarded twenty Medals of Honor , its highest commendation . In the governmental Nebraska State Historical Society 's summer 1994 quarterly journal , Jerry Green construes that pre-1916 Medals of Honor were awarded more liberally ; however , `` the number of medals does seem disproportionate when compared to those awarded for other battles . '' Quantifying , he compares the three awarded for the Battle of Bear Paw Mountain 's five - day siege , to the twenty awarded for this short and one - sided action . Historian Will G. Robinson notes that , in contrast , only three Medals of Honor were awarded among the 64,000 South Dakotans who fought for four years of World War II . Native American activists have urged the medals be withdrawn , as they say they were `` medals of dishonor '' . According to Lakota tribesman William Thunder Hawk , `` The Medal of Honor is meant to reward soldiers who act heroically . But at Wounded Knee , they did n't show heroism ; they showed cruelty . '' In 2001 , the National Congress of American Indians passed two resolutions condemning the Medals of Honor awards and called on the U.S. government to rescind them . Some of the citations on the medals awarded to the troopers at Wounded Knee state that they went in pursuit of Lakota who were trying to escape or hide . Another citation was for `` conspicuous bravery in rounding up and bringing to the skirmish line a stampeded pack mule . '' Medal of Honor citations , Wounded Knee Sergeant William Austin , cavalry , directed fire at Indians in ravine at Wounded Knee ; Private Mosheim Feaster , cavalry , extraordinary gallantry at Wounded Knee ; Private Mathew Hamilton , cavalry , bravery in action at Wounded Knee ; Private Joshua Hartzog , artillery , rescuing commanding officer who was wounded and carried him out of range of hostile guns at Wounded Knee ; Private Marvin Hillock , cavalry , distinguished bravery at Wounded Knee ; Sergeant Bernhard Jetter , cavalry , distinguished bravery at Wounded Knee for `` killing an Indian who was in the act of killing a wounded man of B Troop . '' Sergeant George Loyd , cavalry , bravery , especially after having been severely wounded through the lung at Wounded Knee ; Sergeant Albert McMillain , cavalry , while engaged with Indians concealed in a ravine , he assisted the men on the skirmish line , directed their fire , encouraged them by example , and used every effort to dislodge the enemy at Wounded Knee ; Private Thomas Sullivan , cavalry , conspicuous bravery in action against Indians concealed in a ravine at Wounded Knee ; First Sergeant Jacob Trautman , cavalry , killed a hostile Indian at close quarters , and , although entitled to retirement from service , remained to close of the campaign at Wounded Knee ; Sergeant James Ward , cavalry , continued to fight after being severely wounded at Wounded Knee ; Corporal William Wilson , cavalry , bravery in Sioux Campaign , 1890 ; Private Hermann Ziegner , cavalry , conspicuous bravery at Wounded Knee ; Musician John Clancy , artillery , twice voluntarily rescued wounded comrades under fire of the enemy ; Lieutenant Ernest Garlington , cavalry , distinguished gallantry ; First Lieutenant John Chowning Gresham , cavalry , voluntarily led a party into a ravine to dislodge Sioux Indians concealed therein . He was wounded during this action . Second Lieutenant Harry Hawthorne , artillery , distinguished conduct in battle with hostile Indians ; Private George Hobday , cavalry , conspicuous and gallant conduct in battle ; First Sergeant Frederick Toy , cavalry , bravery ; Corporal Paul Weinert , artillery , taking the place of his commanding officer who had fallen severely wounded , he gallantly served his piece , after each fire advancing it to a better position Remembrance ( edit ) Monuments to Indian dead ( edit ) Wounded Knee hill , location of Hotchkiss guns during battle and subsequent mass grave of Native American dead St. John 's Episcopal Mission Church was built on the hill behind the mass grave in which the victims had been buried , some survivors having been nursed in the then - new Holy Cross Mission Church . In 1903 , descendants of those who died in the battle erected a monument at the gravesite . The memorial lists many of those who died at Wounded Knee along with an inscription that reads : `` This monument is erected by surviving relatives and other Ogalala and Cheyenne River Sioux Indians in memory of the Chief Big Foot massacre December 29 , 1890 . Col. Forsyth in command of US troops . Big Foot was a great chief of the Sioux Indians . He often said , ' I will stand in peace till my last day comes . ' He did many good and brave deeds for the white man and the red man . Many innocent women and children who knew no wrong died here . '' The Wounded Knee Battlefield was declared a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1965 and was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1966 . Beginning in 1986 , the group named `` Big Foot Memorial Riders '' was formed where they will go to continue to honor the dead . The ceremony has attracted more participants each year and riders and their horses live with the cold weather , as well as the lack of food and water , as they retrace the path that their family members took to Wounded Knee . They carry with them a white flag to symbolize their hope for world peace , and to honor and remember the victims so that they will not be forgotten . Seventh Cavalry regiment ( edit ) When the 7th Cavalry Regiment returned to duty at Fort Riley from Pine Ridge , South Dakota , the soldiers of the regiment raised money for a monument for members of the regiment killed at Wounded Knee . About $1,950 was collected , and on July 25 , 1893 , the monument was dedicated with 5,500 people in attendance . Today , the stone edifice still stands near Waters Hall . Popular culture ( edit ) Massacre or battle ( edit ) `` The opening of the fight at Wounded Knee , '' engraved illustration by Frederic Remington . Appeared as an illustration in Harper 's Weekly , 1891 The incident was initially referred to as the `` Battle of Wounded Knee '' . Some American Indian groups have objected to this description and refer to it as the `` Wounded Knee Massacre '' . The location of the conflict is officially known as the `` Wounded Knee Battlefield '' . The U.S. Army currently refers to it as `` Wounded Knee '' . Bury my Heart at Wounded Knee ( edit ) In his 1931 poem `` American Names '' , Stephen Vincent Benet coined the phrase `` Bury my heart at Wounded Knee '' . The poem is about his love of American place names , not making reference to the `` battle . '' However , when the line was used as the title of historian Dee Brown 's 1970 best - selling book , awareness was raised and Benet 's phrase became popularly associated with the incident . Since the publication of the book , the phrase `` Bury my heart at Wounded Knee '' has been used many times in reference to the battle , especially in music . In 1973 , Stuttgart , Germany 's Gila released a krautrock / psychedelic folk album by the same name . In 1992 , Beverly ( Buffy ) Sainte - Marie released her song entitled `` Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee '' , on her Coincidence and Likely Stories album . In other Music ( edit ) Artists who have written or recorded songs referring to the battle at Wounded Knee include : Walela `` Wounded Knee '' from their 1997 self - titled album . Nightwish ( `` Creek Mary 's Blood '' from their 2004 album `` Once '' featuring John Two - Hawks ) ; Manowar ( `` Spirit Horse Of The Cherokee '' from the 1992 album The Triumph Of Steel ) ; Grant Lee Buffalo ( `` Were You There ? '' from the album Storm Hymnal 2001 ) ; Johnny Cash ( 1972 's `` Big Foot , '' which is strongly sympathetic ) ; Gordon Lightfoot ( `` Protocol '' from his 1976 album Summertime Dream ) ; The Indigo Girls ( a cover of Sainte - Marie 's song ) ; Charlie Parr ( `` 1890 '' on his 2010 album When the Devil Goes Blind ) ; Nik Kershaw ( `` Wounded Knee '' on his 1989 album The Works ) ; Southern Death Cult ( `` Moya '' ) ; The Waterboys ( `` Bury My Heart '' ) ; Uriah Heep ; Primus ; Nahko and Medicine for the People ; Patti Smith ; Robbie Robertson ; Five Iron Frenzy wrote the 2001 song `` The Day We Killed '' with mentions of Custard , Black Kettle , and quotes Black Elk 's account from Black Elk Speaks on their album Five Iron Frenzy 2 : Electric Boogaloo ; Toad the Wet Sprocket ; Marty Stuart ; Bright Eyes ; and `` Pocahontas '' by Neil Young . On Sam Roberts ' 2006 Chemical City album , the song `` The Bootleg Saint '' contains line critical of Knee Massacre . There is also a Welsh song called `` Gwaed Ar Yr Eira Gwyn '' by Tecwyn Ifan on this incident . The song `` American Ghost Dance '' by the Red Hot Chili Peppers makes extensive reference to the massacre as well . In 1973 , the American rock band Redbone , formed by Native Americans Patrick and Lolly Vasquez , released the song , `` We Were All Wounded at Wounded Knee '' . The song ends with the subtly altered sentence , `` We were all wounded by Wounded Knee . '' The song reached the number - one chart position across Europe . In the U.S. , the song was initially withheld from release and then banned by several radio stations . Richard Stepp 's 2008 Native American Music Awards Native Heart nominated album , The Sacred Journey , has `` Wounded Knee '' as its final track . In film ( edit ) The massacre has been referred to in films , including Thunderheart ( 1992 ) , Legends of the Fall ( 1994 ) , The Last Samurai ( 2003 ) , Hidalgo ( 2004 ) , and Hostiles ( 2017 ) . The 2005 TNT mini-series Into the West included scenes of the massacre . In 2007 , HBO Films released a film adaptation of the Dee Brown bestseller Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee . Other ( edit ) In the 1996 DC comic book Saint of Killers , written by Garth Ennis , the main character becomes a surrogate Angel of Death , reaping souls whenever men kill other men violently . The story is set in the 1880s and , near the end of chapter 4 , it is said that `` four years later '' he was called upon at Wounded Knee . In the 2013 video game BioShock Infinite , several main characters are veterans of Wounded Knee . The protagonist Booker DeWitt is haunted by his deeds during the battle . Order of battle ( edit ) Colonel James W. Forsyth Major Samuel Whitside Captain Winfield Scott Edgerly Captain Allyn Capron , Sr . 7th U.S. Cavalry Col James W. Forsyth Adjutant : 1st Lt. Lloyd S. McCormick Quartermaster : 1st Lt. Ezra B. Fuller Assistant Surgeon & Medical Director : Cpt . John Van Rennselaer Hoff Assistant Surgeon : 1st Lt. James Denver Glennan First Squadron Maj Samuel Whitside Adjutant : 1st Lt. W.J. Nicholson Troop A : Cpt . Myles Moylan , 1st Lt. Ernest A. Garlington Troop B : Cpt . Charles A. Varnum , 1st Lt. John C. Gresham Troop I : Cpt . Henry J. Nowlan , 2nd Lt. John C. Waterman Troop K : Cpt . George D. Wallace ( k ) , 1st Lt. James D. Mann Second Squadron Cpt . Charles S. Isley Adjutant : 1st Lt. W.W. Robinson II Troop C : Cpt . Henry Jackson , 2nd Lt. T.Q. Donaldson Troop D: Cpt . Edward S. Godfrey , 2nd Lt. S.R.J. Tompkins Troop E : Cpt . Charles S. Isley , 1st Lt. Horatio G. Sickel , 2nd Lt. Sedgwick Rice Troop G : Cpt . Winfield S. Edgerly , 1st Lt. Edwin P. Brewer Battery E , 1st U.S. Artillery Captain Allyn Capron 2nd Lt. Harry L. Hawthorne ( 2nd U.S. Artillery ) 4 Hotchkiss Breech - Loading Mountain Rifles Troop A , Indian Scouts 1st Lt. George W. Taylor ( 9th U.S. Cavalry ) 2nd Lt. Guy H. Preston ( 9th U.S. Cavalry ) Gallery ( edit ) Map of Wounded Knee Miniconjou Lakota dance at Cheyenne River , South Dakota , August 9 , 1890 Holy Cross Episcopal Mission , used as hospital for wounded Lakota Photographer taking pictures of campsite Frozen corpse on field The scene three days afterwards , with several bodies partially wrapped in blankets in the foreground . Buffalo Bill , Capt . Baldwin , Gen. Nelson A. Miles , Capt . Moss , and others , on horseback , on battlefield of Wounded Knee . Reenactment of U.S. troops surrounding the Lakota at Wounded Knee ( 1913 ) . Wounded Knee , 1940 Wounded Knee grave , 2003 Gen. L.W. Colby holding Zintkala Nuni ( Little Lost Bird ) , found on the Wounded Knee battlefield . US Attorney General Eric Holder laying a wreath at the site of the Wounded Knee Memorial See also ( edit ) South Dakota portal Wounded Knee Incident ( 1973 ) Indian massacres in the United States Genocide of indigenous peoples History of South Dakota Plains Indians Wars List of battles fought in South Dakota Manifest Destiny Wounded Knee of Alaska References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Utley , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Brown , p. 178 , Brown states that at the army camp , `` the Indians were carefully counted . '' Utley , p. 204 , gives 120 men , 230 women and children ; there is no indication how many were warriors , old men , or incapacitated sick like Foot . ^ Jump up to : `` Plains Humanities : Wounded Knee Massacre '' . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . resulted in the deaths of more than 250 , and possibly as many as 300 , Native Americans . Jump up ^ Nelson A. Miles to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs , March 13 , 1917 , `` The official reports make the number killed 90 warriors and approximately 200 women and children . '' ^ Jump up to : `` National Historic Landmarks Program : Wounded Knee '' . National Park Service . Retrieved January 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Liggett , Lorie ( 1998 ) . `` Wounded Knee Massacre -- An Introduction '' . Bowling Green State University . Retrieved March 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Randy Parsons . `` The Wounded Knee Massacre -- December 1890 '' . Lastoftheindependents.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/program/episodes/eight/likegrass.htm Jump up ^ Wounded Knee & the Ghost Dance Tragedy by Jack Utter , p. 25 Publisher : National Woodlands Publishing Company ; 1st edition ( April 1991 ) Language : English ISBN 0 - 9628075 - 1 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Green , Jerry ( 1994 ) . `` The Medals of Wounded Knee '' ( PDF ) . Nebraska State Historical Society , also available in Nebraska History # 75 , pp. 200 -- 208 . Nebraska State Historical Society History . ^ Jump up to : `` Lakota ~ WOUNDED KNEE : A Campaign to Rescind Medals : story , pictures and information '' . Footnote.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ AP ( October 29 , 1990 ) . `` CONGRESS ADJOURNS - Century Afterward , Apology For Wounded Knee Massacre '' . Pine Ridge Indian Reservation ( Sd ) ; United States : NYTimes.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit L ( ed . ) , The Oxford Guide to the Supreme Court of the United States , Oxford Press , 1992 ; section : `` Native Americans , '' p. 580 ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 Jump up ^ To this day , the Sioux have refused to accept compensation for the Black Hills land seized from them . A 1980 Supreme Court decision ( United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians ) ruled the taking was illegal and awarded compensation , increased by interest to $757 million , but not the return of the land which the Sioux sought . The Lakota have refused to take the money , demanding instead the return of the land . ^ Jump up to : `` Wovoka . '' PBS : New Perspectives on the West . ( retrieved August 6 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Viola , Herman J. Trail to Wounded Knee : The Last Stand of the Plains Indians 1860 -- 1890 . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society , 2003 . Jump up ^ Annual report , Part 2 By Smithsonian Institution . Bureau of American Ethnology , John Wesley Powell , Matthew Williams , pp. 831 -- 833 ( 1896 ) Jump up ^ The ghost - dance religion and the Sioux outbreak of 1890 , by James Mooney , p. 833 Jump up ^ United States Congress ( 1937 ) . Hearings Before the Committee on Indian Affairs . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 28 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell , Major Samuel L. , `` Selfless Service : The Cavalry Career of Brigadier General Samuel M. Whitside from 1858 to 1902 . '' MMAS Thesis , Fort Leavenworth : U.S. Command and General Staff College , 2002 . Jump up ^ Axelrod , Alan . ( 1993 ) Chronicles of the Indian Wars : From Colonial Times to Wounded Knee . ( p. 254 ) . Jump up ^ Utley , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Utley , Robert ( 1963 ) . `` The Last Days of the Sioux Nation '' . Yale University Press . Retrieved August 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Charles . December 29 , 1890 . American History . December 2005 40 ( 5 ) pp. 16 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Bateman , Robert ( June 2008 ) , `` Wounded Knee '' , Military History , 24 ( 4 ) : 62 -- 67 Jump up ^ Derived from Nelson Miles ' report of some 300 snow covered forms during his inspection of the field three days later , Miles in a letter states : `` The official reports make the number killed 90 warriors and approximately 200 women and children . '' . Jump up ^ Brown , pp. 179 -- 180 Jump up ^ Series Prologue `` Wounded Knee Legacy & the Ancestors . '' 500 Nations , episode 1 , The 500 NATIONS Encore Venture , 1994 . Jump up ^ Eli Seavey Ricker , Voices of the American West : The Indian interviews of Eli S. Ricker , 1903 -- 1919 Jump up ^ Black Elk , John Gneisenau Neihardt ( 2008 ) ( 1961 ) . Black Elk Speaks : Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux . SUNY Press . p. 281 . Jump up ^ `` Lakota Accounts of the Massacre at Wounded Knee '' . pbs.org. 2000 . Jump up ^ Edward S. Godfrey , `` Cavalry Fire Discipline , '' Journal of the Military Service Institution of the United States 19 ( 1896 ) : 259 . Jump up ^ William S.E. Coleman , Voices of Wounded Knee , p. 278 Jump up ^ Hugh McGinnis , `` I Took Part In The Wounded Knee Massacre '' , Real West Magazine , January 1966 ; at Our Family History Website ^ Jump up to : Josephy , Jr. , Alvin M. , Trudy Thomas , and Jeanne Eder . Wounded Knee : Lest We Forget . Billings , Montana : Buffalo Bill Historical Center , 1990 . Jump up ^ Ostler , Jeffrey . ( 2004 ) The Plains Sioux and U.S. Colonialism from Lewis and Clark to Wounded Knee . ( p. 354 ) . Jump up ^ Giago , Tim . `` 300 reasons not to forget lessons of Wounded Knee '' , Manataka American Indian Council . ( retrieved 6 August 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Wounded Knee Survivors Association , Papers ( 1890 -- 1973 ) '' , Archives and Special Collections , University of South Dakota , accessed June 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ James Parsons , `` AIM Indians with ' story to tell ' made Wounded Knee the medium '' , Minneapolis Tribune , March 25 , 1973 . Retrieved December 28 , 2013 Jump up ^ Jeffrey Ostler : The Plains Sioux and U.S. colonialism from Lewis and Clark to Wounded Knee , pp. 357 -- 358 , Cambridge University Press ( 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 521 - 60590 - 3 Jump up ^ Congressional edition By United States . Congress , p. 132 . April 26 , 2011 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Roger L. Di Silvestro : In the Shadow of Wounded Knee : The Untold Final Story of the Indian Wars , p. 198 , Walker & Company ( 2007 ) ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1514 - 1 Jump up ^ Doctor Sally Wagner Testifies At Wounded Knee Hearings Part Two . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Army Indian Wars , Medal of Honor citations '' . History.army.mil . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hill , Richard ( October 7 , 1999 ) . `` Wounded Knee , A Wound That Wo n't Heal '' . First Nations issues of consequence . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History of Holy Cross Church Pine Ridge , SD '' . Jump up ^ The Last days of the Sioux Nation , by Robert M. Utley , p. 5 Publisher : Yale University Press ; 2 edition ( July 11 , 2004 ) Language : English ISBN 0 - 300 - 10316 - 6 Jump up ^ Mackale , William and Robert Smith ( 2003 ) `` Images of America : Fort Riley '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gathering the Dead at the Battle of Wounded Knee ( Photograph Annotation ) ( 1 ) Retrieved 29 May . 2014 Jump up ^ Medal of Honor Recipients -- Indian Wars ( 2 ) Retrieved May 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ Izzo , David Garrett ; Konkle , Lincoln ( December 9 , 2002 ) . Stephen Vincent Benet : Essays on His Life and Work . McFarland . p. 120 . ISBN 9780786413645 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patti Smith Group , `` Ghost Dance '' . On Easter , Arista AB 4171 , released 1978 . Jump up ^ Robbie Robertson , `` Ghost Dance '' , on Music for the Native Americans , Cema / Capitol 28295 , 1994 . Jump up ^ Sam Roberts . `` Sam Roberts - The Bootleg Saint Lyrics MetroLyrics '' . MetroLyrics . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` We Were All Wounded at Wounded Knee '' , Redbone 's unofficial discography site , with lyrics . Webpage found March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NAMA 10 '' . NativeAmericanMusicAwards.com . Native American Music Awards . 2008 . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Andrew ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` The Evolution of BioShock Infinite '' . IGN . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matt ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Free Will And Hope In BioShock Infinite '' . Game Informer . Retrieved January 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Utley p. 201 L. Frank Baum editorial that appeared in the Aberdeen ( SD ) Saturday Review on January 3 , 1891 , just five days after the massacre . The author wrote about those terrible `` Redskins , '' his favorite word for Indians . He wrote , `` The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extermination of the Indians . Having wronged them for centuries we had better , in order to protect our civilization , follow it up by one or more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth . '' Further reading ( edit ) Andersson , Rani - Henrik . The Lakota Ghost Dance of 1890 . Lincoln , NE : University of Nebraska Press , 2009. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 1073 - 8 . Brown , Dee . Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee : An Indian History of the American West , Owl Books ( 1970 ) . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6669 - 1 . Champlin , Tim . A Trail To Wounded Knee : A Western Story . Five Star ( 2001 ) . Coleman , William S.E. Voices of Wounded Knee , University of Nebraska Press ( 2000 ) . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 1506 - 1 . Greene , Jerome A. American Carnage : Wounded Knee , 1890 . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press , 2014 . Smith , Rex Alan . Moon of Popping Trees . Lincoln , NE : University of Nebraska Press ( 1981 ) . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9120 - 5 . Utley , Robert M. Last Days of the Sioux Nation . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press ( 1963 ) . Utley , Robert M. The Indian Frontier 1846 -- 1890 . Albuquerque , NM : University of New Mexico Press ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 2998 - 5 . Utley , Robert M. Frontier Regulars The United States Army and the Indian 1866 -- 1891 . New York : Macmillan Publishing ( 1973 ) . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9551 - 0 . Yenne , Bill . Indian Wars : The Campaign for the American West , Westholme ( 2005 ) . ISBN 1 - 59416 - 016 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wounded Knee Massacre ( Pine Ridge Campaign ) . The Wounded Knee Museum in Wall , South Dakota Bureau of American Ethnology report on the Ghost Dance Religion , PBS `` Walter Mason Camp Collection , '' includes photographs from the Battle of Wounded Knee Creek , Brigham Young University US Army Casualty list of Wounded Knee , GenForum `` A Dark Day '' -- Education Resource , Dakota Pathways `` Lost Bird of Wounded Knee '' -- Education Resource , South Dakota Public Television Review : Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee , HBO production , Friends of the Little Big Horn Susanna Lee Johnson Red Bear at Find a Grave Zintkala Nuni Lost Bird at Find a Grave `` THE GHOST DANCE. ; HOW THE INDIANS WORK THEMSELVES UP TO FIGHTING PITCH '' , eyewitness account by reporter , New York Times , November 22 , 1890 Army at Wounded Knee Remember the Massacre at Wounded Knee . Jacobin . December 29 , 2016 . U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&oldid=842798491 '' Categories : Pine Ridge Campaign Conflicts in 1890 Conflicts in 1891 Battles involving the Sioux History of South Dakota Native American history of South Dakota Lakota Mass graves Massacres of Native Americans Massacres committed by the United States 1890 in South Dakota 1890 in the United States 19th - century colonization of the Americas Battles involving Native Americans Sioux Wars United States military war crimes December 1890 events United States military killing of American civilians Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Use American English from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Find a Grave template with ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Seeltersk Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 18 : 44 . 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5246584997470269632	Canada (New France)	Canada ( New France ) - wikipedia Canada ( New France ) Canada 1535 -- 1763 Flag Coat of Arms In blue : New France in 1750 . Canada extended from south of the Great Lakes to the Gulf of St Lawrence Status Colony of France within New France Capital Quebec Common languages French Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy King Governor History French territorial possession 1535 Founding of Quebec 1608 Founding of Trois - Rivieres 1634 Founding of Montreal 1642 Ceded to Britain 1763 Currency New France livre ISO 3166 code CA Preceded by Succeeded by Aboriginal peoples in Canada Province of Quebec ( 1763 -- 1791 ) Today part of Canada ( part of Ontario , Quebec , Labrador , Manitoba and Saskatchewan ) United States ( part of Ohio , Michigan , Indiana , Illinois , Wisconsin and Minnesota ) Canada was a French colony within New France first claimed in the name of the King of France in 1535 during the second voyage of Jacques Cartier . The word `` Canada '' at this point referred to the territory along the Saint Lawrence River , then known as the Canada river , from Grosse Island in the east to a point between Quebec and Three Rivers , although this territory had greatly expanded by 1600 . French explorations continued `` unto the Countreys of Canada , Hochelaga , and Saguenay '' before any permanent settlements were established . Even though a permanent trading post and habitation was established at Tadoussac in 1600 , at the confluence of the Saguenay and Saint Lawrence rivers , it was under a trade monopoly and thus not constituted as an official French colonial settlement . As a result , the first official settlement was not established within Canada until the founding of Quebec by Samuel de Champlain in 1608 . The other four colonies within New France were Hudson 's Bay to the north , Acadia and Newfoundland to the east , and Louisiana far to the south . Canada , the most developed colony of New France , was divided into three districts , Québec , Trois - Rivières , and Montréal , each with its own government . The governor of the District of Quebec was also the governor - general of all New France . Although the terms `` Canada '' and `` New France '' are sometimes used interchangeably , `` New France actually represents a much broader portion of North American territory than the Great Lakes - St Lawrence colony of Canada '' . The Seven Years ' War saw Great Britain defeat the French and their allies and take possession of Canada . In the Treaty of Paris of 1763 , which formally ended the conflict , France renounced its claim to Canada in exchange for other colonies and the colony became the British colony of Quebec . Contents 1 Settled country 2 Pays d'en Haut 3 Legacy 4 See also 5 References Settled country ( edit ) A 1740 survey of the population of the St. Lawrence River valley counted about 44,000 colonists , the majority born in Canada . Of those , 18,000 lived under the Government of Quebec , 4,000 under the Government of Trois - Rivières and 22,000 under the Government of Montreal . The population was mostly rural ; Quebec had 4,600 inhabitants ; Trois - Rivières had 378 ; and Montreal had 4,200 inhabitants . Also , Île Royale had 4,000 inhabitants ( of which 1,500 were in Louisbourg ) , and Île Saint - Jean had 500 inhabitants . Acadia had 8,000 inhabitants . Pays d'en Haut ( edit ) Pays d'en Haut in pink around the Great Lakes in 1748 . Dependent on Canada were the Pays d'en Haut ( upper countries ) , a vast territory north and west of Montreal , covering the whole of the Great Lakes and stretching as far into the North American continent as the French had explored . Before 1717 , when it ceded territory to the new colony of Louisiana , it stretched as far south as the Illinois Country . North of the Great Lakes , a mission , Sainte - Marie among the Hurons , was established in 1639 . Following the destruction of the Huron homeland in 1649 by the Iroquois , the French destroyed the mission themselves and left the area . In what are today Ontario and the eastern prairies , various trading posts and forts were built such as Fort Kaministiquia ( 1679 ) , Fort Frontenac ( 1673 ) , Fort Saint Pierre ( 1731 ) , Fort Saint Charles ( 1732 ) and Fort Rouillé ( 1750 ) . The mission and trading post at Sault Ste . Marie ( 1688 ) would later be split by the Canada -- US border . The French settlements in the Pays d'en Haut south of the Great Lakes were Fort Niagara ( 1678 ) , Fort Crevecoeur ( 1680 ) , Fort Saint Antoine ( 1686 ) , Fort St. Joseph ( 1691 ) , Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit ( 1701 ) , Fort Michilimackinac ( 1715 ) , Fort Miami ( 1715 ) , Fort La Baye ( 1717 ) , and Fort Beauharnois ( 1727 ) . Today , the term Les Pays - d'en - Haut refers to a regional county municipality in the Laurentides region of Quebec , north of Montreal , while the former Pays d'en Haut was part of the District of Montreal . Legacy ( edit ) In its civil law , customs , and the cultural aspects of the majority of its population , the successor to the French colony of Canada is the Province of Quebec . The term Canada may also refer to today 's Canadian federation created in 1867 , or the historical Province of Canada , a British colony comprising southern Ontario and southern Quebec ( referred to respectively as Upper Canada and Lower Canada when they were themselves separate British colonies prior to 1841 ) . For Francophone Quebecers , preserving their distinctiveness from English Canada has been historically important , particularly since the rise of contemporary Quebec nationalism dating from the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s . Francophone Quebecers will therefore often use the term New France ( Nouvelle - France ) when referring to Canada ( New France ) , and the term Canadien , at one time used to refer to the French - speaking populations of colonial Canada , was replaced by the term Canadien - Français ( French - Canadian ) , and more recently by Québécois . Descendants of the original French - speaking `` Canadien '' population of Canada ( New France ) now living outside of Quebec are now often referred to by reference to their current province of residence , such as Franco - Ontarian . Francophone populations in the Maritime provinces apart from northwestern New Brunswick are , however , more likely to be descended from the settlers of the French colony of Acadia , and therefore still call themselves Acadians . See also ( edit ) Canada portal New France portal Quebec portal History of Canada portal New France . New France Name of Canada Former colonies and territories in Canada Illinois Country Monarchs of Canadian territories Territorial evolution of Canada -- after 1867 Quebec History of Quebec Timeline of Quebec history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ James H. Marsh ( 1999 ) . The Canadian Encyclopedia . The Canadian Encyclopedia . p. 355 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 2099 - 5 . Jump up ^ Maeve Conrick ; Vera Regan ( 2007 ) . French in Canada : Language Issues . Peter Lang . pp. 11 -- . ISBN 978 - 3 - 03910 - 142 - 9 . Jump up ^ Alan Rayburn ( 2001 ) . Naming Canada : Stories about Canadian Place Names . University of Toronto Press . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8293 - 0 . Jump up ^ Francis Parkman ( 1885 ) . Pioneers of France in the New World . U of Nebraska Press . p. 202 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8744 - 5 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Randy ( 22 April 2013 ) . `` Putting Canada on the map '' . National Post . Jump up ^ Cartier , Jacques ( 1993 ) . Cook , Ramsay , ed . `` Voyages of Jacques '' . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . p. 43 . Jump up ^ Cartier , Jacques ( 1993 ) . Cook , Ramsay , ed . `` Voyages of Jacques '' . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . p. 96 . Jump up ^ New , William ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . p. 190 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Ninette ; Trebilcock , Michael ( 2010 ) . The Making of the Mosaic : A History of Canadian Immigration Policy . University of Toronto Press . pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ University of Ottawa ( 2004 ) . `` Canada at the Time of New France '' . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : MCC . `` Le territoire '' , in La Nouvelle - France . Ressources françaises , Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication ( France ) , 1998 , retrieved 2 August 2008 Jump up ^ Germaine Warkentin ; Carolyn Podruchny ( 2001 ) . Decentring the Renaissance : Canada and Europe in Multidisciplinary Perspective , 1500 - 1700 . University of Toronto Press . p. 234 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8149 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` His Most Christian Majesty cedes and guaranties to his said Britannick Majesty , in full right , Canada , with all its dependencies , as well as the island of Cape Breton , and all the other islands and coasts in the gulph and river of St. Lawrence , and in general , every thing that depends on the said countries , lands , islands , and coasts '' Treaty of Paris , 1763 Jump up ^ NRC . `` New France c. 1740 '' , in The Atlas of Canada , Natural Resources Canada , 2003 - 10 - 06 , retrieved 13 December 2009 New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) Subdivisions Acadia ( 1604 -- 1713 ) Canada ( 1608 -- 1763 ) Pays d'en Haut Domaine du roy Louisiana ( 1682 -- 1762 , 1802 -- 1803 ) Illinois Country Ohio Country Newfoundland ( 1662 -- 1713 ) Île Royale ( 1713 -- 1763 ) Towns Acadia ( Port Royal ) Canada Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Détroit Île Royale Louisbourg Louisiana Mobile Biloxi New Orleans Newfoundland Plaisance List of towns Forts Fort Rouillé Fort Michilimackinac Fort de Buade Fort de Chartres Fort Detroit Fort Carillon Fort Condé Fort Duquesne Fortress of Louisbourg Castle Hill Fort St. Louis ( Illinois ) Fort St. Louis ( Texas ) List of Forts Government Canada Governor General Intendant Sovereign Council Bishop of Quebec Governor of Trois - Rivières Governor of Montreal Acadia Governor Lieutenant - General Newfoundland Governor Lieutenant - General Louisiana Governor Intendant Superior Council Île Royale Governor Intendant Superior Council Law Intendancy Superior Council Admiralty court Provostship Officiality Seigneurial court Bailiff Maréchaussée Code Noir Economy Seigneurial system Fur trade Company of 100 Associates Crozat 's Company Mississippi Company Compagnie de l'Occident Chemin du Roy Coureur des bois Voyageurs Society Population 1666 census Habitants King 's Daughters Casquette girls Métis Amerindians Slavery Plaçage Gens de couleur libres Religion Jesuit missions Récollets Grey Nuns Ursulines Sulpicians War and peace Military of New France Intercolonial Wars French and Iroquois Wars Great Upheaval Great Peace of Montreal Schenectady massacre Deerfield massacre Related French colonization of the Americas French colonial empire History of Quebec History of the Acadians History of the French - Americans French West Indies Carib Expulsion Atlantic slave trade Category Portal Commons Former colonies and territories in Canada Norse Named territories Vinland Sites : L'Anse aux Meadows French Claims New France Acadia Isle St - Jean Île Royale Canada Domaine du roy Louisiana Pays d'en Haut Terre Neuve Important sites Port Royal Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Louisbourg Plaisance List of towns List of forts Spanish Claims New Spain Important sites Fort San Miguel , Nootka Sound Expeditions Newfoundland Pacific Northwest Scottish Claims Nova Scotia ( 1621 ) Sites Port Royal Colony Russian Claims Russian America American Claims Oregon Country English & British Claims Newfoundland ( 1583 ) New Albion ( ? ) Rupert 's Land Nova Scotia ( 1710 ) Quebec Lower and Upper Canada New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Cape Breton United Canada New Caledonia Columbia District Queen Charlotte Islands Vancouver Island British Columbia ( 1858 -- 66 ) British Columbia ( 1866 -- 71 ) Stickeen North - Western Territory ( districts ) Red River Important sites Cuper 's Cove Avalon ( 1620 ) York Factory Halifax Victoria Fort Langley List of HBC sites Norwegian Claims Sverdrup Islands Related Territorial evolution after 1867 Areas disputed by Canada and the United States Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Population of Canada Category Portal WikiProject History of Canada Year list ( Timeline ) 18000 BCE -- 1500 CE 1534 -- 1763 1763 -- 1867 1867 -- 1914 1914 -- 1945 1945 -- 1960 1960 -- 1981 1982 -- 1992 1992 -- present Topics Canadians - ( Persons of significance ) Constitutional Crown & Aboriginals Cultural Economic Etymology Events of significance Former colonies & territories Heritage Minutes Historic Sites Immigration Military Conflicts Operations Peacekeeping Victories Monarchical Population history Sports Territorial evolution Women Provinces & territories British Columbia Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Quebec New Brunswick Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island Newfoundland and Labrador Yukon Northwest Territories Nunavut ( Name etymologies ) Cities Brampton Charlottetown Edmonton Fredericton Halifax Hamilton Lethbridge Markham Moncton Montreal Northwest Territories capital cities Ottawa Quebec City Regina Saskatoon Toronto Vancouver Winnipeg ( Name etymologies ) Research Bibliography Historiography Category Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada_(New_France)&oldid=861493536 '' Categories : New France History of Canada ( 1534 -- 1763 ) History of Canada by period Colonial history of the Ancien Régime Former French colonies Former colonies in North America French colonization of the Americas Pre-Confederation Canada 1530s in Canada 16th century in Canada 17th century in Canada 18th century in Canada 1530s establishments in Canada 1760s disestablishments in Canada 1534 establishments in New France 1763 disestablishments in New France Hidden categories : Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Former country articles categorised by government type Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Čeština Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Lietuvių Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2018 , at 20 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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-4199068520139339470	First Amendment to the United States Constitution	First Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia First Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search `` First Amendment '' redirects here . For the first amendments to other constitutions , see First Amendment ( disambiguation ) . This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The First Amendment ( Amendment I ) to the United States Constitution prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion , ensuring that there is no prohibition on the free exercise of religion , abridging the freedom of speech , infringing on the freedom of the press , interfering with the right to peaceably assemble , or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances . It was adopted on December 15 , 1791 , as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights . The Bill of Rights was originally proposed to assuage Anti-Federalist opposition to Constitutional ratification . Initially , the First Amendment applied only to laws enacted by the Congress , and many of its provisions were interpreted more narrowly than they are today . Beginning with Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) , the Supreme Court applied the First Amendment to states -- a process known as incorporation -- through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , the Court drew on Thomas Jefferson 's correspondence to call for `` a wall of separation between church and State '' , though the precise boundary of this separation remains in dispute . Speech rights were expanded significantly in a series of 20th and 21st - century court decisions which protected various forms of political speech , anonymous speech , campaign financing , pornography , and school speech ; these rulings also defined a series of exceptions to First Amendment protections . The Supreme Court overturned English common law precedent to increase the burden of proof for defamation and libel suits , most notably in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) . Commercial speech , however , is less protected by the First Amendment than political speech , and is therefore subject to greater regulation . The Free Press Clause protects publication of information and opinions , and applies to a wide variety of media . In Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) and New York Times v. United States ( 1971 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment protected against prior restraint -- pre-publication censorship -- in almost all cases . The Petition Clause protects the right to petition all branches and agencies of government for action . In addition to the right of assembly guaranteed by this clause , the Court has also ruled that the amendment implicitly protects freedom of association . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Background 3 Establishment of religion 3.1 Separationists 3.2 Accommodationists 4 Free exercise of religion 5 Freedom of speech and of the press 5.1 Wording of the clause 5.2 Speech critical of the government 5.2. 1 World War I 5.2. 2 Extending protections 5.3 Political speech 5.3. 1 Anonymous speech 5.3. 2 Campaign finance 5.3. 3 Flag desecration 5.3. 4 Falsifying military awards 5.4 Compelled speech 5.5 Commercial speech 5.6 School speech 5.7 Internet access 5.8 Obscenity 5.9 Memoirs of convicted criminals 5.10 Defamation 5.11 Private action 5.12 Freedom of the press 6 Petition and assembly 7 Freedom of association 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Text The amendment as adopted in 1791 reads as follows : Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . The hand - written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights , 1789 , cropped to just show the text that would later be ratified as the First Amendment Background Main article : Anti-Federalism In 1776 , the second year of the American Revolutionary War , the Virginia colonial legislature passed a Declaration of Rights that included the sentence `` The freedom of the press is one of the greatest bulwarks of liberty , and can never be restrained but by despotic Governments . '' Eight of the other thirteen states made similar pledges . However , these declarations were generally considered `` mere admonitions to state legislatures '' , rather than enforceable provisions . James Madison , drafter of the Bill of Rights After several years of comparatively weak government under the Articles of Confederation , a Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia proposed a new constitution on September 17 , 1787 , featuring among other changes a stronger chief executive . George Mason , a Constitutional Convention delegate and the drafter of Virginia 's Declaration of Rights , proposed that the Constitution include a bill of rights listing and guaranteeing civil liberties . Other delegates -- including future Bill of Rights drafter James Madison -- disagreed , arguing that existing state guarantees of civil liberties were sufficient and that any attempt to enumerate individual rights risked the implication that other , unnamed rights were unprotected . After a brief debate , Mason 's proposal was defeated by a unanimous vote of the state delegations . For the constitution to be ratified , however , nine of the thirteen states were required to approve it in state conventions . Opposition to ratification ( `` Anti-Federalism '' ) was partly based on the Constitution 's lack of adequate guarantees for civil liberties . Supporters of the Constitution in states where popular sentiment was against ratification ( including Virginia , Massachusetts , and New York ) successfully proposed that their state conventions both ratify the Constitution and call for the addition of a bill of rights . The U.S. Constitution was eventually ratified by all thirteen states . In the 1st United States Congress , following the state legislatures ' request , James Madison proposed twenty constitutional amendments , and his proposed draft of the First Amendment read as follows : The civil rights of none shall be abridged on account of religious belief or worship , nor shall any national religion be established , nor shall the full and equal rights of conscience be in any manner , or on any pretext , infringed . The people shall not be deprived or abridged of their right to speak , to write , or to publish their sentiments ; and the freedom of the press , as one of the great bulwarks of liberty , shall be inviolable . The people shall not be restrained from peaceably assembling and consulting for their common good ; nor from applying to the Legislature by petitions , or remonstrances , for redress of their grievances . This language was greatly condensed by Congress , and passed the House and Senate with almost no recorded debate , complicating future discussion of the Amendment 's intent . The First Amendment , along with the rest of the Bill of Rights , was submitted to the states for ratification on September 25 , 1789 , and adopted on December 15 , 1791 . Establishment of religion Main article : Establishment Clause Thomas Jefferson wrote with respect to the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch of the federal government in an 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptists ( a religious minority concerned about the dominant position of the Congregational church in Connecticut ) : Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between Man & his God , that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship , that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only , & not opinions , I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should `` make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof '' , thus building a wall of separation between Church & State . Adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience , I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights , convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties . In Reynolds v. United States ( 1878 ) the Supreme Court used these words to declare that `` it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured . Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere ( religious ) opinion , but was left free to reach ( only those religious ) actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order . '' Quoting from Jefferson 's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom the court stated further in Reynolds : In the preamble of this act ( ... ) religious freedom is defined ; and after a recital ' that to suffer the civil magistrate to intrude his powers into the field of opinion , and to restrain the profession or propagation of principles on supposition of their ill tendency , is a dangerous fallacy which at once destroys all religious liberty ' , it is declared ' that it is time enough for the rightful purposes of civil government for its officers to interfere ( only ) when ( religious ) principles break out into overt acts against peace and good order . ' In these two sentences is found the true distinction between what properly belongs to the church and what to the State . Originally , the First Amendment applied only to the federal government , and some states continued official state religions after ratification . Massachusetts , for example , was officially Congregational until the 1830s . In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court incorporated the Establishment Clause ( i.e. , made it apply against the states ) : The `` establishment of religion '' clause of the First Amendment means at least this : Neither a state nor the Federal Government can set up a church . Neither can pass laws which aid one religion , aid all religions , or prefer one religion to another ... in the words of Jefferson , the ( First Amendment ) clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect ' a wall of separation between church and State ' ... That wall must be kept high and impregnable . We could not approve the slightest breach . In Torcaso v. Watkins ( 1961 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution prohibits states and the federal government from requiring any kind of religious test for public office . In the Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) , The Court concluded that `` government should not prefer one religion to another , or religion to irreligion . '' In a series of cases in the first decade of the 2000s -- Van Orden v. Perry ( 2005 ) , McCreary County v. ACLU ( 2005 ) , and Salazar v. Buono ( 2010 ) -- the Court considered the issue of religious monuments on federal lands without reaching a majority reasoning on the subject . Separationists U.S. President Thomas Jefferson wrote in his correspondence of `` a wall of separation between church and State '' . Everson used the metaphor of a wall of separation between church and state , derived from the correspondence of President Thomas Jefferson . It had been long established in the decisions of the Supreme Court , beginning with Reynolds v. United States in 1879 , when the Court reviewed the history of the early Republic in deciding the extent of the liberties of Mormons . Chief Justice Morrison Waite , who consulted the historian George Bancroft , also discussed at some length the Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments by James Madison , who drafted the First Amendment ; Madison used the metaphor of a `` great barrier '' . In Everson , the Court adopted Jefferson 's words . The Court has affirmed it often , with majority , but not unanimous , support . Warren Nord , in Does God Make a Difference ? , characterized the general tendency of the dissents as a weaker reading of the First Amendment ; the dissents tend to be `` less concerned about the dangers of establishment and less concerned to protect free exercise rights , particularly of religious minorities . '' Beginning with Everson , which permitted New Jersey school boards to pay for transportation to parochial schools , the Court has used various tests to determine when the wall of separation has been breached . Everson laid down the test that establishment existed when aid was given to religion , but that the transportation was justifiable because the benefit to the children was more important . In the school prayer cases of the early 1960s , ( Engel v. Vitale and Abington School District v. Schempp ) , aid seemed irrelevant ; the Court ruled on the basis that a legitimate action both served a secular purpose and did not primarily assist religion . In Walz v. Tax Commission ( 1970 ) , the Court ruled that a legitimate action could not entangle government with religion ; in Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) , these points were combined into the Lemon test , declaring that an action was an establishment if : the statute ( or practice ) lacked a secular purpose ; its principal or primary effect advanced or inhibited religion ; or it fostered an excessive government entanglement with religion . The Lemon test has been criticized by justices and legal scholars , but it remains the predominant means by which the Court enforces the Establishment Clause . In Agostini v. Felton ( 1997 ) , the entanglement prong of the Lemon test was demoted to simply being a factor in determining the effect of the challenged statute or practice . In Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ( 2002 ) , the opinion of the Court considered secular purpose and the absence of primary effect ; a concurring opinion saw both cases as having treated entanglement as part of the primary purpose test . Further tests , such as the endorsement test and coercion test , have been developed to determine whether a government action violated the Establishment Clause . In Lemon the Court stated that the separation of church and state could never be absolute : `` Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state ; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense . Some relationship between government and religious organizations is inevitable '' , the court wrote . `` Judicial caveats against entanglement must recognize that the line of separation , far from being a ' wall ' , is a blurred , indistinct , and variable barrier depending on all the circumstances of a particular relationship . '' Accommodationists Accommodationists , in contrast , argue along with Justice William O. Douglas that `` ( w ) e are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being '' . This group holds that the Lemon test should be applied selectively . As such , for many conservatives , the Establishment Clause solely prevents the establishment of a state church , not public acknowledgements of God nor `` developing policies that encourage general religious beliefs that do not favor a particular sect and are consistent with the secular government 's goals . '' Free exercise of religion Main article : Free Exercise Clause `` Freedom of religion means freedom to hold an opinion or belief , but not to take action in violation of social duties or subversive to good order . '' In Reynolds v. United States ( 1878 ) , the Supreme Court found that while laws can not interfere with religious belief and opinions , laws can be made to regulate some religious practices ( e.g. , human sacrifices , and the Hindu practice of suttee ) . The Court stated that to rule otherwise , `` would be to make the professed doctrines of religious belief superior to the law of the land , and in effect permit every citizen to become a law unto himself . Government would exist only in name under such circumstances . '' In Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) , the Court held that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applied the Free Exercise Clause to the states . While the right to have religious beliefs is absolute , the freedom to act on such beliefs is not absolute . In Sherbert v. Verner ( 1963 ) , the Supreme Court required states to meet the `` strict scrutiny '' standard when refusing to accommodate religiously motivated conduct . This meant that a government needed to have a `` compelling interest '' regarding such a refusal . The case involved Adele Sherbert , who was denied unemployment benefits by South Carolina because she refused to work on Saturdays , something forbidden by her Seventh - day Adventist faith . In Wisconsin v. Yoder ( 1972 ) , the Court ruled that a law that `` unduly burdens the practice of religion '' without a compelling interest , even though it might be `` neutral on its face '' , would be unconstitutional . The need for a compelling governmental interest was narrowed in Employment Division v. Smith ( 1990 ) , which held no such interest was required under the Free Exercise Clause regarding a neutral law of general applicability that happens to affect a religious practice , as opposed to a law that targets a particular religious practice ( which does require a compelling governmental interest ) . In Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah ( 1993 ) , the Supreme Court ruled Hialeah had passed an ordinance banning ritual slaughter , a practice central to the Santería religion , while providing exceptions for some practices such as the kosher slaughter . Since the ordinance was not `` generally applicable '' , the Court ruled that it needed to have a compelling interest , which it failed to have , and so was declared unconstitutional . In 1993 , the Congress passed the Religious Freedom Restoration Act ( RFRA ) , seeking to restore the compelling interest requirement applied in Sherbert and Yoder . In City of Boerne v. Flores ( 1997 ) , the Court struck down the provisions of RFRA that forced state and local governments to provide protections exceeding those required by the First Amendment , on the grounds that while the Congress could enforce the Supreme Court 's interpretation of a constitutional right , the Congress could not impose its own interpretation on states and localities . According to the court 's ruling in Gonzales v. UDV ( 2006 ) , RFRA remains applicable to federal laws and so those laws must still have a `` compelling interest '' . Freedom of speech and of the press Inscription of the First Amendment ( December 15 , 1791 ) in front of Independence Hall in Philadelphia Main articles : Freedom of speech in the United States and United States free speech exceptions Wording of the Clause The First Amendment bars Congress from `` abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ... . '' U.S. Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens commented about this phraseology in a 1993 journal article : `` I emphasize the word ' the ' in the term ' the freedom of speech ' because the definite article suggests that the draftsmen intended to immunize a previously identified category or subset of speech . '' Stevens said that , otherwise , the clause might absurdly immunize things like false testimony under oath . Like Stevens , journalist Anthony Lewis wrote : `` The word ' the ' can be read to mean what was understood at the time to be included in the concept of free speech . '' But what was understood at the time is not 100 % clear . In the late 1790s , the lead author of the speech and press clauses , James Madison , argued against narrowing this freedom to what had existed under English common law : The practice in America must be entitled to much more respect . In every state , probably , in the Union , the press has exerted a freedom in canvassing the merits and measures of public men , of every description , which has not been confined to the strict limits of the common law . Madison wrote this in 1799 , when he was in a dispute about the constitutionality of the Alien and Sedition Laws , which was legislation enacted in 1798 by President John Adams ' Federalist Party to ban seditious libel . Madison believed that legislation to be unconstitutional , and his adversaries in that dispute , such as John Marshall , advocated the narrow freedom of speech that had existed in the English common law . Speech critical of the government The Supreme Court declined to rule on the constitutionality of any federal law regarding the Free Speech Clause until the 20th century . For example , the Supreme Court never ruled on the Alien and Sedition Acts ; three Supreme Court justices riding circuit presided over sedition trials without indicating any reservations . The leading critics of the law , Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison , argued for the Acts ' unconstitutionality based on the First Amendment and other Constitutional provisions . Jefferson succeeded Adams as president , in part due to the unpopularity of the latter 's sedition prosecutions ; he and his party quickly overturned the Acts and pardoned those imprisoned by them . In the majority opinion in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) , the Court noted the importance of this public debate as a precedent in First Amendment law and ruled that the Acts had been unconstitutional : `` Although the Sedition Act was never tested in this Court , the attack upon its validity has carried the day in the court of history . '' World War I During the patriotic fervor of World War I and the First Red Scare , the Espionage Act of 1917 imposed a maximum sentence of twenty years for anyone who caused or attempted to cause `` insubordination , disloyalty , mutiny , or refusal of duty in the military or naval forces of the United States '' . Specifically , the Espionage Act of 1917 states that if anyone allows any enemies to enter or fly over the United States and obtain information from a place connected with the national defense , they will be punished . Hundreds of prosecutions followed . In 1919 , the Supreme Court heard four appeals resulting from these cases : Schenck v. United States , Debs v. United States , Frohwerk v. United States , and Abrams v. United States . Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes formulated the clear and present danger test for free speech cases . In the first of these cases , Socialist Party of America official Charles Schenck had been convicted under the Espionage Act for publishing leaflets urging resistance to the draft . Schenck appealed , arguing that the Espionage Act violated the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment . In Schenck v. United States , the Supreme Court unanimously rejected Schenck 's appeal and affirmed his conviction . This conviction continued to be debated over whether Schenck went against the right to freedom of speech protected by the First Amendment . Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. , writing for the Court , explained that `` the question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent . '' One week later , in Frohwerk v. United States , the court again upheld an Espionage Act conviction , this time that of a journalist who had criticized U.S. involvement in foreign wars . In Debs v. United States , the Court elaborated on the `` clear and present danger '' test established in Schenck . On June 16 , 1918 , Eugene V. Debs , a political activist , delivered a speech in Canton , Ohio , in which he spoke of `` most loyal comrades were paying the penalty to the working class -- these being Wagenknecht , Baker and Ruthenberg , who had been convicted of aiding and abetting another in failing to register for the draft . '' Following his speech , Debs was charged and convicted under the Espionage Act . In upholding his conviction , the Court reasoned that although he had not spoken any words that posed a `` clear and present danger '' , taken in context , the speech had a `` natural tendency and a probable effect to obstruct the recruiting services '' . In Abrams v. United States , four Russian refugees appealed their conviction for throwing leaflets from a building in New York ; the leaflets argued against President Woodrow Wilson 's intervention in Russia against the October Revolution . The majority upheld their conviction , but Holmes and Justice Louis Brandeis dissented , holding that the government had demonstrated no `` clear and present danger '' in the four 's political advocacy . Extending protections Justice Louis Brandeis wrote several dissents in the 1920s upholding free speech claims . The Supreme Court denied a number of Free Speech Clause claims throughout the 1920s , including the appeal of a labor organizer , Benjamin Gitlow , who had been convicted after distributing a manifesto calling for a `` revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat '' . In Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) , the Court upheld the conviction , but a majority also found that the First Amendment applied to state laws as well as federal laws , via the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . Holmes and Brandeis dissented in several more cases in this decade , however , advancing the argument that the Free Speech Clause protected a far greater range of political speech than the Court had previously acknowledged . In Whitney v. California ( 1927 ) , in which Communist Party USA organizer Charlotte Anita Whitney had been arrested for `` criminal syndicalism '' , Brandeis wrote a dissent in which he argued for broader protections for political speech : Those who won our independence ... believed that freedom to think as you will and to speak as you think are means indispensable to the discovery and spread of political truth ; that without free speech and assembly discussion would be futile ; that with them , discussion affords ordinarily adequate protection against the dissemination of noxious doctrine ; that the greatest menace to freedom is an inert people ; that public discussion is a political duty ; and that this should be a fundamental principle of the American government . In Herndon v. Lowry ( 1937 ) , the Court heard the case of African American Communist Party organizer Angelo Herndon , who had been convicted under the Slave Insurrection Statute for advocating black rule in the southern United States . In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Court reversed Herndon 's conviction , holding that Georgia had failed to demonstrate that there was any `` clear and present danger '' in Herndon 's political advocacy . In 1940 , Congress enacted the Smith Act , making it illegal to advocate `` the propriety of overthrowing or destroying any government in the United States by force and violence '' . The statute provided law enforcement a tool to combat Communist leaders . After Eugene Dennis was convicted in the Foley Square trial for attempting to organize a Communist Party , he petitioned for certiorari , which the Supreme Court granted . In Dennis v. United States ( 1951 ) , the Court upheld the law , 6 -- 2 . Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson relied on Holmes ' `` clear and present danger '' test as adapted by Learned Hand : `` In each case ( courts ) must ask whether the gravity of the ' evil ' , discounted by its improbability , justifies such invasion of free speech as necessary to avoid the danger . '' Clearly , Vinson suggested , clear and present danger did not intimate `` that before the Government may act , it must wait until the putsch is about to be executed , the plans have been laid and the signal is awaited . '' In a concurring opinion , Justice Felix Frankfurter proposed a `` balancing test '' , which soon supplanted the `` clear and present danger '' test : The demands of free speech in a democratic society as well as the interest in national security are better served by candid and informed weighing of the competing interests , within the confines of the judicial process . In Yates v. United States ( 1957 ) , the Supreme Court limited the Smith Act prosecutions to `` advocacy of action '' rather than `` advocacy in the realm of ideas '' . Advocacy of abstract doctrine remained protected while speech explicitly inciting the forcible overthrow of the government was punishable under the Smith Act . During the Vietnam War , the Court 's position on public criticism of the government changed drastically . Though the Court upheld a law prohibiting the forgery , mutilation , or destruction of draft cards in United States v. O'Brien ( 1968 ) , fearing that burning draft cards would interfere with the `` smooth and efficient functioning '' of the draft system , the next year , the court handed down its decision in Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) , expressly overruling Whitney v. California . Now the Supreme Court referred to the right to speak openly of violent action and revolution in broad terms : ( Our ) decisions have fashioned the principle that the constitutional guarantees of free speech and free press do not allow a State to forbid or proscribe advocacy of the use of force or law violation except where such advocacy is directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action and is likely to incite or cause such action . Brandenburg discarded the `` clear and present danger '' test introduced in Schenck and further eroded Dennis . In Cohen v. California ( 1971 ) , the Court voted 5 -- 4 to reverse the conviction of a man wearing a jacket reading `` Fuck the Draft '' in the corridors of a Los Angeles County courthouse . Justice John Marshall Harlan II wrote in the majority opinion that Cohen 's jacket fell in the category of protected political speech despite the use of an expletive : `` one man 's vulgarity is another man 's lyric . '' Political speech Anonymous speech In Talley v. California ( 1960 ) , the Court struck down a Los Angeles city ordinance that made it a crime to distribute anonymous pamphlets . Justice Hugo Black wrote in the majority opinion : `` There can be no doubt that such an identification requirement would tend to restrict freedom to distribute information and thereby freedom of expression ... Anonymous pamphlets , leaflets , brochures and even books have played an important role in the progress of mankind . '' In McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission ( 1995 ) , the Court struck down an Ohio statute that made it a crime to distribute anonymous campaign literature . However , in Meese v. Keene ( 1987 ) , the Court upheld the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 , under which several Canadian films were defined as `` political propaganda '' , requiring their sponsors to be identified . Campaign finance Main article : Campaign finance reform in the United States U.S. Senator Mitch McConnell , plaintiff in McConnell v. Federal Election Commission In Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 ) , the Supreme Court reviewed the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 and related laws , which restricted the monetary contributions that may be made to political campaigns and expenditure by candidates . The Court affirmed the constitutionality of limits on campaign contributions , stating that they `` serve ( d ) the basic governmental interest in safeguarding the integrity of the electoral process without directly impinging upon the rights of individual citizens and candidates to engage in political debate and discussion . '' However , the Court overturned the spending limits , which it found imposed `` substantial restraints on the quantity of political speech . '' The court again scrutinized campaign finance regulation in McConnell v. Federal Election Commission ( 2003 ) . The case centered on the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 ( BCRA ) , a federal law that imposed new restrictions on campaign financing . The Supreme Court upheld provisions which barred the raising of soft money by national parties and the use of soft money by private organizations to fund certain advertisements related to elections . However , the Court struck down the `` choice of expenditure '' rule , which required that parties could either make coordinated expenditures for all its candidates , or permit candidates to spend independently , but not both , which the Court agreed `` placed an unconstitutional burden on the parties ' right to make unlimited independent expenditures . '' The Court also ruled that the provision preventing minors from making political contributions was unconstitutional , relying on Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District . In Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life , Inc. ( 2007 ) , the Court sustained an `` as applied '' challenge to BCRA , holding that issue ads may not be banned from the months preceding a primary or general election . In Davis v. Federal Election Commission ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court declared the `` Millionaire 's Amendment '' provisions of the BCRA to be unconstitutional . The Court held that easing BCRA restrictions for an opponent of a self - financing candidate spending at least $350,000 of his or her own money violated the freedom of speech of the self - financing candidate . In Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ( 2010 ) , the Court ruled that the BCRA 's federal restrictions on electoral advocacy by corporations or unions were unconstitutional for violating the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment . The Court overruled Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce ( 1990 ) , which had upheld a state law that prohibited corporations from using treasury funds to support or oppose candidates in elections did not violate the First or Fourteenth Amendments . The Court also overruled the portion of McConnell that upheld such restrictions under the BCRA . In other words , the ruling was considered to hold that `` political spending is a form of protected speech under the First Amendment '' . In McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission ( 2014 ) , the Court ruled that federal aggregate limits on how much a person can donate to candidates , political parties , and political action committees , combined respectively in a two - year period known as an `` election cycle , '' violated the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment . Flag desecration The divisive issue of flag desecration as a form of protest first came before the Supreme Court in Street v. New York ( 1969 ) . In response to hearing an erroneous report of the murder of civil rights activist James Meredith , Sidney Street burned a 48 - star U.S. flag . Street was arrested and charged with a New York state law making it a crime `` publicly ( to ) mutilate , deface , defile , or defy , trample upon , or cast contempt upon either by words or act ( any flag of the United States ) . '' In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Court , relying on Stromberg v. California ( 1931 ) , found that because the provision of the New York law criminalizing `` words '' against the flag was unconstitutional , and the trial did not sufficiently demonstrate that he was convicted solely under the provisions not yet deemed unconstitutional , the conviction was unconstitutional . The Court , however , `` resist ( ed ) the pulls to decide the constitutional issues involved in this case on a broader basis '' and left the constitutionality of flag - burning unaddressed . The ambiguity with regard to flag - burning statutes was eliminated in Texas v. Johnson ( 1989 ) . In that case , Gregory Lee Johnson burned an American flag at a demonstration during the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas , Texas . Charged with violating a Texas law prohibiting the vandalizing of venerated objects , Johnson was convicted , sentenced to one year in prison , and fined $2,000 . The Supreme Court reversed his conviction in a 5 -- 4 vote . Justice William J. Brennan , Jr. wrote in the decision that `` if there is a bedrock principle underlying the First Amendment , it is that government may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply because society finds the idea offensive or disagreeable . '' Congress then passed a federal law barring flag burning , but the Supreme Court struck it down as well in United States v. Eichman ( 1990 ) . A Flag Desecration Amendment to the U.S. Constitution has been proposed repeatedly in Congress since 1989 , and in 2006 failed to pass the Senate by a single vote . Falsifying military awards While the unauthorized wear or sale of the Medal of Honor has been a punishable offense under federal law since the early 20th century , the Stolen Valor Act criminalized the act of not only wearing , but also verbally claiming entitlement to military awards that a person did not in fact earn . In United States v. Alvarez ( 2012 ) , the Supreme Court struck down the Act , ruling that the First Amendment bars the government from punishing people for making false claims regarding military service or honors where the false claim was not `` made to effect a fraud or secure moneys or other valuable considerations . '' The decision was a 6 -- 3 ruling , but the six justices in the majority could not agree on a single rationale for it . Compelled speech Main article : Compelled speech The Supreme Court has determined that the First Amendment also protects citizens from being compelled to say or pay for certain speech . For example , in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that school children could not be punished for refusing either to say the pledge of allegiance or salute the American flag . Commercial speech Main article : Commercial speech Commercial speech is speech done on behalf of a company or individual for the purpose of making a profit . Unlike political speech , the Supreme Court does not afford commercial speech full protection under the First Amendment . To effectively distinguish commercial speech from other types of speech for purposes of litigation , the Court uses a list of four indicia : The contents do `` no more than propose a commercial transaction '' . The contents may be characterized as advertisements . The contents reference a specific product . The disseminator is economically motivated to distribute the speech . Alone , each indicium does not compel the conclusion that an instance of speech is commercial ; however , `` ( t ) he combination of all these characteristics ... provides strong support for ... the conclusion that the ( speech is ) properly characterized as commercial speech . '' In Valentine v. Chrestensen ( 1942 ) , the Court upheld a New York City ordinance forbidding the `` distribution in the streets of commercial and business advertising matter . '' Writing for a unanimous court , Justice Owen Roberts explained : This court has unequivocally held that streets are proper places for the exercise of the freedom of communicating information and disseminating opinion and that , though the states and municipalities may appropriately regulate the privilege in the public interest , they may not unduly burden or proscribe its employment in their public thoroughfares . We are equally clear that the Constitution imposes no such restraint on government as respects purely commercial advertising . In Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council ( 1976 ) , the Court overruled Valentine and ruled that commercial speech was entitled to First Amendment protection : What is at issue is whether a State may completely suppress the dissemination of concededly truthful information about entirely lawful activity , fearful of that information 's effect upon its disseminators and its recipients ... ( W ) e conclude that the answer to this one is in the negative . In Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association ( 1978 ) , the Court ruled that commercial speech was not protected by the First Amendment as much as other types of speech : We have not discarded the `` common - sense '' distinction between speech proposing a commercial transaction , which occurs in an area traditionally subject to government regulation , and other varieties of speech . To require a parity of constitutional protection for commercial and noncommercial speech alike could invite a dilution , simply by a leveling process , of the force of the ( First ) Amendment 's guarantee with respect to the latter kind of speech . In Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission ( 1980 ) , the Court clarified what analysis was required before the government could justify regulating commercial speech : Is the expression protected by the First Amendment ? Lawful ? Misleading ? Fraud ? Is the asserted government interest substantial ? Does the regulation directly advance the governmental interest asserted ? Is the regulation more extensive than is necessary to serve that interest ? Six years later , the U.S. Supreme Court , applying the Central Hudson standards in Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico ( 1986 ) , affirmed the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico 's conclusion that Puerto Rico 's Games of Chance Act of 1948 , including the regulations thereunder , was not facially unconstitutional . The lax interpretation of Central Hudson adopted by Posadas was soon restricted under 44 Liquormart , Inc. v. Rhode Island ( 1996 ) , when the Court invalidated a Rhode Island law prohibiting the publication of liquor prices . School speech Main article : School speech In Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District ( 1969 ) , the Supreme Court extended free speech rights to students in school . The case involved several students who were punished for wearing black armbands to protest the Vietnam War . The Court ruled that the school could not restrict symbolic speech that did not `` materially and substantially '' interrupt school activities . Justice Abe Fortas wrote : First Amendment rights , applied in light of the special characteristics of the school environment , are available to teachers and students . It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate ... ( S ) chools may not be enclaves of totalitarianism . School officials do not possess absolute authority over their students . Students ... are possessed of fundamental rights which the State must respect , just as they themselves must respect their obligations to the State . In Healy v. James ( 1972 ) , the Court ruled that Central Connecticut State College 's refusal to recognize a campus chapter of Students for a Democratic Society was unconstitutional , reaffirming Tinker . However , since 1969 the Court has also placed several limitations on Tinker interpretations . In Bethel School District v. Fraser ( 1986 ) , the Court ruled that a student could be punished for his sexual - innuendo - laced speech before a school assembly and , in Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier ( 1988 ) , the Court found that schools need not tolerate student speech that is inconsistent with their basic educational mission . In Morse v. Frederick ( 2007 ) , the Court ruled that schools could , consistent with the First Amendment , restrict student speech at school - sponsored events , even events away from school grounds , if students promote `` illegal drug use '' . Internet access In Packingham v. North Carolina ( 2017 ) , the Supreme Court held that a North Carolina law prohibiting registered sex offenders from accessing various websites impermissibly restricted lawful speech in violation of the First Amendment . The Court held that `` a fundamental principle of the First Amendment is that all persons have access to places where they can speak and listen , and then , after reflection , speak and listen once more . '' Obscenity Main article : United States obscenity law Justice Potter Stewart wrote that while he could not precisely define pornography , he `` ( knew ) it when ( he saw ) it . '' The federal government and the states have long been permitted to limit obscenity or pornography . While the Supreme Court has generally refused to give obscenity any protection under the First Amendment , pornography is subject to little regulation . However , the definitions of obscenity and pornography have changed over time . In Rosen v. United States ( 1896 ) , the Supreme Court adopted the same obscenity standard as had been articulated in a famous British case , Regina v. Hicklin ( 1868 ) . The Hicklin test defined material as obscene if it tended `` to deprave or corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences , and into whose hands a publication of this sort may fall '' . In the early twentieth century , literary works including An American Tragedy ( Theodore Dreiser , 1925 ) and Lady Chatterley 's Lover ( D.H. Lawrence , 1928 ) were banned for obscenity . In the federal district court case United States v. One Book Called Ulysses ( 1933 ) , Judge John M. Woolsey established a new standard to evaluate James Joyce 's novel Ulysses ( 1922 ) , stating that works must be considered in their entirety , rather than declared obscene on the basis of an individual part of the work . The Supreme Court ruled in Roth v. United States ( 1957 ) that the First Amendment did not protect obscenity . It also ruled that the Hicklin test was inappropriate ; instead , the Roth test for obscenity was `` whether to the average person , applying contemporary community standards , the dominant theme of the material , taken as a whole , appeals to the prurient interest '' . This definition proved hard to apply , however , and in the following decade , members of the Court often reviewed films individually in a court building screening room to determine if they should be considered obscene . Justice Potter Stewart , in Jacobellis v. Ohio ( 1964 ) , famously stated that , although he could not precisely define pornography , `` I know it when I see it '' . The Roth test was expanded when the Court decided Miller v. California ( 1973 ) . Under the Miller test , a work is obscene if : ( a ) ... ' the average person , applying contemporary community standards ' would find the work , as a whole , appeals to the prurient interest ... ( b ) ... the work depicts or describes , in a patently offensive way , sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law , and ( c ) ... the work , taken as a whole , lacks serious literary , artistic , political , or scientific value . Note that `` community '' standards -- not national standards -- are applied whether the material appeals to the prurient interest , leaving the question of obscenity to local authorities . Child pornography is not subject to the Miller test , as the Supreme Court decided in New York v. Ferber ( 1982 ) and Osborne v. Ohio ( 1990 ) , ruling that the government 's interest in protecting children from abuse was paramount . Personal possession of obscene material in the home may not be prohibited by law . In Stanley v. Georgia ( 1969 ) , the Court ruled that `` ( i ) f the First Amendment means anything , it means that a State has no business telling a man , sitting in his own house , what books he may read or what films he may watch . '' However , it is constitutionally permissible for the government to prevent the mailing or sale of obscene items , though they may be viewed only in private . Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition ( 2002 ) further upheld these rights by invalidating the Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 , holding that , because the act `` ( p ) rohibit ( ed ) child pornography that does not depict an actual child '' it was overly broad and unconstitutional under the First Amendment and that : First Amendment freedoms are most in danger when the government seeks to control thought or to justify its laws for that impermissible end . The right to think is the beginning of freedom , and speech must be protected from the government because speech is the beginning of thought . In United States v. Williams ( 2008 ) , the Court upheld the PROTECT Act of 2003 , ruling that prohibiting offers to provide and requests to obtain child pornography did not violate the First Amendment , even if a person charged under the Act did not possess child pornography . Memoirs of convicted criminals In some states , there are Son of Sam laws prohibiting convicted criminals from publishing memoirs for profit . These laws were a response to offers to David Berkowitz to write memoirs about the murders he committed . The Supreme Court struck down a law of this type in New York as a violation of the First Amendment in the case Simon & Schuster v. Crime Victims Board ( 1991 ) . That statute did not prohibit publication of a memoir by a convicted criminal . Instead , it provided that all profits from the book were to be put in escrow for a time . The interest from the escrow account was used to fund the New York State Crime Victims Board -- an organization that pays the medical and related bills of victims of crime . Similar laws in other states remain unchallenged . Defamation Main article : United States defamation law Justice William J. Brennan , Jr. wrote the landmark decision New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , requiring the demonstration of `` actual malice '' in libel suits against public figures . American tort liability for defamatory speech or publications traces its origins to English common law . For the first two hundred years of American jurisprudence , the basic substance of defamation law continued to resemble that existing in England at the time of the Revolution . An 1898 American legal textbook on defamation provides definitions of libel and slander nearly identical to those given by William Blackstone and Edward Coke . An action of slander required the following : Actionable words , such as those imputing the injured party : is guilty of some offense , suffers from a contagious disease or psychological disorder , is unfit for public office because of moral failings or an inability to discharge his or her duties , or lacks integrity in profession , trade or business ; That the charge must be false ; That the charge must be articulated to a third person , verbally or in writing ; That the words are not subject to legal protection , such as those uttered in Congress ; and That the charge must be motivated by malice . An action of libel required the same five general points as slander , except that it specifically involved the publication of defamatory statements . For certain criminal charges of libel , such as seditious libel , the truth or falsity of the statements was immaterial , as such laws were intended to maintain public support of the government and true statements could damage this support even more than false ones . Instead , libel placed specific emphasis on the result of the publication . Libelous publications tended to `` degrade and injure another person '' or `` bring him into contempt , hatred or ridicule '' . Concerns that defamation under common law might be incompatible with the new republican form of government caused early American courts to struggle between William Blackstone 's argument that the punishment of `` dangerous or offensive writings ... ( was ) necessary for the preservation of peace and good order , of government and religion , the only solid foundations of civil liberty '' and the argument that the need for a free press guaranteed by the Constitution outweighed the fear of what might be written . Consequently , very few changes were made in the first two centuries after the ratification of the First Amendment . The Supreme Court 's ruling in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) fundamentally changed American defamation law . The case redefined the type of `` malice '' needed to sustain a libel case . Common law malice consisted of `` ill - will '' or `` wickedness '' . Now , a public officials seeking to sustain a civil action against a tortfeasor needed to prove by `` clear and convincing evidence '' that there was actual malice . The case involved an advertisement published in The New York Times indicating that officials in Montgomery , Alabama had acted violently in suppressing the protests of African - Americans during the civil rights movement . The Montgomery Police Commissioner , L.B. Sullivan , sued the Times for libel , stating that the advertisement damaged his reputation . The Supreme Court unanimously reversed the $500,000 judgment against the Times . Justice Brennan suggested that public officials may sue for libel only if the publisher published the statements in question with `` actual malice '' -- `` knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not . '' In sum , the court held that `` the First Amendment protects the publication of all statements , even false ones , about the conduct of public officials except when statements are made with actual malice ( with knowledge that they are false or in reckless disregard of their truth or falsity ) . '' While actual malice standard applies to public officials and public figures , in Philadelphia Newspapers v. Hepps ( 1988 ) , the Court found that , with regard to private individuals , the First Amendment does `` not necessarily force any change in at least some features of the common - law landscape . '' In Dun & Bradstreet , Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders , Inc. ( 1985 ) the Court ruled that `` actual malice '' need not be shown in cases involving private individuals , holding that `` ( i ) n light of the reduced constitutional value of speech involving no matters of public concern ... the state interest adequately supports awards of presumed and punitive damages -- even absent a showing of ' actual malice . ' '' In Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. ( 1974 ) , the Court ruled that a private individual had to prove actual malice only to be awarded punitive damages , but not to seek actual damages . In Hustler Magazine v. Falwell ( 1988 ) , the Court extended the `` actual malice '' standard to intentional infliction of emotional distress in a ruling which protected parody , in this case a fake advertisement in Hustler suggesting that evangelist Jerry Falwell 's first sexual experience had been with his mother in an outhouse . Since Falwell was a public figure , the Court ruled that `` importance of the free flow of ideas and opinions on matters of public interest and concern '' was the paramount concern , and reversed the judgement Falwell had won against Hustler for emotional distress . In Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. ( 1990 ) , the Court ruled that the First Amendment offers no wholesale exception to defamation law for statements labeled `` opinion '' , but instead that a statement must be provably false ( falsifiable ) before it can be the subject of a libel suit . Nonetheless , it has been argued that Milkovich and other cases effectively provide for an opinion privilege . In consequence a significant number of states have enacted state opinion privilege laws . Private action State constitutions provide free speech protections similar to those of the U.S. Constitution . In a few states , such as California , a state constitution has been interpreted as providing more comprehensive protections than the First Amendment . The Supreme Court has permitted states to extend such enhanced protections , most notably in Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins . In that case , the Court unanimously ruled that while the First Amendment may allow private property owners to prohibit trespass by political speakers and petition - gatherers , California was permitted to restrict property owners whose property is equivalent to a traditional public forum ( often shopping malls and grocery stores ) from enforcing their private property rights to exclude such individuals . However , the Court did maintain that shopping centers could impose `` reasonable restrictions on expressive activity '' . Subsequently , New Jersey , Colorado , Massachusetts and Puerto Rico courts have adopted the doctrine ; California 's courts have repeatedly reaffirmed it . Freedom of the press Main article : Freedom of the press in the United States The free speech and free press clauses have been interpreted as providing the same protection to speakers as to writers , except for wireless broadcasting which has been given less constitutional protection . The Free Press Clause protects the right of individuals to express themselves through publication and dissemination of information , ideas and opinions without interference , constraint or prosecution by the government . This right was described in Branzburg v. Hayes as `` a fundamental personal right '' that is not confined to newspapers and periodicals . In Lovell v. City of Griffin ( 1938 ) , Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes defined `` press '' as `` every sort of publication which affords a vehicle of information and opinion '' . This right has been extended to media including newspapers , books , plays , movies , and video games . While it is an open question whether people who blog or use social media are journalists entitled to protection by media shield laws , they are protected equally by the Free Speech Clause and the Free Press Clause , because both clauses do not distinguish between media businesses and nonprofessional speakers . This is further shown by the Supreme Court consistently refusing to recognize the First Amendment as providing greater protection to the institutional media than to other speakers . For example , in a case involving campaign finance laws the Court rejected the `` suggestion that communication by corporate members of the institutional press is entitled to greater constitutional protection than the same communication by '' non-institutional - press businesses . A landmark decision for press freedom came in Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) , in which the Supreme Court rejected prior restraint ( pre-publication censorship ) . In this case , the Minnesota legislature passed a statute allowing courts to shut down `` malicious , scandalous and defamatory newspapers '' , allowing a defense of truth only in cases where the truth had been told `` with good motives and for justifiable ends '' . In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Court applied the Free Press Clause to the states , rejecting the statute as unconstitutional . Hughes quoted Madison in the majority decision , writing , `` The impairment of the fundamental security of life and property by criminal alliances and official neglect emphasizes the primary need of a vigilant and courageous press '' . The leak of the Pentagon Papers by Daniel Ellsberg ( pictured here in 2006 ) led to New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 ) , a landmark press freedom decision . However , Near also noted an exception , allowing prior restraint in cases such as `` publication of sailing dates of transports or the number or location of troops '' . This exception was a key point in another landmark case four decades later : New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 ) , in which the administration of President Richard Nixon sought to ban the publication of the Pentagon Papers , classified government documents about the Vietnam War secretly copied by analyst Daniel Ellsberg . The Court found , 6 -- 3 , that the Nixon administration had not met the heavy burden of proof required for prior restraint . Justice Brennan , drawing on Near in a concurrent opinion , wrote that `` only governmental allegation and proof that publication must inevitably , directly , and immediately cause the occurrence of an evil kindred to imperiling the safety of a transport already at sea can support even the issuance of an interim restraining order . '' Justices Black and Douglas went still further , writing that prior restraints were never justified . The courts have rarely treated content - based regulation of journalism with any sympathy . In Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo ( 1974 ) , the Court unanimously struck down a state law requiring newspapers criticizing political candidates to publish their responses . The state claimed that the law had been passed to ensure journalistic responsibility . The Supreme Court found that freedom , but not responsibility , is mandated by the First Amendment and so it ruled that the government may not force newspapers to publish that which they do not desire to publish . Content - based regulation of television and radio , however , have been sustained by the Supreme Court in various cases . Since there is a limited number of frequencies for non-cable television and radio stations , the government licenses them to various companies . However , the Supreme Court has ruled that the problem of scarcity does not allow the raising of a First Amendment issue . The government may restrain broadcasters , but only on a content - neutral basis . In Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation , the Supreme Court upheld the Federal Communications Commission 's authority to restrict the use of `` indecent '' material in broadcasting . State governments retain the right to tax newspapers , just as they may tax other commercial products . Generally , however , taxes that focus exclusively on newspapers have been found unconstitutional . In Grosjean v. American Press Co. ( 1936 ) , the Court invalidated a state tax on newspaper advertising revenues , holding that the role of the press in creating `` informed public opinion '' was vital . Similarly , some taxes that give preferential treatment to the press have been struck down . In Arkansas Writers ' Project v. Ragland ( 1987 ) , for instance , the Court invalidated an Arkansas law exempting `` religious , professional , trade and sports journals '' from taxation since the law amounted to the regulation of newspaper content . In Leathers v. Medlock ( 1991 ) , the Supreme Court found that states may treat different types of the media differently , such as by taxing cable television , but not newspapers . The Court found that `` differential taxation of speakers , even members of the press , does not implicate the First Amendment unless the tax is directed at , or presents the danger of suppressing , particular ideas . '' In Branzburg v. Hayes ( 1972 ) , the Court ruled that the First Amendment did not give a journalist the right to refuse a subpoena from a grand jury . The issue decided in the case was whether a journalist could refuse to `` appear and testify before state and Federal grand juries '' basing the refusal on the belief that such appearance and testimony `` abridges the freedom of speech and press guaranteed by the First Amendment '' . The 5 -- 4 decision was that such a protection was not provided by the First Amendment . However , a concurring opinion by Justice Lewis F. Powell , in which he stated that a claim for press privilege `` should be judged on its facts by the striking of a proper balance between freedom of the press and the obligation of all citizens to give relevant testimony with respect to criminal conduct . The balance of these vital constitutional and societal interests on a case - by - case basis accords with the tried and traditional way of adjudicating such questions . '' , has been frequently cited by lower courts since the decision . Petition and assembly Main articles : Right to petition in the United States and Freedom of assembly Chief Justice Morrison Waite ruled in United States v. Cruikshank ( 1875 ) that the right of assembly was a secondary right to the right to petition . The Petition Clause protects the right `` to petition the government for a redress of grievances '' . This includes the right to communicate with government officials , lobbying government officials and petitioning the courts by filing lawsuits with a legal basis . The Petition Clause first came to prominence in the 1830s , when Congress established the gag rule barring anti-slavery petitions from being heard ; the rule was overturned by Congress several years later . Petitions against the Espionage Act of 1917 resulted in imprisonments . The Supreme Court did not rule on either issue . In California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited , 404 U.S. 508 ( 1972 ) , the Supreme Court stated that the right to petition encompass `` the approach of citizens or groups of them to administrative agencies ( which are both creatures of the legislature , and arms of the executive ) and to courts , the third branch of Government . Certainly the right to petition extends to all departments of the Government . The right of access to the courts is indeed but one aspect of the right of petition . '' Today thus this right encompasses petitions to all three branches of the federal government -- the Congress , the executive and the judiciary -- and has been extended to the states through incorporation . According to the Supreme Court , `` redress of grievances '' is to be construed broadly : it includes not solely appeals by the public to the government for the redressing of a grievance in the traditional sense , but also , petitions on behalf of private interests seeking personal gain . The right not only protects demands for `` a redress of grievances '' but also demands for government action . The petition clause includes according to the Supreme Court the opportunity to institute non-frivolous lawsuits and mobilize popular support to change existing laws in a peaceful manner . In Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri ( 2011 ) , the Supreme Court stated regarding the Free Speech Clause and the Petition Clause : It is not necessary to say that the two Clauses are identical in their mandate or their purpose and effect to acknowledge that the rights of speech and petition share substantial common ground ... Both speech and petition are integral to the democratic process , although not necessarily in the same way . The right to petition allows citizens to express their ideas , hopes , and concerns to their government and their elected representatives , whereas the right to speak fosters the public exchange of ideas that is integral to deliberative democracy as well as to the whole realm of ideas and human affairs . Beyond the political sphere , both speech and petition advance personal expression , although the right to petition is generally concerned with expression directed to the government seeking redress of a grievance . The right of assembly was originally distinguished from the right to petition . In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1875 ) , the Supreme Court held that `` the right of the people peaceably to assemble for the purpose of petitioning Congress for a redress of grievances , or for anything else connected with the powers or duties of the National Government , is an attribute of national citizenship , and , as such , under protection of , and guaranteed by , the United States . The very idea of a government , republican in form , implies a right on the part of its citizens to meet peaceably for consultation in respect to public affairs and to petition for a redress of grievances . '' Justice Morrison Waite 's opinion for the Court carefully distinguished the right to peaceably assemble as a secondary right , while the right to petition was labeled to be a primary right . Later cases , however , paid less attention to these distinctions . In two 1960s decisions collectively known as forming the Noerr - Pennington doctrine , the Court established that the right to petition prohibited the application of antitrust law to statements made by private entities before public bodies : a monopolist may freely go before the city council and encourage the denial of its competitor 's building permit without being subject to Sherman Act liability . Freedom of Association Further information : Freedom of association § United States Constitution Although the First Amendment does not explicitly mention freedom of association , the Supreme Court ruled , in National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama ( 1958 ) , that this freedom was protected by the Amendment and that privacy of membership was an essential part of this freedom . The U.S. Supreme Court decided in Roberts v. United States Jaycees ( 1984 ) that `` implicit in the right to engage in activities protected by the First Amendment '' is `` a corresponding right to associate with others in pursuit of a wide variety of political , social , economic , educational , religious , and cultural ends '' . In Roberts the Court held that associations may not exclude people for reasons unrelated to the group 's expression , such as gender . However , in Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , and Bisexual Group of Boston ( 1995 ) , the Court ruled that a group may exclude people from membership if their presence would affect the group 's ability to advocate a particular point of view . Likewise , in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale ( 2000 ) , the Court ruled that a New Jersey law , which forced the Boy Scouts of America to admit an openly gay member , to be an unconstitutional abridgment of the Boy Scouts ' right to free association . See also Censorship in the United States Freedom of thought Free speech zones Government speech List of amendments to the United States Constitution List of United States Supreme Court cases involving the First Amendment Marketplace of ideas Military expression Photography is Not a Crime Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom References Notes Jump up ^ Justice Tom C. Clark did not participate because he had ordered the prosecutions when he was Attorney General . Jump up ^ Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight , Inc ( 1961 ) and United Mine Workers v. Pennington ( 1965 ) Citations Jump up ^ `` First Amendment '' . Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Beeman 2009 , pp. 341 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Haynes , Charles , et al . The First Amendment in Schools : A Guide from the First Amendment Center , p. 13 ( Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development , 2003 ) . Madison also proposed a similar limitation upon the states , which was completely rejected : `` No State shall violate the equal rights of conscience , or the freedom of the press , or the trial by jury in criminal cases . '' Madison , James . `` House of Representatives , Amendments to the Constitution '' ( June 8 , 1789 ) via The Founders ' Constitution . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights '' . National Archives . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The New United States of America Adopted the Bill of Rights : December 15 , 1791 '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson 's Letter to the Danbury Baptists -- The Final Letter , as Sent on January 1 , 1802 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eugene Volokh . `` First Amendment '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniel L. Driesbach , Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation between Church and State NYU Press 2002 , unpaginated . Jump up ^ Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet , 512 U.S. 687 ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Grumet , at 703 ^ Jump up to : `` Borough of Duryea , Pennsylvania , et al. , Petitioners v. Charles J. Guarnieri '' . Legal Information Institute , Cornell University Law School . 20 June 2011 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` In the words of ( Thomas ) Jefferson , the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect `` a wall of separation between church and State . '' from the Everson decision Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 20 June 1785 ) . `` Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious AssessmentsPapers '' . The Founders ' Constitution . University of Chicago Press . pp. 8 : 298 -- 304 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Edward Mannino : Shaping America : the Supreme Court and American society , University of South Carolina Press , 2000 ; p. 149 ; Daniel L. Driesbach , Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation between Church and State NYU Press 2002 , unpaginated ; Chap. 7 . Jump up ^ Warren A. Nord , Does God Make a Difference ? , Oxford University Press , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpts From Ruling on Use of Education Money '' . The New York Times . June 11 , 1998 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kritzer , H.M. ; Richards , M.J. ( 2003 ) . `` Jurisprudential Regimes and Supreme Court Decisionmaking : The Lemon Regime and Establishment Clause Cases '' . Law & Society Review . 37 : 827 -- 40 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 0023 - 9216.2003. 03704005. x . Jump up ^ Freedom of Religion Jump up ^ For the Endorsement test see Lynch v. Donnelly , 465 U.S. 668 ( 1984 ) . Jump up ^ For the coercion test see Lee v. Weisman , 505 U.S. 577 ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 ( 1971 ) ^ Jump up to : David Shultz . Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court . Infobase Publishing . p. 144 . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . Accommodationists , on the other hand , read the establishment clause as prohibiting Congress from declaring a national religion or preferring one to another , but laws do not have to be shorn of morality and history to be declared constitutional . They apply Lemon only selectively because `` ( w ) e are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being '' as Justice Douglas wrote in Zorach v. Clauson 343 U.S. 306 ( 1952 ) . Jump up ^ Warren A. Nord . Does God Make a Difference ? . Oxford University Press . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . First Amendment Politics : At the risk of oversimplifying a very complicated situation , I suggest that conservative justices tend to favor a weak reading of both the Free Exercise and Establishment clause , while liberals tend to favor strong readings . That is , conservative justices have been less concerned about the dangers of establishment and less concerned to protect free exercise rights , particularly of religious minorities . Liberals , by contrast , have been opposed to any possibility of a religious establishment and they have been relatively more concerned to protect the free exercise rights of minorities . Jump up ^ Robert Devigne . Recasting Conservatism : Oakeshott , Strauss , and the Response to Postmodernism . Yale University Press . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . Conservatives claim that liberals misinterpret the establishment and free exercise clauses of the First Amendment . They point to the opinion written for the Supreme Court by Hugo Black in Everson v. Board of Education : `` The ' establishment of religion ' clause of the First Amendment means at least this : neither a state nor a Federal government can set up a church . Neither can pass laws which aid one religion , aid all religions or prefer one religion over another . '' The establishment clause , conservatives insist , precludes the national state from promoting any religious denomination but does not prohibit state governments and local communities from developing policies that encourage general religious beliefs that do not favor a particular sect and are consistent with the secular government 's goals . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Cases : Reynolds v. United States , 1879 '' . PHSchool.com . Pearson Prentice Hall . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reynolds v. United States -- 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) '' . Justia US Supreme Court Center . Jump up ^ `` Cantwell v. Connecticut -- 310 U.S. 296 ( 1940 ) '' . Justia US Supreme Court Center . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sherbert v. Verner , 374 U.S. 398 ( 1963 ) Jump up ^ Richard E. Morgan ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Sherbert v. Verner 374 U.S. 398 ( 1963 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wisconsin v. Yoder , 406 U.S. 205 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Richard E. Morgan ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Wisconsin v. Yoder 406 U.S. 205 ( 1972 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Employment Division v. Smith , 494 U.S. 872 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ John G. West , Jr . ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Employment Division , Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith 484 U.S. 872 ( 1990 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah , 508 U.S. 520 ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ `` Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye , Inc. v. City of Hialeah 1993 '' . Supreme Court Drama : Cases that Changed America . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2001 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ City of Boerne v. Flores , 521 U.S. 507 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Steven A. Engel ( October 1 , 1999 ) . `` The McCulloch theory of the Fourteenth Amendment : City of Boerne v. Flores and the original understanding of section 5 '' . The Yale Law Journal . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonzales v. UDV , 546 U.S. 418 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Freedom of Religion '' . American Law Yearkbook . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2006 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stevens , John Paul . `` The Freedom of Speech '' , Yale Law Journal , Vol. 102 , p. 1296 ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : Dry , Murray . Civil Peace and the Quest for Truth : The First Amendment Freedoms in Political Philosophy and American Constitutionalism , pp. 68 -- 70 ( Lexington Books 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , 376 U.S. 254 ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Sullivan , at 276 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ `` Espionage Act , 1917 '' . National Archives . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Abrams 2006 , pp. 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Schenck v. United States , 249 U.S. 47 ( 1919 ) Jump up ^ Stone , Geoffrey ( 2004 ) . Perilous Times : Free Speech in Wartime From the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism . W.W. Norton and Company . ISBN 0393058808 . Jump up ^ Schenck , at 52 ^ Jump up to : Jasper 1999 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Debs v. United States , 249 U.S. 211 ( 1919 ) Jump up ^ Debs , at 213 Jump up ^ Debs , at 216 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Whitney v. California , 274 U.S. 357 ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 2385 Jump up ^ Dennis , at 497 Jump up ^ Dennis v. United States 341 U.S. 494 ( 1951 ) ^ Jump up to : Jasper 1999 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Dennis , at 510 Jump up ^ Dennis , at 509 Jump up ^ Yates v. United States , 354 U.S. 298 ( 1957 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ United States v. O'Brien , 391 U.S. 367 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ 50a U.S.C. § 462 Jump up ^ O'Brien , at 379 Jump up ^ Brandenburg v. Ohio , 395 U.S. 444 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Brandenburg , at 447 Jump up ^ Brandenburg , at 450 -- 1 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Cohen v. California , 403 U.S. 15 ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Talley v. California , 362 U.S. 60 ( 1960 ) Jump up ^ Chiger , Stephen J. ( June 1 , 2002 ) . `` Cybersmear : telecommunication 's 200 - year - old riddle '' . Communications and the Law . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission , 514 U.S. 334 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan ( October 13 , 1994 ) . `` Court Hears Case on Unsigned Leaflets '' . The Washington Post . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Meese v. Keene , 481 U.S. 465 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Kamen , Al ( April 29 , 1987 ) . `` Court Upholds Government Labeling Certain Foreign Films ` Propaganda ' '' . The Washington Post . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Buckley v. Valeo , 424 U.S. 1 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Buckley , at 58 Jump up ^ Buckley , at 39 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 177 -- 78 . Jump up ^ McConnell v. Federal Election Commission , 540 U.S. 93 ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ McConnell , at 213 Jump up ^ Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life , Inc. , 551 U.S. 449 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Davis v. Federal Election Commission , 554 U.S. 724 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Samuel Gedge ( June 22 , 2009 ) . `` ' Wholly foreign to the First Amendment ' : the demise of campaign finance 's equalizing rationale in Davis v. Federal Election Commission '' . Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission , 558 U.S. ___ ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce , 494 U.S. 652 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ See Part III of the Opinion of the Court in Citizens United Jump up ^ `` Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission '' , SCOTUSblog , n.d. Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission , 572 U.S. ___ ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Howe , Amy ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Divided Court strikes down campaign contribution caps : In Plain English '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Street v. New York , 394 U.S. 576 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Street , 394 U.S. 576 , 578 ( 1969 ) ( quoting the New York Penal Law , § 1425 , subd. 16 ) Jump up ^ Stromberg v. California , 283 U.S. 359 ( 1931 ) Jump up ^ Street , at 581 Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Texas v. Johnson , 491 U.S. 397 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Johnson , at 414 Jump up ^ United States v. Eichman , 496 U.S. 310 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Hulse , Carl ; Holusha , John ( June 27 , 2006 ) . `` Amendment on Flag Burning Fails by One Vote in the Senate '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ See Notes to 18 U.S.C. § 704 , citing 42 Stat. 1286 . Retrieved on June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 103 - 322 , The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 , § 320109 ( p. 318 of the PDF version ) . Retrieved on June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Crewdson , John ( May 27 , 2008 ) . `` Fake claims of war heroics a federal offense '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ United States v. Alverez , 132 S. Ct. 2537 ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products , 463 U.S. 60 ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Bolger , at 67 Jump up ^ Valentine v. Chrestensen , 316 U.S. 52 ( 1942 ) Jump up ^ Valentine , at 53 Jump up ^ Valentine , at 54 Jump up ^ Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council , 425 U.S. 748 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Virginia State Pharmacy Board at 773 Jump up ^ Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association , 436 U.S. 447 ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Ohralik , at 455 Jump up ^ Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission , 447 U.S. 557 ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico , 478 U.S. 328 ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ 44 Liquormart , Inc. v. Rhode Island , 517 U.S. 484 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District , 393 U.S. 503 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ `` Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District '' . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Bethel School District v. Fraser , 478 U.S. 675 ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier , 484 U.S. 260 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , pp. 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Morse v. Frederick , 551 U.S. 393 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Kozlowski , Dan V. ; Bullard , Melissa E. ; Deets , Kristen ( April 1 , 2009 ) . `` Uncertain Rights : Student Speech and Conflicting Interpretations of Morse v. Frederick '' . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Packingham v. North Carolina '' ( PDF ) . Supremecourt.gov . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Regina v. Hicklin , ( 1868 ) L.R. 3 Q.B. 360 Jump up ^ Rosen , at 43 ^ Jump up to : `` Obscenity '' . Legal Information Institute , Cornell University Law School . August 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roth v. United States , 354 U.S. 476 ( 1957 ) Jump up ^ Roth , at 489 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 135 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Jacobellis v. Ohio , 378 U.S. 184 ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Jacobellis , at 197 Jump up ^ Peter Lattman ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` The Origins of Justice Stewart 's ' I Know It When I See It ' '' . Wall Street Journal . LawBlog at The Wall Street Journal Online . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller v. California , 413 U.S. 15 ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Miller , at 39 Jump up ^ New York v. Ferber , 458 U.S. 747 ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Osborne v. Ohio , 495 U.S. 103 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Ferber , at 761 Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Stanley v. Georgia , 394 U.S. 557 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Stanley , at 565 Jump up ^ Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition , 535 U.S. 234 ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Free Speech Coalition , at 240 Jump up ^ Free Speech Coalition , at 253 Jump up ^ United States v. Williams , 553 U.S. 285 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Opinion of the Court in Williams Jump up ^ Craig King ( June 1 , 2009 ) . `` Protecting children speech that crosses the line '' . The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Madeleine Brand ( July 22 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Julie Hilden discusses laws and ethics surrounding the intellectual property rights of prisoners '' . NPR -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Simon & Schuster v. Crime Victims Board , 502 U.S. 105 ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ `` Simon & Schuster v. Members of the New York State Crime Victims Board 1991 '' . Supreme Court Drama : Cases That Changed America . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . 2001 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newell 1898 , pp. 37 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Newell 1898 , pp. 33 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson 1994 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Sullivan at 280 Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times v. Sullivan '' . The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago - Kent College of Law . The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago - Kent College of Law . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Westmoreland v. CBS , 596 F. Supp. 363 ( S.D.N.Y. 1984 ) Jump up ^ Philadelphia Newspapers v. Hepps , 475 U.S. 767 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Hepps at 775 Jump up ^ Dun & Bradstreet , Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders , Inc. 472 U.S. 749 ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ Greenmoss at 761 Jump up ^ `` Dun & Bradstreet , Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders , Inc. 472 U.S. 749 ( 1985 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. 418 U.S. 323 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Leonard W. Levy ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc . '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hustler Magazine v. Falwell , 485 U.S. 46 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ `` Hustler Magazine v. Falwell 1988 '' . Supreme Court Drama : Cases that Changed America . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2001 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. , 497 U.S. 1 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ `` Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. 497 U.S. 1 ( 1990 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Esward M. Sussman , Milkovich revisited : `` Saving '' the Opinion Privilege , Duke Law Journal , pp. 415 -- 48 Jump up ^ Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins , 447 U.S. 74 ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Gregory C. Sisk ( January 1 , 2009 ) . `` Returning to the PruneYard : the unconstitutionality of state - sanctioned trespass in the name of speech '' . Harvard Journal of Law and Public Property . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pruneyard , at 94 Jump up ^ Mulligan , Josh ( 2004 ) . `` Finding A Forum in the Simulated City : Mega Malls , Gated Towns , and the Promise of Pruneyard '' . Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy . 13 : 533 , 557 . ISSN 1069 - 0565 . Jump up ^ Empresas Puertorriqueñas de Desarrollo , Inc. v. Hermandad Independiente de Empleados Telefónicos , 150 D.P.R. 924 ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Golden Gateway Ctr . v. Golden Gateway Tenants Ass'n , 26 Cal . 4th 1013 ( 2001 ) ; Costco Companies , Inc. v. Gallant , 96 Cal . App . 4th 740 ( 2002 ) ; Fashion Valley Mall , LLC , v. National Labor Relations Board , 42 Cal . 4th 850 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution , p. 409 ( Forte and Spalding , eds. , The Heritage Foundation 2014 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` First Amendment : An Overview '' . Wex Legal Dictionary / Encyclopedia . Legal Information Institute of the Cornell University . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McConnell , Michael W. ( November 2013 ) . `` Reconsidering Citizens United as a Press Clause Case '' . The Yale Law Journal . 123 2013 - 2014 ( 2 November 2013 Pages 266 -- 529 ) . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Jump up ^ 408 U.S. 665 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Lovell v. City of Griffin , 303 U.S. 444 ( 1938 ) Jump up ^ Lovell , at 452 Jump up ^ Adam Liptak ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Justices Reject Ban on Violent Video Games for Children '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mataconis , Doug ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` Bloggers , Media Shield Laws , And The First Amendment '' . Outside The Beltway . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eugene Volokh ( Gary T. Schwartz Professor of Law at Los Angeles School of Law of the University of California . `` The American Heritage Foundation 's Guide to the Constitution : Freedom of Speech and of the Press '' . The American Heritage Foundation . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eugene Volokh ( 8 January 2014 ) . `` First Amendment ( United States Constitution ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ See Bartnicki v. Vopper , 532 U.S. 514 ( 2001 ) where the U.S. Supreme Court `` draw no distinction between the media respondents and '' a non-institutional respondent . Jump up ^ See Cohen v. Cowles Media Co. , 501 U.S. 663 ( 1991 ) where the U.S. Supreme Court held that the press gets no special immunity from laws that apply to others , including those -- such as copyright law -- that target communication . Jump up ^ See also Henry v. Collins , 380 U.S. 356 , 357 ( 1965 ) ( per curiam ) ( applying Sullivan standard to a statement by an arrestee ) ; Garrison v. Louisiana , 379 U.S. 64 , 67 -- 68 ( 1964 ) ( applying Sullivan standard to statements by an elected district attorney ) ; New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , 376 U.S. at 286 ( applying identical First Amendment protection to a newspaper defendant and individual defendants ) . Jump up ^ First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti , 435 U.S. 765 ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Near v. Minnesota , 283 U.S. 697 ( 1931 ) Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ New York Times Co. v. United States , 403 U.S. 713 ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ Frederick Schauer ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` New York Times Co. v. United States 403 U.S. 713 ( 1971 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo , 418 U.S. 241 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Dennis Hevesi ( February 2 , 2010 ) . `` Dan Paul , 85 , leading lawyer for press freedom '' . The Boston Globe . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation , 438 U.S. 726 ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Grosjean v. American Press Co. 297 U.S. 233 ( 1936 ) Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Arkansas Writers ' Project v. Ragland , 481 U.S. 221 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Leathers v. Medlock , 499 U.S. 439 ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Leathers , at 453 Jump up ^ Branzburg v. Hayes , 408 U.S. 665 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Branzburg , 667 Jump up ^ `` Branzburg v. Hayes 408 U.S. 665 ( 1972 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rights of Assembly & Petition -- First Amendment U.S. Constitution -- Findlaw '' . findlaw.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions -- Petition '' . First Amendment Center . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight , Inc. , 365 U.S. 127 ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri , 131 S. Ct. 2488 ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 ( 1875 ) Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 552 Jump up ^ William Cooney ( January 1 , 2003 ) . `` Competition and the Noerr - Pennington doctrine : When should political activity be barred under European community competition law ? '' . The George Washington International Law Review . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama , 357 U.S. 449 ( 1958 ) Jump up ^ Wayne Batchis , Citizens United and the Paradox of `` Corporate Speech '' : From Freedom of Association to Freedom of The Association , 36 N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Soc . Change 5 Archived May 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ `` National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama 1958 '' . Supreme Court Drama : Cases That Changed America . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts v. United States Jaycees , 468 U.S. 609 ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Shiffrin , Seana Valentine ( January 1 , 2005 ) . `` What is Really Wrong with Compelled Association ? '' . Northwestern University Law Review . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , and Bisexual Group of Boston , 515 U.S. 557 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ `` Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , And Bisexual Group of Boston 515 U.S. 557 ( 1995 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boy Scouts of America v. Dale , 530 U.S. 640 ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` Boy Scouts of America v. Dale '' . Gender Issues and Sexuality : Essential Primary Sources . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2006 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Bibliography Abrams , Floyd ( April 4 , 2006 ) . Speaking freely . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303675 - 3 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain , Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58836 - 726 - 6 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jasper , Margaret C. ( 1999 ) . The Law of Speech and the First Amendment . Oceana Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 379 - 11335 - 8 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Nelson , William Edward ( 1994 ) . Americanization of the Common Law : The Impact of Legal Change on Massachusetts Society , 1760 - 1830 . University of Georgia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 1587 - 4 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Newell , Martin L. ( 1898 ) . The Law of Libel and Slander in Civil and Criminal Cases : As Administered in the Courts of the United States of America . Callaghan . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Lewis , Anthony ( 2007 ) . Freedom for the Thought That We Hate : A Biography of the First Amendment . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 01819 - 2 . Further reading Curtis , Michael Kent ( 2000 ) . Free Speech , `` The People 's Darling Privilege '' : Struggles for Freedom of Expression in American History . Duke University Press . ISBN 0822325292 . Daniel L. Dreisbach and Mark David Hall . The Sacred Rights of Conscience : Selected Readings on Religious Liberty and Church - State Relations in the American Founding . Indianapolis , IN : Liberty Fund Press , 2009 . Daniel L. Dreisbach , Mark David Hall , and Jeffry Morrison . The Forgotten Founders on Religion and Public Life Notre Dame , IN : University of Notre Dame Press , 2009 . Thomas I. Emerson , `` Toward a General Theory of the First Amendment '' , Yale Law Journal , vol. 72 , no . 5 ( 1963 ) , pp. 877 -- 956 . In JSTOR . Godwin , Mike ( 2003 ) . Cyber Rights : Defending Free Speech in the Digital Age . MIT Press . ISBN 0262571684 . P. Irons , A People 's History of the Supreme Court New York : Penguin , 1999 . McLeod , Kembrew ( 2007 ) . Freedom of Expression : Resistance and Repression in the Age of Intellectual Property . foreword by Lawrence Lessig . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0816650314 . Kabala , James S. , Church - State Relations in the Early American Republic , 1787 - 1846 . London : Pickering and Chatto , 2013 . J. Kilman and G. Costello ( eds . ) , The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation. ( 2000 ) . Lewis , Anthony ( 2007 ) . Freedom for the Thought That We Hate : A Biography of the First Amendment . Basic Books . pp. 173 -- 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 03917 - 3 . OCLC 173659591 . Nicholas P. Miller , The Religious Roots of the First Amendment : Dissenting Protestants and the Separation of Church and State . New York : Oxford University Press , 2012 . Nelson , Samuel P. ( 2005 ) . Beyond the First Amendment : The Politics of Free Speech and Pluralism . The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0801881730 . External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` First Amendment to the United States Constitution '' dated 2006 - 06 - 30 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Amendment to the United States Constitution . Wikiquote has quotations related to : First Amendment to the United States Constitution Cornell Law School -- Annotated Constitution First Amendment Center -- The First Amendment Library Cohen , Henry ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` Freedom of Speech and Press : Exceptions to the First Amendment '' ( PDF ) . 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986222128579790810	Religion in the United Kingdom	Religion in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Religion in the United Kingdom This article is about religion in the United Kingdom as a whole . For religion in each of its constituent countries , see Religion in England , Religion in Scotland , Religion in Wales , and Religion in Northern Ireland . Westminster Abbey is used for the coronation of British monarchs . Religion in England ( 2011 ) Christianity ( 59.5 % ) No religion ( 25.7 % ) Islam ( 4.4 % ) Hinduism ( 1.3 % ) Judaism ( 0.4 % ) Other religions ( 1.5 % ) Not stated ( 7.2 % ) Religion in the United Kingdom , and in the countries that preceded it , has been dominated for over 1,400 years by various forms of Christianity . Religious affiliations of United Kingdom citizens are recorded by regular surveys , the four major ones being the national decennial census , the Labour Force Survey , the British Social Attitudes survey and the European Social Survey . According to the 2011 Census , Christianity is the majority religion , followed by Islam , Hinduism , Sikhism , Judaism and Buddhism in terms of number of adherents . Among Christians , Anglicans are the most common denomination , followed by the Catholics , Presbyterians , Methodists and Baptists . This , and the relatively large number of individuals with nominal or no religious affiliations , has led commentators to variously describe the United Kingdom as a multi-faith and secularised society . The United Kingdom was formed by the union of previously independent countries in 1707 , and consequently most of the largest religious groups do not have UK - wide organisational structures . While some groups have separate structures for the individual countries of the United Kingdom , others have a single structure covering England and Wales or Great Britain . Similarly , due to the relatively recent creation of Northern Ireland in 1921 , most major religious groups in Northern Ireland are organised on an all - Ireland basis . While the United Kingdom as a whole lacks an official religion , the Church of England remains the state church of its largest constituent country , England . The Monarch of the United Kingdom is the Supreme Governor of the Church , and accordingly , only a Protestant may inherit the British throne . Contents 1 History 2 Statistics 2.1 Religious affiliations 2.2 Censuses 2.3 Surveys 2.4 Attendance 2.5 Belief 2.6 Jedi census phenomenon 3 Religions 3.1 Christianity 3.1. 1 Protestantism 3.1. 1.1 Anglicanism 3.1. 1.2 Presbyterianism , Congregationalism and other Reformed 3.1. 1.3 Methodism 3.1. 1.4 Baptists 3.1. 1.5 Charismatics and Pentecostalism 3.1. 1.6 Quakers 3.1. 2 Catholicism 3.1. 3 Orthodox Christianity 3.1. 3.1 Eastern Orthodoxy 3.1. 3.2 Oriental Orthodoxy 3.1. 4 Other Trinitarian denominations 3.1. 5 Non-Trinitarian denominations 3.1. 5.1 Mormonism 3.1. 5.2 Other non-Trinitarian denominations 3.2 Islam 3.3 Judaism 3.4 Bahá'í Faith 3.5 Indian religions 3.5. 1 Buddhism 3.5. 2 Hinduism 3.5. 3 Jainism 3.5. 4 Sikhism 3.6 Neopaganism 3.6. 1 Wicca 3.6. 2 Druidry 4 Religion and society 4.1 Religion and politics 4.2 Religion and education 4.3 Religion and prison 4.4 Religion and the media 4.5 Religion and social identity : patron saints of the home nations 4.6 Interfaith dialogue , tolerance , religious discrimination and secularism 4.6. 1 Interfaith dialogue 4.6. 2 Tolerance and Religious Discrimination 4.6. 3 Secularism 5 National and regional differences 6 Main religious leaders 7 Notable places of worship 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Primary sources 11 External links 11.1 General 11.2 Christianity 11.3 Judaism 11.4 Islam 11.5 Hinduism 11.6 Sikhism 11.7 Buddhism 11.8 No religion History ( edit ) Main article : History of Christianity in Britain Fourth - century Chi - Rho fresco from Lullingstone Roman Villa , Kent , which contains the only known Christian paintings from the Roman era in Britain . Pre-Roman forms of religion in Britain included various forms of ancestor worship and paganism . Little is known about the details of such religions ( see British paganism ) . Forms of Christianity have dominated religious life in what is now the United Kingdom for over 1,400 years . It was introduced by the Romans to what is now England , Wales , and Southern Scotland . The doctrine of Pelagianism , declared heretical in the Council of Carthage ( 418 ) , originated with a British - born ascetic , Pelagius . The Anglo - Saxon invasions briefly re-introduced paganism in the 5th and 6th centuries ; Christianity was again brought to Great Britain by Catholic Church and Irish - Scottish missionaries in the course of the 7th century ( see Anglo - Saxon Christianity ) . Insular Christianity as it stood between the 6th and 8th centuries retained some idiosyncrasies in terms of liturgy and calendar , but it had been nominally united with Roman Christianity since at least the Synod of Whitby of 664 . Still in the Anglo - Saxon period , the archbishops of Canterbury established a tradition of receiving their pallium from Rome to symbolize the authority of the Pope . The Catholic Church remained the dominant form of Western Christianity in Britain throughout the Middle Ages , but the ( Anglican ) Church of England became the independent established church in England and Wales in 1534 as a result of the English Reformation . It retains a representation in the UK Parliament and the British monarch is its Supreme Governor . In Scotland , the Presbyterian Church of Scotland , established in a separate Scottish Reformation in the sixteenth century , is recognized as the national church . It is not subject to state control and the British monarch is an ordinary member , required to swear an oath to `` maintain and preserve the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government '' upon his or her accession . The adherence to the Catholic Church continued at various levels in different parts of Britain , especially among recusants and in the north of England , but most strongly in Ireland . This would expand in Great Britain , partly due to Irish immigration in the nineteenth century , the Catholic emancipation and the Restoration of the English hierarchy . Particularly from the mid-seventeenth century , forms of Protestant nonconformity , including Congregationalists , Baptists , Quakers and , later , Methodists , grew outside of the established church . The ( Anglican ) Church in Wales was disestablished in 1920 and , as the ( Anglican ) Church of Ireland was disestablished in 1870 before the partition of Ireland , there is no established church in Northern Ireland . The Jews in England were expelled in 1290 and only emancipated in the 19th century . British Jews had numbered fewer than 10,000 in 1800 but around 120,000 after 1881 when Russian Jews settled permanently in Britain . The substantial immigration to the United Kingdom since the 1920s has contributed to the growth of foreign faiths , especially of Islam , Hinduism and Sikhism , Buddhism in the United Kingdom experienced growth partly due to immigration and partly due to conversion ( especially when including Secular Buddhism ) . As elsewhere in the western world , religious demographics have become part of the discourse on multiculturalism , with Britain variously described as a post-Christian society , as `` multi-faith '' , or as secularised . Scholars have suggested multiple possible reasons for the decline , but have not agreed on their relative importance . Martin Wellings lays out the `` classical model '' of secularisation , while noting that it has been challenged by some scholars . The familiar starting - point , a classical model of secularisation , argues that religious faith becomes less plausible and religious practice more difficult in advanced industrial and urbanized societies . The breakdown or disruption of traditional communities and norms of behavior ; the spread of a scientific world - view diminishing the scope of the supernatural and the role of God ; increasing material affluence promoting self - reliance and this - worldly optimism ; and greater awareness and toleration of different creeds and ideas , encouraging religious pluralism and eviscerating commitment to a particular faith , all form components of the case for secularisation . Applied to the British churches in general by Steve Bruce and to Methodism in particular by Robert Currie , this model traces decline back to the Victorian era and charts in the twentieth century a steady ebbing of the sea of faith . Statistics ( edit ) Religious affiliations ( edit ) In the 2011 census , Christianity was the largest religion , stated as their affiliation by 59.5 % of the total population . This figure was found to be 53 % in the 2007 Tearfund survey , 42.9 percent in the 2009 British Social Attitudes Survey and 42.98 percent in the EU - funded European Social Survey published in April 2009 for those identifying as Christian . Although there was no UK - wide data in the 2001 or the 2011 census on adherence to individual Christian denominations , since they are asked only in the Scottish and in the Northern Irish Censuses , using the same principle as applied in the 2001 census , a survey carried out in the end of 2008 by Ipsos MORI and based on a scientifically robust sample , found the population of England and Wales to be 47.0 % Anglican , 9.6 % Catholic and 8.7 % other Christians ; 4.8 % were Muslim , 3.4 % were members of other religions . 5.3 % were Agnostics , 6.8 % were Atheists and 15.0 % were not sure about their religious affiliation or refused to answer to the question . Ceri Peach estimated in 2005 that 62 % of Christians were Anglican , 13.5 % Catholic , 6 % Presbyterian and 3.4 % Methodist , with small numbers in other Protestant denominations and the Orthodox church . The 2009 British Social Attitudes Survey , which covers Great Britain but not Northern Ireland , indicated that over 50 percent would self - classify as not religious at all , 19.9 percent were part of the Church of England , 9.3 % non-denominational Christian , 8.6 % Catholic , 2.2 % Presbyterian / Church of Scotland , 1.3 % Methodist , 0.53 % Baptist , 1.17 % other Protestant , 0.23 % United Reformed Church / Congregational , 0.06 % Free Presbyterian , 0.03 % Brethren Christian and 0.41 % other Christian . In a 2016 survey conducted by BSA ( British Social Attitudes ) on religious affiliation ; 53 % of respondents indicated ' no religion ' and 41 % indicated they were Christians , while 6 % affiliated with non-Christian religions ( Islam , Hinduism , Judaism etc . ) The wording of the question affects the outcome of polls as is apparent when comparing the results of the Scottish census with that of the English and Welsh census . An ICM poll for The Guardian in 2006 asked the question `` Which religion do you yourself belong to ? '' with a response of 64 % stating `` Christian '' and 26 % stating `` none '' . In the same survey , 63 % claimed they are not religious with just 33 % claiming they are . This suggests that the religious UK population identify themselves as having Christian beliefs , but maybe not as active `` church - goers '' . Religions other than Christianity , such as Islam , Hinduism , Sikhism and Judaism , have established a presence in the United Kingdom , both through immigration and by attracting converts . Others that have done so include the Bahá'í Faith , the Rastafari movement and Neopaganism . Censuses ( edit ) The statistics for current religion ( not religion of upbringing where also asked ) from the 2011 census and the corresponding statistics from the 2001 census are set out in the tables below . hide Religion ( 2011 ) England Wales England and Wales Scotland Great Britain Northern Ireland United Kingdom Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Christianity 31,479,876 59.4 1,763,299 57.6 33,243,175 59.3 2,850,199 53.8 36,093,374 58.8 1,490,588 82.3 37,583,962 59.5 Islam 2,660,116 5.0 45,950 1.5 2,706,066 4.8 76,737 1.4 2,782,803 4.5 3,832 0.21 2,786,635 4.4 Hinduism 806,199 1.5 10,434 0.34 816,633 1.5 16,379 0.3 833,012 1.4 2,382 0.13 835,394 1.3 Sikhism 420,196 0.8 2,962 0.1 423,158 0.8 9,055 0.2 432,213 0.7 216 0.01 432,429 0.7 Judaism 261,282 0.5 2,064 0.1 263,346 0.5 5,887 0.1 269,233 0.4 335 0.02 269,568 0.4 Buddhism 238,626 0.5 9,117 0.3 247,743 0.4 12,795 0.2 260,538 0.4 1,046 0.06 261,584 0.4 Other religion 227,825 0.4 12,705 0.4 240,530 0.4 15,196 0.3 255,726 0.4 7,048 0.39 262,774 0.4 No religion 13,114,232 24.7 982,997 32.1 14,097,229 25.1 1,941,116 36.7 16,038,345 26.1 183,164 10.1 16,221,509 25.7 Religion not stated 3,804,104 7.2 233,928 7.6 4,038,032 7.2 368,039 7.0 4,406,071 7.2 122,252 6.8 4,528,323 7.2 Total population 53,012,456 100.0 3,063,456 100.0 56,075,912 100.0 5,295,403 100.0 61,371,315 100.0 1,810,863 100.0 63,182,178 100.0 show Religion ( 2001 ) England Wales England and Wales Scotland Great Britain Northern Ireland United Kingdom Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Christianity 35,251,244 71.7 2,087,242 71.9 37,338,486 71.8 3,294,545 65.1 40,633,031 71.2 1,446,386 85.8 42,079,417 71.6 Islam 1,524,887 3.1 21,739 0.7 1,546,626 3.0 42,557 0.8 1,589,183 2.8 1,943 0.12 1,591,126 2.7 Hinduism 546,982 1.1 5,439 0.2 552,421 1.1 5,564 0.1 557,985 1.0 825 0.05 558,810 1.0 Sikhism 327,343 0.7 2,015 0.1 329,358 0.6 6,572 0.1 335,930 0.6 219 0.0 336,149 0.6 Judaism 257,671 0.5 2,256 0.1 259,927 0.5 6,448 0.1 266,375 0.5 365 0.0 266,740 0.5 Buddhism 139,046 0.3 5,407 0.2 144,453 0.3 6,830 0.1 151,283 0.3 533 0.0 151,816 0.3 Other religion 143,811 0.3 6,909 0.2 150,720 0.3 26,974 0.5 177,694 0.3 1,143 0.1 178,837 0.3 No religion 7,171,332 14.6 537,935 18.5 7,709,267 14.8 1,394,460 27.6 9,103,727 15.9 233,853 13.9 13,626,299 23.2 Religion not stated 3,776,515 7.7 234,143 8.1 4,010,658 7.7 278,061 5.5 4,288,719 7.5 Total population 49,138,831 100.0 2,903,085 100.0 52,041,916 100.0 5,062,011 100.0 57,103,927 100.0 1,685,267 100.0 58,789,194 100.0 Percentage of respondents in the 2011 census in the UK who said they were Christian . Christianity Islam Other religions Not religious Surveys ( edit ) Religious affiliations of UK citizens are recorded by regular surveys , the four major ones being the UK Census , the Labour Force Survey , the British Social Attitudes survey and the European Social Survey . The different questions asked by these surveys produced different results : The census for England and Wales asked the question `` What is your religion ? '' . In 2001 14.81 % and in 2011 around a quarter ( 25.1 % ) of the population said they had `` none '' and 59.5 % stated they were Christian . The census for Scotland asked the question `` What religion , religious denomination or body do you belong to ? '' . In 2001 27.55 % and in 2011 36.7 % selected `` none '' and 53.8 % stated they were Christian . The Labour Force Survey asked the question `` What is your religion even if you are not currently practising ? '' with a response of 15.7 % selecting `` no religion '' in 2004 and 22.4 % selecting `` no religion '' in 2010 . The British Social Attitudes survey asked the question `` Do you regard yourself as belonging to any particular religion ? '' with 53 % selecting `` no religion '' in 2016 . The European Social Survey asked the question `` Which religion or denomination do you belong to at present ? '' with 50.54 % of respondents selecting `` no religion '' in 2002 and 52.68 % selecting `` no religion '' in 2008 . Other surveys : In 1983 , in a large public opinion survey , almost a third of Britons said they believed in Hell and the Devil . In North Ireland , 91 percent of people said they believed in sin . This was reported in The Observer on 28 Feb 1983 . In 2017 , the Pew Research Center 's Western Europe Survey held between April and August asked the question `` What is your present religion , if any ? '' , with 17 % of respondents selecting `` Catholicism '' , 54 % selecting `` Protestantism '' , and 24 % selecting `` unaffiliated '' . In 2018 , according to a study jointly conducted by London 's St Mary 's University 's Benedict XVI Centre for Religion and Society and the Institut Catholique de Paris , and based on data from the European Social Survey 2014 -- 2016 collected on a sample of 560 , among 16 to 29 years - old British people 21 % were Christians ( 10 % Catholic , 7 % Anglican , 2 % other Protestant and 2 % other Christian ) , 6 % were Muslims , 3 % were of other religions , and 70 % were not religious. The data was obtained from two questions , one asking `` Do you consider yourself as belonging to any particular religion or denomination ? '' to the full sample and the other one asking `` Which one ? '' to the sample who replied with `` Yes '' . Detailed 2015 BSA survey on religion in the UK Affiliation % of UK population Christian 42 42 Church of England 17 17 Other Christian 17 17 Catholic 8 8 Unaffiliated 49 49 Non-Christian faiths 8 8 Muslim 5 5 Other Non-Christian faiths Do n't know / refused answer Total 100 100 The British Social Attitudes surveys and the European Social Surveys are fielded to adult individuals . In contrast , the United Kingdom Census and the Labour Force Surveys are household surveys ; the respondent completes the questionnaire on behalf of each member of the household , including children , as well as for themselves . The 2010 Labour Force Survey claimed that 54 % of children aged from birth to four years were Christian , rising to 59 % for children aged between 5 and 9 and 65 % for children aged between 10 and 14 . The inclusion of children with adult - imposed religions influences the results of the polls . Other major polls agree with the British Social Attitudes surveys and the European Social Surveys , with a YouGov survey fielded in February 2012 indicating that 43 % of respondents claimed to belong to a religion and 76 % claimed they were not very religious or not religious at all . An Ipsos MORI survey fielded in August 2003 indicated that 18 % of respondents claimed to be `` a practising member of an organised religion '' and 25 % claimed `` I am a non-practising member of an organised religion '' . A 2015 study estimated some 25,000 believers in Christ from a Muslim background , most of whom belong to an evangelical or Pentecostal community . Attendance ( edit ) Society in the United Kingdom is markedly more secular than it was in the past and the number of churchgoers fell over the second half of the 20th century . The Ipsos MORI poll in 2003 reported that 18 % were `` a practising member of an organised religion '' . The Tearfund Survey in 2007 found that only 7 % of the population considered themselves as practising Christians . Some 10 % attended church weekly and two - thirds had not gone to church in the past year . The Tearfund Survey also found that two - thirds of UK adults ( 66 % ) or 32.2 million people had no connection with the Church at present ( nor with another religion ) . These people were evenly divided between those who have been in the past but have since left ( 16 million ) and those who have never been in their lives ( 16.2 million ) . A survey in 2002 found Christmas attendance at Anglican churches in England varied between 10.19 % of the population in the diocese of Hereford , down to just 2.16 % in Manchester . Church attendance at Christmas in some dioceses was up to three times the average for the rest of the year . Overall church attendance at Christmas has been steadily increasing in recent years ; a 2005 poll found that 43 per cent expected to attend a church service over the Christmas period , in comparison with 39 % and 33 % for corresponding polls taken in 2003 and 2001 respectively . A December 2007 report by Christian Research showed that the services of the Catholic Church had become the best - attended services of Christian denominations in England , with average attendance at Sunday Mass of 861,000 , compared to 852,000 attending Anglican services . Attendance at Anglican services had declined by 20 % between 2000 and 2006 , while attendance at Catholic services , boosted by large - scale immigration from Poland and Lithuania , had declined by only 13 % . In Scotland , attendance at Church of Scotland services declined by 19 % and attendance at Catholic services fell by 25 % . British Social Attitudes Surveys have shown the proportion of those in Great Britain who consider they `` belong to '' Christianity to have fallen from 66 % in 1983 to 43 % in 2009 . In 2012 about 6 % of the population of the United Kingdom regularly attended church , with the average age of attendees being 51 ; in contrast , in 1980 , 11 % had regularly attended , with an average age of 37 . It is predicted that by 2020 attendance will be around 4 % , with an average age of 56 . This decline in church attendance has forced many churches to close down across the United Kingdom , with the Church of England alone closing 1,500 churches between 1969 and 2002 . Their fates include dereliction , demolition , and residential , artistic and commercial conversion . In October 2014 weekly attendance at Church of England services dropped below 1 million for the first time . At Christmas 2014 , 2.4 million attended . For that year baptisms were 130,000 , down 12 % since 2004 ; marriages were 50,000 , down 19 % ; and funerals 146,000 , down 29 % . The Church estimated that about 1 % of churchgoers were lost to death each year ; the Church 's age profile suggested that attendances would continue to decline . One study showed that in 2004 at least 930,000 Muslims attended a mosque at least once a week , just outnumbering the 916,000 regular churchgoers in the Church of England . Muslim sources claim the number of practising Muslims is underestimated as nearly all of them pray at home . Belief ( edit ) European Social Survey ( UK ) `` Do you consider yourself as belonging to any particular religion or denomination ? '' Year Yes No 2008 47.32 % 52.64 % 2006 48.45 % 51.34 % 50.55 % 49.24 % 2002 49.46 % 50.49 % Source : European social survey 2002 -- 2010 There is a disparity between the figures for those identifying themselves with a particular religion and for those proclaiming a belief in a God : In a 2011 YouGov poll , 34 % of UK citizens said they believed in a God or gods . A Eurobarometer opinion poll in 2010 reported that 37 % of UK citizens `` believed there is a God '' , 33 % believe there is `` some sort of spirit or life force '' and 25 % answered `` I do n't believe there is any sort of spirit , God or life force '' . The 2008 European Social Survey suggested that 46.94 % of UK citizens never prayed and 18.96 % prayed daily . A survey in 2007 suggested that 42 % of adults resident in the United Kingdom prayed , with one in six praying daily . Jedi Census phenomenon ( edit ) Main article : Jedi census phenomenon In the 2001 census , 390,127 individuals ( 0.7 percent of total respondents ) in England and Wales self - identified as followers of the Jedi faith . This Jedi census phenomenon followed an internet campaign that claimed , incorrectly , that the Jedi belief system would receive official government recognition as a religion if it received enough support in the census . An email in support of the campaign , quoted by BBC News , invited people to `` do it because you love Star Wars ... or just to annoy people '' . The Office for National Statistics revealed the total figure in a press release entitled `` 390,000 Jedi there are '' . Religions ( edit ) Christianity ( edit ) Christian denominations in the United Kingdom British interchurch ( show ) Affinity ( formerly British Evangelical Council ) Churches Together in Britain and Ireland Evangelical Alliance , UK Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches Churches Together in England Action of Churches Together , Scotland ( ACTS ) Churches Together in Wales Evangelical Movement of Wales Anglican ( show ) Church of England Church of Ireland Scottish Episcopal Church Church in Wales Baptist ( show ) Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland Baptist Union of Great Britain Baptist Union of Scotland Baptist Union of Wales Catholic ( show ) Catholic Church in the United Kingdom Catholic Church in England and Wales Catholic Church in Ireland Catholic Church in Scotland Holiness and Pietist ( show ) Church of the Nazarene Salvation Army Seventh - day Adventist Church Wesleyan Holiness Church Lutheran ( show ) Lutheran Church in Great Britain Methodist and Wesleyan ( show ) Methodist Church of Great Britain Methodist Church in Ireland New Church Movement ( show ) Newfrontiers Pioneer Church Orthodox ( show ) Eastern Orthodox Greek Orthodox of G.B. Georgian Orthodox Romanian Orthodox Bulgarian Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Armenian Apostolic British Orthodox Coptic Orthodox Eritrean Orthodox Ethiopian Orthodox Syriac Orthodox Pentecostal ( show ) Assemblies of God Church of God in Christ Elim Pentecostal Church Presbyterian and Reformed ( show ) Asso . Presbyterian Churches , Scotland Church of Scotland Congregational Federation Evangelical Presbyterian Church Presbyterian Church in Ireland Presbyterian Church of Wales United Free Church of Scotland United Reformed Church Other ( show ) Newfrontiers LDS Church in England The United Kingdom was formed by the union of previously independent states in 1707 , and consequently most of the largest religious groups do not have UK - wide organisational structures . While some groups have separate structures for the individual countries of the United Kingdom , others have a single structure covering England and Wales or Great Britain . Similarly , due to the relatively recent creation of Northern Ireland in 1921 , most major religious groups in Northern Ireland are organised on an all - Ireland basis . Protestantism ( edit ) Anglicanism ( edit ) Main articles : Anglicanism , Church of England , Church of Ireland , Church in Wales , and Scottish Episcopal Church See also : Anglican Communion The Church of England is the established church in England . Its most senior bishops sit in the national parliament and the Queen is its supreme governor . It is also the `` mother church '' of the worldwide Anglican Communion . The Church of England separated from the Catholic Church in 1534 and became the established church by an Act of Parliament in the Act of Supremacy , beginning a series of events known as the English Reformation . Historically it has been the predominant Christian denomination in England and Wales , in terms of both influence and number of adherents . The Scottish Episcopal Church , which is part of the Anglican Communion ( but not a `` daughter church '' of the Church of England ) , dates from the final establishment of Presbyterianism in Scotland in 1690 , when it split from the Church of Scotland . In the 1920s , the Church in Wales became disestablished and independent from the Church of England , but remains in the Anglican Communion . During the years 2012 to 2014 the number of members of the Church of England dropped by around 1.7 million . Presbyterianism , congregationalism and other Reformed ( edit ) Main articles : Reformed tradition , Church of Scotland , Presbyterianism , English Presbyterianism , Presbyterian Church in Ireland , Congregational church , Puritanism , English Dissenters , Independent ( religion ) , Nonconformism , Ecclesiastical separatism , and 17th - century denominations in England In Scotland , the Church of Scotland ( informally known by its Scots language name , `` the Kirk '' ) , is recognised as the national church . It is not subject to state control and the British monarch is an ordinary member , required to swear an oath to `` maintain and preserve the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government '' upon his or her accession . Splits in the Church of Scotland , especially in the 19th century , led to the creation of various other Presbyterian churches in Scotland , including the Free Church of Scotland , which claims to be the constitutional continuator of the Church in Scotland and was founded in 1843 . The Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland was formed in 1893 by some who left the Free Church over alleged weakening of her position and likewise claims to be the spiritual descendant of the Scottish Reformation . The Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales was founded in the late 1980s and organized themselves as a presbytery in 1996 . As of 2016 they had 15 churches in the UK . Lisburn Free Presbyterian Church , County Antrim , Northern Ireland The Presbyterian Church in Ireland is the largest Protestant denomination and second largest church in Northern Ireland . The Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster was founded on 17 March 1951 by the cleric and politician Ian Paisley . It has about 60 churches in Northern Ireland . The Presbyterian Church of Wales seceded from the Church of England in 1811 and formally formed itself into a separate body in 1823 . The Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland has 31 congregations in Northern Ireland , with the first Presbytery being formed in Antrim in 1725 . The United Reformed Church ( URC ) , a union of Presbyterian and Congregational churches , consists of about 1,500 congregations in England , Scotland and Wales . There are about 600 Congregational churches in the United Kingdom . In England there are three main groups , the Congregational Federation , the Evangelical Fellowship of Congregational Churches , and about 100 Congregational churches that are loosely federated with other congregations in the Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches , or are unaffiliated . In Scotland the churches are mostly member of the Congregational Federation and in Wales which traditionally has a larger number of Congregationalists , most are members of the Union of Welsh Independents . Methodism ( edit ) Main articles : Methodism , Methodist Church of Great Britain , and Methodist Church in Ireland See also : First Great Awakening , Evangelicalism , and Nonconformism The Methodist church at Haroldswick is the most northerly church in the United Kingdom The Methodist movement traces its origin to the evangelical awakening in the 18th century . The British Methodist Church , which has congregations throughout Great Britain , the Channel Islands , the Isle of Man , Malta and Gibraltar , has around 290,000 members , and 5,900 churches , though only around 3,000 members in 50 congregations are in Scotland . In the 1960s , it made ecumenical overtures to the Church of England , aimed at church unity . Formally , these failed when they were rejected by the Church of England 's General Synod in 1972 . However , conversations and co-operation continued , leading on 1 November 2003 to the signing of a covenant between the two churches . The Methodist Church in Ireland covers the whole of the island of Ireland , including Northern Ireland where it is the fourth - largest denomination . Other Methodist denominations in Britain include the Salvation Army , founded in 1865 ; the Free Methodist Church , a holiness church ; and the Church of the Nazarene . Baptists ( edit ) A Baptist church in Birmingham , West Midlands . Main article : Baptists See also : English Dissenters , Nonconformism , Ecclesiastical separatism , and 17th - century denominations in England The Baptist Union of Great Britain , despite its name , covers just England and Wales . There is a separate Baptist Union of Scotland and the Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland is an all - Ireland organisation . Other Baptist associations also exist in England , such as the Grace Baptist association and the Gospel Standard Baptists . Charismatics and Pentecostalism ( edit ) Main articles : Pentecostalism , Charismatic movement , and Neo-charismatic movement Assemblies of God in Great Britain are part of the World Assemblies of God Fellowship with over 600 churches in Great Britain . Assemblies of God Ireland cover the whole of the island of Ireland , including Northern Ireland . The Apostolic Church commenced in the early part of the 20th century in South Wales and now has over 110 churches across the United Kingdom . Elim Pentecostal Church as of 2013 had over 500 churches across the United Kingdom . There is also a growing number of independent , charismatic churches that encourage Pentecostal practices as part of their worship . These are broadly grouped together as the British New Church Movement and could number up to 400,000 members . The phenomenon of immigrant churches and congregations that began with the arrival of the HMT Empire Windrush from the West Indies in 1948 stands as a unique trend . West Indian congregations that started from this time include the Church of God , New Testament Assembly and New Testament Church of God . Africans began to arrive in the early 1980s and established their own congregations . Foremost among these are Matthew Ashimolowo from Nigeria and his Kingsway International Christian Centre in London that may be the largest church in Western Europe . Quakers ( edit ) Main article : Quakers See also : English Dissenters , Nonconformism , Ecclesiastical separatism , and 17th - century denominations in England The Britain Yearly Meeting is the umbrella body for the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) in Great Britain , the Channel Isles and the Isle of Man . It has 14,260 adult members . Northern Ireland comes under the umbrella of the Ireland Yearly Meeting . Catholicism ( edit ) Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral , Liverpool Main article : Catholic Church in the United Kingdom See also : Catholic Church in England and Wales , Catholic Church in Scotland , and Catholic Church in Ireland The Catholic Church has separate national organisations for England , Wales , and Scotland , which means there is no single hierarchy for the Catholic Church in the United Kingdom . Catholicism is the second largest denomination in England and Wales , with around five million members , mainly in England . There is , however , a single apostolic nuncio to Great Britain , presently Archbishop Edward Joseph Adams . Catholicism is Scotland 's largest Christian denomination , representing a fifth of the population . The apostolic nuncio to the whole of Ireland ( both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland ) is Jude Thaddeus Okolo . Eastern Rite Catholics in the United Kingdom are served by their own clergy and do not belong to the Latin Church dioceses but are still in full communion with the Bishop of Rome . Orthodox Christianity ( edit ) Orthodox Christianity is a relatively minor faith in the United Kingdom when compared to Protestantism and Catholicism ; most Orthodox churches cater to immigrants from Eastern Europe and the Balkans and is a relatively minor faith among Britons themselves Eastern orthodoxy ( edit ) Adherents of Eastern Orthodox Christianity in the United Kingdom are traditionally organized in accordance with patrimonial ecclesiastical jurisdictions . The Russian Orthodox Church has a Diocese of Sourozh , which covers Great Britain and Ireland , and the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia also has a diocese in the same territory . The Ecumenical Patriarchate has established the Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain , that covers England , Wales , Scotland and Ireland as well as Malta . The Patriarchate of Antioch has several parishes and missions within the Diocese of the British Isles and Ireland . Other Eastern Orthodox Churches represented in the United Kingdom include the Georgian Orthodox Church , the Romanian Orthodox Church and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church . Oriental orthodoxy ( edit ) Adherents of Oriental Orthodox Christianity in the United Kingdom are also traditionally organized in accordance with their patrimonial ecclesiastical jurisdictions , each community having its own parishes and priests . The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria has two regional Dioceses in the United Kingdom : the Diocese of Ireland , Scotland , North East England , and the Diocese of the Midlands . Other Oriental Orthodox Churches represented in the United Kingdom include the Syriac Orthodox Church , the Armenian Apostolic Church , the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church , the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and the only Oriental Orthodox Church who is n't recognised its jurisdiction with main body is the British Orthodox Church also known formerly as Orthodox Church of the British Isles . Other trinitarian denominations ( edit ) Other denominations and groups include the Seventh - day Adventist Church , the Seventh Day Baptists , the Plymouth Brethren , and Newfrontiers . Non-trinitarian denominations ( edit ) Mormonism ( edit ) Main articles : The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in England , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in Wales , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in Scotland , and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in Ireland London England Temple ( LDS ) The first missionaries from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints to proselytise in the British Isles arrived in 1837 . By 1900 as many as 100,000 converts had joined the faith , but most of these early members soon emigrated to the United States to join the main body of the church . From the 1950s emigration to the United States began to be discouraged and local congregations grew more rapidly . Today the church claims just over 186,000 members across the United Kingdom , in over 330 local congregations , known as ' wards ' or ' branches ' . The church also maintains two temples in England , the first opening in the London area in 1958 , and the second completed in 1998 in Preston and known as the Preston England Temple . Preston is also the site of the first preaching by LDS missionaries in 1837 , and is home to the oldest continually existing Latter Day Saint congregation anywhere in the world . Restored 1994 -- 2000 , the Gadfield Elm Chapel in Worcestershire is the oldest extant chapel of the LDS Church . Other non-trinitarian denominations ( edit ) Jehovah 's Witnesses had 137,631 `` publishers '' ( a term referring to members actively involved in preaching ) in the United Kingdom in 2015 . The Church of Christ , Scientist is also represented in the UK . The General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches is the umbrella organisation for Unitarian , Free Christian and other liberal religious congregations in the United Kingdom . The Unitarian Christian Association was formed in 1991 . There are an estimated 18,000 Christadelphians in the UK . Islam ( edit ) Main article : Islam in the United Kingdom See also : Islam in England , Islam in Northern Ireland , Islam in Scotland , and Islam in Wales Shah Jahan Mosque in Woking is the oldest purpose - built mosque in the United Kingdom . Estimates in 2009 suggested a total of about 2.4 million Muslims over all the United Kingdom . According to Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life , the number of Muslims in Britain could be up to 3 million . The vast majority of Muslims in the United Kingdom live in England and Wales : of 1,591,126 Muslims recorded at the 2001 Census , 1,546,626 were living in England and Wales , where they form 3 per cent of the population ; 42,557 were living in Scotland , forming 0.8 per cent of the population ; and 1,943 were living in Northern Ireland . Between 2001 and 2009 the Muslim population increased roughly 10 times faster than the rest of society . Most Muslim immigrants to the United Kingdom came from former colonies . The biggest groups of Muslims are of Pakistani , Bangladeshi , Indian and Arab origins , with the remainder coming from Muslim - dominated areas such as Southwest Asia , Somalia , Malaysia , and Indonesia . During the 18th century , lascars ( sailors ) who worked for the British East India Company settled in port towns with local wives . These numbered only 24,037 in 1891 but 51,616 on the eve of World War I. Naval cooks , including Sake Dean Mahomet , also came from what is now the Sylhet Division of Bangladesh . From the 1950s onwards , the growing Muslim population has led to a number of notable Mosques being established , including East London Mosque , London Central Mosque , Manchester Central Mosque , London Markaz , and the Baitul Futuh of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community . According to Kevin Brice , a researcher at the University of Wales , Trinity Saint David , thousands convert to Islam annually and there are approximately 100,000 converts to Islam in Britain , where they run two mosques . According to a Labour Force Survey estimate , the total number of Muslims in Great Britain in 2008 was 2,422,000 , around 4 per cent of the total population . Between 2004 and 2008 , the Muslim population grew by more than 500,000 . In 2010 , The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life estimated 2,869,000 Muslims in Great Britain . The largest age - bracket within the British Muslim population were those under the age of 4 , at 301,000 in September 2008 . The Muslim Council of Britain and the Islamic Forum of Europe are the umbrellas organisations for many local , regional and specialist Islamic organisations in the United Kingdom , although it is disputed how representative this organisation is of British Muslims as a whole . Muslims are by far the poorest religious or non religious community in the UK . For comparison , the median net wealth for Jews stands at £ 422 000 , Sikhs at £ 229 000 , Christians at £ 223 000 and Hindus at £ 206 000 while for Muslims the figure stands at £ 42 000 . Muslims also happen to be the most disproportionately represented religious group facing arrest , trial and imprisonment , with 13.1 % of prisoners being Muslims while the community represents 4 % of those aged 15 years or older within the general population . Judaism ( edit ) Main articles : History of the Jews in England , History of the Jews in Scotland , History of the Jews in Wales , and History of the Jews in Ireland Singers Hill Synagogue , Birmingham , England . The Jewish Naturalisation Act , enacted in 1753 , permitted the naturalisation of foreign Jews , but was repealed the next year . The first graduate from the University of Glasgow who was openly known to be Jewish was in 1787 . Unlike their English contemporaries , Scottish students were not required to take a religious oath . In 1841 Isaac Lyon Goldsmid was made baronet , the first Jew to receive a hereditary title . The first Jewish Lord Mayor of the City of London , Sir David Salomons , was elected in 1855 , followed by the 1858 emancipation of the Jews . On 26 July 1858 , Lionel de Rothschild was finally allowed to sit in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom when the law restricting the oath of office to Christians was changed . ( Benjamin Disraeli , a baptised , teenage convert to Christianity of Jewish parentage , was already an MP at this time and rose to become Prime Minister in 1874 . ) In 1884 Nathan Mayer Rothschild , 1st Baron Rothschild became the first Jewish member of the British House of Lords ; again Disraeli was already a member . British Jews number around 300,000 with the United Kingdom having the fifth largest Jewish community worldwide . However , this figure did not include Jews who identified ' by ethnicity only ' in England and Wales or Scottish Jews who identified as Jewish by upbringing but held no current religion . A report in August 2007 by University of Manchester historian Dr Yaakov Wise stated that 75 per cent of all births in the Jewish community were to ultra-orthodox , Haredi parents , and that the increase of ultra-orthodox Jewry has led to a significant rise in the proportion of British Jews who are ultra-orthodox . However various studies suggest that within some Jewish communities and particularly in some strictly Orthodox areas , many residents ignored the voluntary question on religion following the advice of their religious leaders resulting in a serious undercount , therefore it is impossible to give an accurate number on the total UK Jewish population . It may be even more than double the official estimates , heavily powered by the very high birth rate of orthodox families and British people who are Jewish by origin but not religion ; as it currently stands , the Jewish as ethnicity section is not documented on the census . Bahá'í faith ( edit ) Main article : Bahá'í Faith in the United Kingdom See also : Bahá'í Faith in England , Bahá'í Faith in Scotland , and Bahá'í Faith in Wales The Bahá'í Faith in the United Kingdom has a historical connection with the earliest phases of the Bahá'í Faith starting in 1845 and has had a major effect on the development of communities of the religion in far flung nations around the world . It is estimated that between 1951 and 1993 , Bahá'ís from the United Kingdom settled in 138 countries . Indian religions ( edit ) Buddhism ( edit ) Kagyu Samyé Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre in Scotland Main article : Buddhism in the United Kingdom See also : Buddhism in England , Buddhism in Scotland , and Buddhism in Wales The earliest Buddhist influence on Britain came through its imperial connections with Southeast Asia , and as a result the early connections were with the Theravada traditions of Burma , Thailand , and Sri Lanka . The tradition of study resulted in the foundation of the Pali Text Society , which undertook the task of translating the Pali Canon of Buddhist texts into English . Buddhism as a path of practise was pioneered by the Theosophists , Madame Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott , and in 1880 they became the first Westerners to receive the refuges and precepts , the ceremony by which one traditionally becomes a Buddhist . In 1924 London 's Buddhist Society was founded , and in 1926 the Theravadin London Buddhist Vihara . The rate of growth was slow but steady through the century , and the 1950s saw the development of interest in Zen Buddhism . In 1967 Kagyu Samyé Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre , now the largest Tibetan Buddhist centre in Western Europe , was founded in Scotland . The first home - grown Buddhist movement was also founded in 1967 , the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order ( now the Triratna Buddhist Community ) . There are some Soka Gakkai groups in the United Kingdom . Hinduism ( edit ) The Neasden Temple is the second largest temple of Hinduism in Europe . Main article : Hinduism in the United Kingdom Hinduism was the religion of 558,810 people in Great Britain according to the 2001 census but an estimate in a British newspaper in 2007 has put the figure as high as 1.5 million . One Non-governmental organisation estimated as of 2007 that there are 800,000 Hindus in the United Kingdom . Although most British Hindus live in England , with half living in London alone , small but growing Hindu communities also exist in Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales . Jainism ( edit ) Main article : Jainism in the United Kingdom As of 2006 , there are around 25,000 Jains in the United Kingdom . One of the first Jain settlers , Champat Rai Jain , was in England during 1892 -- 1897 to study law . He established the Rishabh Jain Lending Library in 1930 . Later , he translated several Jain texts into English . Leicester houses one of the world 's few Jain temples outside of India . There is an Institute of Jainology at Greenford , London . Sikhism ( edit ) Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha , Southall , UK Main article : Sikhism in the United Kingdom See also : Sikhism in England , Sikhism in Scotland , and Sikhism in Wales Sikhism was recorded as the religion of 336,149 people in the United Kingdom at the time of the 2001 Census . While England is home to the majority of Sikhs in the United Kingdom , small communities also exist in Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales . The first recorded Sikh settler in the United Kingdom was Maharaja Duleep Singh , dethroned and exiled in 1849 at the age of 14 , after the Anglo - Sikh wars . During the reign of King Edward VII the first Sikh society in the UK was founded in 1908 , it was called The Khalsa Jatha . http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/sikh-dharamsala-london . The first Sikh Gurdwara ( temple ) was established in 1911 , in Shepherds Bush , Putney , London . The first wave of Sikh migration came in the 1940s , mostly of men from the Punjab seeking work in industries such as foundries and textiles . These new arrivals mostly settled in London , Birmingham , Wolverhampton , the Midlands and West Yorkshire . Thousands of Sikhs from East Africa followed later . Neopaganism ( edit ) Neo-druids . Main article : Neopaganism in the United Kingdom In the 2001 Census , a total of 42,262 people from England , Scotland , and Wales declared themselves to be pagans or adherents of Wicca . However , other surveys have led to estimates of around 250,000 or even higher . Wicca ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , census figures do not allow an accurate breakdown of traditions within the Pagan heading , as a campaign by the Pagan Federation before the 2001 Census encouraged Wiccans , Heathens , Druids and others all to use the same write - in term ' Pagan ' in order to maximise the numbers reported . For the first time , respondents were able to write in an affiliation not covered by the checklist of common religions , and a total of 42,262 people from England , Scotland and Wales declared themselves to be Pagans by this method . These figures were not immediately analysed by the Office for National Statistics , but were released after an application by the Pagan Federation of Scotland . Druidry ( edit ) During the Iron Age , Celtic polytheism was the predominant religion in the area now known as England . Neo-Druidism grew out of the Celtic revival in 18th century Romanticism . A 2012 Druid analysis estimates that there are roughly 11,000 Druids in Britain . Religion and Society ( edit ) Religion and Politics ( edit ) Though the main political parties are secular , the formation of the Labour Party was influenced by Christian socialism and by leaders from a nonconformist background , such as Keir Hardie . On the other hand , the Church of England was once nicknamed `` the Conservative Party at prayer '' , though this has changed since the 1980s as the Church has moved to the left of the Conservative Party on social and economic issues . Some minor parties are explicitly ' religious ' in ideology : two ' Christian ' parties -- the Christian Party and the Christian Peoples Alliance , fielded joint candidates at the 2009 European Parliament elections and increased their share of the vote to come eighth , with 249,493 votes ( 1.6 % of total votes cast ) , and in London , where the CPA had three councillors , the Christian parties picked up 51,336 votes ( 2.9 % of the vote ) , up slightly from the 45,038 gained in 2004 . The Church of England is represented in the UK Parliament by 26 bishops ( the Lords Spiritual ) and the British monarch is a member of the church ( required under Article 2 of the Treaty of Union ) as well as its Supreme Governor . The Lords Spiritual have seats in the House of Lords and debate government policies affecting the whole of the United Kingdom . The Church of England also has the right to draft legislative measures ( related to religious administration ) through the General Synod that can then be passed into law by Parliament . The Prime Minister , regardless of personal beliefs , plays a key role in the appointment of Church of England bishops , although in July 2007 Gordon Brown proposed reforms of the Prime Minister 's ability to affect Church of England appointments . Religion and Education ( edit ) Religious education and Collective Worship are compulsory in many state schools in England and Wales by virtue of clauses 69 and 70 of the School Standards and Framework Act 1998 . Clause 71 of the act gives parents the right to withdraw their children from Religious Education and Collective Worship and parents should be informed of their right in accordance with guidelines published by the Department for Education ; `` a school should ensure parents or carers are informed of this right '' . The content of the religious education is decided locally by the Standing Advisory Council on Religious Education . In England and Wales , a significant number of state funded schools are faith schools with the vast majority Christian ( mainly either of Church of England or Catholic ) though there are also Jewish , Muslim and Sikh faith schools . Faith schools follow the same national curriculum as state schools , though with the added ethos of the host religion . Until 1944 there was no requirement for state schools to provide religious education or worship , although most did so . The Education Act 1944 introduced a requirement for a daily act of collective worship and for religious education but did not define what was allowable under these terms . The act contained provisions to allow parents to withdraw their children from these activities and for teachers to refuse to participate . The Education Reform Act 1988 introduced a further requirement that the majority of collective worship be `` wholly or mainly of a broadly Christian character '' . According to a 2003 report from the Office for Standards in Education , a `` third of governing bodies do not fulfil their statutory duties adequately , sometimes because of a failure to pursue thoroughly enough such matters as arranging a daily act of collective worship '' . In Scotland , the majority of schools are non-denominational , but separate Catholic schools , with an element of control by the Catholic Church , are provided within the state system . The Education ( Scotland ) Act 1980 imposes a statutory duty on all local authorities to provide religious education and religious observance in Scottish schools . These are currently defined by the Scottish Government 's Curriculum for Excellence ( 2005 ) . Northern Ireland has a highly segregated education system . 95 per cent of pupils attend either maintained ( Catholic ) schools or controlled schools , which are open to children of all faiths and none , though in practise most pupils are from the Protestant community . Religion and prison ( edit ) Prisoners are given religious freedom and privileges while in prison . This includes access to a chaplain or religious advisor , authorised religious reading materials , ability to change faith , as well as other privileges . Several faith - based outreach programmes provide faith promoting guidance and counselling . Every three months , the Ministry of Justice collects data , including religious affiliation , of all UK prisoners and is published as the Offender Management Caseload Statistics . This data is then compiled into reports and published in the House of Commons library . On 31 March 2015 the prison population of England and Wales was recorded as 49 % Christian , 14 % Muslim , 2 % Buddhist , 2 % other religions and 31 % no religion . Religion and the media ( edit ) The Communications Act 2003 requires certain broadcasters in the United Kingdom to carry a `` suitable quantity and range of programmes '' dealing with religion and other beliefs , as part of their public service broadcasting . Prominent examples of religious programming include the BBC television programme Songs of Praise , aired on a Sunday evening with an average weekly audience of 2.5 million , and the Thought for the Day slot on BBC Radio 4 . Channels also offer documentaries on , or from the perspective of a criticism of organised religion . A significant example is Richard Dawkins ' two - part Channel 4 documentary , The Root of all Evil ? . Open disbelief of , or even mockery of organised religion , is not regarded as a taboo in the British media , though it has occasionally provoked controversy -- for example , the movie Monty Python 's Life of Brian , the poem `` The Love That Dares to Speak Its Name '' , and the musical Jerry Springer : The Opera , all of which involved characters based on Jesus , were subject to public outcry and blasphemy allegations , while The Satanic Verses , a novel by British Indian author Salman Rushdie which includes a fantasy sequence about Muhammed , caused global protests including several by British Muslims . British comedy has a history of parody on the subject of religion . Religion and Social Identity : patron Saints of the home nations ( edit ) Saint George is the patron saint of England . Saint Andrew is the patron saint of Scotland . Saint David is the patron saint of Wales . Saint Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland . Interfaith dialogue , tolerance , religious discrimination and secularism ( edit ) Interfaith dialogue ( edit ) London neighbours , the Fieldgate Street Great Synagogue and the East London Mosque The Interfaith Network for the United Kingdom encompasses the main faith organisations of the United Kingdom , either directly with denominational important representatives or through joint bodies for these denominations , promotes local interfaith cooperation , promotes understanding between faiths and convenes meetings and conferences where social and religious questions of concern to the different faith communities can be examined together , including meetings of the Network 's ' Faith Communities Consultative Forum ' . Ecumenical friendship and cooperation has gradually developed between Christian denominations and where inter-sect prejudice exists this has via education and employment policy been made a pressing public matter in dealing with its two prominent examples -- sectarianism in Glasgow and Northern Ireland -- where segregation is declining . Tolerance and religious discrimination ( edit ) See also : Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom , Antisemitism in the United Kingdom , and Islamophobia in the United Kingdom In the early 21st century , the Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006 made it an offence in England and Wales to incite hatred against a person on the grounds of their religion . The common law offences of blasphemy and blasphemous libel were abolished with the coming into effect of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 on 8 July 2008 . 2005 -- 2010 polls have shown that public opinion in the United Kingdom generally tends towards a suspicion or outright disapproval of radical or evangelical religiosity , though moderate groups and individuals are rarely subject to less favourable treatment from society or employers . The Equality Act 2010 prohibits discrimination against people on the basis of religion , in the supply of goods and services and selection for employment , subject to very limited exceptions ( such as the right of schools and religious institutions to appoint paid ministers ) . Secularism ( edit ) There is no strict separation of church and state in the United Kingdom . Accordingly , most public officials may display the most common identifiers of a major religion in the course of their duties -- for example , rosary beads . Chaplains are provided in the armed forces ( see Royal Army Chaplains ' Department , RAF Chaplains Branch ) and in prisons . Although school uniform codes are generally drawn up flexibly enough to accommodate compulsory items of religious dress , some schools have banned wearing the crucifix in a necklace , arguing that to do so is not a requirement of Christianity where they prohibit all other necklaces . Post-adolescence , the wearing of a necklace is permitted in some F.E. colleges who permit religious insignia necklaces on a wider basis , which are without exception permitted at universities . Some churches have warned that the Equality Act 2010 could force them to go against their faith when hiring staff . In 2011 two judges of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales upheld previous statements in the country 's jurisprudence that the ( non-canon ) laws of the United Kingdom ' do not include Christianity ' . Therefore , a local authority was acting lawfully in denying a Christian married couple the right to foster care because of stated negative views on homosexuality . In terms of the rights recognised `` in the case of fostering arrangements at least , the right of homosexuals to equality should take precedence over the right of Christians to manifest their beliefs and moral values '' . National and regional differences ( edit ) Levels of affiliation vary between different part of the UK , particularly between Great Britain and Northern Ireland . The percentages declaring themselves Christians in the 2011 Census are 59.4 in England , 57.6 in Wales and 53.8 in Scotland , which decreased by 12.3 , 14.3 , and 11.3 percentage points respectively from the census of 2001 . This is argued to make them the fastest secularising nations in history . Northern Ireland remains one of the most religious nations in western Europe with 82.3 % of the population claiming Christian affiliation , with a decline of only 3.5 % by the 2011 census , while `` other religions '' have increased in membership . Religion has been seen as both a product and a cause of political divisions in Northern Ireland . Main religious leaders ( edit ) Lambeth Palace is the official residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury in London The Queen is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England , with the Archbishops of Canterbury and York below her . The Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland presides over the annual Assembly , but does not lead , the Church of Scotland . The Primus of Scotland is the presiding bishop of the Scottish Episcopal Church . The Great Imam is Sheikh Mawlana Abdul Qayum , one of the most famous scholars of Europe , who serves the largest Muslim congregation in the Great Britain . The Archbishop of Westminster is the leader of the Catholic bishops of England and Wales . The de facto head of the Catholic Church in Scotland is the most senior archbishop , currently Leo Cushley , Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh ( see Bishops ' Conference of Scotland ) . The Primate of All Ireland exercises his ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Northern Ireland as well as the Republic of Ireland . The Archbishop of Wales is one of the six diocesan bishops of the Church in Wales , chosen by his colleagues to hold the higher designation in addition to his own diocese . The Chief Rabbi is the title of the leader of Orthodox Judaism in the Commonwealth . The Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland presides over , but does not lead , the Church . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints is led by the Europe Area Presidency . The current area president is Elder Erich W. Kopischke with Elder Gérald J. Caussé and Elder José A. Teixeira as first and second counsellors respectively . The Caliph Masih of the Ahmadiyya Community is Mirza Masroor Ahmad , and Fazl Mosque is his headquarters . Notable places of worship ( edit ) Christian Westminster Cathedral -- Catholic St Mary 's Cathedral , Edinburgh -- Catholic Canterbury Cathedral -- Church of England and Mother Church of England York Minster -- Church of England Durham Cathedral -- Church of England Salisbury Cathedral -- Church of England Dormition Cathedral , London -- Russian Orthodox Holy Trinity Cathedral , Down -- Church of Ireland Kingsway International Christian Centre -- Charismatic London England Temple -- Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Metropolitan Tabernacle -- Baptist St Anne 's Cathedral , Belfast -- Church of Ireland St David 's Cathedral -- Church in Wales St Giles ' Cathedral , Edinburgh -- Church of Scotland St Lazar 's Church , Bournville -- Serbian Orthodox St Mary 's Cathedral , Edinburgh -- Scottish Episcopal St Paul 's Cathedral -- Church of England St Sarkis , Kensington -- Armenian Apostolic St Sophia 's Cathedral , London -- Greek Orthodox Westminster Abbey -- Church of England Westminster Central Hall -- Methodist Jewish Bevis Marks Synagogue -- Jewish New West End Synagogue -- Jewish Islamic London Central Mosque -- Islamic North London Central Mosque -- Islamic Other Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha -- Sikh Neasden Temple -- Hindu See also ( edit ) United Kingdom portal Religion portal Religion by country Religion in England Religion in Scotland Religion in Wales Religion in Northern Ireland Religion in the Republic of Ireland Commission on Religion and Belief in British Public Life Irreligion in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Religion in England and Wales 2011 '' . 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Jump up ^ BBC Songs of Praise accessed 1 January 2008 Jump up ^ Bhaskar , Sanjeev ( 29 November 2009 ) . `` What did ' Life of Brian ' ever do for us ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( 10 January 2008 ) . `` The gay poem that broke blasphemy laws '' . pinknews.co.uk . Pink News . Archived from the original on 3 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Protests as Jerry Springer opens BBC News , February 2006 Jump up ^ Malik , Kenan . From Fatwa to Jihad : The Rushdie Affair and Its Aftermath . Melville House ( 2010 ) : p. 4 Jump up ^ `` George , Andrew , David and Patrick -- the Four Patron Saints of the British Isles '' . Jump up ^ Interfaith Network for the UK List of Members . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 Jump up ^ `` Mixed picture emerges on British attitudes to religion in public life '' . Ekklesia . Retrieved 15 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Teen Banned From Wearing Crucifix Sky News , 6 December 2005 Jump up ^ `` Churches fear Equality Bill will conflict with faith '' . BBC News Online . 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Ross , Tim ( 28 February 2011 ) . `` Foster parent ban : ' no place ' in the law for Christianity , High Court rules '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . ^ Jump up to : `` NISRA '' . NISRA . NISRA . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland 's Census '' . Scotland 's census . Scottish government . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Office of National Statistics '' . ons . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Office of National Statistics '' . The Welsh Government . Welsh government . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ David , Robertson . `` The Trajectory of God '' . St. Peter 's Dundee . Saint Peter 's Free Church of Scotland . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Claire ( 2005 ) . Religion , Identity and Politics in Northern Ireland : Boundaries of Belonging and Belief . pp. 69 -- 117 . ISBN 0754641546 . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Organisation of the Church of England , Church of England website . Jump up ^ `` Shaykh Abdul Qayyum '' . AL - QALAM . Retrieved 2013 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Religious Figure 2014 '' . British Bangladeshi Power Inspiration . Archived from the original on 14 March 2016 . Retrieved 2014 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Further reading ( edit ) Bebbington , David W. Evangelicalism in Modern Britain : A History from the 1730s to the 1980s ( Routledge , 2003 ) Buchanan , Colin . Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism ( 2nd ed. 2015 ) excerpt Chadwick , Owen , The Victorian Church : Vol 1 1829 - 1859 ( 1966 ) ; Victorian Church : Part two 1860 - 1901 ( 1979 ) ; a major scholarly survey Davie , Grace . Religion in Britain since 1945 : Believing without belonging ( Blackwell , 1994 ) Davie , Grace . Religion in Britain : A Persistent Paradox ( 2014 ) . Davies , Rupert E. et al . A History of the Methodist Church in Great Britain ( 3 vol . Wipf & Stock , 2017 ) . online Gilbert , Alan D. Religion and society in industrial England : church , chapel , and social change , 1740 -- 1914 ( 1976 ) . Gilley , Sheridan , and W.J. Sheils . A History of Religion in Britain : Practice and Belief from Pre-Roman Times to the Present ( 1994 ) 608pp excerpt and text search Hastings , Adrian . A History of English Christianity : 1920 - 1985 ( 1986 ) 720pp ; a major scholarly survey McLeod , Hugh . Religion and society in England , 1850 -- 1914 ( Macmillan , 1996 ) . Obelkevich , J. Religion and Rural Society ( Oxford University Press , 1976 ) Shaw , Duncan , edt al. `` What is Religious History ? '' History Today ( 1985 ) 35 # 8 online , commentary by 8 scholars Primary sources ( edit ) Horace Mann ( 1854 ) . Census of Great Britain , 1851 : Religious Worship in England and Wales . External links ( edit ) General ( edit ) Eurel : sociological and legal data on religions in Europe BBC What the World Thinks of God television programme Kettell , Steven ( 2009 ) . `` On the Public Discourse of Religion : An Analysis of Christianity in the United Kingdom '' ( PDF ) . Politics and Religion . 2 ( 3 ) : 420 -- 443 . doi : 10.1017 / s1755048309990204 . Christianity ( edit ) Church of England Church of Scotland Presbyterian Church in Ireland Church of Ireland ( Anglican ) Church in Wales ( Anglican ) Catholic Church in England and Wales Catholic Bishops ' Conference of Scotland Catholic Church in Ireland Assemblies of God of Great Britain Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales Free Church of Scotland Free Church of Scotland ( Continuing ) Ecumenical Patriarchate Greek Orthodox Church in Great Britain Parishes in the British Isles under the Ecumenical Patriarchate 's Paris Exarchate Russian Orthodox Church in Great Britain and Ireland -- Diocese of Sourozh , Patriarchate of Moscow Antiochian Orthodox Church in the United Kingdom and Ireland Romanian Orthodox Church , London Judaism ( edit ) Office of the Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of Great Britain and the Commonwealth ( Orthodox ) Masorti Judaism Movement for Reform Judaism Liberal Judaism Islam ( edit ) Muslim Council of Great Britain Hinduism ( edit ) Hindu Council UK Hindu Cultural Association of Wales UK Sikhism ( edit ) The Network of Sikh Organisations UK Buddhism ( edit ) The Buddhist Society No religion ( edit ) Humanists UK The Freethinker - The voice of Atheism since 1881 Religion in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union United Kingdom articles History Chronology Formation Georgian era Victorian era Edwardian era First World War Interwar Second World War UK since 1945 ( social history ) By topic Economic Empire Maritime Military Geography Administrative Countries of the United Kingdom Crown dependencies Overseas territories City status Towns Former colonies Physical British Isles terminology Great Britain Coastline Geology Lakes and lochs Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Resources Agriculture Energy / Renewable energy Biodiesel Coal Geothermal Hydraulic frac . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the primary religion in the united kingdom	[ "According to the 2011 Census, Christianity is the majority religion, followed by Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism and Buddhism in terms of number of adherents. Among Christians, Anglicans are the most common denomination, followed by the Catholics, Presbyterians, Methodists and Baptists. This, and the relatively large number of individuals with nominal or no religious affiliations, has led commentators to variously describe the United Kingdom as a multi-faith and secularised society.\n" ]	[ "Christianity" ]
-4992542306237655348	Paris Peace Accords	Paris Peace Accords - wikipedia Paris Peace Accords Jump to : navigation , search For the 1991 treaty , see 1991 Paris Peace Accords . Paris Peace Accords Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam Signed January 27 , 1973 ( 1973 - 01 - 27 ) Negotiators Henry Kissinger Lê Đức Thọ Signatories See below Parties North Vietnam South Vietnam United States Provisional Revolutionary Government Paris Peace Accords at Wikisource The Paris Peace Accords , officially titled the Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam , was a peace treaty signed on January 27 , 1973 to establish peace in Vietnam and end the Vietnam War . The treaty included the governments of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( North Vietnam ) , the Republic of Vietnam ( South Vietnam ) , and the United States , as well as the Provisional Revolutionary Government ( PRG ) that represented indigenous South Vietnamese revolutionaries . It ended direct U.S. military combat , and temporarily stopped the fighting between North and South Vietnam . However , the agreement was not ratified by the United States Senate . The negotiations that led to the accord began in 1968 , after various lengthy delays . As a result of the accord , the International Control Commission ( ICC ) was replaced by the International Commission of Control and Supervision ( ICCS ) to fulfill the agreement . The main negotiators of the agreement were United States National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese politburo member Lê Đức Thọ ; the two men were awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts , although Lê Đức Thọ refused to accept it . Contents ( hide ) 1 Provisions of the accords 2 Paris peace negotiations 2.1 Early Deadlocks 2.2 Claimed sabotage of negotiations by Nixon campaign 2.3 Nixon government 2.4 Breakthrough and agreement 3 Aftermath 4 Signatories 5 Other key figures in the negotiations 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Provisions of the Accords ( edit ) The approximate areas of control at the time of the signing of the Accord . The South Vietnamese government controlled about 80 percent of the territory and 90 percent of the population , although many areas were contested . The document began with the statement that `` the United States and all other countries respect the independence , sovereignty , unity , and territorial integrity of Vietnam as recognized by the 1954 Geneva Agreements on Vietnam '' . The inclusion of this provision was a victory for the communist side -- Saigon and the Vietcong -- towards a political settlement that would allow the South Vietnamese people to `` decide themselves the political future of South Viet - Nam through genuinely free and democratic general elections under international supervision . '' Reunification of Vietnam was to be `` carried out step by step through peaceful means '' . If South Vietnam required any military hardware to defend itself against any North Vietnam aggression , the United States agreed to provide replacement aid to the South Vietnam on a piece - by - piece , one - to - one replacement basis . Paris Peace negotiations ( edit ) Early deadlocks ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Play media 1971 newsreel about the peace talks Following the success of anti-war candidate Eugene McCarthy in the New Hampshire primary , in March 1968 U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson halted bombing operations over the northern portion of the North Vietnam ( Operation Rolling Thunder ) , in order to encourage Hanoi ( the perceived locus of the insurgency ) to begin negotiations . Shortly thereafter , Hanoi agreed to discuss a complete halt of the bombing , and a date was set for representatives of both parties to meet in Paris , France . The sides first met on May 10 , with the delegations headed by Xuân Thuỷ , who would remain the official leader of the North Vietnamese delegation throughout the process , and U.S. ambassador - at - large W. Averell Harriman . For five months , the negotiations stalled as North Vietnam demanded that all bombing of North Vietnam be stopped , while the U.S. side demanded that North Vietnam agree to a reciprocal de-escalation in South Vietnam ; it was not until October 31 that Johnson agreed to end the air strikes and serious negotiations could begin . One of the largest hurdles to effective negotiation was the fact that North Vietnam and its ally in South Vietnam , the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam ( NLF , or Viet Cong ) , refused to recognize the government of South Vietnam ; with equal persistence , the government in Saigon refused to acknowledge the legitimacy of the NLF . Harriman resolved this dispute by developing a system by which North Vietnam and U.S. would be the named parties ; NLF officials could join the North Vietnam team without being recognized by South Vietnam , while Saigon 's representatives joined their U.S. allies . A similar debate concerned the shape of the table to be used at the conference . The North favored a circular table , in which all parties , including NLF representatives , would appear to be `` equal '' ' in importance . The South Vietnamese argued that only a rectangular table was acceptable , for only a rectangle could show two distinct sides to the conflict . Eventually a compromise was reached , in which representatives of the northern and southern governments would sit at a circular table , with members representing all other parties sitting at individual square tables around them . Claimed sabotage of negotiations by Nixon campaign ( edit ) Bryce Harlow , a former White House staff member in the Eisenhower administration , claimed to have `` a double agent working in the White House ... I kept Nixon informed . '' Harlow and Henry Kissinger ( who was friendly with both campaigns and guaranteed a job in either a Humphrey or Nixon administration in the upcoming election ) separately predicted Johnson 's `` bombing halt '' . Democratic senator George Smathers informed President Johnson that `` the word is out that we are making an effort to throw the election to Humphrey . Nixon has been told of it '' . According to presidential historian Robert Dallek , Kissinger 's advice `` rested not on special knowledge of decision making at the White House but on an astute analyst 's insight into what was happening . '' CIA intelligence analyst William Bundy stated that Kissinger obtained `` no useful inside information '' from his trip to Paris , and `` almost any experienced Hanoi watcher might have come to the same conclusion '' . While Kissinger may have `` hinted that his advice was based on contacts with the Paris delegation , '' this sort of `` self - promotion ... is at worst a minor and not uncommon practice , quite different from getting and reporting real secrets . '' Nixon asked the prominent Asian - American politician Anna Chennault to be his `` channel to Mr. Thieu '' ; Chennault agreed and periodically reported to John Mitchell that Thieu had no intention of attending a peace conference . On November 2 , Chennault informed the South Vietnamese ambassador : `` I have just heard from my boss in Albuquerque who says his boss ( Nixon ) is going to win . And you tell your boss ( Thieu ) to hold on a while longer . '' In response , President Johnson ordered the wire - tapping of members of the Nixon campaign . Dallek wrote that Nixon 's efforts `` probably made no difference '' because Thieu was unwilling to attend the talks and there was little chance of an agreement being reached before the election ; however , his use of information provided by Harlow and Kissinger was morally questionable , and vice president Hubert Humphrey 's decision not to make Nixon 's actions public was `` an uncommon act of political decency . '' Nixon government ( edit ) After winning the 1968 presidential election , Richard Nixon became president of the U.S. in January 1969 . He then replaced U.S. ambassador Harriman with Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. , who was later replaced by David Bruce . Also that year , the NLF set up a Provisional Revolutionary Government ( PRG ) to gain government status at the talks . However , the primary negotiations that led to the agreement did not occur at the Peace Conference at all , but were carried out during secret negotiations between Kissinger and Lê Đức Thọ , which began on August 4 , 1969 . North Vietnam insisted for three years that the agreement could not be concluded unless the United States agreed to remove South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu from power and replace him with someone more acceptable to Hanoi . Nixon and Kissinger were unwilling to sign an agreement to overthrow a government the NLF had failed to overthrow by force of arms , though the extent of North Vietnamese demands is contested . Historian Marilyn B. Young , whose expertise is in American foreign relations , contends that the contents of Hanoi 's proposal were systematically distorted from their original plea to permit Thiệu 's replacement , to what Kissinger propagated as a demand for his overthrow . Breakthrough and agreement ( edit ) On May 8 , 1972 , President Nixon made a major concession to North Vietnam by announcing that the U.S. would accept a cease - fire in place as a precondition for its military withdrawal . In other words , the U.S. would withdraw its forces from South Vietnam without North Vietnam doing the same . The concession broke a deadlock and resulted in progress in the talks over the next few months . The final major breakthrough came on October 8 , 1972 . Prior to this , North Vietnam had been disappointed by the results of its Nguyen Hue Offensive ( known in the West as the Easter Offensive ) , which had resulted in the United States countering with `` Operation Linebacker , '' a significant air bombing campaign that blunted the North 's drive in the South as well as inflicting damage in the North . Also , they feared increased isolation if Nixon 's efforts at détente significantly improved U.S. relations with the chief communist powers , the Soviet Union and the People 's Republic of China , who were backing the North Vietnamese military effort . In a meeting with Kissinger , Thọ significantly modified his bargaining line , allowing that the Saigon government could remain in power and that negotiations between the two South Vietnamese parties could develop a final settlement . Within 10 days the secret talks drew up a final draft . Kissinger held a press conference in Washington during which he announced that `` peace is at hand . '' Signing the peace accords When Thiệu , who had not even been informed of the secret negotiations , was presented with the draft of the new agreement , he was furious with Kissinger and Nixon ( who were perfectly aware of South Vietnam 's negotiating position ) and refused to accept it without significant changes . He then made several public radio addresses , claiming that the proposed agreement was worse than it actually was . Hanoi was flabbergasted , believing that it had been duped into a propaganda ploy by Kissinger . On October 26 , Radio Hanoi broadcast key details of the draft agreement . However , as U.S. casualties had mounted throughout the conflict since 1965 , American domestic support for the war had deteriorated , and by the fall of 1972 there was major pressure on the Nixon administration to withdraw from the war . Consequently , the U.S. brought great diplomatic pressure upon their South Vietnamese ally to sign the peace treaty even if the concessions Thiệu wanted could not be achieved . Nixon pledged to provide continued substantial aid to South Vietnam , and given his recent landslide victory in the presidential election , it seemed possible that he would be able to follow through on that pledge . To demonstrate his seriousness to Thiệu , Nixon ordered the heavy Operation Linebacker II bombings of North Vietnam in December 1972 . Nixon also attempted to bolster South Vietnam 's military forces by ordering that large quantities of U.S. military material and equipment be given to South Vietnam from May to December 1972 under Operations Enhance and Enhance Plus . These operations were also designed to keep North Vietnam at the negotiating table and to prevent them from abandoning negotiations and seeking total victory . When the North Vietnamese government agreed to resume `` technical '' discussions with the United States , Nixon ordered a halt to bombings north of the 20th parallel on December 30 . With the U.S. committed to disengagement ( and after threats from Nixon that South Vietnam would be abandoned if he did not agree ) , Thiệu had little choice but to accede . On January 15 , 1973 , President Nixon announced a suspension of offensive actions against North Vietnam . Kissinger and Thọ met again on January 23 and signed off on a treaty that was basically identical to the draft of three months earlier . The agreement was signed by the leaders of the official delegations on January 27 , 1973 , at the Hotel Majestic in Paris , France . Aftermath ( edit ) Balance of Military Forces ( January 1973 ) South Vietnamese armed forces Ground combat regulars 210,000 Regional and Popular Force militias 510,000 Service troops 200,000 Total : South Vietnamese armed forces 920,000 Communist armed forces North Vietnamese ground troops in South Vietnam 123,000 Viet Cong ground troops 25,000 Service troops 71,000 Total : Communist armed forces 219,000 The Paris Peace Accords effectively removed the U.S. from the conflict in Vietnam . However , the agreement 's provisions were routinely flouted by both the North Vietnamese and the Saigon government , eliciting no response from the United States , and ultimately resulting in the communists enlarging the area under their control by the end of 1973 . North Vietnamese military forces gradually built up their military infrastructure in the areas they controlled and two years later were in a position to launch the successful offensive that ended South Vietnam 's status as an independent country . Nixon had secretly promised Thiệu that he would use airpower to support the Saigon government should it be necessary . During his confirmation hearings in June 1973 , Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger was sharply criticized by some senators after he stated that he would recommend resumption of U.S. bombing in North Vietnam if North Vietnam launched a major offensive against South Vietnam , but by August 15 , 1973 , 95 % of American troops and their allies had left Vietnam ( both North and South ) as well as Cambodia and Laos under the Case - Church Amendment . The amendment , which was approved by the U.S. Congress in June 1973 , prohibited further U.S. military activity in Vietnam , Laos and Cambodia unless the president secured Congressional approval in advance . However , during this time , Nixon was being driven from office due to the Watergate scandal , which led to his resignation in 1974 . When the North Vietnamese began their final offensive early in 1975 , U.S. Congress refused to appropriate additional military assistance for South Vietnam , citing strong opposition to the war by Americans and the loss of American equipment to the North by retreating Southern forces . Thiệu subsequently resigned , accusing the U.S. of betrayal in a TV and radio address : At the time of the peace agreement the United States agreed to replace equipment on a one - by - one basis . But the United States did not keep its word . Is an American 's word reliable these days ? The United States did not keep its promise to help us fight for freedom and it was in the same fight that the United States lost 50,000 of its young men . Saigon fell to the North Vietnamese army supported by Viet Cong units on April 30 , 1975 . Schlesinger had announced early in the morning of April 29 the beginning of Operation Frequent Wind , which entailed the evacuation of the last U.S. diplomatic , military and civilian personnel from Saigon via helicopter , which was completed in the early morning hours of April 30 . Not only did North Vietnam conquer South Vietnam , but the communists were also victorious in Cambodia when the Khmer Rouge captured Phnom Penh on April 17 , as were the Pathet Lao in Laos successful in capturing Vientiane on December 2 . Like Saigon , U.S. civilian and military personnel were evacuated from Phnom Penh , U.S. diplomatic presence in Vientiane was significantly downgraded , and the number of remaining U.S. personnel was severely reduced . Signatories ( edit ) Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. , former United States Ambassador to South Vietnam , led the U.S. delegation William P. Rogers , United States Secretary of State Trần Văn Lắm , Minister for Foreign Affairs for the Republic of Vietnam Nguyễn Thị Bình , Minister for Foreign Affairs for The Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam Nguyen Duy Trinh , Minister for Foreign Affairs for The Democratic Republic of Vietnam Other key figures in the negotiations ( edit ) Henry Kissinger Lê Đức Thọ Thích Nhất Hạnh See also ( edit ) Vietnam portal Peace treaty Peace of Westphalia International law References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Paris Agreement on Vietnam : Twenty - five Years Later Conference Transcript , The Nixon Center , Washington , DC , April 1998 . Reproduced on mtholyoke.edu . Accessed 5 September 2012 . Jump up ^ The Constitution - Executive agreements Accessed 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Truth about the Vietnam War '' . 23 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Dallek ( 2007 ) , Nixon and Kissinger : Partners in Power , HarperCollins , pp. 73 - 74 . Jump up ^ Dallek , pp. 74 - 75 . In 1997 , Chennault admitted that `` I was constantly in touch with Nixon and Mitchell . '' Jump up ^ Dallek , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Taylor , David The Lyndon Johnson tapes : Richard Nixon 's ' treason ' BBC News Magazine 22 March 2013 Last retrieved 22 March 2013 Jump up ^ Dallek , pp. 77 - 78 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Young ( 1994 ) The Vietnam Wars : 1945 -- 1990 , HarperPerennial , pp. 263 - 264 . Jump up ^ `` Memoirs v Tapes : President Nixon and the December Bombings ''. , accessed 23 Jun 2015 Jump up ^ Isaacs , Arnold R. ( 1983 ) , Without Honor : Defeat in Vietnam and Cambodia , Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press , p. 48 - 49 , 511 Jump up ^ Le Gro , Col. William E. ( 1985 ) , Vietnam from Cease - Fire to Capitulation , US Army Center of Military History , Department of the Army , p. 28 Jump up ^ `` 1975 : Vietnam 's President Thieu resigns '' . On this day . BBC News . April 21 , 1975 . Further reading ( edit ) Herrington , Stuart A. ( 1983 ) . `` Peace with Honor ? An American Reports on Vietnam '' Presidio Press . Part II , `` Life Under The Paris Agreement '' pp. 16 -- 40 . Herschensohn , Bruce ( 2010 ) . An American Amnesia : How the U.S. Congress Forced the Surrenders of South Vietnam and Cambodia . New York : Beaufort Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8253 - 0632 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Paris Peace Accords Nixon and Vietnam Timeline Timeline of NVA invasion of South Vietnam `` LBJ Tapes Implicate Nixon With Treason '' . ABC News . December 5 , 2008 , ( video ) . `` The Trials of Henry Kissinger '' documentary by Eugene Jarecki ( video , 1h19 ) . Sequence on Nixon campaign sabotage of Paris Peace Accords : start 15min 20sec -- end 20min 10sec . The short film Vietnam War ( 1971 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive `` Les Accords de Paris , quarante ans plus tard , un film de Rina Sherman '' documentary by Rina Sherman ( HD , 71 min ) . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did they sign the paris peace accords	[ "On January 15, 1973, President Nixon announced a suspension of offensive actions against North Vietnam. Kissinger and Thọ met again on January 23 and signed off on a treaty that was basically identical to the draft of three months earlier. The agreement was signed by the leaders of the official delegations on January 27, 1973, at the Hotel Majestic in Paris, France." ]	[ "the Hotel Majestic in Paris, France" ]
4212401992899335371	List of winners of the New York City Marathon	List of winners of the New York City Marathon - wikipedia List of winners of the New York City Marathon Jump to : navigation , search The New York City Marathon is a 42,195 - meter ( 26.2 mile ) race through all five boroughs of New York City , and ranks as the largest marathon in the world , with a record 51,392 finishers ( 29,927 men / 21,465 women ) in 2016 . Since its inaugural race in 1970 , 34 men and 25 women have won the open division of the New York City Marathon , representing 22 different countries . From 1970 through 1975 , the race was held entirely in Central Park . It has started in Staten Island and gone through New York City 's other four boroughs since 1976 . Grete Waitz of Norway has won the race more than any other athlete , having completed her 9th victory in 1988 , setting three course records in the process . Current course records were set by Geoffrey Mutai of Kenya in 2011 in the men 's division , and by Margaret Okayo of Kenya in 2003 in the women 's division . A wheelchair race has been held since 2000 . Among the wheelchair racers , Edith Hunkeler of Switzerland and Tatyana McFadden of USA has the most victories , with five each ( McFadden has four in a row ) . Tatyana McFadden also holds the women 's course record with a time of 1 : 43 : 04 set in 2015 , while Kurt Fearnley of Australia holds the men 's record with 1 : 29 : 22 set in 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Men 's open division 2 Women 's open division 3 Men 's wheelchair division 4 Women 's wheelchair division 5 Victories by nationality 6 References 7 External links Men 's open division ( edit ) Rodgers Rop , winner of the 2002 New York City Marathon . He won the Boston Marathon that same year . Paul Tergat , winner of the 2005 New York City Marathon , participating in an event for the World Food Program . Marílson Gomes dos Santos , winner of the 2006 and 2008 New York City Marathons , and the first and only Brazilian to win it in either division . Year Winner Country Time Notes 1970 Gary Muhrcke United States 2 : 31 : 38 Course record 1971 Norman Higgins United States 2 : 22 : 54 Course record 1972 Sheldon Karlin United States 2 : 27 : 52 1973 Tom Fleming United States 2 : 21 : 54 Course record Norbert Sander United States 2 : 26 : 30 Tom Fleming United States 2 : 19 : 27 Course record , 2nd victory 1976 Bill Rodgers United States 2 : 10 : 10 Course record 1977 Bill Rodgers United States 2 : 11 : 28 2nd victory 1978 Bill Rodgers United States 2 : 12 : 12 3rd victory 1979 Bill Rodgers United States 2 : 11 : 42 4th victory 1980 Alberto Salazar United States 2 : 09 : 41 Course record 1981 Alberto Salazar United States 2 : 08 : 13 World record , 2nd victory 1982 Alberto Salazar United States 2 : 09 : 29 3rd victory Rod Dixon New Zealand 2 : 08 : 59 1984 Orlando Pizzolato Italy 2 : 14 : 53 1985 Orlando Pizzolato Italy 2 : 11 : 34 2nd victory 1986 Gianni Poli Italy 2 : 11 : 06 Ibrahim Hussein Kenya 2 : 11 : 01 1988 Steve Jones United Kingdom 2 : 08 : 20 1989 Juma Ikangaa Tanzania 2 : 08 : 01 Course record 1990 Douglas Wakiihuri Kenya 2 : 12 : 39 1991 Salvador García Mexico 2 : 09 : 28 1992 Willie Mtolo South Africa 2 : 09 : 29 1993 Andrés Espinosa Mexico 2 : 10 : 04 1994 Germán Silva Mexico 2 : 11 : 21 1995 Germán Silva Mexico 2 : 11 : 00 2nd victory Giacomo Leone Italy 2 : 09 : 54 1997 John Kagwe Kenya 2 : 08 : 12 1998 John Kagwe Kenya 2 : 08 : 45 2nd victory 1999 Joseph Chebet Kenya 2 : 09 : 14 2000 Abdelkader El Mouaziz Morocco 2 : 10 : 09 2001 Tesfaye Jifar Ethiopia 2 : 07 : 43 Course record 2002 Rodgers Rop Kenya 2 : 08 : 07 2003 Martin Lel Kenya 2 : 10 : 30 Hendrick Ramaala South Africa 2 : 09 : 28 2005 Paul Tergat Kenya 2 : 09 : 30 2006 Marílson Gomes dos Santos Brazil 2 : 09 : 58 2007 Martin Lel Kenya 2 : 09 : 04 2nd victory 2008 Marílson Gomes dos Santos Brazil 2 : 08 : 43 2nd victory 2009 Meb Keflezighi United States 2 : 09 : 15 Gebregziabher Gebremariam Ethiopia 2 : 08 : 14 2011 Geoffrey Mutai Kenya 2 : 05 : 06 Course record 2012 Cancelled due to Hurricane Sandy 2013 Geoffrey Mutai Kenya 2 : 08 : 24 2nd victory 2014 Wilson Kipsang Kenya 2 : 10 : 59 2015 Stanley Biwott Kenya 2 : 10 : 34 2016 Ghirmay Ghebreslassie Eritrea 2 : 07 : 51 2017 Geoffrey Kamworor Kenya 2 : 10 : 53 Women 's open division ( edit ) Paula Radcliffe , winner of the 2004 , 2007 & 2008 New York City Marathons . Jeļena Prokopčuka , winner of the 2005 and 2006 New York City Marathons , the first and only Latvian runner to win in either division . Year Winner Country Time Notes 1972 Nina Kuscsik United States 3 : 08 : 41 Course record 1973 Nina Kuscsik United States 2 : 57 : 07 Course record , 2nd victory Kathrine Switzer United States 3 : 07 : 29 Kim Merritt United States 2 : 46 : 14 Course record 1976 Miki Gorman United States 2 : 39 : 11 Course record 1977 Miki Gorman United States 2 : 43 : 10 2nd victory 1978 Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 32 : 30 Course record 1979 Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 27 : 33 Course record , 2nd victory 1980 Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 25 : 42 Course record , 3rd victory 1981 Allison Roe New Zealand 2 : 25 : 29 Course record 1982 Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 27 : 14 4th victory Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 27 : 00 5th victory 1984 Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 29 : 30 6th victory 1985 Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 28 : 34 7th victory 1986 Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 28 : 06 8th victory Priscilla Welch United Kingdom 2 : 30 : 17 1988 Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 28 : 07 9th victory 1989 Ingrid Kristiansen Norway 2 : 25 : 30 1990 Wanda Panfil Poland 2 : 30 : 45 1991 Liz McColgan United Kingdom 2 : 27 : 32 1992 Lisa Ondieki Australia 2 : 24 : 40 Course record 1993 Uta Pippig Germany 2 : 26 : 24 1994 Tegla Loroupe Kenya 2 : 27 : 37 1995 Tegla Loroupe Kenya 2 : 28 : 06 2nd victory Anuţa Cătună Romania 2 : 28 : 18 1997 Franziska Rochat - Moser Switzerland 2 : 28 : 43 1998 Franca Fiacconi Italy 2 : 25 : 17 1999 Adriana Fernandez Mexico 2 : 25 : 06 2000 Lyudmila Petrova Russia 2 : 25 : 45 2001 Margaret Okayo Kenya 2 : 24 : 21 Course record 2002 Joyce Chepchumba Kenya 2 : 25 : 56 2003 Margaret Okayo Kenya 2 : 22 : 31 Course record , 2nd victory Paula Radcliffe United Kingdom 2 : 23 : 10 2005 Jeļena Prokopčuka Latvia 2 : 24 : 41 2006 Jeļena Prokopčuka Latvia 2 : 25 : 05 2nd victory 2007 Paula Radcliffe United Kingdom 2 : 23 : 09 2nd victory 2008 Paula Radcliffe United Kingdom 2 : 23 : 56 3rd victory 2009 Derartu Tulu Ethiopia 2 : 28 : 52 Edna Kiplagat Kenya 2 : 28 : 20 2011 Firehiwot Dado Ethiopia 2 : 23 : 15 2012 Cancelled due to Hurricane Sandy 2013 Priscah Jeptoo Kenya 2 : 25 : 07 2014 Mary Keitany Kenya 2 : 25 : 07 2015 Mary Keitany Kenya 2 : 24 : 25 2nd victory 2016 Mary Keitany Kenya 2 : 24 : 26 3rd victory 2017 Shalane Flanagan United States 2 : 26 : 53 Fifth US woman to win ; first since 1977 Men 's wheelchair division ( edit ) David Weir , winner of the 2010 race Masazumi Soejima , winner of the 2011 race Year Winner Country Time Notes 2000 Ayari , Kamel Kamel Ayari Tunisia 1 : 53 : 50 2001 Mendoza , Saúl Saúl Mendoza Mexico 1 : 39 : 29 Course record 2002 Schabort , Krige Krige Schabort South Africa 1 : 38 : 27 Course record 2003 Schabort , Krige Krige Schabort South Africa 1 : 32 : 19 Course record , 2nd victory Mendoza , Saúl Saúl Mendoza Mexico 1 : 33 : 16 2nd victory 2005 van Dyk , Ernst Ernst van Dyk South Africa 1 : 31 : 11 Course record 2006 Fearnley , Kurt Kurt Fearnley Australia 1 : 29 : 22 Course record 2007 Fearnley , Kurt Kurt Fearnley Australia 1 : 33 : 58 2nd victory 2008 Fearnley , Kurt Kurt Fearnley Australia 1 : 44 : 51 3rd victory 2009 Fearnley , Kurt Kurt Fearnley Australia 1 : 35 : 58 4th victory Weir , David David Weir United Kingdom 1 : 37 : 29 2011 Soejima , Masazumi Masazumi Soejima Japan 1 : 31 : 41 2012 Cancelled due to Hurricane Sandy 2013 Hug , Marcel Marcel Hug Switzerland 1 : 40 : 14 2014 Fearnley , Kurt Kurt Fearnley Australia 1 : 30 : 55 5th victory ( Note that the course was shortened by 3 miles at the start ) 2015 van Dyk , Ernst Ernst van Dyk South Africa 1 : 30 : 54 2nd victory 2016 Hug , Marcel Marcel Hug Switzerland 1 : 35 : 44 2nd victory 2017 Hug , Marcel Marcel Hug Switzerland 1 : 37.17 3rd victory Women 's wheelchair division ( edit ) Year Winner Country Time Notes 2000 Xuan , Anh Nguyen Thi Anh Nguyen Thi Xuan Vietnam 2 : 46 : 47 2001 Porcellato , Francesca Francesca Porcellato Italy 2 : 08 : 51 Course record 2002 Blauwet , Cheri Cheri Blauwet United States 2 : 14 : 39 2003 Blauwet , Cheri Cheri Blauwet United States 1 : 59 : 30 Course record , 2nd victory Hunkeler , Edith Edith Hunkeler Switzerland 1 : 53 : 27 Course record 2005 Hunkeler , Edith Edith Hunkeler Switzerland 1 : 54 : 52 2nd victory 2006 McGrory , Amanda Amanda McGrory United States 1 : 54 : 19 2 seconds ahead of 2nd - place finisher 2007 Hunkeler , Edith Edith Hunkeler Switzerland 1 : 52 : 38 Course record , 3rd victory 2008 Hunkeler , Edith Edith Hunkeler Switzerland 2 : 06 : 42 4th victory 2009 Hunkeler , Edith Edith Hunkeler Switzerland 1 : 58 : 15 5th victory McFadden , Tatyana Tatyana McFadden United States 2 : 02 : 22 2011 McGrory , Amanda Amanda McGrory United States 1 : 50 : 25 Course record 2012 Cancelled due to Hurricane Sandy 2013 McFadden , Tatyana Tatyana McFadden United States 1 : 59 : 13 2nd victory 2014 McFadden , Tatyana Tatyana McFadden United States 1 : 42 : 16 3rd victory ( Note that their course was shortened by 3 miles at the start ) 2015 McFadden , Tatyana Tatyana McFadden United States 1 : 43 : 04 4th victory ; course record 2016 McFadden , Tatyana Tatyana McFadden United States 1 : 47 : 43 5th victory Victories by nationality ( edit ) Country Men 's Open Women 's Open Men 's Wheelchair Women 's Wheelchair Total United States 14 7 0 9 30 Kenya 14 10 0 0 24 Norway 0 10 0 0 10 Mexico 0 7 United Kingdom 5 0 7 Switzerland 0 5 9 Italy 0 6 Australia 0 5 0 6 South Africa 0 0 6 Ethiopia 0 0 Brazil 0 0 0 New Zealand 0 0 Latvia 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 Tanzania 0 0 0 Germany 0 0 0 Poland 0 0 0 Romania 0 0 0 Russia 0 0 0 Tunisia 0 0 0 Vietnam 0 0 0 Eritrea 0 0 0 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dicker , Ron ( November 6 , 2000 ) . `` NEW YORK CITY MARATHON : WHEELCHAIRS ; In First Official Race , the Winner Stays Clear of Controversy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Rose , Derek ; Bill Hutchinson ( November 5 , 2001 ) . `` PATRIOTIC STRUT TO MARATHON '' . Daily News . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Lichtenstein , Grace ( November 4 , 2002 ) . `` THE MARATHON : WHEELCHAIR COMPETITION ; Swiss Legislator Wins Without Vote '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Lena ( November 3 , 2003 ) . `` Glue and Cable Wire Aid Tenacious Winner '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2013 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Lena ( November 8 , 2004 ) . `` MARATHON 2004 : NOTEBOOK ; Strategy Pays Off in Men 's Wheelchair Race '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Litsky , Frank ( November 7 , 2005 ) . `` After a Bumpy Challenge , a Road Record and Sore Arms '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Litsky , Frank ( November 5 , 2006 ) . `` Potholes Fail to Stop Winner of Wheelchair Race '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Litsky , Frank ( November 5 , 2007 ) . `` Racecar Driver Is Fourth in Handcycle '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Defending Champions at New York Marathon '' . International Paralympic Committee . November 11 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Lilly , Brandon ( November 5 , 2001 ) . `` MARATHON 2001 : WHEELCHAIR DIVISION ; Israeli Sets Mark in Men 's Hand - Cycle Competition '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . External links ( edit ) `` TCS New York City Marathon Results Archive '' , New York Road Runners . `` RRIC Annual Marathon Report 2006 '' , Running USA Wire , May 20 , 2006 . `` New York City Marathon Winners '' . Encarta . MSN . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 22 . New York City Marathon ... 1987 ... ... 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 List of winners New York City Marathon -- men 's winners 1970 : Gary Muhrcke ( USA ) 1971 : Norman Higgins ( USA ) 1972 : Sheldon Karlin ( USA ) 1973 : Tom Fleming ( USA ) 1974 : Norbert Sander ( USA ) 1975 : Tom Fleming ( USA ) 1976 - 79 : Bill Rodgers ( USA ) 1980 - 82 : Alberto Salazar ( USA ) 1983 : Rod Dixon ( NZL ) 1984 - 85 : Orlando Pizzolato ( ITA ) 1986 : Gianni Poli ( ITA ) 1987 : Ibrahim Hussein ( KEN ) 1988 : Steve Jones ( GBR ) 1989 : Juma Ikangaa ( TAN ) 1990 : Douglas Wakiihuri ( KEN ) 1991 : Salvador García ( MEX ) 1992 : Willie Mtolo ( RSA ) 1993 : Andrés Espinosa ( MEX ) 1994 - 95 : Germán Silva ( MEX ) 1996 : Giacomo Leone ( ITA ) 1997 - 98 : John Kagwe ( KEN ) 1999 : Joseph Chebet ( KEN ) 2000 : Abdelkader El Mouaziz ( MAR ) 2001 : Tesfaye Jifar ( ETH ) 2002 : Rodgers Rop ( KEN ) 2003 : Martin Lel ( KEN ) 2004 : Hendrick Ramaala ( RSA ) 2005 : Paul Tergat ( KEN ) 2006 : Marílson Gomes dos Santos ( BRA ) 2007 : Martin Lel ( KEN ) 2008 : Marílson Gomes dos Santos ( BRA ) 2009 : Meb Keflezighi ( USA ) 2010 : Gebregziabher Gebremariam ( ETH ) 2011 : Geoffrey Mutai ( KEN ) 2012 : Marathon canceled 2013 : Geoffrey Mutai ( KEN ) 2014 : Wilson Kipsang Kiprotich ( KEN ) 2015 : Stanley Biwott ( KEN ) 2016 : Ghirmay Ghebreslassie ( ERI ) 2017 : Geoffrey Kamworor ( KEN ) World Marathon Majors Berlin Marathon -- List ( M / W ) Boston Marathon -- List ( M / W ) Chicago Marathon -- List ( M / W ) London Marathon -- List ( M / W ) New York City Marathon -- List ( M / W ) Tokyo Marathon -- List ( M / W ) New York City Marathon -- women 's winners 1971 : Beth Bonner ( USA ) 1972 -- 1973 : Nina Kuscsik ( USA ) 1974 : Kathrine Switzer ( USA ) 1975 : Kim Merritt ( USA ) 1976 -- 1977 : Miki Gorman ( USA ) 1978 -- 1980 : Grete Waitz ( NOR ) 1981 : Allison Roe ( NZL ) 1982 -- 1986 : Grete Waitz ( NOR ) 1987 : Priscilla Welch ( GBR ) 1988 : Grete Waitz ( NOR ) 1989 : Ingrid Kristiansen ( NOR ) 1990 : Wanda Panfil ( POL ) 1991 : Liz McColgan ( GBR ) 1992 : Lisa Ondieki ( AUS ) 1993 : Uta Pippig ( GER ) 1994 -- 1995 : Tegla Loroupe ( KEN ) 1996 : Anuța Cătună ( ROM ) 1997 : Franziska Rochat - Moser ( SUI ) 1998 : Franca Fiacconi ( ITA ) 1999 : Adriana Fernández ( MEX ) 2000 : Lyudmila Petrova ( RUS ) 2001 : Margaret Okayo ( KEN ) 2002 : Joyce Chepchumba ( KEN ) 2003 : Margaret Okayo ( KEN ) 2004 : Paula Radcliffe ( GBR ) 2005 -- 2006 : Jeļena Prokopčuka ( LAT ) 2007 -- 2008 : Paula Radcliffe ( GBR ) 2009 : Derartu Tulu ( ETH ) 2010 : Edna Kiplagat ( KEN ) 2011 : Firehiwot Dado ( ETH ) 2012 : Marathon canceled 2013 : Priscah Jeptoo ( KEN ) 2014 -- 2016 : Mary Keitany ( KEN ) 2017 : Shalane Flanagan ( USA ) World Marathon Majors Berlin Marathon -- List ( M / W ) Boston Marathon -- List ( M / W ) Chicago Marathon -- List ( M / W ) London Marathon -- List ( M / W ) New York City Marathon -- List ( M / W ) Tokyo Marathon -- List ( M / W ) World Marathon Majors Marathons Tokyo winners Boston winners London winners Berlin winners Chicago winners New York City winners Results Final standings IAAF World Championships Marathon World Marathon Cup Olympic Games Marathon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_winners_of_the_New_York_City_Marathon&oldid=808935333 '' Categories : Lists of marathon winners New York City Marathon winners Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 03 : 35 . About Wikipedia	who won this year's new york city marathon	[]	[]
6457715988739871938	Slope stability	Slope stability - wikipedia Slope stability Slope stability is the potential of soil covered slopes to withstand and undergo movement . Stability is determined by the balance of shear stress and shear strength . A previously stable slope may be initially affected by preparatory factors , making the slope conditionally unstable . Triggering factors of a slope failure can be climatic events which can then make a slope unstable , leading to mass movements . Mass movements can be caused by increase in shear stress , such as loading , lateral pressure , and transient forces . Alternatively , shear strength may be decreased by weathering , changes in pore water pressure , and organic material . The field of slope stability encompasses static and dynamic stability of slopes of earth and rock - fill dams , slopes of other types of embankments , excavated slopes , and natural slopes in soil and soft rock . Slope stability investigation , analysis ( including modeling ) , and design mitigation is typically completed by geologists , engineering geologists , or geotechnical engineers . Geologists and engineering geologists can also use their knowledge of earth process and their ability to interpret surface geomorphology to determine relative slope stability based simply on site observations . Contents 1 Examples 2 Analysis methods 3 Measurement 4 Improve in stability of slope 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Examples ( edit ) See also : Landslides Figure 1 : Simple slope slip section As seen in Figure 1 , earthen slopes can develop a cut - spherical weakness area . The probability of this happening can be calculated in advance using a simple 2 - D circular analysis package . A primary difficulty with analysis is locating the most - probable slip plane for any given situation . Many landslides have only been analyzed after the fact . More recently slope stability radar technology has been employed , particularly in the mining industry , to gather real time data and assist in determining the likelihood of slope failure . Figure 2 : Real life landslide on a slope Real life failures in naturally deposited mixed soils are not necessarily circular , but prior to computers , it was far easier to analyse such a simplified geometry . Nevertheless , failures in ' pure ' clay can be quite close to circular . Such slips often occur after a period of heavy rain , when the pore water pressure at the slip surface increases , reducing the effective normal stress and thus diminishing the restraining friction along the slip line . This is combined with increased soil weight due to the added groundwater . A ' shrinkage ' crack ( formed during prior dry weather ) at the top of the slip may also fill with rain water , pushing the slip forward . At the other extreme , slab - shaped slips on hillsides can remove a layer of soil from the top of the underlying bedrock . Again , this is usually initiated by heavy rain , sometimes combined with increased loading from new buildings or removal of support at the toe ( resulting from road widening or other construction work ) . Stability can thus be significantly improved by installing drainage paths to reduce the destabilising forces . Once the slip has occurred , however , a weakness along the slip circle remains , which may then recur at the next monsoon. There are many more methods are also available Slope stability issues can be seen with almost any walk down a ravine in an urban setting . An example is shown in Figure 3 , where a river is eroding the toe of a slope , and there is a swimming pool near the top of the slope . If the toe is eroded too far , or the swimming pool begins to leak , the forces driving a slope failure will exceed those resisting failure , and a landslide will develop , possibly quite suddenly . Analysis methods ( edit ) Main article : Slope stability analysis Figure 3 : Slope with eroding river and swimming pool Figure 4 : Method of slices If the forces available to resist movement are greater than the forces driving movement , the slope is considered stable . A factor of safety is calculated by dividing the forces resisting movement by the forces driving movement . In earthquake - prone areas , the analysis is typically run for static conditions and pseudo-static conditions , where the seismic forces from an earthquake are assumed to add static loads to the analysis . Measurement ( edit ) See also : Deformation monitoring This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2014 ) Improve in stability of slope ( edit ) See also : Landslide mitigation and Slab stabilization This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2014 ) Stability of slopes can be improved by : 1 . Flattening of slope results in reduce in weight which make that stable 2 . Soil stabilization 3 . Providing lateral supports by piles or retaining walls 4 . Grouting or cement injections into special places 5 . Consolidation by surcharging or electro osmosis increases the stability of slope . See also ( edit ) Discontinuity layout optimization Mohr - Coulomb theory Q - slope Slope stability analysis Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ US Army Corps of Engineers Manual on Slope Stability Jump up ^ `` Slope Stability Calculator '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Chugh , Ashok ( 2002 ) , `` A method for locating critical slip surfaces in slope stability analysis '' , NRC Research Press , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2004 - 08 - 14 References ( edit ) Coduto , Donald P. ( 1998 ) . Geotechnical Engineering : Principles and Practices . Prentice - Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 576380 - 0 Fredlund , D.G. , H. Rahardjo , M.D. Fredlund ( 2014 ) . Unsaturated Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice . Wiley - Interscience . ISBN 978 - 1118133590 Geotechnical engineering Exploration Investigation Testing On - site Cone penetration test Standard penetration test Monitoring well piezometer Borehole Crosshole sonic logging Nuclear densometer test Static load testing Laboratory Atterberg limits California bearing ratio Direct shear test Hydrometer Proctor compaction test R - value Sieve analysis Triaxial shear test Hydraulic conductivity tests Water content tests Soil Materials Clay Silt Sand Gravel Peat Permafrost Loam Loess Properties Soil classification Hydraulic conductivity Water content Void ratio Bulk density Thixotropy Reynolds ' dilatancy Angle of repose Cohesion Porosity Permeability Specific storage Mechanics Effective stress Pore water pressure Shear strength Overburden pressure Consolidation Compaction Shear wave Lateral earth pressure Foundations Shallow Deep Bearing capacity Dynamic load testing Pile integrity test Wave equation analysis Statnamic load test Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing Mechanically stabilized earth Pressure grouting Slurry wall Soil nailing Tieback Stability Slope analysis mass wasting landslide Deformation monitoring automated Earthquakes Soil liquefaction Response spectrum Seismic hazard Ground -- structure interaction Geosynthetics Geotextile Geomembrane Geosynthetic clay liner Cellular confinement Numerical analysis SEEP2D STABL SVFlux SVSlope UTEXAS Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slope_stability&oldid=843415019 '' Categories : Soil mechanics Geotechnical engineering Landslides Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from July 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Polski Basa Sunda Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 00 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	natural sources that can give a slope greater shear strength	[]	[]
-2283406686531902393	Cloud Gate	Cloud Gate - wikipedia Cloud Gate Jump to : navigation , search Public sculpture by Sir Anish Kapoor in Chicago , Illinois , United States This article is about the sculpture in Chicago . For the modern dance group , see Cloud Gate Dance Theatre . Coordinates : 41 ° 52 ′ 57.67 '' N 87 ° 37 ′ 23.97 '' W / 41.8826861 ° N 87.6233250 ° W / 41.8826861 ; - 87.6233250 Cloud Gate Artist Anish Kapoor Year 2006 Medium Stainless steel sculpture 10 m × 13 m × 20 m ( 33 ft × 42 ft × 66 ft ) Location Millennium Park , Chicago , Illinois , United States Cloud Gate is a public sculpture by Indian - born British artist Sir Anish Kapoor , that is the centerpiece of AT&T Plaza at Millennium Park in the Loop community area of Chicago , Illinois . The sculpture and AT&T Plaza are located on top of Park Grill , between the Chase Promenade and McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink . Constructed between 2004 and 2006 , the sculpture is nicknamed The Bean because of its shape . Made up of 168 stainless steel plates welded together , its highly polished exterior has no visible seams . It measures 33 by 66 by 42 feet ( 10 by 20 by 13 m ) , and weighs 110 short tons ( 100 t ; 98 long tons ) . Kapoor 's design was inspired by liquid mercury and the sculpture 's surface reflects and distorts the city 's skyline . Visitors are able to walk around and under Cloud Gate 's 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) high arch . On the underside is the `` omphalos '' ( Greek for `` navel '' ) , a concave chamber that warps and multiplies reflections . The sculpture builds upon many of Kapoor 's artistic themes , and it is popular with tourists as a photo - taking opportunity for its unique reflective properties . The sculpture was the result of a design competition . After Kapoor 's design was chosen , numerous technological concerns regarding the design 's construction and assembly arose , in addition to concerns regarding the sculpture 's upkeep and maintenance . Various experts were consulted , some of whom believed the design could not be implemented . Eventually , a feasible method was found , but the sculpture 's construction fell behind schedule . It was unveiled in an incomplete form during the Millennium Park grand opening celebration in 2004 , before being concealed again while it was completed . Cloud Gate was formally dedicated on May 15 , 2006 , and has since gained considerable popularity , both domestically and internationally . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 Construction and maintenance 3 Reception 4 Artistic themes 4.1 Relevant Kapoor themes 4.2 Cloud Gate themes 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.2 Bibliography 8 External links Design ( edit ) Image map of Millennium Park ; east is at the top . Each feature or label is linked . Lying between Lake Michigan to the east and the Loop to the west , Grant Park has been Chicago 's front yard since the mid-19th century . Its northwest corner , north of Monroe Street and the Art Institute , east of Michigan Avenue , south of Randolph Street , and west of Columbus Drive , had been Illinois Central rail yards and parking lots until 1997 , when it was made available for development by the city as Millennium Park . For 2007 , the park was Chicago 's second largest tourist attraction , trailing only Navy Pier . In 1999 , Millennium Park officials and a group of art collectors , curators and architects reviewed the artistic works of 30 different artists and asked two for proposals . American artist Jeff Koons submitted a proposal to erect a permanent 150 - foot ( 46 m ) sculpture of a playground slide ; his glass and steel design featured an observation deck 90 feet ( 27 m ) above the ground that was accessible via an elevator . The committee chose the second design by internationally acclaimed artist Anish Kapoor . Measuring 33 by 66 by 42 feet ( 10 by 20 by 13 m ) and weighing 110 short tons ( 100 t ; 98 long tons ) , the proposal featured a seamless , stainless steel surface inspired by liquid mercury . This mirror - like surface would reflect the Chicago skyline , but its elliptical shape would distort and twist the reflected image . As visitors walk around the structure , its surface acts like a fun - house mirror as it distorts their reflections . Anish Kapoor 's design proposal was chosen over works by thirty different artists . In the underside of the sculpture is the omphalos , an indentation whose mirrored surface provides multiple reflections of any subject situated beneath it . The apex of the omphalos is 27 feet ( 8.2 m ) above the ground . The concave underside allows visitors to walk underneath to see the omphalos , and through its arch to the other side so that they view the entire structure . During the grand opening week in July 2004 , press reports described the omphalos as the `` spoon - like underbelly '' . The stainless steel sculpture was originally envisioned as the centerpiece of the Lurie Garden at the southeast corner of the park . However , Park officials believed the piece was too large for the Lurie Garden and decided to locate it at AT&T Plaza , despite Kapoor 's objections . Skyscrapers to the north along East Randolph Street , including The Heritage , the Smurfit - Stone Building , Two Prudential Plaza , One Prudential Plaza , and Aon Center are visible , reflected on both the east and west sides of the sculpture . Although Kapoor does not draw with computers , computer modeling was essential to the process of analyzing the complex form , which created numerous issues . Since the sculpture was expected to be outdoors , concerns arose that it might retain and conduct heat in a way that would make it too hot to touch during the summer and so cold that one 's tongue might stick to it during the winter . The extreme temperature variation between seasons was also feared to weaken the structure . Graffiti , bird droppings and fingerprints were also potential problems , as they would affect the aesthetics of the surface . The most pressing issue was the need to create a single seamless exterior for the external shell , a feat architect Norman Foster once believed to be nearly impossible . While the sculpture was being constructed , public and media outlets nicknamed it `` The Bean '' because of its shape , a name that Kapoor described as `` completely stupid '' . Months later , Kapoor officially named the piece `` Cloud Gate '' . ( Kapoor eventually accepted the nickname of `` The Bean '' . ) Critical reviews describe the sculpture as a passage between realms . Three - quarters of the sculpture 's external surface reflects the sky and the name refers to it acting as a type of gate that helps bridge the space between the sky and the viewer . The sculpture and plaza are sometimes referred to jointly as `` Cloud Gate on the AT&T Plaza '' . It is Kapoor 's first public outdoor work in the United States , and is the work by which he is best known in the country according to the Financial Times . Construction and maintenance ( edit ) The first of two internal support rings for the sculpture is erected in Millennium Park at AT&T Plaza . The British engineering firm Atelier One and freelance engineer Chris Hornzee - Jones ( who later went on to form the engineering firm Aerotrope in 2005 ) provided the sculpture 's structural design , and Performance Structures , Inc . ( PSI ) was chosen to fabricate it because of their ability to produce nearly invisible welds . The project began with PSI attempting to recreate the design in miniature . A high - density polyurethane foam model was selected by Kapoor , which was then used to design the final structure , including the interior structural components . Initially , PSI planned to build and assemble the sculpture in Oakland , California , and ship it to Chicago through the Panama Canal and St. Lawrence Seaway . However , this plan was discarded after park officials deemed it too risky , so the decision was made to transport the individual panels by truck and to assemble the structure on - site , a task undertaken by MTH Industries . The sculpture 's weight raised concerns . Estimating the thickness of the steel needed to create the sculpture 's desired aesthetics before fabrication was difficult . Cloud Gate was originally estimated to weigh 60 short tons ( 54 t ; 54 long tons ) when completed . However , the final figure was almost twice as heavy at 110 short tons ( 100 t ; 98 long tons ) . This extra weight required engineers to reconsider the sculpture 's supporting structures . The roof of the Park Grill , upon which Cloud Gate sits , had to be built strong enough to bear the weight . The large retaining wall separating Chicago 's Metra train tracks from the North Grant Park garage supports much of the weight of the sculpture and forms the back side of the restaurant . This wall , along with the rest of the garage 's foundation , required additional bracing before the piece was erected . Cloud Gate is further buttressed by lateral members underneath the plaza that are anchored to the sculpture 's interior structure by tie rods . Inside Cloud Gate 's polished exterior shell are several steel structures that keep the sculpture standing . The first structural pieces , two type 304 stainless steel rings , were put into place in February 2004 . As construction continued , crisscrossing pipe trusses were assembled between the two rings . The trusses and supporting structures were only present for the construction phases . The finished sculpture has no inner bracing . The supporting structural components were designed and constructed to ensure that no specific point was overloaded , and to avoid producing unwanted indentations on the exterior shell . The frame was also designed to expand and contract with the sculpture as temperatures fluctuate . As a result , the two large rings supporting the sculpture move independently of each other , allowing the shell to move independently of the rings . When Cloud Gate 's interior components were completed , construction crews prepared to work on the outer shell ; this comprises 168 stainless steel panels , each ⁄ inch ( 10 mm ) thick and weighing 1,000 to 2,000 pounds ( 450 to 910 kg ) . They were fabricated using three - dimensional modeling software . Computers and robots were essential in the bending and shaping of the plates , which was performed by English wheel and a robotic scanning device . Metal stiffeners were welded to each panel 's interior face to provide a small degree of rigidity . About a third of the plates , along with the entire interior structure , were fabricated in Oakland . The plates were polished to 98 percent of their final state and covered with protective white film before being sent to Chicago via trucks . Once in Chicago , the plates were welded together on - site , creating 2,442 linear feet ( 744 m ) of welded seams . Welders used keyhole welding machines rather than traditional welding guns . The plates were fabricated so precisely that no on - site cutting or filing was necessary when lifting and fitting them into position . When construction of the shell began in June 2004 , a large tent was erected around the piece to shield it from public view . Construction began with the omphalos , where plates were attached to the supporting internal steel structure , from the inside ( underside ) of the sculpture downward to the outermost surfaces . This sequence caused the structure to resemble a large sombrero when the bottom was complete . The shell of Cloud Gate was fully erected for the grand opening of Millennium Park on July 15 , 2004 , although it was unpolished and thus unfinished , because its assembly had fallen behind schedule . The piece was temporarily uncovered on July 8 for the opening , although Kapoor was unhappy with this as it allowed the public to see the sculpture in an unfinished state . The original plan was to re-erect the tent around the sculpture for polishing on July 24 , but public appreciation for the piece convinced park officials to leave it uncovered for several months . The tent was again erected in January 2005 as a 24 - person crew from Ironworkers Local 63 polished the seams between each plate . In order to grind , sand and polish the seams , six levels of scaffolding were erected around the sides of the sculpture , while climbing ropes and harnesses were used to polish harder - to - reach areas . When the upper and side portions of the shell were completed , the tent was once again removed in August 2005 . On October 3 , the omphalos was closed off as workers polished the final section . Every weld on the Cloud Gate underwent a five - stage process , required to produce the sculpture 's mirror - like finish . Stage Name Equipment used Sandpaper type Purpose Rough cut 5 - pound ( 2.3 kg ) , 41⁄2 - inch ( 110 mm ) electric grinder 40 - grit Removed welded seams Initial contour 15 - pound ( 6.8 kg ) , 2 - inch ( 51 mm ) , air - driven belt sander 80 - grit , 100 - grit and 120 - grit Shaped the weld contours Sculpting air - driven 10 - pound ( 4.5 kg ) , 1 - inch ( 25 mm ) belt sander 80 - grit , 120 - grit , 240 - grit and 400 - grit Smoothed the weld contours Refining double action sander 400 - grit , 600 - grit and 800 - grit Removed the fine scratches that were left from the sculpting stage 5 Polishing 10 - inch ( 250 mm ) electric buffing wheel 10 pounds ( 4.5 kg ) of rouge Buffed and polished the surface to a mirror - like finish The sculpture was finally completed on August 28 , 2005 , and officially unveiled on May 15 , 2006 . The cost for the piece was first estimated at $6 million ; this had escalated to $11.5 million by the time the park opened in 2004 , with the final figure standing at $23 million in 2006 . No public funds were involved ; all funding came from donations from individuals and corporations . Kapoor 's contract states that the constructed piece should be expected to survive for 1,000 years . The lower 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) of Cloud Gate is wiped down twice a day by hand , while the entire sculpture is cleaned twice a year with 40 U.S. gallons ( 33 imp gal ; 150 L ) of liquid detergent . The daily cleanings use a Windex - like solution , while the semi-annual cleanings use Tide . A notable February 2009 rare incident saw two names etched in letters about 1 inch ( 25 mm ) tall on the northeast side of the curved sculpture . The graffiti was removed by the same firm that did the original polishing . Reception ( edit ) A tent was erected to cover Cloud Gate while it was being polished in 2004 and 2005 . Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley declared the day of the sculpture 's dedication , May 15 , 2006 , to be `` Cloud Gate Day '' . Kapoor attended the celebration , while local jazz trumpeter and bandleader Orbert Davis and the Chicago Jazz Philharmonic played `` Fanfare for Cloud Gate '' , which Davis composed . The public took an instant liking to the sculpture , affectionately referring to it as `` The Bean '' . Cloud Gate has become a popular piece of public art and is now a fixture on many souvenirs such as postcards , sweatshirts , and posters . The sculpture has attracted a large number of locals , tourists , and art aficionados from around the world . The sculpture is now the piece by which Kapoor is most identified in the United States . Time describes the piece as an essential photo opportunity , and more of a destination than a work of art. The New York Times writes that it is both a `` tourist magnet '' and an `` extraordinary art object '' , while USA Today refers to the sculpture as a monumental abstract work . Chicago art critic Edward Lifson considers Cloud Gate to be among the greatest pieces of public art in the world . The American Welding Society recognized Cloud Gate , MTH Industries and PSI with the group 's Extraordinary Welding Award . Time named Millennium Park one of the ten best architectural achievements of 2004 , citing Cloud Gate as one of the park 's major attractions . What I wanted to do in Millennium Park is make something that would engage the Chicago skyline ... so that one will see the clouds kind of floating in , with those very tall buildings reflected in the work . And then , since it is in the form of a gate , the participant , the viewer , will be able to enter into this very deep chamber that does , in a way , the same thing to one 's reflection as the exterior of the piece is doing to the reflection of the city around . -- Anish Kapoor When the park first opened in 2004 , Metra police stopped a Columbia College Chicago journalism student who was working on a photography project in Millennium Park and confiscated his film because of fears of terrorism . In 2005 , the sculpture attracted some controversy when a professional photographer without a paid permit was denied access to the piece . As is the case for all works of art currently covered by United States copyright law , the artist holds the copyright for the sculpture . This allows the public to freely photograph Cloud Gate , but permission from Kapoor or the City of Chicago ( which has licensed the art ) is required for any commercial reproductions of the photographs . The city first set a policy of collecting permit fees for photographs . These permits were initially set at $350 per day for professional still photographers , $1,200 per day for professional videographers and $50 per hour for wedding photographers . The policy has been changed so permits are only required for large - scale film , video and photography requiring ten - person crews and equipment . In addition to restricting photography of public art , closing a public park for a private event has also been controversial . In 2005 and 2006 , almost all of Millennium Park was closed for a day for corporate events . On both occasions , as one of the park 's primary attractions , Cloud Gate was the focus of controversy . On September 8 , 2005 , Toyota Motor Sales USA paid $800,000 to rent most venues in the park including Cloud Gate on AT&T Plaza from 6 a.m. to 11 p.m. On August 7 , 2006 , Allstate paid $700,000 to rent the park . For this price , Allstate acquired the visitation rights to a different set of features and only had exclusive access to Cloud Gate after 4 p.m. These corporate closures denied tourists access to Kapoor 's public sculpture , and commuters who walk through the park were forced to take alternative routes . City officials stated that the money would help finance free public programs in Millennium Park . In 2015 , a sculpture similar to Cloud Gate was reported in Karamay , China at the site of an oil discovery , which according to Eduardo Peñalver , the Dean of Cornell Law School , `` very probably '' is a copyright infringement against Cloud Gate . Though designed to resemble an oil bubble , Kapoor hoped that legal action would be taken against what he termed a Chinese knockoff . Mayor Rahm Emanuel was less concerned and said that it was a flattering imitation . Artistic themes ( edit ) Relevant Kapoor themes ( edit ) I hope what I have done is make a serious work , which deals with serious questions about form , public space and an object in space . You can capture the popular imagination and hold other points of interest , but that is not what I set out to do , although there is inevitably a certain spectacular in an object like this . -- Anish Kapoor Anish Kapoor has a reputation for creating spectacles in urban settings by producing works of extreme size and scale . Before creating Cloud Gate , Kapoor had created art that distorted images of the viewer instead of portraying images of its own . In so doing , he acquired experience blurring the boundary between the limit and the limitless . Kapoor drew on past experience to design Cloud Gate , in particular the designing of Sky Mirror ( 2001 ) , a 20 - foot ( 6.1 m ) 10 - short - ton ( 9 t ; 9 - long - ton ) concave stainless steel mirror that also used a theme of distorted perception on a grand scale . Kapoor 's objects often aim to evoke immateriality and the spiritual , an outcome he achieves either by carving dark voids into stone pieces , or more recently , through the sheer shine and reflectivity of his objects . This Indian artist 's works have no fixed identity , but rather occupy an illusionary space that is consistent with eastern theologies shared by Buddhism , Hinduism and Taoism , as well as Albert Einstein 's views of a non-three - dimensional world . Kapoor explores the theme of ambiguity with his works that place the viewer in a state of `` in - betweenness '' . The artist often questions and plays with such dualities as solidity -- emptiness or reality -- reflection , which in turn allude to such paired opposites as flesh -- spirit , the here -- the beyond , east -- west , sky -- earth , etc. that create the conflict between internal and external , superficial and subterranean , and conscious and unconscious . Kapoor also creates a tension between masculine and feminine within his art by having concave points of focus that invite the entry of visitors and multiplies their images when they are positioned correctly . Cloud Gate themes ( edit ) Kapoor often speaks of removing both the signature of the artist from his works as well as any traces of their fabrication , or what he refers to as `` traces of the hand '' . He aspires to make his works look like they have independent realities that he reveals rather than creates . For him , removing all the seams from Cloud Gate was necessary in order to make the sculpture seem as though it was `` perfect '' and ready - made . These effects increase the viewer 's fascination with it and makes them wonder what it is and where it came from . His attempts to hide his works ' seams as an artist stand in contrast to Frank Gehry 's architectural designs in the park , Jay Pritzker Pavilion and BP Pedestrian Bridge , which display their seams prominently . Cloud Gate is described as a transformative , iconic work . It is similar to many of Kapoor 's previous works in the themes and issues it addresses . While the sculpture 's mirror effects are reminiscent of fun - house fairground mirrors , they also have a more serious intent ; they help dematerialize this very large object , making it seem light and almost weightless . Cloud Gate is considered Kapoor 's most ambitious use of complex mirrored form dynamics . Kapoor challenges his viewers to internalize his work through intellectual and theoretical exercise . By reflecting the sky , visiting and non-visiting pedestrians and surrounding architecture , Cloud Gate limits its viewers to partial comprehension at any time . The interaction with the viewer who moves to create his own vision gives it a spiritual dimension . The sculpture is described as a disembodied , luminous form , which is also how his earlier 1000 Names ( 1979 -- 80 ) was described when it addressed the metaphysical and mystical . The viewer physically enters the art when he walks underneath it into its `` navel '' . The omphalos is a `` warped dimension of fluid space '' . In this dimension , solid is transformed into fluid in a disorienting multiplicative manner that intensifies the experience . It is emblematic of Kapoor 's work to deconstruct empirical space and venture into manifold possibilities of abstract space . The experience is described as a displaced or virtual depth that is composed of multiplied surfaces . According to project manager Lou Cerny of MTH Industries , `` When the light is right , you ca n't see where the sculpture ends and the sky begins . '' The sculpture challenges perception by distorting and deforming the surrounding architecture . The skyscrapers along East Randolph Street to the northeast ( Two Prudential Plaza , and Aon Center ) , north ( One Prudential Plaza ) and northwest ( The Heritage , Crain Communications Building ) are reflected on Cloud Gate 's surface when viewed from either the east or the west . The sculpture also warps viewers ' perception of time by changing the speed of movements such as the passing of clouds . Although in the conventional sense Cloud Gate is not an opening that leads anywhere in the same way that monumental gates do , it frames a view and is celebratory in the way it creates a ceremonial place . The work is credited with achieving a new level or understanding described as a transubstantiation of material , reminiscent of that which the artist experienced during a 1979 trip to India . Kapoor 's 1000 Names evolved immediately after this trip ; twenty - five years later he created Cloud Gate , an object that emerged from material forms to become immaterial . Kapoor often relies on tenets of Hinduism in his art and says that `` The experience of opposites allows for the expression of wholeness . '' Primal dualities that are one , such as the lingam and yoni , are important to Indian culture , and Cloud Gate represents both the male and female in one entity by symbolizing both the vagina and testicles . Thus , it represents the tension between the masculine and the feminine . In popular culture ( edit ) The sculpture has been used as a backdrop in commercial films , notably in the 2006 Hollywood film The Break - Up , which had to reshoot several scenes because the sculpture was under cover for the initial filming . It is also prominently featured in the ending scene of Source Code . Director Duncan Jones felt the structure was a metaphor for the movie 's subject matter and aimed for it to be shown at the beginning and end of the movie . The sculpture served as an aesthetic and symbolic setting for the 2012 film The Vow when the lead characters share a kiss under it . It also appears in the video to `` Homecoming '' , a song by Chicago native Kanye West , featuring Chris Martin of the band Coldplay . The sculpture is also featured in the 2008 mumblecore film Nights and Weekends . It was also featured in the Bollywood film Dhoom 3 and the 2014 movie , Transformers : Age of Extinction , the fourth installment in the Transformers series . A modified reproduction of Cloud Gate is also included in Watch Dogs , a video game released in 2014 that takes place in Chicago . Unlike the real sculpture , the in - game replica is a curved , white torus . A movement to Windex the Bean was started in 2017 , gaining the attention of over thirty thousand people on Facebook . The event took place on November 15th , 2017 , because of a consensus that the Bean is dirty and needs to be cleaned . See also ( edit ) List of public art in Chicago References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , Timothy J. ( August 6 , 2006 ) . `` Millennium Park '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Crain 's List Largest Tourist Attractions ( Sightseeing ) : Ranked by 2007 attendance '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . Crain Communications Inc . June 23 , 2008 . p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Schulze , Franz ( November 2004 ) . `` Sunday afternoon in the Cyber-Age Park : the city 's new greensward features Frank Gehny 's latest , plus `` interactive '' sculptural works by Jaume Plensa and Anish Kapoor `` . Art in America : 66 -- 69 . ^ Jump up to : Ahmed - Ullah , Noreen S. ( May 16 , 2006 ) . `` Bean 's gleam has creator beaming -- Artist Anish Kapoor admits being surprised by aspects of ` Cloud Gate ' at Monday 's dedication ceremony in Millennium Park '' . Chicago Tribune . Newsbank . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Artner , Alan G. ( April 25 , 2004 ) . `` Arts & Entertainment '' . Chicago Tribune . Newsbank . Retrieved September 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Sharoff , p. 61 Jump up ^ Daniel , Caroline ; Jeremy Grant ( September 10 , 2005 ) . `` Classical city soars above Capone clichés '' . The Financial Times . The Financial Times Ltd . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . ( registration required for entire article ) ^ Jump up to : Lacayo , Richard ( June 5 , 2008 ) . `` Anish Kapoor : Past , Present , Future '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , p. 203 Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , p. 261 Jump up ^ `` News '' . Journal Gazette ( Mattoon , IL ) . Newsbank . July 17 , 2004 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bean , fountain highlight park opening '' . The Southern Illinoisan . Newsbank . July 17 , 2004 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Nance , Kevin ( July 14 , 2004 ) . `` The Bean 's bone of contention '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Newsbank . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Baume , p. 53 ^ Jump up to : Gilfoyle , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , Fred A. ( July 18 , 2004 ) . `` Art / Architecture ; Big Shoulders , Big Donors , Big Art '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Hedy ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Anish Kapoor , ' Cloud Gate ' artist : ' I call it `` The Bean , '' too ' `` . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Baume , pp. 123 -- 132 Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , pp. 263 -- 4 ^ Jump up to : `` Cloud Gate on the AT&T Plaza '' . Millennium Park . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2008 . Retrieved May 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Budick , Ariella ( June 14 , 2008 ) . `` Innies and outies '' . The Financial Times . The Financial Times Ltd . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Neil ; Chadwick , Aran ( 2009 ) . Liquid Threshold . Atelier One . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9562563 - 0 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` aerotrope profile '' . Aerotrope . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Steele , Jeffrey . `` Special Project -- Chicago 's Millennium Park Project '' . McGraw - Hill Construction . Retrieved May 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Sharoff , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Gilfoyle , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , p. 402 . Jump up ^ `` Making Metal Gleam '' . USGlass. 42 ( 4 ) . April 2007 . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sharoff , p. 51 ^ Jump up to : Nunn , Emily ( August 24 , 2005 ) . `` Making it shine '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sharoff , p. 56 ^ Jump up to : Gilfoyle , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Becker , Lynn . `` A photo essay on the making of Anish Kapoor 's Cloud Gate sculpture in Chicago 's Millennium Park '' . Repeat . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2008 . Retrieved May 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , p. 206 . Jump up ^ `` Cloud Gate '' . Chicago Architecture Info . Retrieved June 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A place to reflect in Chicago '' . Los Angeles Times . January 2 , 2005 . Retrieved June 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Karen ( August 18 , 2005 ) . `` Cloud Gate Sculpture in Millennium Park to be Completely Untented by Sunday , August 28 '' ( PDF ) . Millennium Park . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Yates , Jon ( July 15 , 2004 ) . `` Chicago finds ' bean ' meets taste test -- Sculpture reflects positively on city '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Bean Unveiled '' . Chicago Tonight . Chicago . May 15 , 2006 . WTTW . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ford , Liam ( July 11 , 2004 ) . `` City to finally open its new front yard -- Millennium Park 's price tag tripled '' . Chicago Tribune . Newsbank . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel , Caroline ( July 20 , 2004 ) . `` How a steel bean gave Chicago fresh pride '' . The Financial Times . The Financial Times Ltd . Retrieved August 7 , 2008 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Bange , Jackie ( August 18 , 2005 ) . `` Clean the Bean '' . WGN - TV . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Artner , Alan G. ; Rex W. Huppke ( February 4 , 2009 ) . `` Someone scratched the Bean 's surface -- Authorities say vandalism rare , and this instance is easy to fix '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Lifson , Edward ( June 15 , 2006 ) . `` Cloud Gate Day '' . Chicago Public Radio . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2008 . Retrieved May 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Randy ( August 20 , 2006 ) . `` A Most Public Artist Polishes a New York Image '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Roberta ( May 30 , 2008 ) . `` Sculptor as Magician '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ King , John ( July 30 , 2006 ) . `` Chicago 's architectural razzmatazz : New or old , skyscrapers reflect city 's brash and playful character '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications Inc . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Randy ( May 25 , 2008 ) . `` The Week Ahead : May 25 -- 31 '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lacayo , Richard ( February 27 , 2007 ) . `` Thinking Way Out of the Box '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kinzer , Stephen ( July 13 , 2004 ) . `` Letter From Chicago ; A Prized Project , a Mayor and Persistent Criticism '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` What have artists wrought from 9 / 11 ? '' . USA Today . September 3 , 2004 . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AWS Honors MTH and Others for Work on Cloud Gate Project '' . USGlass Magazine . Key Communications , Inc. / The USGlass News Network . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lacayo , Richard ( December 18 , 2004 ) . `` The Best Architecture '' . Time . Time Inc . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2008 . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kim , Gina ( 2004 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Cops seize college photographer 's film '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Kleiman , Kelly ( March 30 , 2005 ) . `` Who owns public art ? '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved May 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Storch , Charles ( May 27 , 2005 ) . `` Millennium Park loosens its photo rules '' . Chicago Tribune . Newsbank . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ahmed - Ullah , Noreen S. ( September 9 , 2005 ) . `` No Walk In The Park -- Toyota VIPs receive Millennium Park ' s red - carpet treatment ; everyone else told to just keep on going '' . Chicago Tribune . Newsbank . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dardick , Hal ( May 6 , 2005 ) . `` This Sept. 8 , No Bean For You -- Unless you 're a Toyota dealer . In that case , feel free to frolic because the carmaker paid $800,000 to own the park for the day '' . Chicago Tribune . Newsbank . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Herrmann , Andrew ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` Allstate pays $200,000 to book Millennium Park for one day '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Newsbank . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Bean and the Bubble '' . The Economist. 1 Aug 2015 . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Plucinska , Joanna ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` A New Public Sculpture in China Looks Just Like Chicago 's Iconic Cloud Gate '' . Time . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Felicia Sonmez ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Cloud Gate ' - Gate : Artist Refutes Chicago Mayor over China Art '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gilfoyle , p. 267 . ^ Jump up to : Gilfoyle , p. 264 . ^ Jump up to : Gilfoyle , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , pp. 271 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Baume , p. 9 Jump up ^ Roston , Eric ( October 11 , 2004 ) . `` Windy City Redux '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Baume , p. 18 Jump up ^ Baume , p. 26 Jump up ^ Sharoff , p. 45 ^ Jump up to : Jodidio , pp. 120 -- 122 Jump up ^ Zwecker , Bill ( March 30 , 2006 ) . `` Vaughn , Aniston frolic under Cloud cover '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Newsbank . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Richards , Dean ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Gyllenhaal says the ' Bean ' could be metaphor for ' Source Code ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Virtusio , Jessi ( 2012 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Movies : ' The Vow ' and films for hopeless romantics '' . SouthtownStar . Sun - Times Media Group . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Cave , Anthony ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) . `` ' The Vow ' is real , defining '' . Sun - Sentinel . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bey , Lee ( 2010 - 04 - 23 ) . `` Hip - hop 's view of Chicago architecture '' . WBEZ . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago takes starring role in ' Dhoom 3 ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . 2013 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Zwecker , Bill ( 2014 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Grammer stars in huge weekend hit '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2014 - 05 - 31 ) . `` ' Watch Dogs ' review : Ubisoft techno thriller compels until guns drawn '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Shaikh , Sehran ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` Watch Dogs vs Real Life Chicago Comparison Screens Shows Astonishing Replica Of Real World In Video Games '' . Gamepur . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Erika June ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Are these Chicagoans really going to Windex the Bean ? '' . WGN . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Baume , Nicholas ( 2008 ) . Anish Kapoor : Past Present Future . The MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 02659 - 8 . Gilfoyle , Timothy J. ( 2006 ) . Millennium Park : Creating a Chicago Landmark . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 29349 - 3 . Jodidio , Philip ( 2005 ) . Architecture : Art . Prestel . ISBN 3 - 7913 - 3279 - 1 . Sharoff , Robert ( 2004 ) . Better than Perfect : The Making of Chicago 's Millennium Park . Walsh Construction Company . Thomas , Neil ; Chadwick , Aran ( 2009 ) . Liquid Threshold . Atelier One . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9562563 - 0 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cloud Gate . Cloud Gate on Anish Kapoor 's website City of Chicago Millennium Park Millennium Park map City of Chicago Loop Community Map Cloud Gate at Millennium Park , City of Chicago -- Images and description of Kapoor 's public sculpture Cloud Gate articles in the archive of the Chicago Tribune Places adjacent to Cloud Gate Wrigley Square Boeing Gallery Chase Promenade McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink Cloud Gate Chase Promenade Crown Fountain Boeing Gallery Chase Promenade Anish Kapoor Sculptures ArcelorMittal Orbit Cloud Column Cloud Gate Marsyas Sky Mirror Tees Valley Giants Grant Park Features and attractions Art Institute of Chicago Auditorium Building BP Pedestrian Bridge Buckingham Fountain Burnham Pavilions Chicago Lakefront Trail Grant Park Symphony Orchestra Maggie Daley Park Millennium Park Monroe Harbor Museum Campus Adler Planetarium Field Museum of Natural History Shedd Aquarium Soldier Field Nichols Bridgeway Petrillo Music Shell Public art 8th Street Fountain Abraham Lincoln : The Head of State Agora Big Beaver Totem Pole The Bowman and The Spearman Bust of Sir Georg Solti Chicago Stock Exchange Arch Cloud Gate Christopher Columbus Crown Fountain Cubi VII Flying Dragon Fountain of the Great Lakes Fountain of the Tritons General John Logan Memorial Joseph Rosenberg Fountain Large Interior Form Lions Magdalene Man Enters the Cosmos Man with Fish Olmec Head , Number 8 Spiral Galaxy Spirit of Music Events Bike The Drive Festival Chicago Blues Festival Chicago Jazz Festival Chicago Marathon Grant Park Music Festival Lollapalooza Taste of Chicago 1968 Democratic National Convention protests Barack Obama election victory speech ( 2008 ) Area streets Balbo Drive Columbus Drive Congress Parkway Historic Michigan Boulevard District Jackson Boulevard Lake Shore Drive Michigan Avenue Monroe Street Randolph Street Roosevelt Road Other Burnham Plan of Chicago Metra Electric District Millennium Station Municipal Grant Park Stadium South Shore Line Millennium Park Features and attractions AT&T Plaza Boeing Galleries BP Pedestrian Bridge Chase Promenade Cloud Gate Crown Fountain Exelon Pavilions Harris Theater Jay Pritzker Pavilion Lurie Garden McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink McDonald 's Cycle Center Millennium Station Nichols Bridgeway Park Grill Wrigley Square Surrounding streets Columbus Drive Historic Michigan Boulevard District Michigan Avenue Randolph Street Influences Frank Gehry Kathryn Gustafson Robert Israel Anish Kapoor Piet Oudolf Renzo Piano Jaume Plensa Skidmore , Owings & Merrill Related Burnham Pavilions Grant Park Grant Park Music Festival Petrillo Music Shell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cloud_Gate&oldid=840317273 '' Categories : 2006 sculptures British contemporary works of art Buildings and structures celebrating the third millennium Buildings and structures completed in 2006 Millennium Park Outdoor sculptures in Chicago Sculptures by Anish Kapoor Stainless steel sculptures in the United States Steel sculptures in Illinois 2006 establishments in Illinois Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Articles with short description Featured articles Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Svenska Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 03 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the bean made of in chicago	[ "Cloud Gate is a public sculpture by Indian-born British artist Sir Anish Kapoor, that is the centerpiece of AT&T Plaza at Millennium Park in the Loop community area of Chicago, Illinois. The sculpture and AT&T Plaza are located on top of Park Grill, between the Chase Promenade and McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink. Constructed between 2004 and 2006, the sculpture is nicknamed The Bean because of its shape. Made up of 168 stainless steel plates welded together, its highly polished exterior has no visible seams. It measures 33 by 66 by 42 feet (10 by 20 by 13 m), and weighs 110 short tons (100 t; 98 long tons)." ]	[ "168 stainless steel plates welded together" ]
6023214147686895986	Alexandra Borgia	Alexandra Borgia - wikipedia Alexandra Borgia Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This television - related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alexandra Borgia Law & Order character First appearance `` Fluency '' Last appearance `` Invaders '' Portrayed by Annie Parisse Time on show 2005 -- 2006 Seasons 15 , 16 Credited appearances 33 episodes ( total ) Preceded by Serena Southerlyn Succeeded by Connie Rubirosa Alexandra Borgia is a fictional character , played by Annie Parisse , who appeared on the long - running NBC drama series Law & Order from 2005 to 2006 . Appearing in only 33 episodes , she is the shortest serving ADA in the series ' history . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Borgia first appears in the episode `` Fluency '' , having been appointed by DA Arthur Branch ( Fred Thompson ) as a replacement for Serena Southerlyn ( Elisabeth Röhm ) . She principally assists Jack McCoy , but she also conducts detailed investigations , arraignments and hearings independent of McCoy and Branch . Prior to her last appointment , Borgia was engaged in trying many drug cases , which resulted in frequent kudos from police officers and fellow attorneys . She was also respected among her colleagues for her intelligence and adroit manner in preparing a case for prosecution . When asked by Detective Joe Fontana if her name was Italian , she answered that it was from Italy , France and Spain and that she still had relatives in Venice . She is a Christian and regularly goes to church . Unlike her predecessor , Borgia often agrees with the decisions of her superiors and follows their directions regardless of her own views . She shares many parallels with Abbie Carmichael ( Angie Harmon ) , including the latter 's conservatism and cooperation with the police in developing cases . Borgia also had a penchant for investigative work , a trait shared by Paul Robinette , whom she opposes in a case in the Season 16 episode `` Birthright '' . Borgia has a professional manner , balancing compassion for victims with adherence to legal rules and procedure . This is evident in her dealings with the mother of a victim of faulty influenza vaccine during her first case . The prosecution decides to drop the case among the numerous charges against the defendant , as it is too weak to use . Borgia impulsively promises the mother that the defendant would be severely punished in compensation . Although McCoy fulfills that promise by arranging multiple consecutive manslaughter sentences ( adding up to 240 years in prison ) , he asks Borgia to never again make similar promises . This compassion also helps her to get close to victims ' families , as demonstrated when she bonds with a murder victim 's son over their shared love of fishing . She is also highly respectful and polite in her dealings with colleagues . Simultaneously , she is never afraid to engage in heated byplay with defendants and convicts alike to ensure a successful prosecution . Borgia indicates her devout Catholicism as a factor in her belief in the religious transformation of a defendant and in arguing with her superiors , she also highlights her belief in a Christian ideal of forgiveness . Her Catholic background also influences her opposition to torture . Borgia was the shortest appearing Assistant District Attorney in the history of the Law & Order franchise , seen only in 33 episodes . In her final episode , while investigating a family 's murder , the DA 's office focuses on the husband , Frank Andreas , who is supplying killers with fake DEA badges which they use to commit home invasion robberies . Borgia presses Andreas to give up his accomplices , and is later kidnapped from her own apartment . Her body is subsequently found in the trunk of an abandoned car , bound , brutally beaten and dead of asphyxiation after choking on her own vomit . Outraged , McCoy arranges a sham prosecution to make sure her murderers go to prison for life , skirting legal ethics to the point that he almost faced disbarment and was replaced by a special prosecutor . Borgia 's position is filled by Connie Rubirosa ( Alana de la Garza ) in season 17 . Credits ( edit ) Parisse is credited in a total of 33 episodes of the Law & Order as Alexandra Borgia . Seasons Years Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 15 2005 16 2005 -- 2006 Seasons Years 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Episodes Regular cast × Regular cast + no appearance Recurring cast No credit + no appearance No episode References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Fluency '' . Law & Order . Season 15 . Episode 14 . January 19 , 2005 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` In God We Trust '' . Law & Order . Season 15 . Episode 23 . May 11 , 2005 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Obsession '' . Law & Order . Season 15 . Episode 15 . February 9 , 2005 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Invaders '' . Law & Order . Season 16 . Episode 22 . May 17 , 2006 . NBC . Jump up ^ Alexandra Borgia -- IMDb ( hide ) Law & Order Characters Police Sgt . Max Greevey Sgt . Phil Cerreta Lennie Briscoe Joe Fontana Ed Green Cyrus Lupo Mike Logan Rey Curtis Nick Falco Nina Cassady Kevin Bernard Captain Donald Cragen Lieutenant Anita Van Buren District attorneys Benjamin Stone Jack McCoy Michael Cutter Paul Robinette Claire Kincaid Jamie Ross Abbie Carmichael Serena Southerlyn Alexandra Borgia Connie Rubirosa Adam Schiff Nora Lewin Arthur Branch Recurring characters Elizabeth Olivet , Ph. D . Emil Skoda , M.D. Elizabeth Rodgers , M.D. Danielle Melnick Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Notable episodes `` Prescription for Death '' `` Everybody 's Favorite Bagman '' `` Manhood '' `` Aftershock '' `` Empire '' `` Mother 's Day '' `` Sunday in the Park with Jorge '' `` Public Service Homicide '' `` Burn Card '' `` The Drowned and the Saved '' `` Dignity '' `` Fed '' `` Blackmail '' `` Steel - Eyed Death '' `` Boy on Fire '' `` Rubber Room '' TV film Exiled : A Law & Order Movie See also Episodes Cast Law & Order franchise Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Borgia&oldid=757662218 '' Categories : Fictional American people of Italian descent Fictional lawyers Law & Order characters Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from October 2009 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Television articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk About Wikipedia 日本語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2016 , at 23 : 55 . About Wikipedia	who played ada borgia on law and order	[ "Alexandra Borgia is a fictional character, played by Annie Parisse, who appeared on the long-running NBC drama series Law & Order from 2005 to 2006. Appearing in only 33 episodes, she is the shortest serving ADA in the series' history." ]	[ "Annie Parisse" ]
-2245369907453600660	History of the Rosary	History of the Rosary - wikipedia History of the Rosary Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the Rosary of the Catholic Church A Catholic rosary . Overview Blessed Virgin Mary Roman Catholic Mariology Devotions and spirituality History of the rosary Methods of praying the rosary Our Lady of the Rosary Rosary and scapular Battle of Lepanto Prayers and promises Fatima Prayers Fifteen rosary promises The Mysteries Rosary - based prayers Rosary of the Holy Wounds Three Hail Marys Writings God Alone Ingruentium malorum Marialis cultus The Power of the Rosary Rosarium Virginis Mariae Secret of the Rosary People and societies Saint Dominic Blessed Alanus de Rupe Pope Saint Pius V Saint Louis de Montfort Rosary Pope ( Leo XIII ) Confraternity of the Rosary Our Lady 's Rosary Makers Catholicism portal There are differing views on the history of the Rosary . The exact origin of the Rosary as a prayer is less than clear and subject to debate among scholars . The use of knotted prayer ropes in Christianity goes back to the Desert Fathers in the 3rd and early 4th centuries . These counting devices were used for prayers such as the Jesus prayer in Christian monasticism . The period after the First Council of Ephesus in 431 witnessed a gradual growth in the use of Marian prayers during the Middle Ages . According to some Catholic traditions , the Rosary was given to Saint Dominic in a vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary and it was then promoted by Blessed Allan de la Roche . However , not all Catholics agree with that tradition . Some historians see a more gradual development for the Rosary , in that the repetition of Marian prayers which form the basis of the Rosary needed counting devices , which resulted in the modern form of the Rosary prayed on beads . The practice of meditation during the praying of the Hail Marys was attributed to Dominic of Prussia ( author of Liber experientiarum 1458 ) , a 15th - century Carthusian monk , who called it the `` Life of Jesus Rosary '' ( vita Christi Rosarium ) . However , in 1977 , a theologian from Trier named Andreas Heinz discovered a vita Christi Rosary that dated to 1300 , suggesting the origin of the current rosary extends back at least to that time . The Christian victory at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 was attributed to the praying of the Rosary by masses of Europeans based on the request of Pope Pius V and eventually resulted in the Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary . In 1569 , the papal bull Consueverunt Romani Pontifices established the devotion to the rosary in the Catholic Church . In 2002 Pope John Paul II introduced the Luminous Mysteries as an option in an Apostolic Letter on the Rosary , Rosarium Virginis Mariae . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Historical development 3 Official devotion 4 Key dates 5 Ropes , beads and prayers 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) Prayers with beads like the rosary may have begun as a practice by the laity to imitate the Christian monasticism of the Liturgy of the Hours , during the course of which the monks prayed the 150 Psalms daily . As many of the laity and even lay monastics could not read , they substituted 150 repetitions of the Our Father ( Pater noster in Latin ) for the Psalms , sometimes using a cord with knots on it to keep an accurate count . According to a Dominican tradition , the rosary was given to Saint Dominic in an apparition by the Blessed Virgin Mary in the year 1214 in the church of Prouille . This Marian apparition received the title of Our Lady of the Rosary . In the 15th century Blessed Alanus de Rupe ( aka Alain de la Roche or Saint Alan of the Rock ) , who was a learned Dominican priest and theologian , is said to have received a vision from Jesus about the urgency of reinstating the rosary as a form of prayer . Blessed Alanus de Rupe also said that he received the Blessed Mother 's `` 15 Promises '' . Before his death on September 8 , 1475 he reinstituted the rosary in many countries and established many rosary confraternities . Despite the popularity of Blessed Alanus 's story about the origins of the rosary , there has never been found any historical evidence positively linking St. Dominic to the rosary . The story of St. Dominic 's devotion to the rosary and supposed apparition of Our Lady of the Rosary does not appear in any documents of the Church or Dominican Order prior to the writings of Blessed Alanus , some 300 years later . Historical development ( edit ) Our Lady of the Rosary Basilica , Rosario Argentina , 1887 , an example of Marian church architecture devoted to the rosary . During the middle ages , evidence suggests that both the Our Father and the Hail Mary were recited with prayer beads . In 13th century Paris , four trade guilds existed of prayer bead makers , who were referred to as paternosterers , and the beads were referred to as paternosters , suggesting a continued link between the Our Father ( Pater noster in Latin ) and the prayer beads . In the 12th century , the rule of the English anchorites , the Ancrene Wisse , specified how groups of 50 Hail Marys were to be broken into five decades of ten Hail Marys each . Gradually , the Hail Mary came to replace the Our Father as the prayer most associated with beads . Eventually , each decade came to be preceded by an Our Father , which further mirrored the structure of the monastic Divine Office . The practice of meditation during the praying of the Hail Marys is attributed to Dominic of Prussia ( 1382 -- 1460 ) , a Carthusian monk , who called it `` Life of Jesus Rosary '' . The German monk from Trier added a sentence to each of the 50 Hail Marys already popular at his time , using quotes from scriptures . Promoted by his superior Adolf von Essen and others , his practice became popular among Benedictines and Carthusians from Trier to adjoining Belgium and France , where it was greatly promoted by the preaching of the Dominican priest Alan de Rupe , who helped to spread the devotion in France , Flanders , and the Netherlands between 1460 and his death in 1475 . In 1475 James Sprenger formed one of the first rosary confraternities in Cologne . Rosary confraternities in Venice and Florence were formed in 1480 and 1481 . In the 16th century , Rosary confraternities for women spread in France and Italy , partly because women were excluded from most other societies and because this type did not involve common masses or processions , only private prayer . In 1571 Pope Pius V called for all of Europe to pray the rosary for victory at the Battle of Lepanto , in which the Christian belligerents included the Papal States . The Christian victory at Lepanto was at first celebrated as the feast of `` Our Lady of Victory '' on October 7 , but was later renamed the Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary . Official devotion ( edit ) See also : Rosary devotions and spirituality Our Lady of Lourdes appearing at Lourdes with Rosary beads . In 1569 , the papal bull Consueverunt Romani Pontifices by the Dominican Pope Pius V officially established the devotion to the rosary in the Catholic Church . Saint Peter Canisius , a Doctor of the Church , who is credited with adding to the Hail Mary the sentence `` Holy Mary , Mother of God , pray for us sinners '' , was an ardent advocate of the rosary and promoted it ( and its Marian devotion in general ) as the best way to repair the damage done to the Church by the Reformation . From the 16th to the early 20th century , the structure of the rosary remained essentially unchanged . There were 15 mysteries , one for each of the 15 decades . In the 20th century the addition of the Fatima Prayer to the end of each decade became popular . After Vatican Council II , Msgr . Annibale Bugnini , architect of the liturgical reform , proposed further changes to the structure of the Rosary , but Pope Paul VI refused to implement the proposal on the grounds that changing such a well - established and popular devotion would unsettle the piety of the faithful and show a lack of reverence for an ancient practice . There were thus no other changes until 2002 when John Paul II instituted five new Luminous Mysteries . In the 17th century , the Rosary began to appear as an element in key pieces of Roman Catholic Marian art . Key examples include Murrillo 's Madonna with the Rosary at the Museo del Prado in Spain , and the statue of Madonna with Rosary at the church of San Nazaro Maggiore in Milan . Several Roman Catholic Marian churches around the world have also been named after the rosary , e.g. Our Lady of the Rosary Basilica , in Rosario Argentina , the Rosary Basilica in Lourdes and Nossa Senhora do Rosário in Porto Alegre , Brazil . Key dates ( edit ) The table shows key dates in the development of the rosary. : 4th century prayer rope used by the Desert Fathers to count repetitions of the Jesus Prayer `` Hail Mary full of grace '' prayer employed in a Syriac ritual attributed to Severus , Patriarch of Antioch ( c. 513 ) on line link http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07110b.htm Catholic Encyclopedia written in 1914 By the 7th century prayers to Mary were becoming more common . c. 1075 Lady Godiva refers in her will to `` the circlet of precious stones which she had threaded on a cord in order that by fingering them one after another she might count her prayers exactly '' ( Malmesbury , `` Gesta Pont . '' , Rolls Series 311 ) A rule for anchorites in mid-12th century England gives directions on how 50 Hail Marys are to be said divided into sets of ten , with prostrations and other marks of reverence . A rosary from 1475 - 1500 , Germany . It is recorded by a contemporary biographer that St. Aibert , who died in 1140 , recited 150 Hail Marys daily , 100 with genuflexions and 50 with prostrations . 1214 traditional date of Saint Dominic 's reception of the rosary from the Virgin Mary as Our Lady of the Rosary It is recorded of St. Louis of France ( 1214 -- 70 ) that `` without counting his other prayers the holy King knelt down every evening 50 times and each time he stood upright then knelt again and repeated slowly an Ave Maria . '' 1268 A reference to guild of `` paternosterers '' in Paris in `` Livre des métiers '' of Stephen Boyleau . Early 15th century , Dominic of Prussia , a Carthusian , introduces 50 mysteries , one for each Ave Maria 15th century blessed Alanus de Rupe ( Alain de la Roche ) established the `` 15 rosary promises '' and started many rosary confraternities c. 1514 Hail Mary prayer attains its current form . 1569 Pope Pius V established the current form of the original 15 mysteries 1579 Instructions and advertisements , how to meditate the misteries of the rosarie of the most holy Virgin Mary by Gaspar Loarte is published 1587 Rosario della Sacratissima Vergine Maria by Ven . Luis de Granada is published . 1589 Instructions for the use of the beades by John Bucke is published . 1597 first recorded use of the term `` rosary '' to refer to prayer beads . 1917 Our Lady of Fatima is said to ask that the Fatima Prayer be added to the Rosary . Her visionaries state that she also asks for the Rosary to be said to stop the war . 1974 Pope Paul VI issues the Apostolic Letter Marialis Cultus which devotes 14 sections to the use of the rosary within the Roman Catholic Church . 2002 Pope John Paul II introduces the Luminous Mysteries as an option for Roman Catholics in an Apostolic Letter on the Rosary , Rosarium Virginis Mariae . Ropes , beads and prayers ( edit ) See also : History of prayer beads A Russian Lestovka . Unlike a Rosary , it has no Crucifix The English word bead derives from the Old English noun bede which means a prayer . The earliest Christian devices for counting prayers trace to the Desert Fathers who started Christian monasticism in the 3rd century . They had the habit of praying 150 psalms a day and in order to keep track of the count kept 150 pebbles in a bowl or a bag , and removed a pebble after each psalm . Anthony of Egypt and St. Pachomius are often associated with the development of prayer ropes in the 4th century . These were ropes with 150 knots and gained popularity because they weighed less than a bag of 150 pebbles . These prayer ropes ( also called komboskini ) continue to be used in Eastern Christianity today . These ropes were only used for prayers such as the Jesus Prayer and the Lord 's Prayer and involved no prayers to the Virgin Mary . The earliest known prayer to Mary is the Sub tuum praesidium , which begins with the words : `` Beneath your compassion , we take refuge . '' The earliest text of Sub tuum praesidium traces to the Coptic Orthodox liturgy and a copy written in Greek dates to around the year 250 . After the First Council of Ephesus in 431 the title Theotokos and the veneration of Mary as the `` Mother of God '' were established and a period of growth for Marian prayers started . An Egyptian Coptic ostracon that dates to around the year 600 bears the Greek words : `` Hail Mary full of grace , the Lord is with thee ; blessed art thou amongst women and blessed is the fruit of thy womb , because thou didst conceive Christ , the Son of God , the Redeemer of our souls '' . This Eastern variant of the Ave Maria was apparently intended for liturgical use , just as the earliest form of the Hail Mary in the Western Church took the shape of an antiphon . However , there is little or no trace of the Hail Mary as an accepted `` devotional formula '' before about 1050 . While two Anglo - Saxon manuscripts at the British Museum , one of which may be as old as the year 1030 , show the words `` Ave Maria '' etc. and `` benedicta tu in mulieribus et benedictus fructus ventris tui '' it is not certain when these clauses were first joined to make one prayer The way that the rosary works is that your pray multiple of smaller prayers that became one huge prayer to worship and honor Jesus , Mary , and God . See also ( edit ) Book : Mary and Mariology Catholic devotions Christian meditation Our Lady of the Rosary Prayer , meditation and contemplation in Christianity Rosary Rosary and scapular Rosary devotions and spirituality References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Winston - Allen , Anne . Stories of the Rose ( University Park , PA : Pennsylvania State University Press , 1997 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ Heinz , Andreas . Die Entstehung des Leben - Jesu - Rosenkranzes , in Der Rosenkranz : Andacht , Geschichte , Kunst , editors , Fredy Bühler and Urs - Beat Frei . ( Bern : Verlag Benteli / Museum Bruder Klaus Sachseln , 2003 ) , pages 23 -- 47 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , John D. , Beads and Prayers : The Rosary in History and Devotion , 2002 ISBN 0 - 86012 - 320 - 0 pages 7 - 15 ^ Jump up to : Thurston , Herbert , and Andrew Shipman . `` The Rosary . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 13 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1912 . 30 April 2014 Jump up ^ Catherine Beebe , St. Dominic and the Rosary ISBN 0 - 89870 - 518 - 5 Jump up ^ A Heinz , Rosenkranz , Marienlexikon , Eos , St. Ottilien , 1993 , 555 Jump up ^ McNicholas , John . `` Alanus de Rupe . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 1 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1907 . 30 April 2014 Jump up ^ Falhbusch , Erwin and Bromiley , Geoffrey William . The encyclopedia of Christianity , Volume 4 , 2005 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2416 - 1 p. 756 Jump up ^ Candelaria , Lorenzo . The Rosary Cantoral : Ritual and Social Design , 2008 ISBN 1 - 58046 - 205 - 7 pp. 70 - 72 Jump up ^ Winston - Allen , Anne . Stories of the rose : the making of the rosary in the Middle Ages , 1997 ISBN 0 - 271 - 01631 - 0 p. 69 Jump up ^ Black , Christopher F. , Italian Confraternities in the Sixteenth Century , 2003 ISBN 0 - 521 - 53113 - 6 p. 103 Jump up ^ Butler , Alban . Butler 's Lives Of The Saints ( April ) , ( 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 86012 - 253 - 0 page 222 Jump up ^ `` Battle of Lepanto ( 1571 ) '' , EWTN Jump up ^ Chesterton , Gilbert . Lepanto , 2004 , Ignatius Press ISBN 1 - 58617 - 030 - 9 Jump up ^ Scaperlanda , Maria Ruiz . The Seeker 's Guide to Mary , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 8294 - 1489 - 4 p. 151 Jump up ^ Finley , Mitch . The Seeker 's Guide to Saints , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 8294 - 1350 - 2 p. 73 Jump up ^ APOSTOLIC LETTER ROSARIUM VIRGINIS MARIAE OF THE SUPREME PONTIFF JOHN PAUL II TO THE BISHOPS , CLERGY AND FAITHFUL ON THE MOST HOLY ROSARY ( Dated Oct. 16 , 2002 ) Jump up ^ Thurston , Herbert . `` Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 15 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1912 . 30 April 2014 ^ Jump up to : Thurston , Herbert . `` Hail Mary . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 7 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1910 . 30 April 2014 Jump up ^ Mougel , Ambrose . `` Dominic of Prussia . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 5 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1909 . 30 April 2014 Jump up ^ `` CONSUEVERUNT ROMANI Pope Pius V '' . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Google books Jump up ^ Bucke , John . Gallica Online Library Transcribed into Modern English Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary - Rosary '' . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Pope Paul VI . `` Marialis Cultus '' Jump up ^ `` Apostolic Letter Rosarium Virginis Mariae '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ The concise dictionary of English etymology by Walter W. Skeat 1988 ISBN 1 - 85326 - 311 - 7 page 38 Jump up ^ Your Faith , Your Life : An Invitation to the Episcopal Church by Jenifer Gamber , Bill Lewellis 2009 ISBN 0 - 8192 - 2321 - 2 pages 134 - 136 Jump up ^ Winston , Kimberly . Bead One , Pray Too , 2008 ISBN 0 - 8192 - 2276 - 3 pages 4 - 10 Jump up ^ Kasten , Patricia Ann . Linking Your Beads : The Rosary 's History , Mysteries , and Prayers , 2011 ISBN 1 - 59276 - 929 - 2 OSV Publishers pages 11 - 13 Jump up ^ Mathewes - Green , Frederica . The Jesus Prayer , 2009 ISBN 1 - 55725 - 659 - 4 page 62 Jump up ^ Burke , Raymond L. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . Mariology : A Guide for Priests , Deacons , Seminarians , and Consecrated Persons ISBN 978 - 1 - 57918 - 355 - 4 page 178 Jump up ^ Mary for evangelicals by Tim S. Perry , William J. Abraham 2006 ISBN 0 - 8308 - 2569 - X page 142 Jump up ^ Matthewes - Green , Frederica ( 2007 ) . The Lost Gospel of Mary : The Mother of Jesus in Three Ancient Texts . Brewster MA : Paraclete Press . pp. 85 -- 87 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55725 - 536 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mary in the Christian tradition by Kathleen Coyle 1996 ISBN 0 - 85244 - 380 - 3 pages 49 - 50 Jump up ^ The Image of the Virgin Mary in the Akathistos Hymn by Leena Mari Peltomaa 2001 ISBN 90 - 04 - 12088 - 2 pages 76 - 77 Prayers of the Catholic Church Prayers of the Mass Agnus Dei Confiteor Creeds Apostles ' Creed Athanasian Creed Nicene Creed Gloria in excelsis Deo Gloria Patri Kyrie Eleison Pater Noster Sanctus Signum Crucis Marian prayers Alma Redemptoris Mater Angelus Ave Maria Ave Maris Stella Ave Regina Caelorum Fatima Prayer Litany Loreto Magnificat Maria Mater Gratiae Memorare Regina Coeli Rosary Salve Regina Sub Tuum Praesidium Three Hail Marys Other prayers Act of Contrition Adoro te devote Angele Dei Anima Christi Ave Verum Corpus Benedictus Chaplets Come , Holy Spirit Jesus Prayer Mental prayer Laudes Divinae Litanies Litany of the Saints Morning offering Novena Nunc Dimittis O Salutaris Hostia Penitential Psalms 51 : Miserere mei 130 : De Profundis Prayer before a Crucifix Prayer of Saint Francis Prayer to Saint Joseph Prayer to Saint Michael Requiem Aeternam Spiritual Communion Tantum Ergo Te Deum Thanksgiving after Communion Veni Creator Spiritus Veni Sancte Spiritus Visit to the Blessed Sacrament Way of the Cross Note : For prayers listed in italics , indulgences are normally granted . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the rosary become a catholic devotion	[ "In 1569, the papal bull Consueverunt Romani Pontifices by the Dominican Pope Pius V officially established the devotion to the rosary in the Catholic Church.[15] Saint Peter Canisius, a Doctor of the Church, who is credited with adding to the Hail Mary the sentence \"Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners\", was an ardent advocate of the rosary and promoted it (and its Marian devotion in general) as the best way to repair the damage done to the Church by the Reformation.[16]" ]	[ "1569" ]
-7545190298768202697	Take It to the Limit (Eagles song)	Take it to the Limit ( Eagles song ) - wikipedia Take it to the Limit ( Eagles song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Take It to the Limit '' European picture sleeve , mistitling `` Take It To the Limit '' as `` Take It To the Limits '' Single by Eagles from the album One of These Nights B - side `` After the Thrill is Gone '' Released November 15 , 1975 Format 7 '' Recorded Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 48 ( single version ) 4 : 48 ( album version ) Label Asylum Songwriter ( s ) Randy Meisner , Don Henley , Glenn Frey Producer ( s ) Bill Szymczyk Eagles singles chronology `` Lyin ' Eyes '' ( 1975 ) `` Take It to the Limit '' ( 1975 ) `` New Kid in Town '' ( 1976 ) `` Lyin ' Eyes '' ( 1975 ) `` Take It to the Limit '' ( 1975 ) `` New Kid in Town '' ( 1976 ) `` Take It to the Limit '' is a song by the Eagles from their fourth album One of These Nights from which it was issued as the third single on November 15 , 1975 . It reached No. 4 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and was also the Eagles ' greatest success to that point in the UK , going to No. 12 on the charts . Billboard ranked it as the No. 25 song for 1976 . The song was written by Eagles ' members Randy Meisner , Don Henley and Glenn Frey . Meisner , who sang lead on it , says the song began as his solo composition . As it remained unfinished when time came for the One of These Nights album to be recorded , Henley and Frey assisted Meisner in completing it . Meisner 's performance of the song was popular with the audience in Eagles ' concerts , but disputes over his reluctance to perform it would also directly lead to Meisner 's departure from the band . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Recordings 3 Live performances 4 Personnel 5 Chart performance 6 Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings version 6.1 Chart performance 7 Other versions 8 Notes 9 External links Background ( edit ) According to Meisner , he wrote the first few lines of the song one night while playing an acoustic guitar after returning from the Troubadour ; however he was not able to finish the song by the time they were close to recording it , and Frey and Henley then helped him with the lyrics . Meisner later said of how he would usually write songs with the Eagles : `` I 'd get a verse or two , and I 'm done , and they would help fill in the blanks '' On the meaning of the song , Meisner said in the documentary History of the Eagles : `` The line ' take it to the limit ' was to keep trying before you reach a point in your life where you feel you 've done everything and seen everything , sort of feeling , you know , part of getting old . And just to take it to the limit one more time , like every day just keep , you know , punching away at it ... That was the line , and from there the song took a different course . '' Meisner sings lead on `` Take it to the Limit '' and the song was released as the third single from the album One of These Nights . It is the first and only Eagles single where Meisner sings lead . Recordings ( edit ) `` Take It to the Limit '' is unique in the canon of the band 's singles , being the sole A-side on which Randy Meisner sang lead , as well as the first A-side Eagles single on which neither Henley nor Frey sang lead . It was also the last Eagles single to feature founding member Bernie Leadon before he was replaced by guitarist Joe Walsh . The single version of the song is 3 : 48 in length , almost a minute shorter than the album version . `` Take It to the Limit '' is one of few Eagles ' tracks written in waltz time . ( Other notable waltzes performed by the Eagles are `` Hollywood Waltz '' ; the Meisner / Henley / Frey waltz `` Saturday Night '' ( co-written with Leadon ) from the 1973 Desperado album ; Frey 's `` Most of Us are Sad '' from their self - titled debut album ; Frey / Henley / JD Souther 's hard - rocking `` Teenage Jail '' from 1979 's `` The Long Run '' album ; and Walsh 's `` Pretty Maids All in a Row '' on the 1976 album Hotel California . ) A live performance by Meisner from 1976 , recorded at The Forum , Inglewood , California , is included in the album Eagles Live , which was released in 1980 after the band had effectively broken up . The song was rerecorded on Meisner 's first solo album ( Randy Meisner ) released in 1978 . The song was performed with piano and acoustic guitar accompaniment , and 1970s teen idol David Cassidy singing in the backing vocals . Live performances ( edit ) Eagles - `` Take It to the Limit '' The climax of the song as performed by Randy Meisner in a concert in 1976 ( from Eagles Live ) . Meisner was concerned about not hitting the high notes , and his reluctance to sing the song led to disputes and eventually his departure from the band . Problems playing this file ? See media help . According to Frey , fans of the band loved Meisner 's performance of his signature song `` Take It to the Limit '' at concert . As Henley puts it : `` They went crazy when Randy hit those high notes '' . Meisner , however , was concerned about not being able to hit the high notes , but Frey was insistent that Meisner should perform the song in concert for the fans , and live performances of the song then became a source of great contention between Frey and Meisner , and would eventually become one reason for Meisner leaving the band . Meisner had been struggling to hit the crucial high notes in the song during the Hotel California tour . According to Joe Walsh , Meisner could perform the song , but would become nervous when told he had to sing it . By the time they had reached Knoxville , Tennessee in June 1977 , the band was feeling the strain of a long tour , with Meisner unhappy and suffering from a stomach ulcer . Meisner decided not to sing the song for an encore because he had been up late and caught the flu , Frey and Meisner then became involved in an angry physical confrontation backstage over Meisner 's refusal to perform the song . After the altercation , Meisner was frozen out from the band and he decided to leave . He left the band at the end of their tour in September 1977 and was replaced by Timothy B. Schmit , coincidentally the same bassist who had replaced him in Poco . The song was revived for the Eagles ' late 1999 shows at Los Angeles ' Staples Center and at those shows , as well as the Eagles ' Farewell 1 Tour in 2004 and 2005 and on subsequent tours , the song was sung by Frey . Originally in B major , the song was transposed down to G major to accommodate for Frey 's vocal range . For the band 's 2017 shows , lead vocals were taken by Vince Gill and was again transposed to A major . Personnel ( edit ) Randy Meisner -- lead vocals , bass guitar Glenn Frey -- 12 - string acoustic guitar , backing vocals Don Henley -- drums , backing vocals Don Felder -- lead guitar Bernie Leadon -- electric guitar Jim Ed Norman -- piano , conductor , string arrangements Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 16 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 23 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 12 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings version ( edit ) `` Take It to the Limit '' Single by Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings from the album Take It to the Limit B - side `` ' Til I Gain Control Again '' Released October 8 , 1983 Genre Country Length 3 : 50 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Randy Meisner , Don Henley , Glenn Frey Producer ( s ) Willie Nelson , Waylon Jennings Willie Nelson singles chronology `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' ( 1983 ) Why Do I Have to Choose 1983 `` Take It to the Limit '' ( 1983 ) Take It to the Limit1983 `` Without a Song '' ( 1984 ) Without a Song 1984 Waylon Jennings singles chronology `` Hold On , I 'm Comin ' '' ( 1983 ) Hold On , I 'm Comin'1983 `` Take It to the Limit '' ( 1983 ) Take It to the Limit1983 `` The Conversation '' ( 1983 ) The Conversation 1983 The song was covered by country musicians Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings as the title track of their duet album , Take It to the Limit , which was released in 1983 . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 8 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 31 Other versions ( edit ) Dave Mason covered this song . The song was covered by Jill Lancaster for the 1977 Christo documentary Running Fence . The song was covered in 1977 by Etta James . Cher performed the song on her first solo tour in 1979 -- 1980 and again in 1989 -- 1990 on the Heart of Stone Tour . In 1993 , Suzy Bogguss recorded the song for the album Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles . Sarah Dougher covered it on her 1999 album Day One . Richard Marx would regularly cover this song in concert . One 1987 performance , which was filmed , included both Meisner and Timothy B. Schmit , marking the only time ( outside of the Eagles ' induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ) the two former Eagles and Poco bassists shared a stage . Meisner played 12 - string acoustic guitar and Schmit sang backing vocals . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1976 Jump up ^ Harvey Kubernik , Scott Calamar ( October 7 , 2009 ) . Canyon of Dreams : The Magic and the Music of Laurel Canyon . Sterling . p. 281 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 6589 - 6 . Jump up ^ History of the Eagles. 2013 . Event occurs at 50 : 55 -- 51 : 57 . Jump up ^ History of the Eagles. 2013 . Event occurs at 1 : 12 : 40 -- 1 : 13 : 40 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Greil ( 2007 ) . Stranded : Rock and roll for a desert island ( 2nd Da Capo Press ed . ) . New York : Da Capo Press ( Perseus Books Group ) . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80682 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Meisner -- Randy Meisner '' . Discogs . ^ Jump up to : History of the Eagles. 2013 . Event occurs at 1 : 39 : 20 -- 1 : 42 : 05 . ^ Jump up to : Andy Greene ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Flashback : The Eagles Play ' Take It to the Limit ' in 1977 '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Flashback : All the Eagles Unite for Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles -- Biography '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4109a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 4099 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eagles -- Take It to the Limit '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Eagles : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 6717 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Webcom.com Preceded by `` Houston ( Means I 'm One Day Closer to You ) '' by Larry Gatlin & the Gatlin Brothers Band RPM Country Tracks number - one single ( Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings version ) January 14 , 1984 Succeeded by `` You Look So Good in Love '' by George Strait Eagles Glenn Frey Don Henley Bernie Leadon Randy Meisner Don Felder Joe Walsh Timothy B. Schmit Studio albums Eagles Desperado On the Border One of These Nights Hotel California The Long Run Long Road Out of Eden Live albums Eagles Live Hell Freezes Over Farewell 1 Tour - Live from Melbourne Compilation albums Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Eagles Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Very Best of the Eagles Selected Works : 1972 -- 1999 The Very Best Of Eagles Singles `` Take It Easy '' `` Witchy Woman '' `` Peaceful Easy Feeling '' `` Tequila Sunrise '' `` Outlaw Man '' `` Already Gone '' `` James Dean '' `` Best of My Love '' `` One of These Nights '' `` Lyin ' Eyes '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` New Kid in Town '' `` Hotel California '' `` Life in the Fast Lane '' `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Heartache Tonight '' `` The Long Run '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' `` Seven Bridges Road '' `` Get Over It '' `` Love Will Keep Us Alive '' `` Hole in the World '' `` How Long '' `` Busy Being Fabulous '' Other songs `` Desperado '' `` Ol ' ' 55 '' `` The Last Resort '' `` In the City '' Tours Long Road Out of Eden Tour History of the Eagles Tour Related Discography Poco Linda Ronstadt Flying Burrito Brothers Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles History of the Eagles Heaven and Hell : My Life in the Eagles ( 1974 -- 2001 ) Book Waylon Jennings Albums Singles Studio albums Waylon at JD 's Folk - Country Leavin ' Town Nashville Rebel Waylon Sings Ol ' Harlan Love of the Common People The One and Only Hangin ' On Only the Greatest Jewels Just to Satisfy You Waylon Singer of Sad Songs The Taker / Tulsa Cedartown , Georgia Good Hearted Woman Ladies Love Outlaws Lonesome , On'ry and Mean Honky Tonk Heroes This Time The Ramblin ' Man Dreaming My Dreams Are You Ready for the Country Ol ' Waylon I 've Always Been Crazy What Goes Around Comes Around Music Man Black on Black It 's Only Rock + Roll Waylon and Company Never Could Toe the Mark Turn the Page Sweet Mother Texas Will the Wolf Survive Hangin ' Tough A Man Called Hoss Full Circle The Eagle Too Dumb for New York City , Too Ugly for L.A. Ol ' Waylon Sings Ol ' Hank Cowboys , Sisters , Rascals & Dirt Waymore 's Blues ( Part II ) Right for the Time Closing In on the Fire Waylon Forever Goin ' Down Rockin ' : The Last Recordings Live albums Waylon Live Never Say Die : Live Live from Austin , TX Never Say Die : The Final Concert Notable singles 1960s `` That 's the Chance I 'll Have to Take '' `` Stop the World ( And Let Me Off ) '' `` Anita , You 're Dreaming '' `` Time to Bum Again '' `` ( That 's What You Get ) For Lovin ' Me '' `` Green River '' `` Mental Revenge '' `` The Chokin ' Kind '' `` Walk On Out of My Mind '' `` I Got You '' with Anita Carter `` Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line '' `` Yours Love '' `` Something 's Wrong in California '' `` The Days of Sand and Shovels '' `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' 1970s `` Singer of Sad Songs '' `` The Taker '' `` ( Do n't Let the Sun Set on You ) Tulsa '' `` Mississippi Woman '' `` Under Your Spell Again '' with Jessi Colter `` Cedartown , Georgia '' `` Good Hearted Woman '' `` Sweet Dream Woman '' `` Pretend I Never Happened '' `` You Can Have Her '' `` We Had It All '' `` You Ask Me To '' `` This Time '' `` I 'm a Ramblin ' Man '' `` Rainy Day Woman '' `` Dreaming My Dreams with You '' `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' `` Bob Wills Is Still the King '' `` Ca n't You See '' `` Are You Ready for the Country '' `` Luckenbach , Texas ( Back to the Basics of Love ) '' `` I 've Always Been Crazy '' `` Do n't You Think This Outlaw Bit 's Done Got Out of Hand '' `` Amanda '' `` Come With Me '' `` I Ai n't Living Long Like This '' 1980s -- 1990s `` Clyde '' `` Good Ol ' Boys '' `` Storms Never Last '' with Jessi Colter `` Shine '' `` Just to Satisfy You '' with Willie Nelson `` Women Do Know How to Carry On '' `` Lucille ( You Wo n't Do Your Daddy 's Will ) '' `` Breakin ' Down '' `` Hold On , I 'm Comin ' '' with Jerry Reed `` The Conversation '' with Hank Williams Jr . `` I May Be Used ( But Baby I Ai n't Used Up ) '' `` Never Could Toe the Mark '' `` America '' `` Waltz Me to Heaven '' `` Drinkin ' and Dreamin ' '' `` The Devil 's on the Loose '' `` Working Without a Net '' `` Will the Wolf Survive '' `` What You 'll Do When I 'm Gone '' `` Rose in Paradise '' `` Fallin ' Out '' `` My Rough and Rowdy Days '' `` If Ole Hank Could Only See Us Now '' `` How Much Is It Worth to Live in L.A. '' `` Which Way Do I Go ( Now That I 'm Gone ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` You Put the Soul in the Song '' `` Wrong '' `` Where Corn Do n't Grow '' `` What Bothers Me Most '' `` The Eagle '' `` Just Talkin ' '' `` Too Dumb for New York City '' `` Wild Ones '' `` I Know About Me Do n't Know About You '' `` Outlaw Shit '' Collaborations Waylon & Willie Albums : Waylon & Willie WWII Take It to the Limit Clean Shirt Super Hits Singles : `` The Wurlitzer Prize ( I Do n't Want to Get Over You ) '' `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` If I Can Find a Clean Shirt '' Other collaborations Country - Folk with The Kimberlys Leather and Lace with Jessi Colter Heroes with Johnny Cash Old 97 's & Waylon Jennings with Old 97 's Collaboration singles `` MacArthur Park '' with The Kimberlys `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter `` Good Hearted Woman '' with Willie Nelson ( Re-recording ) `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter ( Re-release from Wanted ! The Outlaws ) `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' with Johnny Cash `` Wish I Was Crazy Again '' with Johnny Cash `` The Wild Side of Life / It Was n't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels '' with Jessi Colter `` Leave Them Boys Alone '' with Hank Williams Jr. and Ernest Tubb `` Even Cowgirls Get the Blues '' with Johnny Cash `` Ballad of Forty Dollars '' with Johnny Cash `` Somewhere Between Ragged and Right '' with John Anderson `` High Ridin ' Heroes '' with David Lynn Jones `` One Good Love '' with Neil Diamond Compilations The Best of Waylon Jennings Do n't Think Twice Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line Heartaches by the Number Greatest Hits Waylon 's Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Best of Waylon New Classic Waylon Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line : The RCA Years The Journey : Six Strings Away The Journey : Destiny 's Child The Restless Kid : Live at JD 's 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Waylon Jennings RCA Country Legends Ultimate Waylon Jennings 16 Biggest Hits Nashville Rebel The Essential Waylon Jennings Related The Waylors Outlaw country Wanted ! The Outlaws `` We Are the World '' The Highwaymen Old Dogs Jessi Colter Waylon Albright `` Shooter '' Jennings Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Take_It_to_the_Limit_(Eagles_song)&oldid=822580360 '' Categories : 1975 singles 1983 singles 1993 singles 1975 songs Eagles ( band ) songs Willie Nelson songs Waylon Jennings songs Suzy Bogguss songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Glenn Frey Songs written by Don Henley Songs written by Randy Meisner Rock ballads Asylum Records singles Columbia Records singles Song recordings produced by Bill Szymczyk Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 27 January 2018 , at 06 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings lead vocals on take it to the limit	[ "Randy Meisner – lead vocals, bass guitar" ]	[ "Randy Meisner" ]
2400219982948894786	Exploratory committee	Exploratory committee - Wikipedia Exploratory committee Jump to : navigation , search In the election politics of the United States , an exploratory committee is an organization established to help determine whether a potential candidate should run for an elected office . They are most often cited in reference to United States Presidential hopefuls , prior to the primaries . Exploratory committees may be governed by law . For example , the District of Columbia legally defines Exploratory Committees as ( in DC Official Code § 1 - 1101.01 ( 6 ) ( B ) ( vi ) ) : Exploratory , draft or `` testing the waters '' committees are formed solely for the purpose of determining the feasibility of an individual 's candidacy for office . The activities of exploratory committees may include polling , travel , and telephone calls to determine whether the individual should become a candidate . Ron Elving described the use of exploratory committees in his article , Declaring for President is a Dance of Seven Veils , which aired on National Public Radio on December 5 , 2006 . He wrote : The exploratory committee has been around for decades , and technically it creates a legal shell for a candidate who expects to spend more than $5,000 while contemplating an actual run . Under the rules , exploratory money may be raised without the full disclosure of sources required of true candidates . Only when the candidate drops the exploratory label does the full responsibility of transparency apply . Candidates use an exploratory committee as not only a transitional phase for their bookkeeping but as an extra claim on media attention . Some of the most skillful handlers like to leak word that their candidate is testing the waters , then leak word that he or she is thinking about forming an exploratory committee . Additional `` news '' can be made when the same candidate actually forms such a committee and registers with the Federal Election Commission . Yet a fourth round of attention may be generated when the word exploratory gets dropped from the committee filing . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NPR : Declaring for President is a Dance of Seven Veils External links ( edit ) Testing the Waters and Campaign Committees ( Press Release ) Federal Election Commission ( no date ) Candidate Registration Brochure Federal Election Commission , March 2005 , revised June 2008 . District of Columbia Campaign Finance Guide This article related to the politics of the United States is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exploratory_committee&oldid=778560849 '' Categories : Political terminology of the United States Committees United States politics stubs Talk About Wikipedia עברית Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2017 , at 21 : 56 . About Wikipedia	what is the main goal of an exploratory committee	[ "In the election politics of the United States, an exploratory committee is an organization established to help determine whether a potential candidate should run for an elected office. They are most often cited in reference to United States Presidential hopefuls, prior to the primaries." ]	[ "to help determine whether a potential candidate should run for an elected office" ]
-813815195004357806	The Staircase	The Staircase - wikipedia The Staircase For the book , see The Staircase ( book ) . For other uses , see Staircase ( disambiguation ) . The Staircase Promotional poster French Soupçons Genre Documentary film Written by Jean - Xavier de Lestrade Directed by Jean - Xavier de Lestrade Starring Michael Peterson David Rudolf Ron Guerette Tom Maher Bill Peterson Freda Black Jim Hardin Arthur Holland Country of origin France Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 13 Production Production location ( s ) Durham , North Carolina Germany Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Maha Productions Release Original network Canal+ ( episodes 1 -- 10 ) Netflix ( episodes 11 -- 13 ) First shown in France Original release October 7 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 07 ) -- October 28 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 28 ) ( episodes 1 -- 8 ) January 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 30 ) ( episodes 9 -- 10 ) June 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 08 ) ( episodes 11 -- 13 ) The Staircase ( French : Soupçons , lit . ' ' Suspicions ' ' ; also known as Death on the Staircase ) is a 2004 French television miniseries by Jean - Xavier de Lestrade documenting the trial of Michael Peterson , convicted of murdering his wife , Kathleen Peterson . Following from de Lestrade 's Oscar - winning Murder on a Sunday Morning , filming began soon after Peterson 's indictment . Camera crews were given access to the accused 's extended family , the defense attorneys , and the courtroom . The film features a brief appearance by Mike Nifong , a future figure in the Duke lacrosse case , working with the team prosecuting Peterson . An abbreviated version was broadcast as special two - hour presentation of American news show Primetime Thursday on July 22 , 2004 . The miniseries was completed in September 2004 , and premiered in October on Canal+ , from January 10 -- 14 , 2005 , on BBC Four ( as part of its Storyville documentary series ) , and from April 4 -- 25 on Sundance Channel . The BBC featured an interview with Lestrade in 2005 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Reception 3 Sequels 4 Legacy 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In December 2001 , novelist Michael Peterson called to report that his wife Kathleen had fallen down a set of stairs in their Forest Hills mansion and died . The authorities disbelieved Peterson 's story that Kathleen had fallen while drunk and concluded instead that he had bludgeoned her to death , most likely with a fireplace poker which was discovered missing from the house . Peterson was soon charged with murder . The film details the ensuing case from the point of view of Peterson and his defense team , led by David Rudolf . During the trial it is discovered that while Peterson was living in Germany , a family friend died from an intra-cerebral haemorrhage , followed by the body falling down stairs after collapsing , which resulted in similar head injuries to those sustained by Peterson 's wife . An investigation by German police and US military authorities concluded that the death was accidental , and Peterson ended up adopting the woman 's two daughters . The prosecution introduce this death into the trial as an incident giving Peterson the idea of how to `` fake '' Kathleen 's accident . During the trial , Peterson 's daughters stand steadfastly by their father . The prosecution argues that Kathleen had discovered that Michael was bisexual and had been having affairs with men , which led to an argument in which he bludgeoned her to death . Peterson claimed that his wife knew about his sexuality and that they had an open marriage . He claims to have been outside by their pool when Kathleen fell down the stairs and injured herself . A defense team recreation shows that it would have been possible for Peterson to have missed his wife 's cries for help had he been by the pool . The jury ultimately convicts Peterson . Reception ( edit ) Reviews for The Staircase were generally positive . The film received an `` exceptional quality '' rating ( 8.5 out of 10 ) from Documentary-Review.com based on 9 reviews . It won a Peabody Award in 2005 . Sequels ( edit ) In April 2012 , it was revealed that Lestrade was working on four follow - up film to The Staircase for French broadcaster Canal+ , after Michael Peterson was released from jail , pending a retrial . The sequel , subtitled `` Last Chance , '' premiered at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam ( IDFA ) in November 2012 . It aired on Canal+ on January 30 , 2013 , and on BBC Four 's Storyville on February 4 . Sundance Channel aired a shorter alternative cut , presenting `` Last Chance '' as two new episodes of the original miniseries , airing March 4 and March 11 , 2013 . On November 23 , 2015 , Lestrade announced a second follow - up film at the IDFA Forum . Originally announced as Staircase III , the film documents the story of Peterson 's final trial , set for early 2016 . The film was commissioned by Canal+ . Last Chance producer Matthieu Belghiti of What 's Up Films was also attached . It was later picked up by Netflix to be released as three new episodes of the miniseries , together with the previous ten episodes on June 8 , 2018 . The first of the new episodes premiered April 28 , 2018 , at the Tribeca Film Festival . Legacy ( edit ) The 2017 sitcom Trial & Error parodies this documentary and the details of the case . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Icher , Bruno ( 7 October 2004 ) . `` Télé : `` soupçons '' , du réel en tranches `` . Libération ( in French ) . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mathieu , Pierre . `` De Lestrade , avocat à la caméra '' . La Dépêche . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Court TV coverage Archived 2006 - 01 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Stair Case '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2004 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lacob , Jace ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` The Staircase : Director Jean - Xavier de Lestrade on Michael Peterson , Owls , and More '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Staircase ( Soupçons ) ( 2004 ) '' . Maha Productions . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Storyville '' . BBC . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` With the Camera Lurking , Anatomy of a Defense Case '' . New York Times . April 4 , 2005 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Catlin , Roger ( April 25 , 2005 ) . `` Sundance Series Follows The Other Peterson Murder '' . The Hartford Courant . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC interview with de Lestrade , January 6 , 2005 '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews '' . Documentary-Review.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ 65th Annual Peabody Awards , May 2006 . Jump up ^ Adam Benzine ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` De Lestrade making sequel to `` The Staircase '' `` . Realscreen . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IDFA Catalogue 2012 '' ( Adobe Flash ) . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Staircase 2 : The Last Chance '' ( Adobe Flash ) . IDFA Special ( English ed . ) ( 1 ) . November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Soupçons -- La dernière chance '' . Canal+ . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Death on the Staircase : The Last Chance '' . BBC . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` the staircase -- new episodes coming soon '' . Sundance Channel . November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goodfellow , Melanie ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Lestrade steps up '' ( Portable Document Format ) . IDFA Industry Special 2015 ( 4 ) : 1 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Staircase III '' . IDFA . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix Continues Your True - Crime Obsession with ' The Staircase ' Trailer '' . Collider . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mount , Bailey ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Staircase ' : Everything You Need to Know About the Classic True Crime Series Coming to Netflix -- With New Episodes '' . IndieWire . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) The Staircase on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Staircase&oldid=854662990 '' Categories : 2000s French television series 2000s documentary films 2004 French television series debuts 2004 French television series endings Peabody Award - winning television programs 2000s French television miniseries Peabody Award winners Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 23 : 50 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when did the staircase come out on netflix	[ "The Staircase (French: Soupçons, lit. ''Suspicions''; also known as Death on the Staircase) is a 2004 French television miniseries by Jean-Xavier de Lestrade documenting the trial of Michael Peterson, convicted of murdering his wife, Kathleen Peterson.\n" ]	[ "2004" ]
-931369848878703247	Task-oriented and relationship-oriented leadership	Task - oriented and relationship - oriented leadership - wikipedia Task - oriented and relationship - oriented leadership Jump to : navigation , search The task - relationship model is defined by Forsyth as `` a descriptive model of leadership which maintains that most leadership behaviors can be classified as performance maintenance or relationship maintenances . '' Task - oriented ( or task - focused ) leadership is a behavioral approach in which the leader focuses on the tasks that need to be performed in order to meet certain goals , or to achieve a certain performance standard . Relationship - oriented ( or relationship - focused ) leadership is a behavioral approach in which the leader focuses on the satisfaction , motivation and the general well - being of the team members . Task - oriented and relationship - oriented leadership are two models that are often compared , as they are known to produce varying outcomes under different circumstances . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualities of task - oriented leadership 2 Qualities of relationship - oriented leadership 3 Task - oriented vs. relationship - oriented leadership 4 Leadership substitution theory 5 Fiedler contingency model 5.1 Relevant studies 6 Situational leadership theory 7 See also 8 References Qualities of task - oriented leadership ( edit ) Task - oriented leaders focus on getting the necessary task , or series of tasks , in hand in order to achieve a goal . These leaders are typically less concerned with the idea of catering to employees and more concerned with finding the step - by - step solution required to meet specific goals . They will often actively define the work and the roles required , put structures in place , and plan , organize , and monitor progress within the team . The advantage of task - oriented leadership is that it ensures that deadlines are met and jobs are completed , and it 's especially useful for team members who do n't manage their time well . Additionally , these types of leaders tend to exemplify a strong understanding of how to get the job done , focusing on the necessary workplace procedures and delegating work accordingly to ensure that everything gets done in a timely and productive manner . However , because task - oriented leaders do n't tend to think much about their team 's well - being , this approach can suffer many of the flaws of autocratic leadership , including causing motivation and retention problems . Qualities of relationship - oriented leadership ( edit ) Relationship - oriented leaders are focused on supporting , motivating and developing the people on their teams and the relationships within . This style of leadership encourages good teamwork and collaboration , through fostering positive relationships and good communication . Relationship - oriented leaders prioritize the welfare of everyone in the group , and will place time and effort in meeting the individual needs of everyone involved . This may involve offering incentives like bonuses , providing mediation to deal with workplace or classroom conflicts , having more casual interactions with team members to learn about their strengths and weaknesses , creating a non-competitive and transparent work environment , or just leading in a personable or encouraging manner . The benefits of relationship - oriented leadership is that team members are in a setting where the leader cares about their well - being . Relationship - oriented leaders understand that building positive productivity requires a positive environment where individuals feel driven . Personal conflicts , dissatisfaction with a job , resentment and even boredom can severely drive down productivity , so these types of leaders put people first to ensure that such problems stay at a minimum . Additionally , team members may be more willing to take risks , because they know that the leader will provide the support if needed . The downside of relationship - oriented leadership is that , if taken too far , the development of team chemistry may detract from the actual tasks and goals at hand . The term `` people - oriented '' is used synonymously , whilst in a business setting , this approach may also be referred to as `` employee - oriented '' . Task - oriented vs. relationship - oriented leadership ( edit ) In the 1940s , research in leadership began straying away from identifying individual leadership traits , to analyzing the effects of certain leadership behaviors -- predominantly task - oriented and relationship - oriented leadership . The table below compares task - oriented and relationship - oriented leadership styles side - by - side : Task - Oriented Relationship - Oriented Emphasis on work facilitation Emphasis on interaction facilitation Focus on structure , roles and tasks Focus on relationships , well - being and motivation Produce desired results is a priority Foster positive relationships is a priority Emphasis on goal - setting and a clear plan to achieve goals Emphasis on team members and communication within Strict use of schedules and step - by - step plans , and a punishment / incentive system Communication facilitation , casual interactions and frequent team meetings Mixed conclusions have risen from studies that try to determine the effects of task - oriented and relationship - oriented leadership : some show that relationship - oriented leadership produces greater productivity , while some show that task - oriented leaders create greater group efficacy . However , a common finding is that relationship - oriented leadership will generate greater cohesion within groups , as well as greater team learning . It is also supported that relationship - oriented leadership has stronger individual impact , and a positive effect on self - efficacy . A meta - analysis ( Burke et al. , 2006 ) conducted in 2006 integrated a wide spectrum of theoretical and empirical studies , and looked at the effects of leadership behaviors through multiple dimensions , including breaking down the specifics of task - oriented and relationship - oriented leadership into subgroups such as `` initiating structure '' , `` consideration '' , and `` empowerment '' . Its main set of analyses investigated the relationship between task - oriented and relationship - oriented leadership behaviors on the following outcomes : perceived team effectiveness , team productivity , and team learning / growth . Results concluded that task - oriented leadership and relationship - oriented leadership produce a relatively similar perceived team effectiveness , however actual team productivity was higher for relationship - oriented led teams than for task - oriented teams ( measured increase of 8 % and 4 % respectively ) . It has also been theorized that groups who perceive their leaders as more task - oriented achieve higher levels of task accomplishment . Leadership substitution theory ( edit ) In Forsyth , the leadership substitute theory is defined as `` a conceptual analysis of the factors that combine to reduce or eliminate the need for a leader . '' A leader may find that behaviors focusing on nurturing interpersonal relationships , or coordinating tasks and initiating structure , are not required in every situation . A study by Kerr and Jermier found that some contextual factors may negate the need for either task oriented or relationship oriented leadership behaviors , such as specific characteristics of group members , the task , or the organization . Groups composed of members who have a `` professional '' orientation or members who do not necessarily value group rewards , can neutralize or negate both task and relationship oriented leadership . Also , individuals who are highly trained and capable , or those who have a need for independence , may not require that their leader focus on task coordination . When the task is clear and routine , `` methodologically invariant , '' or involves automatic feedback about accomplishment , task oriented leadership may be unnecessary . Furthermore , a task that is intrinsically satisfying can remove the need for relationship oriented leadership behaviors . Finally , task oriented leadership can be neutralized / negated by several organizational characteristics ; a formal environment , inflexible structure , specific staff functions , cohesive work groups , organized rewards outside of the leaders control , and physical distance between the leader and members . The characteristics of organized rewards , cohesive work groups , and physical distance have also been shown to negate the need for relationship oriented leadership styles . Fiedler contingency model ( edit ) Main article : Fiedler contingency model The Fiedler contingency model argues that three situational components can determine whether task - oriented or relationship - oriented leadership is the better fit for the situation : Leader - Member Relations , referring to the degree of mutual trust , respect and confidence between the leader and the subordinates . Task Structure , referring to the extent to which group tasks are clear and structured . Leader Position Power , referring to the power inherent in the leader 's position itself . When there is a good leader - member relation , a highly structured task , and high leader position power , the situation is considered a `` favorable situation . '' Fiedler found that low - LPC leaders are more effective in extremely favourable or unfavourable situations , whereas high - LPC leaders perform best in situations with intermediate favourability . The table below shows a breakdown of the theory : Leader - Member Relations Task Structure Leader 's Position Power Most Effective Leader Good Structured Strong Task - oriented Good Structured Weak Task - oriented Good Unstructured Strong Task - oriented Good Unstructured Weak Relationship - oriented Poor Structured Strong Relationship - oriented Poor Structured Weak Relationship - oriented Poor Unstructured Strong Relationship - oriented Poor Unstructured Weak Task - oriented Relevant studies ( edit ) An experiment was conducted in 1972 with a total of 128 United States Military cadets in 4 - man groups , to test the predictive validity of Fiedler 's contingency model of leadership effectiveness . The experiment , which involved strong manipulation and specification of variables affecting situational favorableness , produced strong support for the contingency model . A study was conducted that determined if basketball athletes of different age groups ( lower high school to university level ) preferred training and instruction ( task - oriented ) behavior or social support ( relationship - oriented ) behavior . Analyses and results revealed a quadratic trend for preference in task - oriented behavior that progressively decreased lower high school through junior to senior levels , and increased at the university level . A linear trend was seen for preference in relationship - oriented behavior , which progressively increased as age went up . Situational leadership theory ( edit ) Main article : Situational leadership theory In the 1950s , management theorists from Ohio State University and the University of Michigan published a series of studies to determine whether leaders should be more task - or relationship - oriented . The research concluded that there is no single `` best '' style of leadership , and thus led to the creation of the situational leadership theory , which essentially argues that leaders should engage in a healthy dose of both task - oriented and relationship - oriented leadership fit for the situation , and the people being led . The Blake Mouton Managerial Grid , also known as managerial grid model , serves as a framework to determine how one can balance task - oriented and relationship - oriented leadership . It plots the degree of task - centeredness versus relationship - centeredness and identifies five combinations as distinct leadership styles . See also ( edit ) Leadership Trait leadership Transactional leadership Transformational leadership Leadership styles Situational leadership theory References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Forsyth , Donelson R. ( 2010 ) . Group Dynamics 5th edition . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth Cengage Learning . p. 253 . ISBN 9780495599524 . ^ Jump up to : Griffin , Ronald J. Ebert , Ricky W. ( 2010 ) . Business essentials ( 8th ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall . pp. 135 -- 136 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 705349 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Anzalone , Chris . `` Differences between Task - Oriented Leaders & Relational - Oriented Leaders '' . Demand Media . Retrieved 3 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Bass , B.M. ( 1990 ) . Bass & Stogdill 's handbook of leadership : Theory , research , and managerial applications ( 3rd ed . ) . New York , NY : Free Press . ^ Jump up to : Reilly , Anthony Joseph , III ( 1968 ) . `` The Effects of Different Leadership Styles on Group Performance : A Field Experiment '' . Jump up ^ Moghaddam , Afsane Zamani ; Ghanbari , Ali ; Hosseinzadeh , Allahverdi ( 2011 ) . `` Relationship between the Leadership Method and Self Efficacy of the Staff '' . American Journal of Scientific Research ( 40 ) : 160 -- 172 . ^ Jump up to : Arana , Jose M. ; Chambel , M. Jose ; Curral , Luis ; Tabernero , Carmen ( Nov 2009 ) . `` The role of task - oriented versus relationship - oriented leadership on normative contract and group performance '' . Social Behavior and Personality : an international journal . 37 ( 10 ) : 1391 . doi : 10.2224 / sbp. 2009.37. 10.1391 . ^ Jump up to : Burke , C. Shawn ; Stagl , Kevin C. ; Klein , Cameron ; Goodwin , Gerald F. ; Salas , Eduardo ; Halpin , Stanley M. ( 2006 ) . `` What type of leadership behaviors are functional in teams ? A meta - analysis '' . The Leadership Quarterly ( 17 ) : 288 -- 307 . Jump up ^ Sahertian , Pieter ; Soetjipto , Budi Eko ( June 2011 ) . `` Improving Employee 's Organizational Commitment , Self - Efficacy , and Organizational Citizenship Behavior Through the Implementation of Task - Oriented and Relationship - Oriented Leadership Behavior '' . The Business Review . 17 ( 2 ) : 48 -- 60 . ^ Jump up to : Kerr , Jermier , S , J.M. ( 1978 ) . `` Substitutes for Leadership : Their meaning and measurement '' . Organizational Behavior and Human Performance . Jump up ^ Fiedler , Fred E. ( 1964 ) . `` A Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness '' . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology . 1 ( 1 ) : 149 -- 190 . doi : 10.1016 / s0065 - 2601 ( 08 ) 60051 - 9 . Jump up ^ Chemers , Martin M. ; Skrzypek , George J. ( Nov 1972 ) . `` Experimental test of the contingency model of leadership effectiveness '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 24 ( 2 ) : 172 -- 177 . doi : 10.1037 / h0033371 . Jump up ^ Carron , A.V. ; Chelladurai , P. ( 1983 ) . `` Athletic Maturity and Preferred Leadership '' . Journal of Sport PSychology. 5 ( 4 ) : 371 -- 380 . Jump up ^ Johannsen , Murray . `` The Importance of Choosing the Right Leadership Style '' . Legacee . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Blake Mouton Managerial Grid '' . Mind Tools . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Task-oriented_and_relationship-oriented_leadership&oldid=822796421 '' Categories : Strategic management Leadership Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Edit links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018 , at 15 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	explain why every leadership situation demands a degree of relationship leadership behavior	[]	[]
2122206508707956043	Battle of Puebla	Battle of Puebla - wikipedia Battle of Puebla Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Siege of Puebla ( 1847 ) or Siege of Puebla ( 1863 ) . Battle of Puebla Part of the Second French intervention in Mexico Depictions of the battle showing Mexican cavalry overwhelming the French troops below the fort at Loreto Scene recreated by Francisco P. Miranda . Oil on canvas , 1872 Date May 5 , 1862 Location Puebla City , Mexico Result Mexican Republican victory Political victory for Mexican republicans Belligerents Second Federal Republic of Mexico Second French Empire Mexican nobility Commanders and leaders Ignacio Zaragoza Benito Juárez Charles de Lorencez Strength 4,500 6,500 soldiers Casualties and losses 87 killed , 131 wounded , 12 missing 476 killed , 304 wounded , 35 captured Second French intervention in Mexico ( 1861 -- 1867 ) Fortín Las Cumbres Atlixco Puebla Barranca Seca Cerro del Borrego Jonuta Siege of Puebla San Pablo del Monte Tampico 2nd Atlixco Camarón Mexico City Chiapa de Corzo Morelia Guanajuato Guadalajara El Jahuactal San Juan Bautista Mazatlán Acapulco Nanahuatipam Majoma Monterrey Matamoros Totoapan Colima Jiquilpan San Pedro Cuauhtémoc El Rosario Tacámbaro Soyaltepec La Loma Parral Chihuahua Álamos Ixmiquilpan Bagdad Santa Isabel Chihuahua Siege of Jonuta Santa Gertrudis Miahuatlán Juchitán La Carbonera Guayabo Guadalajara Villa de Álvarez San Jacinto Monterrey 3rd Puebla Lomas de San Lorenzo Siege of Querétaro Mexico City This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Battle of Puebla ( Spanish : Batalla de Puebla ; French : Bataille de Puebla ) took place on 5 May 1862 , near Puebla City during the Second French intervention in Mexico . The battle ended in a victory for the Mexican Army over the occupying French soldiers . The French eventually overran the Mexicans in subsequent battles , but the Mexican victory at Puebla against a much better equipped and larger French army provided a significant morale boost to the Mexican army and also helped slow the French army 's advance towards Mexico City . The Mexican victory is celebrated yearly on the fifth of May . Its celebration is regional in Mexico , primarily in the state of Puebla , where the holiday is celebrated as El Día de la Batalla de Puebla ( English : The Day of the Battle of Puebla ) . There is some limited recognition of the holiday in other parts of the country . In the United States , this holiday has evolved into the very popular Cinco de Mayo holiday , a celebration of Mexican heritage . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Event 3 Aftermath 4 Celebration 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) The 1858 -- 60 Mexican civil war ( known as The Reform War ) had caused major distress throughout Mexico 's economy . When taking office as the elected president in 1861 , Benito Juárez was forced to suspend payments of interest on foreign debts for a period of two years . At the end of October 1861 diplomats from Spain , France , and Britain met in London to form the Tripartite Alliance , with the main purpose of launching an allied invasion of Mexico , taking control of Veracruz , its major port , and forcing the Mexican government to negotiate terms for repaying its debts and for reparations for alleged harm to foreign citizens in Mexico . In December 1861 , Spanish troops landed in Veracruz ; British and French followed in early January . The allied forces occupied Veracruz and advanced to Orizaba . However , the Tripartite Alliance fell apart by early April 1862 , when it became clear the French wanted to impose harsh demands on the Juarez government and provoke a war . The British and Spanish withdrew , leaving the French to march alone on Mexico City . Napoleon III wanted to set up a puppet Mexican regime . Event ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Map of the battle 's terrain The French expeditionary force at the time was led by General Charles de Lorencez . The battle came about by a misunderstanding of the French forces ' agreement to withdraw to the coast . When the Mexican Republic forces saw these French soldiers on the march , they took it that hostilities had recommenced and felt threatened . To add to the mounting concerns , it was discovered that political negotiations for the withdrawal had broken down . A vehement complaint was lodged by the Mexicans to General Lorencez who took the effrontery as a plan to assail his forces . Lorencez decided to hold up his withdrawal to the coast by occupying Orizaba instead , which prevented the Mexicans from being able to defend the passes between Orizaba and the landing port of Veracruz . The 33 - year - old Mexican Commander General , Ignacio Zaragoza , fell back to Acultzingo Pass where he and his army were badly beaten in a skirmish with Lorencez 's forces on 28 April . Zaragoza retreated to Puebla which was heavily fortified -- it had been held by the Mexican government since the Reform War . To its north stood the forts Loreto and Guadalupe on opposite hilltops . Zaragoza had a trench dug to join the forts via the saddle . Battle of Puebla , 5 May 1862 Lorencez was led to believe that the people of Puebla were friendly to the French , and that the Mexican Republican garrison which kept the people in line would be overrun by the population once he made a show of force . This would prove to be a serious miscalculation on Lorencez 's part . On 5 May 1862 , against all advice , Lorencez decided to attack Puebla from the north . However , he started his attack a little too late in the day , using his artillery just before noon and by noon advancing his infantry . By the third attack the French required the full engagement of all their reserves . The French artillery had run out of ammunition , so the third infantry attack went unsupported . The Mexican forces and the Republican garrison both put up a stout defense and even took to the field to defend the positions between the hilltop forts . As the French retreated from their final assault , Zaragoza had his cavalry attack them from the right and left while troops concealed along the road pivoted out to flank them . By 3 p.m. the daily rains had started , making a slippery slope of the battlefield . Lorencez withdrew to distant positions , counting 462 of his men killed against only 83 of the Mexicans . He waited a couple of days for Zaragoza to attack again , but Zaragoza held his ground . Lorencez then completely withdrew to Orizaba . Aftermath ( edit ) The Second Battle of Puebla in 1863 The Battle of Puebla was an inspirational event for wartime Mexico , and it provided a stunning revelation to the rest of the world which had largely expected a rapid victory for French arms . Slowed by their loss at Puebla , the French forces retreated and regrouped , and the invasion continued after Napoleon III determinedly sent additional troops to Mexico . The French were eventually victorious , winning the Second Battle of Puebla on 17 May 1863 and pushing on to Mexico City . When the capital fell , Juárez 's government was forced into exile in the remote north . With the backing of France , the Habsburg Archduke Maximilian became Emperor of Mexico in the short - lived Second Mexican Empire . Fort Guadalupe Celebration ( edit ) On 9 May 1862 , President Juárez declared that the anniversary of the Battle of Puebla would be a national holiday , regarded as `` Battle of Puebla Day '' or `` Battle of Cinco de Mayo '' . A common misconception in the United States is that Cinco de Mayo is Mexico 's Independence Day , the most important national patriotic holiday in Mexico . Mexico celebrates Independence Day on the 16th of September , commemorating the beginning of the war of Independence ( September 16 , 1810 , the `` Cry of Dolores '' ) . Mexico also observes the culmination of the war of Independence , which lasted 11 years , on the 27th of September . Since the 1930s , a re-enactment of the Battle of Puebla has been held each year at Peñón de los Baños , a rocky outcrop close to Mexico City International Airport . See also ( edit ) List of battles of the French intervention in Mexico References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Christopher Minster ( 2011 ) . `` Latin American history : Cinco de Mayo / The Battle of Puebla '' . About.com . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Booth , William ( 5 May 2011 ) . `` In Mexico , Cinco de Mayo a more sober affair '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Mexico Online . 2007 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ DeRouen , Karl R. ; Heo , Uk ( 2005 ) . Defense and security : a compendium of national armed forces and security policies . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . p. 472 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 781 - 4 . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ The following sources are mentioning that Zaragoza was heading 12,000 troops : see The Cinco de Mayo and French Imperialism - HICKS Peter , Fondation Napoléon , and General Gustave Léon Niox book , Expédition du Mexique : 1861 - 1867 , published in 1874 by Librairie militaire de J. Dumaine , p. 162 Read online Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Mexico Online : The Oldest and most trusted online guide to Mexico . Jump up ^ Lovgren , Stefan ( 2006 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo , From Mexican Fiesta to Popular U.S. Holiday '' . National Geographic News . Jump up ^ List of Public and Bank Holidays in Mexico April 14 , 2008 . This list indicates that Cinco de Mayo is not a día feriado obligatorio ( `` obligatory holiday '' ) , but is instead a holiday that can be voluntarily observed . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo is not a federal holiday in México Accessed May 5 , 2009 Jump up ^ Día de la Batalla de Puebla. 5 May 2011 . `` Dia de la Batalla de Puebla : 5 de Mayo de 1862 . '' Archived 24 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Colegio Rex : Marina , Mazatlan . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Día de la Batalla de Puebla ( 5 de Mayo ) . Guia de San Miguel . Archived 2012 - 05 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Happy `` Battle of Puebla '' Day . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Beezley , William H. ( 2011 ) . Mexico in World History . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515381 - 1 . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Did You Know ? Cinco de Mayo is more widely celebrated in USA than Mexico . Tony Burton . Mexconnect . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Cultural adaptation : the Cinco de Mayo holiday is far more widely celebrated in the USA than in Mexico . Geo - Mexico . 2 May 2011 . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ 25 Latino Craft Projects : Celebrating Culture in Your Library . Ana Elba Pabon . Diana Borrego. 2003 . American Library Association . Page 14 . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ 7 Things You May Not Know About Cinco de Mayo . Jesse Greenspan . May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Congressional Record - House . Page 7488 . May 9 , 2001 . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Note that contrary to most other sources , this source states the date Juarez declared Cinco de Mayo to be a national holiday was 8 September 1862 . Jump up ^ Statement by Mexican Consular official Accessed May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Adam Brooks . `` Is Cinco De Mayo Really Mexico 's Independence Day ? '' . NBC 11 News . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency ( 2011 ) . `` The World Factbook : Mexico '' . CIA . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Geo - Mexico ( 2010 ) . `` The Battle of Puebla is re-enacted each year on Cinco de Mayo ( May 5 ) , but in Mexico City '' . Geo-mexico.com . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Puebla . French Intervention in Mexico : Battle of Puebla Phil 's Findings : Did Battle of Puebla change the course of U.S. history ? by PHILIP A. RUE Coordinates : 19 ° 03 ′ 00 '' N 98 ° 12 ′ 00 '' W / 19.0500 ° N 98.2000 ° W / 19.0500 ; - 98.2000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Puebla&oldid=841776815 '' Categories : 1862 in the French colonial empire 1862 in Mexico Battles involving France Battles of the Second French intervention in Mexico Conflicts in 1862 May 1862 events Puebla City Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from November 2011 Articles needing more detailed references All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles needing additional references from May 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English தமிழ் Tiếng Việt Winaray 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 00 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who led mexico in the battle of puebla	[]	[]
4572014408334691641	Monty Python's Flying Circus	Monty Python 's Flying Circus - Wikipedia Monty Python 's Flying Circus For other uses , see Monty Python 's Flying Circus ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Monty Python 's Flying Circus Genre Sketch comedy Surreal comedy Satire Black comedy Created by Graham Chapman John Cleese Terry Gilliam Eric Idle Terry Jones Michael Palin Written by Monty Python Neil Innes Douglas Adams Directed by Ian MacNaughton John Howard Davies Starring Graham Chapman John Cleese Terry Gilliam Eric Idle Terry Jones Michael Palin Carol Cleveland Opening theme `` The Liberty Bell '' by John Philip Sousa Composer ( s ) Neil Innes Fred Tomlinson Singers Country of origin United Kingdom No. of series No. of episodes 45 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time approx. 25 -- 30 minutes Release Original network BBC1 ( 1969 -- 1973 ) BBC2 ( 1974 ) Original release 5 October 1969 ( 1969 - 10 - 05 ) -- 5 December 1974 ( 1974 - 12 - 05 ) Chronology Followed by And Now for Something Completely Different External links Website Monty Python 's Flying Circus ( known during the final series as just Monty Python ) is a British sketch comedy series created by the comedy group Monty Python and broadcast by the BBC from 1969 to 1974 . The shows were composed of surreality , risqué or innuendo - laden humour , sight gags and observational sketches without punchlines . It also featured animations by group member Terry Gilliam , often sequenced or merged with live action . The first episode was recorded on 7 September and premiered on 5 October 1969 on BBC One , with 45 episodes airing over four series from 1969 to 1974 , plus two episodes for German TV . The show often targets the idiosyncrasies of British life , especially that of professionals , and is at times politically charged . The members of Monty Python were highly educated . Terry Jones and Michael Palin are Oxford University graduates ; Eric Idle , John Cleese , and Graham Chapman attended Cambridge University ; and American - born member Terry Gilliam graduated from Occidental College . Their comedy is often pointedly intellectual , with numerous erudite references to philosophers and literary figures . The series followed and elaborated upon the style used by Spike Milligan in his ground breaking series Q5 , rather than the traditional sketch show format . The team intended their humour to be impossible to categorise , and succeeded ( although , by their perspective , failed ) so completely that the adjective `` Pythonesque '' was invented to define it and , later , similar material . The Pythons play the majority of the series characters themselves , including the majority of the female characters , but occasionally they cast an extra actor . Regular supporting cast members include Carol Cleveland ( referred to by the team as the unofficial `` Seventh Python '' ) , Connie Booth ( Cleese 's first wife ) , series producer Ian MacNaughton , Ian Davidson , Neil Innes ( in the fourth series ) , and Fred Tomlinson and the Fred Tomlinson Singers ( for musical numbers ) . The theme music is the Band of the Grenadier Guards ' rendition of John Philip Sousa 's `` The Liberty Bell '' which was first published in 1893 . Under the Berne Convention 's `` country of origin '' concept , the composition was subject to United States copyright law which states that any works first published prior to 1923 was in the public domain due to copyright expiration . This enabled Gilliam to co-opt the march for the series without having to make any royalty payments . Contents 1 Title 2 Recurring characters 2.1 Frequently recurring characters ( six or more appearances ) 2.2 Characters who made multiple appearances 3 Popular character traits 3.1 Chapman 3.2 Cleese 3.3 Gilliam 3.4 Idle 3.5 Jones 3.6 Palin 4 Lost sketches 5 Monty Python 's Fliegender Zirkus 6 Stage incarnations 7 Landing of Flying Circus 8 Awards and honours 9 Legacy 10 Production 11 Transnational themes 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Title ( edit ) The title Monty Python 's Flying Circus was partly the result of the group 's reputation at the BBC . Michael Mills , the BBC 's Head of Comedy , wanted their name to include the word `` circus '' because the BBC referred to the six members wandering around the building as a circus , in particular , `` Baron Von Took 's Circus '' , after Barry Took , who had brought them to the BBC . The group added `` flying '' to make it sound less like an actual circus and more like something from World War I . The group was coming up with their name at a time when the 1966 Royal Guardsmen song Snoopy vs. the Red Baron had been at a peak . Freiherr von Richthofen , the World War I German flying ace known as The Red Baron , commanded a squadron of planes known as `` The Flying Circus . '' The words `` Monty Python '' were added because they claimed it sounded like a really bad theatrical agent , the sort of person who would have brought them together , with John Cleese suggesting `` Python '' as something slimy and slithery , and Eric Idle suggesting `` Monty '' . They later explained that the name Monty `` ... made us laugh because Monty to us means Lord Montgomery , our great general of the Second World War '' . The BBC had rejected some other names put forward by the group including Whither Canada ? , The Nose Show , Ow ! It 's Colin Plint ! , A Horse , a Spoon and a Basin , The Toad Elevating Moment and Owl Stretching Time . Several of these titles were later used for individual episodes . Recurring characters ( edit ) In contrast to many other sketch comedy shows , Flying Circus had only a handful of recurring characters , many of whom were involved only in titles and linking sequences . Continuity for many of these recurring characters was frequently non-existent from sketch to sketch , with sometimes even the most basic information ( such as a character 's name ) being changed from one appearance to the next . Frequently recurring characters ( six or more appearances ) ( edit ) The `` It 's '' Man ( Palin ) , a Robinson Crusoe - type castaway with torn clothes and a long , unkempt beard who would appear at the beginning of the programme . Often he is seen performing a long or dangerous task , such as falling off a tall , jagged cliff or running through a mine field a long distance towards the camera before introducing the show by just saying , `` It 's ... '' before being abruptly cut off by the opening titles and Terry Gilliam 's animation sprouting the words ' Monty Python 's Flying Circus ' . It 's was an early candidate for the title of the series . A BBC continuity announcer in a dinner jacket ( Cleese ) , seated at a desk , often in highly incongruous locations , such as a forest or a beach . His line , `` And now for something completely different , '' was used variously as a lead - in to the opening titles and a simple way to link sketches . Though Cleese is best known for it , Idle first introduced the phrase in Episode 2 , where he introduced a man with three buttocks . It eventually became the show 's catch phrase and served as the title for the troupe 's first movie . In Series 3 the line was shortened to simply : `` And now ... '' and was often combined with the `` It 's '' man in introducing the episodes . Gumbys on parade The Gumbys , a group of slow - witted individuals identically attired in gumboots ( from which they take their name ) , high - water trousers , braces , Fair Isle tanktops , and round , wire - rimmed glasses , with toothbrush moustaches and knotted handkerchiefs worn on their heads ( a stereotype of the English working - class holidaymaker ) . They hold their arms stiffly at their sides , speak slowly in loud , throaty voices punctuated by frequent grunts and groans , and have a fondness for pointless violence . All of them are surnamed Gumby : D.P. Gumby , R.S. Gumby , etc . Even though all Pythons played Gumbys in the show 's run , the character is most closely associated with Michael Palin . The Knight with a Raw Chicken ( Gilliam ) , who would hit characters over the head with the chicken when they said something particularly silly . The knight was a regular during the first series and made another appearance in the third . A nude organist ( played in his first appearance by Gilliam , later by Jones ) who provided a brief fanfare to punctuate certain sketches , most notably on a sketch poking fun at Sale of the Century or as yet another way to introduce the opening titles . This character was addressed as `` Onan '' by Palin 's host character in the ersatz game show sketch `` Blackmail '' . The `` Pepperpots '' are screeching middle - aged , lower - middle class housewives , played by the Pythons in frocks , and engage in surreal and inconsequential conversation . `` The Pepperpots '' was the in - house name that the Pythons used to identify these characters , and were never identified as such on - screen . On the rare occasion these women were named , it was often for comic effect , featuring such names as Mrs. Scum , Mrs. Non-Gorilla , or the duo Mrs. Premise and Mrs. Conclusion . `` Pepperpot '' refers to what the Pythons believed was the typical body shape of middle - class , British housewives , as explained by John Cleese in How to Irritate People . Terry Jones is perhaps most closely associated with the Pepperpots , but all the Pythons were frequent in performing the drag characters . Brief black - and - white stock footage , lasting only two or three seconds , of middle - aged women sitting in an audience and applauding . The film was taken from a Women 's Institute meeting and was sometimes presented with a colour tint . This was used as a reference to the types of audiences they had to face during the first series . Characters who made multiple appearances ( edit ) `` The Colonel '' ( Chapman ) , a British Army officer who interrupts sketches that are `` too silly '' or that contain material he finds offensive . The Colonel also appears when non-BBC broadcast repeats need to be cut off for time constraints in syndication . Arthur Pewtey ( Palin ) , a socially inept , extremely dull man who appears most notably in the `` Marriage Guidance Counsellor '' and `` Ministry of Silly Walks '' sketches . His sketches all take the form of an office appointment with an authority figure ( usually played by Cleese ) , which are used to parody the officious side of the British establishment by having the professional employed in the most bizarre field of expertise . The spelling of Pewtey 's surname is changed , between appearances . The Reverend Arthur Belling is the vicar of St Loony - Up - The - Cream - Bun - and - Jam . He is known for his bizarrely eccentric behaviour . In one sketch ( within Series 2 , played by Chapman ) , he makes an appeal to the insane people of the world to drive sane people insane . In another sketch ( within Series 3 , played by Palin ) , which is among the pantheon of fan favourites , he politely joins a honeymooning couple at an outdoor café , repeatedly insisting he does not wish to disturb them ; he then sits down , opens a suitcase full of props , and calmly proceeds to smash plates on the table , shake a baby doll in their faces , bounce a rubber crab from a ping - pong paddle , and spray shaving cream all over his face , all whilst loudly chanting nonsense syllables. Rev. Belling 's odd version of ' not being disturbing ' serves to convert the couple to his bizarre sect of Christianity . A somewhat disreputable shopkeeper , played by Palin , is a staple of many a two - person sketch ( notably `` Dead Parrot Sketch '' ) . He often speaks with a strong Cockney accent , and has no consistent name . Mr. Badger ( Idle ) , a Scotsman whose speciality was interrupting sketches ( ' I wo n't ruin your sketch , for a pound ' ) . He was once interviewed , in a sketch opposite Cleese , regarding his interpretation of the Magna Carta , which Badger believes was actually a piece of chewing gum on a bedspread in Dorset . He has also been seen as an aeroplane hijacker whose demands grow increasingly eccentric . Mr. Eric Praline , an eccentric , disgruntled man , played by Cleese and who often wears a Pac - a-Mac . His most famous appearance is in the `` Dead Parrot sketch '' . His name is only mentioned once on - screen , during the `` Fish Licence '' sketch , but his attire ( together with Cleese 's distinctive , nasal performance ) distinguishes him as a recognisable character who makes multiple appearances throughout the first two series . An audio re-recording of `` Fish Licence '' also reveals that he has multiple pets of wildly differing species , all of them named `` Eric '' . Mr. Cheeky , a well - dressed moustachioed man , referred to in the published scripts as `` Mr. Nudge '' ( Idle ) , who pointedly annoys uptight characters ( usually Jones ) . He is characterised by his constant nudging gestures and cheeky innuendo . His most famous appearance is in his initial sketch , `` Nudge Nudge '' , though he appears in several later sketches too , including `` The Visitors '' , where he claimed his name was Arthur Name . Biggles ( Chapman , and in one instance Jones ) , a World War I pilot . Derived from the famous series of fiction stories by W.E. Johns . Luigi Vercotti ( Palin ) , a mafioso entrepreneur and pimp featured during the first series , accompanied in his first appearance by his brother Dino ( Jones ) . He appears as the manager for Ron Obvious , the owner of La Gondola restaurant and as a victim of the Piranha Brothers . With his brother , he attempts to talk the Colonel into paying for protection of his Army base . The Spanish Inquisition would burst into a previously unrelated sketch whenever their name was mentioned . Their catchphrase was ' Nobody expects the Spanish Inquisition ! ' They consist of Cardinal Ximinez ( Palin ) , Cardinal Fang ( Gilliam ) , and Cardinal Biggles ( Jones ) . They premiered in series two and Ximinez had a cameo in `` The Buzz Aldrin Show '' . Frenchmen : Cleese and Palin would sometimes dress in stereotypical French garb , e.g. striped shirt , tight pants , beret , and speak in garbled French , with incomprehensible accents . They had one fake moustache between them , and each would stick it onto the other 's lip when it was his turn to speak . They appear giving a demonstration of the technical aspects of the flying sheep in episode 2 ( `` Sex and Violence '' ) , and appear in the Ministry of Silly Walks sketch as the developers of `` La Marche Futile '' . They also make an appearance in Monty Python and the Holy Grail . The Compère ( Palin ) , a sleazy nightclub emcee in a red jacket . He linked sketches by introducing them as nightclub acts , and was occasionally seen after the sketch , passing comment on it . In one link , he was the victim of the Knight with a Raw Chicken . Spiny Norman , a Gilliam animation of a giant hedgehog . He is introduced in Episode 1 of Series 2 in `` Piranha Brothers '' as an hallucination experienced by Dinsdale Piranha when he is depressed . Later , Spiny Norman appears randomly in the background of animated cityscapes , shouting ' Dinsdale ! ' Cardinal Richelieu ( Palin ) is impersonated by someone or is impersonating someone else . He is first seen as a witness in court , but he turns out to be Ron Higgins , a professional Cardinal Richelieu impersonator . He is later seen during the `` Historical Impersonations '' sketch as himself impersonating Petula Clark . Ken Shabby ( Palin ) , an unkempt , disgusting man who cleaned public lavatories , appeared in his own sketch in the first series , attempting to get approval from another man ( Chapman ) to marry his daughter ( Booth ) . In the second series , he appeared in several vox populi segments . He later founded his own religion ( as part of the `` Crackpot Religions '' sketch ) and called himself Archbishop Shabby . Raymond Luxury - Yacht ( Chapman ) is described as one of Britain 's leading skin specialists . He wears an enormous fake nose made of polystyrene . He proudly proclaims that his name ' is spelled `` Raymond Luxury - Yach - t '' , but it is pronounced `` Throat - Wobbler Mangrove '' ' . A Madman ( Chapman ) Often appears in vox pops segments . He wears a bowler hat and has a bushy moustache . He will always rant and ramble about his life whenever he appears and will occasionally foam at the mouth and fall over backwards . He appears in `` The Naked Ant '' , `` The Buzz Aldrin Show '' , and `` It 's a Living '' . Other returning characters include a married couple , often mentioned but never seen , Ann Haydon - Jones and her husband Pip . In `` Election Night Special '' , Pip has lost a political seat to Engelbert Humperdinck . Several recurring characters are played by different Pythons . Both Palin and Chapman played the insanely violent Police Constable Pan Am. Both Jones and Palin portrayed police sergeant Harry ' Snapper ' Organs of Q division . Various historical figures were played by a different cast member in each appearance , such as Mozart ( Cleese , then Palin ) , or Queen Victoria ( Jones , then Palin , then all five Pythons in Series 4 ) . Some of the Pythons ' real - life targets recurred more frequently than others . Reginald Maudling , a contemporary Conservative politician , was singled out for perhaps the most consistent ridicule . Then - Secretary of State for Education and Science , and ( well after the programme had ended ) Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , was occasionally mentioned , in particular referring to Thatcher 's brain as being in her shin received a hearty laugh from the studio audience . Then - US President Richard Nixon was also frequently mocked , as was Conservative party leader Edward Heath , prime minister for much of the series ' run . The British police were also a favourite target , often acting bizarrely , stupidly , or abusing their authority , frequently in drag . Popular character traits ( edit ) Although there were few recurring characters , and the six cast members played many diverse roles , each perfected some character traits . Chapman ( edit ) Graham Chapman often portrayed straight - faced men , of any age or class , frequently authority figures such as military officers , policemen or doctors . His characters could , at any moment , engage in `` Pythonesque '' maniacal behaviour and then return to their former sobriety . He was also skilled in abuse , which he brusquely delivered in such sketches as `` The Argument Clinic '' and `` Flying Lessons '' . He adopted a dignified demeanour as the leading `` straight man '' in the Python feature films Holy Grail ( King Arthur ) and Life of Brian ( title character Brian ) . Cleese ( edit ) John Cleese played ridiculous authority figures . Gilliam claims that Cleese is the funniest of the Pythons in drag , as he barely needs to be dressed up to look hilarious , with his square chin and 6'5 '' ( 196 cm ) frame ( see the `` Mr. and Mrs. Git '' sketch ) . Cleese also played intimidating maniacs , such as an instructor in the `` Self Defence Against Fresh Fruit '' sketch . His character Mr. Praline , the put - upon consumer , featured in some of the most popular sketches , most famously in `` Dead Parrot '' . One star turn that proved most memorable among Python fans was `` The Ministry of Silly Walks '' , where he worked for the eponymous government department . The sketch features some rather extravagant physical comedy from the notoriously tall and loose - limbed Cleese . Despite its popularity , particularly among American fans , Cleese himself particularly disliked the sketch , feeling that many of the laughs it generated were cheap and that no balance was provided by what could have been the true satirical centrepoint . Another of his trademarks is his over-the - top delivery of abuse , particularly his screaming `` You bastard ! '' Cleese often played foreigners with ridiculous accents , especially Frenchmen , most of the time with Palin . Sometimes this extended to the use of actual French or German ( such as `` The Funniest Joke in the World '' , `` Hitler in Minehead '' , or `` La Marche Futile '' at the end of `` The Ministry of Silly Walks '' ) , but still with a very heavy accent ( or impossible to understand , as for example Hitler 's speech ) . Gilliam ( edit ) The famous Python Foot can here be seen in its original format in the bottom left corner of `` Venus , Cupid , Folly and Time '' Many Python sketches were linked together by the cut - out animations of Terry Gilliam , including the opening titles featuring the iconic giant foot that became a symbol of all that was ' Pythonesque ' . Gilliam 's unique visual style was characterised by sudden , dramatic movements and deliberate mismatches of scale , set in surrealist landscapes populated by engravings of large buildings with elaborate architecture , grotesque Victorian gadgets , machinery , and people cut from old Sears Roebuck catalogues . Gilliam added airbrush illustrations and many famous pieces of art . All of these elements were combined in incongruous ways to obtain new and humorous meanings in the tradition of surrealist collage assemblies . The surreal nature of the series allowed Gilliam 's animation to go off on bizarre , imaginative tangents . Some running gags derived from these animations were a giant hedgehog named Spiny Norman who appeared over the tops of buildings shouting , `` Dinsdale ! '' , further petrifying the paranoid Dinsdale Piranha ; and The Foot of Cupid , the giant foot that suddenly squashed things . The latter is appropriated from the figure of Cupid in the Agnolo Bronzino painting `` Venus , Cupid , Folly and Time '' . Notable Gilliam sequences for the show include Conrad Poohs and his Dancing Teeth , the rampage of the cancerous black spot , The Killer Cars and a giant cat that stomps its way through London , destroying everything in its path . Initially only hired to be the animator of the series , Gilliam was not thought of ( even by himself ) as an on - screen performer at first , being American and not very good at the deep and sometimes exaggerated English accent of his fellows . The others felt they owed him something and so he sometimes appeared before the camera , usually in the parts that no one else wanted to play , generally because they required a lot of make - up or involved uncomfortable costumes . The most recurrent of these was The - Knight - Who - Hits - People - With - A-Chicken , a knight in armour who would walk on - set and hit another character on the head with a plucked chicken when they said something really corny . Some of Gilliam 's other on - screen portrayals included : A man with a stoat through his head Cardinal Fang in `` The Spanish Inquisition '' A dandy wearing only a mask , bikini underwear and a cape , in `` The Visitors '' A hotel clerk in `` The Cycling Tour '' episode A trouser-less man with a multi coloured wig and a Goat on a lead asking for `` Mrs. Rogers '' at the start of the New Gas Cooker sketch . A fat young man covered in beans in `` Most Awful Family In Britain '' A wheelchair using security guard , sporting an enormous sword through his head . Percy Bysshe Shelley in the `` Michael Ellis '' episode Gilliam soon became distinguished as the go - to member for the most obscenely grotesque characters . This carried over into the Holy Grail film , where Gilliam played King Arthur 's hunchbacked page ' Patsy ' and the bridgekeeper at the Bridge of Death . It has also been claimed that he was originally asked by Terry Jones to play Mr. Creosote in The Meaning Of Life , but turned it down . Idle ( edit ) Eric Idle is known for his roles as a cheeky , suggestive playboy ( `` Nudge Nudge '' ) , a variety of pretentious television presenters ( such as his over-the - top portrayal of Philip Jenkinson in the segments connecting the `` Cheese Shop '' and `` Salad Days '' sketches ) , a crafty , slick salesman ( `` Door - to - Door Joke Salesman '' , `` Encyclopedia Salesman '' ) and the merchant who loves to haggle in Monty Python 's Life of Brian . He is acknowledged as ' the master of the one - liner ' by the other Pythons . He is also considered the best singer / songwriter in the group ; for example , he wrote and performed `` Always Look on the Bright Side of Life '' from The Life of Brian . Unlike Jones , he often played female characters in a more straightforward way , only altering his voice slightly , as opposed to the falsetto shrieking used by the others . Several times , Idle appeared as upper - class , middle - aged females , such as Rita Fairbanks ( `` Reenactment of the Battle Of Pearl Harbor '' ) and the sexually - repressed Protestant wife in the `` Every Sperm is Sacred '' sketch , The Meaning of Life . Because he was not from an already - established writing partnership prior to Python , Idle wrote his sketches alone . Jones ( edit ) Although all of the Pythons played women , Terry Jones is renowned by the rest to be ' the best Rat - Bag woman in the business ' . His portrayal of a middle - aged housewife was louder , shriller , and more dishevelled than that of any of the other Pythons . Examples of this are the `` Dead Bishop '' sketch , his role as Brian 's mother Mandy in Life of Brian , Mrs. Linda S-C-U-M in `` Mr. Neutron '' and the café proprietor in `` Spam '' . Also recurring was the upper - class reserved men , in `` Nudge , Nudge '' and the `` It 's A Man 's Life '' sketch , and incompetent authority figures ( Harry `` Snapper '' Organs ) . He also played the iconic Nude Organist that introduced all of series three . Generally , he deferred to the others as a performer , but proved himself behind the scenes , where he would eventually end up pulling most of the strings . Palin ( edit ) Michael Palin was regarded by the other members of the troupe as the one with the widest range , equally adept as a straight man or wildly over the top character . He portrayed many working - class northerners , often portrayed in a disgusting light : `` The Funniest Joke in the World '' sketch and the `` Every Sperm Is Sacred '' segment of Monty Python 's The Meaning of Life . In contrast , Palin also played weak - willed , put - upon men such as the husband in the `` Marriage Guidance Counsellor '' sketch , or the boring accountant in the `` Vocational Guidance Counsellor '' sketch . He was equally at home as the indefatigable Cardinal Ximinez of Spain in `` The Spanish Inquisition '' sketch . Another high - energy character that Palin portrays is the slick TV show host , constantly smacking his lips together and generally being over-enthusiastic ( `` Blackmail '' sketch ) . In one sketch , he plays the role with an underlying hint of self - revulsion , where he wipes his oily palms on his jacket , makes a disgusted face , then continues . One of his most famous creations was the shopkeeper who attempts to sell useless goods by very weak attempts at being sly and crafty , which are invariably spotted by the customer ( often played by Cleese ) , as in the `` Dead Parrot '' and `` Cheese Shop '' sketches . Palin is also well known for his leading role in `` The Lumberjack Song '' . Palin also often plays heavy - accented foreigners , mostly French ( `` La marche futile '' ) or German ( `` Hitler in Minehead '' ) , usually alongside Cleese . In one of the last episodes , he delivers a full speech , first in English , then in French , then in heavily accented German . Of all the Pythons , Palin played the fewest female roles . Among his portrayals of women are : Queen Victoria in the `` Michael Ellis '' episode , Debbie Katzenberg the American in Monty Python 's The Meaning of Life , or as a rural idiot 's wife in the `` Idiot in rural society '' sketch . Lost sketches ( edit ) Some material originally recorded went missing later , such as the use of the word `` masturbation '' in the `` Summarise Proust '' sketch ( which was muted during the first airing , and later cut out entirely ) or `` What a silly bunt '' in the Travel Agent sketch ( which featured a character ( Idle ) who has a speech impediment that makes him pronounce `` C '' s as `` B '' s ) , which was cut before the sketch ever went to air . However , when this sketch was included in the album Monty Python 's Previous Record and the Live at the Hollywood Bowl film , the line remained intact . Some sketches were deleted in their entirety and later recovered . One such sketch is the `` Party Political Broadcast ( Choreographed ) '' , where a Conservative Party spokesman ( Cleese ) delivers a party political broadcast before getting up and dancing , being coached by a choreographer ( Idle ) , and being joined by a chorus of spokesmen dancing behind him . The camera passes two Labour Party spokesmen practising ballet , and an animation featuring Edward Heath in a tutu . Once deemed lost , a home - recorded tape of this sketch , captured from a broadcast from Buffalo , New York PBS outlet WNED - TV , turned up on YouTube in 2008 . Another high - quality recording of this sketch , broadcast on WTTW in Chicago , has also turned up on YouTube . The Buffalo version can be seen as an extra on the new Region 2 / 4 eight - disc The Complete Monty Python 's Flying Circus DVD set . The Region 1 DVD of Before The Flying Circus , which is included in The Complete Monty Python 's Flying Circus Collector 's Edition Megaset and Monty Python : The Other British Invasion , also contains the Buffalo version as an extra . Another lost sketch is the `` Satan '' animation following the `` Crackpot Religion '' piece and the `` Cartoon Religion Ltd '' animation , and preceding the `` How Not To Be Seen '' sketch : this had been edited out of the official tape . Six frames of the animation can be seen at the end of the episode , wherein that particular episode is repeated in fast - forward . A black and white 16 mm film print has since turned up ( found by a private film collector in the US ) showing the animation in its entirety . At least two references to cancer were censored , both during the second series . In the sixth episode ( `` It 's A Living '' or `` School Prizes '' ) , Carol Cleveland 's narration of a Gilliam cartoon suddenly has Michael Palin 's voice dub ' gangrene ' over the word cancer ( although the word ' cancer ' was used unedited when the animation appeared in the movie And Now for Something Completely Different as well as the 2006 special Terry Gilliam 's Personal Best ) . Another reference was removed from the sketch `` Conquistador Coffee Campaign '' , in the eleventh episode `` How Not to Be Seen '' , although a reference to leprosy remained intact . This line has also been recovered from the same 16 mm film print as the above - mentioned `` Satan '' animation . A sketch from Episode 7 of Series 2 ( subtitled ' The Attila the Hun Show ' ) featured a parody of Michael Miles , the 1960s TV game show host ( played by Cleese ) , and was introduced as ' Spot The Braincell ' . This sketch was deleted shortly afterwards from a repeat broadcast as a mark of respect following Miles ' death in February 1971 . A restored Region 2 DVD release of Series 1 -- 4 was released in 2007 , with no additional features . Monty Python 's Fliegender Zirkus ( edit ) Main article : Monty Python 's Fliegender Zirkus Two episodes were produced in German for WDR ( Westdeutscher Rundfunk ) , both entitled Monty Python 's Fliegender Zirkus , the literal German translation of the English title . While visiting the UK in the early 1970s , German entertainer and TV producer Alfred Biolek caught notice of the Pythons . Excited by their innovative , absurd sketches , he invited them to Germany in 1971 and 1972 to write and act in two special German episodes . The first episode , advertised as Monty Python 's Fliegender Zirkus : Blödeln für Deutschland ( `` Monty Python 's Flying Circus : Clowning around for Germany '' ) , was produced in 1971 and performed in German . The second episode , advertised as Monty Python 's Fliegender Zirkus : Blödeln auf die feine englische Art ( `` Monty Python 's Flying Circus : Clowning around in the distinguished English way '' ) , produced in 1972 , was recorded in English and dubbed into German for its broadcast in Germany . The original English recording was transmitted by the BBC in October 1973 . Stage incarnations ( edit ) The members of Monty Python embarked on a series of stage shows during and after the television series . These mostly consisted of sketches from the series , though they also included other famous sketches that had preluded them . One such sketch was the Four Yorkshiremen sketch , written by Cleese and Chapman , and performed for At Last the 1948 Show ; the sketch subsequently became part of the live Python repertoire . The shows also included songs from collaborator Neil Innes . Recordings of four of these stage shows have subsequently appeared as separate works : Monty Python Live at Drury Lane ( aka Monty Python Live at the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane ) , released in the UK in 1974 as their fifth record album Monty Python Live at City Center , performed in New York City and released as a record in 1976 in the US Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl , recorded in Los Angeles in 1980 and released as a film in 1982 Monty Python Live ( Mostly ) : One Down , Five to Go , the troupe 's reunion / farewell show , ran for 10 shows at The O2 Arena in London in July 2014 . The final performance on 20 July was live streamed to cinemas worldwide . A re-edited version was later released on Blu - Ray , DVD and double Compact Disc ; the CD version is exclusive to the deluxe version of the release which contains all 3 formats on 4 discs housed in a 60 - page hardback book . Graham Chapman also performed on stage at the Knebworth Festival in 1975 with Pink Floyd . In 2005 a troupe of actors headed by Rémy Renoux , translated and `` adapted '' a stage version of Monty Python 's Flying Circus into French . Usually the original actors defend their material very closely , but given in this case the `` adaptation '' and also the translation into French ( with subtitles ) , the group supported this production . The adapted material sticks close to the original text , mainly deviating when it comes to ending a sketch , something the Python members themselves changed many times over the course of their stage performances . Language differences also occur in the lyrics of several songs . For example , `` Sit on My Face '' ( which translated into French would be `` Asseyez - vous sur mon visage '' ) becomes `` cum in my mouth '' . Landing of Flying Circus ( edit ) John Cleese left the show after the third series and did not appear in the six episodes of the fourth and final series . ( However , he did receive writing credits for sketches derived from the writing sessions for the film of Holy Grail ) . Neil Innes and Douglas Adams are the only two non-Pythons to get writing credits in the show -- Innes for songs in episodes 40 , 42 and 45 ( and for contributing to a sketch in episode 45 ) , and Adams for contributing to a sketch about a doctor whose patients are stabbed by his nurse , in episode 45 . ( He also had walk - on acting parts in episodes 42 and 44 . ) Innes frequently appeared in the Pythons ' stage shows and can also be seen as Sir Robin 's lead minstrel in Monty Python and the Holy Grail and ( briefly ) in Life of Brian . Adams had become friends with Graham Chapman , and they later went on to write the failed sketch show pilot Out of the Trees . Although Cleese stayed for the third series , he claimed that he and Chapman only wrote two original sketches ( `` Dennis Moore '' and `` Cheese Shop '' ) , whereas he felt everything else was derivative of previous material . Either the third or fourth series are often seen as the weakest and most uneven of the show 's run by both fans and the Pythons themselves . However , with the fourth series , the Pythons started making episodes into more coherent stories that would be a precursor to their films , and featured Terry Gilliam onscreen more . The final episode of Series 4 was recorded on 16 November and broadcast on 5 December 1974 . That year NBC 's summer replacement series , Dean Martin 's Comedyworld aired several segments from the Python shows . This paid enough to the BBC - TV distributors , Time - Life Films , to finally pay for the conversion of the Flying Circus programmes from PAL to the American NTSC system , and meant the PBS stations could afford the series at last . It was an instant hit , rapidly garnering an enormous loyal cult following nationwide that surprised even the Pythons themselves , who did not believe that their humour was exportable without being tailored specifically , even without a language barrier . In 1974 , the PBS station KERA in Dallas was the first television station in the United States to broadcast episodes of Monty Python 's Flying Circus , and is often credited with introducing the programme to American audiences . When several episodes were broadcast by ABC in their Wide World of Entertainment showcase in 1975 , the episodes were re-edited , thus losing the continuity and flow intended in the originals . When ABC refused to stop treating the series in this way , the Pythons took them to court . Initially the court ruled that their artistic rights had indeed been violated , but it refused to stop the ABC broadcasts . However , on appeal the team gained control over all subsequent US broadcasts of its programmes . The case also led to their gaining the rights from the BBC , once their original contracts ended at the end of 1980 . The show also aired on MTV during the network 's infancy ; Monty Python was part of a two - hour comedy block on Sunday nights that also included another BBC series , The Young Ones . In April 2006 , Monty Python 's Flying Circus returned to non-cable American television on PBS . In connection with this , PBS commissioned Monty Python 's Personal Best , a six - episode series featuring each Python 's favourite sketches , plus a tribute to Chapman , who died in 1989 . BBC America has aired the series on a sporadic basis since the mid-2000s , in an extended 40 - minute time slot in order to include commercials . Independent Film Channel acquired the rights to the show in 2009 , though not exclusive , as BBC America still airs occasional episodes of the show . IFC also presented a six - part documentary Monty Python : Almost the Truth ( The Lawyers Cut ) , produced by Terry Jones ' son Bill . Awards and honours ( edit ) Monty Python 's Flying Circus placed fifth on a list of the BFI TV 100 , drawn up by the British Film Institute in 2000 , and voted for by industry professionals . Time magazine included the show on its 2007 list of the `` 100 Best TV Shows of All Time '' . In a list of the 50 Greatest British Sketches released by Channel 4 in 2005 , five Monty Python sketches made the list : # 2 -- Dead Parrot # 12 -- The Spanish Inquisition # 15 -- Ministry of Silly Walks # 31 -- Nudge Nudge # 49 -- The Lumberjack Song In 2004 and 2007 , Monty Python 's Flying Circus was ranked # 5 and # 6 on TV Guide 's Top Cult Shows Ever . In 2013 , the programme was ranked # 58 on TV Guide 's list of the 60 Best Series of All Time . Legacy ( edit ) Douglas Adams , creator of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy and co-writer of the `` Patient Abuse '' sketch , once said `` I loved Monty Python 's Flying Circus . For years I wanted to be John Cleese , I was most disappointed when I found out the job had been taken . '' Lorne Michaels counts the show as a major influence on his Saturday Night Live sketches . Cleese and Palin re-enacted the Dead Parrot sketch on SNL in 1997 . The show was a major influence on the Danish cult sketch show Casper & Mandrilaftalen ( 1999 ) and Cleese starred in its 50th episode . In computing , the terms spam and the Python programming language , are both derived from the series . As of 2013 , questions concerning the Pythons ' most famous sketches are incorporated in the examinations required of those seeking to become British citizens . Production ( edit ) The production team was headed by Ian MacNaughton . Other regular team members included Hazel Pethig ( costumes ) , Madelaine Gaffney ( makeup ) and John Horton ( video effects designer ) . Maggie Weston , who worked on both makeup and design , married Gilliam in 1973 and are still together . The series was primarily filmed in London studios and nearby locations , although location shooting to take in beaches and villages included filming in Somerset and Norwich . Transnational themes ( edit ) The overall humour of Monty Python 's Flying Circus is built on an inherent Britishness ; it is `` based on observations of British life , society , and institutions '' . However , part of this focus is achieved through seeing the ' other ' through a British lens . The often `` excessive generalization and utterly banal stereotypes '' can be seen as a persiflage of the views held by the British public , rather than poking fun at the cultures that were depicted . For example , while American culture is not often in the foreground in many sketches , it is rather a frequent side note in many skits . Almost all of the 45 episodes produced for the BBC contain a reference to Americans or American culture , with 230 references total , resulting in approximately five references per show , but increasing over the course of the show . In total , 140 references to the American entertainment industry are made . Entertainment tropes , such as Westerns , Film Noir , and Hollywood are referenced 39 times . Further , there are 12 references to arts and literature , 15 to US politics , 5 to the American military , 7 to US historical events , 12 to locations in the US , 7 to space and science fiction , 21 economic references , such as brands like Pan-Am , Time - Life , and Spam , and 8 sports references . Some references do double count in various categories . It is also notable that American music is regularly heard in the show , such as the theme to the television series Dr. Kildare , but most prominently the show 's theme tune ( The Liberty Bell by John Philip Sousa ) . While American entertainment was a pervasive cultural influence in Britain at the time of the production of the series , not all references to American culture can be seen as conscious decisions . For example , Terry Jones did not know that Spam was an American product at the time he wrote the sketch . Kevin Kern summarises in his analysis of references to the US ' that portrayals of American themes reflected three broad responses to American hegemony : 1 ) minor or passing references to specific individuals , events , or products of American culture , 2 ) American cultural tropes used to serve a general comedic purpose , and 3 ) satire aimed at American targets , specifically US economic power , the crassness or banality of American culture , or American violence and militarism ' . However , Kern does not see this as exhibiting anti-American tendencies , but as ' a natural extension of the Pythons ' frequent ( ... ) satirical focus on vulgarity , banality , violence , and militarism in the United Kingdom ( ... ) ' See also ( edit ) Television portal At Last the 1948 Show Do Not Adjust Your Set List of Monty Python 's Flying Circus episodes List of recurring Monty Python 's Flying Circus characters References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` Fred Tomlinson , singer on Monty Python -- obituary '' . The Daily Telegraph . 2016 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Slotnik , Daniel E. ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Fred Tomlinson , Singer Who Led a ' Monty Python ' Troupe , Dies at 88 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ All Music Guide to Classical Music : The Definitive Guide to Classical Music . San Francisco , CA : Backbeat Books , 2005 . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 Jump up ^ Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States -- Cornell University Library Copyright Information Center . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 Jump up ^ Clark , Philip . `` Monty Python : Sousa , two - sheds and musical subversions , '' The Guardian , Friday , July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 Jump up ^ The term flying circus first being applied to Baron von Richthofen 's Jagdgeschwader 1 ^ Jump up to : Palin , Michael ( 2008 ) . Diaries 1969 -- 1979 : the Python Years / Michael Palin . Griffin . p. 650 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 38488 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Live At Aspen '' . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Larsen 2008 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Larsen 2008 , p. 292 . Jump up ^ Larsen 2008 , p. 288 . Jump up ^ Sketches `` An Appeal from the Vicar of St. Loony - up - the - Cream - Bun - and - Jam '' , `` The One - Man Wrestling Match '' , `` Johann Gambolputty ... '' and `` Argument Clinic '' Jump up ^ Zack Handlen ( 2011 ) . If You Like Monty Python ... : Here Are Over 200 Movies , TV Shows and Other Oddities That You Will Love . Limelight Editions . ISBN 9780879104320 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Graham ; Cleese , John ; Gilliam , Terry ; Idle , Eric ; Jones , Terry ; Palin , Michael ( 1989 ) . Wilmut , Roger , ed . The Complete Monty Python 's Flying Circus : All the Words , Volume One . New York , New York : Pantheon Books . p. 320 ( Appendix ) . ISBN 0 - 679 - 72647 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sean Adams ( 2017 ) . The Designer 's Dictionary of Color . Abrams . p. 104 . ISBN 9781683350026 . Jump up ^ Terry Gilliam ( 2004 ) . David Sterritt , Lucille Rhodes , ed . Terry Gilliam : Interviews ( illustrated ed . ) . Univ . Press of Mississippi . p. 80 . ISBN 9781578066247 . Jump up ^ Graham Chapman , John Cleese , Terry Gilliam , Michael Palin , Eric Idle , Terry Jones ( 2005 ) . Bob McCabe , ed . The Pythons : Autobiography ( illustrated ed . ) . Macmillan . p. 14 . ISBN 9780312311452 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Palin , Michael ( 2006 ) . Diaries 1969 -- 1979 : The Python Years . Weidenfeld & Nicolson . p. 473 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bill Cooke ( 2006 ) . Dictionary of Atheism , Skepticism , and Humanism . Prometheus Books . p. 349 . ISBN 9781615923656 . Jump up ^ `` Travel Agent / Watney 's Red Barrell '' . www.orangecow.org . Archived from the original on 24 September 2009 . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Monty Python ( 18 December 1971 ) . `` Monty Python - political choreographer '' . Monty Python - political choreographer . Spiny Norman . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Monty Python ( 18 December 1971 ) . `` Lost Sketch - Choreographed Party Political Broadcast from WTTW - 11 '' . Lost Sketch - Choreographed Party Political Broadcast - Monty Python 's Flying Circus WTTW Channel . MontyPythoNET . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Talk Review : The Complete Monty Python 's Flying Circus - Collectors Edition Megaset '' . 18 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Monty Pythons Flying Circus Vintagerock 's Weblog Jump up ^ Rebecca Thomas ( 3 August 2003 ) . `` Monty Python learns French '' . BBC Online News . BBC . Archived from the original on 6 August 2003 . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Clive Davis ( 31 January 2005 ) . `` Monty Python 's Flying Circus -- At Last , in French '' . The Times Online . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Logan , Brian ( 4 August 2003 ) . `` Ce perroquet est mort : Monty Python in French ? Brian Logan meets the team behind a world first '' . The Times . London . p. 18 . Accessed through ProQuest , 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Peppard , Alan ( 25 August 2011 ) . `` Alan Peppard : Bob Wilson hailed in KERA documentary '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Monty Python , v. American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , 538 F. 2d 14 ( 2d Cir 1976 ) Jump up ^ MTV Monty Python Warning . YouTube . 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Best TV Shows of All - TIME '' . TIME. 6 September 2007 . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Channel 4 's 50 Greatest Comedy Sketches '' . Channel4.com . Archived from the original on 27 June 2009 . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 25 Top Cult Shows Ever ! '' . TV Guide Magazine Group . 30 May 2004 . Jump up ^ TV Guide Names the Top Cult Shows Ever - Today 's News : Our Take TV Guide : 29 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ `` Douglas Adams - Biography - IMdb '' . Jump up ^ `` Lorne Michaels - Biography - IMDb '' . Jump up ^ Hansen , Helle Kastholm ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` LARS HJORTSHØJ : Mine børn sætter mig på plads '' . Ekstra Bladet ( in Danish ) . JP / Politikens Hus . p. 16 ( 4th section ) . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Casper & mandrilaftalen '' . Casper & Mandrilaftalen ( DK , 1999 ) . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` K'nyt : Cleese i Mandrillen '' . Dagbladet Information ( in Danish ) . September 4 , 1999 . p. 9 ( 1st section ) . I aftes , fredag , optrådte den store engelske komiker John Cleese som gæst i ' Casper og Mandrilaftalen ' . Jump up ^ `` General Python FAQ -- Python 2.7. 10 documentation '' . python.org . Jump up ^ `` Weird but true '' . New York Post . 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dobrogoszcz , Tomasz ( 2014 ) . Dobrogoszcz , Tomasz , ed . The British Look Abroad : Monty Python and the Foreign . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . ^ Jump up to : Kern , Kevin F. ( 2014 ) . Dobrogoszcz , Tomasz , ed . Twentieth - Century Vole , Mr. Neutron , and Spam : Portrayals of American Culture in the Work of Monty Python . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . Bibliography Landy , Marcia ( 2005 ) . Monty Python 's Flying Circus . Wayne State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 3103 - 3 . Larsen , Darl ( 2008 ) . Monty Python 's Flying Circus : An Utterly Complete , Thoroughly Unillustrated , Absolutely Unauthorized Guide to Possibly All the References From Arthur `` Two Sheds '' Jackson to Zambesi . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 9780810861312 . Larsen , Darl . Monty Python 's Flying Circus : An Utterly Complete , Thoroughly Unillustrated , Absolutely Unauthorized Guide to Possibly All the References From Arthur `` Two Sheds '' Jackson to Zambesi , Volumes 1 and 2 . Scarecrow Press , 2013 . ISBN 9781589797123 ( vol. 1 ) and ISBN 9781589798076 ( vol. 2 ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Monty Python 's Flying Circus Official website Monty Python 's Flying Circus on IMDb Museum of Broadcast Television British Film Institute Screen Online Monty Python 's Flying Circus -- Nostalgia Central Monty Python Graham Chapman John Cleese Terry Gilliam Eric Idle Terry Jones Michael Palin Carol Cleveland Neil Innes Television series Flying Circus episodes Fliegender Zirkus Personal Best Films And Now for Something Completely Different Holy Grail Life of Brian Live at the Hollywood Bowl The Meaning of Life The Crimson Permanent Assurance Studio albums Another Record Previous Record Matching Tie and Handkerchief Holy Grail Life of Brian Contractual Obligation The Meaning of Life Compilation albums Instant Record Collection Final Rip Off Sings Ultimate Rip Off Instant CD Collection Total Rubbish Live albums Flying Circus Live at Drury Lane Live at City Center Specials Parrot Sketch Not Included Live at Aspen Python Night Documentaries The Pythons Life of Python Almost the Truth ( Lawyers Cut ) And Now for Something Rather Similar The Meaning of Live Stage productions Spamalot Not the Messiah ( He 's a Very Naughty Boy ) An Evening Without Monty Python Live ( Mostly ) Literature Big Red Book Brand New Bok Holy Grail ( Book ) Life of Brian / SCRAPBOOK The Meaning of Life Just the Words Song Book A Pocketful of Python The Pythons Autobiography Live ! Video games Flying Circus Complete Waste of Time Quest for the Holy Grail The Meaning of Life Cow Tossing Characters Mr Praline Gumbys The Colonel Mr Creosote Rabbit of Caerbannog Ron Obvious Other characters Sketches Albatross ! Anne Elk 's Theory on Brontosauruses Architects Argument Clinic Bishop Bruces Cheese Shop Colin `` Bomber '' Harris vs Colin `` Bomber '' Harris Crunchy Frog Dead Parrot Dirty Fork Dirty Hungarian Phrasebook Election Night Special Fish Licence Fish - Slapping Dance Four Yorkshiremen The Funniest Joke in the World How Not to Be Seen Kilimanjaro Expedition Lifeboat Marriage Guidance Counsellor Ministry of Silly Walks Mouse Problem Nudge Nudge Patient Abuse Philosophers ' Football Match Piranha Brothers Sam Peckinpah 's `` Salad Days '' Seduced Milkmen Self Defence Against Fresh Fruit Spam Spanish Inquisition Undertakers Upper Class Twit of the Year Vocational Guidance Counsellor World Forum / Communist Quiz Songs `` Always Look on the Bright Side of Life '' `` Brian Song '' `` Bruces ' Philosophers Song '' `` Decomposing Composers '' `` Eric the Half - a-Bee '' `` Every Sperm Is Sacred '' `` Finland '' `` Galaxy Song '' `` I Bet You They Wo n't Play This Song on the Radio '' `` I Like Chinese '' `` I 've Got Two Legs '' `` The Lumberjack Song '' `` Medical Love Song '' `` Never Be Rude to an Arab '' `` Oliver Cromwell '' `` Sit on My Face '' Related articles Filmography The Foot of Cupid Cambridge Circus I 'm Sorry , I 'll Read That Again The Frost Report At Last the 1948 Show Twice a Fortnight Do Not Adjust Your Set We Have Ways of Making You Laugh How to Irritate People The Complete and Utter History of Britain Teach Yourself Heath Tiny Black Round Thing Bert Fegg 's Nasty Book for Boys and Girls Rutland Weekend Television Fawlty Towers Ripping Yarns Out of the Trees The Secret Policeman 's Ball Python On Song All You Need Is Cash The Hastily Cobbled Together for a Fast Buck Album Monty Python Live Concert for George Diaries 1969 -- 1979 : The Python Years The Seventh Python Holy Flying Circus A Liar 's Autobiography : The Untrue Story of Monty Python 's Graham Chapman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus&oldid=851843709 '' Categories : 1969 British television programme debuts 1974 British television programme endings 1960s British television sketch shows 1970s British television sketch shows BBC television sketch shows British black comedy television programmes British satirical television programmes English - language television programs Metafictional television series Monty Python Postmodernism Self - reflexive television Television programs adapted into films Television programs adapted into video games Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) EngvarB from June 2016 Use dmy dates from June 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2018 , at 23 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who created the animations in monty pythons flying circus	[ "Monty Python’s Flying Circus (known during the final series as just Monty Python) is a British sketch comedy series created by the comedy group Monty Python and broadcast by the BBC from 1969 to 1974. The shows were composed of surreality, risqué or innuendo-laden humour, sight gags and observational sketches without punchlines. It also featured animations by group member Terry Gilliam, often sequenced or merged with live action. The first episode was recorded on 7 September and premiered on 5 October 1969 on BBC One, with 45 episodes airing over four series from 1969 to 1974, plus two episodes for German TV.\n" ]	[ "Terry Gilliam" ]
-1938036771256600668	Timekeeping on Mars	Timekeeping on Mars - wikipedia Timekeeping on Mars Jump to : navigation , search Martian season lengths and time as compared to seasons on the Earth . Various schemes have been used or proposed for timekeeping on the planet Mars independently of Earth time and calendars . Mars has an axial tilt and a rotation period similar to those of Earth . Thus it experiences seasons of spring , summer , autumn and winter much like Earth , and its day is about the same length . Its year is almost twice as long as Earth 's , and its orbital eccentricity is considerably larger , which means among other things that the lengths of various Martian seasons differ considerably , and sundial time can diverge from clock time more than on Earth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Time of day 1.1 Coordinated Mars Time ( MTC ) 1.2 Time zones 1.2. 1 Pathfinder 1.2. 2 Spirit and Opportunity 1.2. 3 Phoenix 1.2. 4 Curiosity 1.2. 5 Other 2 Sols 3 Martian year 4 Martian calendars in science 5 Martian time in fiction 6 Formulas to compute MSD and MTC 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Time of day ( edit ) The average length of a Martian sidereal day is 24 h 37 m 22.663 s ( 88,642.66300 seconds based on SI units ) , and the length of its solar day ( often called a sol ) is 24 h 39 m 35.244147 s ( 88,775.244147 seconds ) . The corresponding values for Earth are 23 h 56 m 4.0916 s and 24h 00 m 00.002 s , respectively . This yields a conversion factor of 1.02749125170 days / sol . Thus Mars ' solar day is only about 2.7 % longer than Earth 's . A convention used by spacecraft lander projects to date has been to keep track of local solar time using a 24 - hour `` Mars clock '' on which the hours , minutes and seconds are 2.7 % longer than their standard ( Earth ) durations . For the Mars Pathfinder , Mars Exploration Rover ( MER ) , Phoenix , and Mars Science Laboratory missions , the operations team has worked on `` Mars time '' , with a work schedule synchronized to the local time at the landing site on Mars , rather than the Earth day . This results in the crew 's schedule sliding approximately 40 minutes later in Earth time each day . Wristwatches calibrated in Martian time , rather than Earth time , were used by many of the MER team members . Local solar time has a significant impact on planning the daily activities of Mars landers . Daylight is needed for the solar panels of landed spacecraft . Its temperature rises and falls rapidly at sunrise and sunset because Mars does not have the Earth 's thick atmosphere and oceans that buffer such fluctuations . Alternative clocks for Mars have been proposed , but no mission has chosen to use them . These include a metric time schema , with `` millidays '' and `` centidays '' , and an extended day which uses standard units but which counts to 24 h 39 m 35 s before ticking over to the next day . The analemma for Mars As on Earth , on Mars there is also an equation of time that represents the difference between sundial time and uniform ( clock ) time . The equation of time is illustrated by an analemma . Because of orbital eccentricity , the length of the solar day is not quite constant . Because its orbital eccentricity is greater than that of Earth , the length of day varies from the average by a greater amount than that of Earth , and hence its equation of time shows greater variation than that of Earth : on Mars , the Sun can run 50 minutes slower or 40 minutes faster than a Martian clock ( on Earth , the corresponding figures are 14m 22s slower and 16m 23s faster ) . Mars has a prime meridian , defined as passing through the small crater Airy - 0 . However , Mars does not have time zones defined at regular intervals from the prime meridian , as on Earth . Each lander so far has used an approximation of local solar time as its frame of reference , as cities did on Earth before the introduction of standard time in the 19th century . ( The two Mars Exploration Rovers happen to be approximately 12 hours and one minute apart . ) Note that the modern standard for measuring longitude on Mars is `` planetocentric longitude '' , which is measured from 0 ° -- 360 ° East and measures angles from the center of Mars . The older `` planetographic longitude '' was measured from 0 ° -- 360 ° West and used coordinates mapped onto the surface . Coordinated Mars time ( MTC ) ( edit ) MTC is a proposed Mars analog to Universal Time ( UT1 ) on Earth . It is defined as the mean solar time at Mars 's prime meridian . The prime meridian was first proposed by German astronomers Wilhelm Beer and Johann Heinrich Mädler in 1830 as marked by the fork in the albedo feature later named Sinus Meridiani by Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli . This convention was readily adopted by the astronomical community , the result being that Mars had a universally accepted prime meridian half a century before the International Meridian Conference of 1884 established one for Earth . The definition of the Martian prime meridian has since been refined on the basis of spacecraft imagery as the center of the crater Airy - 0 in Terra Meridiani . The name `` MTC '' is intended to parallel the Terran Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) , but this is somewhat misleading : what distinguishes UTC from other forms of UT is its leap seconds , but MTC does not use any such scheme . MTC is more closely analogous to UT1 . Use of the term `` MTC '' as the name of a planetary standard time for Mars first appeared in the Mars24 sunclock coded by the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies . It replaced Mars24 's previous use of the term `` Airy Mean Time '' ( AMT ) , which was a direct parallel of Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) . In an astronomical context , `` GMT '' is a deprecated name for Universal Time , or sometimes more specifically for UT1 . AMT has not yet been employed in official mission timekeeping . This is partially attributable to uncertainty regarding the position of Airy - 0 ( relative to other longitudes ) , which meant that AMT could n't be realized as accurately as local time at points being studied . At the start of the Mars Exploration Rover missions , the positional uncertainty of Airy - 0 corresponded to roughly a 20 - second uncertainty in realizing AMT . Time zones ( edit ) Each lander mission so far has used its own time zone , corresponding to average local solar time at the landing location . Of the six successful Mars landers to date , five employed offsets from local mean solar time ( LMST ) for the lander site while the sixth ( Mars Pathfinder ) used local true solar time ( LTST ) . Pathfinder ( edit ) Mars Pathfinder used the local apparent solar time at its location of landing . Its time zone was AAT - 02 : 13 : 01 , where `` AAT '' is Airy Apparent Time , meaning apparent solar time at Airy - 0 . Spirit and Opportunity ( edit ) The two Mars Exploration Rovers do not use precisely the LMST of the landing points . For mission operations purposes , they defined a time scale that would match the clock used for the mission to the apparent solar time about halfway through the nominal 90 - sol prime mission . This is referred to in mission planning as `` Hybrid Local Solar Time '' ( HLST ) . The time scales are uniform in the sense of mean solar time ( they are actually mean time of some longitude ) , and are not adjusted as the rovers travel . ( The rovers have traveled distances that make a few seconds difference to local solar time . ) The HLST of Spirit is AMT + 11 : 00 : 04 whereas the LMST at its landing site is AMT + 11 : 41 : 55 . The HLST of Opportunity is AMT - 01 : 01 : 06 whereas the LMST at its landing site is AMT - 00 : 22 : 06 . Neither rover is likely to ever reach the longitude at which its mission time scale matches local mean time . For science purposes , Local True Solar Time is used . Phoenix ( edit ) The Mars Phoenix project specified timekeeping that matched Local Mean Solar Time at its the planned landing longitude of - 126.65 ° E ( the actual landing site was about 0.7 ° east of that ) . This corresponds to a mission clock of AMT - 08 : 26 : 36 . Curiosity ( edit ) The MSL Curiosity Rover project opted for the use of Local Mean Solar Time at its originally planned landing longitude of 137.42 ° E ( the actual landing site was about 0.2 ° east of that ) . This corresponds to a mission clock of AMT + 09 : 09 : 40.8 . Other ( edit ) With the location of Airy - 0 now known much more precisely than when these missions landed , it is technically feasible for future missions to use a convenient offset from Airy Mean Time , rather than completely non-standard time zones . Although there are currently no official timezone system for Mars other than AMT / MTC , Ares Astronautics has also put forward a solution to this problem based upon the USGS Martian Quadrangles officially known as the Arean Time Zone System . Sols ( edit ) The term sol is used by planetary astronomers to refer to the duration of a solar day on Mars . A mean Martian solar day , or `` sol '' , is 24 hours , 39 minutes , and 35.244 seconds . When a spacecraft lander begins operations on Mars , the passing Martian days ( sols ) are tracked using a simple numerical count . The two Viking missions , Mars Phoenix and the Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity count the sol on which each lander touched down as `` Sol 0 '' , as will the InSight mission . Mars Pathfinder and the two Mars Exploration Rovers instead defined touchdown as `` Sol 1 '' . Although lander missions have twice occurred in pairs , no effort was made to synchronize the sol counts of the two landers within each pair . Thus , for example , although Spirit and Opportunity were sent to operate simultaneously on Mars , each counted its landing date as `` Sol 1 '' , putting their calendars approximately 21 sols out of sync . Spirit and Opportunity differ in longitude by 179 degrees , so when it is daylight for one it is night for the other , and they carried out activities independently while both were operational . On Earth , astronomers often use Julian Dates -- a simple sequential count of days -- for timekeeping purposes . `` For historical utility with respect to the Earth - based atmospheric , visual mapping , and polar - cap observations of Mars ... , a sequential count of sol - numbers '' the Mars Sol Date ( MSD ) was proposed starting `` prior to the 1877 perihelic opposition . '' This Mars Sol Date ( MSD ) , is a running count of sols since December 29 , 1873 ( the birth date of astronomer Carl Otto Lampland ) . Another proposal suggests a start date ( or epoch ) in the year 1608 ( invention of the telescope ) . Either choice is intended to ensure that all historically recorded events related to Mars occur after it . The Mars Sol Date is defined mathematically as MSD = ( Julian Date using International Atomic Time - 2451549.5 + k ) / 1.02749125 + 44796.0 , where k is a small correction of approximately 0.00014 d ( or 12 s ) due to uncertainty in the exact geographical position of the prime meridian at Airy - 0 crater . The word `` yestersol '' was coined by the NASA Mars operations team early during the MER mission to refer to the previous sol ( the Mars version of `` yesterday '' ) , and came into fairly wide use within that organization during the Mars Exploration Rover Mission of 2003 . It was even picked up and used by the press . Other neologisms include `` tosol '' ( for `` today '' on Mars ) , as well as one of three Mars versions of `` tomorrow '' : `` nextersol '' , `` morrowsol '' , or `` solmorrow '' . NASA planners coined the term `` soliday '' at least as far back as 2012 to refer to days off due to time phasing or the synching of planetary schedules . Martian year ( edit ) The length of time for Mars to complete one orbit around the Sun is its sidereal year , and is about 686.98 Earth solar days , or 668.5991 sols . Because of the eccentricity of Mars ' orbit , the seasons are not of equal length . Assuming that seasons run from equinox to solstice or vice versa , the season L 0 to L 90 ( northern - hemisphere spring / southern - hemisphere autumn ) is the longest season lasting 194 Martian sols , and L 180 to L 270 ( northern hemisphere autumn / southern - hemisphere spring ) is the shortest season , lasting only 142 Martian sols . One commonly used system in the scientific literature denotes year number relative to Mars Year 1 ( MY1 ) beginning with the northern Spring equinox of April 11 , 1955 . As on Earth , the sidereal year is not the quantity that is needed for calendar purposes . Rather , the tropical year would be likely to be used because it gives the best match to the progression of the seasons . It is slightly shorter than the sidereal year due to the precession of Mars ' rotational axis . The precession cycle is 93,000 Martian years ( 175,000 Earth years ) , much longer than on Earth . Its length in tropical years can be computed by dividing the difference between the sidereal year and tropical year by the length of the tropical year . Tropical year length depends on the starting point of measurement , due to the effects of Kepler 's second law of planetary motion . It can be measured in relation to an equinox or solstice , or can be the mean of various possible years including the March ( northward ) equinox year , June ( northern ) solstice year , the September ( southward ) equinox year , the December ( southern ) solstice year , and other such years . The Gregorian calendar uses the March equinox year . On Earth , the variation in the lengths of the tropical years is small , but on Mars it is much larger . The northward equinox year is 668.5907 sols , the northern solstice year is 668.5880 sols , the southward equinox year is 668.5940 sols , and the southern solstice year is 668.5958 sols . Averaging over an entire orbital period gives a tropical year of 668.5921 sols . ( Since , like Earth , the northern and southern hemispheres of Mars have opposite seasons , equinoxes and solstices must be labelled by hemisphere to remove ambiguity . ) Martian calendars in Science ( edit ) Long before mission control teams on Earth began scheduling work shifts according to the Martian sol while operating spacecraft on the surface of Mars , it was recognized that humans probably could adapt to this slightly longer diurnal period . This suggested that a calendar based on the sol and the Martian year might be a useful timekeeping system for astronomers in the short term and for explorers in the future . For most day - to - day activities on Earth , people do not use Julian days , as astronomers do , but the Gregorian calendar , which despite its various complications is quite useful . It allows for easy determination of whether one date is an anniversary of another , whether a date is in winter or spring , and what is the number of years between two dates . This is much less practical with Julian days count . For similar reasons , if it is ever necessary to schedule and co-ordinate activities on a large scale across the surface of Mars it would be necessary to agree on a calendar . American astronomer Percival Lowell expressed the time of year on Mars in terms of Mars dates that were analogous to Gregorian dates , with 20 March , 21 June , 22 September , and 21 December marking the southward equinox , southern solstice , northward equinox , and northern solstice , respectively ; Lowell 's focus was on the southern hemisphere of Mars because it is the hemisphere that is more easily observed from Earth during favorable oppositions . Lowell 's system was not a true calendar , since a Mars date could span nearly two entire sols ; rather it was a convenient device for expressing the time of year in the southern hemisphere in lieu of heliocentric longitude , which would have been less comprehensible to a general readership . Italian astronomer Mentore Maggini 's 1939 book describes a calendar developed years earlier by American astronomers Andrew Ellicott Douglass and William H. Pickering , in which the first nine months contain 56 sols and the last three months contain 55 sols . Their calendar year begins with the northward equinox on 1 March , thus imitating the original Roman calendar . Other dates of astronomical significance are : northern solstice , 27 June ; southward equinox , 36 September ; southern solstice , 12 December ; perihelion , 31 November ; and aphelion , 31 May . Pickering 's inclusion of Mars dates in a 1916 report of his observations may have been the first use of a Martian calendar in an astronomical publication . Maggini states : `` These dates of the Martian calendar are frequently used by observatories ... '' Despite his claim , this system eventually fell into disuse , and in its place new systems were proposed periodically which likewise did not gain sufficient acceptance to take permanent hold . In 1936 , when the calendar reform movement was at its height , American astronomer Robert G. Aitken published an article outlining a Martian calendar . In each quarter there are three months of 42 sols and a fourth month of 41 sols . The pattern of seven - day weeks repeats over a two - year cycle , i.e. , the calendar year always begins on a Sunday in odd - numbered years , thus effecting a perpetual calendar for Mars . Whereas previous proposals for a Martian calendar had not included an epoch , American astronomer I.M. Levitt developed a more complete system in 1954 . In fact , Ralph Mentzer , an acquaintance of Levitt 's who was a watchmaker for the Hamilton Watch Company , built several clocks designed by Levitt to keep time on both Earth and Mars . They could also be set to display the date on both planets according to Levitt 's calendar and epoch ( the Julian day epoch of 4713 BCE ) . Charles F. Capen included references to Mars dates in a 1966 Jet Propulsion Laboratory technical report associated with the Mariner 4 flyby of Mars . This system stretches the Gregorian calendar to fit the longer Martian year , much as Lowell had done in 1895 , the difference being that 20 March , 21 June , 22 September , and 21 December marks the northward equinox , northern solstice , southward equinox , southern solstice , respectively . Similarly , Conway B. Leovy et al. also expressed time in terms of Mars dates in a 1973 paper describing results from the Mariner 9 Mars orbiter . British astronomer Sir Patrick Moore described a Martian calendar of his own design in 1977 . His idea was to divide up a Martian year into 18 months . Months 6 , 12 and 18 , have 38 sols , while the rest of the months contain 37 sols . American aerospace engineer and political scientist Thomas Gangale first published regarding the Darian calendar in 1986 , with additional details published in 1998 and 2006 . It has 24 months to accommodate the longer Martian year while keeping the notion of a `` month '' that is reasonably similar to the length of an Earth month . On Mars , a `` month '' would have no relation to the orbital period of any moon of Mars , since Phobos and Deimos orbit in about 7 hours and 30 hours respectively . However , Earth and Moon would generally be visible to the naked eye when they were above the horizon at night , and the time it takes for the Moon to move from maximum separation in one direction to the other and back as seen from Mars is close to a Lunar month . Czech astronomer Josef Šurán offered a Martian calendar design in 1997 , in which a common year has 672 Martian days distributed into 24 months of 28 days ( or 4 weeks of 7 days each ) ; in skip years an entire week at the end of the twelfth month is omitted . Martian time in fiction ( edit ) Allusions to timekeeping on Mars in fiction tend to be cursory , meant only as part as the exotic ambience of another world . The first known reference to time on Mars appears in Percy Greg 's 1880 novel Across the Zodiac . The primary , secondary , tertiary , and quaternary divisions of the sol are based on the number 12 . Sols are numbered 0 through the end of the year , with no additional structure to the calendar . The epoch is `` the union of all races and nations in a single State , a union which was formally established 13,218 years ago '' . Edgar Rice Burroughs described the divisions of the sol into zodes , xats , and tals ; he may have been the first to make the mistake of describing the Martian year as lasting 687 Martian days , but he was far from the last . In Robert A. Heinlein 's 1949 novel Red Planet , humans living on Mars use a 24 - month calendar , alternating between familiar Earth months and newly created months such as Ceres and Zeus . For example , Ceres comes after March and before April , while Zeus comes after October and before November . Arthur C. Clarke 's 1951 novel The Sands of Mars mentions in passing that `` Monday followed Sunday in the usual way '' and `` the months also had the same names , but were fifty to sixty days in length '' . In H. Beam Piper 's 1957 short story `` Omnilingual '' , the Martian calendar and the periodic table are the keys to archaeologists ' deciphering of the records left by the long dead Martian civilization . Kurt Vonnegut 's 1959 novel The Sirens of Titan describes a Martian calendar divided into twenty - one months : `` twelve with thirty sols , and nine with thirty - one sols '' , for a total of only 639 sols . D.G. Compton states in his 1966 novel Farewell , Earth 's Bliss , during the prison ship 's journey to Mars , `` Nobody on board had any real idea how the people in the settlement would have organised their six - hundred - and - eighty - seven - day year '' . In Kim Stanley Robinson 's Mars Trilogy , clocks retain Earth - standard seconds , minutes , and hours , but freeze at midnight for 39.5 minutes . As the fictional colonization of Mars progresses , this `` timeslip '' becomes a sort of witching hour , a time when inhibitions can be shed , and the emerging identity of Mars as a separate entity from Earth is celebrated . ( It is not said explicitly whether this occurs simultaneously all over Mars , or at local midnight in each longitude . ) Also in the Mars Trilogy , the calendar year is divided into twenty - four months . The names of the months are the same as the Gregorian calendar , except for a `` 1 '' or `` 2 '' in front to indicate the first or second occurrence of that month ( for example , 1 January , 2 January , 1 February , 2 February ) . In the manga and anime series Aria by Kozue Amano , set on a terraformed Mars , the calendar year is also divided into twenty - four months . Following the modern Japanese calendar , the months are not named but numbered sequentially , running from 1st Month to 24th Month . The Darian calendar is mentioned in several works of fiction set on Mars : Star Trek : Department of Temporal Investigations : Watching the Clock by Christopher L. Bennett , Pocket Books / Star Trek ( April 26 , 2011 ) The Quantum Thief by Hannu Rajaniemi , Tor Books ; Reprint edition ( May 10 , 2011 ) In both The Martian ( Weir novel ) , a 2011 science fiction novel by Andy Weir , and The Martian ( film ) , a 2015 American film directed by Ridley Scott , based on the Weir novel , sols are counted and referenced frequently . In Ian McDonald 's Desolation Road , set on a terraformed Mars ( referred to by the book 's characters as `` Ares '' ) , characters follow an implied 24 - month calendar whose months are portmanteaus of Gregorian months , such as `` Julaugust , '' `` Augtember '' and `` Novodecember . '' Formulas to compute MSD and MTC ( edit ) MSD can be computed from the Julian date referred to Terrestrial Time ( TT ) , as MSD = ( JD − 2405522.0028779 ) / 1.0274912517 Terrestrial time , however , is not as easily available as Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) . TT can be computed from UTC by first adding the difference TAI − UTC , which is a positive integer number of seconds occasionally updated by the introduction of leap seconds ( see current number of leap seconds ) , then adding the constant difference TT − TAI = 32.184 s . This leads to the following formula giving MSD from the UTC - referred Julian date : MSD = ( JD + ( TAI − UTC ) / 86400 − 2405522.0025054 ) / 1.0274912517 where the difference TAI − UTC is in seconds . JD can in turn be computed from any epoch - based time stamp , by adding the Julian date of the epoch to the time stamp in days . For example , if t is a Unix timestamp in seconds , then JD = t / 86400 + 2440587.5 It follows , by a simple substitution : MSD = ( t + ( TAI − UTC ) ) / 88775.244147 + 34127.2954262 MTC is simply the fractional part of MSD , in hours , minutes and seconds : MTC = ( MSD mod 1 ) × 24 h For example , at the time this page was last generated ( 28 Feb 2018 , 13 : 15 : 30 UTC ) : JD = 2458178.05323 MSD = 51247.20066 MTC = 04 : 48 : 57 See also ( edit ) Astronomy on Mars Universal Time Coordinated Universal Time References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Watchmaker With Time to Lose '' . JPL Mars Exploration Rovers. 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Redd , Nola Taylor ( 18 March 2013 ) . `` After Finding Mars Was Habitable , Curiosity Keeps Roving '' . space.com . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mars Express - Where is zero degrees longitude on Mars ? '' . European Space Agency . 19 August 2004 . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mars24 Sunclock - Time on Mars '' . NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies . 5 August 2008 . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Allison , Michael ; McEwen , Megan ( 2000 ) . `` A post-Pathfinder evaluation of areocentric solar coordinates with improved timing recipes for Mars seasonal / diurnal climate studies '' . Planetary and Space Science . 48 ( 2 - 3 ) : 215 -- 235 . Bibcode : 2000P&SS ... 48 ... 215A . doi : 10.1016 / S0032 - 0633 ( 99 ) 00092 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Allison , Michael ( 5 August 2008 ) . `` Technical Notes on Mars Solar Time '' . NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Little , Dean . `` Arean Time Zone System '' . Ares Astronautics . Jump up ^ `` Opportunity 's View , Sol 959 ( Vertical ) '' . NASA . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Mars Mission - Mission - Mission Phases - On Mars '' . Phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu. 29 February 2008 . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Rusch , Elizabeth ( 2012 ) . The Mighty Mars Rovers : The Incredible Adventures of Spirit and Opportunity . ISBN 9780547822808 . Jump up ^ Martínez - Frías , Jesús ( 28 September 2002 ) . `` Marte : ' yestersol ' , ' tosol ' y ' solmorrow ' '' ( Mars : ' yestersol ' , ' tosol ' , and ' solmorrow ' ) . El Mundo ( in Spanish ) . Madrid , Spain : Unidad Editorial S.A . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MSL abbreviations and acronyms '' . an.rsl.wustl.edu. 31 October 2012 . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . Jump up ^ J. Appelbaum and G.A. Landis , Solar Radiation on Mars -- Update 1991 , NASA Technical Memorandum TM - 105216 , September 1991 ( also published in Solar Energy , Vol. 50 No. 1 ( 1993 ) ) . Jump up ^ Clancy , R.T. ; Sandor , B.J. ; Wolff , M.J. ; Christensen , P.R. ; Smith , M.D. ; Pearl , J.C. ; Conrath , B.J. ; Wilson , R.J. , ( 2000 ) An intercomparison of ground - based millimeter , MGS TES , and Viking atmospheric temperature measurements : Seasonal and interannual variability of temperatures and dust loading in the global Mars atmosphere , Journal of Geophysical Research , 105 ( E4 ) . Jump up ^ Lowell , Percival . ( 1895 - 01 - 01 ) . Mars . Houghton , Mifflin . Jump up ^ Pickering , William H. ( 1916 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Report on Mars , No. 17 . '' Popular Astronomy , Vol. 24 , p. 639 . Jump up ^ Maggini , Mentore. ( 1939 - 01 - 01 ) . Il pianeta Marte . Scuola Tip . Figli Della Provvidenza . Jump up ^ Aitken , Robert G. ( 1936 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Time Measures on Mars . '' Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets , No. 95 . Jump up ^ Levitt , I.M. ( 1954 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Mars Clock and Calendar . '' Sky and Telescope , May , 1954 , pp. 216 - 217 . Jump up ^ Levitt , I.M. ( 1956 - 01 - 01 ) . A Space Traveller 's Guide to Mars . Henry Holt . Jump up ^ Capen , Charles F. ( 1966 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The Mars 1964 - 1965 Apparition . '' Technical Report 32 - 990 . Jet Propulsion Laboratory , California Institute of Technology ... Jump up ^ Leovy , C.B. , G.A. Briggs , B.A. Smith . ( 1973 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Mars atmosphere during the Mariner 9 extended mission : Television results . '' Journal of Geophysical Research , Volume 78 , Issue 20 . Jump up ^ Moore , Patrick . ( 1977 - 01 - 01 ) . Guide to Mars . Lutterworth Press . Jump up ^ Gangale , Thomas . ( 1986 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Martian Standard Time '' . Journal of the British Interplanetary Society . Vol. 39 , No. 6 , p. 282 - 288 . Jump up ^ Gangale , Thomas . ( 1998 - 08 - 01 ) . `` The Darian Calendar '' . Mars Society . MAR 98 - 095 . Proceedings of the Founding Convention of the Mars Society . Volume III . Ed . Robert M. Zubrin , Maggie Zubrin . San Diego , California . Univelt , Incorporated. 13 - Aug - 1998 . Jump up ^ Gangale , Thomas . ( 2006 - 07 - 01 ) . `` The Architecture of Time , Part 2 : The Darian System for Mars . '' Society of Automotive Engineers . SAE 2006 - 01 - 2249 . Jump up ^ Šurán , Josef. ( 1997 - 06 - 01 ) . `` A Calendar for Mars . '' Planetary and Space Science , Vol. 45 , No. 6 . pp. 705 - 708 . Jump up ^ Greg , Percy. ( 1880 - 01 - 01 ) . Across the Zodiac : The Story of a Wrecked Record . Trübner . Jump up ^ Burroughs , Edgar Rice . ( 1913 - 01 - 01 ) . The Gods of Mars . All - Story . January -- May . Jump up ^ Burroughs , Edgar Rice . ( 1913 - 12 - 01 ) . The Warlord of Mars . All - Story Magazine , December , 1913 - March , 1914 . Jump up ^ `` Heinlein Concordance `` Red Planet '' `` . Heinlein Society . 2013 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Arthur C. ( 1951 - 01 - 01 ) . The Sands of Mars . Sidgwick & Jackson . Jump up ^ Piper , H. Beam . ( 1957 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Omnilingual . '' Astounding Science Fiction , February . Jump up ^ Vonnegut , Kurt . ( 1959 - 01 - 01 ) . The Sirens of Titan . Delacorte . Jump up ^ Compton . D.G. ( 1966 - 01 - 01 ) . Farewell , Earth 's Bliss . Hodder & Stoughton . Jump up ^ Amano , Kozue ( February 2008 ) . `` Navigation 06 : My First Customer '' . Aqua volume 2 . Tokyopop . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4278 - 0313 - 9 . Jump up ^ This is a trivial simplification of the formula ( JD − 2451549.5 ) / 1.0274912517 + 44796.0 − 0.0009626 given in Mars24 Algorithm and Worked Examples . External links ( edit ) Martian Time MARS24 Application NASA Algorithms NASA Mars Clock ( Curiosity Rover ) mclock - Command Line Mars Clock Mars Outline of Mars Geography Atmosphere Circulation Climate Dust devil tracks Methane Regions Arabia Terra Cerberus Hemisphere Cydonia Eridania Lake Iani Chaos Olympia Undae Planum Australe Planum Boreum Quadrangles Sinus Meridiani Tempe Terra Terra Cimmeria Terra Sabaea Tharsis Undae Ultimi Scopuli Vastitas Borealis Physical Features Canyons Catenae Chaos terrain Craters Fossae Gullies Mensae Labyrinthi Mountains by height Observed rocks Outflow channels Plains Valley network Valleys Gravity Geology Brain terrain Canals ( list ) Carbonates Chaos terrain Color Composition Concentric crater fill Dark slope streak Dichotomy Fretted terrain Geysers Glaciers Groundwater Gullies Lakes Lava tubes Lobate debris apron Meteorites on Earth on Mars North Polar Basin Ocean hypothesis Ore resources Polar caps Recurring slope lineae ( RSL ) Ring mold craters Rootless cones Seasonal flows Soil Spherules Surface `` Swiss cheese '' feature Terrain softening Tharsis bulge Volcanology Water Yardangs History Amazonian Hesperian Noachian Observation history Classical albedo features Astronomy Moons Phobos Stickney crater Monolith Deimos Swift crater Voltaire crater Transits Solar eclipses on Mars Satellite transits Phobos Deimos Planetary transits Earth Venus Mercury Asteroids Mars - crossers 2007 WD 5 Trojans 5261 Eureka 1998 VF 1999 UJ 2007 NS Comets C / 2013 A1 ( Siding Spring ) ( Mars close approach , 19 Oct 2014 ) Exploration Concepts Flyby Orbiter Landing Rover Sample return Manned mission Permanent settlement Colonization Terraforming Current ExoMars orbiter lander Mangalyaan Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity observed Mars Express 2001 Mars Odyssey Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter HiRISE HiWish program Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity timeline MAVEN Past Beagle 2 Deep Space 2 Mariner program Mariner 4 Mariner 6 and 7 Mariner 9 Mars program Mars 1 Mars 2 Mars 3 Mars 4 Mars 5 Mars 6 Mars 7 Mars 96 Mars Exploration Rover Spirit observed Mars Global Surveyor MOC Mars Observer Mars Pathfinder Sojourner Mars Surveyor ' 98 program Mars Climate Orbiter Mars Polar Lander Nozomi Phobos program Phobos 1 Phobos 2 Phoenix Viking program Viking 1 Viking 2 Yinghuo - 1 Zond 2 Future Emirates Mars Mission Mars Terahertz Microsatellite ExoMars rover surface platform InSight Mars Cube One Mangalyaan 2 Mars 2020 MOXIE PIXL SHERLOC Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover MMX Proposed Robotic Icebreaker Life Mars 2022 orbiter Mars Geyser Hopper Mars - Grunt MELOS MetNet Northern Light PADME Phobos Surveyor Phootprint Human Mars Base Camp Mars Design Reference Mission Austere Human Missions to Mars Mars Direct Mars One Mars to Stay SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure Abandoned Caves of Mars Project Mars Piloted Orbital Station Red Dragon SCIM TMK Simulations Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition Haughton -- Mars Project HI - SEAS Mars Analogue Research Station Program Euro - MARS FMARS MARS - Oz MDRS MARS - 500 Strategies Mars Scout Program Mars Exploration Program Mars Exploration Joint Initiative Mars Next Generation Advocacy The Mars Project The Case for Mars Inspiration Mars Foundation Mars Institute Mars Society ICAMSR Mars race Related Artificial objects on Mars Memorials on Mars Fiction List of films set on Mars Martian Martian scientist Mythology Phobos and Deimos in fiction Flag of Mars Life on Mars Sub-Earth Timekeeping on Mars Darian calendar Book Portal Mars portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timekeeping_on_Mars&oldid=825166725 '' Categories : Mars Timekeeping Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cymraeg Español Français Nederlands Slovenčina Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 21 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is a day on mars compared to earth	[ "The average length of a Martian sidereal day is 24 h 37 m 22.663 s (88,642.66300 seconds based on SI units), and the length of its solar day (often called a sol) is 24 h 39 m 35.244147 s (88,775.244147 seconds). The corresponding values for Earth are 23 h 56 m 4.0916 s and 24h 00 m 00.002 s, respectively. This yields a conversion factor of 1.02749125170 days/sol. Thus Mars' solar day is only about 2.7% longer than Earth's." ]	[ "only about 2.7% longer" ]
-407308765117360390	Bear in the Big Blue House	Bear in the Big Blue House - wikipedia Bear in the Big Blue House Jump to : navigation , search Bear in the Big Blue House Genre Children 's television series Created by Mitchell Kriegman Developed by The Jim Henson Company Directed by Mitchell Kriegman Dean Gordon Richard A. Fernandes Hugh Martin Jim Martin Lisa Simon Tom Guaddarrama Chuck Vinson Starring Noel MacNeal Peter Linz Tyler Bunch Vicki Eibner Voices of Lynne Thigpen Geoffrey Holder Opening theme `` Welcome to the Blue House '' Bill Obrecht Peter Lurye Ending theme `` Welcome to the Blue House '' ( Instrumental ) Bill Obrecht Peter Lurye Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 118 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Mitchell Kriegman Brian Henson Alex Rockwell Producer ( s ) Richard A. Fernandes Running time 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Shadow Projects Jim Henson Television Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network Playhouse Disney Picture format 4 : 3 480i ( SDTV ) Audio format Dolby Surround Original release October 20 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 20 ) -- April 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 28 ) Bear in the Big Blue House is an American children 's television series created by Mitchell Kriegman and produced by Jim Henson Television for Disney Channel 's Playhouse Disney preschool television block . Debuting on October 20 , 1997 , it aired its last episode on April 28 , 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Characters 3.1 Main 3.2 Supporting 4 Locations 5 Cancellation 6 Songs 7 International airings 8 Awards 9 References 10 External links Plot Bear lives in the Big Blue House with his friends Ojo , Tutter , Treelo , Pip , Pop , and Shadow . He and his friends have many adventures together . Those normally include solving problems , sharing , cooperating with each other , and developing social / life skills . Each episode opens with the welcome song . The other characters in the show then make their appearance , and the theme and plot of the show then comes to place . Throughout the episode , the theme ( ex ; `` sleep '' , `` doctors '' , `` Thanksgiving '' ) is learned about , and a lesson is learned at the end of the episode . Songs and jokes accompany the episode . Bear acts as a caregiver towards Ojo the bear cub , Treelo the lemur , Tutter the mouse , and Pip and Pop , who are two otters . The character `` Shadow '' narrates a segment with shadow puppets in each episode . Most of the segments are in song , while some are simply a short story relating to the episode 's theme . At the end of the program , Bear then sings the goodbye song with Luna , the moon . Episodes Main article : List of Bear in the Big Blue House episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 October 20 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 20 ) November 24 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 24 ) 39 January 6 , 1998 ( 1998 - 01 - 06 ) February 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 01 ) 26 July 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 01 ) December 7 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 07 ) Surprise Party September 3 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 03 ) 18 September 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 09 ) November 3 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 03 ) 5 8 April 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 21 ) April 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 28 ) Characters Main Bear ( performed by Noel MacNeal ) -- The protagonist of the series , he is a large bear who is very kind and lovable . He is tall and has light brown fur . Bear acts a caregiver to Pip , Pop , Ojo , Treelo and Tutter . He was designed by Paul Andrejco . Tutter ( performed by Peter Linz ) -- A small light blue mouse who loves cheese . He lives in a mousehole in the kitchen of Bear 's house . He is considered the show 's breakout character . He was designed and built by Paul Andrejco . Pip and Pop ( performed by Peter Linz and Tyler Bunch ) -- Two purple otter twins who live in the otter pond by the Big Blue House . They were designed by Paul Andrejco . Ojo ( performed by Vicki Eibner ) -- A curious red bear cub who has a wild imagination and is good friends with Treelo . She was designed and built by Paul Andrejco . Treelo ( performed by Tyler Bunch ) -- A white , blue , and green lemur who is playful , loves to dance , always active and good friends with Ojo . He was designed by Paul Andrejco . Shadow ( performed by Peter Linz , voiced by Tara Mooney ) -- A shadow girl who is always laughing , telling stories , and sneaking up on Bear . Luna the Moon ( operated by Peter Linz , voiced by Lynne Thigpen ) -- A talking moon . At the end of every episode Bear walks out onto the balcony and discusses the episode 's theme with her and sings `` The Goodbye Song '' with her at the end while a montage of the day 's events play . She was designed by Paul Andrejco and built by Ed Christie . `` Luna '' means `` moon '' in Italian and Spanish . Ray the Sun ( operated by Peter Linz , voiced by Geoffrey Holder ) -- A talking sun who would often rise ( or set ) at the beginning of some episodes , starting from Season Two . He will also occasionally tell Bear what the weather will be like throughout the day . Sometimes , he also sings the `` Good Morning song '' . He was designed by Paul Andrejco . Supporting Grandma Flutter ( performed by Alice Dinnean in 1997 -- 1998 , Vicki Eibner from 1998 -- 2003 ) -- Tutter 's grandmother who has a dance called `` The Grandma Mambo '' . She has a granddaughter named Baby Blotter . She was designed by Paul Andrejco and built by Michael Schupbach and Kip Rathke . Cousin Whiner ( performed by Victor Yerrid ) -- One of Tutter 's cousins . Uncle `` Jet Set Tutter '' ( performed by Tim Lagasse ) -- Tutter 's uncle . Doc Hogg ( performed by Tyler Bunch ) -- A pig who is the local physician . He was designed by Paul Andrejco and built by Eric Englehardt . Benny the Bat ( performed by James Kroupa ) -- A fruit bat living in the attic of the house . He is a recycled version of Leah the Fruit Bat from `` Jim Henson 's Animal Show . '' Jeremiah Tortoise ( performed by James Kroupa ) -- An elderly tortoise living in Woodland Valley . He is a recycled and hair - added version of Penelope the Yellow - Footed Tortoise from `` Jim Henson 's Animal Show . '' Lois ( performed by Vicki Eibner ) -- A Blue - footed booby living in Woodland Valley . She usually mishears things that her friends are saying . She is a recycled version of Milton the Blue - footed Booby from `` Jim Henson 's Animal Show . '' Annette ( performed by Vicki Eibner ) -- An armadillo who runs the Woodland Valley Cinema and is very shy . She is a recycled version of Dooley the Armadillo from `` Jim Henson 's Animal Show '' . Henrietta Vanderpreen ( performed by Vicki Eibner ) -- An ostrich who is the editor of Woodland House Wonderful , a magazine of interest to residents of Woodland Valley . She is a recycled version of Lydia the Ostrich from `` Jim Henson 's Animal Show '' . Skippy - A blind red squirrel living in Woodland Valley that wears sunglasses and uses a cane . He is good friends with Treelo . He is a recycled version of Gabe the Squirrel from `` Telling Stories with Tomie dePaola '' . Big Old Bullfrog ( performed by Peter Linz ) -- A bullfrog living in Woodland Valley . He is a recycled version of Bufo the Toad from `` Jim Henson 's Animal Show '' . Jacques the Beaver ( performed by Peter Linz ) -- A French beaver living in Woodland Valley . He is a recycled version of Morton the Beaver from `` Jim Henson 's Animal Show '' . Miss Maxwell ( performed by Jennifer Barnhart ) -- A mouse who is a teacher at the Mouse School . Rita Mouse ( performed by Anney McKilligan ) -- A mouse who attends Mouse School with Tutter . She needs some help with painting but is very good at soccer . Keisha ( performed by Vicki Eibner ) -- A mouse who attends Mouse School with Tutter . Moss ( performed by Noel MacNeal ) -- A mouse who attends Mouse School with Tutter . Cousin Titter ( performed by Sean Choi ) Harry the Duck ( performed by Eric Jacobson ) -- A duck who has been seen several times through the show who addresses bear as `` Mister Bear '' and quacks repeatedly when he is upset . He was designed by Paul Andrejco . Otto and Etta Otter ( performed by James Kroupa and Vicki Eibner ) -- Pip and Pop 's grandparents who run the Woodland Valley Library . Ursa ( performed by Carmen Osbahr ) -- Bear 's old friend from Mexico that appeared twice in `` And to All a Good Night '' and `` You Never Know . '' Several of these characters appeared in a music video for the We Are Family Foundation . Bear also appeared as a celebrity in the 2002 revival of The Hollywood Squares ; he notably appeared in Whoopi Goldberg 's final episode . Locations Woodland Valley -- Woodland Valley is the area / village in which events on the show are situated . The Big Blue House is the main landmark , but there is also a general store , post office , mall , library , movie theater , mouse school , and many other locations . Many of these are not seen ( or not seen in much detail ) until the fourth season . In `` History , Herstory , Bearstory , '' Jeremiah Tortoise reveals that his grandfather Hepahestus Tortoise was the town 's first settler . He initially decided to call it Who 'd Have Thought I Would Land in This Valley Valley , but decided it was too long and changed it to Would Land Valley . Jeremiah says he 's been trying to get the official spelling changed for years . Sequoia City is a neighboring town of Woodland Valley . The Big Blue House -- The Big Blue House is where most of the main action of the series Bear in the Big Blue House takes place . Located in Woodland Valley , it looks somewhat small from the outside , but large and roomy on the inside . Bear lives here and runs a sort of daycare / group - home . Tutter has his mousehole in the house , while most of the other young characters only spend the day here . The Big Blue House is often described as warm and cozy . The Big Blue House has five rooms . The kitchen and the living room are downstairs . Bear has his very own swing where he sometimes sits and reads in the living room . Tutter 's mousehole is in the kitchen . The front - door , where Bear greets the viewers at the beginning of each episode , is also downstairs . Upstairs are the bathroom and Bear 's bedroom . Finally , Bear stores various items in the attic . There 's also a landing there where Bear visits each night to talk with his friend Luna , the moon . Bear once gave the following directions on how to reach the Big Blue House : just take the path that leads into the woods , make the right past the big oak , go right , past the pond and then you 're there . Otter Pond -- Pip and Pop often hang out at the Otter Pond . It is also home to Harry the Duck , his mom , and his sister , Hallie . Additionally , various other creatures sometimes hang out at the Otter Pond , including Benny , Christine , and Big Old Bullfrog . The general area of the Otter Pond is filled with plants , including bushes filled with berries . Bear and Ojo visit there to pick berries for triple - berry pie in `` If at First You Do n't Succeed ... '' The Otter Pond was the site of a special nighttime party in `` And to All a Good Night . '' Woodland Valley Library -- The Woodland Valley Library is a place for everyone in Woodland Valley to go for research and resources . It is managed by Otto and Etta Otter . It is located directly in the center of the town . In addition to books , it also offers DVDs , CD - ROMs , Internet access and various other resources . Woodland Valley Library is featured in the two - part `` Welcome to Woodland Valley '' story . A tree falls on the library and the entire community works together to help get it cleaned up . There is damage to the collection and so donations are made . When Ojo discovers two unnamed opossums ( voiced by Gilbert Gottfried and Brad Garrett ) living in the tree that fell , the tree itself is made into a part of the library as the Book Nook . The library is featured in the song , `` Everything 's Great About the Library . '' Harry the Duck wonders what 's so great about the library and so Tutter , Treelo , Pip and Pop sing a song to explain it . They tell him that there 's something for everyone at the library , but the library is a place to read , so you have to keep your voices down ; no disturbing allowed . Woodland Valley Cinema -- The Woodland Valley Cinema is a local movie theater for everyone in Woodland Valley to relax and watch films . Annette is the owner of the movie theater and does all the jobs from box office to ticket taker . The screening room has three rows of seats in the auditorium and a concession stand . The concession stand accepts dollars and cents as payment instead of clams , Woodland Valley 's official currency . Woodland Valley Cinema was first introduced in `` Welcome to Woodland Valley . '' However , in `` Words , Words , Words , '' the Woodland Valley Gazette says the movie theater is named `` Woodland Valley Multiplex . '' Woodland Valley Post Office -- The Woodland Valley Post Office is Woodland Valley 's own facility for posting , receipt , sorting , handling , transmission or delivery of mail . The post office also sells stamps for stamp collections and does clammygrams if asked . Jeremiah Tortoise works there in addition to running his general store . Most of the mail ends up arriving late due to Jeremiah Tortoise , who is slow at delivering the mail . In `` A Strange Bird , '' Bear received a two - week - old postcard from a penguin named Puck from the South Pole and finds out Puck is paying a visit to the Big Blue House today . The store accepts clams , Woodland Valley 's official currency , as payment and it has to be exact change only . Woodland Valley Post Office was first introduced in `` Read My Book '' and was seen more in later episodes . Mouse School -- The Mouse School is a fun place to learn for Tutter and his classmates , including Keisha , Luke , Lily , Rita , and Moss . Learning and other activities are overseen by Miss Maxwell . It 's a one - room schoolhouse , but there 's plenty of places to play and an occasional field trip . Tutter first begins attending Mouse School in the fourth season . He joins the school soccer team , coached by Bear , but considers quitting in `` Show Your Stuff . '' In `` Teacher Appreciation Day , '' Tutter joins with Lily to figure out a way to show Miss Maxwell how much the mice kids all appreciate her . Tutter holds a sleepover for his Mouse School classmates in `` Tutter 's First Big Sleepover Bash . '' Doc Hogg 's Office -- Doc Hogg 's Office is where Doc Hogg treats his patients on Bear in the Big Blue House . Bear , Tutter and Ojo visited the office when Tutter hurt his tail in `` That Healing Feeling . '' The office has a waiting room with toys and books to keep children entertained . Sequoia City -- Sequoia City is a neighboring town of Woodland Valley , and Woodland Valley may be considered a suburb of it . They are known to have a baseball team called the `` Big Bats . '' Sequoia City is the hometown for two radio stations that reach Woodland Valley ; WWTL ( a news and weather station ) and Bear 's favorite music station WCHA - CHA . Sequoia City was one of the locations on a signpost in `` The Great Bandini . '' The other location names on that signpost ( other than the library ) have not been used again , but Sequoia City has been mentioned in other episodes . Bear and the kids of the Big Blue House went on vacation at a nice hotel in Sequoia City in `` This Is Your Life , Bear . '' River City -- River City is a town mentioned on Bear in the Big Blue House . Not much is known about it , but Grandma Flutter was an all - star player for their baseball team : the River City Rodents . Cancellation Bear in the Big Blue House was initially produced from 1997 to 2006 . The voice actress for `` Luna '' the moon was played by Lynne Thigpen , who abruptly died due to a cerebral hemorrhage . Thigpen 's death led to a three - year hiatus of Bear in the Big Blue House . A planned film version of Bear was also put on hold . Two years after Thigpen 's death , Tara Mooney , who voiced the character Shadow , in an interview with Ray D'Arcy on Today FM stated : `` The crew 's hearts just were n't in it anymore '' . Thigpen 's friends and family established a non-profit foundation , The Lynne Thigpen - Bobo Lewis Foundation , to help young actors and actresses learn how to survive and succeed in New York theater and to mentor the next generation of Broadway stars . After the hiatus and the spin - off Breakfast with Bear , new episodes returned to the Disney Channel in April 2006 , with the last episode airing on April 28 , 2006 . Thigpen was posthumously nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for voicing Luna the moon in Bear in the Big Blue House , but lost to Jeff Corwin . Songs `` Welcome to the Blue House '' `` What 's That Smell ? '' `` The Bear Cha - Cha - Cha '' `` Dear Grandma '' `` Happy , Happy Birthday '' `` Good Morning '' `` Brush , Brush Bree '' `` Look at You Now '' `` That 's My Name '' `` Everybody Say Ah '' `` Great to Be at Home '' `` Go to Bed , Sleepy Head '' `` Take Time to Smell the Cheese '' `` Clean Up the House '' `` Oops ! I Goofed Again '' `` Quiet Time '' `` Otter Love '' `` Shape of a Bear '' `` Baby , Baby '' `` When You Make Yourself a Friend '' `` Oh , Boy '' You Go , Ojo '' `` Need a Little Help Today '' `` Goodbye Song '' International airings The show was shown throughout the world including in the United Kingdom on five and Playhouse Disney UK , on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in Australia and on RTÉ Two in Ireland . Awards Daytime Emmy Awards 2000 -- Outstanding Sound Mixing -- Peter Hefter and John Alberts ( won ) ( Tied with Bill Nye the Science Guy and Honey , I Shrunk the Kids : The TV Show ) 2000 -- Outstanding Directing in a Children 's Series -- Mitchell Kriegman , Richard A. Fernandes and Dean Gordon ( won ) 2003 -- Outstanding Directing in a Children 's Series -- Mitchell Kriegman and Dean Gordon ( won ) Parent 's Choice Gold Award Winner -- 2000 , 2002 Director 's Guild Award -- Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Children 's Programs - `` Episode 225 : Love Is All You Need '' References Jump up ^ `` Bear in the Big Blue House : Disney Has Big Plans '' . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Preschoolers Will Grin and ' Bear ' New Henson Series '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2014 . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy time for ' Rosie ' & ' Bill Nye ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2014 . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20140625155616/http://cdn.emmyonline.org/day_30th_winners_creative.pdf Jump up ^ `` Parents ' Choice Award - Winning Television '' . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Parents ' Choice Award - Winning Television '' . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . External links 1990s portal 2000s portal Muppets portal Disney portal Official website Bear in the Big Blue House on IMDb Bear in the Big Blue House at TV.com The Muppets The Muppets Studio Characters Kermit the Frog Miss Piggy Fozzie Bear Gonzo Rowlf the Dog Scooter Pepe the King Prawn Rizzo the Rat Animal Walter Sam Eagle Dr. Bunsen Honeydew Beaker Swedish Chef Statler and Waldorf Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem Cast performers Current Bill Barretta Dave Goelz Eric Jacobson Peter Linz David Rudman Matt Vogel Former Kevin Clash Brian Henson Jane Henson Jim Henson John Henson Richard Hunt Jerry Juhl Kathryn Mullen Jerry Nelson Frank Oz Steve Whitmire Television Series Sam and Friends ( 1955 -- 1961 ) The Muppet Show ( 1976 -- 1981 ) Muppet Babies ( 1984 -- 1991 ) Little Muppet Monsters ( 1985 ) The Jim Henson Hour ( 1989 ) Muppets Tonight ( 1996 -- 1998 ) The Muppets ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Muppet Babies ( 2018 ) Segments The Jimmy Dean Show ( `` Rowlf the Dog '' , 1963 -- 65 ) The Mike Douglas Show ( 1966 -- 79 ) The Ed Sullivan Show ( including The Great Santa Claus Switch , 1966 -- 71 ) NBC 's Saturday Night ( The Land of Gorch , 1975 -- 76 ) Specials Hey , Cinderella ! ( 1969 ) The Muppets on Puppets ( 1970 ) The Great Santa Claus Switch ( 1970 ) The Frog Prince ( 1971 ) The Muppet Musicians of Bremen ( 1972 ) The Muppets Valentine Show ( 1974 ) The Muppet Show : Sex and Violence ( 1975 ) John Denver and the Muppets : A Christmas Together ( 1979 ) The Muppets Go Hollywood ( 1979 ) The Muppets Go to the Movies ( 1981 ) The Fantastic Miss Piggy Show ( 1982 ) Rocky Mountain Holiday ( 1983 ) The Muppets : A Celebration of 30 Years ( 1986 ) A Muppet Family Christmas ( 1987 ) Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) The Earth Day Special ( 1990 ) The Muppets at Walt Disney World ( 1990 ) The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson ( 1990 ) Mr. Willowby 's Christmas Tree ( 1995 ) Studio DC : Almost Live ( 2008 ) A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( 2008 ) Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular ( 2013 ) Films Feature The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) The Great Muppet Caper ( 1981 ) The Muppets Take Manhattan ( 1984 ) The Muppet Christmas Carol ( 1992 ) Muppet Treasure Island ( 1996 ) Muppets from Space ( 1999 ) The Muppets ( 2011 ) Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) Television The Christmas Toy ( 1986 ) It 's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie ( 2002 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Direct - to - video Muppet Classic Theater ( 1994 ) Kermit 's Swamp Years ( 2002 ) Music Albums The Muppet Show ( 1977 ) The Muppet Show 2 ( 1978 ) The Muppet Movie : Original Soundtrack Recording ( 1979 ) John Denver and the Muppets : A Christmas Together ( 1979 ) The Great Muppet Caper : The Original Soundtrack ( 1981 ) The Muppets Take Manhattan : The Original Soundtrack ( 1984 ) The Muppet Christmas Carol : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 1992 ) Ol ' Brown Ears is Back ( 1993 ) Muppet Beach Party ( 1993 ) Kermit Unpigged ( 1994 ) The Muppet Treasure Island : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 1996 ) The Muppet Show : Music , Mayhem , and More ( 2002 ) Best of the Muppets featuring The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) The Muppets : A Green and Red Christmas ( 2006 ) A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( 2008 ) Muppets : The Green Album ( 2011 ) The Muppets ( 2011 ) Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) Songs `` Rainbow Connection '' `` Bein ' Green '' `` Mahna Mahna '' `` When the River Meets the Sea '' `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' `` Man or Muppet '' Web series Statler and Waldorf : From the Balcony ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Muppets Kitchen with Cat Cora ( 2010 ) Video games Muppet Adventure : Chaos at the Carnival ( 1989 ) Muppets Inside ( 1996 ) Muppet Treasure Island ( 1996 ) Muppet Kids ( 1997 ) Muppet RaceMania ( 2000 ) Muppet Monster Adventure ( 2000 ) Spy Muppets : License to Croak ( 2003 ) Muppets Party Cruise ( 2003 ) Disney Universe ( 2011 ) The Muppets Movie Adventures ( 2014 ) Other media Muppet * Vision 3D ( 1991 -- present ) Muppet Mobile Lab ( 2007 -- present ) The Muppets Present ... Great Moments in American History ( 2016 -- present ) Comics series Before You Leap Puppet Heap The Jim Henson Company Creature Shop Fraggle Rock characters Sesame Workshop Sesame Street Muppets Muppets portal The Jim Henson Company Henson family Jim Henson Jane Henson Lisa Henson Cheryl Henson Brian Henson John Henson Heather Henson Major works The Muppets † Sesame Street ‡ TV series Fraggle Rock ( 1983 -- 1987 ) Fraggle Rock : The Animated Series ( 1987 -- 1988 ) The Storyteller ( 1988 -- 1991 ) The Jim Henson Hour ( 1989 ) The Ghost of Faffner Hall ( 1989 ) Jim Henson 's Mother Goose Stories ( 1990 -- 1992 ) Dinosaurs ( 1991 -- 1994 ) Dog City ( 1992 -- 1994 ) CityKids ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Secret Life of Toys ( 1994 ) Jim Henson 's Animal Show ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Aliens in the Family ( 1996 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Bear in the Big Blue House † ( 1997 -- 2006 ) Brats of the Lost Nebula ( 1998 ) Farscape ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Construction Site ( 1999 ) Family Rules ( 1999 ) Mopatop 's Shop ( 1999 -- 2005 ) The Fearing Mind ( 2000 ) The Hoobs ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Telling Stories with Tomie dePaola ( 2001 ) Animal Jam ( 2003 ) Bambaloo ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Five Minutes More ( 2006 ) Pajanimals ( 2008 , 2011 -- 2013 ) Sid the Science Kid ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Dinosaur Train ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Me and My Monsters ( 2010 -- 2011 ) That Puppet Game Show ( 2013 -- 2014 ) The Doozers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Jim Henson 's Creature Shop Challenge ( 2014 ) Hi Opie ! ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Splash and Bubbles ( 2016 -- present ) Dot. ( 2016 -- present ) Julie 's Greenroom ( 2017 ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( 2019 ) TV specials The Great Santa Claus Switch ( 1970 ) Emmet Otter 's Jug - Band Christmas ( 1977 ) The Christmas Toy ( 1986 ) Monster Maker ( 1989 ) The Song of the Cloud Forest ( 1989 ) Mr. Willowby 's Christmas Tree ( 1995 ) Theatrical films The Dark Crystal ( 1982 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) The Witches ( 1990 ) Buddy ( 1997 ) Rat ( 2000 ) Good Boy ! ( 2003 ) Five Children and It ( 2004 ) MirrorMask ( 2005 ) Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ( 2014 ) The Star ( 2017 ) The Happytime Murders ( 2018 ) Other projects Time Piece ( 1965 , short film ) The Cube ( 1969 , teleplay ) Gulliver 's Travels ( 1996 , miniseries ) Jack and the Beanstalk : The Real Story ( 2001 , miniseries ) Farscape : The Peacekeeper Wars ( 2004 , miniseries ) The Sam Plenty Cavalcade of Action Show Plus Singing ! ( 2008 , web series ) Unstable Fables ( 2008 , DTV film ) Oscar 's Hotel for Fantastical Creatures ( 2015 , web series ) Turkey Hollow ( 2015 , TV film ) Henson Alternative Puppet Up ! ( 2006 -- present ) Late Night Liars ( 2010 ) Simian Undercover Detective Squad ( 2011 ) Neil 's Puppet Dreams ( 2012 -- 2013 ) No , You Shut Up ! ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Good Morning Today ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Divisions Jim Henson 's Creature Shop Henson Recording Studios Jim Henson Home Entertainment Jim Henson Pictures Jim Henson Records Jim Henson Television Related Jim Henson Company Lot Jim Henson Foundation HIT Entertainment † Sold to The Walt Disney Company in 2004 , ‡ Muppet characters only ; sold to Sesame Workshop in 2000 Playhouse Disney 1990s PB&J Otter Rolie Polie Olie Out of the Box 2000s The Book of Pooh Stanley JoJo 's Circus Shanna 's Show Higglytown Heroes Breakfast with Bear Little Einsteins My Friends Tigger & Pooh Bunnytown Johnny and the Sprites Charlie and Lola Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Handy Manny Happy Monster Band Imagination Movers Tasty Time with ZeFronk This is Daniel Cook This is Emily Yeung Jungle Junction Where Is Warehouse Mouse ? Special Agent Oso See also Disney Channel Disney Junior Walt Disney Television Animation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bear_in_the_Big_Blue_House&oldid=843458327 '' Categories : American children 's fantasy television series 1990s American television series 2000s American television series 1997 American television series debuts 2006 American television series endings Disney Channel shows Treehouse TV shows English - language television programs Preschool education television series Fictional bears Television programs featuring puppetry Television series by Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Television series by The Jim Henson Company Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español Français Interlingua Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Suomi Svenska ייִדיש 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 08 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	bear in the big blue house bears name	[]	[]
107311311958614037	Standing wave	Standing wave - wikipedia Standing wave Jump to : navigation , search Two opposing waves combine to form a standing wave . In physics , a standing wave -- also known as a stationary wave -- is a wave in which its peaks ( or any other point on the wave ) do not move spatially . The amplitude of the wave at a point in space may vary with time , but its phase remains constant . The locations at which the amplitude is minimum are called nodes , and the locations where the amplitude is maximum are called antinodes . Standing waves were first noticed by Michael Faraday in 1831 . Faraday observed standing waves on the surface of a liquid in a vibrating container . Franz Melde coined the term `` standing wave '' ( German : stehende Welle or Stehwelle ) around 1860 and demonstrated the phenomenon in his classic experiment with vibrating strings . This phenomenon can occur because the medium is moving in the opposite direction to the wave , or it can arise in a stationary medium as a result of interference between two waves traveling in opposite directions . The most common cause of standing waves is the phenomenon of resonance , in which standing waves occur inside a resonator due to interference between waves reflected back and forth at the resonator 's resonant frequency . For waves of equal amplitude traveling in opposing directions , there is on average no net propagation of energy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Moving medium 2 Opposing waves 2.1 Mathematical description 3 Standing wave ratio , phase , and energy transfer 4 Examples 4.1 Sound waves 4.2 Visible light 4.3 X-rays 4.4 Mechanical waves 4.5 Seismic waves 4.6 Faraday waves 5 See also 6 References and notes 7 External links Moving medium ( edit ) As an example of the first type , under certain meteorological conditions standing waves form in the atmosphere in the lee of mountain ranges . Such waves are often exploited by glider pilots . Standing waves and hydraulic jumps also form on fast flowing river rapids and tidal currents such as the Saltstraumen maelstrom . Many standing river waves are popular river surfing breaks . Opposing waves ( edit ) Standing waves Standing wave in stationary medium . The red dots represent the wave nodes . A standing wave ( black ) depicted as the sum of two propagating waves traveling in opposite directions ( red and blue ) . Electric force vector ( E ) and magnetic force vector ( H ) of a standing wave . Standing waves in a string -- the fundamental mode and the first 5 overtones . A standing wave on a circular membrane , an example of standing waves in two dimensions . This is the fundamental mode . A higher harmonic standing wave on a disk with two nodal lines crossing at the center . Transient analysis of a damped traveling wave reflecting at a boundary . As an example of the second type , a standing wave in a transmission line is a wave in which the distribution of current , voltage , or field strength is formed by the superposition of two waves of the same frequency propagating in opposite directions . The effect is a series of nodes ( zero displacement ) and anti-nodes ( maximum displacement ) at fixed points along the transmission line . Such a standing wave may be formed when a wave is transmitted into one end of a transmission line and is reflected from the other end by an impedance mismatch , i.e. , discontinuity , such as an open circuit or a short . The failure of the line to transfer power at the standing wave frequency will usually result in attenuation distortion . In practice , losses in the transmission line and other components mean that a perfect reflection and a pure standing wave are never achieved . The result is a partial standing wave , which is a superposition of a standing wave and a traveling wave . The degree to which the wave resembles either a pure standing wave or a pure traveling wave is measured by the standing wave ratio ( SWR ) . Another example is standing waves in the open ocean formed by waves with the same wave period moving in opposite directions . These may form near storm centres , or from reflection of a swell at the shore , and are the source of microbaroms and microseisms . Mathematical description ( edit ) In one dimension , two waves with the same frequency , wavelength and amplitude traveling in opposite directions will interfere and produce a standing wave or stationary wave . For example : a wave traveling to the right along a taut string held stationary at its right end will reflect back in the other direction along the string , and the two waves will superpose to produce a standing wave . The reflected wave has to have the same amplitude and frequency as the incoming wave . The phenomenon can be demonstrated mathematically by deriving the equation for the sum of two oppositely moving waves : A harmonic wave traveling to the right along the x-axis is described by the equation y 1 ( x , t ) = A sin ⁡ ( 2 π x λ − ω t ) ( \ displaystyle y_ ( 1 ) ( x , t ) = A \ sin ( ( 2 \ pi x \ over \ lambda ) - \ omega t ) \ , ) An identical harmonic wave traveling to the left is described by the equation y 2 ( x , t ) = A sin ⁡ ( 2 π x λ + ω t ) ( \ displaystyle y_ ( 2 ) ( x , t ) = A \ sin ( ( 2 \ pi x \ over \ lambda ) + \ omega t ) \ , ) where : A ( \ displaystyle A \ , ) is the amplitude of the wave , ω ( \ displaystyle \ omega \ , ) ( called the angular frequency and measured in radians per second ) is 2π times the frequency ( in hertz ) λ ( \ displaystyle \ lambda \ , ) is the wavelength of the wave ( in metres ) x ( \ displaystyle x \ , ) and t ( \ displaystyle t \ , ) are variables for longitudinal position and time , respectively . So the equation of the resultant wave y will be the sum of y and y : y ( x , t ) = y 1 + y 2 = A sin ⁡ ( 2 π x λ − ω t ) + A sin ⁡ ( 2 π x λ + ω t ) ( \ displaystyle y ( x , t ) = y_ ( 1 ) + y_ ( 2 ) = A \ sin ( ( 2 \ pi x \ over \ lambda ) - \ omega t ) + A \ sin ( ( 2 \ pi x \ over \ lambda ) + \ omega t ) \ , ) Using the trigonometric sum - to - product identity sin ⁡ a + sin ⁡ b = 2 sin ⁡ ( a + b 2 ) cos ⁡ ( a − b 2 ) ( \ displaystyle \ sin a+ \ sin b = 2 \ sin ( \ bigl ( ) ( a + b \ over 2 ) ( \ bigr ) ) \ cos ( \ bigl ( ) ( a-b \ over 2 ) ( \ bigr ) ) \ , ) to simplify : y = 2 A sin ⁡ ( 2 π x λ ) cos ⁡ ( ω t ) ( \ displaystyle y = 2A \ sin \ left ( ( 2 \ pi x \ over \ lambda ) \ right ) \ cos ( \ omega t ) \ , ) This describes a wave that oscillates in time , but has a spatial dependence that is stationary ; at any point x the amplitude of the oscillations is constant with value 2 A sin ⁡ ( 2 π x λ ) ( \ displaystyle 2A \ sin \ left ( ( 2 \ pi x \ over \ lambda ) \ right ) \ , ) . At locations which are even multiples of a quarter wavelength x = ... − 3 λ 2 , − λ , − λ 2 , 0 , λ 2 , λ , 3 λ 2 , ... ( \ displaystyle x = \ ; ... - ( 3 \ lambda \ over 2 ) , \ ; - \ lambda , \ ; - ( \ lambda \ over 2 ) , \ ; 0 , \ ; ( \ lambda \ over 2 ) , \ ; \ lambda , \ ; ( 3 \ lambda \ over 2 ) , \ ; ... ) called the nodes , the amplitude is always zero , whereas at locations which are odd multiples of a quarter wavelength x = ... − 5 λ 4 , − 3 λ 4 , − λ 4 , λ 4 , 3 λ 4 , 5 λ 4 , ... ( \ displaystyle x = \ ; ... - ( 5 \ lambda \ over 4 ) , \ ; - ( 3 \ lambda \ over 4 ) , \ ; - ( \ lambda \ over 4 ) , \ ; ( \ lambda \ over 4 ) , \ ; ( 3 \ lambda \ over 4 ) , \ ; ( 5 \ lambda \ over 4 ) , \ ; ... ) called the anti-nodes , the amplitude is maximum , with a value of twice the amplitude of the original waves . The distance between two consecutive nodes or anti-nodes is λ / 2 . Standing waves can also occur in two - or three - dimensional resonators . With standing waves on two - dimensional membranes such as drumheads , illustrated in the animations above , the nodes become nodal lines , lines on the surface at which there is no movement , that separate regions vibrating with opposite phase . These nodal line patterns are called Chladni figures . In three - dimensional resonators , such as musical instrument sound boxes and microwave cavity resonators , there are nodal surfaces . Standing wave ratio , phase , and energy transfer ( edit ) Standing wave ratio ( SWR ) is the ratio of the amplitude at the antinode ( maximum ) to the amplitude at the node ( minimum ) . A pure standing wave will have an infinite SWR . It will also have a constant phase at any point in space ( but it may undergo a 180 ° inversion every half cycle ) . A finite , non-zero SWR indicates a wave that is partially stationary and partially travelling . Such waves can be decomposed into two linearly superpositional components ( assuming the medium is linear ) of a travelling wave component and a stationary wave component . A zero SWR indicates that the wave does not have a stationary component -- it is purely a travelling wave . A pure standing wave does not transfer energy from the source to the destination . However , the wave is still subject to losses in the medium . Such losses will manifest as a finite SWR , indicating a travelling wave component leaving the source to supply the losses . Even though the SWR is now finite , it may still be the case that no energy reaches the destination because the travelling component is purely supplying the losses . However , in a lossless medium , a finite SWR implies a definite transfer of energy to the destination . Examples ( edit ) One easy example to understand standing waves is two people shaking either end of a jump rope . If they shake in sync the rope can form a regular pattern of waves oscillating up and down , with stationary points along the rope where the rope is almost still ( nodes ) and points where the arc of the rope is maximum ( antinodes ) Sound waves ( edit ) For a better video playback experience we recommend an HTML5 video browser . The hexagonal cloud feature at the north pole of Saturn was initially thought to be standing Rossby waves . However , this explanation has recently been disputed . Standing waves are also observed in physical media such as strings and columns of air . Any waves traveling along the medium will reflect back when they reach the end . This effect is most noticeable in musical instruments where , at various multiples of a vibrating string or air column 's natural frequency , a standing wave is created , allowing harmonics to be identified . Nodes occur at fixed ends and anti-nodes at open ends . If fixed at only one end , only odd - numbered harmonics are available . At the open end of a pipe the anti-node will not be exactly at the end as it is altered by its contact with the air and so end correction is used to place it exactly . The density of a string will affect the frequency at which harmonics will be produced ; the greater the density the lower the frequency needs to be to produce a standing wave of the same harmonic . Visible light ( edit ) Standing waves are also observed in optical media such as optical wave guides , optical cavities , etc . Lasers use optical cavities in the form of a pair of facing mirrors . The gain medium in the cavity ( such as a crystal ) emits light coherently , exciting standing waves of light in the cavity . The wavelength of light is very short ( in the range of nanometers , 10 m ) so the standing waves are microscopic in size . One use for standing light waves is to measure small distances , using optical flats . X-rays ( edit ) Interference between X-ray beams can form an X-ray standing wave ( XSW ) field . Because of the short wavelength of X-rays ( less than 1 nanometer ) , this phenomenon can be exploited for measuring atomic - scale events at material surfaces . The XSW is generated in the region where an X-ray beam interferes with a diffracted beam from a nearly perfect single crystal surface or a reflection from an X-ray mirror . By tuning the crystal geometry or X-ray wavelength , the XSW can be translated in space , causing a shift in the X-ray fluorescence or photoelectron yield from the atoms near the surface . This shift can be analyzed to pinpoint the location of a particular atomic species relative to the underlying crystal structure or mirror surface . The XSW method has been used to clarify the atomic - scale details of dopants in semiconductors , atomic and molecular adsorption on surfaces , and chemical transformations involved in catalysis . Mechanical waves ( edit ) Play media Kayakers surfing a standing wave in Great Falls National Park . Standing waves can be mechanically induced into a solid medium using resonance . One easy to understand example is two people shaking either end of a jump rope . If they shake in sync , the rope will form a regular pattern with nodes and antinodes and appear to be stationary , hence the name standing wave . Similarly a cantilever beam can have a standing wave imposed on it by applying a base excitation . In this case the free end moves the greatest distance laterally compared to any location along the beam . Such a device can be used as a sensor to track changes in frequency or phase of the resonance of the fiber . One application is as a measurement device for dimensional metrology . Seismic waves ( edit ) Standing surface waves on the Earth are observed as free oscillations of the Earth . Faraday waves ( edit ) The Faraday wave is a non-linear standing wave at the air - liquid interface induced by hydrodynamic instability . It can be used as a liquid - based template to assemble microscale materials . See also ( edit ) Index of wave articles : Amphidromic point , Clapotis , Longitudinal mode , Modelocking , Metachronal rhythm . Resonant room modes , Seiche , Trumpet , Kundt 's tube List of electronics topics : Cavity resonator , Characteristic impedance , Cymatics , Impedance , Normal mode References and notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alwyn Scott ( ed ) , Encyclopedia of Nonlinear Science , p. 683 , Routledge , 2006 ISBN 1135455589 . Jump up ^ Theodore Y . Wu , `` Stability of nonlinear waves resonantly sustained '' , Nonlinear Instability of Nonparallel Flows : IUTAM Symposium Potsdam , New York , p. 368 , Springer , 2012 ISBN 3642850847 . Jump up ^ Melde , Franz . Ueber einige krumme Flächen , welche von Ebenen , parallel einer bestimmten Ebene , durchschnitten , als Durchschnittsfigur einen Kegelschnitt liefern : Inaugural - Dissertation ... Koch , 1859 . Jump up ^ Melde , Franz . `` Ueber die Erregung stehender Wellen eines fadenförmigen Körpers . '' Annalen der Physik 185 , no . 2 ( 1860 ) : 193 - 215 . Jump up ^ Melde , Franz . Die Lehre von den Schwingungscurven ... : mit einem Atlas von 11 Tafeln in Steindruck . JA Barth , 1864 . Jump up ^ Melde , Franz . `` Akustische Experimentaluntersuchungen . '' Annalen der Physik 257 , no . 3 ( 1884 ) : 452 - 470 . Jump up ^ This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document `` Federal Standard 1037C '' . Jump up ^ Blackstock , David T. ( 2000 ) , Fundamentals of Physical Acoustics , Wiley -- IEEE , ISBN 0 - 471 - 31979 - 1 , 568 pages . See page 141 . Jump up ^ RS Rao , Microwave Engineering , pp. 153 - 154 , PHI Learning , 2015 ISBN 8120351592 . Jump up ^ KA Tsokos , Physics for the IB Diploma , p. 251 , Cambridge University Press , 2010 ISBN 0521138213 . Jump up ^ A Wave Dynamical Interpretation of Saturn 's Polar Region , M. Allison , D.A. Godfrey , R.F. Beebe , Science vol. 247 , pg. 1061 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Barbosa Aguiar , Ana C. ( 2010 ) . `` A laboratory model of Saturn 's North Polar Hexagon '' . Icarus . 206 : 755 -- 763 . Bibcode : 2010Icar ... 206 ... 755B . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2009.10. 022 . Jump up ^ Batterman , Boris W. ; Cole , Henderson ( 1964 ) . `` Dynamical Diffraction of X Rays by Perfect Crystals '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 36 : 681 -- 717 . Bibcode : 1964RvMP ... 36 ... 681B . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 36.681 . Jump up ^ Batterman , Boris W. ( 1969 ) . `` Detection of Foreign Atom Sites by Their X-Ray Fluorescence Scattering '' . Physical Review Letters. 22 : 703 -- 705 . Bibcode : 1969PhRvL ... 22 ... 703B . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 22.703 . Jump up ^ Golovchenko , J.A. ; Patel , J.R. ; Kaplan , D.R. ; Cowan , P.L. ; Bedzyk , M.J. ( 1982 ) . `` Solution to the Surface Registration Problem Using X-Ray Standing Waves '' . Physical Review Letters. 49 : 560 -- 563 . Bibcode : 1982PhRvL ... 49 ... 560G . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 49.560 . Jump up ^ Feng , Z. ; Kim , C. - Y. ; Elam , J.W. ; Ma , Q. ; Zhang , Z. ; Bedzyk , M.J. ( 2009 ) . `` Direct Atomic - Scale Observation of Redox - Induced Cation Dynamics in an Oxide - Supported Monolayer Catalyst : WO / α - Fe O ( 0001 ) '' . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 : 18200 -- 18201 . doi : 10.1021 / ja906816y . Jump up ^ M.B. Bauza ; R.J Hocken ; S.T Smith ; S.C Woody ( 2005 ) , The development of a virtual probe tip with application to high aspect ratio microscale features , Rev. Sci Instrum , 76 ( 9 ) 095112 . Jump up ^ http://www.insitutec.com Jump up ^ Chen , Pu ( 2014 ) . `` Microscale Assembly Directed by Liquid - Based Template '' . Advanced Materials. 26 : 5936 -- 5941 . doi : 10.1002 / adma. 201402079 . External links ( edit ) Simulation of standing waves in a room using WebGL Java applet of standing waves on a vibrating string Java applet of transverse standing wave Java applet showing the production of standing wave on a string by adjusting frequency Simulation of standing wave diagrams including the reflection coefficient , input impedance , SWR , etc . GND : 4183006 - 4 Acoustics Engineering Architectural acoustics Monochord Reverberation Soundproofing String vibration string resonance Spectrogram Psychoacoustics Bark scale Combination tone Equal - loudness contour Fletcher -- Munson curves Mel scale Missing fundamental Frequency and pitch Beat Formant Fundamental frequency Frequency spectrum harmonic spectrum Harmonic series inharmonicity Mersenne 's laws Overtone Resonance Standing wave Node Subharmonic Acousticians John Backus Jens Blauert Ernst Chladni Hermann von Helmholtz Franz Melde Marin Mersenne Werner Meyer - Eppler Lord Rayleigh Joseph Sauveur D. Van Holliday Thomas Young Related topics Echo Infrasound Sound Ultrasound Musical acoustics piano violin Musical strings , wires , and instruments ( list / HS list ) Bow Bridge Third bridge Chordophone Course Drone Enharmonicity Fingerboard Fret Fundamental / Harmonics / Overtones / String harmonic Longitudinal wave Long - string instrument Melde 's experiment Mersenne 's laws Monochord Music On A Long Thin Wire Node Re-entry Scale length Soundboard Standing wave String vibration Transverse wave Tuning peg Monochords and musical bows Ahardin Berimbau Bladder fiddle Boom - ba Đàn bầu Diddley bow Duxianqin Ektara Ground bow Ichigenkin Japanese fiddle Jaw harp Genggong Gogona Khomuz Kubing Morsing Mukkuri Langeleik Lesiba Masenqo Onavillu Psalmodicon Tromba marina Tumbi Umuduri Unitar Washtub bass Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standing_wave&oldid=831815420 '' Categories : Wave mechanics Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Federal Standard 1037C Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Українська 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 09 : 47 . 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-2525572166144593977	The Playboy of the Western World	The Playboy of the Western World - wikipedia The Playboy of the Western World The Playboy of the Western World is a three - act play written by Irish playwright John Millington Synge and first performed at the Abbey Theatre , Dublin , on 26 January 1907 . It is set in Michael James Flaherty 's public house in County Mayo ( on the west coast of Ireland ) during the early 1900s . It tells the story of Christy Mahon , a young man running away from his farm , claiming he killed his father . The locals are more interested in vicariously enjoying his story than in condemning the immorality of his murderous deed , and in fact , Christy 's tale captures the romantic attention of the bar - maid Pegeen Mike , the daughter of Flaherty . The play is best known for its use of the poetic , evocative language of Hiberno - English , heavily influenced by the Irish language , as Synge celebrates the lyrical speech of the Irish . Contents 1 Characters 2 Synopsis 3 Riots 4 Performances 5 Adaptations 6 Quotations 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Characters ( edit ) Irish actors Sara Allgood ( `` Widow Quin '' ) and J.M. Kerrigan ( `` Shawn Keogh '' ) , in The Playboy of the Western World , Plymouth Theatre , Boston , 1911 Christy Mahon Old Mahon , Christy 's father , a squatter Michael James Flaherty , a publican Margaret Flaherty , called Pegeen Mike , Michael 's daughter , and the bar - maid Shawn Keogh , a young man who loves Pegeen Widow Quin , a widow of about thirty Philly Cullen and Jimmy Farrell , farmers Sara Tansey , Susan Brady , Honor Blake , and Nelly , village girls A Bellman Some peasants and farmers Synopsis ( edit ) On the west coast of County Mayo Christy Mahon stumbles into Flaherty 's tavern . There he claims that he is on the run because he killed his own father by driving a loy into his head . Flaherty praises Christy for his boldness , and Flaherty 's daughter ( and the barmaid ) , Pegeen , falls in love with Christy , to the dismay of her betrothed , Shawn Keogh . Because of the novelty of Christy 's exploits and the skill with which he tells his own story , he becomes something of a town hero . Many other women also become attracted to him , including the Widow Quin , who tries unsuccessfully to seduce Christy at Shawn 's behest . Christy also impresses the village women by his victory in a donkey race , using the slowest beast . Eventually Christy 's father , Mahon , who was only wounded , tracks him to the tavern . When the townsfolk realize that Christy 's father is alive , everyone , including Pegeen , shuns him as a liar and a coward . To regain Pegeen 's love and the respect of the town , Christy attacks his father a second time . This time it seems that Old Mahon really is dead , but instead of praising Christy , the townspeople , led by Pegeen , bind and prepare to hang him to avoid being implicated as accessories to his crime . Christy 's life is saved when his father , beaten and bloodied , crawls back onto the scene , having improbably survived his son 's second attack . As Christy and his father leave to wander the world , having reconciled , Shawn suggests he and Pegeen get married soon , but she spurns him . Pegeen laments betraying and losing Christy : `` I 've lost the only playboy of the western world . '' Riots ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Riots occurred in January 1907 during and following the opening performance of the play . The riots were stirred up by Irish nationalists and republicans who viewed the contents of the play as an offence to public morals and an insult against Ireland . The riots took place in Dublin , spreading out from the Abbey Theatre and finally being quelled by the actions of the Dublin Metropolitan Police . The fact that the play was based on a story of apparent patricide also attracted a hostile public reaction . Egged on by nationalists , including Sinn Féin leader Arthur Griffith , who believed that the theatre was not sufficiently political and described the play as `` a vile and inhuman story told in the foulest language we have ever listened to from a public platform '' and with the pretext of a perceived slight on the virtue of Irish womanhood in the line `` a drift of females standing in their shifts '' ( a shift being a female undergarment ) , a significant portion of the crowd rioted , causing the remainder of the play to be acted out in dumb show . Nevertheless , press opinion soon turned against the rioters and the protests petered out . Years later , William Yeats declared to rioters against Seán O'Casey 's pacifist drama The Plough and the Stars , in reference to the `` Playboy Riots '' : `` You have disgraced yourself again . Is this to be the recurring celebration of the arrival of Irish genius ? '' In the 1965 film Young Cassidy , a riot occurs during a play by the fictitious playwright Cassidy , following which the character Yeats refers to Synge and speaks similar words , starting with `` You have disgraced yourselves again . '' The production of Synge 's play met with more disturbances in the United States in 1911 . On opening night in New York , hecklers booed , hissed and threw vegetables and stink bombs while men scuffled in the aisles . The company was later arrested in Philadelphia and charged with putting on an immoral performance . The charges were later dismissed . Performances ( edit ) In September 2007 , the play returned to the Abbey in a modern adaptation by Bisi Adigun and Roddy Doyle . Set in a suburb of West Dublin , it tells the story of Christopher Malomo , a Nigerian refugee who claims to have killed his father with a pestle . In 2011 , The Old Vic , in London , played host to a classic adaptation directed by John Crowley starring Robert Sheehan , Niamh Cusack and Ruth Negga . Adaptations ( edit ) Theatrical In 1912 , Sil - Vara and Charles H. Fisher translated it into German as Der Held ( literally ' hero ' ) des Westerlands or Der Held der westlichen Welt and had it published by Georg Müller and performed at Max Reinhardt 's Kammerspiele , Berlin , at the Neue Wiener Bühne in Vienna and at the Stadttheater in Münster . In 1973 the Irish language national theatre group Taibhdhearc na Gaillimhe produced an adaptation in the Irish language by Seán Ó Carra entitled Buachaill Báire an Domhain Thiar . The play was adapted in 1984 by Trinidadian playwright Mustapha Matura , lifted out of turn of the century Ireland and set down in 1950s Trinidad , and retitled Playboy of the West Indies . In 2006 , a Mandarin Chinese version of the play set in a hairdressers shop in a Beijing suburb was performed at the Beijing Oriental Theatre . It was produced by the Irish contemporary theatre company , Pan Pan . The play attracted controversy when a member of the audience complained about the shortness of the skirt worn by Sha Sha , playing the Sarah Tansey character . Following the complaint , the play was attended by two policemen . Operatic / Musical In 1975 Giselher Klebe 's operatic adaption Ein wahrer Held ( A True Hero ) premiered at the Zurich Opera House . A 2003 operatic rendition by Mark Alburger was produced from 23 to 26 August 2007 by GHP / SF Cabaret Opera at Oakland Metro Opera House , in Oakland , California . A musical theatre version , written by Kate Hancock and Richard B. Evans , premiered at the STAGES 2005 musical festival at the Theatre Building Chicago . In 2009 , a musical adaptation entitled Golden Boy of the Blue Ridge premiered in New York City . With music by Peter Mills and a book by Peter Mills and Cara Reichel , the musical transplants the story to 1930s Appalachia and is set to a bluegrass - flavoured score . Film / Movie A 1962 film version of the play was produced in Ireland , with the screenplay by writer - director Brian Desmond Hurst . It stars Siobhán McKenna as Pegeen , Gary Raymond as Christy , and Elspeth March as Widow Quin , with music by Seán Ó Riada . A 1994 TV movie adaptation was entitled Paris or Somewhere . Set in rural Saskatchewan , it starred Callum Keith Rennie as Christy Mahon , a young American farmer who arrives in town and claims to have killed his father . He charms the town with his story , particularly Peg ( Molly Parker ) , the daughter of a local store owner and bootlegger . The screenplay was written by novelist Lee Gowan. A film adaptation was also made in 2016. Set in the USA and titled , ' My Father Die ' , it was written and directed by Sean Brosnan . In June 2018 , a new feature length film production ' The Playboy of the Western World ( film ) 2019 ' was registered by Swiss producers on IMDB . Filming will be in Bray , Ireland and scheduled for late October / November 2018 . The producers procured a print of the play from a notebook version of the text published in 1912 and upon which they based their screenplay . Quotations ( edit ) Source : `` ... it 's great luck and company I 've won me in the end of time -- two fine women fighting for the likes of me -- till I 'm thinking this night was n't I a foolish fellow not to kill my father in the years gone by . '' -- Christy `` Drink a health to the wonders of the western world , the pirates , preachers , poteen - makers , with the jobbing jockies ; parching peelers , and the juries fill their stomachs selling judgments of the English law . '' -- Sara Tansey `` Pegeen Mike , your gowl is on a cheerio ting still '' - Christy ( upon the penultimate relationship ending moment ) `` It 's well you know what call I have . It 's well you know it 's a lonesome thing to be passing small towns with the lights shining sideways when the night is down , or going in strange places with a dog noising before you and a dog noising behind , or drawn to the cities where you 'd hear a voice kissing and talking deep love in every shadow of the ditch , and you passing on with an empty , hungry stomach failing from your heart . '' -- Christy `` A daring fellow is the jewel of the world ... '' -- Michael Flaherty `` ... the blow of a loy , have taught me that there 's a great gap between a gallous story and a dirty deed . '' -- Pegeen Mike `` You 've turned me a likely gaffer in the end of all , the way I 'll go romancing through a romping lifetime , from this hour to the dawning of the Judgment Day . '' -- Christy `` Oh my grief , I 've lost him surely . I 've lost the only Playboy of the Western World . '' -- Pegeen Mike Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` poor girls walking Mayo in their thousands '' in Synge ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Old Vic Theatre Archived 10 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Synge , J.M. , translated by Charles H. Fisher . Der Held des Westerlands. 1912 , accessed 10 November 2010 Jump up ^ Bourgeois , Maurice John Millington Synge and the Irish theatre p. 18 Jump up ^ Taibhdhearc na Gaillimhe Collection , Library , National University of Ireland , Galway Jump up ^ Buachaill Baire an Domhain Thiar at doollee.com Jump up ^ The Irish Times ( 23 March 2006 ) Jump up ^ The Irish Filmography 1896 -- 1996 ; Red Mountain Press ( Dublin ) ; 1996 . Page 24 Jump up ^ The Playboy of the Western World ( film ) 2019 at IMDB Jump up ^ All quotes searchable in Synge ( 1998 ) References ( edit ) The Playboy of the Western World at Project Gutenberg Synge , J.M. ( 1997 ) . The Playboy of the Western World , Introduction by Margaret Llewellyn Jones , Nick Hern Books , London , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85459 - 210 - 1 . Synge , J.M. ( 1983 ) . The Playboy of the Western World . Commentary and notes by Non Worrall . London . ISBN 0 - 413 - 51940 - 6 . Kiely , David M. ( 1995 ) . John Millington Synge : A Biography , New York , ISBN 978 - 0 - 31213 - 526 - 3 Coonan , Clifford ( 23 March 2006 ) . `` Pegeen Mike evokes a blush in Beijing ) '' . The Irish Times . Playboy of the Western World : Cummings Study Guides External links ( edit ) www.briandesmondhurst.org - official legacy website of the director with filmography including The Playboy of the Westen World `` Playboy of the Western World , The '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . Short film on Brian Desmond Hurst 's Playboy of the Western World featuring part of the soundtrack Plays by John Millington Synge When the Moon has Set ( Unproduced ) In the Shadow of the Glen ( 1903 ) Riders to the Sea ( 1904 ) The Well of the Saints ( 1905 ) The Aran Islands ( 1907 ) The Playboy of the Western World ( 1907 ) The Tinker 's Wedding ( 1909 ) Deirdre of the Sorrows ( 1910 ) Roddy Doyle Novels The Barrytown Trilogy The Commitments ( 1987 ) The Snapper ( 1990 ) The Van ( 1991 ) Paula Spencer Family ( TV , 1994 ) The Woman Who Walked into Doors ( 1996 ) Paula Spencer ( 2006 ) The Last Roundup A Star Called Henry ( 1999 ) Oh , Play That Thing ! ( 2004 ) The Dead Republic ( 2010 ) Children 's novels Not Just for Christmas ( 1999 ) The Giggler Treatment ( 2000 ) Rover Saves Christmas ( 2001 ) The Meanwhile Adventures ( 2004 ) Wilderness ( 2007 ) Her Mother 's Face ( 2008 ) Other Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha ( 1993 ) The Guts ( 2013 ) Smile ( 2017 ) Short stories The Deportees ( 2008 ) Bullfighting ( 2011 ) Films The Commitments ( 1991 ) The Snapper ( 1993 ) The Van ( 1996 ) When Brendan Met Trudy ( 2000 ) New Boy ( 2008 ) Theatre Brownbread ( 1987 ) War ( 1989 ) The Woman Who Walked into Doors ( 2003 ) The Playboy of the Western World ( 2007 ) The Commitments ( 2013 ) John Millington Synge 's The Playboy of the Western World ( 1907 ) Films The Playboy of the Western World ( 1962 ) Stage Ein wahrer Held ( 1975 opera ) Playboy of the West Indies ( 1984 play ) Golden Boy of the Blue Ridge ( 2009 musical ) Inspiration William Ó Máille GND : 4349556 - 4 LCCN : n79109677 SUDOC : 083259473 VIAF : 210101794 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Playboy_of_the_Western_World&oldid=854915805 '' Categories : 1907 plays 1907 in Ireland 1907 riots Riots and civil disorder in Ireland Art works that caused riots Plays by John Millington Synge Irish plays adapted into films Plays adapted into operas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 日本語 Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 17 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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6701972818360064094	British Empire in World War II	British Empire in World war II - wikipedia British Empire in World war II Jump to : navigation , search This article is incomplete . This is because numerous grammatical errors , incomplete information , lack of citations . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( April 2018 ) Propaganda poster promoting the joint war effort of the British Empire and Commonwealth , 1939 . British Empire Campaigns of World War II Campaigns fought exclusively or largely by British Empire forces Europe Arctic Battle of the Barents Sea Evacuation of Norway Occupation of Iceland Evacuation of Spitsbergen Occupation of Faroe Islands Balkan Campaign Reinforcement of Greece Battle of Crete Battle of the Mediterranean Siege of Malta Malta convoys Western Europe British Expeditionary Force Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain The Blitz Evacuation of Gibraltar Invasion of Normandy Clearing the Channel Coast Liberation of Belgium Liberation of Netherlands Africa East Africa Campaign Conquest of British Somaliland Capture of Italian Somaliland Recapture of British Somaliland North African Campaign Italian invasion of Egypt Occupation of Libya Southern Africa Occupation of Madagascar West Africa Battle of Dakar Far East Defence of Hong Kong Malayan Campaign Fall of Singapore India Japanese conquest of Burma Invasion of India Recapture of Burma Indian Ocean Indian Ocean disaster Indian Ocean retreat Evacuation of British Somaliland Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands Indian Ocean strike Middle East Invasion of Iraq Invasion of Southern Iran Invasion of Lebanon Invasion of Syria Americas Battle of the Atlantic Battle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence Newfoundland Escort Force Mid-Ocean Escort Force Western Local Escort Force Western Approaches Escort Force When the United Kingdom declared war on Nazi Germany at the outset of World War II it controlled to varying degrees numerous crown colonies , protectorates and the Indian Empire . It also maintained unique political ties to four semi-independent Dominions -- Australia , Canada , South Africa , and New Zealand -- as part of the Commonwealth . In 1939 the British Commonwealth was a global superpower , with direct or de facto political and economic control of 25 % of the world 's population , and 30 % of its land mass . The contribution of the British Empire and Commonwealth in terms of manpower and materiel was critical to the Allied war effort . From September 1939 to mid-1942 Britain led Allied efforts in almost every global military theatre . Commonwealth forces ( United Kingdom , Colonial , Imperial and Dominion ) , totalling close to 15 million serving men and women , fought the German , Italian , Japanese and other Axis armies , air forces and navies across Europe , Africa , Asia , and in the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic , Indian , Pacific and Arctic Oceans . Commonwealth forces fought in Britain , and across Northwestern Europe in the effort to slow or stop the Axis advance . Commonwealth airforces fought the Luftwaffe to a standstill over Britain , and its armies fought and destroyed Italian forces in North and East Africa and occupied several overseas colonies of German - occupied European nations . Following successful engagements against Axis forces , Commonwealth troops invaded and occupied Libya , Italian Somaliland , Eritrea , Ethiopia , Iran , Iraq , Syria , Lebanon , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Madagascar . The Commonwealth defeated , held back or slowed the Axis powers for three years while mobilizing their globally integrated economy , military , and industrial infrastructure to build what became , by 1942 , the most extensive military apparatus of the war . These efforts came at the cost of 150,000 military deaths , 400,000 wounded , 100,000 prisoners , over 300,000 civilian deaths , and the loss of 70 major warships , 39 submarines , 3,500 aircraft , 1,100 tanks and 65,000 vehicles . During this period the Commonwealth built an enormous military and industrial capacity . Britain became the nucleus of the Allied war effort in Europe , and hosted governments in exile in London to rally support in occupied Europe for the Allied effort . Canada delivered almost $4 billion in direct financial aid to the United Kingdom , and Australia and New Zealand began shifting to domestic production to provide material aid to US forces in the Pacific . Following the US entry into the war in December 1941 , the Commonwealth and United States coordinated their military efforts and resources globally . As the scale of the US military involvement and industrial production increased , the US undertook command of many theatres , relieving Commonwealth forces for duty elsewhere , and expanding the scope and intensity of Allied military efforts . However , it also proved difficult to co-ordinate the defence of far - flung colonies and Commonwealth countries from simultaneous attacks by the Axis Powers . In part this was exacerbated by disagreements over priorities and objectives , as well as the deployment and control of joint forces . The governments of Britain and Australia , in particular , turned to the United States for support . Although the British Empire and the Commonwealth countries all emerged from the war as victors , and the conquered territories were returned to British rule , the costs of the war and the nationalist fervour that it had stoked became a catalyst for the decolonisation which took place in the following decades . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-war plans for defence 2 Declaration of war against Germany 3 Empire and Commonwealth contribution 3.1 Finances 4 Crisis in the Mediterranean 5 Fall of Singapore 6 India 7 Victory 8 Aftermath 9 Military histories of the British Empire , Colonies and Dominions 10 See also 10.1 Homefront 10.2 Major military formations and units 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Further reading 13.1 Army 13.2 Royal Navy 13.3 Air war 14 External links Prewar plans for defence ( edit ) From 1923 , defence of British colonies and protectorates in East Asia was centred on the `` Singapore strategy '' . This made the assumption that Britain could send a fleet to its naval base in Singapore within two or three days of a Japanese attack , while relying on France to provide assistance in Asia via its colony in Indochina and , in the event of war with Italy , to help defend British territories in the Mediterranean . Pre-war planners did not anticipate the fall of France : Nazi occupation , the loss of control over the Channel , and the employment of French Atlantic ports as forward bases for U-boats directly threatened Britain itself , forcing a significant reassessment of naval defence priorities . During the 1930s , a triple threat emerged for the British Commonwealth in the form of right - wing , militaristic governments in Germany , Italy and Japan . Germany threatened Britain itself , while Italy and Japan 's imperial ambitions looked set to clash with the British imperial presence in the Mediterranean and East Asia respectively . However , there were differences of opinion within the UK and the Dominions as to which posed the most serious threat , and whether any attack would come from more than one power at the same time . Declaration of war against Germany ( edit ) Sir Robert Menzies broadcasting to Australia the news of the outbreak of war , 1939 On 1 September 1939 , Germany invaded Poland . Two days later , on 3 September , after a British ultimatum to Germany to cease military operations was ignored , Britain and France declared war on Germany . Britain 's declaration of war automatically committed India , the Crown colonies , and the protectorates , but the 1931 Statute of Westminster had granted autonomy to the Dominions so each decided their course separately . Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies immediately joined the British declaration on 3 September , believing that it applied to all subjects of the Empire and Commonwealth . New Zealand followed suit simultaneously , at 9.30 pm on 3 September ( local time ) , after Peter Fraser consulted the Cabinet ; although as Chamberlain 's broadcast was drowned by static , the Cabinet ( led by Fraser as Prime Minister Mickey Savage was terminally ill ) delayed until the Admiralty announced to the fleet a state of war , then backdated the declaration to 9.30 pm . South Africa took three days to make its decision ( on 6 September ) , as the Prime Minister General J.B.M. Hertzog favoured neutrality but was defeated by the pro-war vote in the Union Parliament , led by General Jan Smuts , who then replaced Hertzog . Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King declared support for Britain on the day of the British declaration , but also stated that it was for Parliament to make the formal declaration , which it did so one week later on 10 September . The Irish Free State , which had been a dominion until 1937 , remained neutral Empire and Commonwealth contribution ( edit ) British Empire and Commonwealth forms of government and production c 1940 Kenya Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve 1945 While the war was initially intended to be limited , resources were mobilized quickly , and the first shots were fired almost immediately . Just hours after the Australian declaration of war , a gun at Fort Queenscliff fired across the bows of a ship as it attempted to leave Melbourne without required clearances . On 10 October 1939 , an aircraft of No. 10 Squadron RAAF based in England became the first Commonwealth air force unit to go into action when it undertook a mission to Tunisia . The first Canadian convoy of 15 ships bearing war goods departed Halifax just six days after the nation declared war , with two destroyers HMCS St. Laurent and HMCS Saguenay . A further 26 convoys of 527 ships sailed from Canada in the first four months of the war , and by 1 January 1940 Canada had landed an entire division in Britain . On 13 June 1940 Canadian troops deployed to France in an attempt to secure the southern flank of the British Expeditionary Force in Belgium . As the fall of France grew imminent , Britain looked to Canada to rapidly provide additional troops to strategic locations in North America , the Atlantic and Caribbean . Following the Canadian destroyer already on station from 1939 , Canada provided troops from May 1940 to assist in the defence of the British Caribbean colonies , with several companies serving throughout the war in Bermuda , Jamaica , the Bahamas and British Guiana . Canadian troops were also sent to the defence of the colony of Newfoundland , on Canada 's east coast , the closest point in North America to Germany . Fearing the loss of a land link to the British Isles , Canada was also requested to also occupy Iceland , which it did from June 1940 to the spring of 1941 , following the initial British invasion . From mid-June 1940 , following the rapid German invasions and occupations of Poland , Denmark , Norway , France , Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands , the British Commonwealth was the main opponent of Germany and the Axis , until the entry into the war of the Soviet Union in June 1941 . During this period Australia , India , New Zealand and South Africa provided dozens of ships and several divisions for the defence of the Mediterranean , Greece , Crete , Lebanon and Egypt , where British troops were outnumbered four to one by the Italian armies in Libya and Ethiopia . Canada delivered a further 2nd Canadian Infantry Division , pilots for two air squadrons , and several warships to Britain to face a possible invasion from the continent . In December 1941 , Japan launched , in quick succession , attacks on British Malaya , the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor , and Hong Kong . Substantial financial support was provided by Canada to the UK and Commonwealth dominions , in the form of over $4 billion in aid through the Billion Dollar Gift and Mutual Aid and the War Appropriation Act . Over the course of the war over 1.6 million Canadians served in uniform ( out of a prewar population of 11 million ) , in almost every theatre of the war , and by war 's end the country had the third - largest navy and fourth - largest air force in the world . By the end of the war , almost a million Australians had served in the armed forces ( out of a population of under 7 million ) , whose military units fought primarily in Europe , North Africa , and the South West Pacific . The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan ( also known as the `` Empire Air Training Scheme '' ) was established by the governments of Australia , Canada , New Zealand and the UK resulting in : joint training at flight schools in Canada , Southern Rhodesia , Australia and New Zealand ; formation of new squadrons of the Dominion air forces , known as `` Article XV squadrons '' for service as part of Royal Air Force operational commands , and ; in practice , the pooling of RAF and Dominion air force personnel , for posting to both RAF and Article XV squadrons . Finances ( edit ) Britain borrowed everywhere it could and made heavy purchases of munitions and supplies in India and Canada during the war , as well as other parts of the Empire and neutral countries . Canada also made gifts . Britain 's sterling balances around the world amounted to ₤ 3.4 billion in 1945 or the equivalent of about $ US 200 billion in 2016 dollars . However , Britain treated this as a long - term loan with no interest and no specified repayment date . Just when the money would be made available by London was an issue , for the British treasury was nearly empty by 1945 . Crisis in the Mediterranean ( edit ) Second Officer Kalyan Sen and Chief Officer Margaret L Cooper , Women 's Royal Indian Naval Service , 1945 In June 1940 , France surrendered to invading German forces , and Italy joined the war on the Axis side , causing a reversal of the Singapore strategy . Winston Churchill , who had replaced Neville Chamberlain as British Prime Minister the previous month ( see Norway debate ) , ordered that the Middle East and the Mediterranean were of a higher priority than the Far East to defend . Australia and New Zealand were told by telegram that they should turn to the United States for help in defending their homeland should Japan attack : Without the assistance of France we should not have sufficient forces to meet the combined German and Italian navies in European waters and the Japanese fleet in the Far East . In the circumstances envisaged , it is most improbable that we could send adequate reinforcements to the Far East . We should therefore have to rely on the United States of America to safeguard our interests there . Commonwealth forces played a major role in North and East Africa following Italy 's entry to the war , participating in the invasion of Italian Libya and Somaliland , but were forced to retreat after Churchill diverted resources to Greece and Crete . Fall of Singapore ( edit ) Main article : Fall of Singapore The Battle of Singapore was fought in the South - East Asian theatre of World War II when the Empire of Japan invaded the Allied stronghold of Singapore . Singapore was the major British military base in South East Asia and nicknamed the `` Gibraltar of the East '' . The fighting in Singapore lasted from 31 January 1942 to 15 February 1942 . It resulted in the fall of Singapore to the Japanese , and the largest surrender of British - led military personnel in history . About 80,000 British , Australian and Indian troops became prisoners of war , joining 50,000 taken by the Japanese in the Malayan campaign . Britain 's Prime Minister Winston Churchill called the ignominious fall of Singapore to the Japanese the `` worst disaster '' and `` largest capitulation '' in British history . India ( edit ) Further information : British Raj Serious tension erupted over American support for independence for India , a proposition Churchill vehemently rejected . For years Roosevelt had encouraged Britain 's disengagement from India . The American position was based on principled opposition to colonialism . The politically active Indian population was deeply divided . One element was so insistent on the expulsion of the British , that it sided with Germany and Japan , and formed the Indian National Army ( INA ) from Indian prisoners of war . It fought as part of the Japanese invasion of Burma and eastern India . There was a large pacifist element , which rallied to Gandhi 's call for abstention from the war ; he said that violence in every form was evil . There was a high level of religious tension between the Hindu majority and the Muslims minority . For the first time the Muslim community became politically active , giving strong support for the British war effort . Over 2 million Indians volunteered for military service , including a large Muslim contingent . The British were sensitive to demands of the Muslim League , led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah , since it needed Muslim soldiers in India and Muslim support all across the Middle East . London used the religious tensions in India as a justification to continue its rule , saying it was needed to prevent religious massacres of the sort that did happen in 1947 . The imperialist element in Britain was strongly represented in the Conservative party ; Churchill himself had long been its leading spokesman . On the other hand , Attlee and the Labour Party favoured independence and had close ties to the Congress Party . The British cabinet sent Sir Stafford Cripps to India with a specific peace plan offering India the promise of dominion status after the war . Congress demanded independence immediately and the Cripps mission failed . Roosevelt gave support to Congress , sending his representative Louis Johnson to help negotiate some sort of independence . Churchill was outraged , refused to cooperate with Roosevelt on the issue , and threatened to resign as prime minister if Roosevelt pushed too hard . Roosevelt pulled back . In 1942 when the Congress Party launched a Quit India Movement of non-violent civil disobedience , the Raj police immediately arrested tens of thousands of activists ( including Gandhi , holding them for the duration . Meanwhile , wartime disruptions caused severe food shortages in eastern India ; hundreds of thousands died of starvation . To this day a large Indian element blames Churchill for the Bengal famine of 1943 . In terms of the war effort , India became a major base for American supplies sent to China , and Lend Lease operations boosted the local economy . The 2 million Indian soldiers were a major factor in British success in the Middle East . Muslim support for the British war effort proved decisive in the British decision to partition the Raj , forming of the new state of Pakistan . Victory ( edit ) Main articles : Victory in Europe Day and Victory over Japan Day The front page of The Montreal Daily Star announcing the German surrender . May 7 , 1945 On 8 May 1945 , the World War II Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler 's Third Reich . The formal surrender of the occupying German forces in the Channel Islands was not until 9 May 1945 . On 30 April Hitler committed suicide during the Battle of Berlin , and so the surrender of Germany was authorized by his replacement , President of Germany Karl Dönitz . The act of military surrender was signed on 7 May in Reims , France , and ratified on 8 May in Berlin , Germany . In the afternoon of 15 August 1945 , the Surrender of Japan occurred , effectively ending World War II . On this day the initial announcement of Japan 's surrender was made in Japan , and because of time zone differences it was announced in the United States , Western Europe , the Americas , the Pacific Islands , and Australia / New Zealand on 14 August 1945 . The signing of the surrender document occurred on 2 September 1945 . Aftermath ( edit ) By the end of the war in August 1945 , British Commonwealth forces were responsible for the civil and / or military administration of a number of non-Commonwealth territories , occupied during the war , including Eritrea , Libya , Madagascar , Iran , Iraq , Lebanon , Italian Somaliland , Syria , Thailand and portions of Germany , Austria and Japan . Most of these military administrations were handed over to old European colonial authorities or to new local authorities soon after the end of the hostilities . Commonwealth forces administered occupation zones in Japan , Germany and Austria until 1955 . World War II confirmed that Britain was no longer the great power it had once been , and that it had been surpassed by the United States on the world stage . Canada , Australia and New Zealand moved within the orbit of the United States . The image of imperial strength in Asia had been shattered by the Japanese attacks , and British prestige there was irreversibly damaged . The price for India 's entry to the war had been effectively a guarantee for independence , which came within two years of the end of the war , relieving Britain of its most populous and valuable colony . The deployment of 150,000 Africans overseas from British colonies , and the stationing of white troops in Africa itself led to revised perceptions of the Empire in Africa . Military histories of the British Empire , colonies and Dominions ( edit ) The contributions from individual colonies , protectorates and dominions to the war effort were extensive and global . Further information about their involvement can be found in the military histories of the individual colonies and dominions listed below . United Kingdom Aden Ascension Australia Barbados Basutoland Bechuanaland Bermuda British Cameroons British Guiana British Honduras British Leeward Islands British Malaya British Solomon Islands British Somaliland British Windward Islands Protectorate of Brunei Burma Canada Cayman Islands Ceylon Cyprus Dominica Egypt Falkland Islands Fiji Gambia Gibraltar Gilbert and Ellice Islands Gold Coast Grenada Guernsey Hong Kong India Jamaica Jersey Kenya Malta Mandatory Palestine Mauritius Nauru Nepal Newfoundland New Guinea New Hebrides New Zealand Nigeria Norfolk Island North Borneo Northern Rhodesia Nyasaland Papua St Helena Saint Lucia Saint Vincent Sarawak Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore South Africa South West Africa Southern Rhodesia Straits Settlements Sudan Tanganyika Tonga Protectorate Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Uganda Protectorate Western Samoa Zanzibar British Military Administration ( Borneo ) British Military Administration ( Eritrea ) British Military Administration of Italian Somaliland British Military Administration ( Libya ) British Military Administration ( Malaya ) British Military Administration ( Somalia ) See also ( edit ) British Empire portal World War II portal Homefront ( edit ) Australian home front during the Second World War Christmas Island Mutiny and Battle Gibraltar evacuation in the Second World War British home front during the Second World War Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands Japanese occupation of British Borneo Japanese occupation of Burma Japanese occupation of Hong Kong Japanese occupation of Malaya Japanese occupation of Nauru Japanese occupation of Singapore German occupation of the Channel Islands Major military formations and units ( edit ) List of British Empire corps of the Second World War List of British Empire divisions in the Second World War List of British Empire brigades of the Second World War East Africa Command Far East Command India Command Malaya Command Middle East Command Persia and Iraq Command West Africa Command Pacific Fleet Eastern Fleet Home Fleet Mediterranean Fleet Reserve Fleet Bomber Command Ferry Command Fighter Command RAF Squadrons British Commonwealth Air Training Plan British Commonwealth Occupation Force References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ireland was also technically a dominion but operated largely as a republic and remained neutral during the war ) Jump up ^ The term was popularised during World War I and became official after the Balfour Declaration in 1926 . W. David McIntyre , 1999 , `` The Commonwealth '' ; in Robin Winks ( ed . ) , The Oxford History of the British Empire : Volume V : Historiography , Oxford University Press , p. 558 . Jump up ^ History of the Second World War ( 104 volumes ) , Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , London 1949 to 1993 Jump up ^ Stacey , C P. ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ Edgerton , David ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Louis , p. 315 Jump up ^ Brown , p. 284 Jump up ^ Brown , pp. 307 -- 9 Jump up ^ McKernan ( 1983 ) . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Stephens ( 2006 ) . pp. 76 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Byers , A.R. , ed. ( 1986 ) . The Canadians at War 1939 -- 45 . Westmount , QC : The Readers ' Digest Association . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88850 - 145 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hague , 2000 Jump up ^ Byers , p. 26 Jump up ^ Stacey 1970 Jump up ^ McIntyre pp. 336 -- 7 Jump up ^ Grey ( 2008 ) . pp. 156 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Brown , p. 310 Jump up ^ See `` Pounds Sterling to Dollars : Historical Conversion of Currency '' Jump up ^ Marcelo de Paiva Abreu , `` India as a creditor : sterling balances , 1940 - 1953 . '' ( Department of Economics , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro , 2015 ) online Jump up ^ Louis , p. 335 Jump up ^ McIntyre p. 339 Jump up ^ Brown , p. 317 Jump up ^ McIntyre p. 337 Jump up ^ Smith , Colin ( 2006 ) . Singapore Burning : Heroism and Surrender in World War II . Penguin Group . ISBN 0 - 14 - 101036 - 3 . Jump up ^ Churchill , Winston ( 1986 ) . The Hinge of Fate , Volume 4 . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , p. 81 . ISBN 0395410584 Jump up ^ William Roger Louis , Imperialism at Bay : The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire , 1941 - 1945 ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Andrew N. Buchanan , `` The War Crisis and the Decolonization of India , December 1941 -- September 1942 : A Political and Military Dilemma . '' Global War Studies 8 # 2 ( 2011 ) : 5 - 31 . Jump up ^ Kenton J. Clymer , `` Franklin D. Roosevelt , Louis Johnson , India , and Anticolonialism : Another Look . '' Pacific Historical Review 57 # 3 ( 1988 ) : 261 - 284 . online Jump up ^ Yasmin Khan , The Raj at War : A People 's History of India 's Second World War ( 2016 ) Jump up ^ Arthur Herman ( 2008 ) . Gandhi & Churchill : The Epic Rivalry That Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age . pp. 472 -- 539 . Jump up ^ John Hickman , `` Orwellian Rectification : Popular Churchill Biographies and the 1943 Bengal Famine . '' Studies in History 24 # 2 ( 2008 ) : 235 - 243 . Jump up ^ Eric S. Rubin , `` America , Britain , and Swaraj : Anglo - American Relations and Indian Independence , 1939 -- 1945 , '' India Review '' ( Jan -- March 2011 ) 10 # 1 pp 40 -- 80 Jump up ^ McIntyre , p. 341 Jump up ^ McIntyre , p. 342 Bibliography ( edit ) Brown , Judith ( 1998 ) . The Twentieth Century , The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume IV . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924679 - 3 . Bryce , Robert Broughton ( 2005 ) . Canada and the cost of World War II . McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 2938 - 0 . Butler , J.R.M. et al. Grand Strategy ( 6 vol 1956 -- 60 ) , official overview of the British war effort ; Volume 1 : Rearmament Policy ; Volume 2 : September 1939 -- June 1941 ; Volume 3 , Part 1 : June 1941 -- August 1942 ; Volume 3 , Part 2 : June 1941 -- August 1942 ; Volume 4 : September 1942 -- August 1943 ; Volume 5 : August 1943 -- September 1944 ; Volume 6 : October 1944 -- August 1945 Chartrand , René ; Ronald Volstad ( 2001 ) . Canadian Forces in World War II . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 302 - 0 Copp , J. T ; Richard Nielsen ( 1995 ) . No price too high : Canadians and the Second World War . McGraw - Hill Ryerson . ISBN 0 - 07 - 552713 - 8 . Edgerton , David . Britain 's War Machine : Weapons , Resources , and Experts in the Second World War ( Oxford University Press ; 2011 ) 445 pages Hague , Arnold : The allied convoy system 1939 -- 1945 : its organization , defence and operation . St. Catharines , Ontario : Vanwell , 2000 . Jackson , Ashley ( 2006 ) . The British Empire and the Second World War . London : Hambledon Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1852854171 . Louis , Wm . Roger ( 2006 ) . Ends of British Imperialism : The Scramble for Empire , Suez and Decolonization . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 84511 - 347 - 0 . McIntyre , W. Donald ( 1977 ) . The Commonwealth of Nations . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0792 - 3 . Morton , Desmond ( 1999 ) . A military history of Canada ( 4th ed . ) . Toronto : McClelland and Stewart . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 6514 - 0 . Mulvey , Paul . The British Empire in World War II . Academic.edu . Roberts , Andrew . Masters and Commanders -- How Roosevelt , Churchill , Marshall and Alanbrooke Won the War in the West ( 2008 ) Stacey , C P. ( 1970 ) Arms , Men and Governments : The War Policies of Canada , 1939 -- 1945 Queen 's Printer , Ottawa ( Downloadable PDF ) ISBN D2 - 5569 Stewart , Andrew ( 2008 ) . Empire Lost : Britain , the Dominions and the Second World War . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1847252449 . Further reading ( edit ) Butler , J.R.M. et al. Grand Strategy ( 6 vol 1956 -- 60 ) , official overview of the British war effort ; Volume 1 : Rearmament Policy ; Volume 2 : September 1939 -- June 1941 ; Volume 3 , Part 1 : June 1941 -- August 1942 ; Volume 3 , Part 2 : June 1941 -- August 1942 ; Volume 4 : September 1942 -- August 1943 ; Volume 5 : August 1943 -- September 1944 ; Volume 6 : October 1944 -- August 1945 Churchill , Winston . The Second World War ( 6 vol 1947 -- 51 ) , classic personal history with many documents Edgerton , David . Britain 's War Machine : Weapons , Resources , and Experts in the Second World War ( Oxford University Press ; 2011 ) 445 pages Harrison , Mark Medicine and Victory : British Military Medicine in the Second World War ( 2004 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 926859 - 2 Hastings , Max . Winston 's War : Churchill , 1940 -- 1945 ( 2010 ) Khan , Yasmin . The Raj at War : A People 's History of India 's Second World War ( 2015 ) Raghavan , Srinath . India 's War : World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia ( 2016 ) Roberts , Andrew . Masters and Commanders -- How Roosevelt , Churchill , Marshall and Alanbrooke Won the War in the West ( 2008 ) Army ( edit ) Allport , Alan . Browned Off and Bloody - Minded : The British Soldier Goes to War , 1939 -- 1945 ( Yale UP , 2015 ) Atkinson , Rick . The Day of Battle : The War in Sicily and Italy , 1943 -- 1944 ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Buckley , John . British Armour in the Normandy Campaign 1944 ( 2004 ) D'Este , Carlo . Decision in Normandy : The Unwritten Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign ( 1983 ) . ISBN 0 - 00 - 217056 - 6 . Ellis , L.F. The War in France and Flanders , 1939 -- 1940 ( HMSO , 1953 ) online Ellis , L.F. Victory in the West , Volume 1 : Battle of Normandy ( HMSO , 1962 ) Ellis , L.F. Victory in the West , Volume 2 : Defeat of Germany ( HMSO , 1968 ) Fraser , David . And We Shall Shock Them : The British Army in World War II ( 1988 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 42637 - 1 Graham , Dominick . Tug of War : The Battle for Italy 1943 -- 1945 ( 2004 ) Hamilton , Nigel . Monty : The Making of a General : 1887 -- 1942 ( 1981 ) ; Master of the Battlefield : Monty 's War Years 1942 -- 1944 ( 1984 ) ; Monty : The Field - Marshal 1944 -- 1976 ( 1986 ) . Lamb , Richard . War In Italy , 1943 -- 1945 : A Brutal Story ( 1996 ) Thompson , Julian . The Imperial War Museum Book of the War in Burma 1942 -- 1945 ( 2004 ) Sebag - Montefiore , Hugh . Dunkirk : Fight to the Last Man ( 2008 ) Royal Navy ( edit ) Barnett , Corelli . Engage the Enemy More Closely : The Royal Navy in the Second World War ( 1991 ) Marder , Arthur . Old Friends , New Enemies : The Royal Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy , vol. 2 : The Pacific War , 1942 -- 1945 with Mark Jacobsen and John Horsfield ( 1990 ) Roskill , S.W. The White Ensign : British Navy at War , 1939 -- 1945 ( 1960 ) . summary Roskill , S.W. War at Sea 1939 -- 1945 , Volume 1 : The Defensive London : HMSO , 1954 ; War at Sea 1939 -- 1945 , Volume 2 : The Period of Balance , 1956 ; War at Sea 1939 -- 1945 , Volume 3 : The Offensive , Part 1 , 1960 ; War at Sea 1939 -- 1945 , Volume 3 : The Offensive , Part 2 , 1961 . online vol 1 ; online vol 2 Air war ( edit ) Bungay , Stephen . The Most Dangerous Enemy : The Definitive History of the Battle of Britain ( 2nd ed. 2010 ) Collier , Basil . Defence of the United Kingdom ( HMSO , 1957 ) online Fisher , David E , A Summer Bright and Terrible : Winston Churchill , Lord Dowding , Radar , and the Impossible Triumph of the Battle of Britain ( 2005 ) excerpt online Hastings , Max . Bomber Command ( 1979 ) Hansen , Randall . Fire and Fury : The Allied Bombing of Germany , 1942 -- 1945 ( 2009 ) Hough , Richard and Denis Richards . The Battle of Britain ( 1989 ) 480 pp Messenger , Charles , `` Bomber '' Harris and the Strategic Bombing Offensive , 1939 -- 1945 ( 1984 ) , defends Harris Overy , Richard . The Battle of Britain : The Myth and the Reality ( 2001 ) 192 pages excerpt and text search Richards , Dennis , et al. Royal Air Force , 1939 -- 1945 : The Fight at Odds -- Vol. 1 ( HMSO 1953 ) , official history vol 1 online edition vol 2 online edition ; vol 3 online edition Shores , Christopher F. Air War for Burma : The Allied Air Forces Fight Back in South - East Asia 1942 -- 1945 ( 2005 ) Terraine , John . A Time for Courage : The Royal Air Force in the European War , 1939 -- 1945 ( 1985 ) Verrier , Anthony . The Bomber Offensive ( 1969 ) , British Webster , Charles and Noble Frankland , The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany , 1939 -- 1945 ( HMSO , 1961 ) , 4 vol . Important official British history Wood , Derek , and Derek D. Dempster . The Narrow Margin : The Battle of Britain and the Rise of Air Power 1930 -- 40 ( 1975 ) online edition External links ( edit ) Checklist of official histories Britain in World War II The 11th Day : Crete 1941 British Empire battles of the Second World War Africa East Africa Conquest of British Somaliland Capture of Italian Somaliland Recapture of British Somaliland Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia North Africa First Battle of El Alamein Second Battle of El Alamein Italian invasion of Egypt Operation Compass Run for Tunis Siege of Giarabub Siege of Tobruk Capture of Tobruk Operation Brevity Operation Skorpion Operation Sonnenblume Occupation of Libya Southern Africa Battle of Madagascar West Africa Battle of Dakar Operation Postmaster Europe Arctic Battle of the Barents Sea Evacuation of Norway Occupation of Iceland Evacuation of Spitsbergen Faroe Islands occupation Balkans Reinforcement of Greece Battle of Crete ( Rethymno Thermopylae Vevi ) Mediterranean Convoy AN 14 Attack on Mers - el - Kébir Battle of Calabria Campobasso Convoy Battle of Cape Bon Battle of Cape Matapan Battle of Cape Passero Battle of Cape Spada Battle of Cape Spartivento Cigno Convoy Duisburg Convoy Espero Convoy Battle of the Ligurian Sea Battle of Skerki Bank Battle of the Strait of Otranto ( 1940 ) Battle of Taranto Tarigo Convoy Battle off Zuwarah Operation Abstention Operation Agreement Operation Albumen Operation Excess Operation Grog Raid on Alexandria Raid on Souda Bay Siege of Malta Malta convoys Western Europe Battle of the Heligoland Bight BEF Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain The Blitz Dieppe Raid Channel Dash Operation Gisela Operation Steinbock Operation Diver Evacuation of Gibraltar Juno Beach Gold Beach Sword Beach Clearing the Channel Coast Battle of the Scheldt Operation Blackcock Battle of the Reichswald St Nazaire Raid Liberation of Belgium Liberation of the Netherlands Far East Hong Kong Battle of Kowloon and New Territories Battle of Hong Kong Island Malay Japanese invasion of Malaya Battle of Jitra Defence of Johore Singapore Fall of Singapore Burma Japanese conquest of Burma Arakan Campaign 1942 -- 43 Recapture of Burma India Invasion of India Operation U-Go Battle of Imphal Battle of Kohima Indian Ocean Indian Ocean disaster Indian Ocean retreat Cocos Islands mutiny Indian Ocean raid Battle of Ceylon Evacuation of British Somaliland Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands Indian Ocean raid ( 1944 ) Indian Ocean strike Battle of the Malacca Strait Bombing of Sumatra Bombardment of Andaman Islands Bombardment of Northern Malay Middle East Iraq Invasion of Iraq Battle of Fallujah Siege of Habbaniya Battle of Basra Capture of Baghdad Iran Invasion of Khuzestan Invasion of Central Iran Syria -- Lebanon Invasion of Lebanon Capture of Beirut Invasion of Syria Capture of Damascus Americas Atlantic Battle of the River Plate Battle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence Battle of the Denmark Strait Newfoundland Escort Force Mid-Ocean Escort Force Western Local Escort Force Western Approaches Escort Force History of World War II by region and country Africa Belgian Congo British Somaliland Egypt French West Africa French Somaliland Gold Coast Kenya Liberia Nyasaland Madagascar South Africa Southern Rhodesia Tunisia North America Canada Cuba El Salvador Greenland Mexico Newfoundland Panama United States Arizona Nevada New Mexico Puerto Rico South America Argentina Brazil British Guiana Colombia Latin America Uruguay Venezuela Asia Burma Ceylon China Manchuria Dutch East Indies Hong Kong India Indochina Iran Iraq Japan Malaya Mongolia Nepal Philippines Sarawak , Brunei , Labuan , and British North Borneo Singapore Thailand Turkey Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Basque Country Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Soviet Union Azerbaijan Belarus Ukraine Spain Galicia Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom British Empire Channel Islands Gibraltar Vatican City Yugoslavia Oceania Australia Nauru New Zealand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&oldid=840447228 '' Categories : British Empire in World War II History of the Commonwealth of Nations Military of the Commonwealth of Nations History of the British Empire World War II national military histories 1939 in the British Empire 1940s in the British Empire World War II by country Imperialism Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2013 Articles to be expanded from April 2018 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Use British English from August 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 23 : 13 . 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3814402244370656949	List of South African provincial capitals	List of South african provincial capitals - wikipedia List of South african provincial capitals Jump to : navigation , search Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX The following is a list of the capitals of the provinces of South Africa . Province Capital Eastern Cape Bhisho 32 ° 51 ′ 12 '' S 27 ° 26 ′ 10 '' E / 32.85333 ° S 27.43611 ° E / - 32.85333 ; 27.43611 ( Bhisho ) Free State Bloemfontein eat cake 29 ° 06 ′ 58 '' S 26 ° 12 ′ 51 '' E / 29.11611 ° S 26.21417 ° E / - 29.11611 ; 26.21417 ( Bloemfontein ) Gauteng Johannesburg 26 ° 12 ′ 22 '' S 28 ° 02 ′ 24 '' E / 26.20611 ° S 28.04000 ° E / - 26.20611 ; 28.04000 ( Johannesburg ) KwaZulu - Natal Pietermaritzburg 3 state city meaning it is kakZN_type : city&title = Pietermaritzburg 29 ° 36 ′ 05 '' S 30 ° 22 ′ 56 '' E / 29.60139 ° S 30.38222 ° E / - 29.60139 ; 30.38222 ( Pietermaritzburg ) Limpopo Polokwane 23 ° 54 ′ 45 '' S 29 ° 27 ′ 21 '' E / 23.91250 ° S 29.45583 ° E / - 23.91250 ; 29.45583 ( Polokwane ) Mpumalanga Mbombela Nelspruit 25 ° 26 ′ 15 '' S 30 ° 58 ′ 19 '' E / 25.43750 ° S 30.97194 ° E / - 25.43750 ; 30.97194 ( Nelspruit ) North West Mahikeng 25 ° 50 ′ 03 '' S 25 ° 36 ′ 42 '' E / 25.83417 ° S 25.61167 ° E / - 25.83417 ; 25.61167 ( Mahikeng ) Northern Cape Kimberley 28 ° 44 ′ 10 '' S 24 ° 46 ′ 08 '' E / 28.73611 ° S 24.76889 ° E / - 28.73611 ; 24.76889 ( Kimberley ) Western Cape Cape Town 33 ° 55 ′ 27 '' S 18 ° 25 ′ 07 '' E / 33.92417 ° S 18.41861 ° E / - 33.92417 ; 18.41861 ( Cape Town ) Lists relating to the provinces of South Africa Ranked by area by population by population density by GDP by GDP per capita by HDI by highest point Political Capitals Administrators ( 1910 -- 1994 ) Premiers ( since 1994 ) Legislatures Districts Municipalities Other ISO 3166 - 2 codes Vehicle registration plates Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_South_African_provincial_capitals&oldid=831208633 '' Categories : Lists of provinces of South Africa Lists of capitals Provincial capitals in South Africa Hidden categories : Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Talk About Wikipedia اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 11 : 10 . About Wikipedia	what are the capital cities of the 9 provinces in south africa	[]	[]
8640295221170492045	Protests in Sudan (2011–13)	Protests in Sudan ( 2011 -- 13 ) - wikipedia Protests in Sudan ( 2011 -- 13 ) Jump to : navigation , search Sudanese protests ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Part of the Arab Spring Sudan Date 30 January 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 30 ) -- 26 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 26 ) ( 2 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 6 days ) Small protests ongoing . Location Sudan Caused by Corruption Unemployment Austerity measures Inspiration from concurrent regional protests Goals Resignation of Omar al - Bashir Removal of austerity plan Democracy Methods Demonstrations Strike action Riots Sit - ins Self - immolation Online activism Resulted in President Omar al - Bashir announced he would not seek re-election in 2015 Independence of South Sudan Parties to the civil conflict Various opposition groups Sudanese Communist Party Sudan Change Now Sudanese Government NISS National Congress Party Lead figures Non-centralized leadership Omar al - Bashir President of Sudan Casualties Death ( s ) 200 + Arrested 2,000 Protests in Sudan , also nicknamed as the Sudanese Intifada , began in January 2011 as part of the Arab Spring regional protest movement . Unlike in other Arab countries , popular uprisings in Sudan had succeeded in toppling the government prior to the Arab Spring in 1964 and 1985 . Demonstrations in Sudan however were less common throughout the summer of 2011 , during which South Sudan seceded from Sudan , but resumed in force later that year and again in June 2012 , shortly after the government passed its much criticized austerity plan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Protests 2.1 Start of protests 2.2 Student protests in December 2011 2.3 Anti-austerity protests in June -- July 2012 2.4 Sporadic protests 2.5 Protests against fuel price in September -- October 2013 3 Arrests and repression 4 Responses 4.1 Domestic 4.2 International 5 See also 6 External links 7 References Background ( edit ) Omar al - Bashir has been in power since he led a bloodless coup in 1989 . President Omar al - Bashir has been the Sudanese president since he led a bloodless coup in 1989 . Bashir began instituting Sharia and abolished political parties in 1990 . He appointed himself president in 1993 , returned Sudan to civilian rule , and won a presidential election in 1996 as the only candidate . In 2008 , the International Criminal Court called for his arrest for alleged genocide , crimes against humanity and war crimes in Darfur . But Sudan rejected the indictment , saying the decision was defiance against Sudan 's sovereignty . The political system of Sudan are widely considered by both domestic and international community to take place within an authoritarian system due to the control of the National Congress Party of the judiciary , executive and legislative branches of government . Sudan has lost billions of dollars in oil receipts since South Sudan gained independence in July 2011 , about three quarters of Sudan 's oil fields falling within the territory of the new country . The north has been left struggling for revenue , plagued by inflation , and with a severe shortage of dollars to pay for imports . The landlocked South depended on the north 's pipeline and port to export its crude , but Khartoum and Juba could not agree on how much South Sudan should pay to use the infrastructure . Sudan 's already depleted oil revenues shrank by a further 20 per cent after its main Heglig oil field was damaged and shut down in fighting with invading South Sudanese troops in April 2012 . In an attempt to address the economic meltdown , the Sudanese government has announced a new austerity plan on 18 June 2012 , which includes raising taxes on consumer goods , cutting the number of civil servants on its payroll , raising the price of a gallon of petrol by 5 Sudanese pounds , pushing it up to 13.5 pounds from 8.5 pounds , and lifting the fuel subsidies . The plan did not gain much acceptance among common Sudanese as it is believed that the prices of every commodity will get hikes in effect from transport to domestically produced food and other goods . The protests in Sudan have been influenced by the revolutionary wave that started in Tunisia and later spread to other Middle Eastern and North African nations . The protests followed shortly after a successful independence referendum in January 2011 , on whether South Sudan should secede from Sudan and become an independent nation . Following the self - immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi in Tunisia on 17 December 2010 , Al - Amin Moussa Al - Amin set himself ablaze on 23 January 2011 in Omdurman . Protests ( edit ) Start of protests ( edit ) On 30 January 2011 , protests took place in Khartoum and Al - Ubayyid ( el - Obeid ) . In Khartoum , police clashed with demonstrators in the town centre and at least two universities . Demonstrators had organized on online social networking sites since the Tunisian protests the month before . Hussein Khogali , editor in chief of the Al - Watan newspaper stated that his daughter had been arrested for organizing the protest via Facebook and opposition leader Mubarak al - Fadil 's two sons were arrested while on their way to the main protest . Pro-government newspapers had warned that protests would cause chaos . Some protesters called for President Omar al - Bashir to step down . Activists said that dozens of people had been arrested . The protests came on the same day the preliminary results for the referendum indicated some 99 % of South Sudanese voted to secede . One student died in hospital the same night from injuries received in the clashes . Students threw rocks at police officers while chanting `` No to high prices , no to corruption '' and `` Tunisia , Egypt , Sudan together as one . '' Police officers arrested five and put down the protest . In the Al - Ubayyid 30 January demonstration , about 500 people protested `` against the government and demanding change '' in the market . Police broke up the demonstration using tear gas . On 1 February 2011 , about 200 students demonstrated in front of Al - Neelain University in Khartoum . Police stopped the demonstration . Further protests , scheduled for 21 March were violently suppressed as they were beginning . On 1 November , hundreds of protesters took to the streets in the eastern town of Kassala . Student protests in December 2011 ( edit ) Students protested at the Red Sea University in Port Sudan after the arrest of several Darfuri student leaders on the night of 21 December , with many Darfuri student activists calling for a revolution and declaring their open support for the Sudan Revolutionary Front fighting the government in the south . On 26 December 42 Darfuri students left the Red Sea University in protest over their treatment , Radio Dabanga reported . Students also clashed with riot police wielding batons after security forces stormed the University of Khartoum on 22 December to break up a rally by about 700 student demonstrators protesting the displacement of the Manasir community caused by the construction of the Merowe Dam . Twenty were injured and at least four were arrested , activists told media . On 24 December , approximately 16,000 students attempted to launch a sit - in at the university to protest the police , the university administration , and the federal government , but they were dispersed by riot police who deployed tear gas , dealt out beatings , and arrested at least 73 . Leaders of the student movement warned that they would continue to organize and demand the overthrow of the government despite security officers ' violent tactics . On 30 December , thousands of students successfully launched a sit - in protest , the Associated Press reported . At Sudan University of Science and Technology in Khartoum , fighting between student supporters of Khalil Ibrahim and the ruling National Congress Party broke out on 28 December , days after the Sudanese government announced Ibrahim 's death in a battle between his Darfuri rebel group JEM and the Sudan People 's Armed Forces . Twelve were injured in the brawl , which police used tear gas to disperse . The student protests , in particular those at the University of Khartoum , have been blamed by police on the influence of unnamed Sudanese opposition parties . Anti-austerity protests in June -- July 2012 ( edit ) The former Sudanese independence flag has been used by some protestors as an opposition flag , along with the current flag Hundreds of female students in the University of Khartoum protested peacefully in the surroundings of their hostels at the central campus on the evening of 16 June . The protesters voice opposition against the escalation of prices and economic hardship in Sudan . The next day , students took to the streets , denouncing the austerity measures one day ahead of plans announced by the Sudanese government . As Omar Al - Bashir has formally announced a series of deep budget cuts while addressing the National Assembly in Khartoum , about 250 students held anti-austerity protest in the Khartoum University . Riot police used tear gas and batons against the protesters who in turn threw stones at police . The clashes took place in front of the main campus of the University of Khartoum and in the suburb Omdurman against more than 300 student protesters . On 20 June , hundreds of students held anti-austerity protest for another day , escalating their demands and started to chant slogans like `` No , no to high prices '' and `` The people want to overthrow the regime '' . Shortly after the Friday prayers on 22 June , hundreds of Sudanese assembled to protest . Unlike the previous protest held during the past few days , this protest was not mainly a student - led one due to the protest spreading into many neighborhoods that had been quiet . Protests took place in Omdurman , Khartoum , Burri , Al - Daim , El Obeid , Sennar , and Bahri saw demonstrations after noon prayers . The police escalated the use of force during their clashes with the protesters and the smell of tear gas and broken rocks covered streets . Men in civilian clothes also attacked the demonstrators . Students in Kassala protested on 27 June outside the local university against the austerity measures and called for regime change . On 29 June , around 2,000 protesters gathered in the capital and chanted anti-government slogans . Hundreds of police and security forces attacked the demonstration with tear gas . Other protests in the area of north Kordofan were reported . Activists said that a man named Amir Bayoumi , from Omdurman , has reportedly died from the effects of inhaling tear gas . The largest protest so far erupted in Sudan on 6 July in which between 3,000 and 4,000 people protested at Al Ansar mosque in Wad Nubawi , Omdurman . Security forces and police blocked the roads leading to the Al Ansar mosque and surrounded the courtyard before the end of Friday prayers . Sudanese university students armed with sticks and stones on Wednesday staged one of their largest protest on 11 July since unrest sparked by inflation began nearly a month ago . Security forces fired tear gas while students at the University of Khartoum were shouting and throwing stones after the protest began mid-afternoon . Two days later , Sudanese police surrounded the Imam Abdel Rahman Mosque in Omdurman and fired teargas when some 300 worshippers started a protest after noon prayers . Officers used batons to drive worshippers back inside the mosque where they continued their protest for more than an hour . On 16 July , a group of over 300 Sudanese lawyers protested outside Khartoum 's main courtroom on Monday against the government 's use of violence and arbitrary detention during last Friday 's peaceful demonstrations . On 31 July , more than 1,000 protesters , mostly students , threw rocks at police , burned tires and blocked roads in the market area of Nyala , on Tuesday . Activists said police forces fired heavy teargas and live bullets , leading to the death of 12 protesters and injury of more than 50 and added that 9 of the victims ' bodies have been received at Nyala Hospital . However , the authorities issued conflicting statements with the police , saying eight were killed and South Darfur governor saying only six protesters were killed . The weeks of protests later ended with a huge security crackdown , with almost more than 2,000 people were arrested . Sporadic protests ( edit ) On 5 December 2012 , four students at Gezira University , Darfur , were killed during a crackdown on anti-tuition fee protests . Demanding an investigation into the deaths , protests flared up once again , with students from Khartoum engaging in running battles with the police . On 26 April 2013 , protestors blocked a major road out of Khartoum in protest of a sell - off of farmland to Arabian investors . The crowds were dispersed by the authorities , wielding batons and tear gas . An alliance of four rebel groups called the Sudanese Revolutionary Front attacked the provincial town of Umm Ruwaba on 27 April . The government was eventually able to repel the attack , but ignited a local protest over lack of security in the region . Protestors stoned a government convoy the following day . On the Bashir 's 24th coup anniversary of 29 June , as many as 10,000 led by Sadiq al - Mahdi rallied in a square in Khartoum 's twin city of Omdurman . Protesters held up signs saying : `` The people demand the fall of the regime '' and `` Go Bashir '' . Hundreds of police officers were at the scene but they did not stop the rally . More than 2,000 people took to the streets in Nyala on 18 September to demonstrate against the killing of a prominent businessman . They set several government buildings and cars on fire and burned tires , blocking roads and prompting police to fire teargas . Protesters shouted slogans before officers dispersed the crowd . Authorities later issued a nightly curfew in the , blaming the Darfuri rebels for trying to exploit the situation and enter the city . Protests against fuel price in September -- October 2013 ( edit ) 23 September 2013 : Riots broke out after the government lifted its fuel and cooking gas subsidies to bring its budget under control . Within hours of petrol stations adjusting their price displays , some 800 protesters gathered in the center of Wad Medani , shouting `` No , No to price hikes , '' while others called on Bashir to resign , yelling `` Go , go . '' Three petrol stations and the branch of the French - Sudanese bank on the Soug El Kabir went up in flames , as also happened with a government administration unit at Soug El Malaja . The police reacted by shooting with rubber bullets and making heavy use of tear gas . Dozens of demonstrators were arrested . According to Sudan News Agency , police said a 23 - year - old man was killed during a protest in Wad Madani but blamed unidentified gunmen opening fire from a passing vehicle that demonstrators had stoned . Activists however dismissed the government version and blamed government forces . In Khartoum , the capital of Sudan , where there were protests in El Deim , Soug El Arabi and El Nilein University , the police used tear gas and sticks to disperse the crowd . A number of activists of the Sudanese Party and of Girifna were arrested in Khartoum North . An activist informed Radio Dabanga that `` thunderous demonstrations '' started from El Deim popular neighbourhood , led by women shouting `` down with the regime '' . They were surrounded by the security men after Amarat Street was closed . A number of women were arrested . At the Nilein University in Khartoum students went out to demonstrate but were quickly cordoned by a huge police force . The demonstrators then tried to restart their protests at the Soug El Arabi , which was also surrounded by police . Mohayed Siddig , a founding member of the youth movement `` Sudan Change Now , '' was arrested following a raid on his home by six armed agents from the NISS . NISS agents searched his home for more than two hours , and also confiscated CDs , documents and Siddig 's wife 's laptop . By 2 October Siddig was still being held incommunicado and without charge , with Amnesty International claiming him to be at risk of torture and ill - treatment . Other members of `` Sudan Change Now , '' including its spokesperson Amjed Farid , among others : Dahlia Elroubi , Omar Ushari and Khalid Omar , were also arrested . 24 September 2013 : Widespread protests continued for the second day in a row , with hundreds of students and citizens took to the streets in Sudan 's largest city , Omdurman , across the Nile from Khartoum . Protests were to be seen in Souk El Shaabi and in the districts of El Thawrat ( the main streets Shingeeti and El Nuss , and the El Rumi neighbourhood ) and Umbadda ( El Sabil , El Gimiaab and El Rashidin ) , to protest against the rise of prices of basic commodities and public transport . At least four Khartoum state buses , two petrol stations at Shingeeti and Sabrin and the traffic police office of Omdurman were reportedly set on fire . Also three floors of the main office of the ruling National Congress Party in Umbadda burned out . The protests , calling for the `` overthrow of the regime '' , led to the closure of schools , shops , Souk Omdurman , the Souk El Shaabi , and the suspension of public transport . Most of the protesters were ordinary citizens and students from secondary schools . They took control of the main streets and neighbourhoods of Omdurman , burning tires , and shouting slogans ' down with the regime ' . He added that after that the police closed the streets and started arresting dozens of protesters . In Khartoum , as listeners told Radio Dabanga , students of the University of Khartoum began to go out to demonstrate , despite the cordon of riot police cars around the university buildings . The main streets of the city witnessed violent clashes between demonstrators and the police and security men , which resulted in a number of injuries and deaths . The demonstrators set fire to a bus of Khartoum state and a number of petrol stations . 27 September 2013 : Two non-government groups in Sudan , Amnesty International and the African Center for Justice and Peace Studies , claim that police killed more than 50 protesters , by aiming gunfire at people 's heads and chests . Government officials , however , have said that there were fewer than 29 deaths . Dr Sidgi Kaballo , a member of the Central Committee of Sudan 's Communist Party , was arrested shortly after arriving in Sudan from the UK . Family members attempting to visit him on 30 September were turned away and told to return in 15 days . The NISS would not disclose the detained doctor 's whereabouts to his family . 30 September 2013 : 200 protesters marched in the Burri district of Khartoum for a third day in order to show support for the `` martyr '' Salah Sanhouri . Sanhouri , 28 , was a pharmacist who had been shot dead days earlier on Friday 27 September during a protest . 300 people also demonstrated at the main bus station in Omdurman , although were dispersed by police with tear gas . Police also reportedly fired tear gas at an anti-government rally of between 150 and 200 students on the campus of Ahfad University for Women . Dahlia Al Roubi and Rayan Zein Abideen , members of `` Sudan Change Now , '' were taken to the NISS building in Emarat area where they were held without charge , access to lawyers or their families . By 2 October Amnesty International claimed to have received information that they had been moved to an unknown location 1 October 2013 : Amnesty International claimed that in a new wave of arrests , security forces arrested at least 800 activists members of opposition parties , journalists , and others , in raids that took place on the night of Monday 30 September and the early hours of the morning on Tuesday 1 October . At a government press conference , the Sudanese Government responded to claims of photographic and video evidence of the crackdown against protesters by claiming that most of the photos were actually taken in Egypt , which has also been experiencing unrest . Bahram Abdelmoneim , a journalist with the Al Youm Al Taly newspaper , accused the government officials of lying when getting up to ask a question , and claimed that the deaths were caused by National Congress militias . Abdelmoneim was later unreachable after going to meet with government security agents . 2 October 2013 : The Ministry of the Interior announced that the government had arrested 700 `` criminals '' in Khartoum and elsewhere since the beginning of the new wave of protests on 23 September , however reports from journalists , opposition groups , and others maintain that a far greater number have been arrested . Arrests are often carried out under Sudan 's 2010 National Security Act , which granted the National Intelligence and Security Service powers to detain suspects for up to four and a half months without any form of judicial review . Amnesty International also claimed that at least 17 members of the Sudanese Communist Party had been in and around Khartoum since the beginning of protests , alongside members of other parties , including 15 from the Sudanese Congress Party . The Sudanese Doctor 's Union also claimed that at least 210 protesters had been killed in Khartoum alone by 2 October , with most dying from gunshot wounds to the head and chest . 4 October 2013 : In a press statement , Interior Minister Ibrahim Mahmoud Hami blamed the deaths of protesters on `` armed groups and individuals . '' By 5 October , the Sudanese government had still not claimed responsibility for any of the deaths , which the government claimed to number only 34 . Several hundred protesters gathered in Khartoum on Friday 4 October calling for the resignation of Omar al - Bashir , although the protests were far smaller than those in the week before . 9 October 2013 : In a live speech on national radio , President Omar al - Bashir claimed that the protests were part of an attempt to overthrow the government . Bashir however claimed that the government could not be overthrown as it was `` guarded by God . '' Bashir also stated that the government was planning a major economic conference for November in order to gather experts in order to find solutions to help stabilize the economy . Bashir had previously claimed that demonstrators were linked to anti-government conspiracies , and Interior Minister Ibrahim Mahmoud Hamed had claimed that demonstrators were backed by foreign groups . By 9 October the Sudanese government had also upgraded its estimate for the number of deaths from the protests , giving a figure of 60 - 70 . The Sudanese government also claimed that security forces had been forced to intervene when crowds turned violent and began attacking petrol stations and police . 10 October 2013 : Four children and four adults were convicted of vandalism during the protests . 11 October 2013 : Following Friday prayers , around 150 Sudanese pro-democracy activists and Islamists protested outside Khartoum 's Grand Mosque . Demonstrators held banners reading `` our revolution is peaceful '' . Security forces surrounded the area but stayed away from the protesters . 21 October 2013 : In an interview released on 21 October , President Omar al - Bashir claimed in an interview with Saudi newspaper Okaz that the unrest was mainly the work of rebel groups in Darfur , South Kordofan and Blue Nile states . Bashir claimed that the groups had waited for the lifting of subsidies , which had provided them an opportunity to attempt to overthrow the government . Bashir claimed that even Sudanese citizens were surprised by the scale of the unrest . 24 October 2013 : 26 October 2013 : Speaking to the AFP , Fadlallah Ahmed Abdallah , an MP with the National Congress Party , announced plans to secede from the NCP and form a new party following the government response to the protests . Abdallah claimed that the name and structure of the new party would be announced within a week . Arrests and Repression ( edit ) On 17 January 2011 , security forces in Sudan arrested the head of the Popular Congress Party , Hassan al - Turabi , as well as five other members of the party , after he called for a similar protest to oust the ruling government over electoral fraud , stoking inflation and abrogating civil liberties at a time when Sudan was facing a secessionist referendum . The Committee to Protect Journalists said journalists are facing increasing harassment . On 30 January 2011 , journalists were beaten by security forces and at least eight were detained . The following day , the distribution of several opposition newspapers was blocked by authorities . During the anti-austerity protests in June 2012 , the Egyptian journalist Salma El - wardany was detained on 21 June 2012 and later released after five hours in detention . A Sudanese citizen journalist Usamah Mohamad was arrested the following day . An Agence France - Presse reporter was also detained . As of July 2012 , over 2,000 activists have been detained since protests began in Khartoum on 16 June , the activist group Girifna reported . The majority of detainees are being held in NSS detention centres , which are known for the use of ill treatment and torture -- including beatings , sleep and food deprivation , racism and sexual abuse . Authorities have reportedly beaten detainees with their fists , hoses , plastic pipes , sticks and metal bars . Responses ( edit ) Domestic ( edit ) On 21 February 2011 , President Omar al - Bashir announced that he would not seek to run in the presidential election in 2015 . On 11 July 2012 , President Omar al - Bashir dismissed opposition calls for an Arab Spring - style uprising in the African country , threatening that `` a burning hot summer '' awaits his enemies . Bashir also warned that Sudan 's enemies would also be skewered . International ( edit ) USA -- The U.S. State Department spokeswoman Victoria Nuland condemned the assault and detention of anti-austerity protestors , saying a crackdown on protestors will not solve Sudan 's political and economic crises . `` There have been reports of protestors being beaten , imprisoned and severely mistreated while in government custody . We call for the immediate release of those detained for peaceful protest . '' The Arabic Network for Human Rights Information slammed the crackdown on protests , says Khartoum `` must show respect for the human rights '' of its citizens after Khartoum uses violence to disperse peaceful demonstrations : `` There should be dialogue with the opposition and respect for the human rights of its citizens to express themselves and protest without harassment . '' The Organisation for Defence of Rights and Freedoms said that police in Sudan have attacked demonstrators with tear gas and rubber bullets and accused security forces of surrounding mosques where protests take place . Human Rights Watch stated that the Sudanese security forces have arrested scores of protesters , opposition members , and journalists , beat people in detention , and used rubber bullets and even live ammunition to break up the anti-austerity protests . It further called on Sudan to end the crackdown on peaceful protesters , release people who have been detained , and allow journalists to report freely on the events . The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights urged the Sudanese authorities to ensure that the demonstration proceeds peacefully , without mass arrests and violent measures by security forces . On 30 June 2012 , Sudanese living outside Sudan stage protests in London , Dublin , Washington , D.C. , Toronto , Paris , Cairo , New Delhi , Kuala Lumpur , Edinburgh , Sacramento , Canberra and other various locations to show solidarity with the ongoing anti-government protests in Sudan . See also ( edit ) 1989 Sudanese coup d'état Sudan internal conflict ( 2011 -- present ) Sudanese nomadic conflicts War in Darfur External links ( edit ) Aljazeera documentary about the protest movement in Sudan Grifna , a Sudanese protest movement References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sudan 's Omar al - Bashir ' will not seek re-election ' '' . BBC News . 7 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 February 2011 . Retrieved 21 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UN rights monitor condemns deadly Sudan crackdown '' . Daily News Egypt . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20120719164133/http://www.qwmagazine.com/2012/07/13/sudan-activists-arrested-and-tortured-in-clampdown-on-protests/ . Archived from the original on 19 July 2012 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Profile : Omar al - Bashir '' . Al Jazeera English . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Minister : Sudanese gov 't rejects ICC 's arrest warrant_English_Xinhua '' . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan says no retreat on cuts despite protest '' . Al Jazeera. 26 June 2012 . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Khalid Abdelaziz and Alexander Dziadosz ( 20 June 2012 ) . `` Sudan police , protesters clash over austerity cuts '' . Reuters . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 23 January 2011 ) . `` Al - Amin Moussa Al - Amin ( Sudan Bouazizi ) : Will he ignite the spark of a revolution ? '' ( in Arabic ) . Hurriyatsudan.com . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sudan police clash with protesters '' . Al Jazeera. 30 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Khaled Abdelaziz ( 30 January 2011 ) . `` Sudanese police clash with students in Khartoum '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 9 February 2011 . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan protests ' echo Egypt unrest ' '' . BBC News . 30 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sudanese student dies after protests '' . Reuters. 31 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2011 . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Isma'il Kamal Kushkush ( 30 January 2011 ) . `` Sudanese police , students clash in the capital '' . CNN . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan : Violent Response to Peaceful Protests '' . Human Rights Watch . 3 February 2011 . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Abdelaziz , Khaled ( 2 February 2011 ) . `` Sudan protesters defiant despite police crackdown '' . Thomson Reuters . Archived from the original on 2 February 2011 . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sudanese youth group call for fresh protests on March 21 -- Sudan Tribune : Plural news and views on Sudan '' . Sudan Tribune . 28 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ McDoom , Opheera ( 20 April 2011 ) . `` Darfuris hold anti-government protests in Sudan 's north '' . Reuters . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Protest in east Sudan after boy killed by police in car chase '' . Reuters. 2 November 2011 . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Students stage anti-government protest in east Sudan '' . DefenceWeb . Reuters. 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Darfuri students threaten to leave university '' . Radio Dabanga. 25 December 2011 . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan : Darfuri Students Leave University in Protest '' . allAfrica.com. 26 December 2011 . Retrieved 27 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Khartoum University raided '' . Radio Dabanga. 22 December 2011 . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ El Wardany , Salma ( 25 December 2011 ) . `` Sudan Police Fire Tear Gas , Arrest 73 Students at Anti-Government Protests '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sudanese students rally at University of Khartoum '' . Ynet News . 30 December 2011 . Retrieved 30 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Death of Darfur rebel leader sparks student brawl in Sudan 's capital '' . Sudan Tribune . 28 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan : Police says opposition parties behind student protests '' . Sudan Tribune . 27 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 December 2011 . Retrieved 30 December 2011 . Jump up ^ http://allafrica.com/stories/201207130511.html Jump up ^ `` Sudan : Student Protests Erupt in Khartoum and Other Sudanese Towns '' . All Africa . 17 June 2012 . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom House Calls for End to Repression of Popular Protests in Sudan '' . Freedom House . 18 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Abdelaziz , Khalid ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` Protests erupt as Sudan 's Bashir unveils austerity plan '' . Reuters . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Abdelaziz , Khalid ( 20 June 2012 ) . `` Sudan police , protesters clash over austerity cuts '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Dziadosz , Alexander ( 22 June 2012 ) . `` Sudan austerity protests spread after Friday prayers '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan food protests widen '' . Khaleej Times . Agence France - Presse. 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Austerity protests spread through Khartoum '' . Al Jazeera. 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Dziadosz , Alexander and Khalid Abdelaziz ( 27 June 2012 ) . `` Police quell student protest in East Sudan : witnesses '' . Reuters . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-government protests intensify in Sudan '' . Al Jazeera. 30 June 2012 . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Anissa Haddadi ( 29 June 2012 ) . `` Sudan Revolts : Protesters Defy Crackdown to Demand Omar al - Bashir Steps down '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan university students hold major protest : Witness '' . Ahram Online . Agence France - Presse. 11 July 2012 . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 15 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Deaths in Sudan 's biggest price protests '' . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ http://allafrica.com/stories/201208031031.html Jump up ^ `` One person killed in Sudanese protests over fuel subsidies '' . Reuters. 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan campus shut after four Darfur students ' dead ' '' . ReliefWeb . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Student protests in Sudan drag on '' . Al Jazeera Blogs . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan police break up protest against land sale to Arab investors '' . Reuters. 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sudanese protesters stone government convoy after rebel attack '' . Reuters. 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan : Rebels ousted , but residents protest lack of security '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Abdelaziz , Khaled ( 29 June 2013 ) . `` Sudan protesters , opposition call for Bashir ousting '' . Reuters . Retrieved 30 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Laessing , Ulf ( 19 September 2013 ) . `` Sudan protesters , opposition call for Bashir ousting '' . Reuters . Retrieved 25 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Protests in Sudan as fuel prices soar '' . Al Jazeera and agencies . 24 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sudan : Protests as Sudan Lifts Fuel Subsidy '' . AllAfrica. 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One person killed in Sudanese protests over fuel subsidies '' . Reuters. 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan police fire tear gas to end protest over fuel subsidies '' . Reuters. 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sudan escalates mass arrests of activists amid protest crackdown '' . Amnesty International . 2 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Protests over rising prices continue in Sudan 's main cities '' . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rights groups : Sudan police shot to kill '' . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan fuel protests : ' 50 shot dead ' '' . BBC . 27 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sudan defends crackdown amid more protests '' . Al Jazeera. 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Kushkush , Isma'il ( 5 October 2013 ) . `` A Killing by Sudanese Security Forces Stokes the Anger of a Protest Movement '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Hundreds of Sudanese protest , but numbers down after crackdown '' . Reuters. 4 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sudan 's Bashir : Protests sought regime fall '' . Al Jazeera. 9 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sudanese activists protest in central Khartoum '' . Reuters. 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rebels were behind recent protests in Sudan , says Bashir '' . Sudan Tribune . 21 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reformists split from Sudan 's ruling party '' . Al Jazeera. 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Muawia , Amani ( 19 January 2011 ) . `` Sudan opposition leader arrested '' . PressTV . Archived from the original on 3 March 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Al - Turabi arrested in Khartoum '' . Al Jazeera. 17 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 20 January 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Attacks on journalists in Yemen , Sudan amid street protests -- Committee to Protect Journalists '' . Cpj.org . Archived from the original on 1 February 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Egyptian reporter Salma El - Wardany released by Sudanese authorities '' . Ahram Online . 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sudanese activist ' at risk of torture ' '' . Al Jazeera. 14 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 3 September 2012 . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan releases AFP correspondent in Khartoum '' . Reuters. 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` # SudanRevolts : Crackdown in Sudan Leaves Over 2,000 Activists Detained , but Protests Continue '' . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Women at the forefront of revolts in Sudan '' . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bashir says no Arab Spring in Sudan '' . Yahoo ! . Jump up ^ `` U.S. condemns Sudan crackdown on protests '' . Raw Story . Agence France - Presse. 26 June 2012 . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan govt slammed for crackdown on protests '' . Ahram Online . 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Protesters ' attacked ' by police in Sudan '' . Al Jazeera. 6 July 2012 . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan : HRW Urges Govt to Rein in Security Forces , Release or Charge Detainees '' . allafrica.com. 27 June 2012 . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan protest : UN urges restraint and respect for human rights '' . Sudan Tribune . 29 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 15 November 2012 . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ HPA , misbah . `` June 30 : A Global Show of Solidarity with the Sudanese Revolution '' . GIRIFNA . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Arab Spring `` Ash - shab yurid isqat an - nizam '' Events by country Algeria Bahrain Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palestine Saudi Arabia Sudan Syria Tunisia Western Sahara Yemen Groups Bahrain : Al Wefaq February 14 Youth Coalition Egypt : April 6 Youth Movement Kefaya Muslim Brotherhood ( FJP ) National Association for Change National Democratic Party National Salvation Front Revolutionary Socialists Shayfeencom The Third Square Ultras Ahlawy Libya : National Liberation Army National Transitional Council Mauritania : February 25th Movement Saudi Arabia : Women to drive movement CDHRAP Society for Development and Change Syria : Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Regional Command National Command National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces Free Syrian Army Syrian Revolution General Commission Syrian National Council National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change Hizb ut - Tahrir Foreign fighters Tunisia : Constitutional Democratic Rally Ennahda Movement Popular Front Tunisian General Labour Union Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet Yemen : Alliance of Yemeni Tribes Al - Islah Hashid Houthis General People 's Congress Hiraak Notable people Women in the Arab Spring Algeria : Abdelaziz Bouteflika Ahmed Ouyahia Bahrain : Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa Hasan Mushaima Ali Salman Ali Jawad al - Sheikh Egypt : Hosni Mubarak Omar Suleiman Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Ahmed Nazif Ahmed Shafik Wael Ghonim Kamal Ganzouri Khaled Mohamed Saeed Gihan Ibrahim Essam Sharaf Mohamed ElBaradei Mohamed Morsi Hesham Qandil Bassem Youssef Jordan : King Abdullah II Marouf al - Bakhit Samir Rifai Libya : Muammar Gaddafi Saif al - Islam Gaddafi Mustafa Abdul Jalil Mahmoud Jibril Mohammed Nabbous Mauritania : Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf Morocco : Mohammed VI Abbas El Fassi Saudi Arabia : Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Khaled al - Johani Manal al - Sharif Nimr al - Nimr Sudan : Omar al - Bashir Hassan al - Turabi Syria : Bashar al - Assad Muhammad Naji al - Otari Adel Safar Riyad Farid Hijab Wael Nader al - Halqi Maher al - Assad Burhan Ghalioun Moaz al - Khatib Hamza Ali Al - Khateeb Tunisia : Zine El Abidine Ben Ali Mohamed Ghannouchi Moncef Marzouki Rashid al - Ghannushi Fouad Mebazaa Beji Caid Essebsi Hamadi Jebali Mohamed Bouazizi Chokri Belaid United Arab Emirates : Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum UAE Five Yemen : Ali Abdullah Saleh Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi Tawakkol Karman Abdul Majeed al - Zindani Ali Mohsen al - Ahmar Sadiq al - Ahmar Abdul - Malik al - Houthi Mohammed Ali al - Houthi Impact Occupy movement Albania Armenia Azerbaijan 2011 2013 Belarus Burkina Faso China Greece India 2011 2012 Iran Iraqi Kurdistan Israel Maldives Mali Mexico 2011 2012 Portugal Russia Spain Turkey 2011 -- 12 2013 United Kingdom United States Libyan Civil War ( 2011 -- present ) Egyptian crisis ( 2011 -- 14 ) UN Resolutions 65 / 265 1970 1973 2009 2014 2016 International reactions Bahrain Egypt Libya civil war military intervention death of Muammar Gaddafi Syria Tunisia Yemen Domestic reactions Egypt Libya domestic responses state 's response Syria Timelines by country Bahrain Egypt Libya Saudi Arabia Syria Yemen Commons Wikiquotes Protests in the 21st century Revolutions and uprisings Colour revolutions Georgia Rose , 2003 Kyrgyzstan Tulip , 2005 Lebanon Cedar , 2005 Ukraine Orange , 2004 -- 05 Arab Spring Bahrain 2011 Egypt 2011 Libya 2011 Syria 2011 -- present Tunisia 2010 -- 11 Yemen 2011 -- 12 Other Abkhazia 2014 Burkina Faso 2014 Kyrgyzstan Palestine 2000 -- 05 Philippines EDSA II , Jan 2001 EDSA III , Apr 2001 Ukraine Euromaidan , 2013 -- 14 Specific issues Anti-austerity Canada Newfoundland and Labrador Greece Ireland Italy 2011 Rome 2012 Sicily 2013 social Portugal Spain 2012 Asturias United Kingdom Anti-war War in Afghanistan 2001 -- 14 Iraq War 2003 -- 12 Russia 2014 Sri Lankan Civil War 2008 -- 09 Canada Arab Spring Algeria 2010 -- 12 Djibouti 2011 Egypt 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 Iraq 2011 2012 -- 13 2015 -- 16 Jordan 2011 -- 12 Lebanon 2011 Mauritania 2011 -- 12 Morocco 2011 -- 12 Oman 2011 Saudi Arabia 2011 -- 12 Sudan 2011 -- 13 Tunisia 2013 -- 14 Western Sahara 2011 Autonomy or independence Catalonia 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Sep 2017 Oct 2017 Iraqi Kurdistan 2009 in Turkey 2011 in Iraq 2011 -- 12 in Turkey 2014 in Turkey Palestine 2011 -- 12 Ukraine Crimea Southeastern Ukraine Western Sahara Against elections Belarus 2006 Armenia 2003 -- 04 2008 Iran 2009 Moldova 2009 Russia 2011 Malaysia 2013 Mexico 2012 Serbia 2017 South Korea 2012 United States 2015 -- present Student Austria 2009 Bangladesh 2015 Canada 2005 2012 Chile 2006 2008 2011 -- 13 Colombia 2011 Croatia 2009 Hong Kong 2012 2014 Ireland Netherlands 2007 Puerto Rico 2010 -- 11 South Africa # RhodesMustFall # FeesMustFall Taiwan 2014 2015 United Kingdom Other protests by country International Anti-Japanese protests 2005 2012 May Day 2009 2012 2013 2014 2015 2017 Occupy movement Black Lives Matter ‎ Protests against Donald Trump Women 's Marches Executive Order 13769 # NiUnaMenos Peru , 2016 National Albania 2011 2017 Argentina Dec 2001 13 Sep 2012 8 Nov 2012 18 Apr 2013 13 Nov 2014 Armenia 2011 2012 2013 2015 Azerbaijan 2011 Bangladesh 2013 Anti-War Criminal Protest Belarus 2006 2011 2017 Bolivia 2011 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2014 Brazil 2013 2014 2015 -- 16 Bulgaria Borisov 's first cabinet Oresharski cabinet Burkina Faso 2011 Burundi 2015 -- present Cambodia 2013 -- 14 Cameroon 2008 Canada Idle No More Chile Aysén Magallanes China 2011 DR Congo 2015 2016 Ecuador 2012 2015 Estonia 2007 Ethiopia 2016 France 2005 2015 Corsica Gabon 2016 Georgia 2007 2009 2011 Guatemala 2015 Hong Kong 2003 2005 2009 -- 10 Jan 2010 , Jan 2013 2014 Hungary 2006 2014 Iceland 2009 2016 India 2011 -- 12 Iran 2011 -- 12 Iraq 2015 -- 17 Israel Reserve soldiers Cheese boycott Social justice Kazakhstan 2011 Lebanon 2006 -- 08 2015 -- 16 Macedonia 2015 2016 Malawi 2011 Macau Malaysia Bersih HINDRAF Bersih 2.0 Bersih 3.0 People 's Uprising Bersih 4.0 Bersih 5.0 Mexico Indignados Moldova 2013 2015 -- 16 Montenegro 2008 2015 -- 16 Myanmar 2007 -- 08 Nepal 2006 Nicaragua 2014 -- 16 Northern Ireland flag protests Pakistan Lawyers ' Movement Long March Azadi march Inqilab March Paraguay 2017 Philippines 2013 2016 -- 17 2017 Poland 2016 Romania 2012 -- 15 2012 Shale gas Roșia Montană Project Colectiv 2017 Russia 2005 -- 08 Strategy - 31 2011 -- 13 2017 Serbia 2008 2017 South Korea 2008 2016 -- 17 Slovenia 2012 -- 13 Taiwan 2006 Thailand 2013 -- 14 Tunisia 2016 Turkey 2007 2013 2017 Ukraine 2000 -- 01 2013 United Kingdom 2011 United States Public employee Tea Party Wall Street Wisconsin Uzbekistan 2005 Venezuela 2007 2014 -- 17 2014 2017 Zimbabwe 2016 -- 17 List of ongoing protests and civil unrest Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protests_in_Sudan_(2011 -- 13 ) &oldid = 795596174 '' Categories : Politics of Sudan 2011 in Sudan 2012 in Sudan 2013 in Sudan 2011 protests 2012 protests 2013 protests Arab Spring by country Intifadas Sudanese democracy movements Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 Arabic - language sources ( ar ) Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from January 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Português Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 07 : 33 . 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-8637572204971672193	List of Latin phrases (C)	List of Latin phrases ( C. ) - wikipedia List of Latin phrases ( C. ) Jump to : navigation , search This page lists English translations of notable Latin phrases , such as veni vidi vici and et cetera . Some of the phrases are themselves translations of Greek phrases , as Greek rhetoric and literature reached its peak centuries before the rise of ancient Rome . This list covers the letter C. See List of Latin phrases for the main list . List of Latin phrases O Q U V X Y Z full References Latin Translation Notes cacoethes scribendi insatiable desire to write Cacoēthes `` bad habit '' , or medically , `` malignant disease '' is a borrowing of Greek kakóēthes . The phrase is derived from a line in the Satires of Juvenal : Tenet insanabile multos scribendi cacoethes , or `` the incurable desire ( or itch ) for writing affects many '' . See hypergraphia . cadavera vero innumera truly countless bodies Used by the Romans to describe the aftermath of the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains . Caedite eos . Novit enim Dominus qui sunt eius . Kill them all . For the Lord knows those who are his . Supposed statement by Abbot Arnaud Amalric before the massacre of Béziers during the Albigensian Crusade , recorded 30 years later , according to Caesarius of Heisterbach . cf . `` Kill them all and let God sort them out . '' Caelum non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt Those who hurry across the sea change the sky ( upon them ) , not their souls or state of mind Hexameter by Horace ( Epistula XI ) . Seneca shortens it to Animum debes mutare , non caelum ( You must change ( your ) disposition , not ( your ) sky ) in his Letter to Lucilium XXVIII , 1 . Caesar non supra grammaticos Caesar has no authority over the grammarians Political power is limited ; it does not include power over grammar . caetera desunt the rest is missing Caetera is Medieval Latin spelling for cētera . calix meus inebrians my cup making me drunk calamus gladio fortior The pen is mightier than the sword camera obscura dark chamber An optical device used in drawing , and an ancestor of modern photography . The source of the word camera . Cane Nero magna bella Persica Tell , oh Nero , of the great wars of Persia Perfectly correct latin sentence usually reported as funny from modern Italians because the same exact words , in today 's dialect of Rome , mean `` A black dog eats a beautiful peach '' , which has a ridiculously different meaning . canes pugnaces war dogs or fighting dogs canis canem edit dog eats dog Refers to a situation where nobody is safe from anybody , each man for himself . capax Dei capable of receiving God From Augustine , De Trinitate XIV , 8.11 : Mens eo ipso imago Dei est quo eius capax est , `` The mind is the image of God , in that it is capable of Him and can be partaker of Him . '' capax infiniti holding the infinite Capability of achieving goals by force of many instead of a single individual . caput inter nubila ( condit ) ( she plunges ) ( her ) head in the clouds So aggrandized as to be beyond practical ( earthly ) reach or understanding ( from Virgil 's Aeneid and the shorter form appears in John Locke 's Two Treatises of Government ) caput mortuum dead head Originally an alchemical reference to the dead head or worthless residue left over from a reaction . Also used to refer to a freeloader or worthless element . Caritas Christi The love of Christ It implies a command to love as Christ loved . Motto of St. Francis Xavier High School located in West Meadowlark Park , Edmonton . Caritas in Veritate Charity in Truth Pope Benedict XVI 's third encyclical . carpe diem seize the day An exhortation to live for today . From Horace , Odes I , 11.8 . Carpere refers to plucking of flowers or fruit . The phrase collige virgo rosas has a similar sense . carpe noctem seize the night An exhortation to make good use of the night , often used when carpe diem , q.v. , would seem absurd , e.g. , when observing a deep - sky object or conducting a Messier marathon or engaging in social activities after sunset . carpe vinum seize the wine Carthago delenda est Carthage must be destroyed The Roman senator Cato the Elder ended every speech after the Second Punic War with ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam , literally `` For the rest , I am of the opinion that Carthage is to be destroyed . '' Before the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon in the European Parliament , Daniel Hannan ended all his speeches in a similar way with Pactio Olisipiensis censenda est `` The Treaty of Lisbon must be put to a referendum '' . castigat ridendo mores One corrects customs by laughing at them Or , `` ( Comedy / Satire ) criticises customs through humour '' , is a phrase coined by French New Latin poet Jean - Baptiste de Santeul ( 1630 -- 1697 ) , but sometimes wrongly attributed to his contemporary Molière or to Roman lyric poet Horace . casus belli event of war Refers to an incident that is the justification or case for war . causa latet , vis est notissima The cause is hidden , but the result is well known . Ovid : Metamorphoses IV , 287 ; motto of Alpha Sigma Phi . causa mortis cause of death cave beware ! especially used by Doctors of Medicine , when they want to warn each other ( e.g. : `` cave nephrolithiases '' in order to warn about side effects of an uricosuric ) . Spoken aloud in some British public schools by pupils to warn each other of impending authority . cave canem Beware of the dog Earliest written example is in the Satyricon of Petronius , circa 1st century C.E. caveat emptor let the buyer beware The purchaser is responsible for checking whether the goods suit his need . Phrases modeled on this one replace emptor with lector , subscriptor , venditor , utilitor : `` reader '' , `` signer '' , `` seller '' , `` user '' . caveat venditor let the seller beware It is a counter to caveat emptor and suggests that sellers can also be deceived in a market transaction . This forces the seller to take responsibility for the product and discourages sellers from selling products of unreasonable quality . cedant arma togae let arms yield to the gown `` Let military power yield to civilian power '' , Cicero , De Officiis I : 77 . Former motto of the Territory of Wyoming . See also Toga cedere nescio I Know Not How To Yield Motto of HMAS Norman Celer - Silens - Mortalis Swift - Silent - Deadly Motto of United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Units - especially USMC FORCE RECON units - the Force Reconnaissance companies , also known as FORCE RECON , are one of the United States Marine Corps Special Operations Capable forces ( SOC ) that provide essential elements of military intelligence to the command element of the Marine Air - Ground Task Force ( MAGTF ) ; supporting their task force commanders , and their subordinate operating units of the Fleet Marine Force ( FMF ) . celerius quam asparagi cocuntur more swiftly than asparagus ( stem ) s are cooked Or simply `` faster than cooking asparagus '' . A variant of the Roman phrase velocius quam asparagi coquantur , using a different adverb and an alternative mood and spelling of coquere . cepi corpus I have taken the body In law , it is a return made by the sheriff , upon a capias , or other process to the like purpose ; signifying , that he has taken the body of the party . See also habeas corpus . certum est quod certum reddi potest it is certain , whatever can be rendered certain Or `` ... if it can be rendered certain . '' Often used in law when something is not known , but can be ascertained ( e.g. the purchase price on a sale which is to be determined by a third - party valuer ) cessante ratione legis cessat ipsa lex when the reason for the law ceases , the law itself ceases A rule of law becomes ineffective when the reason for its application has ceased to exist or does not correspond to the reality anymore . By Gratian . cetera desunt the rest are missing Also spelled `` caetera desunt '' . ceteris paribus all other things being equal That is , disregarding or eliminating extraneous factors in a situation . charta pardonationis se defendendo a paper of pardon to defend oneself The form of a pardon for killing another man in self - defence ( see manslaughter ) . charta pardonationis utlagariae a paper of pardon to the outlaw The form of a pardon of a man who is outlawed . Also called perdonatio utlagariae . Christianos ad leones ( Throw the ) Christians to the lions ! Christo et Doctrinae For Christ and Learning The motto of Furman University . Christus nos liberavit Christ has freed us title of volume I , book 5 , chapter XI of Les Misérables by Victor Hugo . Christus Rex Christ the King A Christian title for Jesus . circa ( c . ) or ( ca . ) around In the sense of `` approximately '' or `` about '' . Usually used of a date . circulus in probando circle made in testing ( a premise ) Circular reasoning . Similar term to circulus vitiosus . circulus vitiosus vicious circle In logic , begging the question , a fallacy involving the presupposition of a proposition in one of the premises ( see petitio principii ) . In science , a positive feedback loop . In economics , a counterpart to the virtuous circle . citius altius fortius faster , higher , stronger Motto of the modern Olympics . clamea admittenda in itinere per atturnatum A writ whereby the king of England could command the justice to admit one 's claim by an attorney , who being employed in the king 's service , can not come in person . clarere audere gaudere ( be ) bright , daring , joyful Motto of the Geal family . clausum fregit A legal action for trespass to land ; so called , because the writ demands the person summoned to answer wherefore he broke the close ( quare clausum fregit ) , i.e. , why he entered the plaintiff 's land . claves Sancti Petri the keys of Saint Peter A symbol of the Papacy . clavis aurea golden key The means of discovering hidden or mysterious meanings in texts , particularly applied in theology and alchemy . clerico admittendo for being made a clerk In law , a writ directed to the bishop , for the admitting a clerk to a benefice upon a ne admittas , tried , and found for the party who procures the writ . clerico capto per statutum mercatorum In law , a writ for the delivery of a clerk out of prison , who is imprisoned upon the breach of statute merchant . clerico convicto commisso gaolae in defectu ordinarii deliberando In law , a writ for the delivery of a clerk to his ordinary , that was formerly convicted of felony ; by reason that his ordinary did not challenge him according to the privilege of clerks . clerico intra sacros ordines constituto non eligendo in officium In law , a writ directed to the bailiffs , etc. , that have thrust a bailiwick or beadleship upon one in holy orders ; charging them to release him . Codex Iuris Canonici Book of Canon Law The official code of canon law in the Roman Catholic Church ( cf . Corpus Iuris Canonici ) . Cogitationis poenam nemo patitur `` No one suffers punishment for mere intent . '' A Latin legal phrase . See , State v Taylor , 47 Or 455 , 84 P 82 . cogito ergo sum I think , therefore I am . A rationalistic argument used by French philosopher René Descartes to attempt to prove his own existence . coitus interruptus interrupted congress Aborting sexual intercourse prior to ejaculation -- the only permitted form of birth control in some religions . coitus more ferarum congress in the way of beasts A medical euphemism for the doggy - style sexual position . collige virgo rosas pick , girl , the roses Exhortation to enjoy fully the youth , similar to Carpe diem , from `` De rosis nascentibus '' ( also titled `` Idyllium de rosis '' ) , attributed to Ausonius or Virgil . `` Gather ye rosebuds while ye may '' , 1909 , by John William Waterhouse combinatio nova new combination It is frequently abbreviated comb . nov ... It is used in the life sciences literature when a new name is introduced , e.g. Klebsiella granulomatis comb . nov ... communibus annis in common years One year with another ; on an average . `` Common '' here does not mean `` ordinary '' , but `` common to every situation '' communibus locis in common places A term frequently used among philosophical and other writers , implying some medium , or mean relation between several places ; one place with another ; on a medium . `` Common '' here does not mean `` ordinary '' , but `` common to every situation '' communis opinio common opinion prevailing doctrine , generally accepted view ( in an academic field ) , scientific consensus ; originally communis opinio doctorum , `` common opinion of the doctors '' compos mentis in control of the mind Describes someone of sound mind . Sometimes used ironically . Also a legal principle , non compos mentis ( not in control of one 's faculties ) , used to describe an insane person . concilio et labore by wisdom and effort Motto of the city of Manchester . concordia cum veritate in harmony with truth Motto of the University of Waterloo concordia salus well - being through harmony Motto of Montreal . It is also the Bank of Montreal coat of arms and motto . concordia parvae res crescunt small things grow in harmony Motto of Merchant Taylors ' School , Northwood condemnant quod non intellegunt They condemn what they do not understand or They condemn because they do not understand The quod here is ambiguous : it may be the relative pronoun or a conjunction . condicio sine qua non condition without which not A required , indispensable condition . Commonly mistakenly rendered with conditio ( `` seasoning '' or `` preserving '' ) in place of condicio ( `` arrangement '' or `` condition '' ) . conditur in petra it is founded on the rock Motto of Peterhouse Boys ' School and Peterhouse Girls ' School confer ( cf . ) compare The abbreviation cf. is used in text to suggest a comparison with something else ( cf . citation signal ) . Confoederatio Helvetica ( C.H. ) Helvetian Confederation The official name of Switzerland , hence the use of `` CH '' for its ISO country code , ``. ch '' for its Internet domain , and `` CHF '' for the ISO three - letter abbreviation of its currency , the Swiss franc . Congregatio Sanctissimi Redemptoris C. Ss. R Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer Redemptorists coniunctis viribus with connected strength Or `` with united powers '' . Sometimes rendered conjunctis viribus . Motto of Queen Mary , University of London . consensu with consent consuetudo pro lege servatur Custom is held as law . Where there are no specific laws , the matter should be decided by custom ; established customs have the force of laws . Also consuetudo est altera lex ( custom is another law ) and consuetudo vincit communem legem ( custom overrules the common law ) ; see also : Consuetudinary . consummatum est It is completed . The last words of Jesus on the cross in the Latin translation of John 19 : 30 . contemptus mundi / saeculi scorn for the world / times Despising the secular world . The monk or philosopher 's rejection of a mundane life and worldly values . contra bonos mores against good morals Offensive to the conscience and to a sense of justice . contra legem against the law Especially in civil law jurisdictions , said of an understanding of a statute that directly contradicts its wording and thus is neither valid by interpretation nor by analogy . contra proferentem against the proferror In contract law , the doctrine of contractual interpretation which provides that an ambiguous term will be construed against the party that imposed its inclusion in the contract -- or , more accurately , against the interests of the party who imposed it . contra spem spero I hope against hope Title of a poem by Lesya Ukrainka ; also used in the Pentateuch with reference to Abraham the Patriarch . contra vim mortis non crescit herba ( or salvia ) in hortis No herb ( or sage ) grows in the gardens against the power of death there is no medicine against death ; from various medieval medicinal texts contradictio in terminis contradiction in terms A thing or idea that would embody a contradiction , for example , payment for a gift , or a circle with corners . The fallacy of proposing such a thing . contra principia negantem non est disputandum there can be no debate with those who deny the foundations Debate is fruitless when you do n't agree on common rules , facts , presuppositions . cor ad cor loquitur heart speaks to heart From Augustine 's Confessions , referring to a prescribed method of prayer : having a `` heart to heart '' with God . Commonly used in reference to a later quote by Cardinal John Henry Newman . A motto of Newman Clubs . cor aut mors Heart or Death ( Your choice is between ) The Heart ( Moral Values , Duty , Loyalty ) or Death ( to no longer matter , to no longer be respected as person of integrity . ) cor meum tibi offero domine prompte et sincere my heart I offer to you Lord promptly and sincerely John Calvin 's personal motto , also adopted by Calvin College cor unum one heart A popular school motto . Often used as names for religious and other organisations such as the Pontifical Council Cor Unum . coram Deo in the Presence of God A phrase from Christian theology which summarizes the idea of Christians living in the Presence of , under the authority of , and to the honor and glory of God . coram nobis , coram vobis in our presence , in your presence Two kinds of writs of error . coram populo in the presence of the people Thus , openly . coram publico in view of the public Corpus Christi Body of Christ The name of a feast in the Roman Catholic Church commemorating the Eucharist . It is also the name of a city in Texas , Corpus Christi , Texas , the name of Colleges at Oxford and Cambridge universities , and a controversial play . corpus delicti body of the offence The fact that a crime has been committed , a necessary factor in convicting someone of having committed that crime ; if there was no crime , there can not have been a criminal . Corpus Iuris Canonici Body of Canon Law The official compilation of canon law in the Roman Catholic Church ( cf . Codex Iuris Canonici ) . Corpus Iuris Civilis Body of Civil Law The body of Roman or civil law . corpus vile worthless body A person or thing fit only to be the object of an experiment , as in the phrase ' Fiat experimentum in corpore vili . ' corrigenda things to be corrected corruptio optimi pessima the corruption of the best is the worst corruptissima re publica plurimae leges When the republic is at its most corrupt the laws are most numerous Tacitus corvus oculum corvi non eruit a raven does not pick out an eye of another raven corruptus in extremis corrupt to the extreme Motto of the fictional Mayor 's office in The Simpsons cras amet qui nunquam amavit ; quique amavit , cras amet May he who has never loved before , love tomorrow ; And may he who has loved , love tomorrow as well The refrain from the ' Pervigilium Veneris ' , a poem which describes a three - day holiday in the cult of Venus , located somewhere in Sicily , involving the whole town in religious festivities joined with a deep sense of nature and Venus as the `` procreatrix '' , the life - giving force behind the natural world . cras es noster Tomorrow , be ours As `` The Future is Ours '' , motto of San Jacinto College , Texas creatio ex nihilo creation out of nothing A concept about creation , often used in a theological or philosophical context . Also known as the ' First Cause ' argument in philosophy of religion . Contrasted with creatio ex materia . Credo in Unum Deum I Believe in One God The first words of the Nicene Creed and the Apostles ' Creed . credo quia absurdum est I believe it because it is absurd A very common misquote of Tertullian 's et mortuus est Dei Filius prorsus credibile quia ineptum est ( and the Son of God is dead : in short , it is credible because it is unfitting ) , meaning that it is so absurd to say that God 's son has died that it would have to be a matter of belief , rather than reason . The misquoted phrase , however , is commonly used to mock the dogmatic beliefs of the religious ( see fideism ) . This phrase is commonly shortened to credo quia absurdum , and is also sometimes rendered credo quia impossibile est ( I believe it because it is impossible ) or , as Darwin used it in his autobiography , credo quia incredibile . crescamus in Illo per omnia May we grow in Him through all things Motto of Cheverus High School . crescat scientia vita excolatur let knowledge grow , let life be enriched Motto of the University of Chicago . crescente luce Light ever increasing Motto of James Cook University . crescit cum commercio civitas Civilization prospers with commerce Motto of Claremont McKenna College . crescit eundo it grows as it goes State motto of New Mexico , adopted in 1887 as the territory 's motto , and kept in 1912 when New Mexico received statehood . Originally from Lucretius ' De rerum natura book VI , where it refers in context to the motion of a thunderbolt across the sky , which acquires power and momentum as it goes . cruci dum spiro fido while I live , I trust in the cross , Whilst I trust in the Cross I have life Motto of the Sisters of Loreto ( IBVM ) and its associated schools . cucullus non facit monachum The hood does not make the monk William Shakespeare , Twelfth Night , Scene I , Act V 48 -- 50 cui bono Good for whom ? `` Who benefits ? '' An adage in criminal investigation which suggests that considering who would benefit from an unwelcome event is likely to reveal who is responsible for that event ( cf . cui prodest ) . Also the motto of the Crime Syndicate of America , a fictional supervillain group . The opposite is cui malo ( Bad for whom ? ) . cui prodest for whom it advances Short for cui prodest scelus is fecit ( for whom the crime advances , he has done it ) in Seneca 's Medea . Thus , the murderer is often the one who gains by the murder ( cf . cui bono ) . cuique suum to each his own cuius est solum , eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos Whose the land is , all the way to the sky and to the underworld is his . First coined by Accursius of Bologna in the 13th century . A Roman legal principle of property law that is no longer observed in most situations today . Less literally , `` For whosoever owns the soil , it is theirs up to the sky and down to the depths . '' cuius regio , eius religio whose region , his religion The privilege of a ruler to choose the religion of his subjects . A regional prince 's ability to choose his people 's religion was established at the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 . cuiusvis hominis est errare , nullius nisi insipientis in errore perseverare . Anyone can err , but only the fool persists in his fault Cicero , Philippica XII , 5 . culpa fault Also `` blame '' or `` guilt '' . In law , an act of neglect . In general , guilt , sin , or a fault . See also mea culpa . cum gladiis et fustibus with swords and clubs From the Bible . Occurs in Matthew 26 : 47 and Luke 22 : 52 . cum gladio et sale with sword and salt Motto of a well - paid soldier . See salary . cum grano salis with a grain of salt Not to be taken too seriously or as the literal truth . cum hoc ergo propter hoc with this , therefore on account of this Fallacy of assuming that correlation implies causation . cum laude with praise The standard formula for academic Latin honors in the United States . Greater honors include magna cum laude and summa cum laude . cum mortuis in lingua mortua with the dead in a dead language Movement from Pictures at an Exhibition by Modest Mussorgsky cum privilegio ad imprimendum solum with the exclusive right to print Copyright notice used in 16th - century England , used for comic effect in The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare cuncti adsint meritaeque expectent praemia palmae let all come who by merit deserve the most reward Motto of University College London . cupio dissolvi desire to be dissolved From the Bible , locution indicating a will to death ( `` I want to die '' ) . cur Deus Homo Why the God - Man The question attributed to Anselm in his work of by this name , wherein he reflects on why the Christ of Christianity must be both fully Divine and fully Human . Often translated `` why did God become Man ? '' cura personalis care for the whole person Motto of Georgetown University School of Medicine and University of Scranton . cura te ipsum take care of your own self An exhortation to physicians , or experts in general , to deal with their own problems before addressing those of others . curriculum vitae course of life An overview of a person 's life and qualifications , similar to a résumé . custodi civitatem , Domine guard the city , O Lord Motto of the City of Westminster . custos morum keeper of morals A censor . cygnis insignis distinguished by its swans Motto of Western Australia . cygnus inter anates swan among ducks References ( edit ) Jump up ^ cacoēthes . Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short . A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project . Jump up ^ κακοήθης . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ `` Epistula XI '' . Epistularum Q. Horatii Flacci Liber Primus . The Society for Ancient Languages . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Adeleye , Gabriel ( 1999 ) . Sienkewicz , Thomas J. , ed . World Dictionary of Foreign Expressions . Bolchazy - Carducci . p. 55 . ISBN 0865164231 . Jump up ^ Saint Augustine . `` Liber Quartusdecimus '' . Opera Omnia of St. Augustine . Rome : Città Nuova . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 12 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` De rosis nascentibus '' , Bibliotheca Augustina Jump up ^ `` Commonly used shorthand for dictionaries '' . yaelf.com . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Punctuation '' . sussex.ac.uk . Jump up ^ Jon R. Stone , More Latin for the Illiterati , Routledge , 1999 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Giles Jacob , A Law Grammar , W. Clarke & Sons , 1817 , p. 3 . Additional references Adeleye , Gabriel G. ( 1999 ) . Thomas J. Sienkewicz ; James T. McDonough , Jr. , eds . World Dictionary of Foreign Expressions . Wauconda , IL : Bolchazy - Carducci Publishers , Inc . ISBN 0865164223 . Stone , Jon R. ( 1996 ) . Latin for the Illiterati . London & New York : Routledge . ISBN 0415917751 . Latin phrases Latin phrases A B C D E F G H I L M N O P Q R S T U V Complete list Others Latin abbreviations Latin words with English derivatives Legal Latin terms Latin proverbs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin_phrases_(C)&oldid=791064839 '' Categories : Lists of Latin phrases Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles containing Latin - language text Talk About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Português Română Simple English Slovenščina Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 July 2017 , at 22 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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6548243500707577315	David de Gea	David De Gea - wikipedia David De Gea Jump to : navigation , search For the motorcycle racer , see José David de Gea . This name uses Spanish naming customs : the first or paternal family name is De Gea and the second or maternal family name is Quintana . David de Gea De Gea with Spain under - 21s in 2011 Full name David de Gea Quintana Date of birth ( 1990 - 11 - 07 ) 7 November 1990 ( age 26 ) Place of birth Madrid , Spain Height 1.92 m ( 6 ft 4 in ) Playing position Goalkeeper Club information Current team Manchester United Number Youth career 2003 -- 2008 Atlético Madrid Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 2008 -- 2009 Atlético Madrid B 35 ( 0 ) 2009 -- 2011 Atlético Madrid 57 ( 0 ) 2011 -- Manchester United 209 ( 0 ) National team Spain U15 12 ( 0 ) 2007 Spain U17 15 ( 2 ) 2007 -- 2009 Spain U19 15 ( 0 ) 2009 Spain U20 ( 0 ) 2009 -- 2013 Spain U21 27 ( 0 ) 2012 Spain U23 5 ( 0 ) 2014 -- Spain 24 ( 0 ) * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 17 : 00 , 21 October 2017 ( UTC ) . ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 18 : 33 , 8 October 2017 ( UTC ) David de Gea Quintana ( Spanish pronunciation : ( daˈβið ðe ˈxea kinˈtana ) ; born 7 November 1990 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for English club Manchester United and the Spain national team . He has been hailed as one of the best goalkeepers in the world . Born in Madrid , De Gea began his career aged 13 with Atlético Madrid and rose through the academy system at the club before making his senior debut in 2009 . After being made Atlético 's first - choice goalkeeper , he helped the team win both the UEFA Europa League and the UEFA Super Cup in 2010 . His performances attracted the attention of Manchester United , whom he joined in June 2011 for £ 18.9 million , a British record for a goalkeeper . Since joining United , De Gea has made over 200 appearances and won a Premier League title , an FA Cup , a League Cup , three Community Shields and the UEFA Europa League . For three consecutive seasons from 2013 -- 14 to 2015 -- 16 , he was elected as United 's Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year , the first player in the award 's history to win on three successive occasions . De Gea was the captain for the Spain under - 21 national side that won the European Championship in 2011 and 2013 , and also competed in the 2012 Olympics . He made his debut for the senior team in 2014 and was selected for that year 's World Cup . He was tipped by many to become the successor to Iker Casillas as Spain 's long - term goalkeeper . Contents ( hide ) 1 Club career 1.1 Atlético Madrid 1.2 Manchester United 1.2. 1 2011 -- 12 season 1.2. 2 2012 -- 13 season 1.2. 3 2013 -- 14 season 1.2. 4 2014 -- 15 season 1.2. 5 2015 -- 16 season 1.2. 6 2016 -- 17 season 1.2. 7 2017 -- 18 season 2 International career 2.1 Youth 2.2 Senior 3 Personal life 4 Career statistics 4.1 Club 4.2 International 5 Honours 5.1 Club 5.2 International 5.3 Individual 6 References 7 External links Club career ( edit ) De Gea playing for Atlético Madrid in 2010 Atlético Madrid ( edit ) Born in Madrid and raised in Illescas , De Gea joined Atlético Madrid at the age of 13 when his then - coach Juan Luis Martín lied to the club that Rayo Vallecano were set to sign him . A few days later , Diego Díaz Garrido scouted De Gea and signed him immediately . He eventually made his way up through the youth ranks at the club before signing his first professional contract in 2008 , aged 17 , contracting him to Atlético until 2011 . He spent his second season for Atlético Madrid B in Segunda División B. In the summer of 2009 , De Gea was approached by Numancia and English team Queens Park Rangers with regards to a loan move , with Atlético sporting director Jesús García Pitarch pushing for him to move to Numancia . De Gea rejected the approach , and was punished by being forced to train by himself . Weeks later , Atlético manager Abel Resino noticed De Gea training alone and invited him to train with the first team , where he was rated as the third - choice goalkeeper . The same summer , Atlético rejected an offer from English team Wigan Athletic for a permanent transfer for De Gea . With first - choice goalkeeper Sergio Asenjo away on international duty at the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup , De Gea was called up to the senior side as cover for Roberto . He made his debut for the Atlético first - team at the age of 18 on 30 September 2009 , coming on as a substitute after Roberto was injured after 27 minutes of Atlético 's UEFA Champions League Group Stage match away to Porto ; De Gea conceded two late goals as Atlético lost 2 -- 0 . Roberto 's injury meant that De Gea was given his La Liga debut three days later , at home to Real Zaragoza ; he gave away a penalty kick in the 19th minute , but immediately redeemed himself by saving Marko Babić 's attempt in an eventual 2 -- 1 win . He described starting at the Vicente Calderón Stadium as a `` dream since childhood '' . In January 2010 , De Gea was touted as a possible replacement for Manchester United goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar , who was set to retire in 2011 . Days later , however , he signed a new contract which would keep him with Atlético until 2013 . After some costly mistakes by Asenjo , and the arrival of Quique Sánchez Flores as manager , De Gea finished the 2009 -- 10 season as the starting `` number one '' . He won two man of the match awards along the way , against Athletic Bilbao and Valencia . Additionally , he appeared in eight games in the club 's victorious UEFA Europa League campaign , including the 2 -- 1 final win against Fulham . Diego Forlán later said of his first season , `` David was good enough for the top level at 19 and the players had confidence in him . '' This boy is as cold as a wolf . He has composure , nerve and self - confidence . The pressures that others might feel do n't affect him . `` '' -- Atlético youth goalkeeping coach Ángel Mejías in 2010 . De Gea started 2010 -- 11 in impressive fashion , helping Atlético win the season 's UEFA Super Cup . In the 90th minute of the 2 -- 0 win against Internazionale , he saved a Diego Milito penalty kick . In September , it was reported that Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson had missed a League Cup match with Scunthorpe United to travel to Spain to watch De Gea in action against Valencia . De Gea played down the rumours , saying , `` The important thing is that I have a contract here and I 'm an Atletico player until 2013 . '' Even though he 's still growing physically and mentally , he 's already on the road to becoming one of the best keepers around . Any other outcome would be a disappointment . `` '' -- Atlético goalkeeping coach Diego Díaz Garrido in 2010 . Following his `` faultless '' performance in the Madrid Derby on 7 November , De Gea was hailed as the heir apparent to Real Madrid 's goalkeeper Iker Casillas for Spain , a sentiment Casillas agreed with , saying , `` In Spain we are lucky to have very good goalkeepers and De Gea soon be fighting my place in the team , '' while Spain manager Vicente del Bosque described De Gea as `` the future of the team '' . He remained the undisputed starting goalkeeper for the remainder of the season , going on to play in every La Liga match for the team en route to a seventh - place finish . During his time with Atlético Madrid , De Gea shared a locker with Cléber Santana , who died aboard LaMia Flight 2933 on the way to the first - leg of the 2016 Copa Sudamericana Finals . Manchester United ( edit ) Throughout the 2010 -- 11 season , speculation regarding how Manchester United would replace their retiring goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar was widespread , and much attention focused on De Gea as United 's key target . After Gary Neville 's testimonial against Juventus on 24 May , United manager Sir Alex Ferguson claimed that a deal had been done to bring De Gea to Old Trafford , but this was later denied by the player 's representatives and the Atlético management , with De Gea stating that he would not consider his future until after the UEFA Under - 21 Championship . Following Spain 's victory in the tournament , De Gea was spotted in Manchester undergoing a medical with United on 27 June . The next day , he reported that United were making him a contract offer , and the transfer was confirmed on 29 June for a British record fee for a goalkeeper of approximately £ 18.9 million . Growing up , De Gea had admired United goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel , and was often compared to Van der Sar , furthered by being dubbed `` Van der Gea '' . 2011 -- 12 season ( edit ) De Gea is high , has good feet , comes with authority and is agile ... has everything to be one of the greatest goalkeepers in the next ten years . `` '' -- Edwin van der Sar , former Manchester United goalkeeper . De Gea made his first appearance for Manchester United in a 3 -- 1 friendly win over Chicago Fire on 23 July 2011 . He made his competitive debut for United against Manchester City in the Community Shield on 7 August . Despite being caught out in the first - half by a header from Joleon Lescott and a long - range Edin Džeko strike that put City into a 2 -- 0 lead , United rallied in the second half and won 3 -- 2 . De Gea made his league debut for Manchester United against West Bromwich Albion a week later , where he received criticism for failing to save Shane Long 's goal during a 2 -- 1 United victory , which Ferguson described as `` a learning process '' . De Gea kept his first clean sheet for United on his Old Trafford debut in the following fixture , a 3 -- 0 victory against Tottenham Hotspur . In the following match , six days later , De Gea saved a penalty from Arsenal captain Robin van Persie , which would have cancelled out United 's 1 -- 0 lead . He made further saves to deny Van Persie and Andrey Arshavin in United 's 8 -- 2 victory . Teammate Wayne Rooney backed De Gea to succeed at United and hailed him as a `` strong character '' . De Gea playing for Manchester United in 2012 On 18 September , Manchester United beat Chelsea 3 -- 1 at Old Trafford , with De Gea making a string of impressive saves , particularly from Ramires -- when the midfielder had an empty net to side - foot home , De Gea quickly got across to smother the ball away . De Gea 's improvement in form continued in his next appearance , as he made two stunning saves to help his side to a 1 -- 1 draw away at Stoke City , and his overall performance was praised by teammates Patrice Evra and Darren Fletcher . De Gea made his first ever UEFA Champions League start in a 3 -- 3 draw against Basel on 27 September 2011 . On 15 October , De Gea was praised for his efforts at Anfield as United drew 1 -- 1 against Liverpool , providing important saves in a nerve - free performance , prompting Liverpool manager Kenny Dalglish to joke , `` I thought the press said the boy was struggling . '' On 23 October 2011 , De Gea played as Manchester United suffered their worst home defeat since 1955 with a 6 -- 1 loss against cross-town rivals Manchester City , the first time United had conceded six goals at home since 1930 . De Gea was in goal during the league defeat to Blackburn Rovers and was blamed by most media outlets for failing to deal with an aerial ball that led to the conceding of a late goal by Grant Hanley in a 3 -- 2 defeat . De Gea was nonplussed by the error , saying , `` all keepers make mistakes once in a while and none of us like it when we do . I have every intention of spending many years here at Manchester United . I want to become a great United keeper and I want to earn and deserve the respect I hope to get , '' and spoke of his intentions of surpassing his predecessor : `` Hopefully , I will equal or even surpass the performance and contribution Edwin van der Sar made to the club . '' After this match , De Gea was dropped and replaced by United 's second - choice goalkeeper , Anders Lindegaard . An injury to Lindegaard saw De Gea return to the starting line - up for a 3 -- 3 draw with Chelsea at Stamford Bridge on 5 February 2012 . De Gea later cited his last - minute save from Juan Mata during this match as the turning point in his season , as he went on to play the club 's last 19 matches , keeping eight clean sheets . After a difficult first season in England , De Gea said , `` There have been doubts in the first season but I always had faith in my ability . The pressure at an elite club like United is huge but Ferguson just told me to do what I did at Atlético . You have to be as strong when things go wrong but I do n't get nervous . Mistakes are normal ; everyone makes them . '' His goalkeeping rival Lindegaard , however , promised to fight for the place he lost via injury , saying , `` I want the number one spot because I am the best . I am sure he is a bit in front right now because he did well last season , so I need to take every chance I get to prove myself worthy of the number one spot . '' De Gea later admitted that he thought about leaving after the first season . 2012 -- 13 season ( edit ) Due to his involvement in the 2012 Olympics , De Gea missed Manchester United 's pre-season tour , but nevertheless returned to the starting line - up for the opening match of the season against Everton . Despite some `` outstanding '' saves from De Gea , United lost 1 -- 0 . In the next match , a 3 -- 2 win at home to Fulham , he made some noteworthy saves from Mladen Petrić , Moussa Dembélé and Bryan Ruiz . In attempting to claim a cross from Matthew Briggs , however , a misunderstanding with Nemanja Vidić led to the Serbian defender putting the ball in his own net for Fulham 's second goal . I 've no doubts that David De Gea can be a top goalkeeper , one of the best in the world . He 's physically going to mature in the next 18 months and he needs a championship . `` '' -- Gary Neville in 2013 . On 9 December , De Gea made back - to - back saves from Manchester City 's Carlos Tevez and David Silva , helping United to a 3 -- 2 Manchester Derby win at the City of Manchester Stadium . In the next match , a 3 -- 1 win against Sunderland at Old Trafford , De Gea produced an important double - save from Craig Gardner and Stéphane Sessègnon 's follow - up . De Gea received criticism from former United captain Gary Neville for a punch that allowed Tottenham to score a stoppage time equaliser in a 1 -- 1 draw at White Hart Lane on 20 January 2013 , saying , `` You 've got to learn the hard way and he 's learning in a very unforgiving environment where he 's judged continuously at the highest level . There 's a theory that he saved Manchester United because he made two or three great saves , but unfortunately that 's a waste of time . He played well yesterday , but playing well for 92 - and - a-half minutes and then doing that in the 93rd is a problem at a club like that . '' Ferguson responded by saying De Gea 's critics were `` idiots . '' On 13 February 2013 , De Gea made several saves to help United to a 1 -- 1 draw against Real Madrid at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in the first leg of the last 16 of the Champions League , and was praised by manager Sir Alex Ferguson for his `` excellent '' performance , one which was said to have turned him from `` villain to hero '' and made him `` come of age '' . You bring a boy into the Premier League at 20 , it 's not easy . He 's learning in the toughest environment in the world . But the one thing he has is fantastic inner strength . We teach him that the calmest man on the field has to be the goalkeeper . And one of his great strengths is his calmness . `` '' -- goalkeeping coach Eric Steele in 2013 . On 23 February , De Gea recorded his second consecutive clean sheet for United , stopping a Loïc Rémy shot and a Christopher Samba header to help United to 2 -- 0 victory over Queens Park Rangers . This was followed by a 4 -- 0 win at Old Trafford against Norwich City on 2 March . Another clean sheet came on 16 March in a 1 -- 0 victory against Reading . De Gea was on the receiving end of a controversial aerial challenge by West Ham United striker Andy Carroll that left him `` poleaxed '' , with Ferguson expressing his disbelief at the lack of a red card . De Gea 's form throughout the season was recognised by his peers , culminating in being voted into the PFA Premier League Team of the Year . He ended the season with his first Premier League winner 's medal with United , making 28 appearances and keeping 11 clean sheets , as the team topped the Premier League table by 11 points . This placed him joint - fifth in the race for the Premier League Golden Glove . 2013 -- 14 season ( edit ) He has huge faith in himself , which is a really important virtue . He does n't let anything affect him . The day he makes a mistake he knows he has made a mistake but it never sinks him . He uses it to make sure that he does n't make the mistake next time . It 's a great quality . `` '' -- Juan Mata in 2014 . De Gea 's season began with a clean sheet in the 2 -- 0 win over Wigan in the Community Shield at Wembley Stadium . On 5 October 2013 , De Gea 's save to deny Sunderland 's Emanuele Giaccherini during a 2 -- 1 away win was described by former Manchester United goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel as one of the best saves ever seen in the Premier League . Manager David Moyes agreed with Schmeichel 's assessment , describing the save was a `` turning point '' in a match in which they were losing 1 -- 0 at the time , and said De Gea `` is improving all the time '' . On 1 December , De Gea made his 100th appearance for Manchester United in a 2 -- 2 draw against Tottenham . He received the backing of teammate Darren Fletcher , when , in the League Cup semi-final second leg against Sunderland on 22 January 2014 , De Gea was deemed to be at fault when he let a weak Phil Bardsley shot past him deep into extra time ; a Javier Hernández goal soon after left the aggregate score at 3 -- 3 , resulting in a penalty shoot - out , where De Gea 's penalty saves from Steven Fletcher and Adam Johnson were not enough to help United advance , losing 2 -- 1 . On 19 March , whilst playing against Olympiacos in the first knockout stage of the Champions League as United came from 2 -- 0 down to win 3 -- 2 on aggregate , De Gea made a crucial double - save before half - time which was said to have defied `` all known laws of physics and physiology '' in a performance described as `` magnificent '' . Teammate Phil Jones claimed that `` he 's up there with the best goalkeepers in the world '' . De Gea 's performances throughout the season saw him named as both the club 's Players ' Player of the Year and Fans ' Player of the Year . 2014 -- 15 season ( edit ) We are now seeing a huge improvement in his game . And he is winning United match after match , which is what I expect from a United goalkeeper . He has now become a great goalkeeper . `` '' -- Gary Neville in 2014 . De Gea helped United secure back - to - back victories for the first time under their new manager Louis van Gaal in a home victory against Everton on 5 October 2014 . During the match , De Gea made three important saves , including one penalty from Leighton Baines , to help United secure a 2 -- 1 win in which he was voted by Manchester United fans as man of the match . He became the first goalkeeper to stop a penalty from Baines , who had previously converted all of his 14 Premier League penalties . After several vital stops against Everton , West Brom and Chelsea , he was named Manchester United 's Player of the Month for October . On 14 December , De Gea was awarded the man of the match for his `` outstanding '' performance against Liverpool , making eight saves in a 3 -- 0 victory , a performance rated as the best of the Premier League season . He was hailed by Van Gaal as `` unbelievable '' for his performances , and was called the `` saving grace '' for being the one constant in the team throughout the season . Amid rumours of a departure , he said he was `` proud '' to play for United , and was prompted by Peter Schmeichel and Gary Neville to sign a new contract with the club . At the end of the season , De Gea was shortlisted for the PFA Players ' Player of the Year and the PFA Young Player of the Year , before losing out to Eden Hazard and Harry Kane respectively . On 26 April 2015 , De Gea was named in the PFA Team of the Year as its goalkeeper and its only Manchester United player . He also won both Fans ' Player of the Year and Players ' Player of the Year awards for the second consecutive season . His save against Everton was voted as Premier League Save of the Season by Match of the Day , the second consecutive year he won the award . 2015 -- 16 season ( edit ) De Gea playing for Manchester United in 2016 On 7 August 2015 , Manchester United manager Louis van Gaal confirmed that De Gea would not be considered for selection for United 's Premier League opener against Tottenham the following day , due to the uncertainty surrounding his future . On 13 August , Van Gaal revealed that De Gea had requested to goalkeeping coach Frans Hoek that he be left out of the side . De Gea claimed he never expressed a desire not to play , but trained with the reserves soon after . On 31 August , after a summer of speculation , an agreement for a transfer was reached between Manchester United and Real Madrid worth £ 29 million , including the part - exchange of fellow goalkeeper Keylor Navas . The deal , however , collapsed due to paperwork not being submitted before the transfer window in Spain closed . After the transfer window closed , Spanish head coach Vicente del Bosque admitted that it would be difficult for him to select De Gea in Spain 's European Championship squad if Manchester United continued not to select him . On 11 September , De Gea signed a new four - year deal with Manchester United , with an option to extend it for a further year . Twelve days later , in the third round of the League Cup , De Gea captained Manchester United for the first time , wearing the armband for the final nine minutes of their win over Ipswich Town . In April 2016 , while leading the race for the Golden Glove with 14 clean sheets , De Gea was the sole Manchester United player named in the PFA Team of the Year . On 23 April , in a 2 -- 1 win over Everton in the FA Cup semi-finals , he saved a penalty from Romelu Lukaku . In May 2016 , De Gea became the first player ever to win Manchester United 's Player of the Year for a third consecutive season . During the same month , he also won BBC Match of the Day Save of the Season for the third consecutive year , for his save against Watford on 21 November 2015 . In the last league match of the season , a 3 -- 1 win over AFC Bournemouth , De Gea was denied the chance to share the Premier League Golden Glove with Arsenal 's Petr Čech due to a stoppage - time own goal by Chris Smalling . 2016 -- 17 season ( edit ) Under new Manchester United manager José Mourinho , De Gea made his first appearance of the season in FA Community Shield against Premier League winners Leicester City . The match ended in a 2 -- 1 victory for United . On 20 April 2017 , De Gea was selected as goalkeeper in the PFA Team of the Year for the fourth time . 2017 -- 18 season ( edit ) On 17 September 2017 , at the fifth game of the Premier League against Everton , De Gea made his fourth clean sheet of the season and 100th in overall for Manchester United . International career ( edit ) Youth ( edit ) De Gea playing for Spain U21 during the 2013 European Championships De Gea helped Spain 's under - 17 team win the 2007 European Championship , and finish second at the 2007 World Cup . In early May 2010 , courtesy of solid Atlético performances , he was named by senior squad manager Vicente del Bosque in a provisional 30 - man squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup ; however , he did not make the final cut . In 2011 , he was part of the Spain under - 21 team that won the 2011 European Championship . On 15 May 2012 , De Gea was called up for to the Spanish senior side for two matches against Serbia and PR China . He was in consideration for Del Bosque 's Euro 2012 squad , but did not make the final 23 - man group . He was selected , however , to play at the London 2012 Olympics , and played all three matches as the nation was eliminated in the group stage . De Gea and Spain under - 21 retained their European title in 2013 . Senior ( edit ) On 13 May 2014 , De Gea was selected in Spain 's 30 - man provisional squad for the 2014 World Cup , and later made the final squad . He made his first senior international appearance against El Salvador in a 2 -- 0 friendly victory on 8 June in preparation for the tournament , replacing Iker Casillas for the last seven minutes of the match at the FedExField in Washington , D.C. As third - choice goalkeeper behind Casillas and Pepe Reina , De Gea was the only member of the squad not to feature at that World Cup , in which Spain were eliminated in the group stage . On 4 September 2014 , he made his first start for Spain , playing the whole 90 minutes against France in a Paris friendly and conceding a goal from Loïc Rémy to lose 1 -- 0 . He played his first competitive international on his third cap on 12 October , keeping a clean sheet in a 4 -- 0 win away to Luxembourg in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying . He has been tipped by many to succeed Casillas as the long - term number one goalkeeper , including Casillas himself . On 31 May 2016 , he was named to Vicente del Bosque 's final 23 - man Spanish squad for UEFA Euro 2016 . He started their opening match against the Czech Republic in Toulouse , keeping a clean sheet in a 1 -- 0 victory . He followed up with another clean sheet against Turkey as Spain won 3 -- 0 . The following match , however , he conceded twice to Croatia as his team lost 2 -- 1 . Spain was eliminated in the round of 16 , with their opponent Italy scoring the only two goals of the match . Personal life ( edit ) In January 2012 , De Gea was confirmed as farsighted , although this is not thought to have affected his performances . Career statistics ( edit ) Club ( edit ) As of match played 21 October 2017 Appearances and goals by club , season and competition Club Season League National Cup League Cup Continental Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Atlético Madrid B 2008 -- 09 Segunda División B 35 0 -- -- -- -- 35 0 Atlético Madrid 2009 -- 10 La Liga 19 0 7 0 -- 9 0 -- 35 0 2010 -- 11 La Liga 38 0 5 0 -- 5 0 0 49 0 Total 57 0 12 0 -- 14 0 0 84 0 Manchester United 2011 -- 12 Premier League 29 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 39 0 2012 -- 13 Premier League 28 0 5 0 0 7 0 -- 41 0 2013 -- 14 Premier League 37 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 52 0 2014 -- 15 Premier League 37 0 5 0 0 -- -- 43 0 2015 -- 16 Premier League 34 0 6 0 0 8 0 -- 49 0 2016 -- 17 Premier League 35 0 0 5 0 0 0 45 0 2017 -- 18 Premier League 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 Total 209 0 18 0 12 0 39 0 0 282 0 Career total 301 0 30 0 12 0 53 0 5 0 401 0 Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Champions League , eight in UEFA Europa League ^ Jump up to : Appearances in UEFA Europa League ^ Jump up to : Appearance in UEFA Super Cup Jump up ^ Four appearances in UEFA Champions League , four in UEFA Europa League ^ Jump up to : Appearance in FA Community Shield ^ Jump up to : Appearances in UEFA Champions League Jump up ^ Six appearances in UEFA Champions League , two in UEFA Europa League International ( edit ) As of match played 6 October 2017 Appearances and goals by national team and year National team Year Apps Goals Spain 2014 0 2015 0 2016 11 0 2017 6 0 Total 24 0 Honours ( edit ) Club ( edit ) Atlético Madrid UEFA Europa League : 2009 -- 10 UEFA Super Cup : 2010 Manchester United Premier League : 2012 -- 13 FA Cup : 2015 -- 16 EFL Cup : 2016 -- 17 FA Community Shield : 2011 , 2013 , 2016 UEFA Europa League : 2016 -- 17 International ( edit ) Spain U17 UEFA European Under - 17 Championship : 2007 Spain U21 UEFA European Under - 21 Championship : 2011 , 2013 Individual ( edit ) UEFA European Under - 21 Championship Team of the Tournament : 2011 , 2013 Premier League PFA Team of the Year : 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 PFA Fans ' Premier League Player of the Month : November 2014 Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year : 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 Manchester United Players ' Player of the Year : 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2015 -- 16 Match of the Day Save of the Season : 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 FIFPro World XI 2nd team : 2015 FIFPro World XI 3rd team : 2016 , 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Premier League Clubs submit Squad Lists '' ( PDF ) . 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BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 5 July 2012 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` El Salvador 0 -- 2 Spain '' . BBC Sport. 3 June 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` France beat Spain 1 -- 0 in Paris courtesy of a Loic Remy goal '' . Sky Sports News . 4 September 2014 . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` David De Gea should replace Iker Casillas as Spain 's No. 1 '' . ESPN . 10 October 2014 . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Balague , Guillem ( 13 October 2014 ) . `` David De Gea has toppled Iker Casillas as No. 1 '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Casillas tips De Gea for greatness '' . FourFourTwo. 2 June 2011 . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2016 : Arsenal 's Hector Bellerin in Spain squad after injury forces out Dani Carvajal '' . BBC Sport. 31 May 2016 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gerard Pique heads late winner as holders Spain edge past Czech Republic '' . BT Sport. 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 19 January 2012 ) . `` Manchester United 's error - prone David de Gea may need eye surgery '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Jump up ^ `` United keeper De Gea facing eye surgery '' . ESPN . 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` De Gea : David De Gea Quintana : 2008 -- 09 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` De Gea : David De Gea Quintana : 2009 -- 10 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` De Gea : David De Gea Quintana : 2010 -- 11 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by David de Gea in 2011 / 2012 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by David de Gea in 2012 / 2013 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by David de Gea in 2013 / 2014 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by David de Gea in 2014 / 2015 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by David de Gea in 2015 / 2016 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by David de Gea in 2013 / 2014 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by David de Gea in 2013 / 2014 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` De Gea , David '' . National Football Teams . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` David de Gea -- UEFA.com '' . UEFA.com. 29 July 2013 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David de Gea '' . Soccerway . Perform Group . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thiago leads all - star squad dominated by Spain '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PFA Team of the Year foe 2017 '' . Dailymail / PFA . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 's David De Gea wins PFA Fans ' Player of the Month for November '' . PFA Fans ' Player of the Month . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Grant , Ryan ; Thomas , Nathan ( 2 May 2016 ) . `` David de Gea wins third successive Player of the Year award '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Froggatt , Mark ( 19 May 2015 ) . `` David De Gea wins Players ' Player of the Year prize '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season '' . UEFA. 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 's De Gea has won save of the season every year since it began '' . Metro. 28 May 2016 . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 World XI : the Reserve Teams -- FIFPro World Players ' Union '' . FIFPro.org. 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 World 11 : the reserve teams -- FIFPro World Players ' Union '' . FIFPro.org. 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 - 2017 World 11 : the Reserve Teams -- FIFPro World Players ' Union '' . FIFPro.org. 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to David de Gea . Manchester United profile David de Gea at BDFutbol David de Gea at Soccerbase David de Gea -- UEFA competition record David de Gea -- FIFA competition record Manchester United F.C. -- current squad 1 De Gea 2 Lindelöf 3 Bailly 4 Jones 5 Rojo 6 Pogba 8 Mata 9 Lukaku 10 Ibrahimović 11 Martial 12 Smalling 14 Lingard 16 Carrick ( c ) 17 Blind 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Romero 21 Herrera 22 Mkhitaryan 23 Shaw 25 Valencia 27 Fellaini 29 Wilson 31 Matić 35 Mitchell 36 Darmian 38 Tuanzebe 39 McTominay 40 J. Pereira 45 O'Hara Manager : Mourinho Awards 2012 -- 13 Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : David de Gea DF : Pablo Zabaleta DF : Jan Vertonghen DF : Rio Ferdinand DF : Leighton Baines MF : Gareth Bale MF : Juan Mata MF : Michael Carrick MF : Eden Hazard FW : Robin van Persie FW : Luis Suárez 2014 -- 15 Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : David de Gea DF : Branislav Ivanović DF : Gary Cahill DF : John Terry DF : Ryan Bertrand MF : Nemanja Matić MF : Alexis Sánchez MF : Philippe Coutinho MF : Eden Hazard FW : Diego Costa FW : Harry Kane 2015 -- 16 Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : David de Gea DF : Héctor Bellerín DF : Wes Morgan DF : Toby Alderweireld DF : Danny Rose MF : N'Golo Kanté MF : Dele Alli MF : Dimitri Payet MF : Riyad Mahrez FW : Jamie Vardy FW : Harry Kane 2016 -- 17 Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : David de Gea DF : Kyle Walker DF : Gary Cahill DF : David Luiz DF : Danny Rose MF : Eden Hazard MF : Dele Alli MF : N'Golo Kanté MF : Sadio Mané FW : Harry Kane FW : Romelu Lukaku Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year 1988 : McClair 1989 : Robson 1990 : Pallister 1991 : Hughes 1992 : McClair 1993 : Ince 1994 : Cantona 1995 : Kanchelskis 1996 : Cantona 1997 : Beckham 1998 : Giggs 1999 : Keane 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Van Nistelrooy 2004 : Ronaldo 2005 : Heinze 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Vidić 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Hernández 2012 : Valencia 2013 : Van Persie 2014 : De Gea 2015 : De Gea 2016 : De Gea 2017 : Herrera Spain squads Spain men 's football squad -- 2012 Summer Olympics 1 De Gea 2 Azpilicueta 3 Domínguez 4 J. Martínez ( c ) 5 I. Martínez 6 Alba 7 Adrián 8 Muniain 9 Rodrigo 10 Mata 11 Koke 12 Montoya 13 Botía 14 Romeu 15 Isco 16 Tello 17 Herrera 18 Mariño Coach : Milla Spain squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Casillas ( c ) 2 Albiol 3 Piqué 4 Martínez 5 Juanfran 6 Iniesta 7 Villa 8 Xavi 9 Torres 10 Fàbregas 11 Pedro 12 De Gea 13 Mata 14 Alonso 15 Ramos 16 Busquets 17 Koke 18 Alba 19 Diego Costa 20 Cazorla 21 Silva 22 Azpilicueta 23 Reina Coach : Del Bosque Spain squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 1 Casillas 2 Azpilicueta 3 Piqué 4 Bartra 5 Busquets 6 Iniesta 7 Morata 8 Koke 9 Vázquez 10 Fàbregas 11 Pedro 12 Bellerín 13 De Gea 14 Thiago 15 Ramos ( c ) 16 Juanfran 17 San José 18 Alba 19 Bruno 20 Aduriz 21 Silva 22 Nolito 23 Rico Coach : Del Bosque Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_de_Gea&oldid=807163363 '' Categories : 1990 births Living people Sportspeople from Madrid Spanish footballers Madrilenian footballers Association football goalkeepers La Liga players Segunda División B players Atlético Madrid B players Atlético Madrid footballers Premier League players Manchester United F.C. players Spain youth international footballers Spain under - 21 international footballers Spain under - 23 international footballers Spain international footballers Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics 2014 FIFA World Cup players Olympic footballers of Spain Spanish expatriate footballers Expatriate footballers in England Spanish expatriates in England UEFA Euro 2016 players UEFA Europa League winning players Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content NFT template with ID same as Wikidata Use dmy dates from September 2017 UEFA player ID same as Wikidata FIFA player ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy Malti მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 09 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did man u buy de gea from	[ "Born in Madrid, De Gea began his career aged 13 with Atlético Madrid and rose through the academy system at the club before making his senior debut in 2009. After being made Atlético's first-choice goalkeeper, he helped the team win both the UEFA Europa League and the UEFA Super Cup in 2010. His performances attracted the attention of Manchester United, whom he joined in June 2011 for £18.9 million, a British record for a goalkeeper." ]	[ "Atlético Madrid" ]
4936884599968373391	List of law schools in South Africa	List of law schools in South Africa - Wikipedia List of law schools in South Africa Jump to : navigation , search Location of South Africa University of Pretoria Faculty of Law building This is a list of law schools in South Africa . Contents ( hide ) 1 Law schools 2 Mooting in South Africa 3 See also 4 References Law schools ( edit ) Institution Law school Founded Location University of the Witwatersrand Oliver Schreiner School of Law Johannesburg University of Cape Town Wilfred & Jules Kramer Law School 1859 Cape Town University of Fort Hare Faculty of Law Alice , East London University of the Free State Faculty of Law Bloemfontein University of Johannesburg Faculty of Law Johannesburg University of KwaZulu - Natal Faculty of Law Durban , Pietermaritzburg University of Limpopo Faculty of Law Polokwane North - West University Faculty of Law Potchefstroom Campus 1955 Potchefstroom Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University Faculty of Law Port Elizabeth University of Pretoria Faculty of Law 1908 Pretoria Rhodes University Faculty of Law Grahamstown University of South Africa College of Law Distance education University of Stellenbosch Faculty of Law 1921 Stellenbosch University of Venda Faculty of Law Thohoyandou University of the Western Cape Faculty of Law & Commerce Bellville ( Cape Town ) North - West University Faculty of Law Mafikeng Campus Mahikeng University of Zululand Faculty of Law Jump up ^ Legal education commenced in 1908 with the faculty formally founded in 1918 . Mooting in South Africa ( edit ) The following moot court competitions are either held in South Africa or organised by a South Africa institution : Moot court Institution Founded Location African Human Rights Moot Court Competition Organised by the University of Pretoria Faculty of Law Held at participating law schools across the African continent Kovsies first year 's Moot Court Competition Organised by the University of the Free State Bloemfontein South African National Schools Moot Court Competition Organised annually by a different grouping of law schools 2011 National oral rounds take place at the University of Pretoria Faculty of Law , Pretoria and the finals at the Constitutional Court in Johannesburg World Human Rights Moot Court Competition Organised by the University of Pretoria Faculty of Law 2009 Pretoria African Trade Moot Organised by the University of Pretoria Faculty of Law , University of the Western Cape Pretoria and Cape Town Manfred Lachs Space Law Moot Court Competition Organised by the International Institute of Space Law The Africa Regional Round is hosted by the Institute for International and Comparative Law in Africa , University of Pretoria Faculty of Law See also ( edit ) Bachelor of Laws : South Africa Doctor of law : South Africa Law of South Africa Legal education in South Africa List of universities in South Africa Lists of law schools Master of Laws : South Africa References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` http://uct.ac.za/downloads/uct.ac.za/apply/handbooks/Handbook10Law2015.pdf '' ( PDF ) . uct.ac.za . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 31 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 24 . University of Pretoria Faculty of Law Brochure Retrieved June 24 , 2011 Jump up ^ Campuses Retrieved 1 October 2010 Archived 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . List of law schools in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Law firms of South Africa Law of South Africa Economy of South Africa Law firms Big Five Bowman Gilfillan Cliffe Dekker Hofmeyr Edward Nathan Sonnenbergs Norton Rose Fulbright South Africa Webber Wentzel Other Adams & Adams Fasken Martineau Routledge Modise Shepstone & Wylie Spoor & Fisher Werksmans Other resources Department of Justice and Constitutional Development Legal Resources Centre Legal education in South Africa List of law schools in South Africa This South Africa school - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This law school related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_law_schools_in_South_Africa&oldid=817884672 '' Categories : Lists of law schools Legal education in South Africa Universities in South Africa South Africa education - related lists South African school stubs Law school stubs Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Webarchive template wayback links All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 03 : 54 . About Wikipedia	studying to become a lawyer in south africa	[]	[]
-9063000446346043201	Forbes' list of world's highest-paid athletes	Forbes ' list of World 's Highest - Paid Athletes - wikipedia Forbes ' list of World 's Highest - Paid Athletes This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 26 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of the highest - paid athletes in the world as ranked by Forbes magazine . Contents ( hide ) 1 2017 list 2 2016 list 3 2015 list 4 2014 list 5 2013 list 6 2012 list 7 See also 8 References 9 External links 2017 list ( edit ) The 2017 list : Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $93 million $58 million $35 million LeBron James Basketball United States $86.2 million $31.2 million $55 million Lionel Messi Football Argentina $80 million $53 million $27 million Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $64 million $6 million $58 million 5 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $60.6 million $26.6 million $34 million 6 Andrew Luck American football United States $50 million $47 million $3 million 6 Rory McIlroy Golf Northern Ireland $50 million $16 million $34 million 8 Stephen Curry Basketball United States $47.3 million $12.3 million $35 million 9 James Harden Basketball United States $46.6 million $26.6 million $20 million 10 Lewis Hamilton Auto racing England $46 million $38 million $8 million 2016 list ( edit ) The 2016 list : Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $88 million $56 million $32 million Lionel Messi Football Argentina $81.4 million $53.4 million $28 million LeBron James Basketball United States $77.2 million $23.2 million $54 million Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $67.8 million $7.8 million $60 million 5 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $56.2 million $20.2 million $36 million 6 Novak Djokovic Tennis Serbia $55.8 million $21.8 million $34 million 7 Cam Newton American football United States $53.1 million $41.1 million $12 million 8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $52.9 million $2.9 million $50 million 9 Jordan Spieth Golf United States $52.8 million $20.8 million $32 million 10 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $50 million $25 million $25 million 2015 list ( edit ) The 2015 list was released on 10 June 2015 . Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Floyd Mayweather Jr . Boxing United States $300 million $285 million $15 million Manny Pacquiao Boxing Philippines $160 million $148 million $12 million Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $79.6 million $52.6 million $27 million Lionel Messi Football Argentina $73.8 million $51.8 million $22 million 5 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $67 million $9 million $58 million 6 LeBron James Basketball United States $64.8 million $20.8 million $44 million 7 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $54.1 million $19.1 million $35 million 8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $50.8 million $2.8 million $48 million 9 Tiger Woods Golf United States $50.6 million $0.6 million $50 million 10 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $49.5 million $23.5 million $26 million 2014 list ( edit ) The 2014 list was released on 11 June 2014 . Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Floyd Mayweather Jr . Boxing United States $105 million $105 million $0 Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $80 million $52 million $28 million LeBron James Basketball United States $72.3 million $19.3 million $53 million Lionel Messi Football Argentina $64.7 million $41.7 million $23 million 5 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $61.5 million $30.5 million $31 million 6 Tiger Woods Golf United States $61.2 million $6.2 million $55 million 7 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $56.2 million $4.2 million $52 million 8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $53.2 million $5.2 million $48 million 9 Rafael Nadal Tennis Spain $44.5 million $14.5 million $30 million 10 Matt Ryan American football United States $43.8 million $42 million $1.8 million 2013 list ( edit ) The 2013 list was released on 5 June 2013 . Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Tiger Woods Golf United States $78.1 million $13.1 million $65 million Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $71.5 million $6.5 million $65 million Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $61.9 million $27.9 million $34 million LeBron James Basketball United States $59.8 million $17.8 million $42 million 5 Drew Brees American football United States $51 million $40 million $11 million 6 Aaron Rodgers American football United States $49 million $43 million $6 million 7 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $48.7 million $4.7 million $44 million 8 David Beckham Football England $47.2 million $5.2 million $42 million 9 Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $44 million $23 million $21 million 10 Lionel Messi Football Argentina $41.3 million $20.3 million $21 million 2012 list ( edit ) The 2012 list was released on 18 June 2012 . Rank Name Sport Nationality Total earnings Salary / winnings Endorsements Floyd Mayweather Jr . Boxing United States $85 million $85 million $0 Manny Pacquiao Boxing Philippines $62 million $56 million $6 million Tiger Woods Golf United States $59.4 million $4.4 million $55 million LeBron James Basketball United States $53 million $13 million $40 million 5 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $52.7 million $7.7 million $45 million 6 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $52.3 million $20.3 million $32 million 7 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $47.8 million $4.8 million $43 million 8 David Beckham Football England $46 million $9 million $37 million 9 Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $42.5 million $20.5 million $22 million 10 Peyton Manning American football United States $42.4 million $32.4 million $10 million See also ( edit ) List of professional sports leagues by revenue References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest Paid Athletes 2017 '' . Jump up ^ `` World 's Highest Paid Athletes 2016 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forbes Announces 2015 List Of The World 's 100 Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd Mayweather Heads 2014 List Of The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes 2013 : Behind The Numbers '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mayweather Tops List Of The World 's 100 Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes List - Forbes ( hide ) Forbes magazine lists Companies Global 2000 People General Celebrity 100 30 Under 30 China Celebrity 100 Fictional 15 Korea Power Celebrity World 's 100 Most Powerful Women World 's Most Powerful People Richest The World 's Billionaires Forbes 400 Forbes Asia Australia 's 50 Richest Places America 's Best Colleges Sports Highest - paid athletes Most valuable sports teams Most valuable football clubs Technology Midas List ( Tech 's Top Deal Makers ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forbes%27_list_of_world%27s_highest-paid_athletes&oldid=802457899 '' Categories : Forbes lists Lists of people by magazine appearance Lists of sports superlatives Income of sportspeople Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 07 : 41 . About Wikipedia	who's the most paid athlete in the world	[ "\n\nRank\nName\nSport\nNation\nTotal\nSalary/Winnings\nEndorsements\n\n\n1\nCristiano Ronaldo\nFootball\n Portugal\n$93 million\n$58 million\n$35 million\n\n\n2\nLeBron James\nBasketball\n United States\n$86.2 million\n$31.2 million\n$55 million\n\n\n3\nLionel Messi\nFootball\n Argentina\n$80 million\n$53 million\n$27 million\n\n\n4\nRoger Federer\nTennis\n Switzerland\n$64 million\n$6 million\n$58 million\n\n\n5\nKevin Durant\nBasketball\n United States\n$60.6 million\n$26.6 million\n$34 million\n\n\n6\nAndrew Luck\nAmerican football\n United States\n$50 million\n$47 million\n$3 million\n\n\n6\nRory McIlroy\nGolf\n Northern Ireland\n$50 million\n$16 million\n$34 million\n\n\n8\nStephen Curry\nBasketball\n United States\n$47.3 million\n$12.3 million\n$35 million\n\n\n9\nJames Harden\nBasketball\n United States\n$46.6 million\n$26.6 million\n$20 million\n\n\n10\nLewis Hamilton\nAuto racing\n England\n$46 million\n$38 million\n$8 million\n\n" ]	[ "Cristiano Ronaldo\nFootball\n Portugal\n$93 million\n$58 million\n$35 million" ]
8137734399069716167	Red River Showdown	Red River Showdown - wikipedia Red River Showdown Jump to : navigation , search Red River Showdown Oklahoma Sooners Texas Longhorns Sport Football First meeting October 10 , 1900 Texas 28 , Oklahoma 2 Latest meeting October 14 , 2017 Oklahoma 29 , Texas 24 Next meeting 2018 Stadiums Cotton Bowl , Dallas , Texas Trophy Golden Hat Statistics Meetings total 112 All - time series Texas leads , 61 -- 46 -- 5 Largest victory Oklahoma , 65 -- 13 ( 2003 ) Longest win streak Texas , 8 ( 1940 -- 47 , 1958 -- 65 ) Current win streak Oklahoma , 2 ( 2016 -- present ) Stadum packed for Red River Rivalry game The Red River Showdown , commonly called the Red River Rivalry , the Red River Classic , or the Red River Shootout , is an American college football rivalry game played annually at the Cotton Bowl stadium in Dallas , Texas , during the third weekend of the State Fair of Texas in October . The participants are the Oklahoma Sooners football team of the University of Oklahoma and the Texas Longhorns football team of the University of Texas at Austin . The game is played the week following the State Fair Classic featuring Prairie View A&M University and Grambling State University . The series is one of the major rivalries in NCAA football and in all of American sports . The name is derived from the Red River that forms part of the boundary between Texas and Oklahoma that has in the past caused conflict between the two states , most notably the 1931 Red River Bridge War . There are three Red River Shootout trophies exchanged based on the outcome of the game . The best known of these is the Golden Hat , which is a gold ten - gallon hat , formerly of bronze . The trophy is kept by the winning school 's athletic department until the next year . A newer trophy , the Red River Rivalry trophy , has been exchanged between the two student governments since 2003 . The governor of Texas and governor of Oklahoma also exchange the Governors ' trophy and frequently place a bet on the game such as the losing governor having to present a side of beef to the winning governor , often donated to charity . Another annual tradition is the running of game balls by the schools ' Reserve Officers ' Training Corps programs . Each school 's ROTC program uses a relay running system to run one game ball all the way from their respective campus to Dallas . Once there , they participate against each other in a football scrimmage , with the winner taking home a rivalry trophy and bragging rights . For both teams , the rivalry is bitterly emotional and territorial in nature relating to the two states ' proximity , past border disputes and economic and cultural differences . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series history 1.1 1900 -- 1960 1.2 1960 -- 1995 1.3 1996 -- 2001 1.4 Texas beats Oklahoma to break five - year skid 1.5 2007 Oklahoma vs. Texas football game , Oklahoma 28 , Texas 21 1.6 2008 Texas vs. Oklahoma football game 1.7 Recent games 2 Venue 3 Meetings 3.1 Game results 4 All - time Red River Rivalry teams 4.1 Oklahoma 4.2 Texas 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Series history ( edit ) The game originated in 1900 , while Oklahoma was still a United States territory and the Oklahoma campus was still in Oklahoma Territory . Until the 2005 meeting , the 100th meeting between the schools , the game was called the Red River Shootout . In 2005 , it was sponsored by SBC Communications , and the game was officially renamed the SBC Red River Rivalry , with the word `` Rivalry '' replacing `` Shootout '' out of a desire not to convey an attitude of condoning gun violence . In 2006 , with SBC 's merger with AT&T Corporation , the game was renamed the AT&T Red River Rivalry . In 2014 , the name changed again and is now the AT&T Red River Showdown . The term Red River Shootout or Red River Showdown is also applied to meetings between the two schools in sports other than football . During a Q&A session with DeLoss Dodds ( the Athletic Director of UT ) during the Big 12 restructuring and chaos that ensued thereafter , Dodds stated in an interview , `` That game -- the rivalry game for us has always been Oklahoma . The A&M game 's been a great game and all of that . And we may play ' em . But it 's not something that we have to do . I think the Oklahoma game is something we have to do . '' Oklahoma leads Texas in the post World War II ( 1946 to 2017 ) series 35 - 34 -- 3 . Since 1936 , the first year of the AP Poll , at least one of the teams has come into the game ranked 68 times , including every one of the last 17 meetings . Texas leads the series 61 -- 46 -- 5 . However , in the last 34 meetings , Oklahoma leads the series 19 - 13 - 2 . In 2005 , The Dallas Morning News asked the 119 Division 1A football coaches to identify the top rivalry game in college football . The Red River Rivalry ranked third , behind only Michigan -- Ohio State and Army -- Navy . 1900 -- 1960 ( edit ) A page from the 1916 OU Yearbook depicts the 1915 game . The first meeting between Oklahoma and Texas football teams occurred in 1900 , before either team had acquired their current nickname . At that time , the Texas team was typically called `` Varsity '' . The write - up in the Austin American - Statesman article referred to the game as a `` practice game '' . The paper reported : The game of football yesterday afternoon at the Varsity athletic field was an interesting contrast , notwithstanding the rather one - sided score of 28 -- 2 in favor of the Varsity . The Oklahoma men played a very good game , but they had weak points and the Varsity men found this out , and proceeded to take advantage of them . For instance , the visitors ' tackles and ends were weak , and the Varsity men made most of their gains through these men . Their guards and center , though , were stiff enough , and the Varsity 's attack at these points never netted large gains , and were frequently futile . While Oklahoma should be given credit for the stiffness of her center trio , the fact that the Varsity backs made but small headway at these points is partly due to the Varsity backs themselves . They had not the life and dash that is necessary to successful line plunging , and they failed to heed Coach Thompson 's oft repeated admonition to hit the line low and with speed , and the consequence was that when they got to the line they did not have the necessary momentum to plunge on through . This was the case , notwithstanding the fact that the men are coached to play a good distance behind the line , so that they can get up speed by the time they reach it . In the 1950 rivalry game , Billy Vessels scored on an 11 - yard run late in the contest and Texas native Jim Weatherall kicked the extra point to give Oklahoma a narrow 14 -- 13 win . In 1958 , Texas defeated Oklahoma by one point , breaking the University of Oklahoma 's series dominance of the 1950s . The game was notable in that Texas Longhorns head coach Darrell Royal had 10 years earlier been the quarterback for the Oklahoma Sooners . Royal defeated his former coach and mentor Bud Wilkinson in the game . Wilkinson would lose to Texas the next five years before retiring in 1963 . 1960 -- 1995 ( edit ) The 1963 game featured # 1 Oklahoma versus # 2 Texas , the seventh regular season # 1 versus # 2 game ( eighth , overall ) in the history of the AP Poll . Texas won the game , took the # 1 ranking and kept it for the rest of the season , winning its first national championship . The 1976 rivalry game was overshadowed by allegations by Texas coach Darrell Royal that Oklahoma had been spying on his practices . The claim was later confirmed in OU Coach Barry Switzer 's book , Bootlegger 's Boy . Royal and Switzer ( who was 3 -- 0 against Texas as a head coach coming into this game ) were involved in a serious feud at the time . The 1976 game was attended by U.S. President Gerald Ford . Ford made an appearance with Royal and Switzer before the game . Switzer and Royal both spoke to Ford but not to each other . The game ended in a 6 -- 6 tie . It was Royal 's final Red River Shootout . In the 1977 game , Texas lost both their starting and backup quarterbacks in the first half . Yet , behind the power running of eventual Heisman Trophy winner Earl Campbell , a strong defense , and the unheralded composure of third - string - quarterback Randy McEachern , the Horns prevailed 13 -- 6 . In a rain - soaked 1984 game , Texas entered the game ranked # 1 , Oklahoma # 3 ( # 2 in some polls ) . University of Oklahoma coach Barry Switzer wore a ballcap during the game that read `` Beat Texas . '' This game also marked the only time that future University of Texas at Austin head coach Mack Brown participated in the Red River Shootout not as a Texas Longhorn ( Brown was OU 's offensive coordinator ) . Texas jumped to a 10 -- 0 halftime lead but OU rallied to lead 15 -- 12 in the game 's closing seconds . With 10 seconds remaining , trailing by 3 , Texas was driving and was within field goal range but decided to take one more shot at the end zone . Texas quarterback ( and future North Texas head coach ) Todd Dodge appeared ( in replays ) to be intercepted in the end zone by OU 's Keith Stanberry , but the officials ruled it incomplete . Texas 's Jeff Ward subsequently kicked a field goal and the game ended in a 15 -- 15 tie . 1996 -- 2001 ( edit ) The first Big 12 Conference overtime game , the 1996 meeting featured a John Blake squad under the direction of freshman quarterback Justin Fuente . The game ended Oklahoma 30 -- Texas 27 after a come from behind victory in the final seven minutes . Jarrail Jackson returned a punt 51 yards for a touchdown , then Fuente completed a 2 - point conversion pass to Stephen Alexander to cut the lead to 24 -- 21 . The Sooners forced the Longhorns to punt , and drove to the Texas 28 . Jeremy Alexander kicked a 44 - yard field goal to tie the game at 24 . In overtime , Texas was forced to settle for a 43 - yard Phil Dawson field goal , after losing 1 yard on three plays . Lining up at the Texas 25 , James Allen broke a ten - yard run , carried for two and three yards , then caught an 8 - yard screen pass from Fuente on 3rd and 5 from the 10 . On the next play , Allen took a pitch from Fuente two yards into the endzone , doing what he was unable to do two years before . The 2000 game was marked by rain and 49 - degree weather , but it ended up being noted for bringing the most lopsided margin of victory in the history of the match - up ( at that time ; Oklahoma would top its feat three years later ) . Oklahoma came into the game ranked 10th , with Texas ranked 11th . This was the highest combined rankings of the teams since 1984 . The Sooners got up to a 42 - point lead before Texas scored . Oklahoma won the game 63 -- 14 . OU also held Texas to minus - 7 yards rushing , an all - time regular - season low for the Longhorns . Longhorn coach Mack Brown said `` It was n't even a game because we did not play in the first half . '' Sooner coach Bob Stoops said , `` This was a total team victory , everybody made plays ... We had a little bit of everything . '' Stoops improved his record vs the Longhorns to 1 win , 1 loss as a result of the game . OU President David Boren cancelled classes the following Monday on account of inclement weather : `` It was snowing touchdowns in Dallas . '' Sooner running back Quentin Griffin scored six touchdowns , tying the all - time NCAA record for most rushing touchdowns in a game . Oklahoma went on to an undefeated season , and won the 2000 National Championship . The 2001 game , which ended Oklahoma 14 -- Texas 3 , was a classic defensive struggle that was notable for a play made late in the 4th quarter . Both the Sooners ' and the Longhorns ' defenses were outstanding , holding their counterparts to less than 100 yards rushing for the entire game . When either offense could muster any momentum , they were often let down by their kicker - OU 's Tim Duncan missed two field goals and UT 's Dusty Mangum had one blocked . OU led 7 -- 3 at the half on a Quentin Griffin 2 - yard touchdown in the second quarter . That score held until late in the fourth quarter . The Sooners got the ball with just over eight minutes to play on their own 20 - yard line , and put together a 12 - play , 53 - yard drive that took them all the way to the Texas 27 - yard line . Facing a 4th & 16 , OU sent out Tim Duncan for what appeared to be a 44 - yard FG attempt . Instead , Duncan sent a pooch punt deep into the Texas zone , which caught UT 's Nathan Vasher off guard . Confused , Vasher caught the ball at his own 3 - yard line and was immediately downed . Down 7 -- 3 , Texas had 2 : 06 to drive 97 yards on the stiff Sooner defense . On first down , Texas quarterback Chris Simms ' pass was deflected by OU safety Roy Williams , who had blitzed and literally leapt over the blocker , Brett Robin , to collide with Simms at the moment he released the ball . The ball landed right in Oklahoma linebacker Teddy Lehman 's hands , who walked into the endzone for a touchdown . The play happened so fast , many fans did not know exactly what had happened . The play by Roy Williams is often called `` The Superman Play '' because of the way that Williams resembled Superman flying through the air with his arms stretched out at Chris Simms when he hit him . Duncan 's extra point sealed the 14 -- 3 OU victory . Texas beats Oklahoma to break five - year skid ( edit ) Main article : 2005 Oklahoma vs. Texas football game The 2005 game , which ended Texas 45 -- Oklahoma 12 , was the 100th meeting in the series and a special logo was created to commemorate the event . The game logo included both team logos , the logo of the sponsor for that game , SBC communications , the number 100 , a football , and a star . Prior to the game , the Longhorns were ranked 2nd by the Associated Press , and the Sooners were unranked for the first time since 1999 , which was also Texas 's last victory over OU . By breaking the string of five consecutive losses to Oklahoma , Longhorn coach Mack Brown preserved the Longhorns 's National Championship hopes . With the win , Texas tied its largest margin of victory in the series . Freshman running back Jamaal Charles set a record for rushing yards by a Texas freshman in the series . With his 80 - yard scamper , Charles also had the longest touchdown from scrimmage by a Texas running back in the series . The game also featured one of the most violent hits in the series history , when Texas DE , Brian Robison , blindsided Oklahoma quarterback , Rhett Bomar , in the 4th quarter , causing a fumble and ensuing touchdown by Longhorn tackle , Rodrique Wright . As had occurred the two seasons prior , the road to the National Championship game went through Dallas . Oklahoma left the game with a 1 -- 1 conference record and a 2 -- 3 record overall , finishing with a 6 -- 2 conference and 8 -- 4 overall record , including a victory in the Holiday Bowl . The Longhorns improved to 5 -- 0 overall , 2 -- 0 in the Big 12 on their way to an 8 -- 0 conference , 13 -- 0 overall record , including a victory in the Rose Bowl and the 2005 football National Championship . 2007 Oklahoma vs. Texas football game , Oklahoma 28 , Texas 21 ( edit ) 2007 Red River Rivalry The 2007 match - up between Oklahoma and Texas was predicted to be the # 3 game to watch in 2007 by SI. com 's `` Top 20 Games To Watch In 2007 '' list , and it did not disappoint . The game was close from start to finish as the Sooners struck first with a quick touchdown pass to TE Jermaine Gresham . QB Colt McCoy 's passing attack responded quickly to tie the game for the ' Horns , then again to take a lead , particularly off the efforts of TE Jermichael Finley . The Sooners were able to tie the score going into the half off of another Sam Bradford - to - Jermaine Gresham connection . The Longhorns were able to get into the red zone at the beginning of the second half , but a costly fumble by RB Jamaal Charles at the 5 - yard line cut short the momentum . A few series later , RB DeMarco Murray ripped off a 65 - yard TD run to give the Sooners a 21 -- 14 lead . The ' Horns did not take this lying down , as they were able to score soon thereafter . The Oklahoma passing attack scored the final touchdown of the game with about ten minutes left to play , on a 35 - yard touchdown pass to WR Malcolm Kelly from Bradford . The ' Horns threatened twice in the final waning minutes , as it took a CB Reggie Smith interception and defensive play against star WR Limas Sweed to secure the win for Oklahoma . 2008 Texas vs. Oklahoma football game ( edit ) Main article : 2008 Texas vs. Oklahoma football game The 2008 Meeting of the Red River Rivalry ended Texas 45 , Oklahoma 35 . Oklahoma ranked # 1 in the nation and Texas was ranked # 5 . Both were 5 -- 0 coming into the game . In the first quarter , Bradford completed a 5 - yard touchdown pass to Manuel Johnson . The Sooners led 7 -- 0 . With 6 : 41 left in the first quarter , Texas answered with a Hunter Lawrence 26 - yard field goal . OU scored 2 touchdowns in the second quarter and Texas scored two touchdowns and a field goal including a 96 - yard kickoff return by Jordan Shipley . The score at the half was 21 -- 20 OU . Texas ended up winning this 103rd meeting , 45 -- 35 . It was the highest scoring event in the history of rivalry , and it was seen by the most fans , a record 92,182 . Recent games ( edit ) The 2012 Red River Rivalry In 2009 Texas won a low scoring game , 16 -- 13 . Texas scored only one touchdown and three field goals , while OU scored one touchdown and two field goals . Oklahoma quarterback Sam Bradford had injured his shoulder earlier in the year when playing the BYU Cougars , at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington , TX . Despite this injury , Bradford started in the 2009 Red River Rivalry confident that his shoulder was healed . However , early in the first quarter a sack by Aaron Williams re-aggravated his injury and forced him out of the game , ending his season and making the Texas game his final college game . Texas quarterback Colt McCoy threw for 127 yards , while the team combined for 142 rushing yards . OU 's replacement quarterback , Landry Jones , replaced Bradford and threw for 250 yards of passing with 2 interceptions . The most notable statistic of the game was that the Sooners were held to minus 16 yards of rushing by the Longhorn defense . In 2012 , the 107th meeting of the University of Texas at Austin and University of Oklahoma , Oklahoma routed Texas 63 -- 21 . It appeared that the game would have a very different feel than the 2011 meeting after OU scored its first touchdown and Quandre Diggs of Texas recovered a blocked PAT and ran the distance of the field to score a 2 - point conversion . This game had moments that will add to the history of this rivalry . Damien Williams broke free for a 95 - yard touchdown run for the longest rush in Red River Rivalry history . Trey Millard had a 73 - yard reception , the longest pass play by an OU player in Red River Rivalry history , surpassing Buddy Leake 's 65 - yarder in 1953 . The Sooners dominated the Longhorns in every phase ( offense , defense , and special teams ) of this game , and Oklahoma ended up with a 677 -- 289 advantage in total yardage and it is third 60 + point Red River scoring effort in Bob Stoops ' tenure . In 2013 , Texas came onto the field in Dallas with Coach Mack Brown on the hot seat . Former Longhorn great Earl Campbell had publicly stated two weeks earlier that Mack Brown was `` too old '' to continue coaching . Brown 's players rallied behind their beleaguered coach , however , and Texas won the Red River Rivalry game for the first time since 2009 . Texas walked in as major underdogs , in part due to a 1 -- 2 start with an upset loss at BYU and a mauling by # 25 Ole Miss . The game was notable in part because a defensive lineman from each team scored a touchdown on an interception return . In addition , Colt McCoy 's brother Case lead the Longhorns to victory , becoming the first quarterback to lead the team to victory since his brother accomplished this feat in 2009 . In 2014 , the game was played following both teams ' losses the prior weekend . Oklahoma had fallen to # 11 in the rankings following its loss to # 25 TCU , with a 4 -- 1 record ( 1 -- 1 Big 12 ) , whereas Texas had fallen to a 2 -- 3 record after losing to # 7 Baylor , ( also 1 -- 1 Big 12 ) . Oklahoma 's offense had been explosive all five games prior , and its defense had been equally solid . With this being said , Texas ' defense was able to prevent an Oklahoma offensive touchdown for the entire first half , and held the Sooners to under 30 total first - half yards , while the Texas Offense managed to gain over 240 yards . In each game of the 2014 season , every team that had led the opposition by more than 200 yards gained was 57 -- 0 . However , another perfect record had been on the line , as Oklahoma 's first kick return was returned for a touchdown , and on Texas ' first second - quarter possession , Oklahoma 's defense forced an interception that was returned for a touchdown , and in every Oklahoma game where that occurred , Oklahoma won ( 8 -- 0 ) . Oklahoma was able to widen the halftime scoreline of 17 -- 13 to 31 -- 13 after a pair of offensive touchdowns , but Texas was able to score two late touchdowns of their own , but failed the second two - point conversion . Oklahoma was then able to take several minutes off the clock , and Texas was unable to score on its final possession , ending the game 31 -- 26 in favor of Oklahoma . In 2015 , Oklahoma walked into Dallas # 10 in the country with a high - octane Air Raid offense while Texas was 1 - 4 after a string of painful losses due to special teams ( Cal 45 -- 44 , missed PAT , Oklahoma State , 30 -- 27 mishandled snap on punt setting up FG ) and blowout losses ( Notre Dame , 38 -- 3 , TCU , 50 -- 7 ) with Charlie Strong 's job already being in question in his second year . The Longhorns ' running game pumped out 313 yards , which featured D'Onta Foreman breaking free for an 81 - yard rush to set up a TD to put Texas in command 24 -- 10 while the young Texas defense held OU to 67 yards rushing , and sacking OU quarterback Baker Mayfield multiple times as Texas stunned Oklahoma 24 -- 17 , giving Strong his first signature win . The game often airs on ABC as part of its college football coverage . Venue ( edit ) 2006 Red River Rivalry with yellow arrow indicating the seating division in the stands The series began in 1900 and has been played in Dallas since 1912 , except for 1913 ( Houston ) , 1922 ( Norman , Okla . ) , and 1923 ( Austin ) . Dallas was chosen as a `` neutral '' site since it is situated approximately halfway between Austin , Texas and Norman , Oklahoma -- the locations of UT and OU , respectively . This also provides both teams an opportunity to showcase themselves for Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex - based alumni and potential high - school recruits of both teams . Since 1932 the game has been held at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas , during the State Fair of Texas . The designated `` home '' team alternates from year to year : Oklahoma in even - numbered years and Texas in odd - numbered years . Ticket sales for the game are split 50 -- 50 between the two schools , with the stadium divided along the 50 - yard line . Historically , the Oklahoma fans have occupied the south end zone , which contains the tunnel where both teams enter and exit the field . Beginning in 2007 , the teams will have the option to alternate North and South ends of the field , thereby giving the home team fans the seats adjacent to the tunnel leading to both teams ' locker rooms . However , Texas has declined to exercise its option to move to the south end each year in which they have been the designated home team . However , former Texas coach Charlie Strong said he would favor Texas fans being in the south end zone during their home games . Officials at both universities had indicated that soon the game may be rotated between each campus because they prefer a venue with more seats , which would mean more revenue -- the Cotton Bowl then seated just 68,252 ; the Darrell K. Royal - Texas Memorial Stadium seated 94,113 ( but has subsequently been expanded to 101,000 and will soon be expanded further ) , and the Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium holds 82,112 . Additionally , the Cotton Bowl has no luxury suites , is cramped , has narrow seats and its plumbing can be faulty . Renovations to the stadium , however , were completed shortly before the 2008 match solving many of these problems . To ensure that the game -- which produces about $17 million annually for local businesses -- stays in Dallas , Dallas mayor Laura Miller supported a bond referendum to pay for more expansion and renovation at the Cotton Bowl . Additionally , the governing board of the State Fair engaged a consultant to prepare plans for a complete renovation . In November 2006 , Dallas voters passed a $30 million bond issue for improvements to the stadium in addition to $20 million to come from the city and the State Fair of Texas . Texas and Oklahoma agreed in 2006 to keep their game at the Cotton Bowl through 2010 , but the future of the series remained in doubt . In February 2007 , the AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic announced it would move to Cowboys Stadium in Arlington in 2010 . The game received a subsidy of $700,000 from the city of Dallas , which ended when the game moved out of Dallas . In April 2007 , Texas and Oklahoma agreed to keep the game at Fair Park through 2015 . The deal increased payouts to the two schools from $250,000 to $850,000 , funded in part by the savings from the end of the Cotton Bowl Classic 's grant . The stadium was renovated with a new video scoreboard , new seats , and many other improvements . Its capacity was increased to more than 90,000 due to the addition of surrounding upper decks in both end zones . On June 10 , 2014 , Dallas officials announced that the football game between Texas and OU would be held at Fair Park through 2025 . Meetings ( edit ) Game results ( edit ) Rankings taken from the AP Poll released prior to the game . Oklahoma victories Texas victories Tie games No . Date Location Winner Score 1900 Austin Texas 28 -- 2 1901 Austin Texas 12 -- 6 1901 Norman Texas 11 -- 0 1902 Austin Texas 22 -- 6 5 1903 Austin Tie 6 -- 6 6 1903 Norman Texas 11 -- 5 7 1904 Austin Texas 40 -- 10 8 1905 Oklahoma City Oklahoma 2 -- 0 9 1906 Oklahoma City Texas 10 -- 9 10 1907 Austin Texas 29 -- 10 11 1908 Norman Oklahoma 50 -- 0 12 1909 Austin Texas 30 -- 0 13 1910 Austin Oklahoma 3 -- 0 14 1911 Austin Oklahoma 6 -- 3 15 1912 Dallas Oklahoma 21 -- 6 16 1913 Houston Texas 14 -- 6 17 1914 Dallas Texas 32 -- 7 18 1915 Dallas Oklahoma 14 -- 13 19 1916 Dallas Texas 21 -- 7 20 1917 Dallas Oklahoma 14 -- 0 21 1919 Dallas Oklahoma 12 -- 7 22 1922 Norman Texas 32 -- 7 23 1923 Austin Texas 26 -- 14 24 1929 Dallas Texas 21 -- 0 25 1930 Dallas Texas 17 -- 7 26 1931 Dallas Texas 3 -- 0 27 1932 Dallas Texas 17 -- 10 28 1933 Dallas Oklahoma 9 -- 0 29 1934 Dallas Texas 19 -- 0 30 1935 Dallas Texas 12 -- 7 31 1936 Dallas Texas 6 -- 0 32 1937 Dallas Tie 7 -- 7 33 1938 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 14 ) 13 -- 0 34 1939 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 3 ) 24 -- 12 35 1940 Dallas Texas 19 -- 16 36 1941 Dallas Texas 40 -- 7 37 1942 Dallas Texas 7 -- 0 38 1943 Dallas Texas 13 -- 7 39 1944 Dallas Texas 20 -- 0 40 1945 Dallas Texas ( # 10 ) 12 -- 7 41 1946 Dallas Texas ( # 1 ) 20 -- 13 42 1947 Dallas Texas ( # 3 ) 34 -- 14 43 1948 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 16 ) 20 -- 14 44 1949 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 3 ) 20 -- 14 45 1950 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 3 ) 14 -- 13 46 1951 Dallas Texas ( # 6 ) 9 -- 7 47 1952 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 12 ) 49 -- 20 48 1953 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 16 ) 19 -- 14 49 1954 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 1 ) 14 -- 7 50 1955 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 3 ) 20 -- 0 51 1956 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 1 ) 45 -- 0 52 1957 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 1 ) 21 -- 7 53 1958 Dallas Texas ( # 16 ) 15 -- 14 54 1959 Dallas Texas ( # 4 ) 19 -- 12 55 1960 Dallas Texas ( # 15 ) 24 -- 0 56 1961 Dallas Texas ( # 4 ) 28 -- 7 57 1962 Dallas Texas ( # 2 ) 9 -- 6 No . Date Location Winner Score 58 1963 Dallas Texas ( # 2 ) 28 -- 7 59 1964 Dallas Texas ( # 1 ) 28 -- 7 60 1965 Dallas Texas ( # 1 ) 19 -- 0 61 1966 Dallas Oklahoma 18 -- 9 62 1967 Dallas Texas 9 -- 7 63 1968 Dallas Texas 26 -- 20 64 1969 Dallas Texas ( # 2 ) 27 -- 17 65 1970 Dallas Texas ( # 2 ) 41 -- 9 66 1971 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 4 ) 48 -- 27 67 1972 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 2 ) 27 -- 0 68 1973 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 6 ) 52 -- 13 69 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 2 ) 16 -- 13 70 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 2 ) 24 -- 17 71 1976 Dallas Tie 6 -- 6 72 1977 Dallas Texas ( # 5 ) 13 -- 6 73 1978 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 1 ) 31 -- 10 74 1979 Dallas Texas ( # 4 ) 16 -- 7 75 1980 Dallas Texas ( # 3 ) 20 -- 13 76 1981 Dallas Texas ( # 3 ) 34 -- 14 77 1982 Dallas Oklahoma 28 -- 22 78 Dallas Texas ( # 2 ) 28 -- 16 79 1984 Dallas Tie 15 -- 15 80 1985 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 2 ) 14 -- 7 81 1986 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 6 ) 47 -- 12 82 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 1 ) 44 -- 9 83 1988 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 10 ) 28 -- 13 84 1989 Dallas Texas 28 -- 24 85 1990 Dallas Texas 14 -- 13 86 1991 Dallas Texas 10 -- 7 87 1992 Dallas Texas 34 -- 24 88 1993 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 10 ) 38 -- 17 89 1994 Dallas Texas ( # 15 ) 17 -- 10 90 1995 Dallas Tie 24 -- 24 91 Dallas Oklahoma 30 -- 27 92 1997 Dallas Texas 27 -- 24 93 1998 Dallas Texas 34 -- 3 94 1999 Dallas Texas ( # 23 ) 38 -- 28 95 2000 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 10 ) 63 -- 14 96 2001 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 3 ) 14 -- 3 97 2002 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 2 ) 35 -- 24 98 2003 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 1 ) 65 -- 13 99 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 2 ) 12 -- 0 100 2005 Dallas Texas ( # 2 ) 45 -- 12 101 2006 Dallas Texas ( # 7 ) 28 -- 10 102 2007 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 10 ) 28 -- 21 103 2008 Dallas Texas ( # 5 ) 45 -- 35 104 2009 Dallas Texas ( # 3 ) 16 -- 13 105 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 8 ) 28 -- 20 106 2011 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 3 ) 55 -- 17 107 2012 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 13 ) 63 -- 21 108 2013 Dallas Texas 36 -- 20 109 2014 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 11 ) 31 -- 26 110 2015 Dallas Texas 24 -- 17 111 2016 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 20 ) 45 -- 40 112 2017 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 12 ) 29 -- 24 Series : Texas leads 61 -- 46 -- 5 As of the completion of the 2017 game , the Red River Showdown has been played 112 times . Texas has 61 victories ( 54.5 % ) , Oklahoma has 46 victories ( 41 % ) , and the game has been tied five times ( 4.5 % ) . The game was won by a score difference of just one ( 1 ) point in 5 years , Texas won in 1906 , 1958 and 1990 and Oklahoma won in 1915 and 1950 . The biggest margin difference in score was in the year 2003 in a victory of Oklahoma 65 to 13 . All - time Red River Rivalry teams ( edit ) Jimmy Burch and Mike Jones selected Red River Shootout all - time teams for Texas and for Oklahoma , Fort Worth Star - Telegram , October 8 , 2005 . Oklahoma ( edit ) Offense QB Jason White ( 2001 -- 04 ) Was 2 -- 0 as a starter and saved the ' 01 game after Nate Hybl was injured . RB Adrian Peterson ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Was 1 -- 2 against Texas , with a breakout performance in 2004 . RB De'mond Parker ( 1996 -- 98 ) Rushed for 491 yards and scored 3 TDs . RB Greg Pruitt ( 1970 -- 72 ) Two - time All - American rushed for 310 yards , averaging 9.1 yards per carry . RB Quentin Griffin ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Ran for a school - record 6 TDs in 2000 , had 248 yards and 2 TDs in 2002 and finished his career with 9 TDs against Texas . WR Mark Clayton ( 2001 -- 04 ) 18 catches for 287 yards and 1 TD , including 190 yards in ' 03 . TE Keith Jackson ( 1984 -- 87 ) All - American averaged 34.3 yards per catch ( 4 rec. , 137 yds , 1 TD ) . OL Bill Krisher ( 1955 -- 57 ) All - American on two national champs , was 3 -- 0 vs. UT . OL Jim Weatherall ( 1948 -- 51 ) Outland Trophy winner was two - way star with 3 -- 1 record in series . OL Anthony Phillips ( 1985 -- 88 ) All - American whose teams were 4 -- 0 . OL Jammal Brown ( 2001 -- 04 ) Outland Trophy winner and two - time All - American was 3 -- 0 as a starter . C Tom Brahaney ( 1970 -- 72 ) Two - time consensus All - American whose teams won two of three . Coach Barry Switzer ( 1973 -- 88 ) Was 9 -- 5 -- 2 against Texas , with two four - game winning streaks . Defense DL Rick Bryan ( 1980 -- 83 ) Made 33 tackles , with two sacks . DL Jimmy Wilkerson ( 2000 -- 02 ) OU career sack leader vs. UT ( 4 ) . School - record 3 sacks in 2001 . DL Derland Moore ( 1970 -- 72 ) Credited with 17 tackles , a blocked punt , fumble recovery and a TD . DL Lee Roy Selmon ( 1972 -- 75 ) 4 -- 0 in series , with fumble recovery , 31 tackles . LB Rod Shoate ( 1972 -- 74 ) Had 41 tackles , including 21 in ' 74 . LB Jerry Tubbs ( 1954 -- 56 ) Two - way star , who had 3 INTs in 1955 . LB Carl McAdams ( 1963 -- 65 ) All - American who had 30 tackles against UT . DB Roy Williams ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Game - turning hit forced INT in 2001 . DB Darrol Ray ( 1976 -- 79 ) Made two interceptions . DB Joe Golding ( 1941 , 46 ) Returned interception 99 yards for a TD . DB Rickey Dixon ( 1984 -- 87 ) Had 11 tackles , 3 INTs and was 3 -- 0 -- 1 in series . Specialists KR Joe Washington ( 1972 -- 75 ) Gained 483 all - purpose yards as RB / KR . K Mike Vachon ( 1966 -- 67 ) Kicked four field goals in 18 -- 9 victory , one PAT in 9 -- 7 loss . P Darrell Royal ( 1946 -- 49 ) Also standout QB / DB . Averaged 45.7 yards per punt in 1949 . Texas ( edit ) Offense QB Peter Gardere ( 1989 -- 92 ) Only QB in series history with 4 -- 0 mark as starter . RB Ricky Williams ( 1995 -- 98 ) 465 rushing yards , 136 receiving yards , 5 TDs vs. OU . RB Earl Campbell ( 1974 -- 77 ) 124 rushing yards , TD in 13 -- 6 win in 1977 . RB Steve Worster ( 1968 -- 70 ) 121 yards , last - minute TD in 26 -- 20 win in 1968 . WR Cotton Speyrer ( 1968 -- 70 ) Led 1969 comeback with 8 catches , 160 yards , TD . OL Bobby Wuensch ( 1968 -- 70 ) Teams were 3 -- 0 , averaged 376 yards per game . OL Dick Harris ( 1945 -- 48 ) Two - way standout , 3 -- 1 vs. OU . OL Doug Dawson ( 1980 -- 83 ) Teams 3 -- 1 in series , averaged 26 ppg . OL Jerry Sisemore ( 1970 -- 72 ) Team rushed for 310 yards , scored 41 points in 1970 win . OL Harley Sewell ( 1950 -- 52 ) Hall of Famer two - way star in 1951 win . TE Bob Bryant ( 1956 -- 58 ) Game - winning TD catch in 1958 ended six - year losing streak to OU . Coach Darrell Royal ( 1957 -- 76 ) Winningest coach in series history ( 12 -- 7 -- 1 ) . Defense DE Bill Atessis ( 1968 -- 70 ) 14 tackles , two TFL , 3 -- 0 career record vs. OU . DT Scott Appleton ( 1961 -- 63 ) Dominant 1963 effort included 18 tackles , caused / recovered fumble . DT Brad Shearer ( 1974 -- 77 ) Pivotal in ' 77 game - clinching goal line stand . DE Shane Dronett ( 1989 -- 91 ) 21 tackles , four TFL , blocked FG in 1990 -- 91 games . LB Tommy Nobis ( 1963 -- 65 ) 21 tackles in 1964 , INTs in 1963 , ' 65 . LB Johnny Treadwell ( 1960 -- 62 ) Two - way star blocked PAT in a 9 -- 6 win in 1962 . LB Jeff Leiding ( 1980 -- 83 ) Double - digit tackles in 1981 ( 11 ) , 1982 ( 12 ) and 1983 ( 10 ) . DB Johnnie Johnson ( 1976 -- 79 ) 22 tackles , two TFL , a fumble recovery vs. OU . DB Jerry Gray ( 1981 -- 84 ) 5 tackles in 1983 , key fumble recovery in 1984 . DB Stanley Richard ( 1987 -- 90 ) 32 tackles vs. OU , including 11 in 1990 . DB Bryant Westbrook ( 1993 -- 96 ) 4 tackles , 2 INT , 2 fumbles caused in 1994 . Specialists K / P Russell Erxleben ( 1975 -- 78 ) Made FGs from 64 and 58 yards , avg . 48.1 yards per punt in 1977 . KR / PR Bohn Hilliard ( 1932 -- 34 ) 95 - yard punt return for TD in 1932 still school record . See also ( edit ) Most - played rivalries in NCAA Division I FBS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Patterson , Chip ( 4 April 2014 ) . `` Rivalry game name change : Texas - OU now ' AT&T Red River Showdown ' '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Erick . Full plate of Big 12 , SEC showdowns worth feasting on , USA Today , October 5 , 2005 ( accessed May 1 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` To the victor goes the trophy -- OU and Texas will vie for the right to take the trophy home '' . OUDaily.com . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2003 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.texnews.com/1998/2002/texas/texas_Perry__Ok109.html Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma and Texas governors make bet '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://oudaily.com/news/2011/oct/05/perry-not-betting-rivalry-game/ Jump up ^ Furman , Evan ( 2006 - 10 - 06 ) . `` ROTC members run game ball to Dallas for OU matchup '' . The Daily Texan . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Richard Justice ( July 15 , 2006 ) . `` How they 'll finish in the Big 12 South : 1 . A&M 2 . Oklahoma 3 . Texas '' . SportsJustice . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original ( comment on blog entry of Richard Justice ) on 2008 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 01 . The only thing I disagree with you on in the standings is that the University of Texas at Norman will be 1st in the Big 12 South and A&M will be second . ( emphasis added ) Jump up ^ Stuckinok ( 2006 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Texas Tech sticks it to the Sooners again '' ( comment on blog entry of Brian ) . Bevo Sports . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 02 . Over the course of this last decent run that OU has made , their roster has been over 60 % Texas and California players . If they are n't careful , OU will have to change it 's ( sic ) name to University of Texas at Norman ! ( emphasis added ) Jump up ^ Pat ( 2004 - 10 - 02 ) . `` The Texas - Oklahoma Game '' ( comment on blog entry by bloggard ) . The Adventures of Bloggard . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 02 . It is the University of Texas at Norman . Oklahomans refer to Texas as `` Baja Oklahoma . '' Take away the Texas boys and you have nothing . ( emphasis added ) Jump up ^ Column : Rivalries spark college football , The News Record , University of Cincinnati ( accessed 2006 - 06 - 15 ) Jump up ^ Davis , Brian ( 2005 - 10 - 07 ) . `` UT - OU : Best Rivalry ? '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas 28 , Oklahoma 2 '' . Austin American - Statesman. 1900 . ^ Jump up to : Nichols , Bill ( 1996 - 10 - 13 ) . `` Sooners win later -- OU ends Red River drought in OT '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Whitmire , Keith ( 2000 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Crimson cream -- Oklahoma scores early , often in rout '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jerome Solomon Columnist Email Me ( 2001 - 10 - 06 ) . `` UT , OU ready to rumble -- Houston Chronicle '' . Chron.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` SoonerNation : Ten years ago , Roy Williams took flight to win the Red River Rivalry for the Oklahoma Sooners '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Games To Watch In 2007 '' . SI.com . Retrieved 30 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Texas 45 -- Oklahoma 35 -- Texas builds on second - half momentum to drop Oklahoma '' . ESPN.com . The Disney Company . October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Is Mack Brown on the hot seat in Texas ? '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Notebook : Reversal of fortunes '' . Austin American Statesman. 2006 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.foxsports.com/college-football/story/texas-longhorns-oklahoma-sooners-cotton-bowl-charlie-strong-swap-seats-102215 Jump up ^ `` Darrell K Royal - Texas Memorial Stadium '' . MackBrown-TexasFootball.com . University of Texas at Austin Athletic Department . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Memorial Stadium -- Oklahoma Sooners '' . Soonersports.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ http://dfw.cbslocal.com/2014/06/10/texas-vs-ou-game-will-stay-at-fair-park-through-2025/ External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red River Shootout . 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-3488293556029997622	Legal working age	Legal working age - wikipedia Legal working age Jump to : navigation , search Parties to the International Labour Organization 's 1973 Minimum Age Convention . 16 15 14 Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . Child Labor Deterrence Act Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Convention on the Rights of the Child Fair Labor Standards Act Hammer v. Dagenhart History of youth rights in the United States Morse v. Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / concepts ( show ) Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalization Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues ( show ) Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Behavior modification facility Child labour Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in America Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organizations ( show ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons ( show ) Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal The legal working age is the minimum age required by law for a person to work , in each country or jurisdiction . Some types of labor are commonly prohibited even for those above the working age , if they have not reached yet the age of majority . Activities that are dangerous , harmful to the health or that may affect the morals of minors fall into this category . Contents ( hide ) 1 Africa 2 Americas 3 Asia 4 Europe 5 Oceania 6 See also 7 References Africa ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Country Legal Working Age Kenya 13 : ( Easy Work ) 16 : ( Restricted working hours and the type of work ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) South Africa 15 : ( Restricted working hours and the type of work ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Americas ( edit ) Country Legal Working Age Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda 14 : ( Restricted working hours ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Argentina It is forbidden to employ workers under 18 years of age for arduous , unhealthy , or hazardous work . 14 : The working week for young workers between 14 and under 16 years of age should be not more 6 hours per day and 36 hours per week . 16 : Young workers aged over 16 but under 18 years of age , have the right to work during normal business hours ! 18 : Unrestricted Aruba Bahamas 14 : ( Employment during school hours is prohibited ; Night work is prohibited ; Industrial work is prohibited ; Conditions in respect of young persons : in a school day , for not more than three hours , in a school week , for not more than twenty - four hours , in a non-school day , for not more than eight hours , in a non-school week , for not more than forty hours . ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Barbados 16 : ( Employment during school hours is prohibited ; Night work is prohibited ; Industrial work is prohibited ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Belize Bermuda Bolivia 10 : Independent work ( e.g. street selling ) with parent permission and government supervision 12 : Contract work ( for a boss ) with parent permission and government supervision ; no more than 6 hours per day , not during school hours , and if it does not interfere with schooling Brazil In Brazil , any work for minors under 16 years of age is forbidden , except the apprentices , who can start working at 14 years old . Until the age of 18 , it is strictly prohibited for the teenagers to work at night or in dangerous or unhealthy conditions . 14 : Only apprentices can start working . It 's forbidden to work in any other job . 16 : Teenagers are allowed to work in any job , but they are prohibited to work at night or in dangerous or unhealthy conditions . 18 : Unrestricted . British Virgin Islands Canada ( show ) Legal working age by Province Province Legal Working Age Legislation Alberta 12 : ( permit from Employment Standards for most jobs is needed ; Maximum 2 hours a day ( at school days ) ; Maximum 8 hours ( at a non schools days ) ; Not between 9 : 00 p.m. and 6 : 00 a.m ) 15 : ( Restrictions on restaurants , bars , all retail stores , gas stations , hotels and motels ; No working from midnight to 6 : 00 a.m. ) 18 : Unrestricted Occupational Health and Safety ( OHS ) legislation British Columbia 12 : ( Supervision of a person aged 19 or older at all times while working ; Maximum 4 hours on a school day ; Maximum 7 hours on a non-school day ; Maximum 20 hours in a week that has five school days ; Maximum 35 hours in any other week ; Written permission of parents is needed ) 15 : Unrestricted Employment Standards Act Manitoba 12 : ( Permit from Employment Standards ; No dangerous work ; No working from 11 : 00 p.m. to 6 : 00 a.m ) 16 : ( No dangerous work ) 18 : Unrestricted The Employment Standards Code The Worker Recruitment and Protection Act New Brunswick None : ( No dangerous work ; Maximum 3 hours on a school day ; Maximum 6 hours on a non-school day ; No working from 10 : 00 p.m. to 6 : 00 a.m ; Generally no working in : industrial undertaking , forestry industry , construction industry , garage or automotive service station , hotel or restaurant , theatre , dance hall or shooting gallery or as an elevator operator ) 14 : ( No dangerous work ; Maximum 3 hours on a school day ; Maximum 6 hours on a non-school day ; No working from 10 : 00 p.m. to 6 : 00 a.m ) 16 : Unrestricted Employment Standards Act Newfoundland and Labrador 14 : ( Written permission of parents is needed ; No dangerous work ; Maximum 3 hours on a school day ; Maximum 8 hours on a non-school day ; No working between 10 p.m. and 7 a.m ) 16 : Unrestricted The Labour Standards Act Northwest Territories None : ( Employment may not be detrimental to the health , education or moral character of the children . Children are not permitted to work between 11 : 00 p.m. to 6 : 00 a.m. without the approval of a Labour Standards Officer ) 18 : Unrestricted 19 : Serving or selling alcoholic beverages Labour Standards Office Nova Scotia None : ( No dangerous work ; Maximum 3 hours on a school day ; Maximum 8 hours on a non-school day ; No working between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m ) 14 : ( No dangerous work and work as mining , manufacturing , construction , forestry , work in garages and automobile service stations , work in hotels and work in billiard rooms , pool rooms , bowling alleys or theatres ) 16 : Unrestricted Labour Standards Code General Labour Standards Code Regulations Nunavut None : ( Employment may not be detrimental to the health , education or moral character of the children . Children are not permitted to work between 11 : 00 p.m. to 6 : 00 a.m. without the approval of a Labour Standards Officer ) 18 : Unrestricted 19 : Serving or selling alcoholic beverages Labour Standards Office Ontario None : ( No working while school hours for those under the age of 16 ) 14 : Minimum age for industrial establishments 16 : Minimum age for Construction , Logging Operations , Mining Plant or Surface Mine 18 : Minimum age for Underground Mines and Window Cleaning ( Unrestricted ) Employment Standards Act , 2000 Prince Edward Island None : ( No dangerous work ; Not more than 8 hours per day or 40 hours per week ; Maximum 3 hours on a school day ; Maximum 8 hours on a non-school day ; No working between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m ) 16 : Unrestricted Youth Employment Act Employment Standards Act Quebec None : ( Only with written permit from Parents ) 14 : ( No working during school hours ; Nor dangerous work ; No working between 11 p.m. and 6 a.m. ) 18 : Unrestricted Employment Standards Act Saskatchewan 14 : ( Must have the written permission of a parent or guardian ; Cannot work after 10 p.m. on a day before a school day ; Cannot work more than 16 hours during a week ; Must have a certificate from the Young Worker Readiness Certificate Course ) 16 : Minimum working age without parental permission ; Minimum age to work in construction , pulp mills , sawmills or woodworking , smelters , foundries , refineries , metal processing or fabricating , a confined space , meat , fish or poultry processing , forestry or logging , oil drilling or servicing rigs , as an operator of powered mobile equipment , crane or hoist , where exposure to a chemical or biological substance is likely to endanger health or safety and power line construction or maintenance . 18 : Unrestricted ; Minimum age to work in mining , as a radiation worker , an asbestos process , a silica process and any job requiring an atmosphere - supplying respirator 19 : To sell , handle or serve alcohol . The Labour Standards Act The Occupational Health and Safety Act The Alcohol and Gaming Regulation Act Yukon 14 : Minimum working age for : delivery person of small wares for a retail store , clerk or messenger in an office , clerk in a retail store , delivery person for the distri bution of newspapers , flyers or handbills worker in the restaurant and food services industry or worker in an occupation approved by the Director of Employment Standards ( Must have the written permission of a parent or guardian ; Maximum 2 hours on a school day ; Maximum 8 hours on a non-school day ; Cannot work after 9 p.m. until 6 : 00 a.m ) 16 : Minimum working age for ( only under presence of someone 18 years or older ) : Retail business selling ( also alcoholice products ) , retail business in which gasoline , diesel fuel , propane or any other product of petroleum or natural gas is sold , hotel or motel Minimum working age for working at construction site , in an industrial or manufacturing production process , in work involving scaffolding or swing stages , to work on a drilling or servicing rig , on a mine or a mining project . ( Generally can not work from 12 : 01 a.m. to 6 : 00 a.m ) 18 : Unrestricted Employment Standards Act YOUNG WORKER PROTECTION ACT Caribbean Netherlands Cayman Islands Costa Rica 16 Cuba Curaçao Dominica 12 : ( No person shall take into his employment or employ in any occupation whatsoever any child ; but a child may be employed in the domestic work or agricultural work of a light nature at home by the parents or guardian of the child . ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Dominican Republic El Salvador 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Children below the age 14 are not allowed to enter the workforce . Minors between the ages of 14 and 18 may work with permission from the Ministry of Labor if their employment is indispensable to either themselves or their family . Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica 16 Martinique Mexico 14 : ( Restricted working hours and the type of work ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Montserrat Nicaragua Panama Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Maarten Trinidad and Tobago 16 Turks and Caicos Islands United States ( show ) Federal legal working age legislation Minimum Age Standards for nonagricultural Employment None : deliver newspapers ; perform in radio , television , movie , or theatrical productions ; work in businesses owned by their parents ( except in mining , manufacturing or hazardous jobs ) ; and perform babysitting or perform minor chores around a private home . 14 : Minimum age for employment in specified occupations outside of school hours for limited periods of time each day and each week . 16 : Basic minimum age for employment . At 16 years of age , youth may be employed for unlimited hours in any occupation other than one declared to be hazardous by the Secretary of Labor . 18 : Minimum age for employment in nonagricultural occupations declared hazardous by the Secretary of Labor . Occupation Standards : 14 Minimum age to work ( in / as ) : Office and clerical Work ; Work of an intellectual or artistically creative nature ; Cooking ( except for : cooking over an open flame , and using equipment such as rotisseries , broilers , pressurized equipment including fryolators , and cooking devices that operate at extremely high temperatures such as `` Neico broilers . '' ) ; Cashiering , selling , modelling , art work , work in advertising departments , windows trimming and comparative shopping ; Price marking , assembling orders , packing and shelving ; Delivery work ( only by foot , bicycle , and public transportation ) ; Cleanup work ; Kitchen work ( and other work involved in preparing and serving food and beverages ) ; Cleaning kitchen equipment ; Cleaning vegetables and fruits , and wrapping , sealing , labeling , weighing pricing and stocking of items including vegetables , fruits and meat ; Loading and unloading from motor vehicles ; Lifeguard ( But not at a natural environment such as an ocean side beach , lake , pond , river , quarry , or pier ) ; Work in connection with cars and trucks ; 16 Unrestricted for Nonagricultural Employment Minimum age to work ( in / as ) : Manufactoring occupation ; Mining occopation ; Any occupation found and declared to be hazardous by the secretary of labour ; Occupations involved with the operating , tending , setting up , adjusting , cleaning , oiling or repairing of hoisting apparatus ; Workperformed in or about boiler or engine rooms or in connection with the maintenance or repair of the establishment , machines , or equipment ; Occupations involved with the operating , tending , setting up , adjusting , cleaning , oiling or repairing or of any power - driven machinery ; The operation of motor vehicles or service as heleprs on such vehicles ; Outside windows washing that involves working from window sills ; All work requiring the use of ladders , scaffolds or their substitutes ; Baking and most cooking activities ; Work in freezers and meat coolers and all work in the processing of meat for sale ; Loading or unloading of goods or property onto or from motor vehicles , railroad cars and conveyors ; Catching and cooping of oultry in preparation for transport or for market ; Public messinger service ; 18 Minimum age to work ( in / as ) : Manufacturing and storing of explosives ; Motor - vehicle driving and outside helper on a motor vehicle ; Coal mining ; Occupations in forest fire fighting , forest fire prevention , timber tract operations , forestry service , logging , and sawmilling ; Using Power - driven woodworking machines ; Exposure to radioactive substances ; Power - driven hoisting apparatus , including forklifts ; Power - driven metal - forming , punching , and shearing machines ; Mining , other than coal mining ; Operating power - driven meat processing equipment , including meat slicers and other food slicers , in retail establishments ( such as grocery stores , restaurants kitchens and delis ) and wholesale establishments , and most occupations in meat and poultry slaughtering , packing , processing , orrendering ; Power - driven bakery machines including vertical dough or batter mixers ; Power - driven balers , compactors , and paper pro cessing machines ; Manufacturing bricks , tile , and kindred products ; Power - driven circular saws , bandsaws , chain saws , guillotine shears , wood chippers , and abrasive cutting discs ; Wrecking , demolition , and shipbreaking operations ; Roofing operations and all work on or about a roof ; Excavation operations ; Hours - Time Standards 14 : Fourteen - and 15 - Year - Olds may not be employed before 7 a.m. or after 7 p.m. except from June 1 through Labor Day when the evening hour is extended to 9 p.m. ( time is based on local standards ; i.e. , whether the locality has adopted daylight saving time ) ; More than 3 hours a day on a school day , including Fridays ; More than 8 hours a day on a nonschool day ; More than 18 hours a week during a school weeks ; More than 40 hours a week during nonschool weeks . 16 : Unrestricted ( State - law may extend restrictions for 16 and 17 year old ) ( show ) State laws : Alabama -- Hawaii Federal state Permission needed Legal Working Age Legislation Alabama Additional working restrictions : None : ( 21 years of age to serve alcoholic beverages for the consumption on premises ( 19 if licensee is RVP certified ) ; 18 years of age to work in that part of an establishment where alcoholic beverages are sold or served for consumption on premises ; 14 / 15 year olds may not work in an establishment where alcoholic beverages are sold , served , or dispensed for consumption on premises . ) Working hours : 14 : During the Months when Public Schools are in Session : No more than 3 hours after school ; No more than 8 hours on a non-school day ; No more than 6 days per week ; No more than 18 hours per week ; Not before 7am or after 7pm each day ; Not during school hours . During the Summer Months : No more than 8 hours a day ; No more than 6 days per week ; No more than 40 hours per week ; Not before 7am or after 9pm each day . 16 : During the Months when Public Schools are in Session : Minors 16 - 17 - 18 years old , who are enrolled in public or private school , may not work after 10pm or before 5am on any night preceding a school day . During the Summer Months : No hour restrictions during summer break . ALABAMA CHILD LABOR LAWS AL 25 - 8 - 32 AL 25 - 8 - 63 Alaska Additional working restrictions : None : For : Newspaper sales and delivery . Babysitting , handiwork and domestic employment in or about private homes . Occupations in the entertainment industry , with an approved work permit from the Alaska Wage and Hour Administration . 14 : No dangerous or hard work ; Maximum 9 hours per day ( school + working ) ; Working is prohibited from 5 : 00 a.m. to 9 : 00 p.m. ; Maximum 23 working hours per week ; During school vacations , work hours will be limited to 40 hours per week between the hours of 5 : 00 a.m. and 9 : 00 p.m. 16 : All minors 16 and under must have a work permit on file with the department . If the employer has a restaurant designation and is licensed to sell alcohol , then all minors 17 years of age must also have an approved work permit 18 : Unrestricted 19 : Selling tobacco or tobacco products 21 : Selling , stocking or serving alcoholic beverages . Working hours : See federal law Alaska Child Labor Law Arizona Additional working restrictions : See federal law ( some additional restrictions by state law ) Working hours : 14 : Maximum of 8 hours per day and 40 hours per week during the non-school day period ; During the school day can only work 3 hours per day and 18 hours per school week ; Arizona law further limits employment of children under the age of 16 making it unlawful for a child under the age of 16 to work between the hours of 9 : 30 p.m. and 6 a.m. If the child is working in door - to - door sales or deliveries , they may not work between the hours of 7 p.m. and 6 a.m. 16 : Unrestricted A.R.S. 23 - 230 Arkansas The following working restrictions do not apply for minors age 16 and 17 under following provisions : 1 . He / she has graduate of any high school , vocational school , or technical school 2 . He / she is married or is a parent . Additional Working Restrictions : Under 14 No child under the age of fourteen years shall be employed or permitted to work in any remunerative occupation in this state , except that during school vacation , children under fourteen years may be employed by their parents or guardians in occupations owned or controlled by them . 16 No child under sixteen years shall be employed or permitted to work in any occupation dangerous to the life and limb , or injurious to the health and morals of the child , or in any saloon , resort , or bar where intoxicating liquors of any kind are sold or dispensed . No child under the age of sixteen years shall be employed , permitted , or suffered to work in any capacity : In , about , or in connection with any processes in which dangerous or poisonous acids or gases or other chemicals are used ; In soldering ; In occupations causing dust in injurious quantities ; In scaffolding ; In heavy work in the building trades ; In any tunnel or excavation ; In any mine , coal breaker , coke oven , or quarry ; or In any pool or billiard room . 18 Unrestricted . Working hours : 14 : may not work : more than six days in any week ; more than forty - eight hours in any week ; more than eight hours in any day ; before 6 : 00 a.m. or after 7 : 00 p.m. , except that on nights preceding nonschool days , they may work until 9 : 00 p.m. 16 : May not work : more than six ( 6 ) days in any week ; more than fifty - four ( 54 ) hours in any week ; more than ten ( 10 ) consecutive hours in any day ; more than ten ( 10 ) hours in a twenty - four - hour period ; or before 6 : 00 a.m. or after 11 : 00 p.m. , except that children ages sixteen ( 16 ) and seventeen ( 17 ) years may be employed until 12 : 00 midnight on nights preceding nonschool days . 18 : Unrestricted Arkansas 's child labor law 11 - 6 - 101 11 - 6 - 102 11 - 6 - 103 11 - 6 - 104 11 - 6 - 105 11 - 6 - 106 11 - 6 - 107 11 - 6 - 108 11 - 6 - 109 11 - 6 - 110 11 - 6 - 111 11 - 6 - 112 11 - 6 - 113 11 - 6 - 114 11 - 6 - 115 11 - 6 - 116 California Additional working restrictions 12 Minimum age to work : in connection with the occupation of selling or distributing newspapers , magazines , periodicals or circulars . 16 Minimum age to work : in any type of mechanical work or any work in a gasoline service establishment ; with Dispensing gas or oil , as Courtesy service and for Car cleaning , washing , and polishing ; In an establishment that sells alcoholic beverages for consumption off the premises if supervised by someone over the age of 21 . 18 Minimum age to : perform an act in a premises where alcohol is served ; serve alcohol in a bona fide public eating establishment if the person is no employed as a bartender and the service is in that part of the establishment used for the sale and service of food ; To sell lottery tickets if supervised by someone over the age of 21 . 21 Minimum age to : sell or serve alcoholic beverages unrestricted ; sell lottery tickets unrestricted . Working hours 12 : School in session : May be employed only during school holidays and vacations ( usually construed to include weekends ) . May never be employed on any schoolday , either before or after school . School not in session : 8 hours per day ; 40 hours per week Spread of hours : 7 a.m. -- 7 p.m. , except that from June 1 through Labor Day , until 9 p.m. 14 : ( Must have completed 7th grade to work while school in session ) School in session : 3 hours per schoolday outside of school hours ; 18 hours per week School not in session : 8 hours per day ; 40 hours per week Spread of hours : 7 a.m. -- 7 p.m. , except that from June 1 through Labor Day , until 9 p.m 16 : ( Must have completed 7th grade to work while school in session ) School in session : 4 hours per day on any schoolday ; 48 hours per week School not in session : 8 hours per day ; 48 hours per week Spread of hours : 5 a.m. -- 10 p.m. However , until 12 : 30 a.m. on any evening preceding a nonschoolday . 18 : Unrestricted CALIFORNIA CHILD LABOR LAWS Colorado Additional working restrictions : 9 : Minimum age to : Delivery of handbills and advertising ; Shoe shining ; Gardening and care of lawns involving no power - driven lawn equipment ; Cleaning of walks involving no power - driven snow - removal equipment ; Casual work usual to the home of the employer and not specifically prohibited ; Caddying on golf courses ; Occupations similar to the above . 12 : Minimum age to : Sale and delivery of periodicals ; Door - to - door selling and delivery of merchandise ; Baby - sitting ; Gardening and care of lawns , and cleaningof walks ; contact the Division regarding use of power - driven equipment ; Non-hazardous agricultural work ; Occupations similar to the above . 14 : Minimum age to : on - hazardous occupations in manufacturing ; Public messenger service and errands by foot , bicycle and public transportation ; Operation of automatic enclosed freight and passenger elevators. ; Janitorial and custodial service ; Office work and clerical work ; Warehousing and storage , including unloading and loading of vehicles ; Non-hazardous construction and non-hazardous repair work ; Occupations in retail food service ; Certain gasoline service occupations ; Occupations in retail stores ; Occupations in restaurants , hotels , motels , or other public accommodations ; Occupations related to parks or recreation ; Occupations similar to the above . 16 : Minimum age to : The occupations listed above and the operation of a motor vehicle if the minor is licensed to operate the motor vehicle for such use pursuant . 18 : Minimum age to : Sell , or serve alcoholic beverages if supervised by someone 21 years of age or older . 21 : Minimum age to : Sell , or server alcoholic beverages ( unrestricted ) . Work hour restriction : General Restriction : No employer shall be permitted to work a minor more than forty hours in a week or more than eight hours in any twenty - four - hour period . Schoolday Restriction : On school days , during school hours , no minor under the age of sixteen shall be permitted employment except as provided by a school release permit . After school hours no minor under the age of sixteen shall be permitted to work in excess of six hours unless the next day is not a school day . Nighttime Restriction : Except for babysitters , no minor under the age of sixteen shall be permitted to work between the hours of nine - thirty p.m. and five a.m. , unless the next day is not a school day . An exception to this rule is a minor employed as an actor , model , or performer . Colorado Youth Employment Opportunity Act ( C.R.S. 8 - 12 - 101 et seq . ) Connecticut Additional working restrictions : 14 : Minimum age to work ( in / as ) : Agriculture ; Street trades ( newspaper delivery , shoe shining , baby - sitting , etc . ) ; Hospitals ( no food service or laundry ) ; Convalescent homes ( no food service or laundry ) ; Hotels and motels ( no food service or laundry ) ; Banks ; Insurance companies ; Professional offices ( lawyers , CPAs , etc . ) ; Municipalities ( library attendants , recreation departments , etc . ) ; Golf caddies ; Acting ; Household chores for private homeowners ( yard work , etc . ) ; Licensed summer camps ; Mercantile / solicitation ; 15 : Minimum age to work ( in / as ) : Mercantile establishment as a bagger , cashier , or stock clerk ( this also includes the sale of alcohol in grocery stores ) 16 : Unrestricted 18 : Minimum age to : Sell , or serve alcoholic beverages . Sell tobacco products . Work hour restriction : 14 : May not be employed : During school hours ; Before 7 a.m. or after 7 p.m. , except from July 1 to Labor Day , when evening hours are extended to 9 p.m. ; More than 3 hours per day on school days or 8 hours on non-school days ; More than 18 hours a week in school weeks or 40 hours in non-school weeks . 16 : Depending on industry . 18 : Unrestricted Employment of Minors Act Delaware Additional working restrictions : 18 : Selling tobacco products . 19 : Serving alcoholic beverages in restaurants . 21 : Sell alcoholic beverages and to work as a barkeeper . Work hour restriction : 14 : Before 7 : 00 a.m. or after 7 : 00 p.m. - except from June 1 through Labor Day when the evening hour shall be extended to 9 : 00 p.m. ; More than four hours per day on school days ; More than eight hours per day on non-school days ; More than eighteen ( 18 ) hours in any week when school is in session for 5 days ; More than six ( 6 ) days in any week ; More than forty ( 40 ) hours per week when school is not in session . 16 : May not work more than twelve hours in a combination of school and work hours per day . Must have at least eight consecutive hours of non-work , non-school time in each 24 - hour period . May not work more than five hours continuously without a non-work period of at least 30 consecutive minutes . 18 : Unrestricted Delaware Child Labor Law Florida Additional working restrictions : None : Minors who work for their parents in occupations not declared hazardous in the Florida legislature ; Newspaper delivery ( 10 years old ) ; Minors in the entertainment industry registered with Child Labor ; Compliance ; 14 : Minimum working age 16 : For the handling certain dangerous animals ; Conducting door - to - door sales of products as employment ( some exceptions ) ; Spray painting 18 : Unrestricted . Sell alcoholic beverages ( as such as beer , and wine ) and to work as a barkeeper . Sell tobacco products . 21 : Sell alcoholic beverages ( Spirits ) . Work hour restriction : 14 : May work up to 15 hours per week . Not before 7 a.m. or after 7 p.m. and for no more than 3 hours a day on school days , when a school day follows . May work up to 8 hours on Friday , Saturday , Sunday , and on nonschool days , when school days do not follow , until 9 p.m. 16 : May work up to 30 hours per week . Not before 6 : 30 a.m. or later than 11 p.m. and for no more than 8 hours a day when school is scheduled the following day . On days when school does not follow , there are no hour restrictions . 18 : Unrestricted The State of Florida and the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act ( FLSA ) Georgia ( U.S. state ) Under 16 : Over 16 : Additional working restrictions : Under 12 : No minor under 12 years of age shall be employed or permitted to work in any gainful occupation at any time , provided that this Code section shall not be construed to apply to employment of a minor in agriculture , domestic service in private homes , or any specific employment permitted by this chapter or to employment by a parent or a person standing in the place of a parent . 12 Employment of minors 12 and 13 years of age in wholesale and retail stores is permitted . Other restrictions are similar to the federal laws . Work hour restriction : 14 : 4 hours on a school day ; 8 hours on a nonschool day ; 40 hours during a nonschool week ; Not work before 6 a.m. ; Not work after 9 p.m. 16 : Unrestricted GDOL Child Labor Act Hawaii Additional working restrictions : None ( 18 years of age to sell alcoholic beverages and to work as a barkeeper ) Work hour restrictions : 14 : Not more than 3 hours per day on a school day , and 8 hours per day on a non-school day . During a school week , not more than 18 hours per week . During a non-school week , not more than 40 hours per week . On school days and the day before a school day : Between 7 : 00 a.m. and 7 : 00 p.m. On non-school days and the day before a non-school day : Between 6 : 00 a.m. and 9 : 00 p.m. Not more than 6 consecutive days , and 5 consecutive hours without at least a 30 - minute rest or meal period . 16 : Unrestricted Work hour restrictions : 14 Not more than 3 hours per day on a school day , and 8 hours per day on a non-school day . During a school week , not more than 18 hours per week . During a non-school week , not more than 40 hours per week . On school days and the day before a school day : Between 7 : 00 a.m. and 7 : 00 p.m. On non-school days and the day before a non-school day : Between 6 : 00 a.m. and 9 : 00 p.m. Not more than 6 consecutive days , and 5 consecutive hours without at least a 30 - minute rest or meal period . 16 Unrestricted Hawaii Child Labor Law ( show ) State laws : Idaho -- Massachusetts Federal state Permission needed Legal Working Age Legislation Idaho Additional working restrictions : None ( 19 years of age to handle sales of alcohol or to serve it in a restaurants ) Work hour restrictions : 14 : No person under the age of sixteen years shall be employed or suffered or permitted to work at any gainful occupation more than fifty - four hours in any one week , nor more than nine hours in any one day ; nor before the hour of six o'clock in the morning nor after the hour of nine o'clock in the evening . 16 : Unrestricted Idaho Statutes 44 - 1301 , 44 - 1302 , 44 - 1303 and 44 - 1304 Indiana Additional working restrictions : None ( 18 years of age to sell tobacco products ; 19 years of age can `` ring - up '' the sale of alcoholic beverages in the course of their employment at a drug or grocery store if there is at least one other employee on the licensed premise who is twenty - one years of age or older ) Work hour restrictions : 14 : Restricted to : 3 hours per school day ; 8 hours per non-school day ; 18 hours per school week ; 40 hours per non-school week ; No work before 7 : 00 a.m. or after 7 : 00 p.m. ( except 9 : 00 p.m. June 1 through Labor Day ) 16 : Restricted to : 8 hours per school day ; 9 hours per day not followed by a school day ; 30 hours per week ; 40 hours per school week ; 48 hours per non-school week ; No more than 6 working days per week ; No work before 6 : 00 a.m. ; Work until 10 : 00 p.m. on nights followed by a school day ; Work until 12 : 00 a.m. on nights not followed by a school day . 17 : 16 's Restrictions apply but working : Until 10 : 00 p.m. on nights followed by a school day ; Until 11 : 30 p.m. on nights followed by a school day ; Until 1 : 00 a.m. on nights followed by a school day , but not on consecutive nights and not more than two school nights per week is permitted . 18 : Unrestricted Indiana Child Labor Law 905 IAC 1 - 15.3 - 1 IC 7.1 - 5 - 7 - 13 IC 35 - 46 - 1 - 11.7 Iowa Under 16 : 16 and over : Additional working restrictions : None ( 16 years of age to sell liquor , wine , or beer in original unopened containers for off - premises consumption ( grocery stores , convenience stores , liquor stores , etc . ) ; 18 years of age to sell and dispense liquor , wine , or beer for on - premises consumption ( restaurants , bars , clubs , etc . ) ; 21 years of age to deliver liquor , wine , or beer in original unopened containers to a home or other designated location for personal use ( licensees and permittees authorized to sell liquor , wine , or beer for off - premises consumption ) ) Work hour restrictions : 14 : Permitted : outside school hours , between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m. , from the day after Labor Day ( in September ) through May 31 , and no more than four hours per day , Monday through Friday , or eight hours per day on Saturdays , Sundays and holidays . No more than a total of 28 hours per week is allowed . From June 1 through Labor Day , a minor may work up to eight hours per day between 7 a.m. and 9 p.m. , but not more than 40 hours per week . 16 : Unrestricted Iowa Code sections § 123.46 A , § 123.47 , § 123.49 ( 2 ) ( f ) 185 - 4.25 Iowa Administrative Code Iowa Child Labor Law Kansas Under 16 : 16 and over : Additional working restrictions : None ( 18 years of age to work as a server in a restaurant serving alcohol , and to sell 3.2 ABV beer ; 21 years of age Unrestricted ) Work hour restrictions : None ( see federal law ) Fair Labor Standards Act Kentucky Additional working restrictions : Minors under the age of 18 are prohibited from working in / as : Occupations in or about Plants or Establishments Manufacturing or Storing Explosives or Articles Containing Explosive Components ; Motor - vehicle Driver and outside helper on a motor vehicle ; Coal Mine Occupations ; Logging or Sawmill Operations ; Operation of Power - Driven Woodworking machines ; Exposure to Radioactive Substances ; Power - driven hoisting apparatus , including forklifts ; Operation of Power - Driven Metal Forming , punching , and shearing machines ; Mining , other than coal mining ; Operation of Power - driven bakery machines including vertical dough or batter mixers ; Manufacturing bricks , tile , and kindred products ; Wrecking , demolition , and shipbreaking operations ; Roofing operations and all work on or about a roof ; In , about or in connection with any establishment where alcoholic liquors are distilled , rectified , compounded , brewed , manufactured , bottled , sold for consumption or dispensed unless permitted by the rules and regulations of the Alcoholic Beverage Control Board ( except they may be employed in places where the sale of alcoholic beverages by the package is merely incidental to the main business actually conducted ) ; Pool or Billiard Room . Work hour restrictions : 14 : May not work ( more than ) : before 7 : 00 a.m. and after 7 : 00 p.m. ( 9 : 00 p.m. June 1 through Labor Day ) ; 3 Hours per day on a school day ; 8 Hours per day on a nonschool day ; 18 Hours per week ( if school is in session ) and 8 Hours per day 40 Hours per Week ( if school is not in session ) 16 : May not work ( more than ) : before 6 : 00 a.m. and after 10 : 30 p.m. preceding aschool day / 1 : 00 a.m. preceding a nonschool day ; 6 Hours per day on a school day ; 8 Hours per day on a nonschool day ; 30 Hours per week ( if school is in session ) ; No restrictions if school is not in session . 18 : Unrestricted KRS 339.230 803 KAR 1 : 100 KRS 339.210 Louisiana Additional working restrictions : None ( 18 years of age to work as a server in a restaurant that sells alcohol or as a bartender . Age is not a factor in working for any business for which selling alcohol is not their primary purpose as long as that business holds an off - premises license , meaning alcohol can not be consumed on the property . ) Work hour restrictions : 12 : Permitted if : The minor 's parent or legal guardian is an owner or partner in the business in which the minor is to be employed . The minor works only under the direct supervision of the parent or legal guardian who owns or is a part ner in the business . All of the protections afforded to minors fourteen and fifteen years of age shall be afforded to minors twelve and thirteen years of age . 14 : Minors age 14 to 15 may be employed only after school hours and during nonschool days , but only under highly regulated circumstances . Prohibitions : more than six hours in any day ; more than 24 hours in any week ; between the hours of 11 p.m. and 6 a.m. Restrictions for commercial motion picture , film or video productions , or modeling : Prohibited : before 7 a.m. for studio production , 6 a.m. for location productions ; for minors under six years of age , after 7 p.m for minors six years of age to 15 years of age , 8 p.m. on any day prior to a day during which school is in session or 10 p.m. on any day prior to a day during which school is not in session , as defined by the local superintendent for the school district in which the minor resides ; Minors under six years of age shall not work more than six hours per day ; minors six years of age to 15 years of age shall not work more than eight hours per day Minors shall receive a 12 - hour rest break at the end of each work day , before the commencement of the next day of work Minors shall not be employed more than six consecutive days in any one week , nor more than 36 hours per week for minors under six years of age , nor more than 48 hours per week for minors six years of age to 15 years of age 16 : Minors age 16 may not work between the hours of 11 : 00 p.m. and 5 : 00 a.m. on any day before a day school is in session . 17 : Minors age 17 may not work between the hours of midnight and 5 : 00 a.m. on any day before a day when school is in session . These restrictions do not apply to minors who have graduated from high school . La . R.S. 23 : 151 et seq. and La . Admin . Code tit. 40 , sec . VII. 103 - 303 Maine Under 16 : 16 and over : Additional working restrictions : None ( 17 years of age to work as a server in a restaurant that serves alcohol or as a bartender and handle , transport , and sell beer , wine , and spirits . The presence of a supervisor over the age of 21 is required ) Work hour restrictions : 14 : No more than 6 days in a row ; Cannot work before 7 : 00 a.m. ; Not after 7 : 00 p.m. during school year ; Cannot work after 9 : 00 p.m. during summer vacation . When School is not in Session : No more than 8 hours in any one day ( weekend , holiday , vacation or workshop ) ; Not more than 40 hours in a week ( school must be out entire week ) . When School is in Session : No more than 3 hours on a school day , including Friday ; Not more than 18 hours in a week that school is in session one or more days ; 16 : No more than 6 days in a row ; Cannot work before 7 : 00 a.m. on a school day ; Cannot work before 5 : 00 a.m. on a non-school day ; Cannot work after 10 : 15 p.m. the night before a school day ; Can work up to midnight when there is no school the next day . When School is not in Session : No more than 10 hours in any one day ( weekend , holiday , vacation , or workshop ) ; No more than 50 hours in a week . When School is in Session : No more than 6 hours on a school day ; No more than 10 hours on any holiday , vacation , or workshop day ; On last day of school week may work up to 8 hours ; No more than 24 hours in a week except may work 50 hours any week that approved school calendar is less than 3 days or during the first and last week of school calendar . 18 : Unrestricted Maine Law Governing the Employment of Minors Maryland Additional working restrictions : None ( 18 years of age to work as a server in a restaurant that sells alcohol and to sell wine and beer in retail stores ) Work hour restrictions : 14 : Not before 7 : 00 a.m. or after 8 : 00 p.m. ; Minors may work until 9 : 00 p.m. from Memorial Day to Labor Day . When School is not in Session : Not more than 8 hours a day ; work more than 40 hours in any week . When School is in Session : Not more than 4 hours a day ; work more than 23 hours in any week . 16 : May spend no more than 12 hours in a combination of school hours and work hours each day ; Must be allowed at least 8 consecutive hours of non-work , non-school time in each 24 hour period . 18 : Unrestricted Labor and Employment Article , Title 3 , Subtitle 2 , Annotated Code of Maryland Massachusetts Additional working restrictions : None : Children may work at any age on a farm owned or operated by their parents . 9 : Children as young as 9 may deliver newspapers with a special badge and written consent of a parent or guardian . 10 : Minors age 10 and 11 may engage in limited seasonal work with special permission from the federal Secretary of Labor . 12 : Minors 12 or older may sell certain articles for sale in public places , although selling door - to - door is prohibited until the age of 16 . Minors age 12 and 13 may work on farms with their parents or at other farms if they have the written consent of their parents . 16 : Unrestricted ( see federal law ) 18 : To work as a bartender or in a restaurant serving alcohol , and may handle , transport , and sell beer , wine , and spirits in a retail store . Work hour restrictions : 14 : 14 - 15 - year - old minors may not be employed : During school hours EXCEPT as provided in approved work experience and career exploration programs ; Between 7 : 00 p.m. and 7 : 00 a.m. EXCEPT from July 1 through Labor Day , when they may work until 9 : 00 p.m ; More than 3 hours per day during school weeks , not more than 8 hours per day during weeks when school is not in session ; More than 18 hours per school week EXCEPT in approved work experience and career exploration programs , in which case , they may work 23 hours ; More than 40 hours per week when school is not in session ; More than 6 days per week . 16 : 16 - 17 - year - old minors may not be employed : Between 10 : 00 p.m. and 6 : 00 a.m. with exceptions : When an establishment stops serving customers at 10 : 00 p.m. , the minor may work until 10 : 15 p.m. On nights not preceding a regularly scheduled school day they may work until 11 : 30 p.m. In restaurants and race tracks , they may work until 12 : 00 a.m. on nights not preceding a regularly scheduled school day . More than 9 hours per day ; More than 48 hours in a week ; or More than 6 days per week . 18 : Unrestricted M.G.L. c. 149 , § 104 . ( show ) State laws : Michigan -- New Mexico Federal state Permission needed Legal Working Age Legislation Michigan Additional working restrictions : Minors may not work : Contact with hazardous substances , chemicals , explosives , or radioactive substances . Driving and working as an outside helper ( pizza delivery etc . ) Jobs in the logging and sawmill industry . Jobs using woodworking machinery . Brazing , welding , soldering or heat treating for those less than 16 years of age . Work on construction sites , excavation sites , bridges , streets or highways . Slaughtering , butchering , cutting meat or using meat slicers , cleavers or boning knives . Occupations involving power driven equipment , tools , saws or machinery ( bakery machines , paper product machines , and metal - forming , punching and shearing machines ) . ( A licensee shall not allow any person who is less than 18 years of age to sell or serve alcoholic liquor . ) Special requirements : 11 : 11 - year - olds and those older may work as golf caddies , athletic event referees and bridge caddies , under specific conditions . 13 : 13 - year - olds and those older may work as corn detasselers and at trap shooting events . Work hour restrictions : A minor may not work more than six days per week . Minors are limited to working no more than 10 hours in a day , with a weekly average of 8 hours per day . Combined hours of school and work can not exceed 48 hours in a work week . Special hours apply to workers in agricultural processing . An information sheet is available from the Wage & Hour Division . 14 : 14 - and 15 - year - olds may not work : After 9 : 00 p.m. or before 7 : 00 a.m. 14 - and 15 - year - olds may not work during school hours . 16 : 16 - and 17 - year - olds may not work : Before 6 : 00 a.m. or after 10 : 30 p.m. , Sunday through Thursday . Before 6 : 00 a.m. or after 11 : 30 p.m. Fridays and Saturdays , during school vacation periods , and during periods when a minor is not regularly enrolled in school . Approval may be granted for 16 - and 17 - year - olds to work beyond the starting and ending times specified in the Youth Employment Standards Act . Approvals may be obtained from the Wage & Hour Division YOUTH EMPLOYMENT STANDARDS ACT ( Michigan ) - Act 90 of 1978 MCL 436.1707 ( 6 ) of the Liquor Control Code states Minnesota Additional working restrictions : Minors are prohibited from working in the following capacities : Serving liquor . Working with hazardous materials such as explosives . Operating power - driven machinery , including motor vehicles . On or about construction sites . Work hour restrictions : 14 : Minors under 16 may not work : Before 7 a.m. or after 9 p.m. with the exception of a newspaper carrier . For more than 40 hours a week or more than eight hours per 24 - hour period , except in agricultural operations . During school hours on school days without an employment certificate issued by the appropriate school officials . 16 : Minors over 16 but under 18 may not work : Later than 11 p.m. on evenings before school days or before 5 a.m. on school days . With written permission from a parent or guardian , these hours may be expanded to 11 : 30 p.m. and 4 : 30 a.m Minnesota Rules 5200.0910 and 5200.0920 Minnesota Child Labor Standards Act Mississippi Additional working restrictions : Minors under the age of 17 are not permitted to operate vehicles used for transportation purposes . ( 18 : To serve alcoholic beverages in Restaurants ; 21 : To work as a bartender or to handle alcohol in a liquor store . ) Work hour restrictions : 14 : Only between the hours of 6 a.m. and 7 p.m. 16 : Prohibited from working more than 8 hours in a day and 44 hours in a week . Marriage : Child labor laws in the State of Mississippi do not apply to minor workers who are married before they reach the age of 18 . Fair Labor Standards Act Title 67 Chapter 1 - Local Option Alcoholic Beverage Control Missouri Under 16 during the regular school term : 16 and over : Additional working restrictions : Minors under 16 may not work in / as : Any power driven machinery , except lawn and garden machinery used in domestic service at or around a private residence , provided that , there shall be an agreement between an occupant of the private residence and the child , and by no other person , firm or corporation , other than a parent , legal custodian or guardian of the child , for the performance of such work . The oiling , cleaning , maintenance , or washing of machinery . Any ladders , scaffolding , or their substitute . Any mine or quarry except in offices or at other nonhazardous employment . Stone cutting or polishing except those found in jewelry type business . Any plant manufacturing , processing , storing , or transporting Type A and B explosives , ammunition , or like materials , or in an establishment in which sales of Type A and B explosive materials make up fifty percent or more of gross sales . The operation of any motor vehicle . Any blast furnace , rolling mill , foundry , forging shop , or in any establishment where heating of metals is carried on or where cold rolling , stamping , shearing , punching , of metal stock is carried on . Saw mills , cooperage stock mills , or where woodworking machinery is used . The operation of freight elevators , hoisting machines or cranes , or on or about any manlifts . Occupations involving exposure to ionizing or nonionizing radiation or any radioactive substance . Any occupation involving exposure to any toxic or hazardous chemicals . Any capacity in or about a motel , resort , hotel , where sleeping accommodations are furnished except in offices or locations physically separated from the sleeping accommodations . Any place or establishment in which intoxicating alcoholic liquors or beverages are manufactured , bottled , stored , or sold for consumption on or off the premises , except in establishments where at least fifty percent of the gross sales consist of goods , merchandise , or commodities other than alcoholic beverages . No child under sixteen years of age shall be employed or permitted to work in any street occupation connected with peddling , begging , door - to - door selling or any activity pursued on or about any public street or public place . This prohibition does not apply to any public school or church or charitable fund - raising activity , or distribution of literature relating to a registered political candidate . Any other occupation or place of employment dangerous to the life , limb , health , or morals of children under the age of sixteen . Work hour restrictions : A child shall not be employed , permitted or suffered to work at any gainful employment for more than three hours per day in any school day , more than eight hours in any nonschool day , more than six days or forty hours in any week . Normal work hours shall not begin before seven o'clock in the morning nor extend to after 9 : 00 p.m. , except as provided in subsection 2 of this section . The provisions of this subsection may be waived by the director , in full or in part , depending upon the nature of the employment . Such waiver shall be provided in writing to the employer by the director . On all evenings from Labor Day to June first , a child shall not be employed , permitted or suffered to work at any gainful employment after 7 : 00 p.m. nor after 9 : 00 p.m. from June first to Labor Day ; except that a child who has passed his or her fourteenth birthday but is under sixteen years of age may be employed at a regional fair from June first to Labor Day , if such child does not work after 10 : 30 p.m. , is supervised by an adult , parental consent is given and the provisions of this subsection are complied with . The regional fair exception shall not apply to those entities covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act . The provisions of this subsection do not apply to children who have been permanently excused from school pursuant to the provisions of chapter 167 . The provisions of this subsection may be waived by the director , in full or in part , depending upon the nature of the employment . Such waiver shall be provided in writing to the employer by the director . RSMo 1939 § 9622 , A.L. 1957 p. 525 § 6 , A.L. 1989 H.B. 461 , A.L. 1997 S.B. 220 L. 1989 H.B. 461 , A.L. 2002 S.B. 923 , et al . RSMo 1939 § 9621 , A.L. 1957 p. 525 § 5 , A.L. 1971 S.B. 171 , A.L. 1995 H.B. 300 & 95 merged with H.B. 414 , A.L. 1998 H.B. 1748 , A.L. 1999 S.B. 234 , A.L. 2002 S.B. 923 , et al . Montana Additional working restrictions : None ( 18 years of age to work as a server in a restaurant that sells alcohol and to sell alcohol in retail stores ) Work hour restrictions : 14 : May not work during school hours , except as provided for in Work Experience and Career Exploration Programs approved by the department or the office of public instruction . Working is permitted from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. , except that the minor may be employed until 9 p.m. during the periods outside the school year ( June 1 through Labor Day , depending on local standards ) . Maximum 3 hours on a school day . Maximum 18 hours in a school week . Maximum 8 hours on a non-school day . Maximum 40 hours in a non-school week . 16 : Unrestricted Child Labor Standards Act TITLE 41 . MINORS - CHAPTER 2 . CHILD LABOR Montana Code Annotated , TITLE 16 : ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO Nebraska Under 16 during the regular school term : 16 and over : Additional working restrictions : None ( 19 years of age to work as a server in a restaurant that sells alcohol and to sell alcohol in retail stores ) Work hour restrictions : None ( See federal law ) Neb. Rev. Stat. § § 48 - 301 to 48 - 313 Nebraska Liquor Control Commission Nevada Additional working restrictions : Minors under 16 may not work : The preparation of any composition in which dangerous or poisonous acids are used . The manufacture of paints , colors or white lead . Dipping , drying or packing matches . The manufacture of goods for immoral purposes . Any mine , coal breaker , quarry , smelter , ore reduction works , laundry , tobacco warehouse , cigar factory or other factory where tobacco is manufactured or prepared . Any distillery , brewery or any other establishment where malt or alcoholic liquors are manufactured , packed , wrapped or bottled . Any glass furnace , smelter , the outside erection and repair of electric wires , the running or management of elevators , lifts or hoisting machines , or oiling hazardous or dangerous machinery in motion . Switch tending , gate tending , or track repairing . No child under the age of 16 years shall be employed or permitted or suffered to work as a brakeman , fireman , engineer , motorman or conductor upon any railroad in or about establishments where nitroglycerin , dynamite , dualin , guncotton , gunpowder or other high or dangerous explosives are manufactured , compounded or stored . No child under the age of 16 years shall be employed or permitted or suffered to work in any other employment declared by the Labor Commissioner to be dangerous to the lives or limbs , or injurious to the health or morals , of children under the age of 16 years . Minors under 18 may not work : In begging , receiving alms , or in any mendicant occupation . In any indecent or immoral exhibition or practice . In any practice or exhibition dangerous or injurious to life , limb , health or morals . As a messenger for delivering letters , telegrams , packages or bundles to any house of prostitution or assignation . In any public dance hall within this State where alcoholic beverages are dispensed . In any area of a casino where there is gaming or where the sale of alcoholic beverages is the primary commercial activity unless the minor is in the casino area to provide entertainment pursuant to an employment contract . ( The minimum age to serve or sell alcohol in a grocery store or convenience mart is 16 as long as the minor is supevised by someone over the age of 21 ; The minimum age to work as a bartender or in a restaurant that sells alcohol is 21 . ) Work hour restrictions : 14 : Maximum 48 hours in 1 week , and 8 hours in 1 day . 16 : Unrestricted CHAPTER 609 - EMPLOYMENT OF MINORS : NRS 609.190 Employing or permitting child under 16 years of age to work in certain occupations prohibited . NRS 609.210 Employing or exhibiting minor in certain injurious , immoral or dangerous activities : Criminal penalty . NRS 609.240 Maximum hours of employment of child under 16 years of age . CHAPTER 202 - CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY NRS 202.020 Purchase , consumption or possession of alcoholic beverage by minor . NRS 202.057 Using person who is less than 18 years of age to distribute material that includes offer for alcoholic beverages . New Hampshire Under 16 16 and over : ( But written permission of parents is needed ) Additional working restrictions : None ( 17 years of age to work as a server in a restaurant that sells alcohol and to sell alcohol in retail stores ) Work hour restrictions : 12 : Minors aged 12 -- 15 years may not work : ( additionally to the federal legal working age legislations ) During school - hours . Before 7 a.m. or after 9 p.m. More than 3 hours per day , and maximum 23 hours per school week . More than 8 hours per day , and maximum 48 hours per school week . 16 : Minors aged 16 and 17 years may not work : ( Enrolled in school ) More than 6 consecutive days , nor more than 30 hours peer week during the school calendar week . More than 6 consecutive days , nor more than 48 hours peer week during the school vacation weeks or summer vacation . More than 10 hours per day in manufactoring , nor more than 10 - 1 / 4 hours per day in manual or mechanical labor , nor more than 8 hours per night , if working at night . 16 : Minors aged 16 and 17 years may not work : ( Not enrolled in school ) In manufactoring more than 10 hours per day , nor more than 48 hours per week . In manual or mechanical labor , more than 10 - 1 / 4 hours per day , nor more than 54 hours per week . Night work is restricted to no more than 8 hours by shift and 48 hours per week . TITLE XXIII LABOR CHAPTER 276 - A YOUTH EMPLOYMENT LAW : Section 276 - A : 4 Section 276 - A : 11 Section 276 - A : 13 Section 276 - A : 5 Section 276 - A : 12 CHAPTER Lab 1000 YOUTH EMPLOYMENT New Jersey New Mexico ( show ) State laws : New York -- South Dakota Federal state Permission needed Legal Working Age Legislation New York Under 18 : Over 18 : Additional working restrictions : ( 18 years of age to work as a bartender , serve alcohol in a restaurant , and work in a liquor store if supervised by someone over 21 . ) Minors under 18 may not work : At construction work , including wrecking , demolition , roofing , or excavating operations and the painting or exterior cleaning of a building structure from an elevated surface . Involving the operation of circular saws , band saws , and guillotine shears . In or about a slaughtering and meat - packing establishment , or rendering plant . Involving the operation of power - driven woodworking , metal - forming , metal - punching , metal - shearing , bakery and paper products machines . Involving the operation of power - driven hoisting apparatus , the manufacture of brick , tile , and like products and exposure to radioactive substances or ionizing radiation , or exposure to silica or other harmful dust . Like logging occupations and occupations in the operation of any sawmill , lath mill , shingle mill , or cooperage - stock mill . In mining or in connection with a mine or quarry . As a helper on a motor vehicle . In the care or operation of a freight or passenger elevator , except that minor over 16 may operate automatic , push - button control elevators . In manufacturing , packing , or storing of explosives , or in the use or delivery of explosives . Operating or using any emery , tripoli , rouge , corundum , stone , silicon carbide , or any abrasive , or emery polishing or buffing wheel , where articles of the baser metals or iridium are manufactured . Adjusting belts to machinery or cleaning , oiling , or wiping machinery Packing paints , dry colors , or red or white leads . Preparing any composition in which dangerous or poisonous acids are used . Operating steam boilers subject to section 204 of the Labor Law . In penal or correctional institutions , if the job relates to the custody or care of prisoners or inmates . These rules do not apply to : Workers younger than 18 who are apprentices individually registered in DOL registered apprenticeship programs . Student - learners enrolled in recognized cooperative vocational training programs . Trainees in approved on - the - job training programs . Workers 16 or 17 years old who have completed training as a student learner or trainee in an approved on - the - job training program . Workers 16 or 17 years old who have completed a training program given by a public school or a non-profit institution that includes DOL approved safety instruction . Minors under 16 may not work : Any factory work , except in delivery and clerical employment in an enclosed office of a factory or in dry cleaning stores , shoe repair shops , and similar service stores . Operating or assisting in operating any machinery unless all moving parts other than keys , levers , or handles are so guarded as to prevent any part of the person or clothing for the operator from touching them . Painting or exterior cleaning in connection with the maintenance of a building or structure . Operating washing , grinding , cutting , slicing , pressing , or mixing machinery . Work at institutions in the Department of Mental Health . Industrial homework . Places of entertainment as a rope or wirewalker or gymnast , unless protected by the use of safety devices or protective equipment that comply with the Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act . Peddling ; drug traffic ; or any practice , exhibition , or place dangerous or injurious to life , limb , or morals . Dangerous farm jobs . Work hour restrictions : 14 : Minors aged 14 and 15 may maximum work : When school is in Session : 3 hours on school days ; 18 hours per week ; 6 days per week ; from : 7 AM to 7 PM . When school is not in Session : 8 hours per day ; 40 hours per week ; 6 days per week ; from : 7 AM to 9 PM . 16 : Minors aged 16 and 17 may maximum work : When school is in Session : 4 hours on days preceding school days ; 28 hours per week ; 6 days per week ; from : 6 AM to 10 PM . When school is not in Session : 8 hours per day ; 48 hours per week ; 6 days per week ; from : 6 AM to Midnight Farm work : Minors aged 12 or 13 may maximum work : 4 hours per day ; from : 7 AM to 7 PM June 21 to Labor Day / 9AM to 4PM Day after Labor Day to June 20 ; Minors aged 14 or older are unrestricted . Newspaper carriers : Minors aged 11 to 18 may maximum work : 4 Hours on school days 5 Hours on other days ; from : 5 AM to 7 PM or 30 minutes prior to Sunset , whichever is later . Street trades : Minors aged 14 to 18 may maximum work : 4 Hours on school days 5 Hours on other days ; from : 6 AM to 7 PM . New York child labour law : PART 186 CHILD PERFORMERS - ( Statutory authority : Labor Law § 154 - a ) Subpart 186 - 3 Subpart 186 - 4 Subpart 186 - 5 Subpart 186 - 6 Subpart 186 - 7 Subpart 186 - 9 Subpart 186 - 10 NEW YORK STATE LIQUOR AUTHORITY North Carolina Additional working restrictions : Under 16 : No child under 16 years of age shall be employed or permitted to work in , or about , or in connection with any mill , factory , cannery , workshop , manufacturing or mercantile establishment , laundry , bakery , office , hotel , restaurant , barber shop , boot - black stand , public stable , garage , place of amusement , brick yard , lumber yard , or any messenger or delivery service . Newspaper and magazine carrier : Newspaper and magazine carrier boys , operating on fixed routes , are not classified as being employed in street trades . Boys under 16 and over 14 may be employed as carrier boys , under regular employment certificates , between 5 : 00 A.M. and 8 : 00 P.M. , but the hours of work and the hours in school shall not exceed eight hours in any one day . These hours are fixed by Sec. 5033 , C.S. , as amended by Ch. 125 , Public Laws of 1931 , which further limits the hours of work for carrier boys to four hours per day and 24 hours per week . Neighborhood Magazine Sales : Nothing in the above rulings shall be construed to prohibit a boy under 14 years of age from selling and delivering magazines and periodicals in the vicinity of his home and under the supervision of his parents . Street Trades : are defined as selling merchandise , such as newspapers , magazines , peanuts , etc. , or working as itinerant boot - blacks , etc. , on the streets . Girls under 16 years of age will not be permitted to engage in any form of street trades . Boys 12 and 13 years of age may engage in various forms of street trades during the time school . Place of Amusement : The employment of any child under the age of 14 years in a place of amusement is illegal . Work hour restrictions : Under 16 : Minors under the age of 16 may maximum work : 8 hours per day . 48 hours per week . No child under 16 years of age ( except newspaper carrier boys ) may be employed or permitted to work before 6 : 00 o'clock in the morning or after 7 : 00 o'clock in the evening . 16 : Unrestricted RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR RELATIVE TO THE EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN UNDER SIXTEEN YEARS OF AGE STANDARDS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR FOR GRADING INDUSTRIAL PLANTS North Dakota Under 16 : Over 16 : Additional working restrictions : Under 16 : No child under 16 years of age shall be employed or permitted to work in , as or about , or in connection with : Employment involving the use of any power driven machinery . Construction work other than cleaning , errandrunning , moving , stacking , loading , or unloading materials by hand . Lumbering or logging operations and Sawmills or planing mills . Manufacture , disposition , or use of explosives . Operation of any steam boiler , steam machinery , or steam generating apparatus , operation or assisting in the operation of laundry machinery and operating or assisting in the operation of passenger or freight elevators Preparing any composition in which dangerous or poisonous acids are used Work in a mine or quarry . Manufacture of goods for immoral purposes . Any other employment not herein specifically enumerated that may be considered dangerous to life or limb or in which health may be injured or morals depraved . Occupations which involve working on an elevated surface , with or without the use of safety equipment , including ladders and scaffolds in which the work is performed higher than six feet off of the ground . Security positions or occupations that require the use of a firearm or other weapon . Door - to - door sales of any kind . Occupations involving the loading , handling , mixing , applying , or working around or near any fertilizers , herbicides , fungicides , pesticides , insecticides , or any other chemicals , toxins , or heavy metals . Occupations in or in connection with medical or other dangerous wastes . Occupations which involve the handling or storage of blood , blood products , body fluids , and body tissues . Cooking , baking , grilling , or frying . Warehouse or storage work . Trucking or commercial driving . Additionally , any employment which would compel the person to remain standing constantly is prohibited . Over 16 : Unrestricted . ( 21 to work as a bartender or to sell alcohol in a liquor store ; 19 to serve alcohol in a restaurant if supervised by someone 21 or older ) Work hour restrictions : Under 16 : Minors under the age of 16 may maximum work : 3 hours on a school day . 18 hours in a school week . 8 hours on a non-school day . 40 hours in a non-school week . Labor Days : May 31 7 : 00 am -- 7 : 00 pm ; June 1 7 : 00 am -- 9 : 00 pm . Over 16 : Unrestricted . N.D.C.C. Chapter 34 - 07 : Child Labor 34 - 07 - 01 - 34 - 07 - 21 NORTH DAKOTA CENTURY CODE : TITLE 5 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES : CHAPTER 5 - 01 Ohio Under 18 : Over 18 : Additional working restrictions : Under 18 : No child under 18 years of age shall be employed or permitted to work in , as or about , or in connection with : Occupations involving slaughtering , meat - packing , processing or rendering . Power - driven bakery machines , paper products machines , metal forming , punching and shearing machines , woodworking machines and hoisting apparatus . Occupations involved in the manufacture of brick , tile and kindred products . Occupations involved in the manufacture of chemicals . Manufacturing or storage occupations involving explosives . Occupations involving exposure to radioactive substances and to ionizing radiations . Occupations involved in the operation of power - driven circular saws , band saws and guillotine shears . Coal mines . Occupations in connection with mining , other than coal . Logging and sawmilling . Motor vehicle occupations . Maritime and longshoreman occupations . Railroads . Excavation operations . Roofing operations . Wrecking , demolition , and shipbreaking . ( 21 years of age to work as a bartender ; 19 years of age to work as a server in a restaurant that sells alcohol ; 18 is the minimum age to work in a liquor store or transport alcohol ) Work hour restrictions : Under 16 : No person under 16 shall be employed : During school hours except where specifically permitted . Before 7 a.m. or after 9 p.m. from June 1 to September 1 or during any school holiday of 5 school days or more ; or after 7 p.m. at any other time . For more than 3 hours a day in any school day ; For more than 18 hours in any school week . For more than 8 hours in any day when school is not in session . For more than 40 hours in any week that school is not in session nor during school hours , unless employment is incidental to bona fide programs of vocational cooperative training , work - study , or other work - oriented programs with the purpose of educating students , and the program meets standards established by the state board of education . Under 18 : No person 16 or 17 who is required to attend school shall be employed : Before 7 a.m. on any day that school is in session or 6 a.m. if the person was not employed after 8 p.m. the previous night . After 11 p.m. on any night preceding a day that school is in session . Ohio Revised Code - Title ( 41 ) XLI LABOR AND INDUSTRY Chapter 4109 : EMPLOYMENT OF MINORS Ohio Revised Code - Title ( 43 ) XLIII LIQUOR Chapter 4301 : LIQUOR CONTROL LAW Oklahoma Under 18 : Over 18 : Additional working restrictions : None ( 18 to work as a bartender , to transport alcohol , or to work as a server in a restaurant that sells alcohol ) Oklahoma Statute 37 - 537 : Intoxicating Liquors Oregon Additional working restrictions : Under 18 : No child under 18 years of age shall be employed or permitted to work in , as or about , or in connection with : Contact with / operating power - driven food slicers , grinders and choppers ( includes cleaning , even if unassembled ) Motor vehicle driving , including motor vehicle outside helpers , ( except under limited circumstances for minors 17 years of age ) Operating , repairing and cleaning bakery machines Lumber mill , logging and sawmilling occupations Tasks performed in connection with active forest fires Operating balers , metal strap banders and compactors Operating power - driven hand drills ; sanders ; woodworkingmachines Excavating and working in trenches over 4 ' in depth Roofing and related occupations Operating power - driven hoisting apparatus and lifts Manufacturing , storing and using explosives Operating power - driven metal forming , punching and shearing machines Occupations in connection with power - driven meat processing machinery Meat and poultry slaughtering ; packing , processing or rendering Contact with circular , chain , band saws and guillotine shears Operating commercial mixers Using power nail / impact guns , wire stitchers and fasteners All mining occupations Operating power - driven paper products machines Wrecking , demolition , and ship - breaking operations Manufacturing brick , tile and kindred products Messenger services between 10 : 00 PM and 5 : 00 AM Under 16 : No child under 16 years of age shall be employed or permitted to work in , as or about , or in connection with : Manufacturing / processing occupations Work in locations where power - driven machinery is used Work in workshops or warehouses Work in or on boats or commercial docks Lifeguard / swim occupations except for trained / certified 15 year - olds Work around constructions sites and equipment Using pressure washers Cooking with open flame grill , manual fryer , broiler , or surface or oil more than 100 degrees Using pizza , bakery or convection ovens Work in connection with golf carts Using ladders , scaffolds or substitutes Outside window cleaning above ground Work in grain elevators Work in gravel or sand plants or bunkers Land clearing Lumber loading Washing , loading or unloading trucks ( other than personal , non-powered tools / items ) Contact with power mowers / cutters / blowers Sign waving , unless in front of business Employment in commercial laundries Welding or soldering work Occupations in connection with mechanical amusements Surveying Wood cutting / sawing Office work only in auto wrecking yards , junk dealer , waterworks , lumbering , motor vehicle ( transportation ) operations ( 18 to perform any work that involves selling or handling alcohol ) Work hour restrictions : Under 16 : Minors under the age of 16 may maximum work : 3 hours on a school day . 18 hours in a school week . 8 hours on a non-school day . 40 hours in a non-school week . Only between the hours of 7 a.m. and 7 p.m. Working is not allowed during school hours . Over 16 : Minors over the age of 16 may maximum work : 44 hours per week . WH - 218 ( Rev. 12 / 30 / 13 ) 2013 Oregon Revised Statutes § 471.565 Pennsylvania Under 18 : Over 18 : Additional working restrictions : Prohibited Occupations for all Minors in Entertainment : Any acrobatic act that is hazardous to the minor 's safety or well - being . Use of / or exposure to dangerous weapons or pyrotechnical devises . Activities that have a high level of inherent danger including activities involving speed , height , a high level of physical exertion and highly specialized gear or spectacular stunts . An act that constitutes sexual abuse or sexual exploitation of minors . Boxing , sparring or wrestling , except for a bona fide athletic or recognized amateur competition or activity or non-contact portrayal . Assisting performers in animal act , conducting an animal into a ring or on stage , or riding an animal when the animal exceeds half the weight of the child performer . Prohibited Occupations for all Minors : Brickmaker Crane - , elevator operator Electrical worker Excavator Explosives manufacturing Forest firefighting , Forest service , Mill worker Meat processing Motion picture projectionist Motor vehicles ( Exception for occasional driving for licensed 17 year olds with state approved driver education course , if vehicle does not exceed 6,000 pounds and has restraining device , driving is during daylight , within 30 mile radius of employer , and limited to 2 trips per day away from employer location . ) Paint , Acids and Poiso manufacturer Roofer Woodworking ( Using power - driven woodworking machines , including supervising / controlling operation of machines , feeding / assisting with feeding materials into machines ; setting up , adjusting , repairing , oiling or cleaning power - driven woodworking machines , off - bearing from circular saws and guillotine - action veneer clippers. * Exception , 16 - 17 year olds may place material on moving chain / hopper for automatic feeding . ) Spray coater Welder Wrecking and / or demolition worker All minors are also prohibited from working : In establishments where alcoholic beverages are produced , sold or dispensed ( Except in part of establishment where alcohol is not served , or hotels , clubs , or restaurants where alcohol is served and the establishment has a Sunday sales license issued by the Liquor Control Board , and minor is serving food , clearing tables and / or related duties , but minor may not serve or dispense alcohol . Performing arts students engaged in uncompensated exhibitions may perform at a licensed establishment , under proper supervision in accordance with the Liquor Code . ) On boats ( Pilot , fireman or engineer on any boat or vessel . ) On machinery ( Including repairing , cleaning or oiling machinery in motion and operating or assisting in the operation of the following : emery wheels , metal plate bending , forming , punching , hammering , bending , rolling and shearing machines , punch presses , wire - stitching , stapling machines , circular saws , band saws , guillotine shears , chain saws , reciprocating saws , wood chippers , and abrasive cutting discs . On baking machinery ( Operating , assisting , setting up , adjusting , repairing , oiling or cleaning dough / batter mixer , bread dividing , rounding or molding machine , dough brake , dough sheeter , bread slicer / wrapper machine or cake cutting band saw , and setting up / adjusting cookie or cracker machine . Except for 16 and 17 year olds setting up , adjusting , repairing , oiling and cleaning lightweight , small capacity , portable counter-top power - driven food mixers comparable to models intended for household use . Except for 16 and 17 year olds operating pizza - dough rollers constructed with safeguards to prevent fingers , hands , clothing from being caught on the in -- running point of rollers , which have completely enclosed gears , and have microswitches that disengage machinery if the backs / sides of rollers removed . Exception does not apply to setting up , adjusting , repairing , oiling or cleaning of pizza - dough rollers . ) In metal industries In mines ( Dangerous occupations in or around any mine , including all work performed in any underground working , open - pit , or surface part of any coal - mining plant , that contribute to the extraction , grading , cleaning or other handling of coal . Exceptions for 16 - 17 year olds : slate / refuse picking at picking table / chute in a tipple or breaker at a coal mine , work in office or repair / maintenance shops on the surface . For other mines all occupations prohibited , except may work in above - ground office , warehouse , supply house , change house , laboratory , repair / maintenance shops , in living quarters , outside mine in surveying , repair / maintenance of roads , general clean - up , track crew work for sections of railroad track when mining activities not being performed , work in or about surface placer mining operations other than place dredging operations and hydraulic placer mining operations . At metal mills other than in mercury - recovery mills or mills using cyanide process may operate jigs , sludge tables flotation cells , drier - filters , may perform hand - sorting at picking table / belt , general clean up . Exception , 14 and 15 year old minors may work in office and perform clerical duties . In quarries ( Most occupations , including drilling , shot firing or assisting in loading or tamping holes , face cleaning , attaching blocks to chains for cable hoisting , assisting / operating steam , air or electric shovels . ) In the printing and paper industry Around radioactive substances On railroads and railways On rivets ( Heating and passing rivets , except for 16 and 17 year old minors 10 feet or less from ground or on a scaffold equipped with guardrails and board ) In tanneries Additional Prohibited Occupations for Minors Under 16 : Amusement park ride attendant , operator , or dispatcher . Baker and Cook Boiler or engine room worker Chicken catcher ( Catching and cooping of poultry in preparation for transport or for market ) Construction worker Hoisting apparatus Industrial homework Lifeguard Public messenger Stzrike or lockouts ( Prohibited to work in an establishment where a strike or lockout is in progress , unless the minor was legally certified to work in an establishment prior to the declaration of a strike or lockout . ) Switchboard operator Tobacco stripper or sorter Transporting ( Transportation of persons / property by rail , highway , air , water , pipeline , or other means . ) Window cleaner Youth peddling ( Selling goods and services and promotional activities , except at the employer 's place of business . ) Minors Under 16 are also Prohibited from Working : In establishments where alcoholic beverages are produced , sold or dispensed ( Except for continuing - care retirement homes , ski resorts , bowling alleys , golf courses , amusement parks and other similar recreational establishments where alcoholic beverages are served as long as the minor is not handling or serving alcohol , and not working in an area where alcohol is served or stored . Performing Arts students engaged in uncompensated exhibitions may perform at a licensed establishment , under proper supervision in accordance with the Liquor Code . ) On coal dredges In freezer or meat coolers On highways In manufacturing ( Any manufacturing or mechanical process ) On machinery In pattern making shops In the printing industry For public utilities ( In any capacity , except office work such as filing , typing and the cleaning and dusting of an office . ) On scaffolding On trucks , railcars , and conveyors In tunnels In warehousing and storage . Work hour restrictions : Minors aged 14 or 15 may maximum work : 3 hours on a school day . 18 hours in a school week . ( 26 hours if work is performed on Saturday and Sunday ) 8 hours on a non-school day . 40 hours in a non-school week . Minors under 16 must have a written statement by the minor 's parent or guardian acknowledging the duties and hours of employment and granting permission to work . Minors aged 16 or 17 may maximum work : 8 hours on a school day . 28 hours in a school week . ( 36 hours if work is performed on Saturday and Sunday ) 10 hours on a non-school day . 48 hours in a non-school week . Child Labor Act § § 5 ( b ) ( 4 ) ( iv ) , 5 ( k ) , 34 Pa . Code § 11.1 ) ; ( b ) ( 4 ) ( v ) ; ( b ) ( 4 ) ( i ) ; ( b ) ( 4 ) ( ii ) § 4 ( a ) ( 1 ) § 4 ( a ) ( 4 ) ; 34 Pa . Code § 11.1 Code § 11.32 , 29 CFR § 570.58 Code § § 11.31 , 11.35 , 11.38 Code § 11.66 , 29 CFR § 570.68 Code § 11.45 Code § 11.63 ; 29 CFR § 570.67 Code § 11.58 Code § 11.33 Code § 11.46 ; 29 CFR § 570.55 Code § 11.64 , 29 CFR § 570.33 Code § 11.46 ; 29 CFR § 570.65 Code § § 11.51 . 11.55 Code § 11.49 , 29 CFR § 570.59 Code § § 11.34 , 11.46 , 29 CFR § 570.59 Code § 11.56 Code § 11.53 Code § 11.59 ; 29 CFR § 570.53 Code § 11.37 Code § 11.62 ; 29 CFR § 570.57 Code § § 47.221 et seq Code § 11.52 Code § 11.40 Code § 11.84 ; 43 P.S. § 491 - 3 ( f ) ) Code § 11.60 29 CFR § 570.64 § 570.54 § 570.52 § 570.65 § 570.62 ; 34 Pa . Code § 11.47 § 570.60 § 570.34 § 570.63 § § 570.33 ( h ) ( l ) ( d ) ( h ) ( n ) ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ( c ) ( m ) ( g ) , 570.34 ( c ) ( l ) § 570.34 ( l ) Rhode Island Under 16 : Over 16 : Additional working restrictions : Under 16 : Any manufacturing or mining job . Processing occupations such as filleting of fish , dressing poultry , cracking nuts or laundering . Occupations with duties in workplaces where goods are manufactured , mined or processed . Operating or tending of hoisting apparatus or of any power - driven machinery ( other than office machines and machines in retail , food service and establishments ) . Occupations in connection with : a ) Transportation of persons or property by rail , highway , air , on water , pipeline or other means b ) Warehousing and Storage c ) Communications and Public Utilities d ) Construction ( including repair ) + Dispensing gasoline or other fuel Docks , private or public Parking lot attendants Car washes either hand or machine Occupations in billiard or poolrooms Any work in a tunnel All work using ladders or scaffolds Work in freezers or meat coolers ( 18 : To serve , sell or handle alcohol ) Work hour restrictions : Under 16 : If you 're 14 - 15 , you may not be employed : During school hours . Before 6 : 00 am or after 7 : 00 pm , except during school vacations when work is permitted until 9 : 00 pm More than eight hours per day . More than 40 hours per week . Under 18 : If you 're 16 - 17 , you may not be employed : More than 48 hours per week . More than nine hours a day . Before 6 am or AFTER 11 : 30 pm . Without an 8 - hour respite between the end of a shift on one day and the start of work the next day . CHAPTER FIVE - CHILDREN ENTERING THE WORKPLACE AND EMPLOYMENT RIGHTS OF CHILDREN § 86 § 87 § 91 § 96 ( Serving , selling and handling alcohol ) South Carolina Additional working restrictions : Minors under the age of 14 : May generally not work . Exceptions : Minors under age 14 may work in any aspect of show business , such as acting or performing in a theatrical , television , radio , or film production . Minors ages 12 and 13 may work during non-school sessions in non-hazardous farm jobs with written parental consent . At any age , minors may work in any business or establishment solely owned and operated by the parent of the minor . Minors under the age of 16 : Minors ages 14 and 15 may work in office , clerical and sales jobs . They also may work in a number of jobs in retail , food service and gasoline service establishments , such as : Cashiering , price marking and tagging ( by hand or machine ) Assembling orders , packing and shelving . Bagging and carrying out orders . Serving foods and beverages . Cleanup work . Car washing and polishing Operating gas pumps and performing other courtesy services Cleaning vegetables and fruits and wrapping , sealing , labeling , weighing , pricing and stocking goods . Delivery and errand work by foot , bicycle or public transportation . Minors under the age of 18 : May work unrestricted , exceptions : Manufacturing or storing explosives Driving a motor vehicle and being an outside helper Coal mining Logging and sawmilling Power - driven woodworking machines Exposure to radioactive substances and to ionizing radiations Power - driven hoisting apparatus Power - driven metal - forming , punching and shearing machines Mining , other than coal mining Meat packing or processing Power - driven bakery machines Power - driven paper products machines Manufacturing brick , tile , and related products Power - driven circular saws , band saws and guillotine shears Wrecking , demolition , and ship - breaking operations Roofing operations Excavation operations Selling , serving or waitressing alcohol : In order to work as a bartender in any facility that sells open containers of alcohol , a person must be at least twenty - one years of age . In order to work as a server , waiter or waitress and serve open containers of alcohol , a person must be at least eighteen years of age . In order to work in any capacity in a retail liquor store , wholesale liquor business , or a distillery , a person must be at least twenty - one years of age . Work hour restrictions : Under 16 : Minors ages 14 and 15 may not work : During school hours . Before 7 a.m. or after 7 p.m. ( 9 p.m. during the period of summer break of the school district in which the minor resides ) . More than 18 hours during school weeks . More than 3 hours on school days . More than 40 hours in non-school weeks . More than 8 hours on non-school days . Under 18 : Minors ages 16 and 17 - Unrestricted . South Carolina Child Labor Statute : § 41 - 13 - 20 17 Hazardous Occupations Orders of the Fair Labor Standards Act S.C. Code Ann . Sections : 20 - 7 - 370 61 - 5 - 20 ( 6 ) 61 - 13 - 340 South Dakota Additional working restrictions : Under 14 : Minors under the age of 14 may only work in or as : Child actors Jobs pumping gas or detasselling hybrid seed corn Employment by parents Employment necessary for the child 's support or employment using agricultural equipment . Under 16 : Minors aged 14 or 15 may not work under following conditions : In any occupation dangerous to life , health or morals . Under 18 Minors aged 16 or 17 - Unrestricted . ( Federal laws create requirements that are more stringent in many cases ! ) Selling , serving or waitressing alcohol : The age differs by license . Off License : Malt Beverage License Off - Sale , Malt Beverage License under 50 % malt beverage sales : In order to sell beer in a grocery store , a person must be at least eighteen years of age . Off - Sale , Malt Beverage License over 50 % malt beverage sales : In order to sell , stock or handle sealed beer in a grocery store a person must be at least twenty - one years of age . ( If the sale of alcoholic beverages constitutes more than fifty percent of the gross business transacted by the establishment ) On / Off - Sale : Malt Beverage License On / Off - Sale , Malt Beverage License - 50 % Alcohol Sales : The sale of malt beverages constitutes less than fifty percent of the gross business transacted by that establishment , an employee who is 18 years of age or older may sell , serve or dispense malt beverages as long as the licensee or an employee who is at least 21 years of age is on the premise . No one under the age of 21 may tend bar or draw or mix alcoholic beverages . On / Off Sale , Malt Beverage License over 50 % Alcohol Sales : If the gross business from the sale of malt beverages is over 50 % , an employee selling the malt beverages must be at least 21 years of age . On - Sale : Liquor License On - Sale Liquor License under 50 % Alcohol Sales : If less than 50 % of the gross business is from the sale of alcohol , an employee age 18 or older may sell , serve or dispense alcoholic beverages as long as the licensee or an employee over the age of 21 is on the premise . No one under the age of 21 may tend bar or draw or mix alcoholic beverages . On - Sale Liquor License over 50 % Alcohol Sales : If the gross business from the sale of alcohol is over 50 % , an employee selling the alcohol must be at least 21 years of age . Package Liquor License Package Liquor License under 50 % Alcohol Sales : If less than 50 % of the gross business is from the sale of alcohol , an employee age 18 or older may sell alcoholic beverages . Package Liquor License over 50 % Alcohol Sales : Sales of alcoholic beverages may only be made by a person who is at least 21 years of age . On - Off Sale : Wine License On - Off Sale Wine License under 50 % Alcohol Sales : If less than 50 % of the gross business is from the sale of wine , an employee age 18 or older may sell , serve or dispense the wine as long as the licensee or an employee over the age of 21 is on the premise . No one under the age of 21 may tend bar or draw or mix alcoholic beverages . On / Off - Sale Wine License over 50 % Alcohol Sales : If gross business from the sale of wine is over 50 % , an employee selling the wine must be at least 21 years of age . Work hour restrictions : Under 14 : Minors under the age of 14 may not work : During school hours . Later than 7 p.m. Under 14 : Minors under the age of 16 may not work : For more than four hours per school day or 20 hours per school week . For more than eight hours per non-school day or 40 hours per non-school week . Later than 10 p.m. on a school night . Under 18 : Minors aged 16 or 17 - Unrestricted . ( Federal laws create requirements that are more stringent in many cases ! ) South Dakota Code ( Child Labor ) 60 - 12 ( subsections 1 - 14 ) South Dakota Codes Title 35 - ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES Chapter 04 - Sale Of Beverages § 35 - 4 - 79.1 § 35 - 4 - 79 § 35 - 4 - 79.3 § 35 - 4 - 79 ( show ) State laws : Tennessee -- Wyoming , Puerto Rico Federal state Permission needed Legal Working Age Legislation Tennessee Under 18 : Over 18 : Additional working restrictions : None - see federal laws . Work hour restrictions : Under 16 : Minors aged 14 or 15 may not work : During school hours . Between 7 : 00 p.m. and 7 : 00 a.m. , if the next day is a school day . Between 9 : 00 p.m. and 6 : 00 a.m. . More than 18 hours a week during a school week . More than 8 hours a day on non-school days ; or More than 40 hours a week during non-school weeks . Under18 : Minors aged 16 and 17 may not work : During those hours when the minor is required to attend classes . Between the hours of 10 : 00 p.m. and 6 : 00 a.m. , Sunday through Thursday evenings preceding a school day , except with parental or guardian consent . Then the minor may work until midnight no more than three nights Sunday through Thursday . Forms shall remain valid until the end of the school year in which it is submitted or until termination of employment , whichever shall occur first . Tennessee Child Labor Act Tennessee Alcoholic Beverage Act Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Puerto Rico Asia ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Country Legal Working Age China 16 Template : Country data China Taiwan 15 : A worker aged fifteen years old , shall be considered as a child worker . 16 : No child worker and no worker aged sixteen or seventeen years old shall be permitted to do work that is potentially dangerous or hazardous in nature . 18 : ( Unrestricted ) . Iran 15 : Minimum employment age 18 : Hard Work 21 : ( Unrestricted ) Japan 15 : ( Minimum employment age . ) 18 : ( Restricted by the Labour laws ) 20 : ( Unrestricted ) Malaysia 14 : Easy Work . 16 : ( Unrestricted ) . Indonesia 13 : Minimum Employment age . 15 : Restricted working hours and the type of work . 18 : ( Unrestricted ) . Philippines 15 : ( Restricted working hours and the type of work ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Singapore 13 : Generally , a child must be at least 13 years of age before he can start working . The minimum legal age for working in Singapore is governed by the Employment Act and the Employment ( Children and Young Persons ) Regulations , and is enforced by the Ministry of Manpower . 15 : Young persons above 15 may work in an industrial environment . However , the employer must inform the Commissioner of Labour within 30 days of his employment , and submit a medical certificate certifying his fitness for work . 16 : Generally speaking , a person who is above the age of 16 is not a child or a young person , and is considered an adult worker ( Unrestricted ) . Thailand None : ( Artistic field only . Must have parental permission . Restricted working hours and shortened working week ) 15 : ( Light work only . Must have parental permission . Restricted working hours and the type of work , must not interfere with school education ) 18 : ( Light work only . Must have parental permission . Restricted working hours ) 20 : Unrestricted . Vietnam 15 United Arab Emirates 18 Europe ( edit ) Country Legal Working Age Albania 14 : ( Easy work performed at school holidays ) 16 : ( Unrestricted ) Andorra 14 : ( Easy work performed at school holidays ; Maximum 6 hours per day , with minimum 1 hours break ; Minimum 2 following days of rest per week ) 16 : ( Maximum 8 hours per day , with minimum 1 hours break ; Minimum 2 following days of rest per week ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Armenia 16 : ( Unrestricted ; No person under the age of 16 is allowed to work in Armenia ) Austria 14 : ( With many restrictions within a family setting ) 15 : ( With minor restrictions assuming compulsory school years have been finished ) 18 : Unrestricted Belarus 14 : Easy work with the permission from parents or legal guardians 16 : Limited working hours up to 35 hours per week 18 : Unrestricted Belgium 15 : ( Must have completed 2 years of secondary education ; restricted to light work ) 16 : ( only light work ) 18 : Unrestricted Bosnia and Herzegovina 15 : ( Restricted to light work ; Restricted working hours ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Bulgaria 13 : ( Only for jobs as film actor or model ; Strictly regulated ) 15 : ( Strictly regulated ) 16 ( Minimum working age ; Some occupations prohibited ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Croatia 15 : ( Restricted by the Labour laws ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Cyprus 15 : ( Restricted by the Labour laws ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Czech Republic 14 : ( Only under special circumstances ) 15 : ( Restricted occupations and working hours ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Denmark None : ( Only for activities in the cultural or artistic field . However , a police authorization must be obtained for these activities in advance . ) 13 : ( Children 13 -- 15 years of age may only perform light work , that is not in the vicinity of machinery . The working time may be on school days and up to 2 hours on other days up to 7 hours . In school - free weeks , the maximum working time must not exceed 35 hours per week . ) 15 : ( Young people up to 18 years may not work in the following areas : with dangerous tools and equipment within hazardous work processes . The working time may not be between 18.00 und 6.00 clock on weekdays between 14.00 und 6.00 clock on holidays or Sundays . The maximum weekly working time must not exceed 40 hours . ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Estonia 13 : A Person aged 13 may work under restrictions and parental permission . 15 : Minimum Employment age . Minors under the age of 18 are restricted with working hours and certain occupations . 18 : Unrestricted . Finland 14 : Someone aged 14 may practise `` light work '' . 15 : Minimum Employment age . Minors under the age of 18 are restricted with working hours and certain occupations . 18 : Unrestricted . France 14 : ( only for light work , regulated by Code du travail ; No working at night ; Strict time limitation ; Parental permission is needed ) 16 : ( No working at night ; Strict time limitation ; Parental permission is needed ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Germany 13 : ( with parental permission ; and only easy work for example : paper round ) 15 : ( Part - time work with less than 8 hours per day and maximum 40 hours per week ; No work on weekends , statutory holidays and at night time or in an imperiling environment ) . Further restrictions for work break and minimum vacation days . 18 : Unrestricted Hungary 16 : ( The Hungarian Labour Code allows for the employment of people over 16 years old . Young workers apply a two - year period of protection : at the time of their working time must not exceed 8 hours . per day and forty hours per week . If you work a minimum of 4.5 hrs. , They are entitled to 30 minutes . break , nor can they be employed on a night shift . ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Iceland 13 : ( Only safe and easy work . Subject to restrictions on working time related to mandatory schooling . ) 16 : ( Employers have a duty to protect young workers from working in difficult and dangerous conditions in some sectors also apply to restrictions on working time . ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Ireland 14 : ( People aged under 16 years are not allowed to work full - time ( full - time ) . The work of persons between the ages of 14 and 15 years must be obliged to comply with conditions : perform light work during the holidays - a person must necessarily have then at least 21 days off work work as part of the approved apprenticeship or training program . work in the film , when cultural undertakings , in advertising , or in connection with sporting events . ) 16 : ( People aged 16 and 17 years old can only work the hours between 6.00 and 22.00 . ) 18 : ( Unrestricted . ) Italy 15 : ( Restricted working hours and the type of work . ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Latvia 15 : ( People between 15 and 18 years of age may work no more than 7 hours a day and 35 hours per week ( including time learning - if they learn ) . There must they stay at work after hours or work at night . It is also prohibited to employ minors under conditions which may threaten their health , safety and morals . Interestingly , workers aged under 18 are entitled to a month 's leave , in their case does not apply or trial periods . ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Liechtenstein 14 : ( For light it is possible to hire 14 - year - olds - but not longer than 9 hours per week during the school year and 15 hours a week during the holidays . ) 15 : ( People aged over 15 but under 18 may work no more than 40 hours per week . ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Lithuania 14 : ( Under certain conditions it is also possible to employ people aged over 14 years old but under 16 years of age . They have the right to perform easy work - during the school year for no more than two hours during the day and 12 hours a week during the holidays - 7 hours a day and 35 hours per week . ) 16 : ( Persons who have completed 16 years but has not reached the age of majority has no right to work more than 8 hours per day and 36 hours per week . ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Luxembourg 16 Malta 16 : ( Until they reach adulthood under the special protection of the law - are entitled to work up to 8 hours per day and 40 per week ( included in is also a time of learning and training ) . Young worker has no right to do the work between the hours of 22 and 6 am . ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Netherlands 13 : ( The minimum age of employment under the supervision and with no guarantee of a minimum wage . ) 15 : ( The right to the minimum wage . ) 16 : ( Persons over 16 years but less than 18 years , has most of the rights and obligations as workers age . However , you will not be able to work in harmful conditions - including noise , cramped quarters and with toxic substances . ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Norway 13 : ( People aged over 13 but under 15 years of age may be employed only for light work that does not endanger the health , development , and does not interfere with learning . ) 15 : ( Restricted working hours and the type of work . ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Poland None : ( Cultural and artistic field ) 16 : ( Light work only ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Portugal 16 : ( Restricted working hours and the type of work . ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Russia None : ( Artistic field only . Must have parental permission . Restricted working hours and shortened working week , must not interfere with school education or violate public morality ) 14 : ( Light work only . Must have parental permission . Restricted working hours and shortened working week , must not interfere with school education ) 16 : ( Light work only . Full school education required . Restricted working hours ) 18 : Unrestricted Serbia 18 Spain None : Artistic activities with parental permission and a specific authorization of the labor department . 16 : Parental permission is required . 18 : Unrestricted Sweden None : ( Only artistic field and some light risk free jobs . Must have parent permission . Restricted working hours and shortened working week . ) 13 : ( Light work only . Must have parent permission . Restricted working hours and shortened working week . ) 16 : ( Light work only . Restricted working hours ) 18 : ( Unrestricted ) Switzerland Age 13 : ( Must have parental permission ; only easy work ) During school weeks : Maximum 3 hours per day ; and 9 hours per week . During non-school weeks : Maximum 8 hours per day ; and 40 hours per week . Age 15 : ( Must have parental permission ) Maximum 9 hours per day ; and 45 -- 50 hours per week . Working maximum until 8 p.m. Age 16 : Minimum age to serve someone in restaurants , café or hotels . Minimum age to work in a circus or cinema . Working maximum until 10 p.m. Age 18 : Unrestricted ( and the minimum age to work in : Bars , Discos , Dancinghalls and Nightclubs ) United Kingdom 13 : ( For restricted part - time work , with some restrictions like not working before 7am or after 7pm , during school hours , in a hazardous environment , etc . However legal maximum working hours are extended during school holidays . Work must not affect a child 's education and not entitled to minimum wage ) 16 : ( For full - time work and national working age to be able to claim legal minimum wage ) 18 : ( To work at a licensed premises that primarily sells alcoholic beverages such as pubs , bars and night clubs ) Oceania ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Country Legal Working Age Australia Varies by state and territory ( Although mostly 15 ) New Zealand 16 : ( Restricted working hours ) 18 : For Full Time Work 20 : Unrestricted See also ( edit ) Child labour Index of youth rights - related articles Minimum Age Convention , 1973 School leaving age Youth Youth suffrage Youth rights Age of candidacy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.africapay.org/kenya/home/labour-laws/fair-treatment-at-work/children-at-work Jump up ^ Labour Code Act DIVISION E : Women , Young Persons and Children ( Employment ) ( Antigua and Barbuda ) Jump up ^ http://www.ilo.org/ifpdial/information-resources/national-labour-law-profiles/WCMS_158890/lang--en/index.htm Jump up ^ Employment Act , 2001 PART X - CHILDREN AND YOUNG PERSONS ( Bahamas ) . Jump up ^ Employment ( Miscellaneous Provisions ) Act PART III : Employment of young persons ( Barbados ) Jump up ^ `` Sou menor de idade , quando posso começar a trabalhar ? '' ( in Portuguese ) . Exame. 30 April 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's the Law '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Government of B.C. , Labour and Citizens ' Services , Employment Standards Branch , Employment of Young People Factsheet '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Employment Standards '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Employment of Children '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Employment of Children ( Newfoundland and Labrador ) Jump up ^ `` Employment of Children '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum age '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Province of Prince Edward Island , Canada . `` Labour : Employment Standards '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Work performed by children '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Module 1 - What keeps workplaces fair and safe ? '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Employment Standards '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN ( PROHIBITION ) ACT Prohibition of employment of a child . ( Dominica ) Jump up ^ `` El Salvador Working conditions , Information about Working conditions in El Salvador '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.naalc.org/migrant/english/pdf/mgmexchl_en.pdf ^ Jump up to : The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 , as amended 29 U.S.C. 201 , et seq : Sec. 213 ( d ) Jump up ^ The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 , as amended 29 U.S.C. 201 , et seq : Sec. 213 ( c ) ( 1 ) ( c ) ; Sec. 213 ( c ) ( 3 ) ; Jump up ^ The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 , as amended 29 U.S.C. 201 , et seq : Sec. 213 ( c ) ( 2 ) ; Sec. 213 ( 5 ) ; Sec. 213 ( 6 ) Jump up ^ The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 , as amended 29 U.S.C. 201 , et seq : Sec. 213 ( c ) ( 5 ) ( B ) ( ii ) ; Sec. 213 ( c ) ( 5 ) ( B ) ( iv ) ( III ) ; Sec. 213 ( c ) ( 5 ) ( C ) ( i ) : ( I ) , ( II ) ; Sec. 213 ( c ) ( 7 ) ( A ) ( ii ) ( II ) Jump up ^ Alabama Child Labor Act Alabama Department of Labor , Montgomery 2009 . Retrieved 25.12. 2014 . Jump up ^ Alabama Code - Section 25 - 8 - 32 . Retrieved 25.12. 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of Alaska Child Labor Law '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Arizona Revised Statutes : Article 3 Youth Employment Jump up ^ CHILD LABOR LAWS ( Arkansas Department of Labor ) . Retrieved 25.12. 2014 . Jump up ^ CALIFORNIA CHILD LABOR LAWS ( California Department of Labor ) . Retrieved 25.12. 2014 . Jump up ^ COLORADO YOUTH EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY ACT , TITLE 8 , ARTICLE 12 , CRS ( Colorado Department of Labor and Employment Division of Labor ) . Retrieved 25.12. 2014 . Jump up ^ Time & Hour Restrictions For 16 & 17 Year - Old Minors ( By Industry ) ( Connecticut ) Jump up ^ Connecticut General Statutes for the Connecticut Department of Labor ( Connecticut Department of Labor ) . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Delaware Code TITLE 19 - Labor General Provisions - CHAPTER 5 . CHILD LABOR ( Delaware Delaware Code Online ) . Retrieved 25.12. 2014 . Jump up ^ The State of Florida and the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act ( FLSA ) ( Florida Department of Labor ) . Retrieved 25.12. 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Child Labor ( Hawaii Department of Labor ) . Retrieved 25.12. 2014 . Jump up ^ http://laws.mol.gov.tw/Eng/FLAWDAT0201.aspx?lsid=FL014930&beginpos=5 Jump up ^ `` Iran Labour Law '' . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/1529/Children%20and%20Young%20Persons%20Employment%20Act%201966.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/760/Indonesian%20Labour%20Law%20-%20Act%2013%20of%202003.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.dole.gov.ph/fndr/bong/files/DA%2001-08.pdf Jump up ^ https://singaporelegaladvice.com/law-articles/what-is-the-minimum-legal-age-for-working-in-singapore/ Jump up ^ Neni 98 - Mosha minimale . Minimum working age in Albania . Jump up ^ Llei 8 / 2003 , del 12 de juny , sobre el contracte de treball ... Minimum working age in Andorra . Jump up ^ ՀԱՅԱՍՏԱՆԻ ՀԱՆՐԱՊԵՏՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՀԱՅՏԱՐԱՐՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ `` ՆՎԱԶԱԳՈՒՅՆ ՏԱՐԻՔԻ ՄԱՍԻՆ '' ԿՈՆՎԵՆՑԻԱՅԻ ՎԵՐԱԲԵՐՅԱԼ . Minimum working age in Armenia . Jump up ^ Kinder - und Jugendlichen - Beschäftigungsgesetz 1987 , Fassung vom 09.01. 2017 . Minimum working age in Austria . Jump up ^ ZAKON O RADU Minimum working age in Bosnia and Herzegovina . Jump up ^ Protection of minors ( EU ) . Minimum working age in Bulgaria . Jump up ^ Zakon o radu Minimum working age in Croatia . Jump up ^ zákon c. 65 / 1965 Minimum working age in Czech Republic ( Labour law ) . Jump up ^ Bekendtgørelse om unges arbejde Minimum working age in Denmark ( Labour law ) . Jump up ^ Töölepingu seadus § 7 . Töölepingu sõlmimine alaealisega The Employment Contracts Act § 7 Conclusion of an employment contract with a minor ( Estonia ) . Jump up ^ Nuori työntekijä : Alle 15 - vuotiaan töihinotto Employment laws ( Finland ) . Jump up ^ `` Code du travail - Legifrance '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JArbSchG - Einzelnorm '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.eurodesk.pl/europraca/wegry-pod-prad-ale-skutecznie . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.reglugerd.is/reglugerdir/allar/nr/426-1999 Jump up ^ http://www.eurodesk.pl/europraca/islandia-praca-dla-kazdego Jump up ^ http://www.cawt.com/Site/11/Documents/Projects/AIPIP/Polish/roisection3legal.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.eurodesk.pl/europraca/wlochy-dla-ludzi-z-temperamentem Jump up ^ http://www.eurodesk.pl/europraca/lotwa-kraj-ktory-znika Jump up ^ http://www.eurodesk.pl/europraca/liechtenstein-tylko-dla-wybranych Jump up ^ http://www.eurodesk.pl/europraca/litwa-tygrys-ktory-wylizal-rany Jump up ^ http://www.eurodesk.pl/europraca/malta-wyspa-zadowolona-z-siebie Jump up ^ http://www.eurodesk.pl/europraca/holandia-pomaranczowa-szansa Jump up ^ http://www.eurodesk.pl/europraca/norwegia-skarbiec-polnocy Jump up ^ http://www.youthpolicy.org/library/wp-content/uploads/library/1993_Child_Rights_State_Periodic_Eng.pdf Jump up ^ `` Labour code '' . Jump up ^ `` GDDC - Direitos Humanos : Textos Internacionais - Textos Universais '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ http://ung.lo.se/pa-jobbet/fatt-jobbet/arbetsregler-for-dig-under-18-ar/ Jump up ^ Jugendarbeitsschutz - Schweizer Eidgenossenschaft Archived 2014 - 10 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Publication of the `` Staatssekretariat für Wirtschaft ( SECO ) '' ( State secretary of economy ) and `` Eidgenössisches Departement für Wirtschaft , Bildung und Forschung ( WBF ) '' ( Federal Department of Economic Affairs , Education and Research ) . Jump up ^ `` What kinds of work can be done by children aged 13 ? '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What age can I start work ? '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 05 . New Zealand Department of Labour Lists of countries by laws and law enforcement rankings Age of Consent Legal candidacy for political office Criminal responsibility Legal drinking Legal driving Majority Legal marriage Retirement age Mandatory retirement School - leaving age Legal smoking Voting Suffrage Youth suffrage Working age Drugs Alcohol Alcohol consumption Alcohol law Bath salts Legal status of Mephedrone Legal status of MPDV Legal status of Methylone Cannabis Legality annual use lifetime use Cocaine use Legality Methamphetamine Legality LSD Legality Opiate use Salvia divinorum Legality Death Legality of euthanasia Homicide by decade Law enforcement killings Legality of suicide Legality of assisted suicide Guns Deaths Ownership Punishment Corporal punishment At home At school In court Death penalty Incarceration Obscenity Incest Laws Pornography Child pornography Simulated child pornography Drawn pornography depicting minors Internet pornography Prostitution Sexual assault Child sexual abuse Rape Sodomy law Sex trafficking Zoophilia Censorship Censorship by country Book censorship by country Film censorship by country Internet censorship by country Cartographic censorship Political censorship Video gaming censorship by country Human rights Children 's rights Children in the military Intersex rights LGBT Rights Slavery Human trafficking Freedom of movement by country In the air Abode Property and Environmental Air Estate Land Minerals Mining Mortgage Water Riparian water Business Corporate Corporate liability Competition Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly Legality of bitcoin by country or territory International ownership International waters Sea law Maritime law Antarctic Treaty System Other Abortion law Minors and abortion Animal rights Immigration law Human cloning National legal systems Police brutality Prisoner abuse Religious law Separation of church and state Sharia Size of police forces World Justice Project List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legal_working_age&oldid=843435920 '' Categories : Employment Labour law Minimum ages Social issues Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links Incomplete lists from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Esperanto Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 04 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	at what age can you start working in maryland	[]	[]
698321316511605871	Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency	Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency - wikipedia Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency Jump to : navigation , search Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency DIA Seal Incumbent Vincent R. Stewart since January , 2015 Defense Intelligence Agency Reports to The Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Appointer The President Formation October 1961 Website DIA.mil The Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency is an intelligence officer who , upon nomination by the President and confirmation by the Senate , serves as the nation 's highest - ranking military intelligence officer . As the chief of the Defense Intelligence Agency , the Director is the primary intelligence adviser to the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and also answers to the Director of National Intelligence through the civilian Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence . The Director is also the Commander of the Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence , Surveillance and Reconnaissance , a subordinate command of United States Strategic Command . Additionally , he chairs the Military Intelligence Board , which coordinates activities of the entire defense intelligence community . List of DIA directors ( edit ) All but two directors were active members of the military . Nagy served briefly in the USAF before joining the DIA . Shedd never served in the military . # Director Photo Service Term President ( s ) served under Joseph Carroll USAF October 1961 -- September 1969 John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Donald V. Bennett USA September 1969 -- August 1972 Richard Nixon Vincent P. de Poix USN August 1972 -- September 1974 Richard Nixon Gerald Ford Daniel O. Graham USA September 1974 -- December 1975 Gerald Ford Samuel V. Wilson USA May 1976 -- August 1977 Gerald Ford Jimmy Carter 6 Eugene F. Tighe USAF September 1977 -- August 1981 Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan 7 James A. Williams USA September 1981 -- September 1985 Ronald Reagan 8 Leonard H. Perroots USAF October 1985 -- December 1988 Ronald Reagan 9 Harry E. Soyster USA December 1988 -- September 1991 Ronald Reagan George H.W. Bush 10 Dennis M. Nagy Civilian September 1991 -- November 1991 George H.W. Bush 11 James R. Clapper USAF November 1991 -- August 1995 George H.W. Bush Bill Clinton 12 Kenneth Minihan USAF August 1995 -- February 1996 Bill Clinton 13 Patrick M. Hughes USA February 1996 -- July 1999 Bill Clinton 14 Thomas R. Wilson USN July 1999 -- July 2002 Bill Clinton George W. Bush 15 Lowell E. Jacoby USN July 2002 -- November 2005 George W. Bush 16 Michael D. Maples USA November 2005 -- March 2009 George W. Bush Barack Obama 17 Ronald Burgess USA March 2009 -- July 2012 Barack Obama 18 Michael T. Flynn USA July 2012 -- August 2014 Barack Obama 19 David Shedd Civilian August 2014 -- January 2015 Barack Obama 20 Vincent R. Stewart USMC January 2015 -- Present Barack Obama Donald Trump References ( edit ) Jump up ^ DIA Public Web Page , Leadership External links ( edit ) DIA Web Site Defense Intelligence Agency Subordinate organizations Defense Clandestine Service Defense Attaché System Defense Cover Office Missile and Space Intelligence Center National Center for Medical Intelligence National Media Exploitation Center Joint Intelligence Operations Center Europe Analytic Center / Joint Intelligence Center National Intelligence University Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence , Surveillance and Reconnaissance Projects , operations , and programs Project Socrates Stargate Project Able Danger Iraq Survey Group Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System Soviet Military Power Oversight United States Secretary of Defense Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Military Intelligence Board Director of National Intelligence United States Intelligence Community United States Department of Defense SSCI HPSCI People Robert McNamara Directors Facilities Defense Intelligence Agency Headquarters The Pentagon DIA Memorial Wall Directors of the Defense Intelligence Agency Carroll Bennett de Poix Graham Wilson Tighe Williams Perroots Soyster Nagy ( acting ) Clapper Minihan Hughes Wilson Jacoby Maples Burgess Flynn Shedd ( acting ) Stewart Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Director_of_the_Defense_Intelligence_Agency&oldid=802747952 '' Categories : People of the Defense Intelligence Agency Directors of the Defense Intelligence Agency Directors of intelligence agencies Talk About Wikipedia 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 06 : 03 . About Wikipedia	who is the director of the defense intelligence agency	[ "\n\n#\nDirector\nPhoto\nService\nTerm\nPresident(s) served under\n\n\n1\nJoseph Carroll\n\nUSAF\nOctober 1961 – September 1969\nJohn F. Kennedy\nLyndon B. Johnson\n\n\n2\nDonald V. Bennett\n\nUSA\nSeptember 1969 – August 1972\nRichard Nixon\n\n\n3\nVincent P. de Poix\n\nUSN\nAugust 1972 – September 1974\nRichard Nixon\nGerald Ford\n\n\n4\nDaniel O. Graham\n\nUSA\nSeptember 1974 – December 1975\nGerald Ford\n\n\n5\nSamuel V. Wilson\n\nUSA\nMay 1976 – August 1977\nGerald Ford\nJimmy Carter\n\n\n6\nEugene F. Tighe\n\nUSAF\nSeptember 1977 – August 1981\nJimmy Carter\nRonald Reagan\n\n\n7\nJames A. Williams\n\nUSA\nSeptember 1981 – September 1985\nRonald Reagan\n\n\n8\nLeonard H. Perroots\n\nUSAF\nOctober 1985 – December 1988\nRonald Reagan\n\n\n9\nHarry E. Soyster\n\nUSA\nDecember 1988 – September 1991\nRonald Reagan\nGeorge H. W. Bush\n\n\n10\nDennis M. Nagy\n\nCivilian\nSeptember 1991 – November 1991\nGeorge H. W. Bush\n\n\n11\nJames R. Clapper\n\nUSAF\nNovember 1991 – August 1995\nGeorge H. W. Bush\nBill Clinton\n\n\n12\nKenneth Minihan\n\nUSAF\nAugust 1995 – February 1996\nBill Clinton\n\n\n13\nPatrick M. Hughes\n\nUSA\nFebruary 1996 – July 1999\nBill Clinton\n\n\n14\nThomas R. Wilson\n\nUSN\nJuly 1999 – July 2002\nBill Clinton\nGeorge W. Bush\n\n\n15\nLowell E. Jacoby\n\nUSN\nJuly 2002 – November 2005\nGeorge W. Bush\n\n\n16\nMichael D. Maples\n\nUSA\nNovember 2005 – March 2009\nGeorge W. Bush\nBarack Obama\n\n\n17\nRonald Burgess\n\nUSA\nMarch 2009 – July 2012\nBarack Obama\n\n\n18\nMichael T. Flynn\n\nUSA\nJuly 2012 – August 2014\nBarack Obama\n\n\n19\nDavid Shedd\n\nCivilian\nAugust 2014 – January 2015\nBarack Obama\n\n\n20\nVincent R. Stewart\n\nUSMC\nJanuary 2015 – Present\nBarack Obama\nDonald Trump\n\n" ]	[ "Vincent R. Stewart" ]
5087964680990352086	The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company	The Ritz - Carlton Hotel company - wikipedia The Ritz - Carlton Hotel company Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the parent company to The Ritz - Carlton Hotel brand . For other uses , see Ritz ( disambiguation ) . The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Company , LLC Type Subsidiary Industry Hospitality Founded 1983 ( 1983 ) Headquarters Chevy Chase , Maryland , United States Number of locations 130 hotels worldwide Key people Bill Marriott , ( Chairman ) Arne Sorenson , ( Chief Executive Officer ) Herve Humler , ( President & Chief Operating Officer ) Kathleen Oberg , ( Chief Financial Officer ) Bob Kharazmi , ( Global Officer , Worldwide Operations ) Ed French , ( Global Officer , Sales & Marketing Revenue US $ 3 billion ( 2012 ) Number of employees 40,000 ( in 2017 ) Parent Marriott International Website www.ritzcarlton.com The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Company , LLC is an American company that operates the luxury hotel chain known as The Ritz - Carlton . The company has 91 luxury hotels and resorts in 30 countries and territories . The current company was founded in 1983 , when the previous owners sold the Ritz - Carlton brand name and the Ritz - Carlton hotel in Boston , Massachusetts . The brand was subsequently expanded to other locations . The company is today a subsidiary of Marriott International . Contents ( hide ) 1 Predecessor company 1.1 Ritz , Carlton and Ritz - Carlton in Europe 1.2 The Ritz - Carlton in North America 1.3 The first Ritz - Carlton chain 1.4 The Boston hotel 1.5 Decline of the first Ritz - Carlton chain 1.6 The Blakeley years : 1964 -- 1983 2 Current company 2.1 The corporate years : 1983 -- 1999 2.2 Disposal of the historic Boston property 3 The Ritz - Carlton today 3.1 Awards 3.2 Other accomplishments 3.3 Notable current properties 4 Former properties 4.1 Asia 4.2 Europe 4.3 North America 4.4 Australia 5 The Ritz - Carlton hotels in popular culture 6 References 7 External links Predecessor company ( edit ) Ritz , Carlton and Ritz - Carlton in Europe ( edit ) The story of The Ritz - Carlton begins with Swiss hotelier César Ritz , who was well known in the hotel industry as the `` king of hoteliers and hotelier to kings '' redefined luxury accommodation in Europe with his management of The Ritz in Paris and the Carlton Hotel in London , among others . He and the renowned chef from his hotels , Auguste Escoffier , opened a la carte restaurants known as Ritz - Carlton on board the Hamburg - Amerika Line ocean liners SS Amerika in 1905 and SS Imperator in 1913 . The restaurants on those ships ceased operating in 1914 with the outbreak of World War I . Although Ritz died in 1918 , his wife Marie continued the tradition of opening hotels in his name . The Ritz - Carlton in North America ( edit ) The Ritz - Carlton logo at the former Hong Kong property The Ritz - Carlton Investing Company was established by Albert Keller , who bought and franchised the name in the United States . The first Ritz - Carlton Hotel in the U.S. opened in New York City in 1911 . It was located at 46th Street and Madison Avenue . Louis Diat ran the kitchens and invented Vichyssoise there . In 1911 , the Ritz company announced its intention to expand to Philadelphia and Atlantic City . The Ritz - Carlton Philadelphia followed in 1913 at Broad & Walnut streets , designed by Horace Trumbauer and Warren & Wetmore . The Ritz - Carlton Montreal opened in 1912 , not owned by Keller as it was located in Canada . Keller 's Ritz - Carlton Atlantic City opened in 1921 . The first Ritz - Carlton chain ( edit ) Entrance to the now - demolished Ritz - Carlton Hong Kong In the early 1920s , the Ritz - Carlton chain consisted of 15 hotels : Argentina Plaza Hotel Buenos Aires France Ritz Hotel , Paris Imperial Hotel , Menton Royal Hotel , Évian - les - Bains Splendide Hotel , Évian - les - Bains Italy Grand Hotel Excelsior , Rome Grand Hotel , Rome ( today The St. Regis Rome ) Grand Hotel and New Casino , Rapallo Grand Hotel et des Iles Borromees , Lake Maggiore Excelsior Hotel , Naples Switzerland Grand Hotel National , Lucerne United Kingdom Carlton Hotel , London Ritz Hotel , London The Ritz - Carlton Rewards membership card United States Ritz - Carlton Hotel , New York City Ritz - Carlton Hotel , Atlantic City The Boston Hotel ( edit ) In October 1926 , 29 - year - old Edward N. Wyner bought a third - acre parcel at the corner of Arlington and Newbury streets and formed a partnership called The Ritz - Arlington Trust with his father , George , and business associate , John S. Slater . The trust sold $2.1 million of bonds to finance the construction of an apartment building to be called the Mayflower . The 18 - story , 201 - foot ( 61 m ) brick building , designed by Strickland , Blodget & Law Architects , was far taller than anything else along Newbury Street at the time . Construction had started on the second floor when Wyner was persuaded by then - Mayor James Michael Curley to make the Mayflower a world - class , 300 - room Ritz - Carlton Hotel , which opened May 19 , 1927 . Room rates were $5 to $15 per night ; $40 per night for suites . After a hugely successful opening , the stock market crash of 1929 and ensuing Depression brought financial difficulties . The Wyner family funded the hotel 's operating losses during the early 1930s , although the interest on the bonds went unpaid . Still in 1933 , when only 30 guests were registered in the hotel , Wyner turned on the lights in every guest room to give the appearance the hotel was full . Decline of the first Ritz - Carlton chain ( edit ) The Philadelphia location was converted to an office building after only a few years in operation . The Atlantic City hotel was sold to Schine Hotels in the late 1940s , and later Sheraton Hotels in 1959 . The New York hotel was demolished in 1951 , leaving only the Boston location . Edward Wyner died of a heart attack on December 5 , 1961 . His six sons tried to continue operation of the Boston hotel , but were unable to overcome difficulties , and decided to sell . The Blakeley years : 1964 -- 1983 ( edit ) The Ritz - Carlton , Washington , D.C. The unpaid interest on the bonds dissuaded many from trying to buy the hotel . But Cabot , Cabot & Forbes principal Gerald F. Blakeley Jr. was interested . After more than a year of legal work , Hale and Dorr succeeded at clearing the bond obligations , and in October 1964 Blakeley and associates Paul Hellmuth and Charles Spaulding acquired the Ritz - Carlton Boston for $3.8 million . `` Out of the 20 years I owned it , it made money three years . The other years it broke even , but from a public relations standpoint for CC&F , it was a tremendous asset , '' said Blakeley , who completed a 19 - story Ritz - Carlton luxury condominium complex on land adjacent to the hotel in 1981 . In the late 1960s Blakeley obtained the rights to the Ritz - Carlton name in North America ( with the exception of Montreal and New York ) . In June 1978 , Blakeley was awarded the rights and privileges of the Ritz - Carlton trademark in the United States and was given a US Service Mark Registration . In the 1970s , the Ritz - Carlton name was licensed to the builders of a new hotel in Chicago . The Ritz - Carlton Chicago opened in 1975 in a tower atop Water Tower Place . It joined the Four Seasons Hotels & Resorts chain in 1977 , as there was no Ritz - Carlton chain at the time . Confusingly , it remained part of Four Seasons for decades , marketed as `` The Ritz - Carlton Chicago ( A Four Seasons Hotel ) '' . It had no association with the modern Ritz - Carlton chain , though it used the name and the iconic logo . The property was sold in 2013 and left Four Seasons , joining the modern Ritz - Carlton chain as a franchise on August 1 , 2015 . In 1982 , Blakely licensed the name to hotelier John B. Coleman for two hotels he was renovating , The Fairfax in Washington , D.C. and the Navarro in New York City . Coleman renamed them The Ritz - Carlton Washington D.C. and The Ritz - Carlton New York in April 1982 . Coleman paid Blakely a fee of 1.5 percent of each hotel 's annual gross revenue for use of the name . The two hotels eventually joined the modern chain that would be founded a few years later . Current company ( edit ) In August 1983 , Blakeley sold The Ritz - Carlton Boston and the US trademark for $75.5 million to developer William B. Johnson , who assembled a four - person development team in Atlanta , headed by hotelier Horst Schulze , to create The Ritz - Carlton concept and established The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Co . In 1988 , Johnson subsequently obtained the exclusive rights to The Ritz - Carlton name throughout the world except for the 210 - room Hotel - Ritz Paris , The Ritz - Carlton at Water Tower Place in Chicago , and The Ritz - Carlton in Montreal . The Corporate years : 1983 -- 1999 ( edit ) The Ritz - Carlton at the Autostadt in Wolfsburg , Germany : completed in 2000 , it was the first hotel of the company to open in Europe . From 1951 to 1975 , The Ritz - Carlton Boston had been one of only two Ritz - Carlton hotels in the US . The other was the independently owned Ritz - Carlton Atlantic City which had since been converted to condominiums . Johnson 's company paid the Atlantic City establishment to abandon its name and rename itself The Ritz Condominiums . Johnson would later enlarge the company from just the Boston property to 30 hotels worldwide in just 10 years . He obtained financing to do so from Manufacturers Hanover Trust of New York in 1983 in the amount of $85 million secured by The Ritz - Carlton Boston . This loan was refinanced in 1989 by Manhattan Tops USA of New York for $136.5 million and again in 1994 by Sumitomo Bank of Japan . By 1996 , this mortgage was in default and the interest and penalties brought the total debt to $214.8 million . By splitting this mortgage note into three parts , Sumitomo Bank was able to unbundle The Ritz - Carlton Boston from the trademark rights to The Ritz - Carlton brand worldwide . Blackstone Real Estate Acquisitions of New York bought The Ritz - Carlton Boston at auction for $75 million in February 1998 . A month later , Marriott International of Bethesda , Maryland , acquired the hotel from Blackstone for $100 million . Marriott , which franchises and manages Marriott 's 325,000 rooms , then bought The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Co. and rights to The Ritz - Carlton name worldwide from W.B. Johnson for $290 million in a two - part transaction completed in 1998 . Disposal of the historic Boston property ( edit ) In 1998 , Christopher Jeffries , founding partner of Millennium Partners , obtained The Ritz - Carlton franchises from Marriott for four hotel properties under construction : two in Washington , one in New York City , and one in Atlanta , Georgia . In addition , Jeffries was searching for a brand affiliation for the new 155 - room hotel and 270 - luxury condominiums he was constructing as part of Boston 's 1,800,000 - square - foot ( 170,000 m ) Millennium Place , a mixed - use complex on lower Washington Street . Due to noncompetition clauses , the only way he could obtain a second Ritz - Carlton flag in Boston was to own the existing Ritz - Carlton . Millennium Partners acquired the original Ritz - Carlton Boston for $122 million ( though it had sold for just $75 million less than two years prior ) and spent $50 million for renovations . Marriott agreed to allow The Ritz - Carlton affiliation for the condominium complex , known as The Residences at The Ritz - Carlton , sharing all of the services of the hotel . From 2001 to 2007 , Boston was home to two Ritz - Carlton hotels that faced each other across Boston Common . The Ritz - Carlton , Boston Common opened in 2001 . In November 2006 , Taj Hotels , a subsidiary of the India - based Tata Group , purchased The Ritz - Carlton Boston from its owners , Millennium Partners for $170 million . The Ritz - Carlton Boston became the Taj Boston on January 11 , 2007 . The Ritz - Carlton today ( edit ) The Ritz - Carlton Hotel , Istanbul , from the Bosphorus The company grew under the leadership of President and COO Horst Schulze . Schulze instituted a company - wide concentration on both the personal and the data - driven sides of service : He coined the company 's well - known customer / employee - centered motto , `` We are Ladies and Gentlemen Serving Ladies and Gentlemen '' and the set of specific service values ( standards ) on which The Ritz - Carlton employees base service through the present day . Under his leadership the hotels earned an unprecedented two Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Awards and grew from four to forty U.S. locations . During this time , The Ritz - Carlton also became known for its influence on service in a wide range of industries , through the creation of The Ritz - Carlton Learning Institute and The Ritz - Carlton Leadership Center , created by then - Ritz executive Leonardo Inghilleri , who was an architect of the Ritz 's second Baldrige award , where executives from other companies worldwide in many disciplines come to learn The Ritz - Carlton principles of service . In 1995 , Marriott International purchased a 49 % stake in The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Company , and in 1998 , they purchased an additional 50 % stake in the company , giving it 99 % ownership of the company . Schulze and other executives ( including Leonardo Inghilleri , Robert A. Warman and Peter Schoch ) left to form the West Paces Hotel Group , which took the name of its primary brand , Capella Hotels , in December 2011 . In 2007 , the partners also formed Solís Hotels . The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Company is now headquartered in Chevy Chase , Maryland , located in the Washington , D.C. MSA . The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Company partnered with Bulgari in 2001 to operate a chain of hotels owned by and operated under the BVLGARI brand . The company currently has marketing agreements with Bulgari Hotels & Resorts , the Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas , the privately owned Ritz - Carlton Montreal , The Ritz Hotel London and the Hotel Ritz Madrid . In 2011 , The Ritz - Carlton , Hong Kong was opened . It is the tallest hotel in the world . Simon Cooper joined Ritz - Carlton in 2001 as President and Chief Operating Officer , taking the helm from Horst Schulze . Cooper 's mandate was to grow the chain through hotel expansion and product diversification . Under Cooper 's watch the company has aggressively expanded its hotels and added The Ritz - Carlton Residences , private residential units , and The Ritz - Carlton Destination Club , fractional ownership residences , to the company 's development program . August 12 , 2010 , Ritz - Carlton announced its new President and Chief Operations Officer would be Herve Humler , one of the founders of the 1983 company , who will be responsible for leading brand operations and global growth strategy . In 2015 , The Ritz - Carlton , Macau was opened . It is located at the Galaxy Macau . The Ritz - Carlton , Macau is designed as a gold palace . Awards ( edit ) The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Company has been featured on Zagat Survey Top Lists for dining , hotels and service . The Dallas , USA and Wolfsburg , Germany locations both received top honors from Zagat in 2009 , including Top Large Hotel for the Dallas location . The Ritz - Carlton is the only company to date to win two Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Awards ( 1992 and 1999 ) . Ritz - Carlton 's President and COO Horst Schulze was recognized for Ritz - Carlton 's contributions during his tenure with Corporate Hotelier of the World Ishikawa Medal for contributions to the Quality movement . Other accomplishments ( edit ) The Ritz - Carlton is notable for attempting to share its knowledge of quality as it applies to service . Initially this was done at the request of the Baldrige committee , but The Ritz - Carlton ultimately adopted this as a central mission through the creation of The Ritz - Carlton Learning Institute and The Ritz - Carlton Leadership Center . In October , 2011 , Angella Reid , the General Manager of The Ritz - Carlton Hotel in Pentagon City , Virginia was appointed as White House Chief Usher , becoming the first woman to serve in that post . It also has major service training operations in its Ritz - Carlton Learning Institute and Ritz - Carlton Leadership Center , created by Ritz - Carlton executive ( emeritus ) Leonardo Inghilleri , where nearly 50,000 executives from other companies worldwide have been trained in The Ritz - Carlton principles of service . Notable current properties ( edit ) The Ritz - Carlton , located in Moscow In 1999 Ritz - Carlton acquired the former Hotel St. Moritz in New York City , reestablishing a presence in New York for the first time since the 1951 demolition of their previous building . Actually , a Ritz - Carlton opened in Manhattan , New York City , in 1982 or 1983 . See `` NEW RITZ - CARLTON OFFERS LUXURY ON SMALLER SCALE , '' New York Times , April 25 , 1982 . https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/25/nyregion/new-ritz-carlton-offers-luxury-on-smaller-scale.html The first Ritz - Carlton Hotel in Russia , The Moscow Ritz - Carlton ( ru ) , opened 1 July 2007 on Tverskaya Street . The Ritz - Carlton Suite , billed at US $ 13,715 per night , is listed at number 13 on World 's 15 most expensive hotel suites compiled by CNN in 2012 . In 2014 , Oberoi Realty and Ritz - Carlton announced they would construct a hotel in Mumbai with an expected opening in 2016 . Ritz - Carlton opened its first Indian property in Bangalore in 2013 . The Ritz - Carlton , Hong Kong occupies floors 102 to 108 of the International Commerce Centre On 29 March 2011 , The Ritz - Carlton opened the highest hotel in the world , The Ritz - Carlton , Hong Kong on floors 102 - 108 of the International Commerce Centre in Tsim Sha Tsui on Kowloon Peninsula , Hong Kong . The lobby is 425 m ( 1,394 ft ) above the ground , making the hotel the tallest in Asia . Asian Headquarters of Morgan Stanley , Credit Suisse , and Deutsche Bank are located in the same 110 - storey building . The Ritz - Carlton , Charlotte which opened in October 2009 is the first Ritz - Carlton property to earn LEED Gold Certification and the youngest Ritz - Carlton property to earn five - diamonds , and is the only five diamond property in Charlotte ( and one of only three in the state of North Carolina ) . The Ritz - Carlton , Fort Lauderdale ( AAA Five Diamond Award ) which opened in August 2008 opened as a St. Regis just one year prior . The Ritz - Carlton and JW Marriott Hotels at L.A. Live opened February 2010 and share the first skyscraper built since the early 1990s in Downtown Los Angeles . The Ritz - Carlton , Los Angeles was awarded a LEED silver certification . The readers of Condé Nast Traveler elected The Ritz - Carlton Shanghai , Pudong as `` The Best Hotel in Asia '' from 2012 through 2014 . The Ritz - Carlton operates fractional residences at several locations in the United States under the name Ritz - Carlton Destination Club . Properties include Aspen Highlands and Vail in Colorado , St. Thomas in the U.S. Virgin Islands , San Francisco and Jupiter , Florida . On Tuesday 17 July 2009 , at 7 : 47 a.m. Jakarta time , a bomb exploded in The Ritz - Carlton Mega Kuningan , Jakarta , Indonesia destroying the first floor of the hotel . The explosion occurred 2 minutes after the explosion at the nearby JW Marriott Jakarta . The hotel was scheduled to host the Manchester United football club the following Monday during the Indonesia leg of its Asia tour , but the visit was canceled due to the bombing . Nine people including 2 suicide bombers were killed . On 26 August 2013 , members of the Filipino diaspora protested at The Ritz - Carlton , Los Angeles and JW Marriott Hotels at L.A. Live against the Priority Development Assistance Fund scam . It is believed that the family of the alleged mastermind of the scam Janet Lim - Napoles owned a condominium unit in the building said to be worth $2 million . On 31 October 2013 , The Ritz - Carlton Bangalore is opened and the first property in India . On 4 November 2013 , the Ritz - Carlton Kazakhstan opened in Almaty . The 145 - room hotel sits on the top floors of the Esentai Tower , the tallest building in Central Asia . The upper floors also include the Ritz - Carlton Residences as well . The hotel includes a steakhouse , a sky bar , a business center , spa and 9,000 square metres ( 97,000 sq ft ) of meeting space . The rooms include in - room safes , power outlets for laptops , iPod docking stations and marble bathrooms . In January 2014 , Ritz - Carlton opened a hotel in Herzliya , Israel featuring a spa and the brand 's first kosher restaurant . The Ritz - Carlton Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia 's capital city , opened in 1997 , is the only ' all butler hotel ' operating in the city , offering butler service to all of its 300 + rooms and suites and has since been ranked among the `` Gold List '' of hotels by Condé Nast , ranked as `` one of the top five butler hotels '' by The Independent and regarded by Travel and Leisure as one of `` The World 's Greatest Hotels '' . Former properties ( edit ) Asia ( edit ) Jimbaran , Bali , Indonesia , India : Management terminated in 2009 Europe ( edit ) Enniskerry , Ireland : Ritz - Carlton Powerscourt : Management terminated 1 October 2013 North America ( edit ) Atlanta , Georgia : Buckhead Ritz - Carlton - reopened as The Whitley December 2017 Montego Bay , Jamaica : Ritz - Carlton Rose Hall -- Management terminated July 2013 Aspen , Colorado : Ritz - Carlton Aspen -- Management terminated 2 Aug 1997 Dearborn Michigan : Ritz - Carlton Dearborn -- Management terminated 2 June 2010 Houston , Texas : Ritz - Carlton Houston -- Management terminated 2 Aug 1997 Kansas City , Missouri : Ritz - Carlton Kansas City Lake Las Vegas Ritz - Carlton : Opened 2003 ; closed 2 May 2010 Palm Beach , Florida : Ritz - Carlton Palm Beach -- Management terminated 1 July 2013 Pasadena , California : Ritz - Carlton Huntington -- Opened 1991 ; management terminated January 2008 Phoenix , Arizona : Ritz - Carlton Phoenix -- Opened 1988 ; management contract ended 24 July 2015 Washington , District of Columbia : Ritz - Carlton Washington D.C. -- Management terminated 2 Aug 1997 Australia ( edit ) Sydney Ritz - Carlton Double Bay : management terminated 2001 The Ritz - Carlton hotels in popular Culture ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In E.B. White 's children 's novel The Trumpet of the Swan , the main character Louis ( a trumpeter swan ) stays at the Ritz - Carlton Boston , where he eats watercress sandwiches and sleeps in the bathtub . Ritz - Carlton in Half Moon Bay , California On the HBO original series Boardwalk Empire , the character of Enoch `` Nucky '' Thompson ( portrayed by Steve Buscemi ) , the treasurer of Atlantic County , occupies the entire 9th floor of a fictionalized version of the hotel in Atlantic City , New Jersey . The real Enoch `` Nucky '' Johnson on which Nucky Thompson was based did in fact occupy an entire floor of suites at the Ritz - Carlton Atlantic City until his arrest in 1941 on charges of tax evasion . A 1922 short story by F. Scott Fitzgerald is titled , `` The Diamond as Big as the Ritz . '' The 2003 movie , American Wedding used the Ritz - Carlton in Half Moon Bay , California , as the filming location for the wedding venue . The Ritz also features in the Irving Berlin song `` Puttin ' On the Ritz '' in which the hotel chain served as an inspiration for the titular expression , meaning to live opulently In 2015 , the rapper Plies released the song `` Ritz Carlton '' . In the song , he raps about his affinity for routinely spending time at the lavish hotel . He also boasts about a prior situation where he `` ran off on the plug twice '' . The Ritz Paris was also referenced in Kenneth Oppel 's novel Skybreaker . The main character visits for a meeting with a man who wants the coordinates of the mythical airship Hyperion . The man he meets mentions that he enjoyed `` putting on the Ritz '' , but would be foolish to pay for it . Michael Hutchence of INXS aged 37 was found dead at the Ritz - Carlton hotel in Double Bay , Sydney on 22 November 1997 in Room 524 American telenovela and drama Jane the Virgin , aired on The CW , uses the Ritz - Carlton Marina Del Rey 's property as the setting for the show , while the storyline is based in Miami ( whereas that Ritz - Carlton Marina Del Ray is in Los Angeles , California ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Ritz - Carlton Fact Sheet '' . The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Company . 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Wellman , Jos . `` The Emperor of Chefs and the Chef of Emperors '' . Escoffier.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Company History '' . Ritz - Carlton . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ritz - Carlton : the beginning '' . The Most Famous Hotels in the World . 4 November 2014 . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kamp , David ( 12 September 2006 ) . The United States of Arugula . New York : Clarkson Potter . ISBN 978 - 0767915793 . Jump up ^ `` Hotel Chain here for Ritz - Carlton Co '' . The New York Times . May 20 , 1911 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel J. Terra Building '' . Emporis . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Ritz - Carlton Hotel '' . Philadelphia Architects and Buildings . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Ritz - Carlton Hotel '' . Architectural Record . XXXIV : 213 -- 224 . September 1913 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Ritz - Carlton Hotel - Atlantic City '' ( PDF ) . Historical Timeline . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Ritz - Carlton Hotel '' . New York Architecture . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ McGinnis , Chris ( 5 May 2015 ) . `` Ritz - Carlton Chicago becomes a ... Ritz - Carlton '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Conroy , Sarah Booth ( October 26 , 1998 ) . `` Accommodating a Hotel 's Good Name '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Jay P. ( 2001 ) . The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Company , L.L.C. International Directory of Company Histories. 40 . St. James Press . pp. 455 -- 457 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Jack Hayes ( January 1997 ) . `` Horst Schulze : puttin ' on the Ritz '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Taj buys Ritz - Carlton in Boston for $170 m '' . The Economic Times . 11 November 2006 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Horst Schulze '' . American Way . 15 July 2006 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Two Manufacturers , Two Service Companies Win 1999 Baldrige Awards '' ( Press release ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . 23 November 1999 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Michelli , Joseph A. ( 4 July 2008 ) . The New Gold Standard . McGraw Hill . p. 6 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Learning Institute '' . Master Connection Associates . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The West Paces Hotel Group Changes Name to Capella Hotel Group to Capitalize on its Successful Luxury Brand Partners with Private Equity Firm Stonleigh Capital for Rapid Global Expansion '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Capella Hotel Group . 14 December 2011 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Solis Lough Eske Castle Hotel opened this weekend '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Solis Hotels. 20 December 2007 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Micah ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Ritz - Carlton President Herve Humler 's Leadership , Culture And Customer Service Secrets '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Jenna ( 12 November 2008 ) . `` Zagat Releases 2009 U.S. Hotels Survey '' . HotelChatter.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Service Excellence presented by Horst Schulze '' . Meeting Professionals International . 19 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 26 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` White House Announces New Chief Usher , Angella Reid '' ( Press release ) . Office of the First Lady . 4 October 2011 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Bagli , Charles V. ( 8 November 1999 ) . `` Buyer Plans for St. Moritz To Be Ritz - Carlton Flagship '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Helen ( 25 March 2012 ) . `` World 's 15 most expensive hotel suites '' . CNN . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Oberoi Realty ties up with Ritz - Carlton for upcoming Worli hotel '' . The Economic Times . 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` International Commerce Centre Hong Kong '' . e-architect.com. 8 April 2011 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Amenities - Hotels '' . Sun Hung Kai Properties Ltd. 2011 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Hana R. ( 19 May 2010 ) . `` The World 's Highest Hotel '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Ritz - Carlton , Charlotte Celebrates LEED Gold Certification '' . GreenLodgingNews.com. 24 April 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` New JW Marriott Hotel Los Angeles at L.A. LIVE Opens '' ( Press release ) . Marriott International . 16 February 2010 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Readers of Conde Nast Traveler , U.S. Name the Ritz - Carlton Shanghai , Pudong Top Hotel in Asia '' ( Press release ) . Yahoo ! Finance . 8 December 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Governor asks MU to reconsider cancellation '' . The Jakarta Post . 17 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Fugitive linked to Jakarta blasts '' . BBC News . 18 July 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-pork barrel protest spreads to provinces , some cities abroad '' . GMA News TV . 26 August 2013 . Retrieved 25 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Ritz - Carlton enters India with its first property in Bangalore '' . India Hospitality Review . 31 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 July 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Ritz - Carlton Follows The Footsteps Of Marco Polo And Opens In Almaty , On The Old Silk Road '' ( Press release ) . MarketWatch. 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Mark ( 5 November 2013 ) . `` Ritz - Carlton debuts in Kazakhstan '' . TravelDaily . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Elis , Niv ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` Ritz - Carlton opens its doors in Israel , eyes more branches '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Ritz - Carlton Kuala Lumpur now refreshed '' . 1 April 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : JasonD ( 26 June 2013 ) . `` Ritz - Carlton Returns To Bali , But Loses Palm Beach and Ireland '' . Hotel Chatter . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ McConnell , Daniel ; Quinlan , Ronald ( 2 June 2013 ) . `` Ritz sold for € 1m and debts wiped '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` After today , the Ritz - Carlton , Buckhead is no more Atlanta Buzz with Jennifer Brett '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Chanize ( 18 July 2013 ) . `` The Ritz - Carlton , Montego Bay Closes and Other Caribbean News '' . Hotel Chatter . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Hyatt to Open All - Inclusive Resort at Former Ritz - Carlton in Montego Bay '' . Caribbean Journal . 26 August 2013 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Lii , Jane H. ( 1997 - 08 - 03 ) . `` 4 Hotels Lose Use of Ritz - Carlton Name '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ King , R.J. ( 20 October 2012 ) . `` The Henry in Dearborn is riding a major renovation and an economic upswing '' . D Business . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Dostal , Erin ( 2 May 2010 ) . `` Lake Las Vegas , 350 workers say goodbye to Ritz - Carlton '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Herman , Valli ( 28 November 2007 ) . `` Pasadena Ritz - Carlton to be rebranded '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Doerfler , Sue ( 15 May 2015 ) . `` Ritz - Carlton Phoenix to close , be rebranded '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Grenoble , Ryan ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` Former Ritz - Carlton Double Bay In Sydney Changes Hands For $60 Million Following Celebrity Death '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ritz - Carlton . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did ritz carlton become part of marriott	[ "Blackstone Real Estate Acquisitions of New York bought The Ritz-Carlton Boston at auction for $75 million in February 1998. A month later, Marriott International of Bethesda, Maryland, acquired the[where?]hotel from Blackstone for $100 million. Marriott, which franchises and manages Marriott’s 325,000 rooms, then bought The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Co. and rights to The Ritz-Carlton name worldwide from W.B. Johnson for $290 million in a two-part transaction completed in 1998." ]	[ "1998" ]
-301983088223525636	Madras State	Madras state - Wikipedia Madras state Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Madras Province ( 1947 -- 1950 ) Madras State ( 1950 -- 1969 ) Former State of India ← 1950 -- 1969 → Map of Southern India ( 1953 - 1956 ) before the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 with Madras State in yellow History Madras State formed from Madras Province 1950 Separation of Coastal Andhra , Rayalaseema as Andhra State 1953 Merger of Malabar & South Canara districts with the states of Kerala & Mysore 1956 Renamed Tamil Nadu 1969 States of India since 1947 Madras State was a state in the Republic of India . At the time of its formation in 1950 , it included the whole of present - day Tamil Nadu , Coastal Andhra , Rayalaseema , the Malabar region of North Kerala , and Bellary , South Canara and Udupi districts of Karnataka . Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema were separated to form Andhra State in 1953 , while South Canara and Bellary districts were merged with Mysore State , and Malabar District with the State of Travancore - Cochin to form Kerala in 1956 . In 1969 , Madras State was renamed to Tamil Nadu , meaning `` Tamil country '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Chakravarti Rajagopalachari 2 Kamaraj 2.1 M. Bhaktavatsalam 2.2 C.N. Annadurai 2.2. 1 Renaming of the state 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) After Indian Independence , the Madras Presidency became the Madras Province on 15 August 1947 . On 26 January 1950 it was formed as Madras State by the Government of India . As a result of the 1956 States Reorganisation Act , the state 's boundaries were re-organised following linguistic lines . The state was finally renamed as Tamil Nadu on 14 January 1969 . French astronomer , Pierre Janssen observed the Solar eclipse of 18 August 1868 and discovered helium , from Guntur in Madras State , British India . Chakravarti Rajagopalachari ( edit ) In the 1952 elections , the first as a part of independent India , the Indian National Congress was the single largest party in the assembly . However , the congress could not form the government as it did not have a clean majority , and the Communist Party of India 's led coalition appeared to be in a better position to form the government . Nevertheless , a congress government was formed in the state , and Chakravarti Rajagopalachari was selected by the cadres of the Congress party to rule the state . However , he was not an elected member of the Madras Legislative Assembly . Hence , he was nominated by the governor to the Legislative Council and took office as the chief minister of Madras state . Dr. P.C. Alexander , himself a former Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra governor , writes that the most conspicuous case of constitutional impropriety was the one by Sri Prakasa when he invited Rajagopalachari to form the government in the Madras state . During this time Potti Sriramulu called for a separate state named Andhra and went on an unconditional fast until his goal was achieved . He died following complications that arose during the fast , and violent riots broke out in the Telugu areas of Madras State . Jawaharlal Nehru had initially warned that this method of fasting to achieve administrative or political changes will put end to democratic government , but after death of Potti Sriramulu Nehru agreed to the demand for separate state of Andhra but refused to include Madras ( now Chennai ) city in Andhra . Serious allegations arouse that Rajaji did not intervene to break the fast or provide medical help for Sriramulu even though the fast had continued for over 50 days . On a side note , only one other person , Jatin Das , before Sriramulu , in modern Indian history actually fasted to death . In most cases they either gave up , were hospitalised or arrested and force fed . The State of Andhra was carved out of the Madras State in 1953 , Rajaji remained aloof from the Andhra State and related issues . He removed controls on foodgrains and introduced a new education policy based on family vocation . According to this policy students had to go to school in the morning and to compulsorily learn the family vocation , like carpentry , masonry etc. after school . It was severely opposed as casteist and dubbed Kula Kalvi Thittam ( Hereditary Education Policy ) by his close friend Periyar who vehemently opposed it . This policy was under attack this from within the Congress as well as outside it . This ultimately led to his resignation in 1954 . Kamaraj ( edit ) Part of a series on the History of Kerala Main ( show ) Megalithic culture Maritime contacts Sangam period Tamilakam Cheras Ays Ezhil Malai Confluence of religions Venad - Kingdom of Quilon Calicut Kolattunadu Cochin Minor principalities Portuguese period Dutch period Rise of Travancore Mysorean interlude British Period Battle of Quilon Communism in Kerala Unification of Kerala Other topics ( show ) Geography Economy Architecture Forts On 13 April 1954 , K. Kamaraj reluctantly became the chief minister of Madras Province . To everyone 's surprise , Kamaraj nominated C. Subramaniam and M. Bhakthavatsalam , who had contested his leadership , to the newly formed cabinet . Kamaraj removed the family vocation -- based Hereditary Education Policy introduced by Rajaji . Kamaraj strove to eradicate illiteracy by introducing free and compulsory education up to the eleventh standard . He introduced the Mid-day Meal Scheme to provide at least one meal per day to the lakhs of poor school children . One of the first political acts of Kamaraj during his tenure as chief minister was to widen representation of the rising non-Brahmins in the cabinet . Ministerial berths were given to the non-Brahmin caste - based parties , Tamil Nadu Toilers Party and Commonwealth Party . Both the parties were subsequently ' subsumed ' by the Congress . In a move to counter Tamil cultural politics espoused by the DMK , Kamaraj made conscious attempts to partake in the linguistic cultural matters . To placate Tamil aspirations , Kamaraj effected some measures . The efforts towards introducing Tamil language as a medium of instruction in schools and colleges was accompanied by the publication of textbooks on ' scientific and technical subjects ' in Tamil . In 1960 the state education minister took steps to introduce Tamil in government arts colleges as a medium of instruction . Similarly the usage of Tamil in the courts received encouragement . To affirm his role in the linguistic politics of the state , Kamaraj introduced a bill in February 1962 in the legislative assembly for changing the name of Madras to ' Tamil Nadu ' for ' intrastate communication ' , the bill also proposing Madurai as the capital . But no decision was taken on it . The DMK made capital out of this , routing Congress in the 1967 elections four years after Kamaraj relinquished his office as chief minister in accordance with the Kamaraj Plan to concentrate on Congress organisational work . Committed to his version of `` socialism '' meaning that `` those who are backward should progress '' , Kamaraj remained truthful to the simple dictum of his `` socialism '' , providing `` what is essential for man 's living '' such as `` dwelling , job , food and education '' . The great feature of Kamaraj rule was the ending of the retrogressive educational policies and setting the stage for universal and free schooling . Almost every village within a radius of one mile with a population of 300 and above inhabitants was provided with a school . With a view to encouraging and attracting the rural poor children to the schools , Kamaraj pioneered a scheme of free mid-day meals for primary school children in panchayat and government institutions . This scheme , aided by the American voluntary organisation CARE , was launched in 1957 . In addition the government came forward to supply school uniforms to poor students . To make the education easily accessible to children from various backgrounds , full exemption from school fees was introduced . Public enthusiasm and participation in raising funds and procuring equipment for the schools were entertained through different schemes making education a social responsibility . Such measures made education affordable for many who were denied basic educational opportunities for centuries . Kamaraj 's other feat was his role in facilitating developmental programmes chiefly electrification and industrial development . Thousands of villages were electrified . Rural electrification led to the large - scale use of pumpsets for irrigational purposes and agriculture - received impetus . Large - and small - scale industries were flagged off generating employment opportunities . Kamaraj made the best use of the funds available through the Five - Year Plans and guided Tamil Nadu in deriving the maximum benefit . M. Bhaktavatsalam ( edit ) In 1963 , the Indian National Congress won the Madras state elections and formed the government in the state for the fifth time in 25 years . On 2 October 1963 , Bhaktavatsalam took office as the chief minister of Madras as Kamaraj backed off , expressing his desire to spend more time serving the party . Bhaktavatsalam is , till date , the last Chief Minister of Madras from the Indian National Congress . In August 1963 , M.S. Golwalkar , the Sarsangchalak of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh established a Swami Vivekananda Centenary Committee and a Vivekananda Rock Memorial Committee and appointed Eknath Ranade as its Secretary . The main function of the committee was to construct a rock memorial at Kanyakumari in order to honour Swami Vivekananda on his birth centenary . The chief minister , Bhaktavatsalam , and the Union Minister for Cultural Affairs , Humayun Kabir , vehemently opposed the move . However , Bhaktavatsalam yielded when Ranade presented him a letter with signatures of 323 members of Parliament in support of a memorial . See also : Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu Bhaktavatsalam 's tenure as chief minister witnessed severe anti-Hindi agitations in Madras state . Bhaktavatsalam supported the Union Government 's decision to introduce Hindi as compulsory language and rejected the demands to make Tamil the medium of instruction in colleges , saying that it was `` not a practical proposition , not in the interests of national integration , not in the interests of higher education , and not in the interests of the students themselves '' . On 7 March 1964 , at a session of the Madras Legislative Assembly , Bhaktavatsalam recommended the introduction of a three - language formula comprising English , Hindi and Tamil . As 26 January 1965 , the day when the 15 - year - long transition period recommended by the Indian Parliament came to an end , neared , the agitations intensified , leading to police action and casualties . Five of the agitators ( Sivalingam , Aranganathan , Veerappan , Mutthu , and Sarangapani ) immolated themselves while three others ( Dandapani , Mutthu , and Shanmugam ) consumed poison . One of the agitators , eighteen - year - old Rajendran , was killed on 27 January 1965 as a result of police firing . On 13 February 1965 , Bhaktavatsalam claimed that the opposition Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and the Left parties were responsible for the large - scale destruction of public property and violence during the anti-Hindi agitations of 1965 . C.N. Annadurai ( edit ) In 1967 , the Congress lost nine states to opposition parties , but it was only in Madras state that a single non-Congress party majority was achieved . The electoral victory of 1967 is also due to an electoral fusion among the non-Congress parties to avoid a split in the Opposition votes . Rajagopalachari , a former senior leader of the Congress party , had by then left the Congress and launched the right - wing Swatantra Party . He played a vital role in bringing about the electoral fusion amongst the opposition parties to align against the Congress . At that time , his cabinet was the youngest in the country . C.N. Annadurai legalised self - respect marriages for the first time in the country . Such marriages were void of priests to preside over the ceremony and thus did not need a Brahmin to carry out the wedding . Self - respect marriages were a brainchild of Periyar , who regarded the then conventional marriages were mere financial arrangements and often caused great debt through dowry . Self - Respect marriages , according to him encouraged inter-caste marriages and caused arranged marriages to be replaced by love marriages . Annadurai was the first to announce subsidising of the price of rice in the election manifesto . He promised a measure of rice for one rupee , which he initially implemented but withdrew soon . Subsidizing rice and giving freebies are still used as election promises in Tamil Nadu . Renaming of the state ( edit ) It was Annadurai 's government that renamed the Madras State to Tamil Nadu . The name change itself was first presented in the upper house ( Rajya Sabha ) of the Parliament of India by Bhupesh Gupta , a communist MP from West Bengal , but was then defeated . With Annadurai as chief minister , the state assembly passed the bill of renaming the state successfully . It was during the period of his Chief Ministership that the Second World Tamil Conference was conducted on a grand scale on 3 January 1968 . Also , when a commemorative stamp was released to mark the Tamil conference , Annadurai expressed his dissatisfaction that the stamp contained Hindi when it was for Tamil . See also ( edit ) Madras Presidency Tamil Nadu History of Tamil Nadu List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu Mysore invasion of Kerala References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Migrant women and urban labour market : concepts and case studies . p. 105 . Jump up ^ States of India since 1947 Jump up ^ Leader , amend thy mind Archived 24 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` INDIA : Fast & Win '' . Time . 29 December 1952 . Retrieved 12 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 April 2005 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ What if Periyar had not been born ? -- Sify.com Jump up ^ Periyar E.V. Ramaswamy -- பெரியார் Jump up ^ Periyar.org Jump up ^ `` Information About Mid-Day Meal Scheme India '' . Indian Yojana . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu '' . Government of Tamil Nadu . Archived from the original on 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Muthiah , S. ( 23 October 2002 ) . `` Playing host to wildlife '' . The Hindu : Metro Plus . ^ Jump up to : Chitkara , M.G. ( 2004 ) . Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh : National Upsurge . APH Publishing . p. 274 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7648 - 465 - 7 . Jump up ^ The 5 Hours and After . VIGIL. 1993 . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Varadappan , Sarojini ( 13 September 2003 ) . `` The Hindu and Me : ' I have one grievance ' '' . ^ Jump up to : Ramaswamy , Sumathi ( 1997 ) . Passions of the Tongue : Language Devotion in Tamil India , 1891 -- 1970 . University of California . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20805 - 6 . Jump up ^ Indian Recorder & Digest . Diwanchand Institute of National Affairs . 1964 . p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Asian Recorder . K.K. Thomas . 1965 . p. 6292 . Jump up ^ Asian Recorder . K.K. Thomas . 1965 . p. 6316 . Jump up ^ Chakrabarty , Bidyut ( 2008 ) . Indian Politics and Society Since Independence . Routledge . pp. 110 -- 111 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 40868 - 7 . Jump up ^ Viswanathan , S ( 10 -- 23 April 2004 ) . `` Dravidian power '' . Frontline . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Venkatachalapathy , AR ( 10 April 2008 ) . `` C.N. ANNADURAI -- POLITICIAN , 1909 -- 1969 '' . Archived from the original on 12 January 2009 . Retrieved 20 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Venkatesh , MR ( 7 June 2004 ) . `` Solidarity show at wedding -- ADMK 's brickbats on cauvery mixes with Pranab 's bonhomie '' . Calcutta , India : The Telegraph , Calcutta . Retrieved 20 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Hodges , Sara ( 2005 ) . `` Revolutionary family life and the Self Respect movement in Tamil south India '' . Contributions to Indian Sociology. 39 ( 2 ) : 251 -- 277 . doi : 10.1177 / 006996670503900203 . Retrieved 20 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rice promises stir Tamil Nadu '' . Rediff.com. 19 April 2006 . Retrieved 20 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Rajagopalan , Swarna ( 2001 ) . State and Nation in South Asia . Lynne Rienner Publishers . pp. 152 -- 154 . ISBN 1 - 55587 - 967 - 5 . Jump up ^ Fuzzy Jump up ^ Asaan , GVK ( 2008 ) . `` Anna the genius '' . The birth centenary of Arignar Anna ( C.N. Annadurai - 15 September 1909 -- 3 February 1969 ) is being celebrated between September 2008 and September 2009 . The first part of his life sketch appeared in the September issue . In this issue we give the second and the concluding part . Modern Rationalist . Archived from the original on 26 January 2011 . Retrieved 20 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Jayakanthan , Dandapani ( 2006 ) . A Literary Man 's Political Experiences . Read books . p. 212 . ISBN 1 - 4067 - 3569 - 8 . Government of Tamil Nadu -- Tamil Nadu Secretariat -- Brief History ( hide ) States of India on 26 January 1950 Part A States Assam Bihar Bombay East Punjab Madhya Pradesh Madras Orissa Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Part B States Hyderabad Jammu and Kashmir Madhya Bharat Mysore Patiala and East Punjab States Union Rajasthan Saurashtra Travancore - Cochin Vindhya Pradesh Part C States Ajmer Coorg Cooch - Behar Bhopal Bilaspur Delhi Himachal Pradesh Kutch Manipur Tripura Part D States Andaman and Nicobar Islands Coordinates : 13 ° 05 ′ N 80 ° 16 ′ E / 13.09 ° N 80.27 ° E / 13.09 ; 80.27 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madras_State&oldid=805128436 '' Categories : States and territories established in 1950 States and territories disestablished in 1969 Former states and territories of India History of Tamil Nadu ( 1947 -- present ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from August 2016 Articles needing additional references from August 2011 All articles needing additional references Former country articles requiring maintenance Use dmy dates from March 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Norsk Русский தமிழ் Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 07 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who among the following was not the chief minister of madras state or the tamil nadu	[]	[]
6516275669516202209	2017 Gerry Weber Open	2017 Gerry Weber Open - wikipedia 2017 Gerry Weber Open Jump to : navigation , search 2017 Gerry Weber Open Date 19 -- 25 June Edition 25th ATP World Tour 500 Draw 32S / 16D Prize money € 1,836,660 Surface Grass Location Halle , Germany Venue Gerry Weber Stadion Champions Singles Roger Federer Doubles Łukasz Kubot / Marcelo Melo ← 2016 Gerry Weber Open 2018 → The 2017 Gerry Weber Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts . It was the 25th edition of the event and part of the ATP World Tour 500 series of the 2017 ATP World Tour . It took place at the Gerry Weber Stadion in Halle , Germany , between 19 and 25 June 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Points and prize money 1.1 Point distribution 1.2 Prize money 2 Singles main draw entrants 2.1 Seeds 2.2 Other entrants 2.3 Withdrawals 2.4 Retirements 3 Doubles main draw entrants 3.1 Seeds 3.2 Other entrants 3.3 Retirements 4 Champions 4.1 Singles 4.2 Doubles 5 External links Points and prize money ( edit ) Point distribution ( edit ) Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Q Q2 Q1 Singles 500 300 180 90 45 0 20 10 0 Doubles 0 N / A N / A N / A N / A Prize money ( edit ) Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Q Q2 Q1 Singles € 395,690 € 193,985 € 97,610 € 49,640 € 25,780 € 13,595 € 0 € 3,010 € 1,535 Doubles * € 119,140 € 58,330 € 29,260 € 15,020 € 7,760 N / A N / A N / A N / A Singles main draw entrants ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Country Player Rank Seed SUI Roger Federer 5 AUT Dominic Thiem 8 JPN Kei Nishikori 9 GER Alexander Zverev 10 FRA Gaël Monfils 15 5 FRA Lucas Pouille 16 6 ESP Roberto Bautista Agut 19 7 ESP Albert Ramos Viñolas 22 8 Rankings are as of June 12 , 2017 Other entrants ( edit ) The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw : Dustin Brown Tommy Haas Andrey Rublev The following players received entry from the qualifying draw : Lukáš Lacko Maximilian Marterer Vasek Pospisil Mikhail Youzhny The following player received entry as a lucky loser : Yūichi Sugita Withdrawals ( edit ) Before the tournament Pablo Carreño Busta → replaced by Benoît Paire Lu Yen - hsun → replaced by Yūichi Sugita Retirements ( edit ) Kei Nishikori Doubles main draw entrants ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Country Player Country Player Rank Seed POL Łukasz Kubot BRA Marcelo Melo 14 RSA Raven Klaasen USA Rajeev Ram 25 NED Jean - Julien Rojer ROU Horia Tecău 43 ROU Florin Mergea PAK Aisam - ul - Haq Qureshi 64 Rankings are as of June 12 , 2017 . Other entrants ( edit ) The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw : Dustin Brown / Jan - Lennard Struff Florian Mayer / Philipp Petzschner The following pair received entry from the qualifying draw : Andre Begemann / Tim Pütz Retirements ( edit ) Brian Baker Champions ( edit ) Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Gerry Weber Open -- Singles Roger Federer def . Alexander Zverev , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Gerry Weber Open -- Doubles Łukasz Kubot / Marcelo Melo def . Alexander Zverev / Mischa Zverev , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , ( 10 -- 8 ) External links ( edit ) Official website Halle tournaments 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017 ATP World Tour `` 2016 2018 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Monte Carlo ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Montreal ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Shanghai ( S , D ) Paris ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 500 series Rotterdam ( S , D ) Rio ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Barcelona ( S , D ) London ( S , D ) Halle ( S , D ) Hamburg ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Vienna ( S , D ) Basel ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 250 series Brisbane ( S , D ) Chennai ( S , D ) Doha ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) Auckland ( S , D ) Montpellier ( S , D ) Sofia ( S , D ) Quito ( S , D ) Buenos Aires ( S , D ) Memphis ( S , D ) Delray Beach ( S , D ) Marseille ( S , D ) São Paulo ( S , D ) Marrakesh ( S , D ) Houston ( S , D ) Budapest ( S , D ) Munich ( S , D ) Estoril ( S , D ) Istanbul ( S , D ) Lyon ( S , D ) Geneva ( S , D ) ' s - Hertogenbosch ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) Antalya ( S , D ) Newport ( S , D ) Båstad ( S , D ) Umag ( S , D ) Atlanta ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Los Cabos ( S , D ) Kitzbühel ( S , D ) Winston - Salem ( S , D ) Metz ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Chengdu ( S , D ) Stockholm ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) Antwerp ( S , D ) Team events Davis Cup ( World Group + Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa ) ATP Finals , London ( S , D ) Next Generation ATP Finals , Milan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Gerry_Weber_Open&oldid=787610966 '' Categories : Gerry Weber Open 2017 ATP World Tour 2017 in German sport 2017 Gerry Weber Open Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2017 , at 12 : 29 . 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-7544797252512895442	Nicole Walker	Nicole Walker - Wikipedia Nicole Walker Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Nicola Walker . Nicole Walker Days of our Lives character Portrayed by Arianne Zucker Duration 1998 -- 2006 2008 -- 17 First appearance February 27 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 27 ) Last appearance October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) Created by Sally Sussman Morina Introduced by Ken Corday and Tom Langan ( 1998 ) Ken Corday and Edward J. Scott ( 2008 ) Classification Former ; regular ( returning ) Profile Other names Nicole Mendez Nicole Stella Walker Nicole Roberts Nicole Kiriakis Nicole DiMera Misty Circle Mary Smith Mary Bridget Occupation Businesswoman Journalist Secretary Campaign manager Editor - in - chief Model Waitress Pornographic actress ( show ) Family Father Paul Mendez Mother Fay Walker Sisters Taylor Walker Half - brothers Brandon Walker Spouse Trent Robbins ( pre-1998 -- 2008 ) Lucas Roberts ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Victor Kiriakis ( 2002 -- 08 ) EJ DiMera ( 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 ) Daughters Holly Walker Nicole Walker is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera , Days of Our Lives , a long - running series about working - class life in the fictional town of Salem . She was introduced in 1998 by head writer Sally Sussman Morina , and executive producer Ken Corday . Actress Arianne Zucker has portrayed the character since her introduction to the series in 1998 . In 2006 , Zucker left the soap in pursuit of other acting possibilities . She returned to the role in 2008 . In March 2017 , Zucker announced she would once again leave the role . She made her final appearance in the role on October 20 , 2017 , though she will make several guest appearances during the holiday season . Many of Nicole 's storylines have often focused on treachery , death , and love , with the character being portrayed as always in pursuit of finding true love and having the family she never had as a child growing up . The character is the daughter of Fay Walker and Paul Mendez . During her childhood , Nicole was a victim of child sexual abuse at the hands of her father , Paul , who forced her to do pornography in her adolescence under the name `` Misty Circle '' . The character came to Salem as a small town waitress , but almost immediately started getting involved with the major families that the show revolved around . While once being seen as a scheming gold - digger , Nicole has grown into a woman committed to finding love and being a good mother . She is known for her longstanding feud with her enemy , Sami Brady , her relationships with Eric Brady , Victor Kiriakis , Brady Black and EJ DiMera , and the 2009 Baby Switch story line which featured Nicole having a miscarriage ; lying to her husband ; and stealing Sami 's baby , Sydney . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 1.1 1998 -- 2006 1.2 2008 -- 2 References 3 External links Storylines ( edit ) 1998 -- 2006 ( edit ) Overworked and underpaid waitress Nicole comes to Salem with dreams of becoming a model and meets Eric Brady ( Jensen Ackles ) . Eric convinces his sister Sami ( Alison Sweeney ) to give Nicole a modeling contract landing Nicole on the cover of Bella magazine . Despite her success , Nicole seems to be hiding something . It is eventually revealed that Nicole is being followed by her ex-boyfriend , Jay . As Eric and Nicole fall in love , a jealous Jay threatens to tell Nicole 's secrets . Nicole develops friendships with Sami and Kate Roberts ( Lauren Koslow ) , even planning out Sami 's bachelorette party . Kate 's son and Sami 's ex-boyfriend Lucas ( Bryan Dattilo ) starts showering Nicole with gifts despite his mother 's disapproval ; Lucas wants to use Nicole to get custody of his son Will from Sami . Meanwhile , Nicole 's sister , Taylor Raines ( Katherine Ellis ) comes to Salem and befriends Eric and Lucas uses the relationship to keep Nicole and Eric apart so he can have her for himself . Taylor catches on to Lucas 's schemes and skips town while Nicole agrees to marriage in exchange for $5 million leaving Eric devastated and running him out of town . When Victor Kiriakis ( John Aniston ) takes the money away from her , Nicole decides to help Sami regain custody of Will . Also , a brief cancer scare forces Nicole to realize the error of her ways . She shares a brief reunion with Eric and divorces Lucas . However , Eric helps Nicole open up about her troubled past and being forced into porn as a teenager by her father , Paul Mendez . Nicole cozies up to Victor by exposing Kate 's plot to kill him and also uses his grandson Brady Black ( Kyle Lowder ) in her schemes . Victor and Nicole eventually marry on New Year 's Eve in 2002 only for Nicole to fake his death with the help of Jan Spears ( Heather Lauren Olson ) , leaving Nicole as the wealthy grieving widow who has fallen for her step grandson . However , Nicole 's plans begin to unravel when Victor is discovered alive . Meanwhile , in an effort to keep Brady for herself , Nicole tries to disfigure his presumed dead first love , Chloe Lane ( Nadia Bjorlin ) during surgery with help from Stan ( Dan Wells ) and Tony DiMera ( Thaao Penghlis ) . Nicole learns that Stan is actually Sami in disguise and threatens to expose her . However , Sami exposes Nicole 's schemes instead and Brady kicks her out of his life believing she was behind Chloe 's `` death . '' Nicole later goes into business with Sami and Austin Reed ( Austin Peck ) . In 2006 , she agrees to move to Los Angeles to manage the newly acquired branch of the company . Before leaving town , Nicole has a one - night stand with Sami 's father , Roman Brady ( Josh Taylor ) . After her departure , it is mentioned that Nicole had plans to marry `` some soap actor . '' This was presumably a nod to Zucker 's marriage to her former Days of Our Lives costar , Kyle Lowder , who played Brady . 2008 -- ( edit ) Nicole resurfaces in 2008 and announces that she and Victor are still legally married . Nicole hires EJ DiMera ( James Scott ) to help her with the divorce only for Nicole to discover that she is still married to her first husband , Trent Robbins ( Roscoe Born ) , making her subsequent marriages to Lucas and Victor invalid . Nicole had married Trent when she was in college but she left him because he was abusive ; however , she never filed for divorce . EJ starts using Nicole to make his soon to be ex-wife Sami jealous and after Sami dumps him , EJ and Nicole end up having sex in an elevator . Nicole is a prime suspect when Trent is found dead in September 2008 , but she is exonerated . Nicole later discovers she is pregnant , and knowing she was not supposed to have children , Nicole considers the child to be a `` miracle . '' EJ and Nicole move in together only for her to miscarry . Realizing that EJ loved their baby and not her , Nicole fakes her pregnancy fearing he will leave her . Nicole discovers that EJ is still in love with Sami , so she adopts Mia McCormick ( Taylor Spreitler ) 's baby with help from Dr. Richard Baker ( John Callahan ) and passes the child off as her own . To make matters worse , Nicole switches Mia 's child with Sami and EJ 's baby allowing EJ to raise the child even though Sami planned to keep him from the child . Nicole names the child , Sydney only for her lies to be exposed when the child 's father , Chad Peterson - Woods ( Casey Deidrick ) tries to sue for custody . Nicole is sent to prison for her crimes and later released with the help of Anna DiMera ( Leann Hunley ) . Seeing that Nicole is still attached to Sydney , EJ arranges for her to be a part of Sydney 's life and live in the mansion leading him to propose to her in order for Nicole to be a `` mother figure '' to EJ 's children . Nicole accepts leading her to start falling in love with him again . On their wedding day , EJ meets Nicole 's sister Taylor ( Natalia Livingston ) and it is love at first sight . After weeks of cheating , EJ asks Nicole for a divorce and she is left shattered . Nicole is employed as EJ 's secretary and they start working together for EJ to win the election and become Mayor of Salem . During the election their romantic relationship evolves but Nicole holds back fearing that EJ will end up hurting her again . When he proposes to her in February 2012 , Nicole accepts only to find out that EJ had cheated on her once again with Sami . She storms out of the mansion and goes to the Town Square where she meets Daniel Jonas ( Shawn Christian ) . During their talk Nicole faints and Daniel takes her to the hospital only to find out that Nicole is pregnant . Nicole worries about her pregnancy ending up in a miscarriage again and wanting to get away from EJ she hides her pregnancy from him with the help of Daniel and Rafe Hernandez ( Galen Gering ) . EJ finds out that Nicole is pregnant and Rafe steps in claiming the child is his leading him and Nicole to fabricate this story to keep the baby from EJ . In May 2012 , Nicole stresses over EJ and starts having pains in her stomach but gets to the hospital in time and everything turns out to be fine . Nicole begins a romantic relationship with Daniel but due to his daughter 's priorities at the time , he broke it off . In August 2012 , an earthquake hits Salem and Nicole goes into preterm labor but luckily enough Daniel manages to stop the contractions and keep the pregnancy healthy . She then starts a rivalry with Jennifer Horton ( Melissa Reeves ) fearing that Daniel will get back together with Jenn . In October 2012 and at 37 weeks pregnant , Nicole goes to her prenatal visit but her doctor informs her that her baby is dead . A distraught Nicole grieves her second loss but does not tell Daniel fearing that he will get back together with Jenn seeing there is no baby . That same day Nicole gets into a fight with Jennifer on the stairs of the Town Square and Nicole falls down going into labor . Nicole gives birth to her stillborn son and seeing the opportunity she blames Jennifer in pushing her . A month later the truth comes out and seeing she is left with nothing , she tries to commit suicide but Rafe and Daniel step in just in time to stop her . Nicole 's first love , Eric Brady ( Greg Vaughan ) , returns to Salem as a priest . He offers her a job as his secretary at the church , which Nicole accepts . As the two continue working together , Nicole 's old feelings for Eric resurface . Knowing that he is a priest and can not be with her , Nicole aches about not being with him . In June 2013 , Eric is drugged and seduced by Kristen DiMera . Due to coincidences that happened that night , such as Nicole finding a delirious Eric in his hotel room shortly after Kristen leaves , Eric is led to believe that it was Nicole who raped him . He confronts her about the matter . While Nicole admits her feelings towards him during the confrontation , she repeatedly denies any wrongdoing . Eric does not believe her , concluding that Nicole acted on her feelings . Dismayed by Eric 's false accusation , Nicole does not want to have anything to do with Eric . After Eric is suspended from the priesthood due to the sex scandal , Nicole forgives him , and together with Daniel , they work together to prove Eric 's innocence . Knowing that Eric would deny her help due to her feelings for him , Nicole fabricates a fake romance with Daniel , assuring Eric she is over him . The lie shocks both Daniel and Eric . Daniel is initially reluctant at first , as Nicole had made up the lie before informing him , but he agrees to play along , blindsiding Eric . Since finding out about Nicole 's new romance , Eric begins to have dreams about Nicole and is unsure how he feels about her . As Nicole and Eric begin spending more time together to clear his name , Eric 's old feelings for Nicole resurface . This becomes especially apparent after Nicole 's photo shoot , when Eric reminisces about an old photo shoot with Nicole during her modeling days with Countess Wilhelmina . Nicole and Eric 's relationship becomes more mutual , leaving both of them confused and unsure how to react . On January 13 , 2014 , Nicole and Eric are kidnapped by Kristen 's potion doctor , as the two have gotten too close to the truth about the night Eric was drugged . The doctor tied them together in the basement of Daniel 's apartment complex . He initially was going to wipe their memories with his drugs , but instead opens a gas line in the basement and leaves Nicole and Eric to die , either by asphyxiation or an eventual explosion . It is in this dire situation Eric confesses he loves Nicole . She was engaged to Eric briefly but they broke up and now she is currently engaged to Daniel . Sadly , on New Year 's Eve of 2015 , Brady , his brother Eric , Jennifer Horton , and Daniel are involved in a tragic car accident due to Eric driving drunk . The accident leaves Daniel brain dead , and Brady in need of a heart transplant . With Maggie 's permission , Daniel is taken off of life support and his heart is donated to Brady . Eric is later sent to prison for causing Daniel 's death , leaving Nicole heartbroken . Nicole was in a relationship with Deimos Kiriakis and then they were engaged and then she dumped him . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Arianne Zucker -- Nicole -- Actor Page -- DAYS OF OUR LIVES '' . Soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Arianne Zucker Leaving DAYS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . March 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Soaps.com ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Arianne Zucker leaving Days of our Lives '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Summaries '' . Sony.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy Awards Pre-Nominations Announced '' . We Love Soaps. 2010 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nicole Walker Bio '' . NBC.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Scoop : DAYS preview for the week of December 30 , 2013 - Days of our Lives @ soapcentral.com '' . SoapCentral . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Nicole Walker at SoapCentral.com Nicole Walker at Soaps.com Nicole Walker at nbc.com/days of our lives Days of Our Lives Current characters Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Chad DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Carrie Brady Reed Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Will Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Hattie Adams Brady Black John Black Tate Black Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Sami Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux André DiMera Chad DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Bonnie Lockhart Anne Milbauer Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Ben Weston Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicole_Walker&oldid=807904564 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional pornographic film actors Fictional Hispanic and Latino American people Fictional reporters Fictional characters introduced in 1998 Hidden categories : Use American English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 19 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	brady and nicole days of our lives married	[]	[]
8359794244811773818	The Devil's Rejects	The Devil 's Rejects - wikipedia The Devil 's Rejects Jump to : navigation , search The Devil 's Rejects Teaser poster Directed by Rob Zombie Produced by Mike Elliott Andy Gould Marco Mehlitz Michael Ohoven Rob Zombie Written by Rob Zombie Based on Characters by Rob Zombie Starring Sid Haig Bill Moseley Sheri Moon Zombie Ken Foree Matthew McGrory Lew Temple William Forsythe Music by Tyler Bates Cinematography Phil Parmet Edited by Glenn W. Garland Production company Cinelamda Distributed by Lionsgate Release date July 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 22 ) Running time 109 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $7 million Box office $19.4 million The Devil 's Rejects is a 2005 American horror film written and directed by Rob Zombie , and the sequel to his 2003 film House of 1000 Corpses . The film is centered on the run of three members of the psychopathic antagonist family from the previous film , now seen as antiheroic protagonists , with Sid Haig , Bill Moseley , and Zombie 's wife Sheri Moon Zombie reprising their roles , with Leslie Easterbrook replacing Karen Black as the matriarch . The film was released on July 22 , 2005 , to minor commercial success and mixed but more positive reviews over its predecessor . At the time of release and in the years since , the film has garnered a cult following . This is the final film of Matthew McGrory before his death the same year ; the film 's DVD release is dedicated to his `` loving memory '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 6 Awards 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) On May 18 , 1978 , Texas Sheriff John Quincey Wydell and a large posse of State Troopers issue a Search and Destroy mission on the Firefly family for over 75 homicides and disappearances over the past several years . The family arm themselves and fire on the officers . Rufus is killed and Mother Firefly ( Leslie Easterbrook ) is taken into custody , while Otis and Baby escape . They steal a car , and after killing the driver , they go to Kahiki Palms , a run - down motel . While at the motel , Otis and Baby take a band called Banjo and Sullivan hostage in their room , and Otis shoots the roadie when he returns . Meanwhile , Baby 's father , Captain Spaulding , decides to rendezvous with Baby and Otis . En route , his truck runs out of gas and he assaults a woman before stealing her car . Back at the motel , Otis rapes Roy 's wife Gloria and demands Adam and Roy come with him on an errand . Otis drives his two prisoners to a place where he buried weapons . While walking to the location , the two prisoners attack Otis , but he bludgeons Roy and cuts Adam 's face off . Back at the motel , Adam 's wife Wendy tries to escape out the bathroom window . When Gloria attempts to rebel , Baby kills her . Wendy runs out of the motel , but is caught by Captain Spaulding , who knocks her unconscious . Otis returns , and all three leave the motel together in the band 's van . The motel maid comes to clean the room , and discovers the murder scene . The maid enters the bathroom , where she sees `` The Devil 's Rejects '' written on the wall in blood , and is startled by Wendy , who is accidentally killed when she runs out to the highway to seek help while she was in shocked . Wydell calls a pair of amoral bounty hunters -- the `` Unholy Two '' -- Rondo and Billy Ray , to help him find the Fireflys . While investigating , they discover an associate of Spaulding 's named Charlie Altamont . Wydell begins to lose sanity when Mother Firefly reveals that she murdered his brother . After having a dream in which his brother asks him to avenge his death , Wydell stabs Mother Firefly to death . The surviving Fireflys gather at a brothel owned by Charlie , where he offers them shelter from the police . After he leaves the brothel , Wydell threatens Charlie to give up the Fireflys . With the help of the `` Unholy Two '' , the sheriff takes the family back to the Firefly house where he tortures them , using similar methods they used on their own victims . He nails Otis ' hands to his chair , and staples crime scene photographs to Otis 's and Baby 's stomachs , then beats and shocks Captain Spaulding and Otis with a cattle prod , and taunts Baby about the death of her mother . Wydell sets the house on fire and leaves Otis and Spaulding to burn , but lets Baby loose outside so he can hunt her for sport . Charlie returns to save the Firefly family , but is killed by Wydell . Baby gets shot in the calf of her left leg , brutally horse - whipped , and then strangled by Wydell . Tiny suddenly arrives and intervenes , killing Wydell , and saving the Firefly family . Otis , Baby , and Spaulding escape in Charlie 's 1972 Cadillac Eldorado , leaving behind Tiny , who walks back into the burning house . The trio drives , badly injured and seemingly humbled by their experience with a clearer understanding of the torment and anguish that they had put their past vicitims through . As Otis drives down the road with Baby and Spaulding asleep in the back seat he notices a police barricade ahead of them . Realizing that they will not make it out alive , he wakes baby and Spaulding , hands them each a gun and they speed towards police barricade . As they speed down the road , they fire on the police officers who then return fire and all three are shot to death by the police . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Rob Zombie characters Sid Haig as Captain Spaulding Bill Moseley as Otis Driftwood Sheri Moon Zombie as Vera - Ellen `` Baby '' Firefly William Forsythe as Sheriff John Quincey Wydell Ken Foree as Charlie Altamont Matthew McGrory as Tiny Firefly Leslie Easterbrook as Gloria Firefly Dave Sheridan as Officer Ray Dobson E.G. Daily as Candy Geoffrey Lewis as Roy Sullivan Priscilla Barnes as Gloria Sullivan Kate Norby as Wendy Banjo Lew Temple as Adam Banjo Danny Trejo as Rondo Diamond Dallas Page as Billy Ray Snapper Brian Posehn as Jimmy Ginger Lynn Allen as Fanny Tom Towles as George Wydell Michael Berryman as Clevon P.J. Soles as Susan Deborah Van Valkenburgh as Casey Jossara Jinaro as Maria Chris Ellis as Coggs Mary Woronov as Abbie Daniel Roebuck as Morris Green Duane Whitaker as Dr. Bankhead Tyler Mane as Rufus `` RJ '' Firefly , Jr . Robert Trebor as Marty Walker ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) Unused poster featuring Bill Moseley , Sheri Moon Zombie and Sid Haig . When Rob Zombie wrote House of 1000 Corpses , he had a `` vague idea for a story '' about the brother of the sheriff that the Firefly clan killed coming back for revenge . After Lions Gate Entertainment made back all of their money on the first day of Corpses ' theatrical release , they wanted Zombie to make another film and he started to seriously think about a new story . With Rejects , Zombie has said that he wanted to make it `` more horrific '' and the characters less cartoonish than in Corpses , and that he wanted `` to make something that was almost like a violent western . Sort of like a road movie . '' The film was set in the mid-late 1970s . He has also cited films like The Wild Bunch , Bonnie and Clyde and Badlands as influences on Rejects . When he approached William Forsythe about doing the film , he told the actor that the inspiration for how to portray his character came from actors like Lee Marvin and Robert Shaw . Sheri Moon Zombie does not see the film as a sequel : `` It 's more like some of the characters from House of 1000 Corpses came on over , and now they 're the Devil 's Rejects . '' Zombie hired Phil Parmet , who had shot the documentary Harlan County , USA , because he wanted to adopt a hand - held camera / documentary look . Principal photography was emotionally draining for some of the actors . Sheri Moon Zombie remembers a scene she had to do with Forsythe that required her to cry . The scene took two to three hours to film and affected her so much that she did not come into work for two days afterward . Rejects went through the MPAA eight times earning an NC - 17 rating every time until the last one . According to Zombie , the censors had a problem with the overall tone of the film . Specifically , censors did not like the motel scene between Bill Moseley and Priscilla Barnes , forcing Zombie to cut two minutes of it for the theatrical release . However , this footage was restored in the DVD version . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Devil 's Rejects ( soundtrack ) Rob Zombie , who is a musician , decided to go with more southern rock to create the mood of the film . The soundtrack itself was notable as being one of the first to be released on DualDisc , with the DVD side featuring a making - of featurette for the film and a photo gallery . Release ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Devil 's Rejects was released on July 22 , 2005 , in 1,757 theaters and grossed USD $7.1 million on its opening weekend , recouping its roughly $7 million budget . It grossed $17 million in North America and $2.3 million internationally for a total of $19.4 million . Critical reception ( edit ) The film had mixed reviews with a 53 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , with the consensus `` Zombie has improved as a filmmaker since House of 1000 Corpses and will please fans of the genre , but beware -- the horror is nasty , relentless and sadistic '' ; and a 53 metascore on Metacritic . Prominent critic Roger Ebert enjoyed the film and gave it three out of a possible four stars . He wrote , `` There is actually some good writing and acting going on here , if you can step back from the ( violent ) material enough to see it '' . Later , in his review for The Hills Have Eyes , Ebert referenced The Devil 's Rejects , writing , `` I received some appalled feedback when I praised Rob Zombie 's The Devil 's Rejects , but I admired two things about it ( that were absent from The Hills Have Eyes ) : ( 1 ) It desired to entertain and not merely to sicken , and ( 2 ) its depraved killers were individuals with personalities , histories and motives '' . In his review for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers gave The Devil 's Rejects three out of four stars and wrote , `` Let 's hear it for the Southern - fried soundtrack , from Buck Owens ' ' Satan 's Got to Get Along Without Me ' to Lynyrd Skynyrd 's ' Free Bird ' , playing over the blood - soaked finale , which manages to wed The Wild Bunch to Thelma & Louise '' . Richard Roeper gave the film `` thumbs up '' for being successful at its goal to be the `` sickest , the most twisted , the most deranged movie '' at that point of the year ( 2005 ) . In her review for The New York Times , Dana Stevens wrote that the film `` is a trompe - l'œil experiment in deliberately retro film - making . It looks sensational , but there is a curious emptiness at its core '' . Entertainment Weekly gave the film a `` C + '' rating and wrote , `` Zombie 's characters are , to put it mildly , undeveloped '' . Robert K. Elder , of the Chicago Tribune , disliked the film , writing `` ( D ) espite decades of soaking in bloody classics such as the original Texas Chainsaw Massacre and I Spit on Your Grave , Zombie did n't absorb any of the underlying social tension or heart in those films . He 's no collage artist of influences , like Quentin Tarantino , crafting his movie from childhood influences . Rejects plays more like a junkyard of homages , strewn together and lost among inept cops , gaping plot holes and buzzard - ready dialog '' . Horror author Stephen King voted The Devil 's Rejects the 9th best film of 2005 and wrote , `` No redeeming social merit , perfect ' 70s C - grade picture cheesy glow ; this must be what Quentin Tarantino meant when he did those silly Kill Bill pictures '' . James Berardinelli was very negative giving The Devil 's Rejects half a star ( out of a possible four stars ) and called it a `` vile , reprehensible movie , '' saying the action was `` more formula than plot . '' He described the dialogue as `` a pastiche ( at least I think that 's the intention ) of the kind of bloodthirsty , overripe lines found '' in a genre of films from the 1970s about `` outcasts who defy society by destroying it . '' He was extremely critical of the acting , directing , and the production values , with an ending that was `` a cataclysmic misfire '' , and overall was not `` engaging cinema . '' Awards ( edit ) Award Nominee Result Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best Wide - Release Film Won Killer Movie ( Scariest Film ) Rob Zombie Won Best Screenplay Won Best Actor Sid Haig Won Best Supporting Actor William Forsythe Won Best Supporting Actress Leslie Easterbrook Won Best Score Tyler Bates Won Best Villain Sid Haig Nominated Relationship from Hell Bill Moseley and Sheri Moon Zombie Won Line That Killed ( Best One - Liner ) Bill Moseley Nominated Satellite Awards Outstanding Classic DVD Unrated Widescreen Edition Nominated Scream Awards The Ultimate Scream Nominated Best Horror Movie Won Most Vile Villain Leslie Easterbrook , Sid Haig , Bill Moseley and Sheri Moon Zombie as the Firefly family Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Devil 's Rejects ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 13 , 2005 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leistedt , Samuel J. ; Linkowski , Paul ( January 2014 ) . `` Psychopathy and the Cinema : Fact or Fiction ? '' . Journal of Forensic Sciences . American Academy of Forensic Sciences . 59 ( 1 ) : 167 -- 174 . PMID 24329037 . doi : 10.1111 / 1556 - 4029.12359 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tobias , Scott ( August 2 , 2005 ) . `` Rob Zombie '' . The Onion A.V. Club . ^ Jump up to : Lutman , Danny ( July 15 , 2004 ) . `` INT : Devil 's Rejects '' . JoBlo.com . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Rejects '' . Fangoria . August 2005 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Ridley , Jim ( July 21 -- 25 , 2005 ) . `` Sympathy for the Devils '' . Nashville Scene . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( July 20 , 2005 ) . `` Killin ' Time with Rob Zombie '' . Coming Soon ! . Jump up ^ `` The Devil 's Rejects '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ The Devil 's Rejects at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ The Devil 's Rejects at Metacritic Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 22 , 2005 ) . `` The Devil 's Rejects '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( March 10 , 2006 ) . `` The Hills Have Eyes '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( July 22 , 2005 ) . `` The Devil 's Rejects '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Devil 's Rejects '' . July 22 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Dana ( July 22 , 2005 ) . `` The Further Adventures of a Murderous Clan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( July 20 , 2005 ) . `` The Devil 's Rejects '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Elder , Robert K ( August 23 , 2007 ) . `` The Devil 's Rejects '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( December 9 , 2005 ) . `` Stephen King on his picks for the best movies of 2005 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Devil 's Rejects , The '' . preview.reelviews.net . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Devil 's Rejects The Devil 's Rejects on IMDb The Devil 's Rejects at Box Office Mojo The Devil 's Rejects at Rotten Tomatoes The Devil 's Rejects at Metacritic ( hide ) Rob Zombie Rob Zombie John 5 Piggy D Ginger Fish Mike Riggs John Tempesta Blasko Tommy Clufetos Joey Jordison Studio albums Hellbilly Deluxe ( 1998 ) The Sinister Urge ( 2001 ) Educated Horses ( 2006 ) Hellbilly Deluxe 2 ( 2010 ) Venomous Rat Regeneration Vendor ( 2013 ) The Electric Warlock Acid Witch Satanic Orgy Celebration Dispenser ( 2016 ) Live albums Zombie Live Spookshow International Live Remix albums American Made Music to Strip By Mondo Sex Head Compilations House of 1000 Corpses Soundtrack Past , Present & Future The Best of Rob Zombie Icon Video albums The Zombie Horror Picture Show Singles `` Dragula '' `` Living Dead Girl '' `` Superbeast '' `` Feel So Numb '' `` Demon Speeding '' `` Two - Lane Blacktop '' `` Foxy Foxy '' `` What ? '' `` Sick Bubblegum '' `` Dead City Radio and the New Gods of Supertown '' `` We 're an American Band '' Promotional singles `` Scum of the Earth '' `` Dead Girl Superstar '' `` Never Gonna Stop ( The Red Red Kroovy ) '' `` American Witch '' `` Let It All Bleed Out '' Other songs `` Hands of Death ( Burn Baby Burn ) '' `` House of 1000 Corpses '' `` The Lords of Salem '' Tours Hellbilly Deluxe 2 World Tour Twins of Evil Tour Filmography House of 1000 Corpses ( 2003 ) The Devil 's Rejects ( 2005 ) Grindhouse ( `` Werewolf Women of the S.S. '' ) ( 2007 ) Halloween ( 2007 ) Halloween II ( 2009 ) The Haunted World of El Superbeasto ( 2009 ) The Lords of Salem ( 2012 ) 31 ( 2016 ) Related articles Discography White Zombie The Electro - Industrial Tribute to Rob Zombie Sheri Moon Zombie Spider One Powerman 5000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Devil%27s_Rejects&oldid=804738718 '' Categories : 2005 films English - language films 2005 horror films 2000s road movies 2000s sequel films 2000s serial killer films American films American horror films American independent films American road movies American sequel films American serial killer films Spanish - language films Films about psychopaths Films directed by Rob Zombie Films set in Texas Films set in 1978 Films shot in California Films shot in Los Angeles German horror films German independent films German sequel films Lions Gate Entertainment films Film scores by Tyler Bates Screenplays by Rob Zombie Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 20 : 59 . 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8872003661852615899	List of NBA champions	List of NBA champions - wikipedia List of NBA champions This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 July 2018 . hide National Basketball Association awards and honors Championship O'Brien Trophy Brown Trophy ( defunct ) Individual awards All - Star Game MVP Bill Russell Finals MVP Coach of the Year Defensive Player of the Year Executive of the Year J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Community Assist Award Most Improved Player Most Valuable Player Rookie of the Year Sixth Man of the Year Sportsmanship Award Twyman -- Stokes Teammate of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award Honors All - NBA Team All - Rookie Team All - Defensive Team The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) ( formerly Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) from 1946 to 1949 ) Finals is the championship series for the NBA and the conclusion of the NBA 's postseason . All Finals have been played in a best - of - seven format , and contested between the winners of the Eastern Conference and the Western Conference ( formerly Divisions before 1970 ) , except in 1950 in which the Eastern Division champion faced the winner between the Western and Central Division champions . Prior to 1949 , the playoffs were instituted a three - stage tournament where the two semifinal winners played each other in the finals . The winning team of the series receives the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy . The home - and - away format in the NBA Finals is in a 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format ( the team with the better regular season record plays on their home court in Games 1 , 2 , 5 and 7 ) during 1947 -- 1948 , 1950 -- 1952 , 1957 -- 1970 , 1972 -- 1974 , 1976 -- 1977 , 1979 -- 1984 , 2014 -- present . It was previously in a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format ( the team with the better regular season record plays on their home court in Games 1 , 2 , 6 and 7 ) during 1949 , 1953 -- 1955 , and 1985 -- 2013 , in a 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format during 1956 and 1971 and in a 1 -- 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 format during 1975 and 1978 . The Eastern Conference / Division leads the Western Conference / Division in series won ( 38 -- 32 ) . The defunct Central Division won one championship . The Boston Celtics and the Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers alone own almost half of the titles , having won a combined 33 of 72 championships . Contents 1 Champions 2 Results by teams 3 Notes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Champions The first brackets in the Western Champion and Eastern Champion columns indicate the teams ' playoff seed . The second brackets indicate the number of times that teams have appeared in an NBA Finals as well as each respective team 's NBA Finals record to date . Bold Winning team of the NBA Finals Year Western Champion Coach Result Eastern Champion Coach Reference 1947 Chicago Stags ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Harold Olsen 1 -- 4 Philadelphia Warriors ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Eddie Gottlieb 1948 Baltimore Bullets ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Buddy Jeannette 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Warriors ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Eddie Gottlieb 1949 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 2 Washington Capitols ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1950 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 2 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Al Cervi 1951 Rochester Royals ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Les Harrison 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 3 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Joe Lapchick 1952 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 3 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Joe Lapchick 1953 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 1 ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Joe Lapchick 1954 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 3 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Al Cervi 1955 Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Charles Eckman 3 -- 4 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Al Cervi 1956 Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Charles Eckman 1 -- 4 Philadelphia Warriors ( 1 ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) George Senesky 1957 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Alex Hannum 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Red Auerbach 1958 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Alex Hannum 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1959 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) John Kundla 0 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1960 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Ed Macauley 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1961 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Paul Seymour 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1962 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 7 , 5 -- 2 ) Fred Schaus 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1963 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) Fred Schaus 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1964 San Francisco Warriors ( 1 ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Alex Hannum 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 8 , 7 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1965 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) Fred Schaus 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 9 , 8 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1966 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 10 , 5 -- 5 ) Fred Schaus 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 2 ) ( 10 , 9 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1967 San Francisco Warriors ( 1 ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Bill Sharman 2 -- 4 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Alex Hannum 1968 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 11 , 5 -- 6 ) Butch van Breda Kolff 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 2 ) ( 11 , 10 -- 1 ) Bill Russell 1969 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 12 , 5 -- 7 ) Butch van Breda Kolff 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 4 ) ( 12 , 11 -- 1 ) Bill Russell 1970 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 13 , 5 -- 8 ) Joe Mullaney 3 -- 4 New York Knicks ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Red Holzman 1971 Milwaukee Bucks ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Larry Costello 4 -- 0 Baltimore Bullets ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Gene Shue 1972 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 14 , 6 -- 8 ) Bill Sharman 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 2 ) ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) Red Holzman 1973 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 15 , 6 -- 9 ) Bill Sharman 1 -- 4 New York Knicks ( 2 ) ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Red Holzman Milwaukee Bucks ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Larry Costello 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 13 , 12 -- 1 ) Tom Heinsohn Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Al Attles 4 -- 0 Washington Bullets ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) K.C. Jones 1976 Phoenix Suns ( 3 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) John MacLeod 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 14 , 13 -- 1 ) Tom Heinsohn 1977 Portland Trail Blazers ( 3 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Jack Ramsey 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Gene Shue 1978 Seattle SuperSonics ( 4 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Lenny Wilkens 3 -- 4 Washington Bullets ( 3 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Dick Motta 1979 Seattle SuperSonics ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Lenny Wilkens 4 -- 1 Washington Bullets ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Dick Motta 1980 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 16 , 7 -- 9 ) Paul Westhead 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 3 ) ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Billy Cunningham 1981 Houston Rockets ( 6 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Del Harris 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 15 , 14 -- 1 ) Bill Fitch 1982 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 17 , 8 -- 9 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 3 ) ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Billy Cunningham Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 18 , 8 -- 10 ) Pat Riley 0 -- 4 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Billy Cunningham 1984 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 19 , 8 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 16 , 15 -- 1 ) K.C. Jones 1985 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 20 , 9 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 17 , 15 -- 2 ) K.C. Jones 1986 Houston Rockets ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Bill Fitch 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 18 , 16 -- 2 ) K.C. Jones Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 21 , 10 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 19 , 16 -- 3 ) K.C. Jones 1988 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 22 , 11 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 3 Detroit Pistons ( 2 ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Chuck Daly 1989 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 23 , 11 -- 12 ) Pat Riley 0 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Chuck Daly 1990 Portland Trail Blazers ( 3 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Rick Adelman 1 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Chuck Daly 1991 Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) ( 24 , 11 -- 13 ) Mike Dunleavy 1 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1992 Portland Trail Blazers ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Rick Adelman 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1993 Phoenix Suns ( 1 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Paul Westphal 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 2 ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1994 Houston Rockets ( 2 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Rudy Tomjanovich 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 2 ) ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Pat Riley 1995 Houston Rockets ( 6 ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rudy Tomjanovich 4 -- 0 Orlando Magic ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Brian Hill Seattle SuperSonics ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) George Karl 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1997 Utah Jazz ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Jerry Sloan 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1998 Utah Jazz ( 1 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Jerry Sloan 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 6 , 6 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1999 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 8 ) ( 8 , 2 -- 6 ) Jeff Van Gundy 2000 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 25 , 12 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 2 Indiana Pacers ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Larry Bird 2001 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 26 , 13 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 1 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Larry Brown 2002 Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) ( 27 , 14 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 0 New Jersey Nets ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Byron Scott 2003 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 2 New Jersey Nets ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Byron Scott Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 28 , 14 -- 14 ) Phil Jackson 1 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 3 ) ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Larry Brown 2005 San Antonio Spurs ( 2 ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 3 Detroit Pistons ( 2 ) ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Larry Brown 2006 Dallas Mavericks ( 4 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Avery Johnson 2 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Pat Riley 2007 San Antonio Spurs ( 3 ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 0 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Mike Brown 2008 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 29 , 14 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 20 , 17 -- 3 ) Doc Rivers 2009 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 30 , 15 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 1 Orlando Magic ( 3 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Stan Van Gundy Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 31 , 16 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 3 Boston Celtics ( 4 ) ( 21 , 17 -- 4 ) Doc Rivers 2011 Dallas Mavericks ( 3 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Rick Carlisle 4 -- 2 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Erik Spoelstra 2012 Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Scott Brooks 1 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Erik Spoelstra 2013 San Antonio Spurs ( 2 ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Gregg Popovich 3 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 1 ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Erik Spoelstra 2014 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 1 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Erik Spoelstra 2015 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) Steve Kerr 4 -- 2 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) David Blatt 2016 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 3 -- 4 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tyronn Lue 2017 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 4 -- 1 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Tyronn Lue 2018 Golden State Warriors ( 2 ) ( 10 , 6 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 4 -- 0 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 4 ) ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) Tyronn Lue Results by teams Teams Win Loss Total Year ( s ) won Year ( s ) lost Boston Celtics 17 21 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 2008 1958 , 1985 , 1987 , 2010 Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers 16 15 31 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1972 , 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 1959 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1973 , 1983 , 1984 , 1989 , 1991 , 2004 , 2008 Philadelphia / San Francisco / Golden State Warriors 6 10 1947 , 1956 , 1975 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 1948 , 1964 , 1967 , 2016 Chicago Bulls 6 0 6 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 -- San Antonio Spurs 5 6 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 2013 Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers 6 9 1955 , 1967 , 1983 1950 , 1954 , 1977 , 1980 , 1982 , 2001 Fort Wayne / Detroit Pistons 7 1989 , 1990 , 2004 1955 , 1956 , 1988 , 2005 Miami Heat 5 2006 , 2012 , 2013 2011 , 2014 New York Knicks 6 8 1970 , 1973 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1972 , 1994 , 1999 Houston Rockets 1994 , 1995 1981 , 1986 Cleveland Cavaliers 5 2016 2007 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 St. Louis / Atlanta Hawks 1958 1957 , 1960 , 1961 Baltimore / Washington Bullets / Washington Wizards 1978 1971 , 1975 , 1979 Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder 1979 1978 , 1996 , 2012 Portland Trail Blazers 1977 1990 , 1992 Milwaukee Bucks 1971 Dallas Mavericks 2011 2006 Baltimore Bullets ( original ) ( folded in 1954 ) 0 1948 -- Rochester / Cincinnati Royals / Kansas City / Sacramento Kings 0 1951 -- Phoenix Suns 0 -- 1976 , 1993 New Orleans / Utah Jazz 0 -- 1997 , 1998 New Jersey / Brooklyn Nets 0 -- 2002 , 2003 Orlando Magic 0 -- 1995 , 2009 Chicago Stags ( folded in 1950 ) 0 -- 1947 Washington Capitols ( folded in 1951 ) 0 -- 1949 Indiana Pacers 0 -- 2000 Buffalo Braves / San Diego / Los Angeles Clippers -- -- -- Charlotte Hornets / Bobcats -- -- -- Denver Nuggets -- -- -- Minnesota Timberwolves -- -- -- New Orleans Hornets / Pelicans -- -- -- Toronto Raptors -- -- -- Vancouver / Memphis Grizzlies -- -- -- Notes Jump up ^ Due to the NBA 's realignment into three divisions , the team with the best regular season record after the Divisional Finals advanced automatically to the NBA Finals while the other two teams faced off in the NBA Semifinals to determine the other finalist . Eastern Division champion Syracuse had the best regular season record among the division champions , causing Central Division ( no relation to the current Central Division ) champion Minneapolis to face Western Division champion Anderson Packers in the NBA Semifinals . Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Walter A. Brown . Jump up ^ The trophy was replaced by a new design . Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Larry O'Brien . Jump up ^ Due to a lockout , the season did not start until February 5 , 1999 , and all 29 teams played a shortened 50 game regular season schedule . Jump up ^ Due to a lockout , the season did not start until December 25 , 2011 and all 30 teams played a shortened 66 - game regular season schedule . Jump up ^ Not affiliated with the present - day Washington Wizards who were known as the Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets from 1963 to 1997 . See also National Basketball Association portal NBA Playoffs Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award List of NBA Development League champions List of NBA championship head coaches List of NBA players with most championships References Jump up ^ Rosen , Charley ( 2008 ) . The First Tip - Off : The Incredible Story of the Birth of the NBA . Mc - Graw Hill . pp. 211 -- 212 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 148785 - 9 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Corrie ; Reheuser , Rob ; et al. ( 2006 ) . Sporting News Official 2006 -- 2007 NBA Guide . Sporting News Books . ISBN 0 - 89204 - 854 - 9 . Jump up ^ Brown , Donald H. ( 2007 ) . A Best of Basketball Story . AuthorHouse . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 1 - 4343 - 4193 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 -- 49 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 -- 53 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 -- 54 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 -- 55 Syracuse Nationals Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Bob ( June 23 , 2005 ) . `` Time to turn back clock on format '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Vote is unanimous to change Finals '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 -- 56 Philadelphia Warriors Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 -- 71 Milwaukee Bucks Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 -- 75 Golden State Warriors Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 -- 78 Washington Bullets Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Win Inaugural Finals '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/playoffs/ Jump up ^ `` Mikan , Lakers Begin Championship Run '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1949 -- 50 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers : First Champs of Newly Formed NBA '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Royals Reign , Despite Knicks ' Unlikely Comeback '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Reclaim the NBA Crown '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Unstoppable in Big Apple '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Minneapolis Makes One Last Title Run '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nats Win First Title of Shot - Clock Era '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Reign Over League 's 10th Season '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Officially Launch Their Dynasty '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pettit Drops 50 on Celtics in Game 6 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Sweep Past Minneapolis '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks Force Game 7 , But Celtics Repeat '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Give Sharman Championship Sendoff '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics , Lakers Work OT to Start Rivalry '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cousy Retires as Six - Time Champion '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Boston ' D ' at Center of Title Defense '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Win Seventh Straight Finals '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Red Lights Cigar to Close Coaching Career '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Prolific Sixers Bring Ring to Philly '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Boston is Alive and Well '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` West 's Heroics Ca n't Deprive Russell of 11th Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gutsy Reed Rallies Knicks in Game 7 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big O ' Completes Bucks ' Championship Run '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers ' Legendary Season Leads to Elusive Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks Win One for the ' Aged ' '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Win First Title of Post-Russell Era '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Barry 's Warriors Produce Epic Upset '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Triple - OT Classic Highlights Boston 's 13th Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy '' . NBA.com . National Basketball Association . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The trophies '' . St. Petersburg Times . Times Publishing Company . April 10 , 2003 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Walton , Lucas Ignite ' Blazermania ' '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fat Lady ' Sings Victorious Tune for Bullets '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Leads the Way for Sonics '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie Makes the Lakers Believe in Magic '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Return to Glory '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers ' Arduous Season Ends in Victory '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Moses Helps Dr. J , Sixers Reach Promised Land '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Win First Bird - Magic Finals Showdown '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kareem , Lakers Conquer the Celtic Mystique '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Frontcourt Vaults Celtics to Front of the Pack '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Maneuvers Lakers Past Celtics '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Capture the Elusive Repeat '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Waiting Game Ends for Impatient Pistons '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Boys Still the Best '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Finally Get That Championship Feeling '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Repeat is Extra Sweet for Bulls '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Paxson 's Trey Propels Bulls Into NBA History '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Houston 's Championship : Dream Come True '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets Earn Respect With Finals Sweep '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls ' Record - Setting Season Ends in Victory '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` MJ Adds More Finals Heroics to His Legacy '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan 's Jumper Secures Chicago 's Sixth Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Donovan , John ( February 4 , 1999 ) . `` Let the semi-season begin : Expect injuries , intensity and a new champion in ' 99 '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Little General ' Marches Spurs to First Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq Makes Mark in New Millennium '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Take Two for Tinseltown '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Sweeping Statement '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Storybook Spurs ! '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Motown back at # 1 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Winning is fundamental '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wade 's world is Title Town '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sweeping success : Spurs win it ! '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Return to Glory : Celtics Win NBA Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Finishes Off Magic , Claims 15th Championship '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Revenge ! Lakers outlast Celtics in Game 7 for NBA title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cuban finally ends silence , emerges as a champion '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Two Exhibition Games for N.B.A. Teams '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` Champs ! James ' triple - double lifts Heat to title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` LeBron leads Heat to second straight title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Spurs beat Heat 104 - 87 in Game 5 to win NBA title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Withers , Tom ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Warriors win NBA title , down LeBron , Cavs 105 - 97 in Game 6 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NBA Finals -- Cleveland Cavaliers vs. Golden State Warriors '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 NBA Finals -- Cleveland Cavaliers vs. Golden State Warriors '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . 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-4000062322067894697	Million Dollar Baby	Million Dollar Baby - wikipedia Million Dollar Baby For the 1941 film , see Million Dollar Baby ( 1941 film ) . Not to be confused with Billion Dollar Baby . Million Dollar Baby Theatrical release poster Directed by Clint Eastwood Produced by Clint Eastwood Albert S. Ruddy Tom Rosenberg Paul Haggis Screenplay by Paul Haggis Story by F.X. Toole Based on Rope Burns : Stories from the Corner by F.X. Toole Starring Clint Eastwood Hilary Swank Morgan Freeman Music by Clint Eastwood Cinematography Tom Stern Edited by Joel Cox Production company Lakeshore Entertainment Malpaso Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date December 15 , 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 15 ) Running time 132 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $30 million Box office $216.8 million Million Dollar Baby is a 2004 American sports drama film directed , co-produced , and scored by Clint Eastwood , and starring Eastwood , Hilary Swank , and Morgan Freeman . This film is about an underappreciated boxing trainer , the mistakes that haunt him from his past , and his quest for atonement by helping an underdog amateur boxer achieve her dream of becoming a professional . Million Dollar Baby opened to wide acclaim from critics , and won four Academy Awards , including Best Picture . Its screenplay was written by Paul Haggis , based on short stories by F.X. Toole , the pen name of fight manager and cutman Jerry Boyd . Originally published under the title Rope Burns , the stories have since been republished under the film 's title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Development and production 4 Box office 5 Critical reception 6 Accolades 7 Home media 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Margaret `` Maggie '' Fitzgerald , a waitress from a Missouri town in the Ozarks , shows up in the Hit Pit , a run - down Los Angeles gym owned and operated by Frankie Dunn , an old , cantankerous boxing trainer . Maggie asks Frankie to train her , but he initially refuses . Maggie works out tirelessly each day in his gym , even after Frankie tells her she 's `` too old '' to begin a boxing career at her age . Eddie `` Scrap - Iron '' Dupris , Frankie 's friend and employee -- and the film 's narrator -- encourages and helps her . Frankie 's prize prospect , `` Big '' Willie Little , signs with successful manager Mickey Mack after becoming impatient with Frankie rejecting offers for a championship bout . With prodding from Scrap and impressed with her persistence , Frankie reluctantly agrees to train Maggie . He warns her that he will teach her only the basics and then find her a manager . Other than Maggie and his employees , the only person Frankie has contact with is a local priest , with whom he spars verbally at daily Mass . Before her first fight , Frankie leaves Maggie with a random manager in his gym , much to her dismay ; upon being told by Scrap that said manager deliberately put her up against his best girl ( coaching the novice to lose ) to give her an easy win , Frankie rejoins Maggie in the middle of the bout and coaches her instead to an unforeseen victory . A natural , she fights her way up in the women 's amateur boxing division with Frankie 's coaching , winning many of her lightweight bouts with first - round knockouts . Earning a reputation for her KOs , Frankie must resort to bribery to get other managers to put their trainee fighters up against her . Eventually , Frankie takes a risk by putting her in the junior welterweight class , where her nose is broken in her first match . Frankie comes to establish a paternal bond with Maggie , who substitutes for his estranged daughter . Scrap , concerned when Frankie rejects several offers for big fights , arranges a meeting for her with Mickey Mack at a diner on her 33rd birthday . Out of loyalty , she declines . Frankie begrudgingly accepts a fight for her against a top - ranked opponent in the UK , where he bestows a Gaelic nickname on her . The two travel to Europe as she continues to win ; Maggie eventually saves up enough of her winnings to buy her mother a house , but she berates Maggie for endangering her government aid , claiming that everyone back home is laughing at her . Frankie is finally willing to arrange a title fight . He secures Maggie a $1 million match in Las Vegas , Nevada against the WBA women 's welterweight champion , Billie `` The Blue Bear '' Osterman , a German ex-prostitute who has a reputation as a dirty fighter . Overcoming a shaky start , Maggie begins to dominate the fight , but after a round has ended , Billie knocks her out with an illegal sucker punch from behind after the bell has sounded to indicate the end of the round . Before Frankie can pull the corner stool out of the way which was inappropriately placed on its side by Frankie 's assistant , Maggie lands hard on it , breaking her neck and leaving her a ventilator - dependent quadriplegic . Frankie is shown experiencing the first three of the five stages of grief : first seeking multiple doctors ' opinions in denial , then blaming Scrap in anger and later trying to bargain with God through prayer . In a medical rehabilitation facility , Maggie looks forward to a visit from her family , but they arrive accompanied by an attorney and only after having first visited Disneyland and Universal Studios Hollywood ; their only concern is to transfer Maggie 's assets to them . She orders them to leave , threatening to sell the house and inform the IRS of her mother 's welfare fraud if they ever show their faces again . As the days pass , Maggie develops bedsores and undergoes an amputation for an infected leg . She asks a favor of Frankie : to help her die , declaring that she got everything she wanted out of life . A horrified Frankie refuses , and Maggie later bites her tongue repeatedly in an attempt to bleed to death , but the medical staff saves her and takes measures to prevent further suicide attempts . The priest Frankie has harassed for 23 years , Father Horvak , warns him that he would never find himself again if he were to go through with Maggie 's wishes . Frankie sneaks in one night , unaware that Scrap is watching from the shadows . Just before administering a fatal injection of adrenaline , he finally tells Maggie the meaning of a nickname he gave her , Mo Chuisle ( spelled incorrectly in the film as `` mo cuishle '' ) : Irish for `` my darling , and my blood '' ( literally , `` my pulse '' ) . He never returns to the gym . Scrap 's narration is revealed to be a letter to Frankie 's daughter , informing her of her father 's true character . The last shot of the film shows Frankie sitting at the counter of a diner where Maggie once took him , and after having a homemade lemon meringue pie with her , said `` Now I can die and go to heaven '' . Cast ( edit ) Clint Eastwood as Frankie Dunn , a gruff but well - meaning elderly boxing trainer . Hilary Swank as Mary Margaret `` Maggie '' Fitzgerald , a determined , aspiring boxer trained up by Frankie Dunn . Morgan Freeman as Eddie `` Scrap - Iron '' Dupris , Dunn 's gym assistant ; an elderly former boxer , he was blinded in one eye in his 109th , and last , fight . Jay Baruchel as Dangerous Dillard Fighting Flippo Bam - Bam Barch or `` Danger '' , a simple - minded would - be boxer . Mike Colter as `` Big '' Willie Little , a boxer whom Dunn has trained for years . Lucia Rijker as Billie `` The Blue Bear '' Osterman , a vicious , ex-prostitute boxer . Brían F. O'Byrne as Father Horvak , the priest of the church which Dunn attends , who can not stand Dunn . Anthony Mackie as Shawrelle Berry , an overzealous boxer and frequent tenant of Dunn 's gym . Margo Martindale as Earline Fitzgerald , Maggie 's selfish mother . Riki Lindhome as Mardell Fitzgerald , Maggie 's welfare - cheating sister . Michael Peña as Omar , a boxer and Shawrelle 's best friend . Benito Martinez as Billie 's manager Grant L. Roberts as Billie 's cut man , ( trainer ) trained Hilary Swank off screen for her Academy Award - winning role Bruce MacVittie as Mickey Mack , a rival of Dunn . David Powledge as Counterman at Diner Joe D'Angerio as Cut Man Aaron Stretch as Himself Don Familton as Ring Announcer Development and production ( edit ) The film was stuck in so - called `` development hell '' for years before it was shot . Several studios rejected the project even when Eastwood signed on as actor and director . Even Warner Bros. , Eastwood 's longtime home base , would not agree to a US $ 30 million budget . Eastwood persuaded Lakeshore Entertainment 's Tom Rosenberg to put up half the budget ( as well as handle foreign distribution ) , with Warner Bros. contributing the rest ( $15 million ) . Eastwood shot the film in less than 40 days between June and July 2004 . Filming took place in Los Angeles and film sets at Warner Bros. Studios . The term ' Million Dollar Baby ' was from the nose art of a World War II Consolidated B - 24 Liberator heavy bomber . Eastwood had his daughter Morgan Colette appear in a brief role as a girl who waves to Swank 's character at a gas station . Eastwood had confidence in Swank 's acting background , but upon seeing Swank 's small physique , he had concerns , `` I just thought , ' Yeah , this gal would be great . If we can get her trained up . If we can get a little bit more bulk on her , to make her look like a fighter ' ... She was like a feather . But what happened is , she had this great work ethic . '' Consequently , to prepare for her role , Swank underwent extensive training in the ring and weight room gaining 19 pounds of muscle , aided by professional trainer Grant L Roberts . She trained for nearly five hours every day , winding up with a potentially life - threatening staphylococcus infection . She did not tell Eastwood about the infection because she thought it would be out of character for Maggie . Box office ( edit ) Million Dollar Baby initially had a limited release , opening in eight theaters in December 2004 . In its later wide release opening , the film earned $12,265,482 in North America and quickly became a box - office hit both domestically and internationally . It grossed $216,763,646 in theaters ; $100,492,203 in the United States , and $116,271,443 overseas . The film played in theaters for six and a half months . Critical reception ( edit ) The film received critical acclaim . It holds a 91 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 261 reviews , with an average rating of 8.4 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Clint Eastwood 's assured direction - combined with knockout performances from Hilary Swank and Morgan Freeman - help Million Dollar Baby to transcend its clichés , and the result is deeply heartfelt and moving . '' It also has a score of 86 out of 100 on Metacritic , based on 39 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times gave the film four stars and stated that `` Clint Eastwood 's Million Dollar Baby is a masterpiece , pure and simple , '' listing it as the best film of 2004 . Michael Medved stated : `` My main objection to Million Dollar Baby always centered on its misleading marketing , and effort by Warner Brothers to sell it as a movie about a female Rocky , with barely a hint of the pitch - dark substance that led Andrew Sarris of the New York Observer ... to declare that ' no movie in my memory has depressed me more than Million Dollar Baby . ' '' In early 2005 , the film sparked controversy when some disability rights activists protested the ending . Wesley J. Smith in The Weekly Standard also criticized the film for its ending and for missed opportunities ; Smith said , `` The movie could have ended with Maggie triumphing once again , perhaps having obtained an education and becoming a teacher ; or , opening a business managing boxers ; or perhaps , receiving a standing ovation as an inspirational speaker . '' Eastwood responded to the criticism by saying the film was about the American dream . In an interview with the Los Angeles Times , Eastwood distanced himself from the actions of characters in his films , noting , `` I 've gone around in movies blowing people away with a . 44 Magnum . But that does n't mean I think that 's a proper thing to do '' . Roger Ebert stated that `` a movie is not good or bad because of its content , but because of how it handles its content . Million Dollar Baby is classical in the clean , clear , strong lines of its story and characters , and had an enormous emotional impact '' . Some commentators criticized the fact that the phrase mo chuisle , a term of endearment meaning literally `` my pulse '' , and generally `` my darling '' , was misspelled in the film as Mo Cuishle , as shown on the back of Maggie 's robe . It is translated in the film as `` my darling , my blood '' , although an Irish Gaelic translation site states that it is always translated as `` pulse '' , not as `` blood '' . The original phrase is short for a chuisle mo chroí , meaning `` O pulse of my heart '' . The film has been praised , however , for stirring renewed interest in the Irish language in the U.S. Accolades ( edit ) Million Dollar Baby received the award for Best Picture of 2004 at the 77th Academy Awards . Clint Eastwood was awarded his second Best Director Oscar for the film , and also received a Best Actor in a Leading Role nomination . Hilary Swank and Morgan Freeman received Best Actress in a Leading Role and Best Actor in a Supporting Role Oscars , respectively . Joel Cox , Eastwood 's editor for many years , was nominated for Best Film Editing , and Paul Haggis was nominated for the Best Adapted Screenplay award . The film was named the third `` Best Film of the 21st Century So Far '' in 2017 by The New York Times . Award Subject Result Academy Award Best Picture Clint Eastwood , Albert S. Ruddy and Tom Rosenberg Won Best Director Clint Eastwood Won Best Actress Hilary Swank Won Best Supporting Actor Morgan Freeman Won Best Actor Clint Eastwood Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Paul Haggis Nominated Best Film Editing Joel Cox Nominated ACE Eddie Best Editing Nominated Amanda Award Best Foreign Feature Film Clint Eastwood Nominated American Screenwriters Association Discover Screenwriting Award Paul Haggis Won Art Directors Guild Award Best Contemporary Feature Film Henry Bumstead Jack G. Taylor Jr . Nominated Billie Award Best Film Clint Eastwood Albert S. Ruddy Tom Rosenberg Paul Haggis Nominated Black Reel Award Best Supporting Actor Morgan Freeman Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association Award Best Actress Hilary Swank Won Best Supporting Actor Morgan Freeman Nominated Best Director Clint Eastwood Nominated Best Film Clint Eastwood Albert S. Ruddy Tom Rosenberg Paul Haggis Nominated Casting Society of America Award Best Casting for Feature Film : Drama Phyllis Huffman Nominated César Award Best Foreign Film Clint Eastwood Albert S. Ruddy Tom Rosenberg Paul Haggis Won Chicago Film Critics Association Award Best Director Clint Eastwood Won Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directing Won Director 's Guild of Great Britain Outstanding Director Nominated ESPY Award Best Sports Movie Clint Eastwood Albert S. Ruddy Tom Rosenberg Paul Haggis Nominated Florida Film Critics Circle Award Best Actress Hilary Swank Won Golden Globe Award Best Actress Won Best Director Clint Eastwood Won Best Supporting Actor Morgan Freeman Nominated Best Motion Picture - Drama Clint Eastwood Albert S. Ruddy Tom Rosenberg Paul Haggis Nominated Best Original Score Clint Eastwood Nominated Grammy Award Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Nominated Motion Picture Sound Editors Award Best Sound Editing Alar Robert Murray Bub Asman David Grimaldi Jason King Nominated MTV Movie Award Best Female Performance Hilary Swank Nominated NAACP Image Award Outstanding Supporting Actor Morgan Freeman Won National Board of Review Award Best Film Clint Eastwood Albert S. Ruddy Tom Rosenberg Paul Haggis Nominated Best Director Clint Eastwood Nominated Best Actor Nominated New York Film Critics Circle Award Best Director Won Producers Guild of America Award Best Theatrical Motion Picture Clint Eastwood Albert S. Ruddy Tom Rosenberg Paul Haggis Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Award Best Actress Hilary Swank Won Best Actor Clint Eastwood Nominated Best Director Nominated Best Supporting Actor Morgan Freeman Nominated Best Film Clint Eastwood Albert S. Ruddy Tom Rosenberg Paul Haggis Nominated Satellite Award Best Actress Hilary Swank Won Best Adapted Screenplay Paul Haggis Won Screen Actors Guild Award Best Actress Hilary Swank Won Best Supporting Actor Morgan Freeman Won Best Cast Nominated Home Media ( edit ) The film was released on VHS and DVD on July 12 , 2005 , and all editions of the Region 1 DVD , except for the `` Deluxe Edition '' , came with a paperback copy of the book Rope Burns : Stories from the Corner . An HD DVD release was issued on April 18 , 2006 . The Blu - ray Disc version was released on November 14 , 2006 . It was the first Best Picture winner released on either high - definition optical disc format in the U.S. ; it and Unforgiven were the only ones released in the U.S. on HD DVD prior to the first one released in the U.S. on Blu - ray , Crash.It is also available online for downloading and streaming video rentals through Amazon , Apple 's iTunes Store and Vudu . See also ( edit ) Film portal Cinema of the United States List of American films of 2004 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Eliot ( 2009 ) , p. 309 ^ Jump up to : Hughes , p. 156 ^ Jump up to : `` Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 6 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Hughes , p. 157 Jump up ^ Fold 3 WWII Crew photos ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Leung ( March 2 , 2005 ) . `` Hilary Swank : Oscar Gold -- 60 Minutes '' . CBS News . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hughes , p. 160 Jump up ^ `` Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Million Dollar Baby Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 7 January 2005 ) . `` Million Dollar Baby '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved 26 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Medved , Michael . `` My ' Million Dollar ' Answer , '' OpinionJournal / Dow Jones & Company , Inc. ( 17 February 2005 ) . Archived at TownHall.com . Jump up ^ `` Million Dollar Missed Opportunity '' . weeklystandard.com . Jump up ^ The New York Times > Arts > Frank Rich : How Dirty Harry Turned Commie Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( 29 January 2005 ) . `` Critics have no right to play spoiler '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 27 November 2007 . Jump up ^ IrishGaelicTranslator.com . Million Dollar Baby movie ^ Jump up to : Wes Davis Fighting Words . New York Times , 26 February 2005 Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ; Scott , A.O. `` The 25 Best Films of the 21st Century ... So Far '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Historical HD DVD Release Dates , High - Def Digest , accessed 12 March 2012 ^ Jump up to : Historical Blu - ray Release Dates , High - Def Digest , accessed 12 March 2012 Bibliography Eliot , Marc ( 2009 ) . American Rebel : The Life of Clint Eastwood . Harmony Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 33688 - 0 . Hughes , Howard ( 2009 ) . Aim for the Heart . London : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 902 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Million Dollar Baby Million Dollar Baby on IMDb Million Dollar Baby at the TCM Movie Database Million Dollar Baby at AllMovie Million Dollar Baby at Box Office Mojo Million Dollar Baby at Rotten Tomatoes Million Dollar Baby at Metacritic US News article : Million Dollar Maybe , A real - life version of Maggie Fitzgerald Another possible real - life Maggie Fitzgerald Million Dollar Baby at the Sports Movie Database Films directed by Clint Eastwood Play Misty for Me ( 1971 ) High Plains Drifter ( 1973 ) Breezy ( 1973 ) The Eiger Sanction ( 1975 ) The Outlaw Josey Wales ( 1976 ) The Gauntlet ( 1977 ) Bronco Billy ( 1980 ) Firefox ( 1982 ) Honkytonk Man ( 1982 ) Sudden Impact ( 1983 ) Pale Rider ( 1985 ) Heartbreak Ridge ( 1986 ) Bird ( 1988 ) White Hunter Black Heart ( 1990 ) The Rookie ( 1990 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) A Perfect World ( 1993 ) The Bridges of Madison County ( 1995 ) Absolute Power ( 1997 ) Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil ( 1997 ) True Crime ( 1999 ) Space Cowboys ( 2000 ) Blood Work ( 2002 ) Piano Blues ( 2003 ) Mystic River ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Changeling ( 2008 ) Gran Torino ( 2008 ) Invictus ( 2009 ) Hereafter ( 2010 ) J. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the female boxer in million dollar baby	[ "Clint Eastwood as Frankie Dunn, a gruff but well-meaning elderly boxing trainer.\nHilary Swank as Mary Margaret \"Maggie\" Fitzgerald, a determined, aspiring boxer trained up by Frankie Dunn.\nMorgan Freeman as Eddie \"Scrap-Iron\" Dupris, Dunn's gym assistant; an elderly former boxer, he was blinded in one eye in his 109th, and last, fight.\nJay Baruchel as Dangerous Dillard Fighting Flippo Bam-Bam Barch or \"Danger\", a simple-minded would-be boxer.\nMike Colter as \"Big\" Willie Little, a boxer whom Dunn has trained for years.\nLucia Rijker as Billie \"The Blue Bear\" Osterman, a vicious, ex-prostitute boxer.\nBrían F. O'Byrne as Father Horvak, the priest of the church which Dunn attends, who cannot stand Dunn.\nAnthony Mackie as Shawrelle Berry, an overzealous boxer and frequent tenant of Dunn's gym.\nMargo Martindale as Earline Fitzgerald, Maggie's selfish mother.\nRiki Lindhome as Mardell Fitzgerald, Maggie's welfare-cheating sister.\nMichael Peña as Omar, a boxer and Shawrelle's best friend.\nBenito Martinez as Billie's manager\nGrant L. Roberts as Billie's cut man, (trainer) trained Hilary Swank off screen for her Academy Award-winning role\nBruce MacVittie as Mickey Mack, a rival of Dunn.\nDavid Powledge as Counterman at Diner\nJoe D'Angerio as Cut Man\nAaron Stretch as Himself\nDon Familton as Ring Announcer" ]	[ "Hilary Swank" ]
-6288230369618210390	Literary genre	Literary genre - wikipedia Literary genre Jump to : navigation , search Literature Major forms Novel Poem Drama Short story Novella Genres Comedy Drama Epic Erotic Nonsense Lyric Mythopoeia Romance Satire Tragedy Tragicomedy Media Performance play Book Techniques Prose Poetry History and lists History modern Outline Glossary of terms Books Writers Literary awards poetry Discussion Criticism Theory ( critical theory ) Sociology Magazines Literature portal A literary genre is a category of literary composition . Genres may be determined by literary technique , tone , content , or even ( as in the case of fiction ) length . The distinctions between genres and categories are flexible and loosely defined , often with subgroups . The most general genres in literature are ( in loose chronological order ) epic , tragedy , comedy , and creative nonfiction . They can all be in the form of prose or poetry . Additionally , a genre such as satire , allegory or pastoral might appear in any of the above , not only as a subgenre ( see below ) , but as a mixture of genres . Finally , they are defined by the general cultural movement of the historical period in which they were composed . Genre should not be confused with age categories , by which literature may be classified as either adult , young adult , or children 's . They also must not be confused with format , such as graphic novel or picture book . Contents ( hide ) 1 Genres 2 Major forms 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Genres ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see List of writing genres . William Shakespeare 's statue Just as in painting , there are different types : the landscape , the still life , the portrait ; there are different types of literary works . These types tend to share specific characteristics . Genres describe those works which share specific conventions . Genres are often divided into subgenres . Literature , is divided into the classic three forms of Ancient Greece , poetry , drama , and prose . Poetry may then be subdivided into the genres of lyric , epic , and dramatic . The lyric includes all the shorter forms of poetry , e.g. , song , ode , ballad , elegy , sonnet . Dramatic poetry might include comedy , tragedy , melodrama , and mixtures like tragicomedy . The standard division of drama into tragedy and comedy derives from Greek drama . This parsing into subgenres can continue : comedy has its own subgenres , including , for example , comedy of manners , sentimental comedy , burlesque comedy , and satirical comedy . Often , the criteria used to divide up works into genres are not consistent , and may change constantly , and be subject of argument , change and challenge by both authors and critics . However , even a very loose term like fiction ( `` literature created from the imagination , not presented as fact , though it may be based on a true story or situation '' ) is not universally applied to all fictitious literature , but instead is typically restricted to the use for novel , short story , and novella , but not fables , and is also usually a prose text . Types of fiction genres are science fiction , fantasy , historical fiction , realistic fiction and mysteries . Semi-fiction spans stories that include a substantial amount of non-fiction . It may be the retelling of a true story with only the names changed . The other way around , semi-fiction may also involve fictional events with a semi-fictional character , such as Jerry Seinfeld . Genres may easily be confused with literary techniques , but , though only loosely defined , they are not the same ; examples are parody , frame story , constrained writing , stream of consciousness . Major forms ( edit ) Poem ( sonnets , haiku , limerick ) Prose ( notebook , novel , novella , short story ) See also ( edit ) Genre fiction Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bakhtin 1983 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Genres '' , A Guide to the Study of Literature : A Companion Text for Core Studies 6 , Landmarks of Literature , English Department , Brooklyn College References ( edit ) Bakhtin , Mikhail M. ( 1983 ) . `` Epic and Novel '' . In Holquist , Michael . The Dialogic Imagination : Four Essays . Austin : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 71527 - 7 . Derrida , Jacques ; Ronell , Avital ( Autumn 1980 ) . `` On Narrative : The Law of Genre '' ( PDF ) . Critical Inquiry . The University of Chicago Press . 7 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 81 . doi : 10.1086 / 448088 . Dorst , John D. ( Oct -- Dec 1983 ) . `` Neck - Riddle as a Dialogue off Genres : Applying Bakhtin 's Genre Theory '' . Journal of American Folklore. 96 ( 382 ) : 413 -- 433 . JSTOR 540982 . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Literary genre Resources in your library List of fiction subgenres , definitions , and indicative words ( es ) Literary Genres Blog ( hide ) Narrative Character Antagonist Antihero Archenemy Character arc Characterization Deuteragonist False protagonist Focal character Foil Protagonist Stock character Supporting character Tritagonist Narrator Tragic hero Plot Action Backstory Cliché Climax Cliffhanger Conflict Deus ex machina Dialogue Dramatic structure Exposition Eucatastrophe Foreshadowing Flashback Flashforward Frame story In medias res Pace Plot device Plot twist Poetic justice Reveal Self - fulfilling prophecy Subplot Trope Kishōtenketsu Setting Backstory Utopia Dystopia Alternate history Fictional location city country universe Theme Leitmotif Metaphor Moral Motif Irony Style Allegory Bathos Diction Figure of speech Imagery Narrative techniques Narration Stylistic device Suspension of disbelief Symbolism Tone Mode Mood Structure Linear narrative Nonlinear narrative films television series Types of fiction with multiple endings Form Epic Fable Fabliau Fairy tale Folktale Flash fiction Legend Novella Novel Parable Play Poem Screenplay Short story Genre Action fiction Adventure Comic Crime Docufiction Epistolary Erotic Fiction Fantasy Gothic Historical Horror Magic realism Mystery Nautical Paranoid Philosophical Picaresque Political Psychological Romance Saga Satire Science Speculative Superhero Thriller Urban Western List of writing genres Narration First - person Multiple narrators Stream of consciousness Stream of unconsciousness Unreliable Tense Past Present Future Related Audience Author Creative nonfiction Fiction writing Literary theory Literary science Narratology Monomyth Rhetoric Screenwriting Storytelling Tellability Literature portal GND : 4074285 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Literary_genre&oldid=791906327 '' Categories : Literary genres Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Interlingua Italiano Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Lëtzebuergesch Limburgs Nederlands Нохчийн Norsk Patois Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2017 , at 05 : 55 . About Wikipedia	what are the three main genres of literature	[]	[]
2627672364840617190	Photosynthesis	Photosynthesis - wikipedia Photosynthesis Jump to : navigation , search Schematic of photosynthesis in plants . The carbohydrates produced are stored in or used by the plant . Overall equation for the type of photosynthesis that occurs in plants Composite image showing the global distribution of photosynthesis , including both oceanic phytoplankton and terrestrial vegetation . Dark red and blue - green indicate regions of high photosynthetic activity in the ocean and on land , respectively . Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms ' activities ( energy transformation ) . This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules , such as sugars , which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water -- hence the name photosynthesis , from the Greek φῶς , phōs , `` light '' , and σύνθεσις , synthesis , `` putting together '' . In most cases , oxygen is also released as a waste product . Most plants , most algae , and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis ; such organisms are called photoautotrophs . Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth 's atmosphere , and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth . Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species , the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments . In plants , these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts , which are most abundant in leaf cells , while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane . In these light - dependent reactions , some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances , such as water , producing oxygen gas . The hydrogen freed by the splitting of water is used in the creation of two further compounds that act as an immediate energy storage means : reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( NADPH ) and adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , the `` energy currency '' of cells . In plants , algae and cyanobacteria , long - term energy storage in the form of sugars is produced by a subsequent sequence of light - independent reactions called the Calvin cycle ; some bacteria use different mechanisms , such as the reverse Krebs cycle , to achieve the same end . In the Calvin cycle , atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds , such as ribulose bisphosphate ( RuBP ) . Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light - dependent reactions , the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates , such as glucose . The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide , rather than water , as sources of electrons . Cyanobacteria appeared later ; the excess oxygen they produced contributed directly to the oxygenation of the Earth , which rendered the evolution of complex life possible . Today , the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts , which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization . Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100 -- 115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Photosynthetic membranes and organelles 3 Light - dependent reactions 3.1 Z scheme 3.2 Water photolysis 4 Light - independent reactions 4.1 Calvin cycle 4.2 Carbon concentrating mechanisms 4.2. 1 On land 4.2. 2 In water 5 Order and kinetics 6 Efficiency 7 Evolution 7.1 Symbiosis and the origin of chloroplasts 7.2 Cyanobacteria and the evolution of photosynthesis 8 Discovery 8.1 Development of the concept 8.2 C3 : C4 photosynthesis research 9 Factors 9.1 Light intensity ( irradiance ) , wavelength and temperature 9.2 Carbon dioxide levels and photorespiration 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 12.1 Books 12.2 Papers 13 External links Overview Photosynthesis changes sunlight into chemical energy , splits water to liberate O , and fixes CO into sugar . Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs , which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light . However , not all organisms that use light as a source of energy carry out photosynthesis ; photoheterotrophs use organic compounds , rather than carbon dioxide , as a source of carbon . In plants , algae , and cyanobacteria , photosynthesis releases oxygen . This is called oxygenic photosynthesis and is by far the most common type of photosynthesis used by living organisms . Although there are some differences between oxygenic photosynthesis in plants , algae , and cyanobacteria , the overall process is quite similar in these organisms . There are also many varieties of anoxygenic photosynthesis , used mostly by certain types of bacteria , which consume carbon dioxide but do not release oxygen . Carbon dioxide is converted into sugars in a process called carbon fixation . Photosynthesis provides the energy in the form of free electrons that are used to split carbon from carbon dioxide that is then used to fix that carbon once again as carbohydrate . Carbon fixation is an endothermic redox reaction , so photosynthesis supplies the energy that drives both process . In general outline , photosynthesis is the opposite of cellular respiration , in which glucose and other compounds are oxidized to produce carbon dioxide and water , and to release chemical energy ( an exothermic reaction ) to drive the organism 's metabolism . The two processes , reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate and then later oxidation of the carbohydrate , are distinct : photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place through a different sequence of chemical reactions and in different cellular compartments . The general equation for photosynthesis as first proposed by Cornelius van Niel is therefore : CO + 2H A + photons → ( CH O ) + 2A + H O carbon dioxide + electron donor + light energy → carbohydrate + oxidized electron donor + water Since water is used as the electron donor in oxygenic photosynthesis , the equation for this process is : CO + 2H O + photons → ( CH O ) + O + H O carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen + water This equation emphasizes that water is both a reactant in the light - dependent reaction and a product of the light - independent reaction , but canceling n water molecules from each side gives the net equation : CO + H O + photons → ( CH O ) + O carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen Other processes substitute other compounds ( such as arsenite ) for water in the electron - supply role ; for example some microbes use sunlight to oxidize arsenite to arsenate : The equation for this reaction is : CO + ( AsO 3 − 3 ) + photons → ( AsO 3 − 4 ) + CO carbon dioxide + arsenite + light energy → arsenate + carbon monoxide ( used to build other compounds in subsequent reactions ) Photosynthesis occurs in two stages . In the first stage , light - dependent reactions or light reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy - storage molecules ATP and NADPH . During the second stage , the light - independent reactions use these products to capture and reduce carbon dioxide . Most organisms that utilize oxygenic photosynthesis use visible light for the light - dependent reactions , although at least three use shortwave infrared or , more specifically , far - red radiation . Some organisms employ even more radical variants of photosynthesis . Some archea use a simpler method that employs a pigment similar to those used for vision in animals . The bacteriorhodopsin changes its configuration in response to sunlight , acting as a proton pump . This produces a proton gradient more directly , which is then converted to chemical energy . The process does not involve carbon dioxide fixation and does not release oxygen , and seems to have evolved separately from the more common types of photosynthesis . Photosynthetic membranes and organelles Chloroplast ultrastructure : 1 . outer membrane 2 . intermembrane space 3 . inner membrane ( 1 + 2 + 3 : envelope ) 4 . stroma ( aqueous fluid ) 5 . thylakoid lumen ( inside of thylakoid ) 6 . thylakoid membrane 7 . granum ( stack of thylakoids ) 8 . thylakoid ( lamella ) 9 . starch 10 . ribosome 11 . plastidial DNA 12 . plastoglobule ( drop of lipids ) Main articles : Chloroplast and Thylakoid In photosynthetic bacteria , the proteins that gather light for photosynthesis are embedded in cell membranes . In its simplest form , this involves the membrane surrounding the cell itself . However , the membrane may be tightly folded into cylindrical sheets called thylakoids , or bunched up into round vesicles called intracytoplasmic membranes . These structures can fill most of the interior of a cell , giving the membrane a very large surface area and therefore increasing the amount of light that the bacteria can absorb . In plants and algae , photosynthesis takes place in organelles called chloroplasts . A typical plant cell contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts . The chloroplast is enclosed by a membrane . This membrane is composed of a phospholipid inner membrane , a phospholipid outer membrane , and an intermembrane space . Enclosed by the membrane is an aqueous fluid called the stroma . Embedded within the stroma are stacks of thylakoids ( grana ) , which are the site of photosynthesis . The thylakoids appear as flattened disks . The thylakoid itself is enclosed by the thylakoid membrane , and within the enclosed volume is a lumen or thylakoid space . Embedded in the thylakoid membrane are integral and peripheral membrane protein complexes of the photosynthetic system . Plants absorb light primarily using the pigment chlorophyll . The green part of the light spectrum is not absorbed but is reflected which is the reason that most plants have a green color . Besides chlorophyll , plants also use pigments such as carotenes and xanthophylls . Algae also use chlorophyll , but various other pigments are present , such as phycocyanin , carotenes , and xanthophylls in green algae , phycoerythrin in red algae ( rhodophytes ) and fucoxanthin in brown algae and diatoms resulting in a wide variety of colors . These pigments are embedded in plants and algae in complexes called antenna proteins . In such proteins , the pigments are arranged to work together . Such a combination of proteins is also called a light - harvesting complex . Although all cells in the green parts of a plant have chloroplasts , the majority of those are found in specially adapted structures called leaves . Certain species adapted to conditions of strong sunlight and aridity , such as many Euphorbia and cactus species , have their main photosynthetic organs in their stems . The cells in the interior tissues of a leaf , called the mesophyll , can contain between 450,000 and 800,000 chloroplasts for every square millimeter of leaf . The surface of the leaf is coated with a water - resistant waxy cuticle that protects the leaf from excessive evaporation of water and decreases the absorption of ultraviolet or blue light to reduce heating . The transparent epidermis layer allows light to pass through to the palisade mesophyll cells where most of the photosynthesis takes place . Light - dependent reactions Light - dependent reactions of photosynthesis at the thylakoid membrane Main article : Light - dependent reactions In the light - dependent reactions , one molecule of the pigment chlorophyll absorbs one photon and loses one electron . This electron is passed to a modified form of chlorophyll called pheophytin , which passes the electron to a quinone molecule , starting the flow of electrons down an electron transport chain that leads to the ultimate reduction of NADP to NADPH . In addition , this creates a proton gradient ( energy gradient ) across the chloroplast membrane , which is used by ATP synthase in the synthesis of ATP . The chlorophyll molecule ultimately regains the electron it lost when a water molecule is split in a process called photolysis , which releases a dioxygen ( O ) molecule as a waste product . The overall equation for the light - dependent reactions under the conditions of non-cyclic electron flow in green plants is : 2 H O + 2 NADP + 3 ADP + 3 P + light → 2 NADPH + 2 H + 3 ATP + O Not all wavelengths of light can support photosynthesis . The photosynthetic action spectrum depends on the type of accessory pigments present . For example , in green plants , the action spectrum resembles the absorption spectrum for chlorophylls and carotenoids with absorption peaks in violet - blue and red light . In red algae , the action spectrum is blue - green light , which allows these algae to use the blue end of the spectrum to grow in the deeper waters that filter out the longer wavelengths ( red light ) used by above ground green plants . The non-absorbed part of the light spectrum is what gives photosynthetic organisms their color ( e.g. , green plants , red algae , purple bacteria ) and is the least effective for photosynthesis in the respective organisms . Z scheme The `` Z scheme '' In plants , light - dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts where they drive the synthesis of ATP and NADPH . The light - dependent reactions are of two forms : cyclic and non-cyclic . In the non-cyclic reaction , the photons are captured in the light - harvesting antenna complexes of photosystem II by chlorophyll and other accessory pigments ( see diagram at right ) . The absorption of a photon by the antenna complex frees an electron by a process called photoinduced charge separation . The antenna system is at the core of the chlorophyll molecule of the photosystem II reaction center . That freed electron is transferred to the primary electron - acceptor molecule , pheophytin . As the electrons are shuttled through an electron transport chain ( the so - called Z - scheme shown in the diagram ) , it initially functions to generate a chemiosmotic potential by pumping proton cations ( H ) across the membrane and into the thylakoid space . An ATP synthase enzyme uses that chemiosmotic potential to make ATP during photophosphorylation , whereas NADPH is a product of the terminal redox reaction in the Z - scheme . The electron enters a chlorophyll molecule in Photosystem I . There it is further excited by the light absorbed by that photosystem . The electron is then passed along a chain of electron acceptors to which it transfers some of its energy . The energy delivered to the electron acceptors is used to move hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen . The electron is eventually used to reduce the co-enzyme NADP with a H to NADPH ( which has functions in the light - independent reaction ) ; at that point , the path of that electron ends . The cyclic reaction is similar to that of the non-cyclic , but differs in that it generates only ATP , and no reduced NADP ( NADPH ) is created . The cyclic reaction takes place only at photosystem I. Once the electron is displaced from the photosystem , the electron is passed down the electron acceptor molecules and returns to photosystem I , from where it was emitted , hence the name cyclic reaction . Water photolysis Main articles : Photodissociation and Oxygen evolution The NADPH is the main reducing agent produced by chloroplasts , which then goes on to provide a source of energetic electrons in other cellular reactions . Its production leaves chlorophyll in photosystem I with a deficit of electrons ( chlorophyll has been oxidized ) , which must be balanced by some other reducing agent that will supply the missing electron . The excited electrons lost from chlorophyll from photosystem I are supplied from the electron transport chain by plastocyanin . However , since photosystem II is the first step of the Z - scheme , an external source of electrons is required to reduce its oxidized chlorophyll a molecules . The source of electrons in green - plant and cyanobacterial photosynthesis is water . Two water molecules are oxidized by four successive charge - separation reactions by photosystem II to yield a molecule of diatomic oxygen and four hydrogen ions ; the electrons yielded are transferred to a redox - active tyrosine residue that then reduces the oxidized chlorophyll a ( called P680 ) that serves as the primary light - driven electron donor in the photosystem II reaction center . That photo receptor is in effect reset and is then able to repeat the absorption of another photon and the release of another photo - dissociated electron . The oxidation of water is catalyzed in photosystem II by a redox - active structure that contains four manganese ions and a calcium ion ; this oxygen - evolving complex binds two water molecules and contains the four oxidizing equivalents that are used to drive the water - oxidizing reaction . Photosystem II is the only known biological enzyme that carries out this oxidation of water . The hydrogen ions released contribute to the transmembrane chemiosmotic potential that leads to ATP synthesis . Oxygen is a waste product of light - dependent reactions , but the majority of organisms on Earth use oxygen for cellular respiration , including photosynthetic organisms . Light - independent reactions Calvin cycle Main articles : Calvin cycle , Carbon fixation , and Light - independent reactions In the light - independent ( or `` dark '' ) reactions , the enzyme RuBisCO captures CO from the atmosphere and , in a process called the Calvin - Benson cycle , it uses the newly formed NADPH and releases three - carbon sugars , which are later combined to form sucrose and starch . The overall equation for the light - independent reactions in green plants is 3 CO + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH + 6 H → C H O - phosphate + 9 ADP + 8 P + 6 NADP + 3 H O Overview of the Calvin cycle and carbon fixation Carbon fixation produces the intermediate three - carbon sugar product , which is then converted to the final carbohydrate products . The simple carbon sugars produced by photosynthesis are then used in the forming of other organic compounds , such as the building material cellulose , the precursors for lipid and amino acid biosynthesis , or as a fuel in cellular respiration . The latter occurs not only in plants but also in animals when the energy from plants is passed through a food chain . The fixation or reduction of carbon dioxide is a process in which carbon dioxide combines with a five - carbon sugar , ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate , to yield two molecules of a three - carbon compound , glycerate 3 - phosphate , also known as 3 - phosphoglycerate . Glycerate 3 - phosphate , in the presence of ATP and NADPH produced during the light - dependent stages , is reduced to glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate . This product is also referred to as 3 - phosphoglyceraldehyde ( PGAL ) or , more generically , as triose phosphate . Most ( 5 out of 6 molecules ) of the glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate produced is used to regenerate ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate so the process can continue . The triose phosphates not thus `` recycled '' often condense to form hexose phosphates , which ultimately yield sucrose , starch and cellulose . The sugars produced during carbon metabolism yield carbon skeletons that can be used for other metabolic reactions like the production of amino acids and lipids . Carbon concentrating mechanisms On land Overview of C4 carbon fixation In hot and dry conditions , plants close their stomata to prevent water loss . Under these conditions , CO will decrease and oxygen gas , produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis , will increase , causing an increase of photorespiration by the oxygenase activity of ribulose - 1 , 5 - bisphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase and decrease in carbon fixation . Some plants have evolved mechanisms to increase the CO concentration in the leaves under these conditions . Main article : C4 carbon fixation Plants that use the C carbon fixation process chemically fix carbon dioxide in the cells of the mesophyll by adding it to the three - carbon molecule phosphoenolpyruvate ( PEP ) , a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme called PEP carboxylase , creating the four - carbon organic acid oxaloacetic acid . Oxaloacetic acid or malate synthesized by this process is then translocated to specialized bundle sheath cells where the enzyme RuBisCO and other Calvin cycle enzymes are located , and where CO released by decarboxylation of the four - carbon acids is then fixed by RuBisCO activity to the three - carbon 3 - phosphoglyceric acids . The physical separation of RuBisCO from the oxygen - generating light reactions reduces photorespiration and increases CO fixation and , thus , the photosynthetic capacity of the leaf . C plants can produce more sugar than C plants in conditions of high light and temperature . Many important crop plants are C plants , including maize , sorghum , sugarcane , and millet . Plants that do not use PEP - carboxylase in carbon fixation are called C plants because the primary carboxylation reaction , catalyzed by RuBisCO , produces the three - carbon 3 - phosphoglyceric acids directly in the Calvin - Benson cycle . Over 90 % of plants use C carbon fixation , compared to 3 % that use C carbon fixation ; however , the evolution of C in over 60 plant lineages makes it a striking example of convergent evolution . Main article : CAM photosynthesis Xerophytes , such as cacti and most succulents , also use PEP carboxylase to capture carbon dioxide in a process called Crassulacean acid metabolism ( CAM ) . In contrast to C metabolism , which spatially separates the CO fixation to PEP from the Calvin cycle , CAM temporally separates these two processes . CAM plants have a different leaf anatomy from C plants , and fix the CO at night , when their stomata are open . CAM plants store the CO mostly in the form of malic acid via carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate , which is then reduced to malate . Decarboxylation of malate during the day releases CO inside the leaves , thus allowing carbon fixation to 3 - phosphoglycerate by RuBisCO . Sixteen thousand species of plants use CAM . In water Cyanobacteria possess carboxysomes , which increase the concentration of CO around RuBisCO to increase the rate of photosynthesis . An enzyme , carbonic anhydrase , located within the carboxysome releases CO from the dissolved hydrocarbonate ions ( HCO − 3 ) . Before the CO diffuses out it is quickly sponged up by RuBisCO , which is concentrated within the carboxysomes . HCO − 3 ions are made from CO outside the cell by another carbonic anhydrase and are actively pumped into the cell by a membrane protein . They can not cross the membrane as they are charged , and within the cytosol they turn back into CO very slowly without the help of carbonic anhydrase . This causes the HCO − 3 ions to accumulate within the cell from where they diffuse into the carboxysomes . Pyrenoids in algae and hornworts also act to concentrate CO around rubisco . Order and kinetics The overall process of photosynthesis takes place in four stages : Stage Description Time scale Energy transfer in antenna chlorophyll ( thylakoid membranes ) femtosecond to picosecond Transfer of electrons in photochemical reactions ( thylakoid membranes ) picosecond to nanosecond Electron transport chain and ATP synthesis ( thylakoid membranes ) microsecond to millisecond Carbon fixation and export of stable products millisecond to second Efficiency Probability distribution resulting from one - dimensional discrete time random walks . The quantum walk created using the Hadamard coin is plotted ( blue ) vs a classical walk ( red ) after 50 time steps . Main article : Photosynthetic efficiency Plants usually convert light into chemical energy with a photosynthetic efficiency of 3 -- 6 % . Absorbed light that is unconverted is dissipated primarily as heat , with a small fraction ( 1 -- 2 % ) re-emitted as chlorophyll fluorescence at longer ( redder ) wavelengths . A fact that allows measurement of the light reaction of photosynthesis by using chlorophyll fluorometers . Actual plants ' photosynthetic efficiency varies with the frequency of the light being converted , light intensity , temperature and proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere , and can vary from 0.1 % to 8 % . By comparison , solar panels convert light into electric energy at an efficiency of approximately 6 -- 20 % for mass - produced panels , and above 40 % in laboratory devices . The efficiency of both light and dark reactions can be measured but the relationship between the two can be complex . For example , the ATP and NADPH energy molecules , created by the light reaction , can be used for carbon fixation or for photorespiration in C plants . Electrons may also flow to other electron sinks . For this reason , it is not uncommon for authors to differentiate between work done under non-photorespiratory conditions and under photorespiratory conditions . Chlorophyll fluorescence of photosystem II can measure the light reaction , and Infrared gas analyzers can measure the dark reaction . It is also possible to investigate both at the same time using an integrated chlorophyll fluorometer and gas exchange system , or by using two separate systems together . Infrared gas analyzers and some moisture sensors are sensitive enough to measure the photosynthetic assimilation of CO , and of ΔH O using reliable methods CO is commonly measured in μmols / m / s , parts per million or volume per million and H 0 is commonly measured in mmol / m / s or in mbars . By measuring CO assimilation , ΔH O , leaf temperature , barometric pressure , leaf area , and photosynthetically active radiation or PAR , it becomes possible to estimate , `` A '' or carbon assimilation , `` E '' or transpiration , `` gs '' or stomatal conductance , and Ci or intracellular CO . However , it is more common to used chlorophyll fluorescence for plant stress measurement , where appropriate , because the most commonly used measuring parameters FV / FM and Y ( II ) or F / FM ' can be made in a few seconds , allowing the measurement of larger plant populations . Gas exchange systems that offer control of CO levels , above and below ambient , allow the common practice of measurement of A / Ci curves , at different CO levels , to characterize a plant 's photosynthetic response . Integrated chlorophyll fluorometer -- gas exchange systems allow a more precise measure of photosynthetic response and mechanisms . While standard gas exchange photosynthesis systems can measure Ci , or substomatal CO levels , the addition of integrated chlorophyll fluorescence measurements allows a more precise measurement of C to replace Ci . The estimation of CO at the site of carboxylation in the chloroplast , or C , becomes possible with the measurement of mesophyll conductance or g using an integrated system . Photosynthesis measurement systems are not designed to directly measure the amount of light absorbed by the leaf . But analysis of chlorophyll - fluorescence , P700 - and P515 - absorbance and gas exchange measurements reveal detailed information about e.g. the photosystems , quantum efficiency and the CO assimilation rates . With some instruments even wavelength - dependency of the photosynthetic efficiency can be analyzed . A phenomenon known as quantum walk increases the efficiency of the energy transport of light significantly . In the photosynthetic cell of an algae , bacterium , or plant , there are light - sensitive molecules called chromophores arranged in an antenna - shaped structure named a photocomplex . When a photon is absorbed by a chromophore , it is converted into a quasiparticle referred to as an exciton , which jumps from chromophore to chromophore towards the reaction center of the photocomplex , a collection of molecules that traps its energy in a chemical form that makes it accessible for the cell 's metabolism . The exciton 's wave properties enable it to cover a wider area and try out several possible paths simultaneously , allowing it to instantaneously `` choose '' the most efficient route , where it will have the highest probability of arriving at its destination in the minimum possible time . Because that quantum walking takes place at temperatures far higher than quantum phenomena usually occur , it is only possible over very short distances , due to obstacles in the form of destructive interference that come into play . These obstacles cause the particle to lose its wave properties for an instant before it regains them once again after it is freed from its locked position through a classic `` hop '' . The movement of the electron towards the photo center is therefore covered in a series of conventional hops and quantum walks . Evolution Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land life Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Axis scale : millions of years ago . Orange labels : ice ages . Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Main article : Evolution of photosynthesis Early photosynthetic systems , such as those in green and purple sulfur and green and purple nonsulfur bacteria , are thought to have been anoxygenic , and used various other molecules as electron donors rather than water . Green and purple sulfur bacteria are thought to have used hydrogen and sulfur as electron donors . Green nonsulfur bacteria used various amino and other organic acids as an electron donor . Purple nonsulfur bacteria used a variety of nonspecific organic molecules . The use of these molecules is consistent with the geological evidence that Earth 's early atmosphere was highly reducing at that time . Fossils of what are thought to be filamentous photosynthetic organisms have been dated at 3.4 billion years old . The main source of oxygen in the Earth 's atmosphere derives from oxygenic photosynthesis , and its first appearance is sometimes referred to as the oxygen catastrophe . Geological evidence suggests that oxygenic photosynthesis , such as that in cyanobacteria , became important during the Paleoproterozoic era around 2 billion years ago . Modern photosynthesis in plants and most photosynthetic prokaryotes is oxygenic . Oxygenic photosynthesis uses water as an electron donor , which is oxidized to molecular oxygen ( O 2 ) in the photosynthetic reaction center . Symbiosis and the origin of chloroplasts Plant cells with visible chloroplasts ( from a moss , Plagiomnium affine ) Several groups of animals have formed symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic algae . These are most common in corals , sponges and sea anemones . It is presumed that this is due to the particularly simple body plans and large surface areas of these animals compared to their volumes . In addition , a few marine mollusks Elysia viridis and Elysia chlorotica also maintain a symbiotic relationship with chloroplasts they capture from the algae in their diet and then store in their bodies . This allows the mollusks to survive solely by photosynthesis for several months at a time . Some of the genes from the plant cell nucleus have even been transferred to the slugs , so that the chloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive . An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts . Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria , including a circular chromosome , prokaryotic - type ribosome , and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center . The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired ( by endocytosis ) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells . Therefore , chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells . Like mitochondria , chloroplasts possess their own DNA , separate from the nuclear DNA of their plant host cells and the genes in this chloroplast DNA resemble those found in cyanobacteria . DNA in chloroplasts codes for redox proteins such as those found in the photosynthetic reaction centers . The CoRR Hypothesis proposes that this Co-location is required for Redox Regulation . Cyanobacteria and the evolution of photosynthesis The biochemical capacity to use water as the source for electrons in photosynthesis evolved once , in a common ancestor of extant cyanobacteria . The geological record indicates that this transforming event took place early in Earth 's history , at least 2450 -- 2320 million years ago ( Ma ) , and , it is speculated , much earlier . Because the Earth 's atmosphere contained almost no oxygen during the estimated development of photosynthesis , it is believed that the first photosynthetic cyanobacteria did not generate oxygen . Available evidence from geobiological studies of Archean ( > 2500 Ma ) sedimentary rocks indicates that life existed 3500 Ma , but the question of when oxygenic photosynthesis evolved is still unanswered . A clear paleontological window on cyanobacterial evolution opened about 2000 Ma , revealing an already - diverse biota of blue - green algae . Cyanobacteria remained the principal primary producers of oxygen throughout the Proterozoic Eon ( 2500 -- 543 Ma ) , in part because the redox structure of the oceans favored photoautotrophs capable of nitrogen fixation . Green algae joined blue - green algae as the major primary producers of oxygen on continental shelves near the end of the Proterozoic , but it was only with the Mesozoic ( 251 -- 65 Ma ) radiations of dinoflagellates , coccolithophorids , and diatoms did the primary production of oxygen in marine shelf waters take modern form . Cyanobacteria remain critical to marine ecosystems as primary producers of oxygen in oceanic gyres , as agents of biological nitrogen fixation , and , in modified form , as the plastids of marine algae . Discovery Although some of the steps in photosynthesis are still not completely understood , the overall photosynthetic equation has been known since the 19th century . Jan van Helmont began the research of the process in the mid-17th century when he carefully measured the mass of the soil used by a plant and the mass of the plant as it grew . After noticing that the soil mass changed very little , he hypothesized that the mass of the growing plant must come from the water , the only substance he added to the potted plant . His hypothesis was partially accurate -- much of the gained mass also comes from carbon dioxide as well as water . However , this was a signaling point to the idea that the bulk of a plant 's biomass comes from the inputs of photosynthesis , not the soil itself . Joseph Priestley , a chemist and minister , discovered that , when he isolated a volume of air under an inverted jar , and burned a candle in it , the candle would burn out very quickly , much before it ran out of wax . He further discovered that a mouse could similarly `` injure '' air . He then showed that the air that had been `` injured '' by the candle and the mouse could be restored by a plant . In 1778 , Jan Ingenhousz , repeated Priestley 's experiments . He discovered that it was the influence of sunlight on the plant that could cause it to revive a mouse in a matter of hours . In 1796 , Jean Senebier , a Swiss pastor , botanist , and naturalist , demonstrated that green plants consume carbon dioxide and release oxygen under the influence of light . Soon afterward , Nicolas - Théodore de Saussure showed that the increase in mass of the plant as it grows could not be due only to uptake of CO but also to the incorporation of water . Thus , the basic reaction by which photosynthesis is used to produce food ( such as glucose ) was outlined . Cornelis Van Niel made key discoveries explaining the chemistry of photosynthesis . By studying purple sulfur bacteria and green bacteria he was the first to demonstrate that photosynthesis is a light - dependent redox reaction , in which hydrogen reduces carbon dioxide . Robert Emerson discovered two light reactions by testing plant productivity using different wavelengths of light . With the red alone , the light reactions were suppressed . When blue and red were combined , the output was much more substantial . Thus , there were two photosystems , one absorbing up to 600 nm wavelengths , the other up to 700 nm . The former is known as PSII , the latter is PSI . PSI contains only chlorophyll `` a '' , PSII contains primarily chlorophyll `` a '' with most of the available chlorophyll `` b '' , among other pigment . These include phycobilins , which are the red and blue pigments of red and blue algae respectively , and fucoxanthol for brown algae and diatoms . The process is most productive when the absorption of quanta are equal in both the PSII and PSI , assuring that input energy from the antenna complex is divided between the PSI and PSII system , which in turn powers the photochemistry . Melvin Calvin works in his photosynthesis laboratory . Robert Hill thought that a complex of reactions consisting of an intermediate to cytochrome b ( now a plastoquinone ) , another is from cytochrome f to a step in the carbohydrate - generating mechanisms . These are linked by plastoquinone , which does require energy to reduce cytochrome f for it is a sufficient reductant . Further experiments to prove that the oxygen developed during the photosynthesis of green plants came from water , were performed by Hill in 1937 and 1939 . He showed that isolated chloroplasts give off oxygen in the presence of unnatural reducing agents like iron oxalate , ferricyanide or benzoquinone after exposure to light . The Hill reaction is as follows : 2 H O + 2 A + ( light , chloroplasts ) → 2 AH + O where A is the electron acceptor . Therefore , in light , the electron acceptor is reduced and oxygen is evolved . Samuel Ruben and Martin Kamen used radioactive isotopes to determine that the oxygen liberated in photosynthesis came from the water . Melvin Calvin and Andrew Benson , along with James Bassham , elucidated the path of carbon assimilation ( the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle ) in plants . The carbon reduction cycle is known as the Calvin cycle , which ignores the contribution of Bassham and Benson . Many scientists refer to the cycle as the Calvin - Benson Cycle , Benson - Calvin , and some even call it the Calvin - Benson - Bassham ( or CBB ) Cycle . Nobel Prize - winning scientist Rudolph A. Marcus was able to discover the function and significance of the electron transport chain . Otto Heinrich Warburg and Dean Burk discovered the I - quantum photosynthesis reaction that splits the CO , activated by the respiration . Louis N.M. Duysens and Jan Amesz discovered that chlorophyll a will absorb one light , oxidize cytochrome f , chlorophyll a ( and other pigments ) will absorb another light , but will reduce this same oxidized cytochrome , stating the two light reactions are in series . Development of the concept In 1893 , Charles Reid Barnes proposed two terms , photosyntax and photosynthesis , for the biological process of synthesis of complex carbon compounds out of carbonic acid , in the presence of chlorophyll , under the influence of light . Over time , the term photosynthesis came into common usage as the term of choice . Later discovery of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria and photophosphorylation necessitated redefinition of the term . C3 : C4 photosynthesis Research After WWII at late 1940 at the University of California , Berkeley , the details of photosynthetic carbon metabolism were sorted out by the chemists Melvin Calvin , Andrew Benson , James Bassham and a score of students and researchers utilizing the carbon - 14 isotope and paper chromatography techniques . The pathway of CO2 fixation by the algae Chlorella in a fraction of a second in light resulted in a 3 carbon molecule called phosphoglyceric acid ( PGA ) . For that original and ground - breaking work , a Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Melvin Calvin 1961 . In parallel , plant physiologists studied leaf gas exchanges using the new method of infrared gas analysis and a leaf chamber where the net photosynthetic rates ranged from 10 to 13 u mole CO2 / square metere. sec. , with the conclusion that all terrestrial plants having the same photosynthetic capacities that were light saturated at less than 50 % of sunlight . These rates were determined in potted plants grown indoors under low light intensity . Later in 1958 - 1963 at Cornell University , field grown maize was reported to have much greater leaf photosynthetic rates of 40 u mol CO2 / square meter. sec and was not saturated at near full sunlight . This higher rate in maize was almost double those observed in other species such as wheat and soybean , indicating that large differences in photosynthesis exist among higher plants . At the University of Arizona , detailed gas exchange research on more than 15 species of monocot and dicot uncovered for the first time that differences in leaf anatomy are crucial factors in differentiating photosynthetic capacities among species . In tropical grasses , including maize , sorghum , sugarcane , Bermuda grass and in the dicot amaranthus , leaf photosynthetic rates were around 38 − 40 u mol CO2 / square meter. sec. , and the leaves have two types of green cells , i.e. outer layer of mesophyll cells surrounding a tightly packed cholorophyllous vascular bundle sheath cells . This type of anatomy was termed Kranz anatomy in the 19th century by the botanist Gottlieb Haberlandt while studying leaf anatomy of sugarcane . Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration , very low CO2 compensation point , high optimum temperature , high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light . The research at Arizona was designated Citation Classic by the ISI 1986 . These species was later termed C4 plants as the first stable compound of CO2 fixation in light has 4 carbon as malate and aspartate . Other species that lack Kranz anatomy were termed C3 type such as cotton and sunflower , as the first stable carbon compound is the 3 - carbon PGA acid . At 1000 ppm CO2 in measuring air , both the C3 and C4 plants had similar leaf photosynthetic rates around 60 u mole CO2 / square meter. sec . indicating the suppression of photorespiration in C3 plants . Factors The leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants . There are three main factors affecting photosynthesis and several corollary factors . The three main are : Light irradiance and wavelength Carbon dioxide concentration Temperature . Light intensity ( irradiance ) , wavelength and temperature See also : PI ( photosynthesis - irradiance ) curve Absorbance spectra of free chlorophyll a ( green ) and b ( red ) in a solvent . The action spectra of chlorophyll molecules are slightly modified in vivo depending on specific pigment - protein interactions . The process of photosynthesis provides the main input of free energy into the biosphere , and is one of four main ways in which radiation is important for plant life . The radiation climate within plant communities is extremely variable , with both time and space . In the early 20th century , Frederick Blackman and Gabrielle Matthaei investigated the effects of light intensity ( irradiance ) and temperature on the rate of carbon assimilation . At constant temperature , the rate of carbon assimilation varies with irradiance , increasing as the irradiance increases , but reaching a plateau at higher irradiance . At low irradiance , increasing the temperature has little influence on the rate of carbon assimilation . At constant high irradiance , the rate of carbon assimilation increases as the temperature is increased . These two experiments illustrate several important points : First , it is known that , in general , photochemical reactions are not affected by temperature . However , these experiments clearly show that temperature affects the rate of carbon assimilation , so there must be two sets of reactions in the full process of carbon assimilation . These are , of course , the light - dependent ' photochemical ' temperature - independent stage , and the light - independent , temperature - dependent stage . Second , Blackman 's experiments illustrate the concept of limiting factors . Another limiting factor is the wavelength of light . Cyanobacteria , which reside several meters underwater , can not receive the correct wavelengths required to cause photoinduced charge separation in conventional photosynthetic pigments . To combat this problem , a series of proteins with different pigments surround the reaction center . This unit is called a phycobilisome . Carbon dioxide levels and photorespiration Photorespiration As carbon dioxide concentrations rise , the rate at which sugars are made by the light - independent reactions increases until limited by other factors . RuBisCO , the enzyme that captures carbon dioxide in the light - independent reactions , has a binding affinity for both carbon dioxide and oxygen . When the concentration of carbon dioxide is high , RuBisCO will fix carbon dioxide . However , if the carbon dioxide concentration is low , RuBisCO will bind oxygen instead of carbon dioxide . This process , called photorespiration , uses energy , but does not produce sugars . RuBisCO oxygenase activity is disadvantageous to plants for several reasons : One product of oxygenase activity is phosphoglycolate ( 2 carbon ) instead of 3 - phosphoglycerate ( 3 carbon ) . Phosphoglycolate can not be metabolized by the Calvin - Benson cycle and represents carbon lost from the cycle . A high oxygenase activity , therefore , drains the sugars that are required to recycle ribulose 5 - bisphosphate and for the continuation of the Calvin - Benson cycle . Phosphoglycolate is quickly metabolized to glycolate that is toxic to a plant at a high concentration ; it inhibits photosynthesis . Salvaging glycolate is an energetically expensive process that uses the glycolate pathway , and only 75 % of the carbon is returned to the Calvin - Benson cycle as 3 - phosphoglycerate . The reactions also produce ammonia ( NH ) , which is able to diffuse out of the plant , leading to a loss of nitrogen . A highly simplified summary is : 2 glycolate + ATP → 3 - phosphoglycerate + carbon dioxide + ADP + NH The salvaging pathway for the products of RuBisCO oxygenase activity is more commonly known as photorespiration , since it is characterized by light - dependent oxygen consumption and the release of carbon dioxide . See also Environment portal Ecology portal Earth sciences portal Jan Anderson ( scientist ) Artificial photosynthesis Calvin - Benson cycle Carbon fixation Cellular respiration Chemosynthesis Integrated fluorometer Light - dependent reaction Organic reaction Photobiology Photoinhibition Photosynthetic reaction center Photosynthetically active radiation Photosystem Photosystem I Photosystem II Quantum biology Radiosynthesis Red edge Vitamin D Hill reaction References Jump up ^ `` photosynthesis '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ φῶς . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ σύνθεσις . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project ^ Jump up to : Bryant DA , Frigaard NU ( Nov 2006 ) . `` Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated '' . Trends in Microbiology. 14 ( 11 ) : 488 -- 96 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tim. 2006.09. 001 . PMID 16997562 . 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Jump up ^ Lloyd S ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` Quantum Biology : Better Living Through Quantum Mechanics - The Nature of Reality '' . Nova : PBS Online , WGBH Boston . Jump up ^ Hildner R , Brinks D , Nieder JB , Cogdell RJ , van Hulst NF ( Jun 2013 ) . `` Quantum coherent energy transfer over varying pathways in single light - harvesting complexes '' . Science . 340 ( 6139 ) : 1448 -- 51 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1235820 . PMID 23788794 . Jump up ^ Gale , Joseph ( 2009 ) . Astrobiology of Earth : The emergence , evolution and future of life on a planet in turmoil . OUP Oxford . pp. 112 -- 113 . ISBN 9780191548352 . Jump up ^ Photosynthesis got a really early start , New Scientist , 2 October 2004 Jump up ^ Revealing the dawn of photosynthesis , New Scientist , 19 August 2006 Jump up ^ Venn AA , Loram JE , Douglas AE ( 2008 ) . `` Photosynthetic symbioses in animals '' . Journal of Experimental Botany. 59 ( 5 ) : 1069 -- 80 . doi : 10.1093 / jxb / erm328 . PMID 18267943 . Jump up ^ Rumpho ME , Summer EJ , Manhart JR ( May 2000 ) . `` Solar - powered sea slugs . Mollusc / algal chloroplast symbiosis '' . Plant Physiology. 123 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 38 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 123.1. 29 . PMC 1539252 . PMID 10806222 . Jump up ^ Muscatine L , Greene RW ( 1973 ) . `` Chloroplasts and algae as symbionts in molluscs '' . International Review of Cytology . International Review of Cytology. 36 : 137 -- 69 . doi : 10.1016 / S0074 - 7696 ( 08 ) 60217 - X . ISBN 9780123643360 . PMID 4587388 . Jump up ^ Rumpho ME , Worful JM , Lee J , Kannan K , Tyler MS , Bhattacharya D , Moustafa A , Manhart JR ( Nov 2008 ) . `` Horizontal gene transfer of the algal nuclear gene psbO to the photosynthetic sea slug Elysia chlorotica '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 105 ( 46 ) : 17867 -- 71 . Bibcode : 2008PNAS ... 10517867R . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0804968105 . PMC 2584685 . PMID 19004808 . Jump up ^ Douglas SE ( Dec 1998 ) . `` Plastid evolution : origins , diversity , trends '' . Current Opinion in Genetics & Development . 8 ( 6 ) : 655 -- 61 . doi : 10.1016 / S0959 - 437X ( 98 ) 80033 - 6 . PMID 9914199 . Jump up ^ Reyes - Prieto A , Weber AP , Bhattacharya D ( 2007 ) . `` The origin and establishment of the plastid in algae and plants '' . Annual Review of Genetics . 41 : 147 -- 68 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. genet. 41.110306. 130134 . PMID 17600460 . Jump up ^ Raven JA , Allen JF ( 2003 ) . `` Genomics and chloroplast evolution : what did cyanobacteria do for plants ? '' . Genome Biology . 4 ( 3 ) : 209 . doi : 10.1186 / gb - 2003 - 4 - 3 - 209 . PMC 153454 . PMID 12620099 . Jump up ^ Tomitani A , Knoll AH , Cavanaugh CM , Ohno T ( Apr 2006 ) . `` The evolutionary diversification of cyanobacteria : molecular - phylogenetic and paleontological perspectives '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 103 ( 14 ) : 5442 -- 7 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0600999103 . PMC 1459374 . PMID 16569695 . Jump up ^ `` Cyanobacteria : Fossil Record '' . Ucmp.berkeley.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alison ( 2010 ) . Plant biology . New York , NY : Garland Science . p. 5 . ISBN 0815340257 . Jump up ^ Herrero A , Flores E ( 2008 ) . The Cyanobacteria : Molecular Biology , Genomics and Evolution ( 1st ed . ) . Caister Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 15 - 8 . Jump up ^ Walker DA ( 2002 ) . `` ' And whose bright presence ' - an appreciation of Robert Hill and his reaction '' ( PDF ) . Photosynthesis Research . 73 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 51 -- 4 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1020479620680 . PMID 16245102 . Jump up ^ Otto Warburg -- Biography . Nobelprize.org ( 1970 - 08 - 01 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Gest , Howard ( 2002 ) . `` History of the word photosynthesis and evolution of its definition '' . Photosynthesis Research . 73 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 7 -- 10 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1020419417954 . Jump up ^ Calvin , Melvin ( July 1989 ) . `` Forty years of photosynthesis and related activities '' . Photosynthesis Research . 21 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1007 / BF00047170 . Jump up ^ Verduin , J. 1953 . A table of photosynthesis rates under optimal , near natural conditions . Am. J. Bot. 40 : 675 - 679 . Jump up ^ Verduin , J. , Whitwer , E.E. , and Cowell , B.C. 1959 . Maximal photosynthetic rates in nature , Science 130 : 268 - 269 . Jump up ^ Hesketh , J.D. , and Musgrave , R.B. 1962 . Photosynthesis under field conditions . IV . Light studies with individual corn leaves . Crop Sci. 2 : 311 - 315 . Jump up ^ Hesketh , J.D. , and Moss , D.N. 1963. Variation in the response of photosynthesis to light . Crop Sci. 3 : 107 - 110 . ^ Jump up to : El - Sharkawy , M.A. , and Hesketh , J.D. 1965 . Photosynthesis among species in relation to characteristics of leaf anatomy and CO2 diffusion resistances . Crop Sci. 5 : 517 - 521 . ^ Jump up to : El - Sharkawy , M.A. , and Hesketh , J.D. 1986. Citation Classic - Photosynthesis among species in relation to characteristics of leaf anatomy and CO2 diffusion resistances . Curr . Cont. / Agr. Biol. Environ. 27 : 14 - 14 . Online http://www.library.upenn/edu/classics1986/A1986C691300001.pdf . Jump up ^ Haberlandt , G. 1904. Physiologische Pflanzanatomie . Engelmann , Leipzig . Jump up ^ El - Sharkawy , M.A. 1965. Factors Limiting Photosynthetic Rates of Different Plant Species . Ph. D. Dissertation , The University of Arizona , Tucson , USA . Jump up ^ Karpilov YS ( 1960 ) . `` The distribution of radioactvity in carbon - 14 among the products of photosynthesis in maize '' . Proc. Kazan Agric . Inst. 14 : 15 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Kortschak HP , Hart CE , Burr GO ( 1965 ) . `` Carbon dioxide fixation in sugarcane leaves '' . Plant Physiol. 40 : 209 -- 213 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 40.2. 209 . Jump up ^ Hatch MD , Slack CR ( 1966 ) . `` Photosynthesis by sugar - cane leaves . A new carboxylation reaction and the pathway of sugar formation '' . Biochem. J. 101 : 103 -- 111 . doi : 10.1042 / bj1010103 . Jump up ^ Jones HG ( 2014 ) . Plants and Microclimate : a Quantitative Approach to Environmental Plant Physiology ( Third ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 27959 - 8 . Further reading Books Bidlack JE , Stern KR , Jansky S ( 2003 ) . Introductory plant biology . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 290941 - 2 . Blankenship RE ( 2014 ) . Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis ( 2nd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 8975 - 0 . Govindjee , Beatty JT , Gest H , Allen JF ( 2006 ) . Discoveries in Photosynthesis . Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. 20 . Berlin : Springer . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 3323 - 0 . Reece JB , et al. ( 2013 ) . Campbell Biology . Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 978 - 0321775658 . Papers Gupta RS , Mukhtar T , Singh B ( Jun 1999 ) . `` Evolutionary relationships among photosynthetic prokaryotes ( Heliobacterium chlorum , Chloroflexus aurantiacus , cyanobacteria , Chlorobium tepidum and proteobacteria ) : implications regarding the origin of photosynthesis '' . Molecular Microbiology. 32 ( 5 ) : 893 -- 906 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2958.1999. 01417. x . PMID 10361294 . Rutherford AW , Faller P ( Jan 2003 ) . `` Photosystem II : evolutionary perspectives '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . Series B , Biological Sciences . 358 ( 1429 ) : 245 -- 53 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2002.1186 . PMC 1693113 . PMID 12594932 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Photosynthesis . A collection of photosynthesis pages for all levels from a renowned expert ( Govindjee ) In depth , advanced treatment of photosynthesis , also from Govindjee Science Aid : Photosynthesis Article appropriate for high school science Metabolism , Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis -- The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Overall examination of Photosynthesis at an intermediate level Overall Energetics of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Discovery Milestones -- experiments and background The source of oxygen produced by photosynthesis Interactive animation , a textbook tutorial Marshall J ( 2011 - 03 - 29 ) . `` First practical artificial leaf makes debut '' . Discovery News . Photosynthesis -- Light Dependent & Light Independent Stages Khan Academy , video introduction Library resources about Photosynthesis Resources in your library ( hide ) Botany History of botany Subdisciplines Plant systematics Ethnobotany Paleobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Phytogeography Geobotany Flora Phytochemistry Plant pathology Bryology Phycology Floristics Dendrology Plant groups Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Spermatophytes Pteridophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant morphology ( glossary ) Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesmata Vacuole Tissues Meristem Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Ground tissue Mesophyll Cork Wood Storage organs Vegetative Root Rhizoid Bulb Rhizome Shoot Stem Leaf Petiole Cataphyll Bud Sessility Reproductive ( Flower ) Flower development Inflorescence Umbel Raceme Bract Pedicellate Flower Whorl Floral symmetry Floral diagram Floral formula Receptacle Hypanthium ( Floral cup ) Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Sporophyll Gynoecium Ovary Ovule Stigma Archegonium Androecium Stamen Staminode Pollen Tapetum Gynandrium Gametophyte Sporophyte Plant embryo Fruit Fruit anatomy Berry Capsule Seed Seed dispersal Endosperm Surface structures Epicuticular wax Plant cuticle Epidermis Stoma Nectary Trichome Prickle Plant physiology Materials Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Plant hormone Transpiration Turgor pressure Bulk flow Aleurone Phytomelanin Sugar Sap Starch Cellulose Plant growth and habit Secondary growth Woody plants Herbaceous plants Habit Vines Lianas Shrubs Subshrubs Trees Succulent plants Reproduction Evolution Ecology Alternation of generations Sporangium Spore Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Pollination Pollinators Pollen tube Double fertilization Germination Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline Hardiness zone Plant taxonomy History of plant systematics Herbarium Biological classification Botanical nomenclature Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) - for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP ) Taxonomic rank International Association for Plant Taxonomy ( IAPT ) Plant taxonomy systems Cultivated plant taxonomy Citrus taxonomy cultigen cultivar Group grex Practice Agronomy Floriculture Forestry Horticulture Lists Related topics Botanical terms Botanists by author abbreviation Botanical expedition Commons Portal WikiProject Metabolism map Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . 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6 NDL : 00566168 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photosynthesis&oldid=808413099 '' Categories : Agronomy Biological processes Botany Cellular respiration Metabolism Photosynthesis Plant physiology Ecosystems Quantum biology Plant nutrition Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Luganda Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 18 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	during photosynthesis carbon dioxide combines with water in the presence of sunlight to form	[ "Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation). This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, \"light\", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, \"putting together\".[1][2][3] In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth's atmosphere, and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.[4]" ]	[ "carbohydrate molecules" ]
-25382885217124025	Force	Force - wikipedia Force Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Force ( disambiguation ) and Forcing ( disambiguation ) . Force Forces are also described as a push or pull on an object . They can be due to phenomena such as gravity , magnetism , or anything that might cause a mass to accelerate . Common symbols F , F SI unit newton ( N ) In SI base units 1 kg m / s SI dimension LMT ^ ( - 2 ) Derivations from other quantities F = m a Classical mechanics F → = m a → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = m ( \ vec ( a ) ) ) Second law of motion History Timeline Branches ( show ) Applied Celestial Continuum Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics Statics Statistical Fundamentals ( hide ) Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energy kinetic potential Force Frame of reference Impulse Inertia / Moment of inertia Mass Mechanical power Mechanical work Moment Momentum Space Speed Time Torque Velocity Virtual work Formulations ( show ) Newton 's laws of motion Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton -- Jacobi equation Appell 's equation of motion Udwadia -- Kalaba equation Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics Core topics ( show ) Damping ( ratio ) Displacement Equations of motion Euler 's laws of motion Fictitious force Friction Harmonic oscillator Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame Mechanics of planar particle motion Motion ( linear ) Newton 's law of universal gravitation Newton 's laws of motion Relative velocity Rigid body dynamics Euler 's equations Simple harmonic motion Vibration Rotation ( show ) Circular motion Rotating reference frame Centripetal force Centrifugal force reactive Coriolis force Pendulum Tangential speed Rotational speed Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity Scientists ( show ) Galileo Newton Kepler Horrocks Halley Euler d'Alembert Clairaut Lagrange Laplace Hamilton Poisson Daniel Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli Cauchy In physics , a force is any interaction that , when unopposed , will change the motion of an object . A force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity ( which includes to begin moving from a state of rest ) , i.e. , to accelerate . Force can also be described intuitively as a push or a pull . A force has both magnitude and direction , making it a vector quantity . It is measured in the SI unit of newtons and represented by the symbol F . The original form of Newton 's second law states that the net force acting upon an object is equal to the rate at which its momentum changes with time . If the mass of the object is constant , this law implies that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object , is in the direction of the net force , and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object Concepts related to force include : thrust , which increases the velocity of an object ; drag , which decreases the velocity of an object ; and torque , which produces changes in rotational speed of an object . In an extended body , each part usually applies forces on the adjacent parts ; the distribution of such forces through the body is the internal mechanical stress . Such internal mechanical stresses cause no accelation of that body as the forces balance one another . Pressure , the distribution of many small forces applied over an area of a body , is a simple type of stress that if unbalanced can cause the body to accelerate . Stress usually causes deformation of solid materials , or flow in fluids . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development of the concept 2 Pre-Newtonian concepts 3 Newtonian mechanics 3.1 First law 3.2 Second law 3.3 Third law 4 Special theory of relativity 5 Descriptions 5.1 Equilibrium 5.1. 1 Static 5.1. 2 Dynamic 5.2 Forces in quantum mechanics 5.3 Feynman diagrams 6 Fundamental forces 6.1 Gravitational 6.2 Electromagnetic 6.3 Strong nuclear 6.4 Weak nuclear 7 Non-fundamental forces 7.1 Normal force 7.2 Friction 7.3 Tension 7.4 Elastic force 7.5 Continuum mechanics 7.6 Fictitious forces 8 Rotations and torque 8.1 Centripetal force 9 Kinematic integrals 10 Potential energy 10.1 Conservative forces 10.2 Nonconservative forces 11 Units of measurement 12 Force measurement 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Development of the concept Philosophers in antiquity used the concept of force in the study of stationary and moving objects and simple machines , but thinkers such as Aristotle and Archimedes retained fundamental errors in understanding force . In part this was due to an incomplete understanding of the sometimes non-obvious force of friction , and a consequently inadequate view of the nature of natural motion . A fundamental error was the belief that a force is required to maintain motion , even at a constant velocity . Most of the previous misunderstandings about motion and force were eventually corrected by Galileo Galilei and Sir Isaac Newton . With his mathematical insight , Sir Isaac Newton formulated laws of motion that were not improved for nearly three hundred years . By the early 20th century , Einstein developed a theory of relativity that correctly predicted the action of forces on objects with increasing momenta near the speed of light , and also provided insight into the forces produced by gravitation and inertia . With modern insights into quantum mechanics and technology that can accelerate particles close to the speed of light , particle physics has devised a Standard Model to describe forces between particles smaller than atoms . The Standard Model predicts that exchanged particles called gauge bosons are the fundamental means by which forces are emitted and absorbed . Only four main interactions are known : in order of decreasing strength , they are : strong , electromagnetic , weak , and gravitational . High - energy particle physics observations made during the 1970s and 1980s confirmed that the weak and electromagnetic forces are expressions of a more fundamental electroweak interaction . Pre-newtonian concepts See also : Aristotelian physics and Theory of impetus Aristotle famously described a force as anything that causes an object to undergo `` unnatural motion '' Since antiquity the concept of force has been recognized as integral to the functioning of each of the simple machines . The mechanical advantage given by a simple machine allowed for less force to be used in exchange for that force acting over a greater distance for the same amount of work . Analysis of the characteristics of forces ultimately culminated in the work of Archimedes who was especially famous for formulating a treatment of buoyant forces inherent in fluids . Aristotle provided a philosophical discussion of the concept of a force as an integral part of Aristotelian cosmology . In Aristotle 's view , the terrestrial sphere contained four elements that come to rest at different `` natural places '' therein . Aristotle believed that motionless objects on Earth , those composed mostly of the elements earth and water , to be in their natural place on the ground and that they will stay that way if left alone . He distinguished between the innate tendency of objects to find their `` natural place '' ( e.g. , for heavy bodies to fall ) , which led to `` natural motion '' , and unnatural or forced motion , which required continued application of a force . This theory , based on the everyday experience of how objects move , such as the constant application of a force needed to keep a cart moving , had conceptual trouble accounting for the behavior of projectiles , such as the flight of arrows . The place where the archer moves the projectile was at the start of the flight , and while the projectile sailed through the air , no discernible efficient cause acts on it . Aristotle was aware of this problem and proposed that the air displaced through the projectile 's path carries the projectile to its target . This explanation demands a continuum like air for change of place in general . Aristotelian physics began facing criticism in medieval science , first by John Philoponus in the 6th century . The shortcomings of Aristotelian physics would not be fully corrected until the 17th century work of Galileo Galilei , who was influenced by the late medieval idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus . Galileo constructed an experiment in which stones and cannonballs were both rolled down an incline to disprove the Aristotelian theory of motion . He showed that the bodies were accelerated by gravity to an extent that was independent of their mass and argued that objects retain their velocity unless acted on by a force , for example friction . Newtonian mechanics Main article : Newton 's laws of motion Sir Isaac Newton described the motion of all objects using the concepts of inertia and force , and in doing so he found they obey certain conservation laws . In 1687 , Newton published his thesis Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica . In this work Newton set out three laws of motion that to this day are the way forces are described in physics . First law Main article : Newton 's first law Newton 's First Law of Motion states that objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity unless acted upon by an external net force ( resultant force ) . This law is an extension of Galileo 's insight that constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force ( see a more detailed description of this below ) . Newton proposed that every object with mass has an innate inertia that functions as the fundamental equilibrium `` natural state '' in place of the Aristotelian idea of the `` natural state of rest '' . That is , Newton 's empirical First Law contradicts the intuitive Aristotelian belief that a net force is required to keep an object moving with constant velocity . By making rest physically indistinguishable from non-zero constant velocity , Newton 's First Law directly connects inertia with the concept of relative velocities . Specifically , in systems where objects are moving with different velocities , it is impossible to determine which object is `` in motion '' and which object is `` at rest '' . The laws of physics are the same in every inertial frame of reference , that is , in all frames related by a Galilean transformation . For instance , while traveling in a moving vehicle at a constant velocity , the laws of physics do not change as a result of its motion . If a person riding within the vehicle throws a ball straight up , that person will observe it rise vertically and fall vertically and not have to apply a force in the direction the vehicle is moving . Another person , observing the moving vehicle pass by , would observe the ball follow a curving parabolic path in the same direction as the motion of the vehicle . It is the inertia of the ball associated with its constant velocity in the direction of the vehicle 's motion that ensures the ball continues to move forward even as it is thrown up and falls back down . From the perspective of the person in the car , the vehicle and everything inside of it is at rest : It is the outside world that is moving with a constant speed in the opposite direction of the vehicle . Since there is no experiment that can distinguish whether it is the vehicle that is at rest or the outside world that is at rest , the two situations are considered to be physically indistinguishable . Inertia therefore applies equally well to constant velocity motion as it does to rest . Though Sir Isaac Newton 's most famous equation is F → = m a → ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( ( \ vec ( F ) ) = m ( \ vec ( a ) ) ) ) , he actually wrote down a different form for his second law of motion that did not use differential calculus . Second law Main article : Newton 's second law A modern statement of Newton 's Second Law is a vector equation : F → = d p → d t , ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) ( \ vec ( p ) ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) , ) where p → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( p ) ) ) is the momentum of the system , and F → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) ) is the net ( vector sum ) force . If a body is in equilibrium , there is zero net force by definition ( balanced forces may be present nevertheless ) . In contrast , the second law states that if there is an unbalanced force acting on an object it will result in the object 's momentum changing over time . By the definition of momentum , F → = d p → d t = d ( m v → ) d t , ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) ( \ vec ( p ) ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ left ( m ( \ vec ( v ) ) \ right ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) , ) where m is the mass and v → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( v ) ) ) is the velocity . If Newton 's second law is applied to a system of constant mass , m may be moved outside the derivative operator . The equation then becomes F → = m d v → d t . ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = m ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) ( \ vec ( v ) ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) . ) By substituting the definition of acceleration , the algebraic version of Newton 's Second Law is derived : F → = m a → . ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = m ( \ vec ( a ) ) . ) Newton never explicitly stated the formula in the reduced form above . Newton 's Second Law asserts the direct proportionality of acceleration to force and the inverse proportionality of acceleration to mass . Accelerations can be defined through kinematic measurements . However , while kinematics are well - described through reference frame analysis in advanced physics , there are still deep questions that remain as to what is the proper definition of mass . General relativity offers an equivalence between space - time and mass , but lacking a coherent theory of quantum gravity , it is unclear as to how or whether this connection is relevant on microscales . With some justification , Newton 's second law can be taken as a quantitative definition of mass by writing the law as an equality ; the relative units of force and mass then are fixed . The use of Newton 's Second Law as a definition of force has been disparaged in some of the more rigorous textbooks , because it is essentially a mathematical truism . Notable physicists , philosophers and mathematicians who have sought a more explicit definition of the concept of force include Ernst Mach and Walter Noll . Newton 's Second Law can be used to measure the strength of forces . For instance , knowledge of the masses of planets along with the accelerations of their orbits allows scientists to calculate the gravitational forces on planets . Third law Main article : Newton 's third law Whenever one body exerts a force on another , the latter simultaneously exerts an equal and opposite force on the first . In vector form , if F → 1 , 2 ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) _ ( 1 , 2 ) ) is the force of body 1 on body 2 and F → 2 , 1 ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) _ ( 2 , 1 ) ) that of body 2 on body 1 , then F → 1 , 2 = − F → 2 , 1 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) _ ( 1 , 2 ) = - ( \ vec ( F ) ) _ ( 2 , 1 ) . ) This law is sometimes referred to as the action - reaction law , with F → 1 , 2 ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) _ ( 1 , 2 ) ) called the action and − F → 2 , 1 ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle - ( \ vec ( F ) ) _ ( 2 , 1 ) ) the reaction . Newton 's Third Law is a result of applying symmetry to situations where forces can be attributed to the presence of different objects . The third law means that all forces are interactions between different bodies , and thus that there is no such thing as a unidirectional force or a force that acts on only one body . In a system composed of object 1 and object 2 , the net force on the system due to their mutual interactions is zero : F → 1 , 2 + F → 2 , 1 = 0 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) _ ( 1 , 2 ) + ( \ vec ( F ) ) _ ( \ mathrm ( 2 , 1 ) ) = 0 . ) More generally , in a closed system of particles , all internal forces are balanced . The particles may accelerate with respect to each other but the center of mass of the system will not accelerate . If an external force acts on the system , it will make the center of mass accelerate in proportion to the magnitude of the external force divided by the mass of the system . Combining Newton 's Second and Third Laws , it is possible to show that the linear momentum of a system is conserved . In a system of two particles , if p → 1 ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ vec ( p ) ) _ ( 1 ) ) is the momentum of object 1 and p → 2 ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ vec ( p ) ) _ ( 2 ) ) the momentum of object 2 , then d p → 1 d t + d p → 2 d t = F → 1 , 2 + F → 2 , 1 = 0 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) ( \ vec ( p ) ) _ ( 1 ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) + ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) ( \ vec ( p ) ) _ ( 2 ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) = ( \ vec ( F ) ) _ ( 1 , 2 ) + ( \ vec ( F ) ) _ ( 2 , 1 ) = 0 . ) Using similar arguments , this can be generalized to a system with an arbitrary number of particles . In general , as long as all forces are due to the interaction of objects with mass , it is possible to define a system such that net momentum is never lost nor gained . Special theory of relativity In the special theory of relativity , mass and energy are equivalent ( as can be seen by calculating the work required to accelerate an object ) . When an object 's velocity increases , so does its energy and hence its mass equivalent ( inertia ) . It thus requires more force to accelerate it the same amount than it did at a lower velocity . Newton 's Second Law F → = d p → d t ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) ( \ vec ( p ) ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) ) remains valid because it is a mathematical definition . But for relativistic momentum to be conserved , it must be redefined as : p → = m 0 v → 1 − v 2 / c 2 , ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( p ) ) = ( \ frac ( m_ ( 0 ) ( \ vec ( v ) ) ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 - v ^ ( 2 ) / c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) , ) where m 0 ( \ displaystyle m_ ( 0 ) ) is the rest mass and c ( \ displaystyle c ) the speed of light . The relativistic expression relating force and acceleration for a particle with constant non-zero rest mass m ( \ displaystyle m ) moving in the x ( \ displaystyle x ) direction is : F → = ( γ 3 m a x , γ m a y , γ m a z ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = \ left ( \ gamma ^ ( 3 ) ma_ ( x ) , \ gamma ma_ ( y ) , \ gamma ma_ ( z ) \ right ) , ) where γ = 1 1 − v 2 / c 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ gamma = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 - v ^ ( 2 ) / c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) . ) is called the Lorentz factor . In the early history of relativity , the expressions γ 3 m ( \ displaystyle \ gamma ^ ( 3 ) m ) and γ m ( \ displaystyle \ gamma m ) were called longitudinal and transverse mass . Relativistic force does not produce a constant acceleration , but an ever - decreasing acceleration as the object approaches the speed of light . Note that γ ( \ displaystyle \ gamma ) approaches asymptotically an infinite value and is undefined for an object with a non-zero rest mass as it approaches the speed of light , and the theory yields no prediction at that speed . If v ( \ displaystyle v ) is very small compared to c ( \ displaystyle c ) , then γ ( \ displaystyle \ gamma ) is very close to 1 and F = m a ( \ displaystyle F = ma ) is a close approximation . Even for use in relativity , however , one can restore the form of F μ = m A μ ( \ displaystyle F ^ ( \ mu ) = mA ^ ( \ mu ) \ , ) through the use of four - vectors . This relation is correct in relativity when F μ ( \ displaystyle F ^ ( \ mu ) ) is the four - force , m ( \ displaystyle m ) is the invariant mass , and A μ ( \ displaystyle A ^ ( \ mu ) ) is the four - acceleration . Descriptions Free body diagrams of a block on a flat surface and an inclined plane . Forces are resolved and added together to determine their magnitudes and the net force . Since forces are perceived as pushes or pulls , this can provide an intuitive understanding for describing forces . As with other physical concepts ( e.g. temperature ) , the intuitive understanding of forces is quantified using precise operational definitions that are consistent with direct observations and compared to a standard measurement scale . Through experimentation , it is determined that laboratory measurements of forces are fully consistent with the conceptual definition of force offered by Newtonian mechanics . Forces act in a particular direction and have sizes dependent upon how strong the push or pull is . Because of these characteristics , forces are classified as `` vector quantities '' . This means that forces follow a different set of mathematical rules than physical quantities that do not have direction ( denoted scalar quantities ) . For example , when determining what happens when two forces act on the same object , it is necessary to know both the magnitude and the direction of both forces to calculate the result . If both of these pieces of information are not known for each force , the situation is ambiguous . For example , if you know that two people are pulling on the same rope with known magnitudes of force but you do not know which direction either person is pulling , it is impossible to determine what the acceleration of the rope will be . The two people could be pulling against each other as in tug of war or the two people could be pulling in the same direction . In this simple one - dimensional example , without knowing the direction of the forces it is impossible to decide whether the net force is the result of adding the two force magnitudes or subtracting one from the other . Associating forces with vectors avoids such problems . Historically , forces were first quantitatively investigated in conditions of static equilibrium where several forces canceled each other out . Such experiments demonstrate the crucial properties that forces are additive vector quantities : they have magnitude and direction . When two forces act on a point particle , the resulting force , the resultant ( also called the net force ) , can be determined by following the parallelogram rule of vector addition : the addition of two vectors represented by sides of a parallelogram , gives an equivalent resultant vector that is equal in magnitude and direction to the transversal of the parallelogram . The magnitude of the resultant varies from the difference of the magnitudes of the two forces to their sum , depending on the angle between their lines of action . However , if the forces are acting on an extended body , their respective lines of application must also be specified in order to account for their effects on the motion of the body . Free - body diagrams can be used as a convenient way to keep track of forces acting on a system . Ideally , these diagrams are drawn with the angles and relative magnitudes of the force vectors preserved so that graphical vector addition can be done to determine the net force . As well as being added , forces can also be resolved into independent components at right angles to each other . A horizontal force pointing northeast can therefore be split into two forces , one pointing north , and one pointing east . Summing these component forces using vector addition yields the original force . Resolving force vectors into components of a set of basis vectors is often a more mathematically clean way to describe forces than using magnitudes and directions . This is because , for orthogonal components , the components of the vector sum are uniquely determined by the scalar addition of the components of the individual vectors . Orthogonal components are independent of each other because forces acting at ninety degrees to each other have no effect on the magnitude or direction of the other . Choosing a set of orthogonal basis vectors is often done by considering what set of basis vectors will make the mathematics most convenient . Choosing a basis vector that is in the same direction as one of the forces is desirable , since that force would then have only one non-zero component . Orthogonal force vectors can be three - dimensional with the third component being at right - angles to the other two . Equilibrium Equilibrium occurs when the resultant force acting on a point particle is zero ( that is , the vector sum of all forces is zero ) . When dealing with an extended body , it is also necessary that the net torque be zero . There are two kinds of equilibrium : static equilibrium and dynamic equilibrium . Static Main articles : Statics and Static equilibrium Static equilibrium was understood well before the invention of classical mechanics . Objects that are at rest have zero net force acting on them . The simplest case of static equilibrium occurs when two forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction . For example , an object on a level surface is pulled ( attracted ) downward toward the center of the Earth by the force of gravity . At the same time , a force is applied by the surface that resists the downward force with equal upward force ( called a normal force ) . The situation produces zero net force and hence no acceleration . Pushing against an object that rests on a frictional surface can result in a situation where the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction , generated between the object and the table surface . For a situation with no movement , the static friction force exactly balances the applied force resulting in no acceleration . The static friction increases or decreases in response to the applied force up to an upper limit determined by the characteristics of the contact between the surface and the object . A static equilibrium between two forces is the most usual way of measuring forces , using simple devices such as weighing scales and spring balances . For example , an object suspended on a vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the `` spring reaction force '' , which equals the object 's weight . Using such tools , some quantitative force laws were discovered : that the force of gravity is proportional to volume for objects of constant density ( widely exploited for millennia to define standard weights ) ; Archimedes ' principle for buoyancy ; Archimedes ' analysis of the lever ; Boyle 's law for gas pressure ; and Hooke 's law for springs . These were all formulated and experimentally verified before Isaac Newton expounded his Three Laws of Motion . Dynamic Main article : Dynamics ( physics ) Galileo Galilei was the first to point out the inherent contradictions contained in Aristotle 's description of forces . Dynamic equilibrium was first described by Galileo who noticed that certain assumptions of Aristotelian physics were contradicted by observations and logic . Galileo realized that simple velocity addition demands that the concept of an `` absolute rest frame '' did not exist . Galileo concluded that motion in a constant velocity was completely equivalent to rest . This was contrary to Aristotle 's notion of a `` natural state '' of rest that objects with mass naturally approached . Simple experiments showed that Galileo 's understanding of the equivalence of constant velocity and rest were correct . For example , if a mariner dropped a cannonball from the crow 's nest of a ship moving at a constant velocity , Aristotelian physics would have the cannonball fall straight down while the ship moved beneath it . Thus , in an Aristotelian universe , the falling cannonball would land behind the foot of the mast of a moving ship . However , when this experiment is actually conducted , the cannonball always falls at the foot of the mast , as if the cannonball knows to travel with the ship despite being separated from it . Since there is no forward horizontal force being applied on the cannonball as it falls , the only conclusion left is that the cannonball continues to move with the same velocity as the boat as it falls . Thus , no force is required to keep the cannonball moving at the constant forward velocity . Moreover , any object traveling at a constant velocity must be subject to zero net force ( resultant force ) . This is the definition of dynamic equilibrium : when all the forces on an object balance but it still moves at a constant velocity . A simple case of dynamic equilibrium occurs in constant velocity motion across a surface with kinetic friction . In such a situation , a force is applied in the direction of motion while the kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied force . This results in zero net force , but since the object started with a non-zero velocity , it continues to move with a non-zero velocity . Aristotle misinterpreted this motion as being caused by the applied force . However , when kinetic friction is taken into consideration it is clear that there is no net force causing constant velocity motion . Forces in quantum mechanics Main articles : Quantum mechanics and Pauli principle The notion `` force '' keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics , though one is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the Schrödinger equation instead of Newtonian equations . This has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes `` quantized '' , i.e. they appear in discrete portions . This is , of course , difficult to imagine in the context of `` forces '' . However , the potentials V ( x , y , z ) or fields , from which the forces generally can be derived , are treated similar to classical position variables , i.e. , V ( x , y , z ) → V ^ ( x ^ , y ^ , z ^ ) ( \ displaystyle V ( x , y , z ) \ to ( \ hat ( V ) ) ( ( \ hat ( x ) ) , ( \ hat ( y ) ) , ( \ hat ( z ) ) ) ) . This becomes different only in the framework of quantum field theory , where these fields are also quantized . However , already in quantum mechanics there is one `` caveat '' , namely the particles acting onto each other do not only possess the spatial variable , but also a discrete intrinsic angular momentum - like variable called the `` spin '' , and there is the Pauli principle relating the space and the spin variables . Depending on the value of the spin , identical particles split into two different classes , fermions and bosons . If two identical fermions ( e.g. electrons ) have a symmetric spin function ( e.g. parallel spins ) the spatial variables must be antisymmetric ( i.e. they exclude each other from their places much as if there was a repulsive force ) , and vice versa , i.e. for antiparallel spins the position variables must be symmetric ( i.e. the apparent force must be attractive ) . Thus in the case of two fermions there is a strictly negative correlation between spatial and spin variables , whereas for two bosons ( e.g. quanta of electromagnetic waves , photons ) the correlation is strictly positive . Thus the notion `` force '' loses already part of its meaning . Feynman diagrams Main article : Feynman diagrams Feynman diagram for the decay of a neutron into a proton . The W boson is between two vertices indicating a repulsion . In modern particle physics , forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by - product of exchange of momentum - carrying gauge bosons . With the development of quantum field theory and general relativity , it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum ( 4 - momentum in relativity and momentum of virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics ) . The conservation of momentum can be directly derived from the homogeneity or symmetry of space and so is usually considered more fundamental than the concept of a force . Thus the currently known fundamental forces are considered more accurately to be `` fundamental interactions '' . When particle A emits ( creates ) or absorbs ( annihilates ) virtual particle B , a momentum conservation results in recoil of particle A making impression of repulsion or attraction between particles A A ' exchanging by B . This description applies to all forces arising from fundamental interactions . While sophisticated mathematical descriptions are needed to predict , in full detail , the accurate result of such interactions , there is a conceptually simple way to describe such interactions through the use of Feynman diagrams . In a Feynman diagram , each matter particle is represented as a straight line ( see world line ) traveling through time , which normally increases up or to the right in the diagram . Matter and anti-matter particles are identical except for their direction of propagation through the Feynman diagram . World lines of particles intersect at interaction vertices , and the Feynman diagram represents any force arising from an interaction as occurring at the vertex with an associated instantaneous change in the direction of the particle world lines . Gauge bosons are emitted away from the vertex as wavy lines and , in the case of virtual particle exchange , are absorbed at an adjacent vertex . The utility of Feynman diagrams is that other types of physical phenomena that are part of the general picture of fundamental interactions but are conceptually separate from forces can also be described using the same rules . For example , a Feynman diagram can describe in succinct detail how a neutron decays into an electron , proton , and neutrino , an interaction mediated by the same gauge boson that is responsible for the weak nuclear force . Fundamental forces Main article : Fundamental interaction All of the forces in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions . The strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances , and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles , including nucleons and compound nuclei . The electromagnetic force acts between electric charges , and the gravitational force acts between masses . All other forces in nature derive from these four fundamental interactions . For example , friction is a manifestation of the electromagnetic force acting between the atoms of two surfaces , and the Pauli exclusion principle , which does not permit atoms to pass through each other . Similarly , the forces in springs , modeled by Hooke 's law , are the result of electromagnetic forces and the Exclusion Principle acting together to return an object to its equilibrium position . Centrifugal forces are acceleration forces that arise simply from the acceleration of rotating frames of reference . The fundamental theories for forces developed from the unification of disparate ideas . For example , Isaac Newton unified , with his universal theory of gravitation , the force responsible for objects falling near the surface of the Earth with the force responsible for the falling of celestial bodies about the Earth ( the Moon ) and the Sun ( the planets ) . Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic forces were unified through a theory of electromagnetism . In the 20th century , the development of quantum mechanics led to a modern understanding that the first three fundamental forces ( all except gravity ) are manifestations of matter ( fermions ) interacting by exchanging virtual particles called gauge bosons . This standard model of particle physics assumes a similarity between the forces and led scientists to predict the unification of the weak and electromagnetic forces in electroweak theory , which was subsequently confirmed by observation . The complete formulation of the standard model predicts an as yet unobserved Higgs mechanism , but observations such as neutrino oscillations suggest that the standard model is incomplete . A Grand Unified Theory that allows for the combination of the electroweak interaction with the strong force is held out as a possibility with candidate theories such as supersymmetry proposed to accommodate some of the outstanding unsolved problems in physics . Physicists are still attempting to develop self - consistent unification models that would combine all four fundamental interactions into a theory of everything . Einstein tried and failed at this endeavor , but currently the most popular approach to answering this question is string theory . The four fundamental forces of nature Property / Interaction Gravitation Weak Electromagnetic Strong ( Electroweak ) Fundamental Residual Acts on : Mass - Energy Flavor Electric charge Color charge Atomic nuclei Particles experiencing : All Quarks , leptons Electrically charged Quarks , Gluons Hadrons Particles mediating : Graviton ( not yet observed ) W W Z γ Gluons Mesons Strength in the scale of quarks : 6959100000000000000 ♠ 10 6996100000000000000 ♠ 10 60 Not applicable to quarks Strength in the scale of protons / neutrons : 6964100000000000000 ♠ 10 6993100000000000000 ♠ 10 Not applicable to hadrons 20 Gravitational Main article : Gravity Images of a freely falling basketball taken with a stroboscope at 20 flashes per second . The distance units on the right are multiples of about 12 millimetres . The basketball starts at rest . At the time of the first flash ( distance zero ) it is released , after which the number of units fallen is equal to the square of the number of flashes . What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton . Before Newton , the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects . Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determining that the acceleration of every object in free - fall was constant and independent of the mass of the object . Today , this acceleration due to gravity towards the surface of the Earth is usually designated as g → ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ vec ( g ) ) ) and has a magnitude of about 9.81 meters per second squared ( this measurement is taken from sea level and may vary depending on location ) , and points toward the center of the Earth . This observation means that the force of gravity on an object at the Earth 's surface is directly proportional to the object 's mass . Thus an object that has a mass of m ( \ displaystyle m ) will experience a force : F → = m g → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = m ( \ vec ( g ) ) ) For an object in free - fall , this force is unopposed and the net force on the object is its weight . For objects not in free - fall , the force of gravity is opposed by the reaction forces applied by their supports . For example , a person standing on the ground experiences zero net force , since a normal force ( a reaction force ) is exerted by the ground upward on the person that counterbalances his weight that is directed downward . Newton 's contribution to gravitational theory was to unify the motions of heavenly bodies , which Aristotle had assumed were in a natural state of constant motion , with falling motion observed on the Earth . He proposed a law of gravity that could account for the celestial motions that had been described earlier using Kepler 's laws of planetary motion . Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances . In particular , Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law . Further , Newton realized that the acceleration of a body due to gravity is proportional to the mass of the other attracting body . Combining these ideas gives a formula that relates the mass ( m ⊕ ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle m_ ( \ oplus ) ) ) and the radius ( R ⊕ ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle R_ ( \ oplus ) ) ) of the Earth to the gravitational acceleration : g → = − G m ⊕ R ⊕ 2 r ^ ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( g ) ) = - ( \ frac ( Gm_ ( \ oplus ) ) ( ( R_ ( \ oplus ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \ hat ( r ) ) ) where the vector direction is given by r ^ ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( r ) ) ) , is the unit vector directed outward from the center of the Earth . In this equation , a dimensional constant G ( \ displaystyle G ) is used to describe the relative strength of gravity . This constant has come to be known as Newton 's Universal Gravitation Constant , though its value was unknown in Newton 's lifetime . Not until 1798 was Henry Cavendish able to make the first measurement of G ( \ displaystyle G ) using a torsion balance ; this was widely reported in the press as a measurement of the mass of the Earth since knowing G ( \ displaystyle G ) could allow one to solve for the Earth 's mass given the above equation . Newton , however , realized that since all celestial bodies followed the same laws of motion , his law of gravity had to be universal . Succinctly stated , Newton 's Law of Gravitation states that the force on a spherical object of mass m 1 ( \ displaystyle m_ ( 1 ) ) due to the gravitational pull of mass m 2 ( \ displaystyle m_ ( 2 ) ) is F → = − G m 1 m 2 r 2 r ^ ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = - ( \ frac ( Gm_ ( 1 ) m_ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \ hat ( r ) ) ) where r ( \ displaystyle r ) is the distance between the two objects ' centers of mass and r ^ ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ hat ( r ) ) ) is the unit vector pointed in the direction away from the center of the first object toward the center of the second object . This formula was powerful enough to stand as the basis for all subsequent descriptions of motion within the solar system until the 20th century . During that time , sophisticated methods of perturbation analysis were invented to calculate the deviations of orbits due to the influence of multiple bodies on a planet , moon , comet , or asteroid . The formalism was exact enough to allow mathematicians to predict the existence of the planet Neptune before it was observed . Instruments like GRAVITY provide a powerful probe for gravity force detection . Mercury 's orbit , however , did not match that predicted by Newton 's Law of Gravitation . Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet ( Vulcan ) that would explain the discrepancies ; however no such planet could be found . When Albert Einstein formulated his theory of general relativity ( GR ) he turned his attention to the problem of Mercury 's orbit and found that his theory added a correction , which could account for the discrepancy . This was the first time that Newton 's Theory of Gravity had been shown to be inexact . Since then , general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity . In GR , gravitation is not viewed as a force , but rather , objects moving freely in gravitational fields travel under their own inertia in straight lines through curved space - time -- defined as the shortest space - time path between two space - time events . From the perspective of the object , all motion occurs as if there were no gravitation whatsoever . It is only when observing the motion in a global sense that the curvature of space - time can be observed and the force is inferred from the object 's curved path . Thus , the straight line path in space - time is seen as a curved line in space , and it is called the ballistic trajectory of the object . For example , a basketball thrown from the ground moves in a parabola , as it is in a uniform gravitational field . Its space - time trajectory is almost a straight line , slightly curved ( with the radius of curvature of the order of few light - years ) . The time derivative of the changing momentum of the object is what we label as `` gravitational force '' . Electromagnetic Main article : Electromagnetic force The electrostatic force was first described in 1784 by Coulomb as a force that existed intrinsically between two charges . The properties of the electrostatic force were that it varied as an inverse square law directed in the radial direction , was both attractive and repulsive ( there was intrinsic polarity ) , was independent of the mass of the charged objects , and followed the superposition principle . Coulomb 's law unifies all these observations into one succinct statement . Subsequent mathematicians and physicists found the construct of the electric field to be useful for determining the electrostatic force on an electric charge at any point in space . The electric field was based on using a hypothetical `` test charge '' anywhere in space and then using Coulomb 's Law to determine the electrostatic force . Thus the electric field anywhere in space is defined as E → = F → q ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( E ) ) = ( ( \ vec ( F ) ) \ over ( q ) ) ) where q ( \ displaystyle q ) is the magnitude of the hypothetical test charge . Meanwhile , the Lorentz force of magnetism was discovered to exist between two electric currents . It has the same mathematical character as Coulomb 's Law with the proviso that like currents attract and unlike currents repel . Similar to the electric field , the magnetic field can be used to determine the magnetic force on an electric current at any point in space . In this case , the magnitude of the magnetic field was determined to be B = F I l ( \ displaystyle B = ( F \ over ( I \ ell ) ) ) where I ( \ displaystyle I ) is the magnitude of the hypothetical test current and l ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ ell ) is the length of hypothetical wire through which the test current flows . The magnetic field exerts a force on all magnets including , for example , those used in compasses . The fact that the Earth 's magnetic field is aligned closely with the orientation of the Earth 's axis causes compass magnets to become oriented because of the magnetic force pulling on the needle . Through combining the definition of electric current as the time rate of change of electric charge , a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz 's Law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field . The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic force that acts on a charge . This force can be written as a sum of the electrostatic force ( due to the electric field ) and the magnetic force ( due to the magnetic field ) . Fully stated , this is the law : F → = q ( E → + v → × B → ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = q ( ( \ vec ( E ) ) + ( \ vec ( v ) ) \ times ( \ vec ( B ) ) ) ) where F → ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) ) is the electromagnetic force , q ( \ displaystyle q ) is the magnitude of the charge of the particle , E → ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ vec ( E ) ) ) is the electric field , v → ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ vec ( v ) ) ) is the velocity of the particle that is crossed with the magnetic field ( B → ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ vec ( B ) ) ) ) . The origin of electric and magnetic fields would not be fully explained until 1864 when James Clerk Maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations , which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs . These `` Maxwell Equations '' fully described the sources of the fields as being stationary and moving charges , and the interactions of the fields themselves . This led Maxwell to discover that electric and magnetic fields could be `` self - generating '' through a wave that traveled at a speed that he calculated to be the speed of light . This insight united the nascent fields of electromagnetic theory with optics and led directly to a complete description of the electromagnetic spectrum . However , attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations , the photoelectric effect , and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe , proved troublesome . Through the work of leading theoretical physicists , a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics . This final modification to electromagnetic theory ultimately led to quantum electrodynamics ( or QED ) , which fully describes all electromagnetic phenomena as being mediated by wave -- particles known as photons . In QED , photons are the fundamental exchange particle , which described all interactions relating to electromagnetism including the electromagnetic force . Strong nuclear Main article : Strong interaction There are two `` nuclear forces '' , which today are usually described as interactions that take place in quantum theories of particle physics . The strong nuclear force is the force responsible for the structural integrity of atomic nuclei while the weak nuclear force is responsible for the decay of certain nucleons into leptons and other types of hadrons . The strong force is today understood to represent the interactions between quarks and gluons as detailed by the theory of quantum chromodynamics ( QCD ) . The strong force is the fundamental force mediated by gluons , acting upon quarks , antiquarks , and the gluons themselves . The ( aptly named ) strong interaction is the `` strongest '' of the four fundamental forces . The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles . However , a residual of the force is observed between hadrons ( the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei ) as the nuclear force . Here the strong force acts indirectly , transmitted as gluons , which form part of the virtual pi and rho mesons , which classically transmit the nuclear force ( see this topic for more ) . The failure of many searches for free quarks has shown that the elementary particles affected are not directly observable . This phenomenon is called color confinement . Weak nuclear Main article : Weak interaction The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons . Its most familiar effect is beta decay ( of neutrons in atomic nuclei ) and the associated radioactivity . The word `` weak '' derives from the fact that the field strength is some 10 times less than that of the strong force . Still , it is stronger than gravity over short distances . A consistent electroweak theory has also been developed , which shows that electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately 10 kelvins . Such temperatures have been probed in modern particle accelerators and show the conditions of the universe in the early moments of the Big Bang . Non-fundamental forces Some forces are consequences of the fundamental ones . In such situations , idealized models can be utilized to gain physical insight . Normal force F represents the normal force exerted on the object . Main article : Normal force The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact . When their electron clouds overlap , Pauli repulsion ( due to fermionic nature of electrons ) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects . The normal force , for example , is responsible for the structural integrity of tables and floors as well as being the force that responds whenever an external force pushes on a solid object . An example of the normal force in action is the impact force on an object crashing into an immobile surface . Friction Main article : Friction Friction is a surface force that opposes relative motion . The frictional force is directly related to the normal force that acts to keep two solid objects separated at the point of contact . There are two broad classifications of frictional forces : static friction and kinetic friction . The static friction force ( F s f ( \ displaystyle F_ ( \ mathrm ( sf ) ) ) ) will exactly oppose forces applied to an object parallel to a surface contact up to the limit specified by the coefficient of static friction ( μ s f ( \ displaystyle \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( sf ) ) ) ) multiplied by the normal force ( F N ( \ displaystyle F_ ( N ) ) ) . In other words , the magnitude of the static friction force satisfies the inequality : 0 ≤ F s f ≤ μ s f F N . ( \ displaystyle 0 \ leq F_ ( \ mathrm ( sf ) ) \ leq \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( sf ) ) F_ ( \ mathrm ( N ) ) . ) The kinetic friction force ( F k f ( \ displaystyle F_ ( \ mathrm ( kf ) ) ) ) is independent of both the forces applied and the movement of the object . Thus , the magnitude of the force equals : F k f = μ k f F N , ( \ displaystyle F_ ( \ mathrm ( kf ) ) = \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( kf ) ) F_ ( \ mathrm ( N ) ) , ) where μ k f ( \ displaystyle \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( kf ) ) ) is the coefficient of kinetic friction . For most surface interfaces , the coefficient of kinetic friction is less than the coefficient of static friction . Tension Main article : Tension ( physics ) Tension forces can be modeled using ideal strings that are massless , frictionless , unbreakable , and unstretchable . They can be combined with ideal pulleys , which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction . Ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in action - reaction pairs so that if two objects are connected by an ideal string , any force directed along the string by the first object is accompanied by a force directed along the string in the opposite direction by the second object . By connecting the same string multiple times to the same object through the use of a set - up that uses movable pulleys , the tension force on a load can be multiplied . For every string that acts on a load , another factor of the tension force in the string acts on the load . However , even though such machines allow for an increase in force , there is a corresponding increase in the length of string that must be displaced in order to move the load . These tandem effects result ultimately in the conservation of mechanical energy since the work done on the load is the same no matter how complicated the machine . Elastic force Main articles : Elasticity ( physics ) and Hooke 's law F is the force that responds to the load on the spring An elastic force acts to return a spring to its natural length . An ideal spring is taken to be massless , frictionless , unbreakable , and infinitely stretchable . Such springs exert forces that push when contracted , or pull when extended , in proportion to the displacement of the spring from its equilibrium position . This linear relationship was described by Robert Hooke in 1676 , for whom Hooke 's law is named . If Δ x ( \ displaystyle \ Delta x ) is the displacement , the force exerted by an ideal spring equals : F → = − k Δ x → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = - k \ Delta ( \ vec ( x ) ) ) where k ( \ displaystyle k ) is the spring constant ( or force constant ) , which is particular to the spring . The minus sign accounts for the tendency of the force to act in opposition to the applied load . Continuum mechanics When the drag force ( F d ( \ displaystyle F_ ( d ) ) ) associated with air resistance becomes equal in magnitude to the force of gravity on a falling object ( F g ( \ displaystyle F_ ( g ) ) ) , the object reaches a state of dynamic equilibrium at terminal velocity . Main articles : Pressure , Drag ( physics ) , and Stress ( mechanics ) Newton 's laws and Newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three - dimensional objects . However , in real life , matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object . For situations where lattice holding together the atoms in an object is able to flow , contract , expand , or otherwise change shape , the theories of continuum mechanics describe the way forces affect the material . For example , in extended fluids , differences in pressure result in forces being directed along the pressure gradients as follows : F → V = − ∇ → P ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ vec ( F ) ) ( V ) ) = - ( \ vec ( \ nabla ) ) P ) where V ( \ displaystyle V ) is the volume of the object in the fluid and P ( \ displaystyle P ) is the scalar function that describes the pressure at all locations in space . Pressure gradients and differentials result in the buoyant force for fluids suspended in gravitational fields , winds in atmospheric science , and the lift associated with aerodynamics and flight . A specific instance of such a force that is associated with dynamic pressure is fluid resistance : a body force that resists the motion of an object through a fluid due to viscosity . For so - called `` Stokes ' drag '' the force is approximately proportional to the velocity , but opposite in direction : F → d = − b v → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) _ ( \ mathrm ( d ) ) = - b ( \ vec ( v ) ) \ , ) where : b ( \ displaystyle b ) is a constant that depends on the properties of the fluid and the dimensions of the object ( usually the cross-sectional area ) , and v → ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ vec ( v ) ) ) is the velocity of the object . More formally , forces in continuum mechanics are fully described by a stress -- tensor with terms that are roughly defined as σ = F A ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = ( \ frac ( F ) ( A ) ) ) where A ( \ displaystyle A ) is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress - tensor is being calculated . This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area ( the matrix diagonals of the tensor ) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area ( the off - diagonal elements ) . The stress tensor accounts for forces that cause all strains ( deformations ) including also tensile stresses and compressions . Fictitious forces Main article : Fictitious forces There are forces that are frame dependent , meaning that they appear due to the adoption of non-Newtonian ( that is , non-inertial ) reference frames . Such forces include the centrifugal force and the Coriolis force . These forces are considered fictitious because they do not exist in frames of reference that are not accelerating . Because these forces are not genuine they are also referred to as `` pseudo forces '' . In general relativity , gravity becomes a fictitious force that arises in situations where spacetime deviates from a flat geometry . As an extension , Kaluza -- Klein theory and string theory ascribe electromagnetism and the other fundamental forces respectively to the curvature of differently scaled dimensions , which would ultimately imply that all forces are fictitious . Rotations and torque Relationship between force ( F ) , torque ( τ ) , and momentum vectors ( p and L ) in a rotating system . Main article : Torque Forces that cause extended objects to rotate are associated with torques . Mathematically , the torque of a force F → ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) ) is defined relative to an arbitrary reference point as the cross-product : τ → = r → × F → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( \ tau ) ) = ( \ vec ( r ) ) \ times ( \ vec ( F ) ) ) where r → ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ vec ( r ) ) ) is the position vector of the force application point relative to the reference point . Torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position , angular velocity for velocity , and angular momentum for momentum . As a consequence of Newton 's First Law of Motion , there exists rotational inertia that ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentum unless acted upon by an unbalanced torque . Likewise , Newton 's Second Law of Motion can be used to derive an analogous equation for the instantaneous angular acceleration of the rigid body : τ → = I α → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( \ tau ) ) = I ( \ vec ( \ alpha ) ) ) where I ( \ displaystyle I ) is the moment of inertia of the body α → ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ vec ( \ alpha ) ) ) is the angular acceleration of the body . This provides a definition for the moment of inertia , which is the rotational equivalent for mass . In more advanced treatments of mechanics , where the rotation over a time interval is described , the moment of inertia must be substituted by the tensor that , when properly analyzed , fully determines the characteristics of rotations including precession and nutation . Equivalently , the differential form of Newton 's Second Law provides an alternative definition of torque : τ → = d L → d t , ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( \ tau ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) ( \ vec ( L ) ) ) ( \ mathrm ( dt ) ) ) , ) where L → ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ vec ( L ) ) ) is the angular momentum of the particle . Newton 's Third Law of Motion requires that all objects exerting torques themselves experience equal and opposite torques , and therefore also directly implies the conservation of angular momentum for closed systems that experience rotations and revolutions through the action of internal torques . Centripetal force Main article : Centripetal force For an object accelerating in circular motion , the unbalanced force acting on the object equals : F → = − m v 2 r ^ r ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = - ( \ frac ( mv ^ ( 2 ) ( \ hat ( r ) ) ) ( r ) ) ) where m ( \ displaystyle m ) is the mass of the object , v ( \ displaystyle v ) is the velocity of the object and r ( \ displaystyle r ) is the distance to the center of the circular path and r ^ ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ hat ( r ) ) ) is the unit vector pointing in the radial direction outwards from the center . This means that the unbalanced centripetal force felt by any object is always directed toward the center of the curving path . Such forces act perpendicular to the velocity vector associated with the motion of an object , and therefore do not change the speed of the object ( magnitude of the velocity ) , but only the direction of the velocity vector . The unbalanced force that accelerates an object can be resolved into a component that is perpendicular to the path , and one that is tangential to the path . This yields both the tangential force , which accelerates the object by either slowing it down or speeding it up , and the radial ( centripetal ) force , which changes its direction . Kinematic integrals Main articles : Impulse , Mechanical work , and Power ( physics ) Forces can be used to define a number of physical concepts by integrating with respect to kinematic variables . For example , integrating with respect to time gives the definition of impulse : I → = ∫ t 1 t 2 F → d t , ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( I ) ) = \ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( ( \ vec ( F ) ) \ mathrm ( d ) t ) , ) which by Newton 's Second Law must be equivalent to the change in momentum ( yielding the Impulse momentum theorem ) . Similarly , integrating with respect to position gives a definition for the work done by a force : W = ∫ x → 1 x → 2 F → ⋅ d x → , ( \ displaystyle W = \ int _ ( ( \ vec ( x ) ) _ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( ( \ vec ( x ) ) _ ( 2 ) ) ( ( \ vec ( F ) ) \ cdot ( \ mathrm ( d ) ( \ vec ( x ) ) ) ) , ) which is equivalent to changes in kinetic energy ( yielding the work energy theorem ) . Power P is the rate of change dW / dt of the work W , as the trajectory is extended by a position change d x → ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( d ) ( \ vec ( x ) ) ) in a time interval dt : d W = d W d x → ⋅ d x → = F → ⋅ d x → , so P = d W d t = d W d x → ⋅ d x → d t = F → ⋅ v → , ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( d ) ) W \ , = \ , ( \ frac ( ( \ text ( d ) ) W ) ( ( \ text ( d ) ) ( \ vec ( x ) ) ) ) \ , \ cdot \ , ( \ text ( d ) ) ( \ vec ( x ) ) \ , = \ , ( \ vec ( F ) ) \ , \ cdot \ , ( \ text ( d ) ) ( \ vec ( x ) ) , \ qquad ( \ text ( so ) ) \ quad P \ , = \ , ( \ frac ( ( \ text ( d ) ) W ) ( ( \ text ( d ) ) t ) ) \ , = \ , ( \ frac ( ( \ text ( d ) ) W ) ( ( \ text ( d ) ) ( \ vec ( x ) ) ) ) \ , \ cdot \ , ( \ frac ( ( \ text ( d ) ) ( \ vec ( x ) ) ) ( ( \ text ( d ) ) t ) ) \ , = \ , ( \ vec ( F ) ) \ , \ cdot \ , ( \ vec ( v ) ) , ) with v → = d x → / d t ( \ displaystyle ( ( \ vec ( v ) ) ( \ text ( ) ) = ( \ text ( d ) ) ( \ vec ( x ) ) / ( \ text ( d ) ) t ) ) the velocity . Potential energy Main article : Potential energy Instead of a force , often the mathematically related concept of a potential energy field can be used for convenience . For instance , the gravitational force acting upon an object can be seen as the action of the gravitational field that is present at the object 's location . Restating mathematically the definition of energy ( via the definition of work ) , a potential scalar field U ( r → ) ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( U ( ( \ vec ( r ) ) ) ) ) is defined as that field whose gradient is equal and opposite to the force produced at every point : F → = − ∇ → U . ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = - ( \ vec ( \ nabla ) ) U . ) Forces can be classified as conservative or nonconservative . Conservative forces are equivalent to the gradient of a potential while nonconservative forces are not . Conservative forces Main article : Conservative force A conservative force that acts on a closed system has an associated mechanical work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms . This means that for a closed system , the net mechanical energy is conserved whenever a conservative force acts on the system . The force , therefore , is related directly to the difference in potential energy between two different locations in space , and can be considered to be an artifact of the potential field in the same way that the direction and amount of a flow of water can be considered to be an artifact of the contour map of the elevation of an area . Conservative forces include gravity , the electromagnetic force , and the spring force . Each of these forces has models that are dependent on a position often given as a radial vector r → ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ vec ( r ) ) ) emanating from spherically symmetric potentials . Examples of this follow : For gravity : F → = − G m 1 m 2 r → r 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = - ( \ frac ( Gm_ ( 1 ) m_ ( 2 ) ( \ vec ( r ) ) ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) ) where G ( \ displaystyle G ) is the gravitational constant , and m n ( \ displaystyle m_ ( n ) ) is the mass of object n . For electrostatic forces : F → = q 1 q 2 r → 4 π ε 0 r 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = ( \ frac ( q_ ( 1 ) q_ ( 2 ) ( \ vec ( r ) ) ) ( 4 \ pi \ epsilon _ ( 0 ) r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) ) where ε 0 ( \ displaystyle \ epsilon _ ( 0 ) ) is electric permittivity of free space , and q n ( \ displaystyle q_ ( n ) ) is the electric charge of object n . For spring forces : F → = − k r → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = - k ( \ vec ( r ) ) ) where k ( \ displaystyle k ) is the spring constant . Nonconservative forces For certain physical scenarios , it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials . This is often due to macrophysical considerations that yield forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstates . For example , friction is caused by the gradients of numerous electrostatic potentials between the atoms , but manifests as a force model that is independent of any macroscale position vector . Nonconservative forces other than friction include other contact forces , tension , compression , and drag . However , for any sufficiently detailed description , all these forces are the results of conservative ones since each of these macroscopic forces are the net results of the gradients of microscopic potentials . The connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics . In macroscopic closed systems , nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system , and are often associated with the transfer of heat . According to the Second law of thermodynamics , nonconservative forces necessarily result in energy transformations within closed systems from ordered to more random conditions as entropy increases . Units of measurement The SI unit of force is the newton ( symbol N ) , which is the force required to accelerate a one kilogram mass at a rate of one meter per second squared , or kg m s . The corresponding CGS unit is the dyne , the force required to accelerate a one gram mass by one centimeter per second squared , or g cm s . A newton is thus equal to 100,000 dynes . The gravitational foot - pound - second English unit of force is the pound - force ( lbf ) , defined as the force exerted by gravity on a pound - mass in the standard gravitational field of 9.80665 m s . The pound - force provides an alternative unit of mass : one slug is the mass that will accelerate by one foot per second squared when acted on by one pound - force . An alternative unit of force in a different foot - pound - second system , the absolute fps system , is the poundal , defined as the force required to accelerate a one - pound mass at a rate of one foot per second squared . The units of slug and poundal are designed to avoid a constant of proportionality in Newton 's Second Law . The pound - force has a metric counterpart , less commonly used than the newton : the kilogram - force ( kgf ) ( sometimes kilopond ) , is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass . The kilogram - force leads to an alternate , but rarely used unit of mass : the metric slug ( sometimes mug or hyl ) is that mass that accelerates at 1 m s when subjected to a force of 1 kgf . The kilogram - force is not a part of the modern SI system , and is generally deprecated ; however it still sees use for some purposes as expressing aircraft weight , jet thrust , bicycle spoke tension , torque wrench settings and engine output torque . Other arcane units of force include the sthène , which is equivalent to 1000 N , and the kip , which is equivalent to 1000 lbf . Units of force newton ( SI unit ) dyne kilogram - force , kilopond pound - force poundal 1 N ≡ 1 kg ⋅ m / s = 10 dyn ≈ 0.10197 kp ≈ 0.22481 lbf ≈ 7.2330 pdl 1 dyn = 10 N ≡ 1 g ⋅ cm / s ≈ 1.0197 × 10 kp ≈ 2.2481 × 10 lbf ≈ 7.2330 × 10 pdl 1 kp = 9.80665 N = 980665 dyn ≡ g ⋅ ( 1 kg ) ≈ 2.2046 lbf ≈ 70.932 pdl 1 lbf ≈ 4.448222 N ≈ 444822 dyn ≈ 0.45359 kp ≡ g ⋅ ( 1 lb ) ≈ 32.174 pdl 1 pdl ≈ 0.138255 N ≈ 13825 dyn ≈ 0.014098 kp ≈ 0.031081 lbf ≡ 1 lb ⋅ ft / s The value of g as used in the official definition of the kilogram - force is used here for all gravitational units . See also Ton - force . Force measurement See force gauge , spring scale , load cell See also Physics portal Orders of magnitude ( force ) Parallel force Notes Jump up ^ Newton 's Principia Mathematica actually used a finite difference version of this equation based upon impulse . See Impulse . Jump up ^ `` It is important to note that we can not derive a general expression for Newton 's second law for variable mass systems by treating the mass in F = dP / dt = d ( Mv ) as a variable . ( ... ) We can use F = dP / dt to analyze variable mass systems only if we apply it to an entire system of constant mass having parts among which there is an interchange of mass . '' ( Emphasis as in the original ) ( Halliday , Resnick & Krane 2001 , p. 199 ) Jump up ^ `` Any single force is only one aspect of a mutual interaction between two bodies . '' ( Halliday , Resnick & Krane 2001 , pp. 78 -- 79 ) Jump up ^ For a complete library on quantum mechanics see Quantum mechanics -- References References Jump up ^ Nave , C.R. ( 2014 ) . `` Force '' . Hyperphysics . Dept. of Physics and Astronomy , Georgia State University . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Heath , T.L. `` The Works of Archimedes ( 1897 ) . The unabridged work in PDF form ( 19 MB ) '' . Internet Archive . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : University Physics , Sears , Young & Zemansky , pp. 18 -- 38 ^ Jump up to : Feynman volume 1 ^ Jump up to : Kleppner & Kolenkow 2010 ^ Jump up to : Weinberg , S. ( 1994 ) . Dreams of a Final Theory . Vintage Books USA . ISBN 0 - 679 - 74408 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lang , Helen S. ( 1998 ) . The order of nature in Aristotle 's physics : place and the elements ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Press . ISBN 9780521624534 . Jump up ^ Hetherington , Norriss S. ( 1993 ) . Cosmology : Historical , Literary , Philosophical , Religious , and Scientific Perspectives . Garland Reference Library of the Humanities . p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1085 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Drake , Stillman ( 1978 ) . Galileo At Work . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 16226 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Newton , Isaac ( 1999 ) . The Principia Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 08817 - 4 . This is a recent translation into English by I. Bernard Cohen and Anne Whitman , with help from Julia Budenz . Jump up ^ Howland , R.A. ( 2006 ) . Intermediate dynamics a linear algebraic approach ( Online - Ausg . ed . ) . New York : Springer . pp. 255 -- 256 . ISBN 9780387280592 . Jump up ^ One exception to this rule is : Landau , L.D. ; Akhiezer , A.I. ; Lifshitz , A.M. ( 196 ) . General Physics ; mechanics and molecular physics ( First English ed . ) . Oxford : Pergamon Press . ISBN 0 - 08 - 003304 - 0 . Translated by : J.B. Sykes , A.D. Petford , and C.L. Petford . Library of Congress Catalog Number 67 - 30260 . In section 7 , pages 12 -- 14 , this book defines force as dp / dt . Jump up ^ Jammer , Max ( 1999 ) . Concepts of force : a study in the foundations of dynamics ( Facsim . ed . ) . Mineola , N.Y. : Dover Publications . pp. 220 -- 222 . ISBN 9780486406893 . Jump up ^ Noll , Walter ( April 2007 ) . `` On the Concept of Force '' ( pdf ) . Carnegie Mellon University . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ C. Hellingman ( 1992 ) . `` Newton 's third law revisited '' . Phys . Educ. 27 ( 2 ) : 112 -- 115 . Bibcode : 1992PhyEd ... 27 ... 112H . doi : 10.1088 / 0031 - 9120 / 27 / 2 / 011 . Quoting Newton in the Principia : It is not one action by which the Sun attracts Jupiter , and another by which Jupiter attracts the Sun ; but it is one action by which the Sun and Jupiter mutually endeavour to come nearer together . Jump up ^ Dr. Nikitin ( 2007 ) . `` Dynamics of translational motion '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Cutnell & Johnson 2003 Jump up ^ `` Seminar : Visualizing Special Relativity '' . The Relativistic Raytracer . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Wilson , John B. `` Four - Vectors ( 4 - Vectors ) of Special Relativity : A Study of Elegant Physics '' . The Science Realm : John 's Virtual Sci - Tech Universe . Archived from the original on 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Free Body Diagrams '' . Physics Tutorial Menu . University of Guelph . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Tom ( 2004 ) . `` The Physics Classroom '' . The Physics Classroom and Mathsoft Engineering & Education , Inc . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Static Equilibrium '' . Physics Static Equilibrium ( forces and torques ) . University of the Virgin Islands . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Shifman , Mikhail ( 1999 ) . ITEP lectures on particle physics and field theory . World Scientific . ISBN 981 - 02 - 2639 - X . Jump up ^ Nave , Carl Rod . `` Pauli Exclusion Principle '' . HyperPhysics . University of Guelph . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Fermions & Bosons '' . The Particle Adventure . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Standard model of particles and interactions '' . Contemporary Physics Education Project . 2000 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Cook , A.H. ( 1965 ) . `` A New Absolute Determination of the Acceleration due to Gravity at the National Physical Laboratory '' . Nature . 208 ( 5007 ) : 279 . Bibcode : 1965Natur. 208 ... 279C . doi : 10.1038 / 208279a0 . ^ Jump up to : Young , Hugh ; Freedman , Roger ; Sears , Francis and Zemansky , Mark ( 1949 ) University Physics . Pearson Education . pp. 59 -- 82 Jump up ^ `` Sir Isaac Newton : The Universal Law of Gravitation '' . Astronomy 161 The Solar System . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Thayer . `` Perturbation Analysis , Regular and Singular '' . Department of Economics . San José State University . Jump up ^ Kollerstrom , Nick ( 2001 ) . `` Neptune 's Discovery . The British Case for Co-Prediction . '' . University College London . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Powerful New Black Hole Probe Arrives at Paranal '' . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Ethan ( 20 May 2016 ) . `` When Did Isaac Newton Finally Fail ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Coulomb , Charles ( 1784 ) . `` Recherches théoriques et expérimentales sur la force de torsion et sur l'élasticité des fils de metal '' . Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences : 229 -- 269 . ^ Jump up to : Feynman volume 2 Jump up ^ Scharf , Toralf ( 2007 ) . Polarized light in liquid crystals and polymers . John Wiley and Sons . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 74064 - 0 . , Chapter 2 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Duffin , William ( 1980 ) . Electricity and Magnetism , 3rd Ed . McGraw - Hill . pp. 364 -- 383 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 084111 - X . Jump up ^ Stevens , Tab ( 10 July 2003 ) . `` Quantum - Chromodynamics : A Definition -- Science Articles '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Tension Force '' . Non-Calculus Based Physics I. Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Richard ( 2006 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Strings , pulleys , and inclines '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Nave , Carl Rod . `` Elasticity '' . HyperPhysics . University of Guelph . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mallette , Vincent ( 1982 -- 2008 ) . `` Inwit Publishing , Inc. and Inwit , LLC -- Writings , Links and Software Distributions -- The Coriolis Force '' . Publications in Science and Mathematics , Computing and the Humanities . Inwit Publishing , Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Nave , Carl Rod . `` Newton 's 2nd Law : Rotation '' . HyperPhysics . University of Guelph . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Richard ( 2007 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Newton 's third law of motion '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Nave , Carl Rod . `` Centripetal Force '' . HyperPhysics . University of Guelph . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Hibbeler , Russell C. ( 2010 ) . Engineering Mechanics , 12th edition . Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 222 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 607791 - 9 . Jump up ^ Singh , Sunil Kumar ( 2007 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Conservative force '' . Connexions . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Davis , Doug . `` Conservation of Energy '' . General physics . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Wandmacher , Cornelius ; Johnson , Arnold ( 1995 ) . Metric Units in Engineering . ASCE Publications . p. 15 . ISBN 0 - 7844 - 0070 - 9 . Further reading Corben , H.C. ; Philip Stehle ( 1994 ) . Classical Mechanics . New York : Dover publications . pp. 28 -- 31 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 68063 - 0 . Cutnell , John D. ; Johnson , Kenneth W. ( 2003 ) . Physics , Sixth Edition . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons Inc . ISBN 0471151831 . Feynman , Richard P. ; Leighton ; Sands , Matthew ( 2010 ) . The Feynman lectures on physics . Vol . I : Mainly mechanics , radiation and heat ( New millennium ed . ) . New York : BasicBooks . ISBN 978 - 0465024933 . Feynman , Richard P. ; Leighton , Robert B. ; Sands , Matthew ( 2010 ) . The Feynman lectures on physics . Vol. II : Mainly electromagnetism and matter ( New millennium ed . ) . New York : BasicBooks . ISBN 978 - 0465024940 . Halliday , David ; Resnick , Robert ; Krane , Kenneth S. ( 2001 ) . Physics v. 1 . New York : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 32057 - 9 . Kleppner , Daniel ; Kolenkow , Robert J. ( 2010 ) . An introduction to mechanics ( 3 . print ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521198216 . Parker , Sybil ( 1993 ) . `` force '' . Encyclopedia of Physics . Ohio : McGraw - Hill . p. 107 , . ISBN 0 - 07 - 051400 - 3 . Sears F. , Zemansky M. & Young H. ( 1982 ) . University Physics . Reading , Massachusetts : Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 07199 - 1 . Serway , Raymond A. ( 2003 ) . Physics for Scientists and Engineers . Philadelphia : Saunders College Publishing . ISBN 0 - 534 - 40842 - 7 . Tipler , Paul ( 2004 ) . Physics for Scientists and Engineers : Mechanics , Oscillations and Waves , Thermodynamics ( 5th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 0809 - 4 . Verma , H.C. ( 2004 ) . Concepts of Physics Vol 1 . ( 2004 Reprint ed . ) . Bharti Bhavan . ISBN 8177091875 . External Links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Forces ( physics ) . Look up force in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Video lecture on Newton 's three laws by Walter Lewin from MIT OpenCourseWare A Java simulation on vector addition of forces Force demonstrated as any influence on an object that changes the object 's shape or motion ( video ) ( hide ) Classical mechanics SI units Linear / translational quantities Angular / rotational quantities Dimensions Dimensions time : t s absement : A ms time : t s distance : d , position : r , s , x , displacement m area : A m angle : θ , angular displacement : θ rad solid angle : Ω rad , sr frequency : f s , Hz speed : v , velocity : v ms kinematic viscosity : ν , specific angular momentum : h m s frequency : f s , Hz angular speed : ω , angular velocity : ω rad s acceleration : a ms angular acceleration : α rad s jerk : j ms angular jerk : ζ rad s mass : m kg ML moment of inertia : I kg m MT momentum : p , impulse : J kg m s , N s action : S , actergy : א kg m s , J s ML T angular momentum : L , angular impulse : ΔL kg m s action : S , actergy : א kg m s , J s MT force : F , weight : F kg ms , N energy : E , work : W kg m s , J ML T torque : τ , moment : M kg m s , N m energy : E , work : W kg m s , J MT yank : Y kg ms , N s power : P kg m s , W ML T rotatum : P kg m s , N ms power : P kg m s , W LCCN : sh85050452 GND : 4032651 - 2 NDL : 00926874 NKC : ph314949 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Force&oldid=805704184 '' Categories : Natural philosophy Classical mechanics Force Physical quantities Temporal rates Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Pages using deprecated image syntax Good articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Буряад Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 02 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	explain the concept of force and work with everyday examples	[]	[]
904035272333474334	Abhi	Abhi - wikipedia Abhi This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( June 2014 ) Abhi ( Devanagari अभि ) is a preposition in Sanskrit , also found in Pali , Bengali , Assamese and Hindi . Today , it remains a productive element in forming names . A similar word , `` abhī '' ( अभी ) , meaning `` fearless , '' was often discussed by Swami Vivekananda ( see below ) . Contents 1 Origin 2 Meaning 3 Usage 4 Famous Historical Figures 5 Famous Modern - Day Figures 6 Famous Movies 7 References 8 External links Origin ( edit ) The first reference to the word `` Abhi '' is found in the ancient Hindu sacred text Rigveda book 1 , hymn 164 . The word frequently appears in the Vedas , Upnishad and Bhagavad Gita . Meaning ( edit ) `` Abhi '' is an adverb or preposition ( see Upasarga ) with various meanings depending on its context . According to Macdonnell 's Sanskrit dictionary : As an adverb , it means `` unto , near '' As a preposition plus accusative , it means `` towards ; to , against ; over ; for , for the sake of ; with regard to '' As a preposition plus ablative , it means `` without '' It is believed that the word `` Abhi '' on its own in Sanskrit ( for example , in ancient poetry ) means the first ray of sunlight . According to Swami Vivekananda the meaning of the word `` Abhih '' mentioned in the Vedantas is `` fearless . '' While pronouncing `` Abhih , '' the second `` h '' is silent . He also told a `` Vedantist is to be Abhih , fearless '' . The meaning of the Hindi word `` abhi , '' if translated to English , would be ( ab + hi ) `` just now '' or `` now itself '' ( ab meaning now ) . Usage ( edit ) `` Abhi '' is also a common Indian name for boys and men . Although a name less common in girls , it is often used as a nickname , short for `` Abhilasha . '' Confusion results from the fact that the name also has a current meaning in Hindi ( `` now '' ) . The word ' Abhi ' is used as a prefix in many Indian male and female names and words . Example of names : Abhinay , Abhigyan , Abhiram , Abhirami , Abhiras , Abhinesh , Abhijeet , Abhilash , Abhimanyu , Abhishek , Abhinav , Abhichandra , Abhinehsan Example of words : Abhidhamma , Abhikarta , Abhimana , Abhineta , Abhisheka , Abhivandana , Abhiyan , Abhiyanta , Abhinash Famous Historical Figures ( edit ) Abhimanyu Famous Modern - Day Figures ( edit ) Abhishek Bachchan Abhinav Bindra Abhijeet Bhattacharya ( Singer ) Famous Movies ( edit ) Abhimaan Abhilasha Abhinetri References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Macdonnell 's Sanskrit Dictionary Jump up ^ The Rig Veda in Sanskrit : Rig Veda Book 1 : Hymn 164 Jump up ^ See Macdonnell 's dictionary Jump up ^ Wikisource : The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda / Volume 3 / Lectures from Colombo to Almora / Vedanta in its Application to Indian Life Jump up ^ Wikisource : The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda / Volume 3 / Lectures from Colombo to Almora / Bhakti Jump up ^ `` Swami Vivekananda on Abhih '' . Swami Vivekananda Quotes . External links ( edit ) Comprehensive commentary on the origin and meaning of the word `` Abhi , '' with references , by Shikaripura Harihareswara Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abhi&oldid=850830173 '' Categories : Sanskrit words and phrases Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from June 2014 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2014 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 July 2018 , at 06 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the meaning of abhi in hindi	[ "The meaning of the Hindi word \"abhi,\" if translated to English, would be (ab + hi) \"just now\" or \"now itself\" (ab meaning now).\n" ]	[ "\"just now\" or \"now itself\" (ab meaning now)" ]

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